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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_conferences', 'title': 'List of NCAA conferences', 'header': ['Conference', 'Nickname', 'Founded', 'Members', 'D-II Sports', 'Headquarters'], 'data': [{'value': 'California Collegiate Athletic Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': 'The California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . All of its current members are public universities , and all except for UC San Diego are members of the California State University system . It was founded in December 1938 and began competition in 1939 . The interim commissioner of the CCAA is Mitch Cox . CCAA offices are located in San Ramon , California . The CCAA is the most successful conference in NCAA Division II , as its former and current members have won 153 National Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'CCAA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walnut Creek , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California', 'summary': 'Walnut Creek is a city in Contra Costa County , California , United States , located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , about 16 miles ( 26 km ) east of the city of Oakland . With a total estimated population of 69,122 , Walnut Creek serves as a hub for its neighboring cities because of its location at the junction of the highways from Sacramento and San Jose ( I-680 ) and San Francisco/Oakland ( SR-24 ) and its accessibility by BART . Its active downtown neighborhood features hundred-year-old buildings and extensive high-end retail establishments , restaurants and entertainment venues .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Atlantic_Collegiate_Conference', 'summary': "The Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference ( or CACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II . Member institutions are located in the northeastern United States in the states of Connecticut , Delaware , New Jersey , New York , and Pennsylvania . The CACC was founded in 1961 as an NAIA conference , and later joined the NCAA in 2002 on provisional status . The CACC Conference Office has been located in New Haven , Connecticut since 2004 , the same year that it upgraded to full active status . The CACC has three full-time staff members and one part-time ."}]}, {'value': 'CACC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Haven , Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut', 'summary': "New Haven is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , and is part of the New York metropolitan area . With a population of 129,779 as determined by the 2010 United States Census , it is the second-largest city in Connecticut after Bridgeport . New Haven is the principal municipality of Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010 . New Haven was the first planned city in America . A year after its founding by English Puritans in 1638 , eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid , creating what is commonly known as the Nine Square Plan . The central common block is the New Haven Green , a 16-acre ( 6 ha ) square at the center of Downtown New Haven . The Green is now a National Historic Landmark , and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark . New Haven is the home of Yale University . As New Haven 's biggest taxpayer and employer , Yale serves as an integral part of the city 's economy . Health care ( hospitals and biotechnology ) , professional services ( legal , architectural , marketing , and engineering ) , financial services , and retail trade also contribute to the city 's economic activity . The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873 , when sole governance was transferred to the more centrally located city of Hartford ."}]}, {'value': 'Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': 'The Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( CIAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference , mostly consisting of historically black colleges and universities . CIAA institutions are affiliated at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Conference members are primarily located in North Carolina ( eight ) and Virginia ( two ) . There is one school in Maryland , Pennsylvania and South Carolina respectively . Because a majority of the members are in North Carolina , the CIAA moved its headquarters to Charlotte , North Carolina from Hampton , Virginia in August 2015 . The CIAA sponsors 16 annual championships and is divided into Northern and Southern divisions for some sports . The most notable CIAA sponsored championship is the CIAA Basketball Tournament held annually in Charlotte , North Carolina which has become one of the largest college basketball events in the nation .'}]}, {'value': 'CIAA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hampton , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia', 'summary': "Hampton is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 137,438 . As one of the seven major cities that compose the Hampton Roads metropolitan area , it is on the southeastern side of the Virginia Peninsula . Hampton traces its history to the city 's Old Point Comfort , the home of Fort Monroe for almost 400 years , which was named by the 1607 voyagers , led by Captain Christopher Newport , who first established Jamestown as an English colonial settlement . Since consolidation in 1952 , Hampton has included the former Elizabeth City County and the incorporated town of Phoebus , consolidated by a mutual agreement . After the end of the American Civil War , historic Hampton University was established opposite from the town on the Hampton River , providing an education for many newly-freed former slaves and for area Native Americans . In the 20th century , the area became the location of Langley Air Force Base , NASA Langley Research Center , and the Virginia Air and Space Center . Hampton features many miles of waterfront and beaches . The city features a wide array of business and industrial enterprises , retail and residential areas , and historical sites . The new Peninsula Town Center development opened in May 2010 on the site of the former Coliseum Mall . Located in the area adjacent to the Hampton Coliseum and the Convention Center , the new urbanism-type project features a wide mix of retail stores , housing and other attractions . New residential development and additional public facilities ( such as the new fishing pier recently [ when ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Conference Carolinas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_Carolinas', 'summary': "Conference Carolinas , formerly known as the Carolinas-Virginia Athletic Conference ( CVAC ) or the Carolinas Conference , is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) primarily in Division II , and as one of the five Division I conferences for men 's volleyball . Originally formed in 1930 , the league reached its modern incarnation in 1994 . Member institutions are located in the southeastern United States in the states of Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Tennessee . Conference Carolinas currently has 11 small college or university private institutions that make-up their membership ."}]}, {'value': 'CC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomasville , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomasville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Thomasville is a city in Davidson County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 26,757 at the 2010 census . The city is notable for its furniture industry , as are its neighbors High Point and Lexington . This Piedmont Triad community was established in 1852 and hosts the state 's oldest festival , Everybody 's Day . Built around the local railway system , Thomasville is home to the oldest railroad depot in the state , just a few hundred feet from the city 's most notable landmark , The Big Chair ."}]}, {'value': 'East Coast Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The East Coast Conference ( ECC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II . Member institutions are located in the northeastern United States in the states of Connecticut and New York , as well as the District of Columbia ."}]}, {'value': 'ECC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Islip , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Islip,_New_York', 'summary': 'Central Islip is a hamlet and census-designated place ( CDP ) within the Town of Islip in Suffolk County , New York , United States . The population was 34,450 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Great American Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_American_Conference', 'summary': "The Great American Conference ( GAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference of twelve schools , with headquarters located in Russellville , Arkansas . It is affiliated in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level . Athletic competition began play during the 2011-12 school year . Member schools are located in Arkansas and Oklahoma in the South Central United States ."}]}, {'value': 'GAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russellville , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russellville,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Russellville is the county seat and largest city in Pope County , Arkansas , United States , with a population of 27,920 , according to the 2010 Census . It is home to Arkansas Tech University and Arkansas Nuclear One , Arkansas ' only nuclear power plant . Russellville borders Lake Dardanelle and the Arkansas River . It is the principal city of the Russellville Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Pope and Yell counties ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Lakes_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) is a competitive collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division II . The GLIAC was founded in June 1972 . Member institutions are located in the midwestern United States in the States of Michigan , Wisconsin , Indiana , and Ohio , with affiliate members in Minnesota and Iowa . Charter members include Ferris State , Grand Valley State , Lake Superior State , Northwood , and Saginaw Valley State . Former members include Oakland ( 1972-1997 ) and Westminster ( 1997-2000 ) . Sponsorship of football was dropped by the GLIAC after the 1989 season . Conference schools sponsoring football joined with members of the Heartland Football Conference to form the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference ( MIFC ) , which began play in 1990 . The MIFC merged with the GLIAC in July 1999 and the GLIAC resumed sponsorship of football that fall . Tiffin University joined the GLIAC on July 1 , 2008 . Gannon University and Mercyhurst College left the GLIAC for the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference on July 1 , 2008 . July 1 , 2016 . Malone University left the GLIAC for the Great Midwest Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'GLIAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bay City , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan', 'summary': "Bay City is a city in Bay County in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is located near the base of the Saginaw Bay on Lake Huron . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 34,932 , and it is the principal city of the Bay City Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Saginaw-Midland-Bay City Combined Statistical Area . The city , along with nearby Midland and Saginaw , form the Greater Tri-Cities region of Central Michigan , which has more recently been called the Great Lakes Bay Region . The city is geographically divided by the Saginaw River , and travel between the east and west sides of the city is made possible by four modern bascule-type drawbridges : Liberty Bridge , Veterans Memorial Bridge , Independence Bridge , and Lafayette Avenue Bridge , which allow large ships to travel easily down the river . The city is served by MBS International Airport , located in nearby Freeland , and James Clements Municipal Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Lakes Valley Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Lakes_Valley_Conference', 'summary': "The Great Lakes Valley Conference ( GLVC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level . Member institutions are located in the U.S. states of Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , and Missouri . The GLVC is considered [ who ? ] one of the top small college basketball conferences in the nation and placed a team in the men 's NCAA Division II final over 11 straight years from 1994 to 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'GLVC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Midwest Athletic Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Midwest_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Great Midwest Athletic Conference ( G-MAC ) was named the 24th NCAA Division II conference and operates in the Great Lakes and East South Central States regions of the United States . The G-MAC began conference play in the 2012-13 academic year hosting 12 championships and continued to work through the educational assessment program . The conference received approval and became an active Division II conference in 2013-14 , hosting 17 championships .'}]}, {'value': 'G-MAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in Johnson County , Indiana , United States . The population was 49,791 at the 2010 Census , and increased to 58,778 in the Census 2018 estimates . Greenwood is located between Indiana State Road 37 and Interstate 65 . The city shares a border with Indianapolis and is the most populous municipality in the southern portion of the Indianapolis Metropolitan Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Northwest Athletic Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Northwest_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Great Northwest Athletic Conference ( GNAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which has historically operated in the northwestern United States , but also currently includes four schools in areas not usually considered part of that region - two in Alaska ( neither of which is located in Southeast Alaska , an area often considered part of the Northwest ) , one in eastern Montana ( almost never considered part of the region ) , and one in the Canadian province of British Columbia ( an area included with the Northwest U.S. in the larger Pacific Northwest region ) . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level , and is the only NCAA conference in any division with a Canadian university as a member . The conference was formed in 2001 when its original ten members split from the Pacific West Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'GNAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portland , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Oregon', 'summary': "Portland ( /ˈpɔːrtlənd/ ; PORT-lənd ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . As of 2018 , Portland had an estimated population of 653,115 , making it the 25th most populated city in the United States , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest after Seattle . Approximately 2.4 million people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , making it the 25th most populous in the United States . Its combined statistical area ( CSA ) ranks 19th-largest with a population of around 3.2 million . Approximately 60% of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area . [ a ] Named after Portland , Maine , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing progressive political values , earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Gulf South Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_South_Conference', 'summary': 'The Gulf South Conference ( GSC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level which operates in the Southeastern United States .'}]}, {'value': 'GSC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14"}]}, {'value': 'Lone Star Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference', 'summary': 'The Lone Star Conference ( LSC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level . Member institutions are located in the southwestern United States , with schools in Texas , Oklahoma , New Mexico , and Arkansas . The conference was formed in 1931 when five schools withdrew from the old Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association . Charter members included East Texas State ( now Texas A & M-Commerce ) , North Texas State ( now University of North Texas ) , Sam Houston State , Southwest Texas State ( now Texas State ) , and Stephen F. Austin . Among the five charter members , only Texas A & M-Commerce remains in Division II and in the conference - the other four charter members moved up to Division I ( in football , North Texas and Texas State compete in NCAA Division I FBS , while Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston compete in NCAA Division I FCS ) . The Lone Star Conference operates from the same headquarters complex in the Dallas suburb of Richardson as the American Southwest Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'LSC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richardson , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richardson,_Texas', 'summary': "Richardson is a principal city in Dallas and Collin counties in the U.S. state of Texas . As of the 2018 American Community Survey , the city had a total population of 120,981 . Richardson is an affluent inner suburb of Dallas . It is home to the University of Texas at Dallas and the Telecom Corridor , with a high concentration of telecommunications companies . More than 5,000 businesses have operations within Richardson 's 28 square miles ( 73 km2 ) , including many of the world 's largest telecommunications and networking companies , such as AT & T , Verizon , Cisco Systems , Samsung , ZTE , MetroPCS , Texas Instruments , Qorvo , and Fujitsu . Richardson 's largest employment base is provided by the insurance industry , with Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas 's headquarters , a regional hub for GEICO , regional offices for United Healthcare , and one of State Farm Insurance 's three national regional hubs located in the community ."}]}, {'value': 'Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-America_Intercollegiate_Athletics_Association', 'summary': "The Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association ( MIAA ) is a fourteen-school collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Kansas City , Missouri . It is a member of the NCAA 's Division II for all sports . Its fourteen members , located in Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , and Oklahoma , include twelve public and two private schools . The MIAA is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Missouri . Originally named the Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association , the conference was established in 1912 with 14 members , two of which are still current members . Six members ( Central Methodist , Central Wesleyan , Culver-Stockton , Missouri Valley , Missouri Wesleyan , Tarkio College , Westminster , and William Jewell ) were later removed from the conference in 1924 when it decided to only include the public schools . A majority of the charter members that left in 1924 have shut down their operations , or merged with another school . Over the next century , nearly twenty schools have joined and left the conference , with a few affiliate members . Some of those schools have reclassified to NCAA Division I . The conference 's current 14-campus makeup resulted when Lincoln ( MO ) rejoined from the Heartland Conference after eleven years when the school left due to not fielding a football team . In 2011 , Omaha moved up to the NCAA Division I joining the Summit League , and in 2013 , charter member Truman left for the Great Lakes Valley Conference . In 2012 , Lindenwood , Central Oklahoma , Northeastern State , and Nebraska-Kearney joined the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'MIAA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Kansas City ( abbreviated KC or KCMO ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018 , making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States . It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053 . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City , Kansas , ( KCK/Wyandotte County ) in Kansas . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 , the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued , and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . In 2017 , the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high . Sitting on Missouri 's western boundary with Kansas , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers , the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km2 ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Along with Independence , one of its major suburbs , it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County . Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Mountain East Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain_East_Conference', 'summary': 'The Mountain East Conference ( MEC ) is a collegiate athletic conference that competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level and officially began competition on September 1 , 2013 . It consists of 12 schools , mostly in West Virginia with other members in Maryland and Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'MEC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgeport , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgeport,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Bridgeport is a city in Harrison County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 8,149 at the 2010 census . The town of Bridgeport had its beginning in pre-American Revolutionary War times . In 1764 , John Simpson entered the area and gave his name to Simpson Creek . Bridgeport was chartered in 1816 . When the town was incorporated in 1887 , it established the office of mayor and town council . The city currently employs a City Manager . Bridgeport is home to Meadowbrook Mall , a 100-store regional shopping complex serving North-Central West Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Northeast-10 Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast-10_Conference', 'summary': 'The Northeast-10 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) s Division II level . Member institutions are located in the northeastern United States in the states of Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New York , and Vermont . It is the only Division II collegiate hockey conference in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'NE-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mansfield , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mansfield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Mansfield is a town in Bristol County , Massachusetts , United States . As of the United States 2010 Census , the town population is 23,184 . Mansfield is in the south-southwest suburbs of Boston and is also close to Providence , Rhode Island . The village of Mansfield Center is located in the town . The town is twinned with Mansfield in Nottinghamshire , England .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Sun_Intercollegiate_Conference', 'summary': "The Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference ( NSIC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the western Midwestern United States . Nine of its members are in Minnesota , with three members in South Dakota , two members in North Dakota , and one member each in the states of Iowa and Nebraska . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level . It was founded in 1932 . With the recent NSIC expansion , the original six member schools have been reunited . With the inclusion of the several new member institutions , it is one of the largest Division II conferences in the country with 16 members . The conference sponsors 18 sports ; ten for women and eight for men . Both men and women compete in basketball , cross country , golf , and indoor and outdoor track and field . Men compete in baseball , football , and wrestling . Women compete in soccer , softball , swimming & diving , tennis , and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'NSIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific West Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_West_Conference', 'summary': "The Pacific West Conference ( also known as the PacWest ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level . Member institutions are located in California and Hawai ' i . The conference sponsors the following sports : basketball , cross country , golf , soccer , tennis and track & field outdoor for both men and women ; baseball for men only ; softball and volleyball for women only . The newest PacWest sports are men 's tennis and women 's golf , both added in 2012-13 ."}]}, {'value': 'PacWest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newport Beach , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California', 'summary': 'Newport Beach is a coastal city in Orange County , California , United States . Newport Beach is known for good surfing and sandy beaches . Newport Harbor once supported maritime industries but today it is used mostly for recreation . Balboa Island draws visitors with a waterfront path easy access from the ferry to the shops and restaurants . Its population was 85,287 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Peach Belt Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peach_Belt_Conference', 'summary': "The Peach Belt Conference ( PBC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level . Since its inception in 1990-91 , the Peach Belt has developed a consistent history of excellence which continues to this day with 30 national championships and 27 national finalists . Starting with only two championships in 1991 , in men 's and women 's basketball , the conference has expanded to 13 championship sports with the addition of women 's golf in the fall of 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'PBC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Augusta , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Augusta ( /əˈɡʌstə/ ) , officially Augusta-Richmond County , is a consolidated city-county on the central eastern border of the U.S. state of Georgia . The city lies across the Savannah River from South Carolina at the head of its navigable portion . Georgia 's second-largest city after Atlanta , Augusta is located in the Piedmont section of the state . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Augusta-Richmond County had a 2017 estimated population of 197,166 , not counting the unconsolidated cities of Blythe and Hephzibah . It is the 123rd largest city in the United States . The process of consolidation between the City of Augusta and Richmond County began with a 1995 referendum in the two jurisdictions . The merger was completed on July 1 , 1996 . Augusta is the principal city of the Augusta metropolitan area . In 2017 it had an estimated population of 600,151 , making it the second-largest metro area in the state . It is the 93rd largest metropolitan area in the United States . Augusta was established in 1736 and is named for Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha ( 1719-1772 ) , the bride of Frederick , Prince of Wales and the mother of the British monarch George III . During the American Civil War , Augusta housed the principal Confederate powder works ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference ( PSAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference that participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level . The conference is currently composed of 17 full-time members within Pennsylvania and 1 in West Virginia . The conference headquarters are located in Lock Haven , Pennsylvania and staffed by a commissioner , two assistant commissioners , and a director of media relations .'}]}, {'value': 'PSAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lock Haven , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lock_Haven,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Lock Haven is the county seat of Clinton County , in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . Located near the confluence of the West Branch Susquehanna River and Bald Eagle Creek , it is the principal city of the Lock Haven Micropolitan Statistical Area , itself part of the Williamsport-Lock Haven combined statistical area . At the 2010 census , Lock Haven 's population was 9,772 . Built on a site long favored by pre-Columbian peoples , Lock Haven began in 1833 as a timber town and a haven for loggers , boatmen , and other travelers on the river or the West Branch Canal . Resource extraction and efficient transportation financed much of the city 's growth through the end of the 19th century . In the 20th century , a light-aircraft factory , a college , and a paper mill , along with many smaller enterprises , drove the economy . Frequent floods , especially in 1972 , damaged local industry and led to a high rate of unemployment in the 1980s . The city has three sites on the National Register of Historic Places - Memorial Park Site , a significant pre-Columbian archaeological find ; Heisey House , a Victorian-era museum ; and Water Street District , an area with a mix of 19th- and 20th-century architecture . A levee , completed in 1995 , protects the city from further flooding . While industry remains important to the city , about a third of Lock Haven 's workforce is employed in education , health care , or social services ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Division II -- Current conferences', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NCAA_conferences_5', 'intro': 'The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is divided into three divisions, based roughly on school size. Each division is made up of several conferences for regional league play. Unless otherwise noted, changes in conference affiliation will occur on July 1 of the given year.'}
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In which state are most of the schools in the most recently founded conference ?
West Virginia
08218d924d5d98a7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archeological Site No . 1LA102', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archeological_Site_No._1LA102', 'summary': 'Archeological Site No . 1LA102 is a bluff shelter site in Lawrence County , Alabama . The shelter measures 58 meters ( 190 feet ) in length , between 11 and 15 meters ( 36 to 49 feet ) deep , with ceiling heights between 5 and 7 meters ( 16 to 23 feet ) . There is a small spring in the back of the shelter , which along with the dry , level floor offered an excellent habitation area . The site is believed to have been inhabited beginning in the late Lithic stage through the Late Woodland period . Excavations have uncovered trash pits , hearths , and post-mold patterns , as well as food remains and a partially restorable vessel . The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 14 , 1985 ( # 85003117 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haleyville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haleyville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Haleyville is a city in Winston and Marion counties in the U.S. state of Alabama . It incorporated on February 28 , 1889 . Most of the city is located in Winston County , with a small portion of the western limits entering Marion County . Haleyville was originally named Davis Cross Roads , having been established at the crossroads of Byler Road and the Illinois Central Railroad . At the 2010 census the population was 4,173 , down slightly from 4,182 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxwood Plantation Slave Quarter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxwood_Plantation_Slave_Quarter', 'summary': "The Boxwood Plantation Slave Quarter ( also known as The Little Brick ) is a historic building near Trinity , in Lawrence County , Alabama . The plantation was founded in late 1810s by Samuel Elliot , an Ulsterman who had originally settled in Middle Tennessee . Elliott and his son , Samuel Jr. , built Boxwood into one of the largest plantations in the county , with $ 36,000 ( equivalent to $ 1,024,400 in 2019 ) in real property and 92 slaves by 1860 . Both the main plantation house and the slave quarters were built in the mid-1850s . Although the main house was demolished in the 1950s to make way for the widening of Highway 20 , the slave quarter was remodeled and continued to serve as a house . The surrounding area continued to operate as a farm until 2010 , when the land was purchased to construct an industrial park . The quarter is being preserved , and the later alterations have been removed , revealing the building 's original form . Unlike most contemporary plantations , Boxwood and its major dependencies were constructed of brick . The slave quarters are the only remnant of the several cotton plantations in northwest Morgan and northeast Lawrence counties , and one of only eight brick plantation quarters in Alabama . The double-pen building has two doors on the façade leading to separate rooms . Two windows on the rear of the house were converted to doors in the 1960s . A gable roof has chimneys in each end ."}]}, {'value': 'July 10 , 2013 ( # 13000470 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20416 AL 20 34°38′02″N 87°06′49″W / 34.633966°N 87.113708°W / 34.633966 ; -87.113708 ( Boxwood Plantation Slave Quarter )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_20', 'summary': 'State Route 20 ( SR 20 ) is a 73.978-mile-long ( 119.056 km ) state highway in the northern part of the U.S. state of Alabama . It travels from the Tennessee state line , where it continues as Tennessee State Route 69 , northwest of Florence , east to Interstate 65 ( I-65 ) , east of Decatur . It crosses the Tennessee River at Florence ( with US 43 , US 72 , SR 17 , and SR 157 ) and also at Decatur ( with US 31 and US 72 Alt . ) US 72 Alt . follows SR 20 from the intersection with US 72 at Muscle Shoals to I-65 east of Decatur , the entire stretch being four-laned .'}]}, {'value': 'Courtland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courtland,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Courtland is a town in Lawrence County , Alabama , United States , and is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area , as well as the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area . The population was 609 at the 2010 census , down from 769 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bride 's Hill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bride's_Hill", 'summary': "Bride 's Hill , known also as Sunnybrook , is a historic house near Wheeler , Alabama . It is one of the state 's earliest surviving and most significant , examples of the Tidewater-type cottage . It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on April 16 , 1985 and to the National Register of Historic Places on July 9 , 1986 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 9 , 1986 ( # 86001544 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Lock Rd . 34°40′13″N 87°14′40″W / 34.670278°N 87.244444°W / 34.670278 ; -87.244444 ( Bride 's Hill )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wheeler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheeler,_Alabama', 'summary': "Wheeler ( also known as Wheeler Station ) is an unincorporated community in Lawrence County , Alabama , United States . Wheeler had a post office at one time , but it no longer exists . Wheeler has two sites on the National Register of Historic Places , the Tidewater-type cottage known as Bride 's Hill and the former home of Joseph Wheeler , Pond Spring ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courtland Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courtland_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Courtland Historic District is a historic district in Courtland , Alabama . Courtland was founded in 1818 and incorporated the following year . Its location was chosen to be close to the Tennessee River to facilitate transportation , but also close to cotton plantations to the south . The town 's founders envisioned becoming the county seat of the newly formed Lawrence County , but the title instead went to Moulton . Many of the earliest structures in Courtland were built of logs , and were later replaced with frame and brick buildings . Development plateaued by 1830 , but received a slight bump from the Tuscumbia , Courtland and Decatur Railroad beginning in 1834 . The oldest houses in the district date from this era , including the 1828 Federal-style John McMahon House and several I-houses . The town saw a resurgence after the Civil War , with early construction including the Presbyterian church . Most of the commercial area around the public square was rebuilt in brick in the 1880s through the 1900s , while many older houses were replaced with Victorian examples around the same time . The Southern Railway built a depot in 1887 to replace the previous depot ; it was converted to a library around 1980 . In the 1920s , larger , older lots began to be subdivided and more modest bungalows were constructed . The district was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1989 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 13 , 1991 ( # 91000597 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Clinton , Madison , Van Buren , Jefferson , Ussery , Tennessee , Monroe and Academy Sts . 34°40′03″N 87°18′34″W / 34.6675°N 87.309444°W / 34.6675 ; -87.309444 ( Courtland Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courtland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courtland,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Courtland is a town in Lawrence County , Alabama , United States , and is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area , as well as the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area . The population was 609 at the 2010 census , down from 769 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goode-Hall House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goode–Hall_House', 'summary': 'The Goode-Hall House , also commonly known as Saunders Hall , is a historic plantation house in the Tennessee River Valley near Town Creek , Alabama . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 1 , 1974 , due to its architectural significance .'}]}, {'value': 'October 1 , 1974 ( # 74000418 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Town Creek off State Route 101 34°43′31″N 87°23′24″W / 34.725278°N 87.39°W / 34.725278 ; -87.39 ( Goode-Hall House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_101', 'summary': 'State Route 101 ( SR 101 ) is a 39.107-mile-long ( 62.937 km ) north-south state highway in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Alabama . The southern terminus of the highway is at an intersection with County Route 460 ( CR 460 ) , the former route of SR 24 west of Moulton . The highway continues northward to the Tennessee state line , where it continues as Tennessee State Route 227 ( SR 227 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Town Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town_Creek,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Town Creek is a town in Lawrence County , Alabama , United States , and is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area , as well as the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area . It incorporated in March 1875 . As of the 2010 census , the population of the town is 1100 , down from 1216 in 2000 . Since 1920 , it has been the second largest town in Lawrence County after Moulton .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Holland House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Holland_House', 'summary': 'The Thomas Holland House was a historic residence near Hillsboro , Alabama . The house was built around 1836 by Thomas Holland , a South Carolinian who had come to Lawrence County , Alabama , in 1823 . Holland began his plantation with 40 acres ( 16 ha ) and built it to over 2100 acres ( 850 ha ) by 1849 . The house was a full two-story dogtrot house constructed of logs , one of the only of its type in Alabama . The exterior had since been covered in clapboard , and the breezeway had been finished with vertical boards and a chair rail . Enclosed stairways in each lower room gave access to the upper floor ; the central room over the dogtrot was only accessible from the eastern room . The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage and the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 . The house was destroyed by fire in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 1 , 1991 ( # 91001478 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off Alternate U.S. Route 72 south of Hillsboro 34°35′45″N 87°12′20″W / 34.59583°N 87.20556°W / 34.59583 ; -87.20556 ( Thomas Holland House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_72', 'summary': "U.S. Route 72 ( US 72 ) is an east-west United States highway that travels for 337 miles ( 542 km ) from southwestern Tennessee , North Mississippi , North Alabama , and southeastern Tennessee . The highway 's western terminus is in Memphis , Tennessee and its eastern terminus is in Chattanooga . It is the only U.S. Highway to begin and end in the same state , yet pass through other states in between . Prior to the U.S. Highway system signage being posted in 1926 , the entire route was part of the Lee Highway ."}]}, {'value': 'Hillsboro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillsboro,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Hillsboro is a town in Lawrence County , Alabama , and is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area , as well as the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area . It was incorporated in 1899 . As of the 2010 census , the population of the town is 552 , down from its record high of 608 in 2000 . Along with North Courtland , it is one of two majority black communities in Lawrence County out of its six populated communities as of 2010 [ update ] .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_House_(Moulton,_Alabama)', 'summary': "The Ice House is a historic commercial building in Moulton , Alabama . It was built in 1946 at the beginning of Moulton 's post-World War II boom period . After the town 's previous ice house on the courthouse square was demolished to make way for new construction , R. W. Carter built a new ice house one block from the square with state-of-the-art ice making equipment . The ice house operated until 1977 , serving homes and businesses in and around Moulton , as well as customers including Legion Field in Birmingham and the Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant across the Tennessee River . Today , the building houses an antique store , but the icemaking equipment is still intact . The building is a one-story , concrete block structure with a parapet roof . The façade has three original wood doors which originally enclosed the ice storage rooms , an entry door , and a window , all under a flat canopy . An office with two windows also projects from the façade . A concrete block residence constructed at the same time as the ice house sits behind the structure . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 22 , 2000 ( # 00000712 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '844 Seminary St. 34°28′56″N 87°17′24″W / 34.48224°N 87.289885°W / 34.48224 ; -87.289885 ( Ice House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moulton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moulton,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Moulton is a city in Lawrence County , Alabama , and is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area , as well as the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area . Although it incorporated in 1819 , along with its rival of Courtland , to compete for the honor of county seat , it did not first appear on the U.S. Census rolls until 1900 . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 3,471 , its record high . The city has been the county seat of Lawrence County since 1820 . It has been the largest community in the county since the 1920 U.S. Census .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John McMahon House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_McMahon_House', 'summary': 'The John McMahon House is a Federal style mansion located in Courtland , Alabama . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The two-story brick I-house was built in 1828 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 11 , 1987 ( # 87001454 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of South Lane and Jefferson St. 34°40′07″N 87°18′21″W / 34.668611°N 87.305833°W / 34.668611 ; -87.305833 ( John McMahon House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courtland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courtland,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Courtland is a town in Lawrence County , Alabama , United States , and is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area , as well as the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area . The population was 609 at the 2010 census , down from 769 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moulton Courthouse Square Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moulton_Courthouse_Square_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Moulton Courthouse Square Historic District is a historic district in Moulton , Alabama . Moulton 's development began in 1820 , when it was chosen as the county seat of the newly formed Lawrence County . The first courthouse was a log structure ; a log jail on the west side of the square operated until 1911 , when it was replaced with the current , 3-story brick jail and courthouse annex . Due to its lack of rail and river connections , development around the square remained sparse . The log courthouse was replaced in 1860 with a two-story , square building with Classical Revival details . The cotton economy of Lawrence County rebounded after the Civil War with the construction of several cotton gins , though nearly all of the structures built along the square in the late 19th century were later razed and replaced . The oldest extant buildings in the district were built in 1911 : the three-story courthouse annex , and the two-story , stone faced Citizens ' Bank building . The northern part of Market Street , on the west side of the square , were constructed during the early 1920s . Lawrence County 's economy received a boost from New Deal programs , most notably the Tennessee Valley Authority 's fertilizer program and construction of Wheeler Dam . Most of the square 's buildings were constructed during the late 1930s and 1940s , in contrast to most historic downtowns around the South . The current courthouse was completed in 1936 . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 14 , 1998 ( # 98001026 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Lawrence , Main , Court , and Market Sts . 34°28′52″N 87°17′30″W / 34.481111°N 87.291667°W / 34.481111 ; -87.291667 ( Moulton Courthouse Square Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moulton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moulton,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Moulton is a city in Lawrence County , Alabama , and is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area , as well as the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area . Although it incorporated in 1819 , along with its rival of Courtland , to compete for the honor of county seat , it did not first appear on the U.S. Census rolls until 1900 . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 3,471 , its record high . The city has been the county seat of Lawrence County since 1820 . It has been the largest community in the county since the 1920 U.S. Census .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wheeler Hydroelectric Project', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheeler_Dam', 'summary': 'Wheeler Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Tennessee River between Lauderdale County and Lawrence County in Alabama . It is one of nine dams on the river owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority , which built the dam in the mid-1930s as part of a New Deal-era initiative to improve navigation on the river and bring flood control and economic development to the region . The dam impounds the Wheeler Lake of 67,070 acres ( 27,140 ha ) and its tailwaters feed into Wilson Lake . Wheeler Dam is named for Civil War general and U.S . Congressman Joseph Wheeler . Congressman Wheeler was an early advocate of federal development of the Muscle Shoals area . The dam was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 26 , 2016 ( # 16000431 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24455 AL 101 34°48′22″N 87°22′55″W / 34.80623°N 87.38188°W / 34.80623 ; -87.38188 ( Wheeler Hydroelectric Project )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rogersville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogersville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Rogersville is a town in Lauderdale County , Alabama , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population of the town is 1,257 , up from 1,199 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Wheeler Plantation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler_Plantation', 'summary': 'The Joseph Wheeler Plantation , commonly known as Pond Spring or the General Joe Wheeler Home , is a historic plantation complex and historic district in the Tennessee River Valley in Wheeler , Alabama . The property contains twelve historically significant structures dating from 1818 to the 1880s . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 13 , 1977 , due to its association with Joseph Wheeler .'}]}, {'value': 'April 13 , 1977 ( # 77000209 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East of Courtland off State Route 20 34°38′56″N 87°15′21″W / 34.648889°N 87.255833°W / 34.648889 ; -87.255833 ( Joseph Wheeler Plantation )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_20', 'summary': 'State Route 20 ( SR 20 ) is a 73.978-mile-long ( 119.056 km ) state highway in the northern part of the U.S. state of Alabama . It travels from the Tennessee state line , where it continues as Tennessee State Route 69 , northwest of Florence , east to Interstate 65 ( I-65 ) , east of Decatur . It crosses the Tennessee River at Florence ( with US 43 , US 72 , SR 17 , and SR 157 ) and also at Decatur ( with US 31 and US 72 Alt . ) US 72 Alt . follows SR 20 from the intersection with US 72 at Muscle Shoals to I-65 east of Decatur , the entire stretch being four-laned .'}]}, {'value': 'Wheeler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheeler,_Alabama', 'summary': "Wheeler ( also known as Wheeler Station ) is an unincorporated community in Lawrence County , Alabama , United States . Wheeler had a post office at one time , but it no longer exists . Wheeler has two sites on the National Register of Historic Places , the Tidewater-type cottage known as Bride 's Hill and the former home of Joseph Wheeler , Pond Spring ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Lawrence County', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama_25', 'intro': 'This is a list of buildings, sites, districts, and objects listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama.'}
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What is the population of the town that has a listing on the chart that was named for a man who was a Civil War general and U.S . Congressman ?
1,257
08239bd82a4935d5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_in_country_music', 'title': '1993 in country music', 'header': ['US', 'CAN', 'Album', 'Artist', 'Record Label'], 'data': [{'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Across the Borderline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Across_the_Borderline', 'summary': "Across the Borderline is the fortieth studio album by Willie Nelson . It was produced by Don Was , Paul Simon , and Roy Halee . It includes songs written by Paul Simon , Ry Cooder , John Hiatt , Peter Gabriel , Bob Dylan , Lyle Lovett , and Nelson himself . Featured performers include David Crosby , Kris Kristofferson , Sinéad O'Connor , Bonnie Raitt , Bob Dylan , and Paul Simon . The title track , Across the Borderline , was written by Ry Cooder , John Hiatt , and Jim Dickinson . It is a remake of a song by Freddy Fender , which was featured on the motion picture soundtrack for The Border starring Jack Nicholson . Do n't Give Up was performed by Nelson with Sinéad O'Connor singing the part sung by Kate Bush on the original Peter Gabriel recording . Bonnie Raitt duets with Nelson on Getting Over You . Nelson and Bob Dylan wrote and performed a new composition , Heartland , for this album . Paul Simon duets with Nelson on his composition American Tune ."}]}, {'value': 'Willie Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willie_Nelson', 'summary': 'Willie Hugh Nelson ( born April 29 , 1933 ) is an American musician , actor , and activist . The critical success of the album Shotgun Willie ( 1973 ) , combined with the critical and commercial success of Red Headed Stranger ( 1975 ) and Stardust ( 1978 ) , made Nelson one of the most recognized artists in country music . He was one of the main figures of outlaw country , a subgenre of country music that developed in the late 1960s as a reaction to the conservative restrictions of the Nashville sound . Nelson has acted in over 30 films , co-authored several books , and has been involved in activism for the use of biofuels and the legalization of marijuana . Born during the Great Depression and raised by his grandparents , Nelson wrote his first song at age seven and joined his first band at ten . During high school , he toured locally with the Bohemian Polka as their lead singer and guitar player . After graduating from high school in 1950 , he joined the U.S. Air Force but was later discharged due to back problems . After his return , Nelson attended Baylor University for two years but dropped out because he was succeeding in music . During this time , he worked as a disc jockey in Texas radio stations and a singer in honky-tonks . Nelson moved to Vancouver , Washington , where he wrote Family Bible and recorded the song Lumberjack in 1956 . He also worked as a disc jockey at various radio stations in Vancouver and nearby Portland , Oregon . In 1958 , he moved to Houston , Texas , after signing a contract with D Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alibis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alibis_(album)', 'summary': "Alibis is the second studio album by American country music artist Tracy Lawrence . Certified platinum in the United States , the album produced the singles Ca n't Break It to My Heart , Alibis , My Second Home and If the Good Die Young , all Number One hits on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts . The album is certified 2× Multi-Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of two million copies . It was recorded by James Stroud in full Analog at his home studios ."}]}, {'value': 'Tracy Lawrence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Lawrence', 'summary': "Tracy Lee Lawrence ( born January 27 , 1968 ) is an American country music singer , songwriter , and record producer . Born in Atlanta , Texas , and raised in Foreman , Arkansas , Lawrence began performing at age 15 and moved to Nashville , Tennessee , in 1990 to begin his country music career . He signed to Atlantic Records Nashville in 1991 after being found and working with Publisher Wanda Collier and made his debut late that year with the album Sticks and Stones . Five more studio albums , as well as a live album and a compilation album , followed throughout the 1990s and into 2000 on Atlantic before the label 's country division was closed in 2001 . Afterward , he recorded for Warner Bros. Records , DreamWorks Records , Mercury Records Nashville , and his own labels , Rocky Comfort Records and Lawrence Music Group . Lawrence has released a total of 14 studio albums . His most commercially successful albums are Alibis ( 1993 ) and Time Marches On ( 1996 ) , both certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . He has charted more than forty singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , including eight songs that reached the number one position : Sticks and Stones , Alibis , Ca n't Break It to My Heart , My Second Home , If the Good Die Young , Texas Tornado , Time Marches On , and Find Out Who Your Friends Are . Of these , Time Marches On is his longest-lasting at three weeks , while Find Out Who Your Friends Are set a record at the time for the slowest ascent to the top of that chart . His musical style is defined mainly by neotraditional country and honky-tonk influences , although he has also recorded country pop , Christmas music , and Christian country music . He has won Top New Male Vocalist from Billboard in 1992 and from Academy of Country Music in 1993 , and Vocal Event of the Year from the Country Music Association in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Almost Goodbye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almost_Goodbye', 'summary': 'Almost Goodbye is the fourth studio album released by American country music artist Mark Chesnutt . His third album for MCA Records , it was also the third consecutive album to receive RIAA platinum certification in the United States . Four singles were released from this album , of which three - It Sure Is Monday , Almost Goodbye , and I Just Wanted You to Know - reached Number One on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts . Woman ( Sensuous Woman ) , a cover of the Don Gibson hit from 1972 , served as the fourth single , and peaked at # 21 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Chesnutt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Chesnutt', 'summary': "Mark Nelson Chesnutt ( born September 6 , 1963 ) is an American country music singer and songwriter . Between 1990 and 1999 , he had his greatest chart success recording for Universal Music Group Nashville 's MCA and Decca branches , with a total of eight albums between those two labels . During this timespan , Chesnutt also charted twenty top-ten hits on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , of which eight reached number one : Brother Jukebox , I 'll Think of Something , It Sure Is Monday , Almost Goodbye , I Just Wanted You to Know , Gon na Get a Life , It 's a Little Too Late , and a cover of Aerosmith 's I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing . His first three albums for MCA ( Too Cold at Home , Longnecks & Short Stories , and Almost Goodbye ) along with a 1996 Greatest Hits package issued on Decca are all certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) ; 1994 's What a Way to Live , also issued on Decca , is certified gold . After a self-titled album in 2002 on Columbia Records , Chesnutt has continued to record predominantly on independent labels . Chesnutt is known for his neotraditionalist country and honky-tonk influences , with frequent stylistic comparisons to George Jones . He has recorded several cover songs as both singles and album cuts , including covers of Hank Williams Jr. , John Anderson , Don Gibson , Conway Twitty , and Charlie Rich . Artists with whom he has collaborated include Jones , Tracy Byrd , Vince Gill , and Alison Krauss . Mark Wright produced all but one of his albums released in the 1990s , while his work since 2005 has been produced by Jimmy Ritchey . Chesnutt has also won two awards from the Country Music Association : the Horizon Award ( now known as Best New Artist ) and Vocal Event of the Year , both in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': 'MCA Nashville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Time_(Little_Texas_album)', 'summary': "Big Time is the second studio album released by country music band Little Texas . The band 's breakthrough album , it was released in 1993 on Warner Bros. Records , and produced the singles What Might Have Been , God Blessed Texas , My Love , and Stop on a Dime . Respectively , these peaked at numbers 2 , 4 , 1 , and 14 on the Hot Country Songs charts . What Might Have Been was also a crossover hit , reaching 16 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts . The album is also the band 's highest certified album , having been certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA ."}]}, {'value': 'Little Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Texas_(band)', 'summary': "Little Texas is an American country music band founded in Nashville , Tennessee , in 1988 by Tim Rushlow ( lead and background vocals , guitars ) , Brady Seals ( lead and background vocals , keyboards ) , Del Gray ( drums ) , Porter Howell ( lead guitar , background vocals ) , Dwayne O'Brien ( rhythm guitar , lead and background vocals ) , and Duane Propes ( bass guitar , background vocals ) . Signed to Warner Bros. Records in 1991 , Little Texas released its debut album First Time for Everything that year . The album 's lead off single , Some Guys Have All the Love , reached a peak of No . 8 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts . Little Texas continued to produce hit singles throughout the mid-1990s , including the Number One single My Love and six more top ten hits . Their debut album earned a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , while 1993 's Big Time was certified double platinum and 1994 's Kick a Little was certified platinum . Seals left the band in 1994 , and Jeff Huskins , who also played fiddle , replaced him on keyboards . After a Greatest Hits package and a self-titled fourth studio album , the group disbanded in 1997 . During the group 's hiatus , Seals recorded three solo albums and one as the frontman of Hot Apple Pie , Rushlow recorded one solo album and one as the lead singer of Rushlow , and Howell recorded one as a member of Hilljack . In 2004 , the four remaining original members - Gray , Howell , O'Brien , and Propes , along with new lead vocalist Steven Troy - re-established the group , although Troy was quickly omitted from the lineup and Howell assumed the role of lead vocalist . Under the four-piece lineup of Gray , Howell , O'Brien , and Propes , the band has recorded two albums for Montage Music Group : The Very Best of Little Texas : Live and Loud and Missing Years ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A Bridge I Did n't Burn", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/A_Bridge_I_Didn't_Burn", 'summary': "A Bridge I Did n't Burn is the sixth studio ( eighth overall ) album by Country music artist Ricky Van Shelton . The tracks A Couple of Good Years Left and Where Was I were released as singles . The first failed to reach the top 40 while the latter peaked at number 20 on the charts . Heartache Big As Texas was originally released in 1991 on a promotional single ( CSK 4062 ) as an extended dance mix . Linda Lu is a cover of R & B Artist Ray Sharpe 's hit from 1959 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Van Shelton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Van_Shelton', 'summary': "Ricky Van Shelton ( born January 12 , 1952 ) is an American former country music artist . Active between 1986 and 2006 , he charted more than twenty singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts . This figure includes ten Number One hits : Somebody Lied , Life Turned Her That Way , 'Do n't We All Have the Right , I 'll Leave This World Loving You , From a Jack to a King ( a cover of the Ned Miller hit ) , Living Proof , I 've Cried My Last Tear for You , Rockin ' Years ( a duet with Dolly Parton ) , I Am a Simple Man , and Keep It Between the Lines . Besides these , seven more of his singles have landed in the Top Ten on the same chart . He has also released nine studio albums , of which his first four have all been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Call of the Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Call_of_the_Wild_(Aaron_Tippin_album)', 'summary': "Call of the Wild is the third album released by American country music singer Aaron Tippin . Released in 1993 on RCA Records Nashville , it produced the singles The Call of the Wild , Honky-Tonk Superman , Workin ' Man 's Ph.D. , and Whole Lotta Love on the Line . Of these , only Workin ' Man 's Ph.D reached Top 10 on the U.S . Billboard country charts . The album was produced by Scott Hendricks , unlike Tippin 's first two albums which were produced by Emory Gordy , Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Tippin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Tippin', 'summary': "Aaron Dupree Tippin ( born July 3 , 1958 ) is an American country music artist and record producer . Initially a songwriter for Acuff-Rose Music , he gained a recording contract with RCA Nashville in 1990 . His debut single , You 've Got to Stand for Something became a popular anthem for American soldiers fighting in the Gulf War and helped to establish him as a neotraditionalist country act with songs that catered primarily to the American working class . Under RCA 's tenure , he recorded five studio albums and a Greatest Hits package . Tippin switched to Lyric Street Records in 1998 , where he recorded four more studio albums , counting a compilation of Christmas music . After leaving Lyric Street in 2006 , he founded a personal label known as Nippit Records , on which he issued the compilation album Now & Then . A concept album , In Overdrive , was released in 2009 . Tippin has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations , with six gold certifications and one platinum certification among them . In addition , he has charted more than thirty singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , including three Number Ones : There Ai n't Nothin ' Wrong with the Radio ( 1992 ) , That 's as Close as I 'll Get to Loving You ( 1995 ) , and Kiss This ( 2000 ) , as well as the Top Ten hits You 've Got to Stand for Something , I Would n't Have It Any Other Way , My Blue Angel , Working Man 's Ph.D , For You I Will , and Where the Stars and Stripes and the Eagle Fly ."}]}, {'value': 'RCA Nashville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheap Seats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheap_Seats_(album)', 'summary': "Cheap Seats is the fifteenth studio album by the American country music band Alabama , released in 1993 by RCA Records . It produced the singles Reckless , T.L.C . A.S.A.P . and The Cheap Seats . Of these , Reckless was the band 's final Number One hit on the Billboard country charts , and The Cheap Seats was the band 's first single in fourteen years to miss Top Ten of the charts . Alabama produced the album along with Josh Leo and Larry Michael Lee , except for Angels Among Us , which bassist Teddy Gentry produced ."}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)', 'summary': "Alabama is an American country and Southern rock band formed in Fort Payne , Alabama , in 1969 . The band was founded by Randy Owen ( lead vocals , rhythm guitar ) and his cousin Teddy Gentry ( bass , backing vocals ) . They were soon joined by their other cousin , Jeff Cook ( lead guitar , fiddle , and keyboards ) . First operating under the name Wildcountry , the group toured the Southeast bar circuit in the early 1970s , and began writing original songs . They changed their name to Alabama in 1977 and following the chart success of two singles , were approached by RCA Records for a record deal . Alabama 's biggest success came in the 1980s , where the band had over 27 number one hits , seven multi-platinum albums and received numerous awards . Alabama 's first single on RCA Records , Tennessee River , began a streak of 21 number one singles , including Love in the First Degree ( 1981 ) , Mountain Music ( 1982 ) , Dixieland Delight ( 1983 ) , If You 're Gon na Play in Texas ( You Got ta Have a Fiddle in the Band ) ( 1984 ) and Song of the South ( 1988 ) . The band 's popularity waned slightly in the 1990s although they continued to produce hit singles and multi-platinum album sales . Alabama disbanded in 2004 following a farewell tour and two albums of inspirational music but reunited in 2010 and have continued to record and tour worldwide . The band 's blend of traditional country music and Southern rock combined with elements of bluegrass , folk , gospel and pop music gave it a crossover appeal that helped lead to their success . They also toured extensively and incorporated production elements such as lighting and sets inspired by rock concerts into their shows . The band has over 41 number one country records on the Billboard charts to their credit and have sold over 75 million records , making them the most successful band in country music history ."}]}, {'value': 'RCA Nashville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clay Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clay_Walker_(album)', 'summary': "Clay Walker is the debut studio album by American country music singer Clay Walker . It was released in 1993 on Giant Records and produced by James Stroud . The album produced four singles on the Billboard country music charts , of which three - What 's It to You , Live Until I Die and Dreaming with My Eyes Open - reached Number One . Respectively , these were the first , second , and fourth singles from the album . The third single , Where Do I Fit in the Picture , peaked at # 11 . Additionally , White Palace peaked at # 67 based on unsolicited airplay ."}]}, {'value': 'Clay Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clay_Walker', 'summary': "Ernest Clayton Walker Jr. ( born August 19 , 1969 ) is an American country music artist . He made his debut in 1993 with the single What 's It to You , which reached Number One on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) chart , as did its follow-up , 1994 's Live Until I Die . Both singles were included on his self-titled debut album , released in 1993 via Giant Records . He stayed with the label until its 2001 closure , later recording for Warner Bros. Records , RCA Records Nashville , and Curb Records . Clay Walker has released a total of eleven studio albums , including a greatest hits package and an album of Christmas music . His first four studio albums all achieved platinum certification in the United States and his greatest hits collection and fifth studio album were each certified gold . He has charted more than thirty singles on Hot Country Songs , of which six have reached number one : What 's It to You , Live Until I Die , Dreaming with My Eyes Open , If I Could Make a Living , This Woman and This Man , and Rumor Has It ."}]}, {'value': 'Giant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Closer to Paradise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barra MacNeils', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barra_MacNeils', 'summary': 'The Barra MacNeils are a Canadian musical group from Sydney Mines , Nova Scotia . The founding members of the group are siblings Sheumas , Kyle , Stewart , and Lucy MacNeil . In 2005 two additional brothers , Ryan and Boyd , joined the band . The Scottish island of Barra is the ancestral home of Clan MacNeil .'}]}, {'value': 'Mercury/PolyGram', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Common_Thread:_The_Songs_of_the_Eagles', 'summary': "Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles is a tribute album to American rock band the Eagles . It was released in 1993 on Giant Records to raise funds for the Walden Woods Project . The album features covers of various Eagles songs , as performed by country music acts . It was certified 3× Platinum in the United States by the RIAA on June 27 , 1994 . The video for the cover of Take It Easy by Travis Tritt featured the former members of the Eagles , the first time that the group had appeared together in 13 years . Two months after recording the video , Glenn Frey and Don Henley decided on the formal reunion of the Eagles . Several other tracks later appeared on greatest hits albums by a few of the contributed artists : Vince Gill 's version of I Ca n't Tell You Why appeared on his 1995 album Souvenirs , Little Texas ' Peaceful Easy Feeling appeared on the band 's Greatest Hits album that same year , and Clint Black included a live version of Desperado to close out his 1996 Greatest Hits album . Common Thread won all of its performers a Country Music Association Award for Album of the Year at the 1994 ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Various Artists', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country Heat 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various Artists', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Cowgirl 's Prayer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cowgirl's_Prayer", 'summary': "Cowgirl 's Prayer is a 1993 Emmylou Harris album . Coming immediately after 1992 's live acoustic At the Ryman album , Cowgirl 's Prayer is a collection of similarly subdued material ( with a couple of rockers thrown in , notably High Powered Love , the album 's first single ) . Released at a time when older artists ( i.e . anyone over 40 ) were being dropped from country radio playlists , the album received little airplay , despite positive reviews , and its relative commercial failure is said to have served as a catalyst for Harris ' decision to change course with the harder edged sound of her subsequent work , beginning with 1995 's rockish Wrecking Ball , thus rendering Cowgirl 's Prayer Harris ' last mainstream country album . Despite the lack of radio airplay , accompanying videos for the album 's three singles , High Powered Love , the Cajun-themed Crescent City , and Jesse Winchester 's Thanks to You , received considerable exposure on CMT ."}]}, {'value': 'Emmylou Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emmylou_Harris', 'summary': "Emmylou Harris ( born April 2 , 1947 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and musician . She has released dozens of albums and singles over the course of her career and won 14 Grammys , the Polar Music Prize , and numerous other honors , including induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame . In 2018 she was presented the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Her work and recordings include work as a solo artist , a bandleader , an interpreter of other composers ' works , a singer-songwriter , and a backing vocalist and duet partner . She has worked with numerous artists ."}]}, {'value': 'Asylum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Croonin '", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Croonin'", 'summary': "Croonin ' is a studio album by Canadian country vocalist Anne Murray . It was released by Capitol Records on November 2 , 1993 . The album peaked at number 1 on the RPM Country Albums chart . Heartland Records put out a Croonin ' album with two bonus tracks , and Murray sings Perry Como 's hit Round and Round and Dean Martin 's hit Memories Are Made of This ."}]}, {'value': 'Anne Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Murray', 'summary': "Morna Anne Murray CC ONS ( born June 20 , 1945 ) , known professionally as Anne Murray , is a Canadian singer in pop , country , and adult contemporary music whose albums have sold over 55 million copies worldwide during her 40-year career . Murray was the first Canadian female solo singer to reach No . 1 on the U.S. charts , and also the first to earn a Gold record for one of her signature songs , Snowbird ( 1970 ) . She is often cited as one of the female Canadian artists who paved the way for other international Canadian success stories such as k.d . lang , Céline Dion , and Shania Twain . She is also the first woman and the first Canadian to win Album of the Year at the 1984 Country Music Association Awards for her Gold-plus 1983 album A Little Good News . Murray has received four Grammys , a record 24 Junos , three American Music Awards , three Country Music Association Awards , and three Canadian Country Music Association Awards . She has been inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame , the Juno Hall of Fame , The Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame , and Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame . She is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame Walkway of Stars in Nashville , and has her own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles and on Canada 's Walk of Fame in Toronto . In 2011 , Billboard ranked her 10th on their list of the 50 Biggest Adult Contemporary Artists Ever ."}]}, {'value': 'SBK/Capitol', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drive_(Steve_Wariner_album)', 'summary': "Drive is a 1993 studio album by American country music artist Steve Wariner . It was his second release for Arista Nashville . The album produced four chart singles on the Billboard country charts in If I Did n't Love You at number 8 , Drivin ' and Cryin ' at number 24 , It Wo n't Be over You at number 18 , and the title track at number 63 ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Wariner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Wariner', 'summary': "Steven Noel Wariner ( born December 25 , 1954 ) is an American country music singer , songwriter , and guitarist . Initially a backing musician for Dottie West , he also worked with Bob Luman and Chet Atkins before beginning a solo career in the late 1970s . He has released eighteen studio albums for multiple labels , including the Nashville divisions of RCA , MCA , Arista , and Capitol Records , along with his own SelecTone label . He has also charted more than fifty singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , of which ten reached number one : All Roads Lead to You , Some Fools Never Learn , You Can Dream of Me , Life 's Highway , Small Town Girl , The Weekend , Lynda , Where Did I Go Wrong , I Got Dreams , and What If I Said , a duet with Anita Cochran . Three of his studio albums have been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping 500,000 copies in the United States . In addition to writing or co-writing most of his own songs , Wariner holds several writing credits for other artists , including singles by Clint Black , Garth Brooks , Bryan White , and Keith Urban . Wariner has also won four Grammy Awards : one for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals , and three for Best Country Instrumental . Wariner 's musical style is defined by his lead guitar work , lyrical content , and stylistic diversity ."}]}, {'value': 'Arista Nashville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Easy Come , Easy Go', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Easy_Come,_Easy_Go_(George_Strait_album)', 'summary': "Easy Come , Easy Go is the fourteenth studio album by American country music artist George Strait . It was released by MCA Records and it produced four singles for Strait on the Hot Country Songs charts : the title track ( # 1 ) , a cover of George Jones ' 1965 hit Lovebug ( # 8 ) , I 'd Like to Have That One Back ( # 3 ) , and The Man in Love with You ( # 5 ) . Barbra Streisand covered We Must Be Loving Right on her 1999 album A Love Like Ours ."}]}, {'value': 'George Strait', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Strait', 'summary': "George Harvey Strait Sr. ( born May 18 , 1952 ) is an American country music singer , songwriter , actor , and music producer . George Strait is known as the King of Country and is considered one of the most influential and popular recording artists of all time . He is known for his neotraditionalist country style , cowboy look , and being one of the first and most prominent country artists to bring country music back to its roots and away from the pop country era in the 1980s . Strait 's success began when his first single Unwound was a hit in 1981 . During the 1980s , seven of his albums reached number one on the country charts . In the 2000s , Strait was named Artist of the Decade by the Academy of Country Music , was elected into the Country Music Hall of Fame , and won his first Grammy award for the album Troubadour . Strait was named CMA Entertainer of the Year in 1989 , 1990 and 2013 , and ACM Entertainer of the Year in 1990 and 2014 . He has been nominated for more CMA and ACM awards and has more wins in both categories than any other artist . By 2009 , he broke Conway Twitty 's previous record for the most number-one hits on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart when his 44 number one singles surpassed Twitty 's 40 . Counting all music charts , Strait has amassed a total of 60 number-one hits , breaking a record also previously set by Twitty , giving him more number one songs than any other artist in any genre of music . Strait is also known for his touring career when he designed a 360-degree configuration and introduced festival style tours . For example , the Strait Tours earned $ 99 million in three years ."}]}, {'value': 'MCA Nashville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Even Cowgirls Get the Blues Soundtrack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Even_Cowgirls_Get_the_Blues_(film)', 'summary': "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues is a 1993 American romantic comedy-drama film based on Tom Robbins ' 1976 novel of the same name . The film was directed by Gus Van Sant ( credited as Gus Van Sant , Jr. ) and starred an ensemble cast led by Uma Thurman , Lorraine Bracco , Angie Dickinson , Noriyuki Pat Morita , Keanu Reeves , John Hurt , and Rain Phoenix . Robbins himself was the narrator . The soundtrack was sung entirely by k.d . lang . The film was dedicated to the late River Phoenix ."}]}, {'value': 'k.d . lang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.d._lang', 'summary': "Kathryn Dawn Lang OC AOE ( born November 2 , 1961 ) , known by her stylized stage name k.d . lang , is a Canadian pop and country singer-songwriter and occasional actress . Lang has won both Juno Awards and Grammy Awards for her musical performances ; hits include Constant Craving and Miss Chatelaine . She has contributed songs to movie soundtracks and has collaborated with musicians such as Roy Orbison , Tony Bennett , Elton John , Anne Murray , Ann Wilson , and Jane Siberry . Lang is also known for being an animal rights , gay rights , and Tibetan human rights activist . She is a tantric practitioner of the old school of Tibetan Buddhism . She performed Leonard Cohen 's Hallelujah live at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia . Previously , she had performed at the closing ceremony of the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Lang possesses the vocal range of a mezzo-soprano ."}]}, {'value': 'Sire', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feels Like Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Feels_Like_Home_(Cassandra_Vasik_album)', 'summary': 'Feels like Home is the second studio album by Canadian country music artist Cassandra Vasik . It was released by Epic Records in 1993 . The album peaked at number 20 on the RPM Country Albums chart .'}]}, {'value': 'Cassandra Vasik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cassandra_Vasik', 'summary': 'Cassandra Vasik is a Canadian country music singer-songwriter from Blenheim , Ontario . Signed to Epic Records , she released two albums and 11 singles for the label between 1991 and 1994 . In 1992 , she won the Rising Star award at the Canadian Country Music Association Awards . She also won the 1991 and 1992 Juno Award for Best Country Female Vocalist . In 2000 , Vasik released a pop album , Different , on Perimeter Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Epic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fire in the Dark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_in_the_Dark', 'summary': "Fire in the Dark is the title of the third studio album recorded by American country music artist Billy Dean . It was released in 1993 on SBK/Liberty Records and like his previous two albums , it was certified gold by the RIAA . Unlike his first two albums , which were produced by Tom Shapiro , this one was produced by Liberty Records ' then-president Jimmy Bowen , with Dean as co-producer . Singles from this album include Tryin ' to Hide a Fire in the Dark , I Wan na Take Care of You , I 'm Not Built That Way and a cover of Dave Mason 's # 12 1977 pop hit We Just Disagree . Also covered here is James Taylor 's Steamroller Blues . Of these singles , Tryin ' to Hide a Fire in the Dark and We Just Disagree were both Top Ten hits on the country music charts ."}]}, {'value': 'Billy Dean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Dean', 'summary': "William Harold Dean Jr. ( born April 2 , 1962 ) is an American country music singer and songwriter . He first gained national attention after appearing on the television talent competition Star Search . Active as a recording artist since 1990 , he has recorded a total of eight studio albums ( of which the first three have been certified gold by the RIAA ) and a greatest hits package which is also certified gold . His studio albums have accounted for more than 20 hit singles on the Billboard country charts , including 11 Top Ten hits . In 2000 , he had a Billboard Number one as a guest artist along with Alison Krauss on Kenny Rogers ' Buy Me a Rose , and had two Number Ones on the RPM country charts in Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberty', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Five Days in July', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Five_Days_in_July', 'summary': "Five Days in July is the fifth studio album by Canadian country-rock band Blue Rodeo . It was released by WEA on October 26 , 1993 in Canada and Discovery Records on September 27 , 1994 in the United States . The band 's most commercially successful album , it has been certified six times platinum as of 2008 . The album was recorded on singer/guitarist Greg Keelor 's farm in Southern Ontario in July 1993 . While the band originally intended for the recordings to serve only as demos , they found that the songs had a warmth and spontaneity that warranted releasing the collection as an album . Guest musicians on the album include Sarah McLachlan , Colin Linden and Anne Bourne . This album was keyboardist James Gray 's first album with the band . This album is supposed to be a tribute to the Harvest-era Neil Young sound . 5 Days in May , Has n't Hit Me Yet and Bad Timing were notable hit singles for the band ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Rodeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Rodeo', 'summary': 'Blue Rodeo is a Canadian country rock band formed in 1984 in Toronto , Ontario . They have released 15 full-length studio albums , four live recordings , one greatest hits album , and two video/DVDs , along with multiple solo albums , side projects , and collaborations .'}]}, {'value': 'Warner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For Our Fans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)', 'summary': "Alabama is an American country and Southern rock band formed in Fort Payne , Alabama , in 1969 . The band was founded by Randy Owen ( lead vocals , rhythm guitar ) and his cousin Teddy Gentry ( bass , backing vocals ) . They were soon joined by their other cousin , Jeff Cook ( lead guitar , fiddle , and keyboards ) . First operating under the name Wildcountry , the group toured the Southeast bar circuit in the early 1970s , and began writing original songs . They changed their name to Alabama in 1977 and following the chart success of two singles , were approached by RCA Records for a record deal . Alabama 's biggest success came in the 1980s , where the band had over 27 number one hits , seven multi-platinum albums and received numerous awards . Alabama 's first single on RCA Records , Tennessee River , began a streak of 21 number one singles , including Love in the First Degree ( 1981 ) , Mountain Music ( 1982 ) , Dixieland Delight ( 1983 ) , If You 're Gon na Play in Texas ( You Got ta Have a Fiddle in the Band ) ( 1984 ) and Song of the South ( 1988 ) . The band 's popularity waned slightly in the 1990s although they continued to produce hit singles and multi-platinum album sales . Alabama disbanded in 2004 following a farewell tour and two albums of inspirational music but reunited in 2010 and have continued to record and tour worldwide . The band 's blend of traditional country music and Southern rock combined with elements of bluegrass , folk , gospel and pop music gave it a crossover appeal that helped lead to their success . They also toured extensively and incorporated production elements such as lighting and sets inspired by rock concerts into their shows . The band has over 41 number one country records on the Billboard charts to their credit and have sold over 75 million records , making them the most successful band in country music history ."}]}, {'value': 'RCA Nashville', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top new album releases', 'section_text': 'See also : List of number-one country albums of 1993 ( U.S. ) and List of number-one country albums of 1993 ( Canada )', 'uid': '1993_in_country_music_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1993.'}
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What state did the singer of Across the Border move to in 1958 ?
Texas
0823fca281cd2cd2
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{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders'_Cup_Juvenile_top_three_finishers", 'title': "Breeders' Cup Juvenile top three finishers", 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Second', 'Third', 'Starters'], 'data': [{'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Game Winner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_Winner', 'summary': "Game Winner ( foaled March 6 , 2016 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse who was the champion two-year-old colt of 2018 . He was undefeated in four starts at age two , including wins in the Del Mar Futurity , American Pharoah Stakes and Breeders ' Cup Juvenile . He started his three-year-old campaign with second-place finishes in both the Rebel Stakes and Santa Anita Derby before finishing fifth in the 2019 Kentucky Derby . After a brief layoff , he returned in July to win the Los Alamitos Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Knicks Go', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signalman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Good Magic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Good_Magic', 'summary': "Good Magic ( foaled March 1 , 2015 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse who became the first horse to ever break his maiden at the Breeders ' Cup when he won the 2017 Breeders ' Cup Juvenile . He finished second in his other two starts that year , including the Champagne Stakes , and was named the American Champion Two-Year-Old Male Horse . At age three , he won the Blue Grass Stakes and Haskell Invitational and finished second to Justify in the 2018 Kentucky Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Solomini', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bolt d'Oro", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bolt_d'Oro", 'summary': "Bolt d'Oro ( foaled March 17 , 2015 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse . At age two , he won his first three starts , including the Del Mar Futurity and FrontRunner Stakes , before finishing third in the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile . He started his three-year-old campaign by winning the San Felipe Stakes by disqualification and finishing second in the Santa Anita Derby . One of the early favorites for the 2018 Kentucky Derby , he finished twelfth in that race ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Classic Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classic_Empire', 'summary': "Classic Empire ( foaled March 21 , 2014 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred race horse who was named the American Champion Two-Year-Old Male Horse of 2016 after winning the Breeders ' Futurity Stakes and Breeders ' Cup Juvenile . After several setbacks at the start of his three-year-old campaign , he won the Arkansas Derby , finished a troubled fourth in the Kentucky Derby , then second by a head in the Preakness Stakes . Classic Empire was retired due to multiple setbacks from an abscess on his right front hoof , as well as slight back problems which plagued him throughout his career . He stands stud at Ashford Stud , in Kentucky ."}]}, {'value': 'Not This Time', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Practical Joke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Practical_Joke_(horse)', 'summary': 'Practical Joke ( foaled April 15 , 2014 in Kentucky ) is a retired multiple Grade I-winning American Thoroughbred racehorse whose wins included the Hopeful , Champagne and H. Allen Jerkens Memorial Stakes .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nyquist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nyquist_(horse)', 'summary': "Nyquist ( foaled March 10 , 2013 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse , winner of the 2016 Kentucky Derby . He also won the 2015 Breeders ' Cup Juvenile , becoming only the second horse to complete the Juvenile-Derby double . He became the eighth undefeated winner of the Kentucky Derby , and the first since Big Brown in 2008 . He received the 2015 Eclipse Award for Champion Two-Year-Old . He is the second Kentucky Derby winner after Morvich to win the race while undefeated after winning Champion Two Year Old the year before , and then never winning again ."}]}, {'value': 'Swipe', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Brody 's Cause", 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Red', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Red_(horse)', 'summary': "Texas Red ( foaled March 15 , 2012 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse . In 2014 , he won one minor race from his first four starts and then established himself as one of the top two-year-old colts in North America with a six and a half length win in the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile . He has unique connections , as his part-owner/trainer and his usual jockey are brothers : Keith and Kent Desormeaux ."}]}, {'value': 'Carpe Diem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Upstart', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "New Year 's Day", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_Year's_Day_(horse)", 'summary': "New Year 's Day ( foaled April 22 , 2011 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse . Racing only as a two-year-old he won two of his three races including the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile . His career was ended by injury in December 2013 and he was retired to stud ."}]}, {'value': 'Havana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strong Mandate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai Bobby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai_Bobby', 'summary': "Shanghai Bobby ( foaled February 27 , 2010 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse . In 2012 he was unbeaten in five races including the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile and was awarded American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt at the Eclipse Awards ."}]}, {'value': "He 's Had Enough", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capo Bastone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hansen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hansen_(horse)', 'summary': "Hansen ( foaled April 23 , 2009 in Kentucky ) , nicknamed 'White Lightning ' and 'The Great White Hope ' , is a grey American Thoroughbred racehorse . Out of the Sir Cat mare Stormy Sunday , he is sired by Tapit . He is famous for having a coat that has grayed out to white far more rapidly than is typical , which led sportscaster Frank DeFord to describe him as a four-legged Steve Martin . He is named after his owner and breeder , Dr. Kendall Hansen . He was trained by Mike Maker , and his regular jockey was Ramon Dominguez ."}]}, {'value': 'Union Rags', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Union_Rags', 'summary': "Union Rags ( foaled March 3 , 2009 in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred race horse and winner of the 2012 Belmont Stakes . Trained by Michael Matz , Union Rags was one of the leading American two-year-olds of 2011 whose wins included the Champagne Stakes and the Saratoga Special Stakes . Despite a defeat in the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile he was one of the early favorites for the 2012 Kentucky Derby , but finished seventh , following a poor start . Skipping the Preakness Stakes , he won the Belmont by a neck over the Bob Baffert-trained colt Paynter . Union Rags was retired from racing in July 2012 after a tendon injury . He entered stud for the 2013 breeding season and his first crop reached racing age in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Creative Cause', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uncle Mo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uncle_Mo', 'summary': 'Uncle Mo ( foaled March 10 , 2008 , in Kentucky ) is an American champion Thoroughbred racehorse who went undefeated in his two-year-old season and was named the American Champion Two-Year-Old of 2010 . However , his three year old season was disrupted by illness , causing him to miss the Kentucky Derby . Retired to stud in 2012 , he was the leading freshman sire with his first foal crop , which included 2016 Kentucky Derby winner Nyquist .'}]}, {'value': 'Boys at Toscanova', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rogue Romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vale of York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vale_of_York_(horse)', 'summary': "Vale of York ( foaled April 4 , 2007 in Ireland is a Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2009 Breeders ' Cup Juvenile . Bred by Stock Vale Ltd. , Vale of York 's sire , Invincible Spirit , was a sprinter , securing all seven of his victories over 6 furlongs , including the Group 1 Haydock Sprint Cup in 2001 at Haydock Park Racecourse . Vale of York 's dam , Red Vale , did not race , but she is a half-sister to Uraib , who stayed 1 mile , 1 furlong well in Graded company in California . She has produced two foals to race to date . By the end of 2009 , Vale of York had won three of his six starts . His last , on November 7 , 2009 , came in the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile run on Polytrack synthetic dirt at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia , California , winning by a head over 2-1 favorite Lookin at Lucky . Vale of York 's three-year-old season began with a fifth-place finish in the Al Bastayika at the new Meydan Racecourse in Dubai ."}]}, {'value': 'Lookin at Lucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lookin_at_Lucky', 'summary': "Lookin At Lucky ( foaled May 27 , 2007 in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and winner of the 2010 Preakness Stakes . Sired by Smart Strike , a half brother to Canadian Triple Crown Winner Dance Smartly , his dam , Private Feeling , was sired by Belong To Me by the North American Leading Sire of 1993 , Danzig . Lookin At Lucky proved to be the best three-year-old in training by winning the 2010 Eclipse Award as division champion being named American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse . He dominated the voting that year ; Lookin At Lucky , 224 votes ; Eskendereya , 5 votes ; Paddy O'Prado , 1 vote . As the award was presented January 2011 , it was announced that Lookin At Lucky had become the first horse in 32 years to be named the champion of his division at both age two and age three . No other horse had accomplished such a feat since Spectacular Bid did it 1978 and 1979 ."}]}, {'value': "Noble 's Promise", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Noble's_Promise", 'summary': "Noble 's Promise ( April 13 , 2007 - August 6 , 2018 ) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2009 Breeders ' Futurity Stakes ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midshipman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midshipman_(horse)', 'summary': "Midshipman ( foaled March 26 , 2006 , in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse . Owned by Stonerside Stable and trained by Hall of Famer Bob Baffert , as a two-year-old Midshipman won 3 of 4 starts , including the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile and Del Mar Futurity . Two weeks before his run in the Breeders ' Cup , Midshipman was sold to Darley Stable and as part of the sales agreement was transferred to trainer Saeed bin Suroor after the race . The colt was a leading contender for the 2009 Triple Crown but fell off due to a 'soft tissue injury . ' Midshipman made his 3 year old debut in an allowance optional claiming race on Sept 18 at Belmont Park , which marked his first start on traditional dirt . He won by 3\u200b1⁄2 lengths over co-favorite Just Ben . Midshipman also ran in 2009 's Breeders ' Cup Dirt Mile , where he finished 3rd to the longest shot in the race , Farthest Land ."}]}, {'value': 'Square Eddie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Square_Eddie', 'summary': 'Square Eddie ( foaled April 4 , 2006 in Ontario , Canada ) is a Thoroughbred racehorse who has competed in England and the United States and who was one of the top winterbook favorites for the 2009 Kentucky Derby .'}]}, {'value': 'Street Hero', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'War Pass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/War_Pass', 'summary': "War Pass ( April 17 , 2005 - December 24 , 2010 ) was an American champion Thoroughbred racehorse and winner of the 2007 Breeders ' Cup Juvenile . Owned by Robert V. LaPenta and bred by Cherry Valley Farm , he was out of the mare Vue , a daughter of the influential Champion sire Mr. Prospector . He was sired by the 1994 Breeders ' Cup Sprint winner , Cherokee Run , a descendant of the very important sire Nearco ."}]}, {'value': 'Pyro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pyro_(horse)', 'summary': "Pyro ( foaled on February 19 , 2005 in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred Racehorse and sire . His sire is Pulpit , a son of the 1992 Eclipse Award Winner for American Horse of the Year , A.P . Indy . His dam is the mare Wild Vision , sired by the 1984 Breeders ' Cup Classic winner , Wild Again ."}]}, {'value': 'Kodiak Kowboy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kodiak_Kowboy', 'summary': "Kodiak Kowboy ( foaled April 16 , 2005 in Kentucky ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse owned by Vinery Stables and Fox Hill Farms and trained by Steve Asmussen . He was also trained by Larry Jones for part of his career . In 2007 he won a Sovereign Award as Canadian Champion 2-Year-Old Colt . Kodiak Kowboy is a multiple grade one winning horse and top class sprinter . In 2009 , he was voted the Eclipse Award as the American Champion Sprint Horse ( 2009 ) for his victories in the Carter Handicap , Vosburgh Stakes and Cigar Mile Handicap . He was retired to stud duty on November 28 , 2009 and will stand at the Vinery in 2010 He entered stud this year at Dr. Tom Simon 's Vinery near Lexington , Ky. , as the property of a syndicate for a fee of $ 15,000 . March 6 Kodiak Kowboy has his first mare checked in foal , Frank Mancinis Biogios Beauty , a multiple stakes-placed winner by top sire Distorted Humor ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Street Sense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_Sense_(horse)', 'summary': 'Street Sense ( foaled February 23 , 2004 in Kentucky at Chesapeake Farm ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse , U.S. Champion Two-Year-Old Colt ( 2006 ) and winner of the 2007 Kentucky Derby and the 2007 Travers Stakes . He was also the runner-up in the 2007 Preakness Stakes by a head . Owned and bred by James B. Tafel , Street Sense is out of Bedazzle , a granddaughter of Northern Dancer , and his sire is 2002 Dubai World Cup-winner Street Cry .'}]}, {'value': 'Circular Quay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Circular_Quay_(horse)', 'summary': 'Circular Quay ( foaled February 26 , 2004 in Kentucky ) is a thoroughbred racehorse who was a 2007 Kentucky Derby contender . The son of 1995 Belmont Stakes and Kentucky Derby winner Thunder Gulch is owned by Michael Tabor and was trained by Todd Pletcher .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Hunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Hunter', 'summary': 'Great Hunter ( foaled March 31 , 2004 in Pennsylvania ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse . His breeder sold him in the September 2005 Keeneland Sales to Ilona Whetstone . The colt was resold in June 2006 to J. Paul Reddam for $ 550,000 but has been the subject of a legal dispute following a lien claim by Fifth Third Bank for indebtedness of the financially strapped Ilona Whetstone .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stevie Wonderboy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stevie_Wonderboy', 'summary': 'Stevie Wonderboy ( foaled 2003 in Kentucky ) is a retired Thoroughbred race horse .'}]}, {'value': 'Henny Hughes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henny_Hughes', 'summary': "Henny Hughes is a thoroughbred race horse . A foal of 2003 , he was a contender for the Triple Crown in 2006 . He was taken off the Triple Crown trail in March 2006 , then recorded three sprint victories in stakes races before failing in the Breeders ' Cup Sprint , finishing 14th and last . He was retired to stud at the end of the 2006 racing season . His best-known offspring is the champion mare Beholder ."}]}, {'value': 'First Samurai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Samurai', 'summary': 'First Samurai is a thoroughbred race horse born February 2 , 2003 . He was a contender for the Triple Crown in 2006 , but after a starting gate incident contributed to his defeat in the Toyota Blue Grass Stakes he was ruled unlikely to race in the Kentucky Derby . [ citation needed ] Two weeks after the race , First Samurai was diagnosed with two broken ribs following an ultrasound . He was not entered in the Kentucky Derby , with his injury cited as the reason . The Blue Grass ultimately proved to be his final race .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilko_(horse)', 'summary': "Wilko ( foaled January 13 , 2002 in Kentucky ) is a Thoroughbred racehorse who competed in the United Kingdom and in the United States . He is one of four European-trained colts to have won the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile ."}]}, {'value': 'Afleet Alex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afleet_Alex', 'summary': "Afleet Alex ( born May 9 , 2002 in Florida ) is an American thoroughbred race horse who , in 2005 , won two of America 's classic races , the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes . He is owned by the Cash Is King Stable partnership , was trained by Tim Ritchey and was ridden by Jeremy Rose . In twelve lifetime starts , Alex won eight times ( six times in stakes , three times in G1 stakes ) , placed twice ( both in G1 stakes ) , and came in third once ( in the Kentucky Derby ) over 12 starts , for lifetime earnings of $ 2,765,800 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sun King', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Action This Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Action_This_Day_(horse)', 'summary': "Action This Day ( foaled February 18 , 2001 in Kentucky ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse . In 2003 , after winning his maiden race September 28 at Santa Anita , he became the first maiden to win the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile . After running last for most of the race , he came from off the pace in the homestretch and won by two lengths over Minister Eric . He was voted the U.S. Eclipse Award for Outstanding 2-Year-Old Male Horse . Action This Day made his 2004 debut in the Sham Stakes February 8 , finishing fourth . He then finished seventh in the San Felipe Stakes and sixth in the Blue Grass Stakes . Entered into the Kentucky Derby , he managed a sixth place finish in the field of 18 . Retired after the 2004 racing season , Action This Day entered stud at Castleton Farm in Lexington , Kentucky ."}]}, {'value': 'Minister Eric', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapel Royal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vindication', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vindication_(horse)', 'summary': "Vindication ( January 28 , 2000 in Kentucky - July 10 , 2008 ) was an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse . Bred by Payson Stud Inc. , he was sired by 1977 U.S . Triple Crown Champion Seattle Slew . Out of the mare Strawberry Reason , Vindication 's damsire was Strawberry Road , the international star who raced in Australia , Germany , France , Japan , and the United States , and was voted the 1983 Australian Champion Racehorse of the Year and 1984 Champion Older Horse in Germany . Vindication was purchased for $ 2.15 million at the 2001 Fasig-Tipton Saratoga sale by Satish Sanan 's Padua Stables of Ocala , Florida , who handed him over to trainer Bob Baffert for race conditioning . Sent to the track at age two , Vindication won his first two races at Del Mar Racetrack in California . Then , on September 14 at Turfway Park in Florence , Kentucky , he captured the Grade III Kentucky Cup Juvenile Stakes by six lengths . He was then sent to Chicago 's Arlington Park for the 2002 Breeders ' Cup Juvenile . Though the race was normally run at a distance of 11/16 miles , the track setup at Arlington Park meant that year 's Juvenile was raced at 1⅛ miles . Ridden by Mike Smith , Vindication won by \u200b2 3⁄4 lengths over Kafwain and Hold That Tiger , the latter a highly regarded colt from Ireland trained by Aidan O'Brien . The runaway winner in the voting for 2002 American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt honors , Vindication was the winterbook favorite for the following spring 's Kentucky Derby . However , as a result of a serious injury sustained early in 2003 , Vindication never raced again and was retired ."}]}, {'value': 'Kafwain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hold That Tiger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hold_That_Tiger_(horse)', 'summary': 'Hold That Tiger ( foaled 25 February 2000 ) is a retired Thoroughbred racehorse and active sire who was bred in the United States and trained in Ireland . He is best known for winning the 2002 Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère and being named European Champion Two-Year-Old at the Cartier Racing Awards .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johannesburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johannesburg_(horse)', 'summary': 'Johannesburg ( foaled on February 23 , 1999 ) is a Kentucky-bred United States and European Champion Thoroughbred racehorse .'}]}, {'value': 'Repent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siphonic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macho Uno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macho_Uno', 'summary': "Macho Uno ( foaled April 24 , 1998 in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse . He was sired by the 1994 American Horse of the Year and U.S . Racing Hall of Fame inductee , Holy Bull . Trained by Joe Orseno , Macho Uno is best known for narrowly winning the 2000 Breeders ' Cup Juvenile over future three year old champion Point Given and being voted the Eclipse Award as the American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt . His three year old campaign was delayed until July resulting in limited starts though he did capture the Pennsylvania Derby and finish a creditable fourth to Tiznow in the Breeders ' Cup Classic . At four he won an allowance race and the grade ii Massachusetts Handicap before closing out his career with a fifth place finish in the 2002 Breeders Cup Classic behind Volponi . Retired to stud duty , Macho Uno stands at his owner 's Adena Springs South in Ocala , Florida . He is the sire of graded stakes winners Harlem Rocker , Macho Again , Mucho Macho Man , and Wicked Style ."}]}, {'value': 'Point Given', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_Given', 'summary': 'Point Given ( foaled March 27 , 1998 ) is a Thoroughbred racehorse who was the 2001 American Horse of the Year . That year , he won the Preakness Stakes , Belmont Stakes , Haskell Invitational , and Travers Stakes , becoming the first horse to ever win four $ 1 million races in a row . The only time he finished out of the money was in the 2001 Kentucky Derby , where he ran 5th . Point Given was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Street Cry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_Cry', 'summary': "Street Cry ( March 11 , 1998 - 17 September 2014 ) was a Thoroughbred racehorse , winner of the 2002 Dubai World Cup , the 2002 Stephen Foster Handicap and runner up in the 2002 Whitney Handicap . He was an international shuttle stallion that stood at the Darley Studs in Australia and the US . He is noteworthy for being the sire of one of the greatest racehorses of all-time , Winx , which as of April 2019 ( her retirement ) has won 25 Group 1 races and 33 consecutive wins , and continues to be rated by Longines as the best racehorse in the world . He is also the sire of US racing sensation Zenyatta . Owned and bred by Sheikh Mohammed 's Godolphin Racing , he was by the dual Group One ( G1 ) winner Machiavellian , a son of Mr. Prospector . His dam , Helen Street ( dam of nine winners ) won the 1985 Irish Oaks and was by multiple Group 1 winner Troy ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anees_(horse)', 'summary': "Anees ( 1997-2003 ) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse . In 1990 he was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt after winning the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile ."}]}, {'value': 'Chief Seattle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High Yield', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "This is a listing of the horses that finished in either first , second , or third place in the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile , a grade one race run on dirt held on Saturday of the Breeders ' Cup World Thoroughbred Championships . [ 1 ]", 'uid': "Breeders'_Cup_Juvenile_top_three_finishers_0", 'intro': "This is a listing of the horses that finished in either first, second, or third place in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile, a grade one race run on dirt held on Saturday of the Breeders' Cup World Thoroughbred Championships."}
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In which winning year was the winner 's career ended by injury in December 2013 ?
2013
08245fc42df580b3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kappa_Kappa_Gamma_sisters', 'title': 'List of Kappa Kappa Gamma sisters', 'header': ['Name', 'Chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jann Carl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jann_Carl', 'summary': 'Jann Carl is a co-host and part owner of the syndicated TV show Small Town Big Deal . Carl and her co-host , Rodney K. Miller , report on uplifting stories about people , places and events throughout communities big and small across the United States . The show first aired on September 6 , 2012 , on the RFD-TV cable network . Small Town Big Deal has aired almost 100 episodes since 2012 and is now viewed on network and local television stations in nearly 80 percent of the United States . Carl is also well-known for her 14 years at Entertainment Tonight . She is nationally respected for her interviews with influential newsmakers . Some of the most famous include Brad Pitt , Oprah Winfrey , Tom Cruise , Steven Spielberg , Tom Hanks , Diane Sawyer and Barack and Michelle Obama . She began as a news reporter at WLS in Chicago . She later moved to Los Angeles , where she reported for KABC , and hosted KABCs Eye on L.A. magazine show . Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s , Carl was the co-anchor with the late Los Angeles broadcast legend Hal Fishman at KTLA-TV where she earned three Emmys . Later , Carl was an executive producer of the show Sold ! for the History Channel .'}]}, {'value': 'Theta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Missouri', 'summary': "The University of Missouri ( Mizzou , MU , or Missouri ) is a public research university in Columbia , Missouri . It is Missouri 's largest university and the flagship of the four campus University of Missouri System . Founded in 1839 , it was the first public university west of the Mississippi River . It is a member of the Association of American Universities as well as a land-grant and space-grant institution . Enrolling 30,046 students in 2019 , it offers over 300 degree programs in thirteen major academic divisions . Its well-known Missouri School of Journalism was founded by Walter Williams in 1908 as the world 's first journalism school ; It publishes a daily newspaper , the Columbia Missourian , and operates an NBC affiliate KOMU . The University of Missouri Research Reactor Center is the world 's most powerful university research reactor and is the United States sole source of isotopes used in nuclear medicine . The university operates University of Missouri Health Care , running a number of hospitals and clinics in Mid-Missouri . Its NCAA Division I athletic teams are known as the Missouri Tigers , and compete in the Southeastern Conference . The American tradition of homecoming is claimed to have originated at Missouri . The campus is home to the State Historical Society of Missouri , and the Museum of Art and Archaeology . Its historic center , Francis Quadrangle , is a National Historic District ."}]}, {'value': 'Former correspondent for Entertainment Tonight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight', 'summary': 'Entertainment Tonight ( or simply ET ) is an American first-run syndicated entertainment television newsmagazine that is distributed by CBS Television Distribution throughout the United States and owned by CBS Interactive .'}]}, {'value': 'Martha MacCallum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martha_MacCallum', 'summary': 'Martha Bowes MacCallum ( born January 31 , 1964 ) is a news anchor for Fox News . She is the host of The Story with Martha MacCallum . MacCallum joined the network in 2004 . Her interviews with President Barack Obama , General David Petraeus , John McCain , New Jersey governor Chris Christie , Laura Bush , and others have been featured on her programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Lawrence_University', 'summary': 'St. Lawrence University is a private liberal arts college in the village of Canton in St. Lawrence County , New York . It has roughly 2400 undergraduate and 100 graduate students , about equally split between male and female . Though St. Lawrence today is non-denominational , it was founded in 1856 by leaders of the Universalist Church , who were seeking to establish a seminary west of New England and were enthusiastically courted by the citizens of Canton . The church almost did not place the school in Canton , however , as they felt students might be exposed to too much excitement within the village limits in 1856 . The denomination , which has since merged with the Unitarian faith , was part of the liberal wing of Protestantism , championing such ideas as critical thinking and gender equality - attributes that surfaced in the new Theological School of St. Lawrence University , which was progressive in its teaching philosophy and coeducational from the beginning .'}]}, {'value': 'FOX News anchor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FOX_News', 'summary': "Fox News ( officially Fox News Channel and abbreviated FNC ) is an American conservative cable television news channel . It is owned by the Fox News Group , which itself was owned by News Corporation from 1996-2013 , 21st Century Fox from 2013-2019 , and Fox Corporation since 2019 . The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City . Fox News is provided in 86 countries or overseas territories worldwide , with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during ad breaks . The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch to appeal to a conservative audience , hiring former Republican Party media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO . It launched on October 7 , 1996 , to 17 million cable subscribers . Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant subscription news network in the U.S. As of September 2018 [ update ] , approximately 87,118,000 US households ( 90.8% of television subscribers ) receive Fox News . In 2019 , Fox News was the top-rated cable network averaging 2.5 million viewers . Murdoch is the current executive chairman and Suzanne Scott is the CEO . Fox News has been described as practicing biased reporting in favor of the Republican Party , the George W. Bush and Donald Trump administrations , and conservative causes while slandering the Democratic Party and spreading harmful propaganda intended to negatively affect its members ' electoral performances . Critics have cited the channel as detrimental to the integrity of news overall . Fox News employees have said that news reporting operates independently of its opinion and commentary programming , and have denied bias in news reporting , while former employees have said that Fox ordered them to slant the news in favor of conservatives ."}]}, {'value': 'Nancy Dickerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Dickerson', 'summary': 'Nancy Dickerson ( January 19 , 1927 - October 18 , 1997 ) was a pioneering American radio and television journalist . As famous as a celebrity and socialite as she was for her journalism , she later became an independent producer of documentaries .'}]}, {'value': 'Eta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Madison', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin-Madison ( also known as University of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , UW , regionally as UW-Madison , or simply Madison ) is a public research university in Madison , Wisconsin . Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848 , UW-Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin , and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System . It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state . It became a land-grant institution in 1866 . The 933-acre ( 378 ha ) main campus , located on the shores of Lake Mendota , includes four National Historic Landmarks . The University also owns and operates a historic 1,200-acre ( 486 ha ) arboretum established in 1932 , located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the main campus . UW-Madison is organized into 20 schools and colleges , which enrolled 30,361 undergraduate and 14,052 graduate students in 2018 . Its comprehensive academic program offers 136 undergraduate majors , along with 148 master 's degree programs and 120 doctoral programs . A major contributor to Wisconsin 's economy , the university is the largest employer in the state , with over 21,600 faculty and staff . The UW is one of America 's Public Ivy universities , which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League . UW-Madison is also categorized as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . In 2012 , it had research expenditures of more than $ 1.1 billion , the third highest among universities in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'NBC News correspondent ( 1963-1970 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC_News', 'summary': "NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC . The division operates under NBCUniversal Broadcast , Cable , Sports and News , a subsidiary of NBCUniversal , which is in turn a subsidiary of Comcast . The group 's various operations report to the president of NBC News , Noah Oppenheim . NBC News aired the first , regularly scheduled news program in American broadcast television history on February 21 , 1940 . The group 's broadcasts are produced and aired from 30 Rockefeller Center , NBC 's headquarters in New York City . The division presides over America 's number-one-rated newscast , NBC Nightly News , and the longest-running television series in American history , Meet The Press , the Sunday morning program of newsmakers interviews . NBC News also offers 70 years of rare historic footage from the NBCUniversal Archives online . NBC News operates a 24-hour cable news network known as MSNBC , which includes the organization 's flagship daytime news operation , MSNBC Live . The cable network shares staff and editorial control with NBC News . In 2017 , the organization entered into a partnership and purchased a 25% stake in Euronews , a European 24-hour news network ."}]}, {'value': 'Erin Moriarty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erin_Moriarty', 'summary': 'Erin F. Moriarty ( born April 6 , 1952 ) is an American television news reporter and correspondent . She works as a correspondent for 48 Hours Mystery . She has won national Emmy Awards several times .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Nu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_University', 'summary': 'The Ohio State University ( OSU , commonly referred to as Ohio State ) is a public research university in Columbus , Ohio . Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862 , the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College . The college originally focused on various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor ( later , U.S. president ) Rutherford B. Hayes , and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University . The main campus in Columbus , Ohio , has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States . The university also operates regional campuses in Lima , Mansfield , Marion , Newark , and Wooster . The university has an extensive student life program , with over 1,000 student organizations ; intercollegiate , club and recreational sports programs ; student media organizations and publications , fraternities and sororities ; and three student governments . Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes . As of the 2016 Summer Olympics , athletes from Ohio State have won 104 Olympic medals ( 46 gold , 35 silver , and 23 bronze ) . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Emmy Award -winning correspondent for 48 Hours', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emmy_Award', 'summary': 'An Emmy Award , or simply Emmy , is an American award that recognizes excellence in the television industry . It is presented at numerous annual events held throughout the calendar year , each honoring one of the various sectors of the television industry . The two ceremonies that receive the most media coverage are the Primetime Emmy Awards and the Daytime Emmy Awards , which recognize outstanding work in American primetime and daytime entertainment programming , respectively . Other notable Emmy events include those honoring national sports programming , national news and documentary shows , and technological and engineering achievements in television , including the Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards . Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year , recognizing excellence in local and statewide television . In addition , the International Emmy Awards honor excellence in TV programming produced and initially aired outside the United States . The Emmy is named after immy , an informal term for the image orthicon tube that was common in early television cameras . The statuette depicts a winged woman holding an atom . The Emmy is considered one of the four major American entertainment awards , the others being the Grammy ( for music ) , the Oscar ( for film ) , and the Tony ( for theater ) . Three related , but separate , organizations present the Emmy Award : the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) , the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( NATAS ) , and the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( IATAS ) . The ATAS first awarded the Emmy in 1949 to honor shows produced in the Los Angeles area before it became a national event in the 1950s to honor programs aired nationwide . Over the next two decades , the ATAS , the NATAS , and the IATAS expanded the award to honor other areas of the TV industry , with each organization responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy competitions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/48_Hours_(TV_series)', 'summary': "48 Hours is an American documentary/news magazine television show broadcast on CBS . The show has been broadcast on the network since January 19 , 1988 . The show airs Saturdays at 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time , as part of the network 's placeholder Crimetime Saturday block ; as such , it is currently one of only two remaining first-run prime time shows ( excluding sports ) airing Saturday nights on the major U.S. broadcast television networks ( along with Univision 's Sabadazo ) . The show sometimes airs two-hour editions or two consecutive one-hour editions , depending on the subject involved or to serve as counterprogramming against other networks . Judy Tygard was named senior executive producer in January 2019 , replacing Susan Zirinsky , who served as executive producer since 1996 until her early 2019 appointment as president of CBS News . Reruns of 48 Hours are regularly broadcast on Investigation Discovery , the Oprah Winfrey Network and TLC as part of their daytime and/or weekend schedules , with varying titles based on the edition 's subject matter ( such as 48 Hours Hard Evidence , 48 Hours Investigates ( a title that has also been used for the CBS broadcasts ) , 48 Hours on OWN or 48 Hours on ID ) ."}]}, {'value': "Nancy O'Dell", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Nancy_O'Dell", 'summary': "Nancy O'Dell ( born Nancy Evelyn Humphries ; February 25 , 1966 ) is an American television host and entertainment journalist . She served as co-anchor of the syndicated entertainment news show Entertainment Tonight from January 3 , 2011 , to August 2 , 2019 . In May 2013 , she received an Honorary Doctorate of Humanities from Clemson University ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Mu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_University', 'summary': "Clemson University ( /ˈklɛmp.sən , ˈklɛm.zən/ [ note a ] ) is a public , land-grant research university in Clemson , South Carolina . Founded in 1889 , Clemson is the second-largest university in student population in South Carolina . For the fall 2017 semester , the university enrolled a total of 19,402 undergraduate students and 4,985 graduate students , and the student/faculty ratio was 18:1 . Clemson 's 1,400-acre campus is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits next to Lake Hartwell . The university manages the nearby 17,500-acre Clemson Experimental Forest that is used for research , education , and recreation . Clemson University consists of seven colleges : Agriculture , Forestry and Life Sciences ; Architecture , Arts and Humanities ; Business ; Behavioral , Social and Health Sciences ; Education ; Engineering , Computing and Applied Sciences ; and Science . U.S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University tied for 24 among all national public universities . Clemson University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity ."}]}, {'value': 'Former television co-host on Access Hollywood , entertainment journalist , and 1987 Miss South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Access_Hollywood', 'summary': 'Access Hollywood , formerly known as Access from 2017 to 2019 , is an American weekday television entertainment news program that premiered on September 9 , 1996 . It covers events and celebrities in the entertainment industry . It was created by former Entertainment Tonight executive producer Jim Van Messel , and is currently executive produced by Maureen FitzPatrick and directed by Richard Plotkin . In previous years , Doug Dougherty , Christopher A. Berry and Kim Anastasia directed the program . Access Hollywood primarily focuses on news in the music , television , and film industries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'The Miss South Carolina competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of South Carolina in the Miss America pageant . The pageant was first held in Myrtle Beach and moved to Greenville starting in 1958 and remained in that city until the 1990s . Spartanburg hosted the pageant in a few different venues until new leadership took over the organization and moved the pageant to Columbia , SC in 2011 . The pageant was televised since the 1960s until the 1998 pageant . Televising was resumed with the 2000 pageant through 2006 . The pageant returned to television in 2014 . Two South Carolina women have become Miss America ; Marian McKnight of Manning in 1957 and Kimberly Aiken of Columbia in 1994 . Six more have been first runner-up at the national competition and another thirteen have placed in the Top Ten . The Miss South Carolina organization is the leading state pageant in the nation in scholarship money raised for young women- surpassing many much larger states . Morgan Nichols of Lexington was crowned Miss South Carolina 2019 on June 29 , 2019 at Township Auditorium in Columbia , South Carolina . She competed for the title of Miss America 2020 in December 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Maureen Orth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maureen_Orth', 'summary': 'Maureen Ann Orth ( born January 26 , 1943 ) is an American tabloid reporter , author , and a Special Correspondent for Vanity Fair magazine . She is the widow of Tim Russert and also the founder of Marina Orth Foundation which has established a model education program emphasizing Technology , English and leadership in Colombia .'}]}, {'value': 'Pi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Journalist , Vanity Fair correspondent ( 1993-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)', 'summary': 'Vanity Fair is a monthly magazine of popular culture , fashion , and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States . The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936 . The imprint was revived in 1983 and currently includes five international editions of the magazine . As of 2018 , the Editor-in-Chief is Radhika Jones .'}]}, {'value': 'Jane Pauley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jane_Pauley', 'summary': "Margaret Jane Pauley ( born October 31 , 1950 ) , known as Jane Pauley , is an American television journalist and author , active in news reporting since 1972 . She is the anchor of CBS Sunday Morning . Pauley previously held a 13-year position on NBC 's Today program , followed by 12 years as co-host of Dateline NBC . She has publicly acknowledged her struggle with bipolar disorder ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_University', 'summary': 'Indiana University ( IU ) is a system of public universities in the state of Indiana . Indiana University has a combined student body of more than 110,000 students , which includes approximately 46,000 students enrolled at the Indiana University Bloomington campus .'}]}, {'value': 'Television journalist , former anchor on Today and Dateline NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)', 'summary': "Today , also called The Today Show , is an American news and talk morning television show that airs on NBC . The program debuted on January 14 , 1952 . It was the first of its genre on American television and in the world , and after 68 years of broadcasting it is the fifth-longest-running American television series . Originally a weekday two-hour program from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. , it expanded to Sundays in 1987 and Saturdays in 1992 . The weekday broadcast expanded to three hours in 2000 , and to four hours in 2007 ( though over time , the third and fourth hours became distinct entities ) . Today 's dominance was virtually unchallenged by the other networks until the late 1980s , when it was overtaken by ABC 's Good Morning America . Today retook the Nielsen ratings lead the week of December 11 , 1995 , and held onto that position for 852 consecutive weeks until the week of April 9 , 2012 , when Good Morning America topped it again . Today maintained its No . 2 status behind GMA from the summer of 2012 until it regained the lead in the aftermath of anchor Matt Lauer 's departure in November 2017 . In 2002 , Today was ranked No . 17 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . The entertainment magazine Variety reported the 2016 advertising revenue during the first two hours of the show was $ 508.8 million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dateline_NBC', 'summary': "Dateline NBC , or simply Dateline , is a weekly American television newsmagazine/reality legal show that is broadcast on NBC . It was previously the network 's flagship news magazine , but now focuses mainly on true crime stories with only occasional editions that focus on other topics . The program airs Fridays at 10:00 p.m. Eastern Time ( 9:00 p.m. Eastern for special two-hour editions ) and on most Sundays , outside the NFL season , at 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time , special Saturday editions also occasionally air during the fall and winter months . Two-hour feature-length editions sometimes air on any given scheduled evening , often to fill vacancies in the primetime schedule on the program 's respective nights due to program cancellations ."}]}, {'value': 'Nora Waln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nora_Waln', 'summary': 'Nora Waln ( 1895 - 27 September 1964 ) was a best-selling American writer and journalist in the 1930s-50s , writing books and articles on her time spent in Germany and China . She was among the first to report on the spread of Nazism from 1934 to 1938 . She traveled widely in Europe and Asia , contributing articles to the Atlantic Monthly and other magazines . She was one of the few correspondents who reported from Communist China and Mongolia , reporting for the Saturday Evening Post for three and a half years , including reporting from the Korean War ( 1947-1951 ) . She regularly contributed to the Atlantic Monthly from 1925 to 1962 .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Iota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swarthmore_College', 'summary': "Swarthmore College ( /ˈswɔːrθmɔːr/ , locally [ swɑθ- ] ) is a private liberal arts college in Swarthmore , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1864 , with its first classes being held in 1869 , Swarthmore was one of the earliest coeducational colleges in the United States . It was established to be a college .under the care of Friends , at which an education may be obtained equal to that of the best institutions of learning in our country . By 1906 , Swarthmore had dropped its religious affiliation and became officially non-sectarian . Swarthmore is a member of the Tri-College Consortium along with Bryn Mawr and Haverford College , a cooperative academic arrangement between the three schools . Swarthmore is also affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania through the Quaker Consortium , which allows for students to cross-register for classes at all four institutions . Swarthmore offers over 600 courses a year in more than 40 areas of study , including an ABET accredited engineering program which culminates with a Bachelor of Science in engineering . Swarthmore has a variety of sporting teams with a total of 22 Division III Varsity Intercollegiate Sports Teams and competes in the Centennial Conference , a group of private colleges in Pennsylvania and Maryland . Despite the school 's small size , Swarthmore alumni have attained prominence in a broad range of fields . Graduates include five Nobel Prize winners ( as of 2016 , the third-highest number of Nobel Prize winners per graduate in the U.S. ) , 11 MacArthur Foundation fellows , 30 Rhodes Scholars , 27 Truman Scholars , 10 Marshall Scholars , 201 Fulbright Grantees , and many noteworthy figures in law , art , science , academia , business , politics , and other fields ."}]}, {'value': 'Journalist and author whose book on Nazi Germany , Reaching for the Stars , was a bestseller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nazi_Germany', 'summary': "Nazi Germany is the common English name for Germany between 1933 and 1945 , when Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) controlled the country through a dictatorship . Under Hitler 's rule , Germany became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government . The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich ( German Reich ) until 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich ( Greater German Reich ) from 1943 to 1945 . Nazi Germany is also known as the Third Reich ( Drittes Reich ) , meaning Third Realm or Third Empire , the first two being the Holy Roman Empire ( 800-1806 ) and the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) . The Nazi regime ended after the Allies defeated Germany in May 1945 , ending World War II in Europe . Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic , Paul von Hindenburg , on 30 January 1933 . The NSDAP then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power . Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and Presidency . A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer ( leader ) of Germany . All power was centralised in Hitler 's person and his word became the highest law . The government was not a coordinated , co-operating body , but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler 's favour . In the midst of the Great Depression , the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable alumnae -- Media', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Kappa_Kappa_Gamma_sisters_3', 'intro': 'The list of Kappa Kappa Gamma sisters (commonly referred to as Kappas) includes initiated and honorary members of Kappa Kappa Gamma.'}
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In what month did the person die whose chapter 's university became a land-grant institution in 1866 ?
October
08256997d73f15d7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Senegal', 'title': 'List of airports in Senegal', 'header': ['City served', 'Region', 'ICAO', 'IATA', 'Airport name'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bakel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakel,_Senegal', 'summary': "Bakel is a town of approximately 15,000 inhabitants located in the eastern part of Senegal , West Africa . The town is located on the left bank of the Sénégal River , 65 kilometers ( 40 mi ) from the Malian border and linked by canoe ferry to the village of Gouraye in Mauritania . Bakel is one of the four eponymous departmental capitals in the region of Tambacounda , the other three being Tambacounda , Goudiry and Koumpentoum . Bakel is known for its French fort ( Fort Bakel ) , which René Caillié visited in 1819 . It was also the area where the Mauritanian crisis occurred , a dispute over grazing rights that led to a war between Senegal and Mauritania in 1989 . [ citation needed ] As a result of this conflict , many people around the area moved abroad or emigrated to Senegal . [ citation needed ] The majority of the population belong to the Soninke-speaking ethnic group , a dialect of the larger Mandagne-Mandinke language family . There is also a substantial Pulaar ( Fula ) speaking minority as well as a significant amount of Bambara and Wolof ( or Oulof ) speakers . [ citation needed ] While most people learn and speak French in school , they prefer to use local dialects in everyday conversation . [ citation needed ] A large permanent market serves the department 's inhabitants along with a weekly Lumo ( similar to a flea market ) . Most inhabitants are subsistence farmers and herders , while the people in town are employed in informal businesses that range from carpentry , masonry and transportation of goods to selling fruit and produce on the street . [ citation needed ] Due to its location in the Sahel , the area is semi-arid with little vegetation outside of the rainy season ."}]}, {'value': 'Tambacounda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tambacounda_Region', 'summary': "Tambacounda , formerly known as Sénégal Orientale , is a region of Senegal . It used to be part of the Mali Empire before the borders were created to separate Mali from Senegal . Tambacounda is physically the largest of Senegal 's 14 regions , but is sparsely populated and its economy lags behind the rest of the country . The department of Kédougou was separated from Tambacounda in 2008 , and became a separate region ."}]}, {'value': 'GOTB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BXE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bakel Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakel_Airport', 'summary': 'Bakel Airport ( IATA : BXE , ICAO : GOTB ) is an airport serving Bakel , a town in Bakel department , Tambacounda region , Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Cap Skirring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cap_Skirring', 'summary': 'Cap Skirring , also spelled Cap Skiring , is a town on the Atlantic Ocean coast of the Basse Casamance ( Ziguinchor ) region of Senegal . It is a popular seaside resort with Europeans and has an airport and a golf course . The town was first occupied by fishermen . It was discovered by the French of Ziguinchor as a balneal zone in the 1960s . A landing strip for small planes was built at the end of 1960 by members of the Aero Club de Ziguinchor . Coordinates : 12°21′N 16°43′W / 12.350°N 16.717°W / 12.350 ; -16.717'}]}, {'value': 'Ziguinchor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ziguinchor_Region', 'summary': 'Ziguinchor is a region of Senegal ( regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions ) . The region is also referred to historically and popularly as Basse Casamance .'}]}, {'value': 'GOGS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CSK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cap Skirring Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cap_Skirring_Airport', 'summary': 'Cap Skirring Airport ( IATA : CSK , ICAO : GOGS ) is an airport serving Cap Skirring ( also spelled Cap Skiring ) , a town in the Ziguinchor ( also known as Basse Casamance ) region of Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Dakar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dakar', 'summary': 'Dakar ( English : /dɑːˈkɑːr/ ; French : [ dakaʁ ] ; Wolof : Ndakaaru ) is the capital and largest city of Senegal . The city of Dakar proper has a population of 1,030,594 , whereas the population of the Dakar metropolitan area is estimated at 2.45 million . The area around Dakar was settled in the 15th century . The Portuguese established a presence on the island of Gorée off the coast of Cap-Vert and used it as a base for the Atlantic slave trade . France took over the island in 1677 . Following the abolition of the slave trade and French annexation of the mainland area in the 19th century , Dakar grew into a major regional port and a major city of the French colonial empire . In 1902 , Dakar replaced Saint-Louis as the capital of French West Africa . From 1959 to 1960 , Dakar was the capital of the short-lived Mali Federation . In 1960 , it became the capital of the Independent Republic of Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Dakar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dakar_Region', 'summary': "Dakar Region is the smallest and most populated Région of Senegal , encompassing the capital city of the country , Dakar , and all its suburbs along the Cap-Vert Peninsula , Africa 's most westerly point ."}]}, {'value': 'GOOY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DKR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Léopold_Sédar_Senghor_International_Airport', 'summary': "Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport ( French : Aéroport international Léopold-Sédar-Senghor , IATA : DKR , ICAO : GOOY ) is an international airport serving Dakar , the capital of Senegal . The airport is situated near the town of Yoff , a northern suburb of Dakar . It was known as Dakar-Yoff International Airport ( French : Aéroport international de Dakar-Yoff ) until 9 October 1996 , when it was renamed in honor of Léopold Sédar Senghor , the first president of Senegal . The airport can handle wide body jets , including the Airbus A340-600 from South African Airways , and the Boeing 777-200 from Air France . In 2015 , the airport served about 1,986,000 passengers . Construction of a replacement airport , Blaise Diagne International , 45 km inland from Léopold Sédar Senghor , began in 2007 . Saudi Binladin Group constructed the new airport , named after the first black African elected to France 's parliament in 1914 , Blaise Diagne . It was initially expected to take 30 months to build and is designed for an initial capacity of 3 million passengers a year - almost double the 1.7 million annual traffic handled by the existing airport . Blaise Diagne was delayed several times and finally opened on December 7 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dakar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dakar', 'summary': 'Dakar ( English : /dɑːˈkɑːr/ ; French : [ dakaʁ ] ; Wolof : Ndakaaru ) is the capital and largest city of Senegal . The city of Dakar proper has a population of 1,030,594 , whereas the population of the Dakar metropolitan area is estimated at 2.45 million . The area around Dakar was settled in the 15th century . The Portuguese established a presence on the island of Gorée off the coast of Cap-Vert and used it as a base for the Atlantic slave trade . France took over the island in 1677 . Following the abolition of the slave trade and French annexation of the mainland area in the 19th century , Dakar grew into a major regional port and a major city of the French colonial empire . In 1902 , Dakar replaced Saint-Louis as the capital of French West Africa . From 1959 to 1960 , Dakar was the capital of the short-lived Mali Federation . In 1960 , it became the capital of the Independent Republic of Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Thiès', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thiès_Region', 'summary': 'Thiès is a region of western Senegal . The capital is also called Thiès .'}]}, {'value': 'GOBD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DSS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blaise Diagne International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blaise_Diagne_International_Airport', 'summary': "Blaise Diagne International Airport ( French : Aéroport international Blaise Diagne , IATA : DSS , ICAO : GOBD ) is an international airport near the town of Diass , Senegal , 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) east of downtown Dakar . It serves as the main airport for Dakar , replacing Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport , which became too small . It is named after Blaise Diagne , the first black African elected to France 's parliament in 1914 . Regular flights are operated from it to destinations across many parts of Africa , as well as to Europe , Macaronesia , the Middle East , and the USA ."}]}, {'value': 'Dodji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dodji', 'summary': "Dodji is a town in north central Senegal . with a 2007 estimated population of 8,281 . It is in the Louga Region , Linguère Department , and the Dodji Arrondissement , which consists of the communauté rurales of Dodji , Labgar , and Ouarkhokh . Though a separate administrative unit , Dodji falls under the Commune of Dahra - Linguère . As of 2007 , Dodji 's highest administrative official , ( Président de Communauté Rurale ) is Math Coueladio Ba , formerly of the Senegalese Socialist Party , now allied to the ruling PDS . Dodji Airport is a 1,600 metres ( 5,200 ft ) long sand landing strip ."}]}, {'value': 'Louga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louga_Region', 'summary': 'Louga is a city and region of Senegal . The region is located to the northwest part of the country and Louga city is in the northwest of the region - about 50 km inland from the Atlantic coast .'}]}, {'value': 'GO66', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dodji Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dodji_Airport', 'summary': 'Dodji Airport ( ICAO : GO66 ) is an airport serving the town of Dodji in Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaolack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaolack', 'summary': "Kaolack ( Kawlax in Wolof ) is a town of 172,305 people ( 2002 census ) on the north bank of the Saloum River and the N1 road in Senegal . It is the capital of the Kaolack Region , which borders The Gambia to the south . Kaolack is an important regional market town and is Senegal 's main peanut trading and processing center . As the center of the Ibrahimiyya branch of the Tijaniyyah Sufi order founded by Ibrayima Ñas , it is also a major center of Islamic education . The Leona Niassene mosque ( right ) in Kaolack is one of the largest and best known in Senegal ."}]}, {'value': 'Kaolack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaolack_Region', 'summary': "The Kaolack region is a region in Senegal . It borders Gambia and is a common stopping point for travel between Dakar and Banjul . Its borders correspond roughly to the Saalum Kingdom of precolonial days , and the area is still spoken of as the Saalum in Wolof , and its inhabitants are called Saalum-Saalum . Kaolack city is the administrative centre for the region . It is a port on the Saloum River . Lying in a farm area , Kaolack is a major peanut marketing and exporting center and has a large peanut oil factory . Brewing , leather tanning , cotton ginning , and fish processing are also important industries . Salt is produced from salines near the Saloum River . The city is on the railroad from Dakar to the Niger River in Mali . Kaolack is the international centre of the Ibrahimiyyah branch of the Tijaniyyah Sufi order , whose mosque is on the city 's outskirts ."}]}, {'value': 'GOOK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KLC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaolack Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaolack_Airport', 'summary': 'Kaolack Airport ( IATA : KLC , ICAO : GOOK ) is an airport serving Kaolack , the capital of the Kaolack Region in Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Kédougou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kédougou', 'summary': 'Kédougou ( Wolof : Keédugu ) is a town in the Kédougou Region of south-eastern Senegal near the border with Mali and Guinea . It lies at an elevation of 547 feet ( 167 meters ) above sea level . Founded in the early 20th century by the Malinké people , Kédougou means the Land of Man . The town lies on the N7 road and the River Gambia amid the Pays Bassari hills and Fouta Djallon foothills . Local attractions include the Dindefelo Falls and Niokolo-Koba National Park . The main sources of income in the town are agriculture , small-scale commerce , construction , and gold mining . There is a military camp , a hospital , a community radio station and library , a Peace Corps Office and a number of small businesses . The most commonly spoken languages are Pulaar , Bassari , Bedik , Diaxanké , Malinké and French . In 2007 , according to official estimates , Kédougou had a population of 18,860 . The mayor of Kédougou is Amath Dansokho ( as of 2005 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kédougou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kédougou_Region', 'summary': 'Kédougou Region is a region of Senegal . It was created in 2008 . Formerly it was a department in the Region of Tambacounda . Kedougou has a number of ecotourism attractions .'}]}, {'value': 'GOTK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KGG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kédougou Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kédougou_Airport', 'summary': 'Kédougou Airport ( IATA : KGG , ICAO : GOTK ) is an airport serving Kédougou , a town in the Tambacounda Region of Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Kolda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kolda', 'summary': 'Kolda ( Wolof : Koldaa ) is a city located in southern Senegal . It is the capital city of Kolda Region and Kolda Department , a region known historically and popularly as Haute Casamance .'}]}, {'value': 'Kolda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kolda_Region', 'summary': "Kolda is a region of Senegal ( regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions ) . The region is also referred to historically and popularly as Haute Casamance . It 's one of the 14 regions of the country and is located in the South . It shares borders with Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , The Gambia and its fellow regions of Sédhiou and Tambacounda ."}]}, {'value': 'GODK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KDA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kolda North Airport ( former ICAO : GOGK )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kolda_North_Airport', 'summary': 'Kolda North Airport ( IATA : KDA , ICAO : GODK , formerly GOGK ) is an airport serving Kolda , the capital of the Kolda Region ( also known as Haute Casamance ) in Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Linguère', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linguère', 'summary': 'Linguère ( Wolof : Lingeer ) is a town located in the Linguère Department , Louga Region of Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Louga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louga_Region', 'summary': 'Louga is a city and region of Senegal . The region is located to the northwest part of the country and Louga city is in the northwest of the region - about 50 km inland from the Atlantic coast .'}]}, {'value': 'GOOG', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linguère Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linguère_Airport', 'summary': 'Linguère Airport ( ICAO : GOOG ) is an airport serving the city of Linguère in Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Matam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matam,_Senegal', 'summary': 'Matam ( Wolof : Mataam ) is the capital town of the Matam Region in north-east Senegal , and lies on the Sénégal River on the border with Mauritania . In the census of 2002 , Matam had 14,620 inhabitants . In 2007 , according to official estimates , the population of the town had increased to 17,324 . In 1996 , the Upper Senegal River Valley , stretching from Matam to Diamou in Mali was cited as one of the poorest and most inaccesible regions in the western Sahel .'}]}, {'value': 'Matam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matam_Region', 'summary': 'Matam is a region of Senegal ( regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions ) . It is a stark , flat , arid place bounded on the north by the Sénégal River and the south by the Sahelian plain studded with baobab trees . Matam is populated by the tall Pulaar-speaking Toucouleur people who brought Islam to Senegal in the 11th century and gave us the music of Baaba Maal in the 21st century .'}]}, {'value': 'GOSM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MAX', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ouro Sogui Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ouro_Sogui_Airport', 'summary': 'Ouro Sogui Airport ( IATA : MAX , ICAO : GOSM ) is an airport serving Matam , a city on the Sénégal River and capital of the Matam Region in Senegal . The airport is 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) southwest of Matam , near the town of Ouro Sogui .'}]}, {'value': 'Niokolo-Koba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niokolo-Koba', 'summary': 'The Niokolo-Koba National Park ( French : Parc National du Niokolo Koba , PNNK ) is a World Heritage Site and natural protected area in south eastern Senegal near the Guinea-Bissau border . It is served by Niokolo-Koba Airport , an unpaved airstrip .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NIK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niokolo-Koba Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niokolo-Koba_Airport', 'summary': 'Niokolo-Koba Airport is an airstrip serving the Niokolo-Koba National Park in Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Podor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Podor', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Saint-Louis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Louis_Region', 'summary': 'The Saint-Louis Region ( French : Région de Saint-Louis ) of Senegal is on the border with Mauritania . Its capital is Saint-Louis . Famous for the cast iron bridge in its capital , built by French colonialists in the 19th century , the region includes the Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary , home to thousands of birds , some indigenous to the area .'}]}, {'value': 'GOSP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'POD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Podor Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Podor_Airport', 'summary': 'Podor Airport is an airport serving Podor , a town in the Saint-Louis Region of Senegal . Podor is located on Morfil Island between the Sénégal River and Doué River .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Toll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Toll', 'summary': "Richard Toll is a town in northern Senegal , lying on the south bank of the River Senegal , just east of Rosso . Originally a colonial town , it was named for the park of the Chateau de Baron Roger , laid out by botanist Jean Michel Claude Richard . A rice growing scheme was originally initiated by France 's colonial development organisation , FIDES , in 1949 with an initial cultivated area of 6,000 hectares ( 14,830 acres ) . The town 's main industry is sugar . Estimated population 2007 : 70,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint-Louis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Louis_Region', 'summary': 'The Saint-Louis Region ( French : Région de Saint-Louis ) of Senegal is on the border with Mauritania . Its capital is Saint-Louis . Famous for the cast iron bridge in its capital , built by French colonialists in the 19th century , the region includes the Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary , home to thousands of birds , some indigenous to the area .'}]}, {'value': 'GOSR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RDT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Toll Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Toll_Airport', 'summary': 'Richard Toll Airport ( IATA : RDT , ICAO : GOSR ) is an airport serving Richard Toll , a town in the Saint-Louis Region in northern Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Saint-Louis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal', 'summary': "Saint Louis or Saint-Louis , known to locals as Ndar , is the capital of Senegal 's Saint-Louis Region . Located in the northwest of Senegal , near the mouth of the Senegal River , and 320 km north of Senegal 's capital city Dakar , it has a population officially estimated at 176,000 in 2005 . Saint-Louis was the capital of the French colony of Senegal from 1673 until 1902 and French West Africa from 1895 until 1902 , when the capital was moved to Dakar . From 1920 to 1957 , it also served as the capital of the neighboring colony of Mauritania ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint-Louis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Louis_Region', 'summary': 'The Saint-Louis Region ( French : Région de Saint-Louis ) of Senegal is on the border with Mauritania . Its capital is Saint-Louis . Famous for the cast iron bridge in its capital , built by French colonialists in the 19th century , the region includes the Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary , home to thousands of birds , some indigenous to the area .'}]}, {'value': 'GOSS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XLS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint-Louis Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Louis_Airport', 'summary': "Saint-Louis Airport ( French : Aéroport de Saint-Louis ) ( IATA : XLS , ICAO : GOSS ) is an airport serving Saint-Louis , the capital of the Saint-Louis Region in Senegal . Saint-Louis is located near the Senegal River , and served as Senegal 's capital until independence in 1960 . It is 320 km ( 199 mi ) north of Senegal 's current capital in Dakar ."}]}, {'value': 'Simenti', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tambacounda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tambacounda_Region', 'summary': "Tambacounda , formerly known as Sénégal Orientale , is a region of Senegal . It used to be part of the Mali Empire before the borders were created to separate Mali from Senegal . Tambacounda is physically the largest of Senegal 's 14 regions , but is sparsely populated and its economy lags behind the rest of the country . The department of Kédougou was separated from Tambacounda in 2008 , and became a separate region ."}]}, {'value': 'GOTS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SMY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simenti Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simenti_Airport', 'summary': 'Simenti Airport ( IATA : SMY , ICAO : GOTS ) is an airport serving Simenti in Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Tambacounda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tambacounda', 'summary': 'Tambacounda ( Wolof : Tambaakundaa ) is the largest city in eastern Senegal , 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) southeast of Dakar , and is the regional capital of the province of the same name . Its estimated population in 2007 was 78,800 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tambacounda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tambacounda_Region', 'summary': "Tambacounda , formerly known as Sénégal Orientale , is a region of Senegal . It used to be part of the Mali Empire before the borders were created to separate Mali from Senegal . Tambacounda is physically the largest of Senegal 's 14 regions , but is sparsely populated and its economy lags behind the rest of the country . The department of Kédougou was separated from Tambacounda in 2008 , and became a separate region ."}]}, {'value': 'GOTT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TUD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tambacounda Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tambacounda_Airport', 'summary': 'Tambacounda Airport ( IATA : TUD , ICAO : GOTT ) is an airport serving Tambacounda , the capital of the Tambacounda Region in Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Ziguinchor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ziguinchor', 'summary': 'Ziguinchor ( Wolof : Siggcoor ) is the capital of the Ziguinchor Region , and the chief town of the Casamance area of Senegal , lying at the mouth of the Casamance River . It has a population of over 230,000 ( 2007 estimate ) . It is the seventh largest city of Senegal , but largely separated from the north of the country by The Gambia . The city has a tropical savanna climate , with an average annual accumulated rainfall of 1547mm ( about 61 inches ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ziguinchor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ziguinchor_Region', 'summary': 'Ziguinchor is a region of Senegal ( regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions ) . The region is also referred to historically and popularly as Basse Casamance .'}]}, {'value': 'GOGG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ZIG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ziguinchor Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ziguinchor_Airport', 'summary': 'Ziguinchor Airport ( French : Aéroport de Ziguinchor ) ( IATA : ZIG , ICAO : GOGG ) is an airport serving Ziguinchor , the capital of the Ziguinchor Region ( also known as Basse Casamance ) in Senegal .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Airports', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_airports_in_Senegal_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of airports in Senegal, sorted by location.'}
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What is the ICOA code of the airport on Morfil Island ?
GOSP
082860a0b24a32d0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Thunder', 'title': 'Sydney Thunder', 'header': ['BBL', 'Player', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'BBL06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Brathwaite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Brathwaite', 'summary': 'Carlos Ricardo Brathwaite ( born 18 July 1988 ) is a cricketer from Barbados and a former captain of the West Indies Twenty20 International ( T20I ) team .'}]}, {'value': 'West Indies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jos Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jos_Butler', 'summary': "Joseph Charles Buttler MBE ( born 8 September 1990 ) is an English international cricketer who is currently vice-captain of the England cricket team in limited overs cricket . A right-handed batsman , he usually fields as a wicket-keeper and has represented England in Test , One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) cricket . He served as vice-captain of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup , becoming world champions for the first time in their history . He currently plays for Lancashire in English domestic cricket having previously played for Somerset . He also plays for Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . Buttler holds the record for the fastest ODI century by an England player and is regarded as one of the best wicket-keeper batsmen in the world . Buttler 's ability to recognise and manipulate field placements of opposing teams and score all around the ground has seen him labelled as a 360-degree cricketer . Buttler enjoyed a prolific cricket record while at school , sharing a record-breaking opening partnership while at King 's College , Taunton in 2008 . The following season , his school lost only one of seventeen matches under his captaincy and he was named 2010 Young Wisden Schools Cricketer of the Year . He made his Somerset first-team debut in 2009 after having played age-group cricket for the county . His performances led him to be selected to play for England at Under-19 level before he made his senior England debut in 2011 and his Test debut in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameron Delport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameron_Delport', 'summary': 'Cameron Scott Delport ( born 12 May 1989 ) is a British-South African cricketer who plays in Twenty20 league tournaments . He was educated at Westville High School . He is a left-hand opening batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler . Delport also played for the Lahore Qalandars during the first edition of Pakistan Super League . He scored 227 runs at the average of 32.42 with the highest total of 78 . He was included in the KwaZulu-Natal cricket team squad for the 2015 Africa T20 Cup . In January 2018 , he was bought by the Kolkata Knight Riders in the 2018 IPL auction .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anton Devcich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anton_Devcich', 'summary': 'Anton Paul Devcich ( born 28 September 1985 in Hamilton ) is a New Zealand international cricketer , who plays limited over internationals . A left-handed batsman who occasionally bowls left-arm orthodox spin , at the domestic level he plays for Northern Districts .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tillakaratne Dilshan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tillakaratne_Dilshan', 'summary': "Tillakaratne Mudiyanselage Dilshan ( Sinhala : තිලකරත්න ඩිල්ෂාන් ; born on October 14 , 1976 ) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer and former captain of the Sri Lanka national cricket team . As the best rated Sri Lankan player in run-chases in ODI history , he is often regarded as one of the innovative and greatest ODI batsmen of all time . Dilshan is considered to be a rare example of a cricketer with notable skills in all aspects of the game , who can bat , bowl , field and keep wicket . He is an aggressive right-hand batsman who invented the scoop , which has come to be known as the Dilscoop , a shot that hits the ball over the keeper . Apart from being an opening batsman , he is also a capable off-break bowler . Energetic in the field , he usually fields at the point region . Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team 's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999 . He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals . He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to score hundreds in all formats as a captain . Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England . He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament . He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World Cup , 2011 Cricket World Cup , 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and 2012 ICC World Twenty20 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sri Lanka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fidel Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fidel_Edwards', 'summary': 'Fidel Henderson Edwards ( born 6 February 1982 ) is a West Indian cricketer , who plays all formats of the game . A pace bowler , his round-arm action not unlike that of former fast bowler Jeff Thomson . He was spotted in the nets by Brian Lara and was called up for his Test debut against Sri Lanka after just one match for Barbados . Despite a promising start to his Test career , he has been injury prone and inconsistent . With an average of just under 40 in Test cricket , he has struggled to fulfil his early potential . He is the half brother of Pedro Collins .'}]}, {'value': 'West Indies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL01 - BBL02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Gayle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Gayle', 'summary': "Christopher Henry Gayle , OD ( born 21 September 1979 ) is a Jamaican cricketer who plays international cricket for the West Indies . Gayle captained the West Indies Test side from 2007 to 2010 . Considered as one of the greatest batsmen ever in Twenty20 ( T20 ) cricket , Gayle has set numerous records across all three formats of the game . He is the most capped player for the West Indies in international cricket and is the only player to score a triplet of centuries - a triple hundred in Tests , double hundred in ODIs and a hundred in T20Is . In February 2019 , Gayle announced that he would retire from ODIs after the 2019 Cricket World Cup . However , in June 2019 , during the Cricket World Cup , Gayle expressed his desire to play in the ODI matches against India in August , and possibly a Test match as well . Gayle last played in a Test match in September 2014 , against Bangladesh . In July 2019 , he was named in the West Indies ' ODI squad for their series against India . During the series against India , Gayle played in his 300th ODI , which includes three matches for the ICC World XI team . In the same match , Gayle also became the leading run-scorer for a West Indies batsman in ODI cricket . He went past Brian Lara 's record of 10,348 runs ."}]}, {'value': 'West Indies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Guptill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Guptill', 'summary': 'Martin James Guptill ( born 30 September 1986 ) is a New Zealand international cricketer who plays as an opening batsman in limited overs formats of the game . Guptill is the first cricketer from New Zealand and the fifth overall to have scored a double century in a One Day International match and holds the current record for the highest individual score in Cricket World Cup matches and the second highest score in One Day Internationals of 237 not out .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Jordan_(cricketer)', 'summary': 'Christopher James Jordan ( born 4 October 1988 ) is a Barbadian-born English cricketer . He is a right-arm fast bowler and a late-order right-handed batsman . He plays for Sussex County Cricket Club in domestic cricket and has played for the England Cricket Team , mostly in the shorter formats of the game .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL04 - BBL05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Kallis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Kallis', 'summary': "Jacques Kallis ( born 16 October 1975 ) is a South African cricket coach and former cricketer . As a right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium swing bowler , Kallis is regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders of all time , and as South Africa 's greatest batsman . As of 2020 [ update ] he is the only cricketer in the history of the game to score more than 10,000 runs and take over 250 wickets in both ODI and Test match cricket ; he also took 131 ODI catches . He scored 13,289 runs in his Test match career and took 292 wickets and 200 catches . Kallis played 166 Test matches and had a batting average of over 55 runs per innings . From October to December 2007 , he scored five centuries in four Test matches . With his century in the second innings of the third Test against India in January 2011 , his 40th in all , he moved past Ricky Ponting to become the second-highest scorer of Test centuries , behind only Sachin Tendulkar 's 51 . Kallis was named Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2008 Wisden for his performances in 2007 in addition to being the ICC Test Player of the Year and ICC Player of the Year in 2005 . He has been described by Kevin Pietersen and Daryll Cullinan as the greatest cricketer to play the game , and along with Wally Hammond and Sir Garry Sobers is one of the few Test all-rounders whose Test batting average is over 50 and exceeds his Test bowling average by 20 or more . Kallis became the fourth player and first South African to score 13,000 Test runs the opening day of the first Test against New Zealand on 2 January 2013 . He was named one of the Wisden cricketers of the year in 2013 . He retired from Test and first-class cricket after playing in the second test against India at Durban in December 2013 ; Kallis scored his 45th Test hundred in this match , making him one of the few batsmen to score a century in his final Test ."}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL04 +', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Craig Kieswetter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Kieswetter', 'summary': "Craig Kieswetter ( born 28 November 1987 ) is an English professional golfer and former cricketer who appeared in 71 matches for the England cricket team between 2010 and 2013 . Born and raised in South Africa , Kieswetter moved to England to complete his education , and began playing county cricket for Somerset in 2007 . Three years later , he made his international debut in a One Day International ( ODI ) against Bangladesh . A wicket-keeper batsman , he was considered a one-day specialist , and all his international appearances came in ODIs or Twenty20 Internationals . Kieswetter played junior cricket for Western Province until the age of 18 , but lack of opportunity led him to seek an alternative route in England . He studied at Millfield , where he was noticed by Somerset . The county 's lack of a strong wicket-keeper gave Kieswetter his opportunity , and he made his debut for the team early in the 2007 season . Through his Scottish mother , he qualified to play county cricket , and his performances soon generated discussion about his potential to play for England . Around this time , the captain of South Africa , Graeme Smith , invited him to return to play in South Africa but Kieswetter preferred to qualify for England . In early 2010 , Kieswetter achieved his target ; some strong performances for the England Lions , especially in a match against the senior England team , won him a place in the squad to face Bangladesh . His selection , along with the presence of other South African-born players in the England team , was criticised ; some commentators suggested there should be fewer foreign-born players in the team . Kieswetter scored his only international century in his third match , and a couple of months later he was the man of the match in the final when England won the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitchell McClenaghan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitchell_McClenaghan', 'summary': 'Mitchell John McClenaghan ( born 11 June 1986 ) is a New Zealand international cricketer who plays in limited over internationals . Domestically , he plays for Auckland in New Zealand . McClenaghan is a left-arm medium-fast bowler . He is the fastest bowler to take 50 wickets for New Zealand in One Day Internationals .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Azhar Mahmood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azhar_Mahmood', 'summary': 'Azhar Mahmood Sagar ( Punjabi : اظہر محمود ساگر ; born 28 February 1975 ) is a British Pakistani cricket coach and former cricketer . He was the bowling coach of the Pakistani national cricket team till 2019 . Previously , he played Tests and ODIs for Pakistan national cricket team and county cricket in England .'}]}, {'value': 'Pakistan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ajantha Mendis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ajantha_Mendis', 'summary': 'Balapuwaduge Ajantha Winslow Mendis ( Sinhala : අජන්ත මෙන්ඩිස් ; born 11 March 1985 ) known as Ajantha Mendis is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played for Sri Lankan national cricket team in all three formats . He was known as the mystery spinner due to the unusual bowling action and widely regarded as one of the best limited over bowlers in the world arena . In August 2019 , he retired from all formats of cricket . Mendis made his One Day International debut against the West Indies at Port of Spain in 2008 and took 3 for 39 . He also played for the Kolkata Knight Riders in the Indian Premier League . He holds the record for the quickest for 50 wickets in ODIs with 19 matches . His first Test Match was against India at Colombo on 23 July 2008 in which he returned match figures of 8-132 , thereby becoming the first Sri Lankan bowler to get an eight-wicket haul on Test debut . Mendis won the Emerging Player of the Year award at the ICC Awards ceremony held in Dubai in September 2008 . Until February 2017 , he was the only bowler to have taken six wickets in a Twenty20 International , and he has achieved the feat twice , claiming the world record figures of 6 wickets for 8 runs for Sri Lanka against Zimbabwe on 18 September 2012 . On 26 October 2012 Ajantha Mendis received the Sri Lankan order of Bantu , the highest civilian honour in Sri Lanka .'}]}, {'value': 'Sri Lanka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL03 and BBL06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eoin Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eoin_Morgan', 'summary': "Eoin Joseph Gerard Morgan CBE ( born 10 September 1986 ) is an Irish-born cricketer who captains the England cricket team in limited overs cricket . A left-handed batsman , he plays county cricket for Middlesex and has played for England 's Test , One Day International ( ODI ) , and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) teams . He previously played for the Ireland cricket team in ODIs , and was the first player to score an ODI hundred for two nations . His ability to hit boundaries at the end of innings sees him labelled as a finisher ; he is also among the most skilful exponents of the reverse sweep shot . After Alastair Cook was removed from the ODI captaincy on 19 December 2014 , Morgan was named as the England captain for the 2015 Cricket World Cup , having already captained England in ODIs and T20Is as a stand-in . He is the only England captain to have scored more than 4 ODI centuries . Under his captaincy , England won the 2019 ICC Cricket World Cup , the first time they had won the tournament . As of December 2019 [ update ] , Morgan is the all-time leading run scorer and most capped player for England in ODI matches . He also holds the England record for the fastest fifty in ODIs and during the 2019 ICC World Cup he scored the highest number of sixes in an ODI innings , with 17 sixes against Afghanistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Ireland/England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Nicholls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Nicholls_(cricketer)', 'summary': 'Henry Michael Nicholls ( born 15 November 1991 ) is a New Zealand cricketer who represents the New Zealand national team and plays for Canterbury in domestic first-class cricket . He has two older brothers , one of whom , Willy Nicholls , is a media correspondent for the Black Caps and White Ferns . He has also been the captain of the reserve A side since 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Prior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Prior', 'summary': "Matthew James Matt Prior ( born 26 February 1982 ) is an South african-English former cricketer , who played for England in Test cricket and for Sussex in domestic cricket . He was a wicket-keeper and his aggressive right-handed batting enabled him to open the innings in ODI matches , even when he made very limited appearance in shorter forms of the game . With an international Test debut score of 126 , Prior became the first English wicket-keeper to hit a century in his debut match in early 2007 . His glovework , however , was criticised . Despite a successful tour of Sri Lanka with the bat , Prior 's keeping was less successful , and he was dropped from the team for the 2008 tour of New Zealand . He returned for the 2008 series against South Africa , and was retained into 2009 , where he became the second-fastest England keeper to reach 1,000 Test runs , behind Les Ames . In his role as wicketkeeper , Prior has been described as ' a big talker behind the stumps ' but has argued that this approach is different from the behaviour that saw him criticised during the 2007 tour by India ; 'Ninety-five percent of the time , my chat is about geeing up our bowlers and the fielding unit . ' He retired in June 2015 from all forms of professional cricket due to a recurring Achilles tendon injury ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Root', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Root', 'summary': "Joseph Edward Root MBE ( born 30 December 1990 ) is an English international cricketer who is the current captain of the England Test team . He also represents Yorkshire domestically . He is currently ranked eighth in Test batting and eighth in ODI batting rankings according to the ICC Player Rankings , having previously been ranked the best Test batsman . Root was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup . He was originally a right-handed opening batsman and occasional off-spinner , with a similar playing style to former England captain Michael Vaughan . However , he has played the majority of his cricket for England in the middle order . He made his debut for England in the 2012 Test series in India and made his ODI and Twenty20 International debuts on the same tour , before scoring his maiden Test century at his home ground of Headingley the following spring against New Zealand . On the occasion of England 's 1000th Test in August 2018 , he was named in the country 's greatest Test XI by the ECB ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Roy', 'summary': 'Jason Jonathan Roy ( born 21 July 1990 ) is a South African-born English cricketer who plays for England in all formats , and for Surrey County Cricket Club in domestic cricket . He was a part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup , and he holds the record for the highest individual One Day International ( ODI ) innings by an England batsman . Roy is currently ( October 2019 ) ranked tenth in ODI batting , and seventeenth in T20I batting rankings according to the ICC Player Rankings . Born in South Africa , Jason Roy moved to England with his family when he was 10 years old . He is a right-handed batsman who opens in limited over cricket and plays in the middle order in first-class matches . He made his Twenty20 International debut against India in September 2014 , his ODI debut against Ireland in May 2015 and his Test debut against Ireland in July 2019 . He was the first batsman to be given out for obstructing the field in T20I history .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBL05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andre Russell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andre_Russell', 'summary': 'Andre Dwayne Russell ( born 29 April 1988 ) is a Jamaican professional cricketer who is widely regarded as one of the greatest T20 player of all time . Russell plays internationally for the West Indies and for Jamaica in West Indian domestic cricket as an all-rounder . He has played in over 300 Twenty20 matches for a range of sides in leagues throughout the world . Widely regarded as one of the most powerful strikers of the ball in limited-overs cricket and the most destructive of batsmen in T20I and ODI cricket , Russell scored a century in a record 40 balls in the 2018 Caribbean Premier League and took a hat-trick in the same match , becoming the second player to take a hat-trick and score a century in the same Twenty20 match .'}]}, {'value': 'West Indies', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Imported players', 'section_text': 'The following players have been imported to play for Sydney Thunder in the Big Bash League : [ 14 ]', 'uid': 'Sydney_Thunder_1', 'intro': "The Sydney Thunder are an Australian franchise professional cricket team, competing in Australia's domestic Twenty20 cricket competition, the Big Bash League. The team's home ground is Sydney Showground Stadium, known as Giants Stadium. Their team uniform is chartreuse yellow. Thunder won the fifth edition of Big Bash, as well as the inaugural Women's Big Bash League."}
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Who was the only left-handed player imported by the Sydney Thunder for the eighth Big Bash League ?
Anton Paul Devcich
0829c12aff676aa9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_Yankees_team_records', 'title': 'List of New York Yankees team records', 'header': ['Statistic', 'Player', 'Record', 'Season'], 'data': [{'value': 'Batting average', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)', 'summary': 'In baseball , the batting average ( BA ) is the number of hits divided by at bats . It is usually rounded to three decimal places and read without the decimal : A player with a batting average of .300 is batting three-hundred . If necessary to break ties , batting averages could be taken beyond the .001 measurement . In this context , .001 is considered a point , such that a .235 batter is 5 points higher than a .230 batter .'}]}, {'value': 'Babe Ruth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babe_Ruth', 'summary': "George Herman Babe Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 - August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat , he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .690 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the last two still stand as of 2019 [ update ] . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1936 , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its first five inaugural members . At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with the Red Sox , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 . After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86-year championship drought and popularized the Curse of the Bambino superstition ."}]}, {'value': '.393', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Home runs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home_run', 'summary': 'In baseball , a home run ( abbreviated HR ) is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle the bases and reach home safely in one play without any errors being committed by the defensive team in the process . In modern baseball , the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles ( or making contact with either foul pole ) without first touching the ground , resulting in an automatic home run . There is also the inside-the-park home run where the batter reaches home safely while the baseball is in play on the field . A home run with a high exit velocity and good launch angle is sometimes called a no-doubter , because it leaves no doubt that it is going to leave the park when it leaves the bat . When a home run is scored , the batter is also credited with a hit and a run scored , and an RBI for each runner that scores , including himself . Likewise , the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit and a run , with additional runs charged for each runner that scores other than the batter . Home runs are among the most popular aspects of baseball and , as a result , prolific home run hitters are usually the most popular among fans and consequently the highest paid by teams - hence the old saying , Home run hitters drive Cadillacs , and singles hitters drive Fords ( coined , circa 1948 , by veteran pitcher Fritz Ostermueller , by way of mentoring his young teammate , Ralph Kiner ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Roger Maris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Maris', 'summary': "Roger Eugene Maris ( September 10 , 1934 - December 14 , 1985 ) was an American professional baseball right fielder . He is best known for setting a new Major League Baseball single-season home run record with 61 home runs in 1961 ; the record remained unbroken until 1998 . Maris played in the minor leagues from 1953 to 1956 , and in the major leagues from 1957 to 1968 . He reached the major leagues in 1957 as a player for the Cleveland Indians . He was traded to the Kansas City Athletics during the 1958 season , and to the New York Yankees after the 1959 season . Maris finished his playing career as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals in 1967 and 1968 . Maris was an American League ( AL ) All-Star from 1959 through 1962 , [ a ] an AL Most Valuable Player in 1960 and 1961 , and an AL Gold Glove Award winner in 1960 . Maris appeared in seven World Series ; he played for Yankees teams that won the World Series in 1961 and 1962 and for a Cardinals team that won the World Series in 1967 . Maris ' home run record was controversial . The previous single-season home run record ( 60 , set by Babe Ruth in 1927 ) was set during a period when Major League Baseball teams played 154 games per season . Before Maris broke Ruth 's record , the American League baseball season had been extended to 162 games . Maris hit his 61st home run in the very last game of the season , which led to questions about the legitimacy of his record ."}]}, {'value': '61', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/50_home_run_club', 'summary': 'In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season . Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this , doing so in 1920 . By reaching the milestone , he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single-season , breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season . Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions , repeating the achievement in 1921 , 1927 and 1928 . He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001 , respectively , thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons . Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club , collecting 73 in 2001 . The most recent player to reach the milestone is Pete Alonso , achieving the feat during the 2019 season . In total , 30 players have reached the 50 home run club in MLB history and nine have done so more than once . Of these , eighteen were right-handed batters , eleven were left-handed , and one was a switch hitter , meaning he could bat from either side of the plate . Five of these players ( including three active members of the 50 home run club ) have played for only one major league team . The New York Yankees are the only franchise to have five players reach the milestone while on their roster : Ruth , Mickey Mantle , Roger Maris , Alex Rodriguez , and Aaron Judge . Ten players are also members of the 500 home run club and two of them ( Willie Mays and Rodriguez ) are also members of the 3,000 hit club .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runs batted in', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Run_batted_in', 'summary': 'A run batted in ( RBI ) , plural runs batted in ( RBI or RBIs ) , is a statistic in baseball and softball that credits a batter for making a play that allows a run to be scored ( except in certain situations such as when an error is made on the play ) . For example , if the batter bats a base hit , then another player on a higher base can head home to score a run , and the batter gets credited with batting in that run . Before the 1920 Major League Baseball season , runs batted in were not an official baseball statistic . Nevertheless , the RBI statistic was tabulated - unofficially - from 1907 through 1919 by baseball writer Ernie Lanigan , according to the Society for American Baseball Research . Common nicknames for an RBI include ribby ( or ribbie ) , rib , and ribeye . The plural of RBI is generally RBIs , although some commentators use RBI as both singular and plural , as it can also stand for runs batted in .'}]}, {'value': 'Lou Gehrig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Gehrig', 'summary': "Henry Louis Gehrig ( born Heinrich Ludwig Gehrig ; June 19 , 1903 - June 2 , 1941 ) was an American professional baseball first baseman who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the New York Yankees ( 1923-1939 ) . Gehrig was renowned for his prowess as a hitter and for his durability , which earned him his nickname The Iron Horse . He was an All-Star seven consecutive times , a Triple Crown winner once , an American League ( AL ) Most Valuable Player twice , and a member of six World Series champion teams . He had a career .340 batting average , .632 slugging average , and a .447 on base average . He hit 493 home runs and had 1,995 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He still has the highest ratio of runs scored plus runs batted in per 100 plate appearances ( 35.08 ) and per 100 games ( 156.7 ) among Hall of Fame players . In 1939 , he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame and was the first MLB player to have his uniform number ( 4 ) retired by a team . A native of New York City and a student at Columbia University , Gehrig signed with the Yankees in 1923 . He set several major-league records during his career , including the most career grand slams ( 23 ) ( since broken by Alex Rodriguez ) and most consecutive games played ( 2,130 ) , a record that stood for 56 years and was long considered unbreakable until surpassed by Cal Ripken Jr. , in 1995 . Gehrig 's consecutive game streak ended on May 2 , 1939 , when he voluntarily took himself out of the lineup , stunning both players and fans , after his performance on the field became hampered by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , an incurable neuromuscular illness ; it is now commonly referred to in North America as Lou Gehrig 's disease . The disease forced him to retire at age 36 , and was the cause of his death two years later . The pathos of his farewell from baseball was capped off by his iconic 1939 Luckiest Man on the Face of the Earth speech at Yankee Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '185', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Run_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a run is scored when a player advances around first , second and third base and returns safely to home plate , touching the bases in that order , before three outs are recorded and all obligations to reach base safely on batted balls are met or assured . A player may score by hitting a home run or by any combination of plays that puts him safely on base ( that is , on first , second , or third ) as a runner and subsequently brings him home . The object of the game is for a team to score more runs than its opponent . The Official Baseball Rules hold that if the third out of an inning is a force out of a runner advancing to any base then , even if another baserunner crosses home plate before that force out is made , his run does not count . However , if the third out is not a force out , but a tag out , then if that other baserunner crosses home plate before that tag out is made , his run will count . In baseball statistics , a player who advances around all the bases to score is credited with a run ( R ) , sometimes referred to as a run scored . While runs scored is considered an important individual batting statistic , it is regarded as less significant than runs batted in ( RBIs ) . Both individual runs scored and runs batted in are heavily context-dependent ; however , the sabermetric statistic runs created provides a more sophisticated assessment of a player 's contribution toward producing runs for his team . A pitcher is likewise assessed runs surrendered in his statistics , which differentiate between standard earned runs ( for which the pitcher is statistically assigned full responsibility ) and unearned runs scored due to fielding errors , which do not count in his personal statistics . Specifically , if a fielding error occurs which affects the number of runs scored in an inning , the Official Scorer - the official in-game statistician - in order to determine how many of the runs should be classified as earned , will reconstruct the inning as if the error had not occurred . For example , with two outs , suppose a runner reaches base because of a fielding error , and then the next batter hits a two-run home run , and then the following batter then makes the third out , ending the inning . If the inning is reconstructed without the error , and if that third batter , instead of reaching on an error , registered an out , the inning would have ended there without any runs scoring ."}]}, {'value': 'Babe Ruth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babe_Ruth', 'summary': "George Herman Babe Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 - August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat , he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .690 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the last two still stand as of 2019 [ update ] . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1936 , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its first five inaugural members . At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with the Red Sox , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 . After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86-year championship drought and popularized the Curse of the Bambino superstition ."}]}, {'value': '177', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hit_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball statistics , a hit ( denoted by H ) , also called a base hit , is credited to a batter when the batter safely reaches first base after hitting the ball into fair territory , without the benefit of an error or a fielder 's choice ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Mattingly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Mattingly', 'summary': "Donald Arthur Mattingly ( born April 20 , 1961 ) is an American former professional baseball first baseman , coach , and current manager for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Nicknamed The Hit Man and Donnie Baseball , he spent his entire 14-year career playing with the New York Yankees and later managed the Los Angeles Dodgers for five years . Mattingly graduated from Reitz Memorial High School in Evansville , Indiana , and was selected by the Yankees in the amateur draft . Debuting with the Yankees in 1982 after three seasons in minor league baseball , Mattingly emerged as the Yankees ' starting first baseman after a successful rookie season in 1983 . Mattingly was named to the American League ( AL ) All-Star team six times . He won nine Gold Glove Awards ( an American League record for a first baseman ) , three Silver Slugger Awards , the 1984 AL batting title , and was the 1985 AL Most Valuable Player . Mattingly served as captain of the Yankees from 1991 through 1995 , when he retired as a player . The Yankees later retired Mattingly 's uniform number , 23 . Mattingly is the only Yankee to have his number retired without having won a World Series with the team . Returning to the Yankees as a coach in 2004 for manager Joe Torre , he followed Torre to the Dodgers in 2008 , and succeeded him as the Dodgers ' manager in 2011 . The Dodgers and Mattingly mutually parted ways after the 2015 season , and he became manager of the Miami Marlins ."}]}, {'value': '238', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Single_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a single is the most common type of base hit , accomplished through the act of a batter safely reaching first base by hitting a fair ball ( thus becoming a runner ) and getting to first base before a fielder puts him out . As an exception , a batter-runner reaching first base safely is not credited with a single when an infielder attempts to put out another runner on the first play ; this is one type of a fielder 's choice . Also , a batter-runner reaching first base on a play due to a fielder 's error trying to put him out at first base or another runner out ( as a fielder 's choice ) is not credited with a single . On a single hit to the outfield , any runners on second base or third base normally score , and sometimes the runner from first base is able to advance to third base . Depending on the location of the hit , a quick recovery by the outfielder can prevent such an advance or create a play on the advancing runner . Hitters who focus on hitting singles rather than doubles or home runs are often called contact hitters . Contact hitters who rely on positioning their hits well and having fast running speed to achieve singles are often called slap hitters . Ty Cobb , Pete Rose , Tony Gwynn , and Ichiro Suzuki are examples of contact hitters ; of these , Rose and Suzuki might be called slap hitters ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Sax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Sax', 'summary': "Stephen Louis Sax ( born January 29 , 1960 ) is an American former professional baseball player and coach . He played as a second baseman in Major League Baseball from 1981 to 1994 , most notably as a member of the Los Angeles Dodgers with whom he won two world championships in 1981 and 1988 . A five-time All-Star player , Sax was named the National League Rookie of the Year in 1982 and won the Silver Slugger Award in 1986 . He also played for the New York Yankees , Chicago White Sox , and the Oakland Athletics . Sax currently hosts on SiriusXM 's MLB Network Radio ."}]}, {'value': '171', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doubles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Double_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a double is the act of a batter striking the pitched ball and safely reaching second base without being called out by the umpire , without the benefit of a fielder 's misplay ( see error ) or another runner being put out on a fielder 's choice . A double is a type of hit ( the others being the single , triple and home run ) and is sometimes called a two-bagger or two-base hit . For statistical and scorekeeping purposes it is denoted by 2B ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Mattingly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Mattingly', 'summary': "Donald Arthur Mattingly ( born April 20 , 1961 ) is an American former professional baseball first baseman , coach , and current manager for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Nicknamed The Hit Man and Donnie Baseball , he spent his entire 14-year career playing with the New York Yankees and later managed the Los Angeles Dodgers for five years . Mattingly graduated from Reitz Memorial High School in Evansville , Indiana , and was selected by the Yankees in the amateur draft . Debuting with the Yankees in 1982 after three seasons in minor league baseball , Mattingly emerged as the Yankees ' starting first baseman after a successful rookie season in 1983 . Mattingly was named to the American League ( AL ) All-Star team six times . He won nine Gold Glove Awards ( an American League record for a first baseman ) , three Silver Slugger Awards , the 1984 AL batting title , and was the 1985 AL Most Valuable Player . Mattingly served as captain of the Yankees from 1991 through 1995 , when he retired as a player . The Yankees later retired Mattingly 's uniform number , 23 . Mattingly is the only Yankee to have his number retired without having won a World Series with the team . Returning to the Yankees as a coach in 2004 for manager Joe Torre , he followed Torre to the Dodgers in 2008 , and succeeded him as the Dodgers ' manager in 2011 . The Dodgers and Mattingly mutually parted ways after the 2015 season , and he became manager of the Miami Marlins ."}]}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triple_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a triple is the act of a batter safely reaching third base after hitting the ball , with neither the benefit of a fielder 's misplay ( see error ) nor another runner being put out on a fielder 's choice . A triple is sometimes called a three-bagger or three-base hit . For statistical and scorekeeping purposes it is denoted by 3B . Triples have become somewhat rare in Major League Baseball . It often requires a ball hit to a distant part of the field , or the ball taking an unusual bounce in the outfield . It also usually requires that the batter hit the ball solidly , and be a speedy runner . It also often requires that the batter 's team have a good strategic reason for wanting the batter on third base , as a double will already put the batter in scoring position and there will often be little strategic advantage to taking the risk of trying to stretch a double into a triple . ( The inside-the-park home run is much rarer than a triple ) . The trend for modern ballparks is to have smaller outfields ( often increasing the number of home runs ) ; it has ensured that the career and season triples leaders mostly consist of those who played early in Major League Baseball history , generally in the dead-ball era . A walk-off triple ( one that ends a game ) occurs very infrequently . For example , the 2016 MLB season saw only three walk-off triples , excluding one play that was actually a triple plus an error ."}]}, {'value': 'Earle Combs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earle_Combs', 'summary': "Earle Bryan Combs ( May 14 , 1899 - July 21 , 1976 ) was an American professional baseball player who played his entire career for the New York Yankees ( 1924-1935 ) . Combs batted leadoff and played center field on the Yankees ' fabled 1927 team ( often referred to as Murderers ' Row ) . He is one of six players on that team who have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ; the other five are Waite Hoyt , Herb Pennock , Tony Lazzeri , Lou Gehrig and Babe Ruth . Combs led the league in triples three times and was among the top ten in the category in several other seasons . He suffered a fractured skull and other injuries from a crash into an outfield wall in 1934 , then retired after another injury the next season . Nicknamed the Kentucky Colonel , Combs was known as a gentleman on and off the field . He remained in baseball as a coach for many years after his retirement as a player ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stolen bases', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stolen_base', 'summary': 'In baseball , a stolen base occurs when a runner advances to a base to which he is not entitled and the official scorer rules that the advance should be credited to the action of the runner . The umpires determine whether the runner is safe or out at the next base , but the official scorer rules on the question of credit or blame for the advance under Rule 10 . A stolen base most often occurs when a base runner advances to the next base while the pitcher is pitching the ball to home plate . Successful base stealers are not only fast but have good baserunning instincts and timing .'}]}, {'value': 'Rickey Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rickey_Henderson', 'summary': "Rickey Nelson Henley Henderson ( born December 25 , 1958 ) is an American retired professional baseball left fielder who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for nine teams from 1979 to 2003 , including four separate tenures with his original team , the Oakland Athletics . Nicknamed the Man of Steal , he is widely regarded as baseball 's greatest leadoff hitter and baserunner . He holds the major league records for career stolen bases , runs , unintentional walks and leadoff home runs . At the time of his last major league game in 2003 , the ten-time American League ( AL ) All-Star ranked among the sport 's top 100 all-time home run hitters and was its all-time leader in base on balls . In 2009 , he was inducted to the Baseball Hall of Fame on his first ballot appearance . Henderson holds the single-season record for stolen bases ( 130 in 1982 ) and is the only player in AL history to steal 100 bases in a season , having done so three times . His 1,406 career steals is 50% higher than the previous record of 938 by Lou Brock . Henderson is the all-time stolen base leader for the Oakland Athletics and previously held the New York Yankees ' franchise record from 1988 to 2011 . He was among the league 's top ten base stealers in 21 different seasons . Henderson was named the AL 's Most Valuable Player in 1990 , and he was the leadoff hitter for two World Series champions : the 1989 Oakland A 's and the 1993 Toronto Blue Jays . A 12-time stolen base champion , Henderson led the league in runs five times . His 25-year career elevated Henderson to the top ten in several other categories , including career at-bats , games , and outfield putouts and total chances ."}]}, {'value': '93', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'At bats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/At_bat', 'summary': "In baseball , an at bat ( AB ) or time at bat is a batter 's turn batting against a pitcher . An at bat is different from a plate appearance . A batter is credited with a plate appearance regardless of what happens during their turn at bat , but a batter is credited with an at bat only if that plate appearance does not have one of the results enumerated below . While at bats are used to calculate certain statistics , including batting average and slugging percentage , a player can qualify for the season-ending rankings in these categories only if they accumulate 502 plate appearances during the season . A batter will not receive credit for an at bat if their plate appearance ends under the following circumstances :"}]}, {'value': 'Alfonso Soriano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfonso_Soriano', 'summary': 'Alfonso Guilleard Soriano ( born January 7 , 1976 ) is a Dominican former professional baseball left fielder and second baseman . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the New York Yankees , Chicago Cubs , Texas Rangers , and Washington Nationals , and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp . Soriano began his professional career with Hiroshima in 1996 , but signed with the Yankees as a free agent in 1998 and was assigned to play in minor league baseball . The next year , he was the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) in the All-Star Futures Game , and made his MLB debut for the Yankees , with whom he would win two American League championships . The Yankees traded Soriano to the Rangers after the 2003 season , and the Rangers traded Soriano to the Nationals after the 2005 season . He signed a contract as a free agent with the Cubs before the 2007 season . The Cubs traded Soriano to the Yankees in 2013 , and the Yankees released him in 2014 . Soriano was a seven-time MLB All-Star , and won the All-Star Game MVP Award in 2004 . He won the Silver Slugger Award four times . He is one of only 4 players in the 40-40 club , achieving the feat in 2006 . He played primarily as a second baseman for the Yankees and Rangers before being converted to an outfielder with the Nationals . Soriano is one of only 56 major league players to hit 400 or more career home runs , and was seventh among active players in home runs at the time of his retirement .'}]}, {'value': '696', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hitting streak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hitting_streak', 'summary': 'In baseball , a hitting streak is the number of consecutive official games in which a player appears and gets at least one base hit . According to the Official Baseball Rules , such a streak is not necessarily ended when a player has at least 1 plate appearance and no hits . A streak shall not be terminated if all official plate appearances result in a base on balls , hit by pitch , defensive interference or a sacrifice bunt . The streak shall terminate if the player has a sacrifice fly and no hit . Joe DiMaggio holds the Major League Baseball record with a streak of 56 consecutive games in 1941 which began on May 15 and ended July 17 . DiMaggio hit .408 during his streak ( 91-for-223 ) , with 15 home runs and 55 runs batted in .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe DiMaggio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_DiMaggio', 'summary': "Joseph Paul DiMaggio [ a ] ( November 25 , 1914 - March 8 , 1999 ) , nicknamed Joltin ' Joe and The Yankee Clipper , was an American baseball center fielder who played his entire 13-year career in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees . Born to Italian immigrants in California , he is widely considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time , and is perhaps best known for his 56-game hitting streak ( May 15-July 16 , 1941 ) , a record that still stands . DiMaggio was a three-time Most Valuable Player Award winner and an All-Star in each of his 13 seasons . During his tenure with the Yankees , the club won ten American League pennants and nine World Series championships . His nine career World Series rings is second only to fellow Yankee Yogi Berra , who won ten . At the time of his retirement after the 1951 season , he ranked fifth in career home runs ( 361 ) and sixth in career slugging percentage ( .579 ) . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1955 and was voted the sport 's greatest living player in a poll taken during the baseball 's centennial year of 1969 . His brothers Vince ( 1912-1986 ) and Dom ( 1917-2009 ) also were major league center fielders . DiMaggio is widely known for his marriage and lifelong devotion to Marilyn Monroe ."}]}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slugging percentage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slugging_percentage', 'summary': 'In baseball statistics , slugging percentage ( SLG ) is a measure of the batting productivity of a hitter . It is calculated as total bases divided by at bats , through the following formula , where AB is the number of at bats for a given player , and 1B , 2B , 3B , and HR are the number of singles , doubles , triples , and home runs , respectively :'}]}, {'value': 'Babe Ruth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babe_Ruth', 'summary': "George Herman Babe Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 - August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat , he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .690 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the last two still stand as of 2019 [ update ] . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1936 , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its first five inaugural members . At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with the Red Sox , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 . After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86-year championship drought and popularized the Curse of the Bambino superstition ."}]}, {'value': '.847', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extra-base hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Extra-base_hit', 'summary': "In baseball , an extra-base hit ( EB , EBH or XBH ) , also known as a long hit , is any base hit on which the batter is able to advance past first base without the benefit of a fielder either committing an error or opting to make a throw to retire another base runner ( see fielder 's choice ) . Extra-base hits are often not listed separately in tables of baseball statistics , but are easily determined by calculating the sum total of a batter 's doubles , triples , and home runs . Another related statistic of interest that can be calculated is extra bases on long hits . A batter gets three of these for each home run , two for each triple , and one for each double . Thus , leading the league in Most extra bases in long hits is a significant accomplishment in power hitting . The statistic Extra-Base Hits Allowed ( for example by a pitcher or by the fielding team in general ) is denoted by the abbreviation XBA ."}]}, {'value': 'Babe Ruth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babe_Ruth', 'summary': "George Herman Babe Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 - August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat , he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .690 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the last two still stand as of 2019 [ update ] . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1936 , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its first five inaugural members . At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with the Red Sox , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 . After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86-year championship drought and popularized the Curse of the Bambino superstition ."}]}, {'value': '119', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Total bases', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Total_bases', 'summary': "In baseball statistics , total bases is the number of bases a player has gained with hits . It is a weighted sum for which the weight value is 1 for a single , 2 for a double , 3 for a triple and 4 for a home run . Only bases attained from hits count toward this total . Reaching base by other means ( such as a base on balls ) or advancing further after the hit ( such as when a subsequent batter gets a hit ) does not increase the player 's total bases . In box scores and other statistical summaries , total bases is often denoted by the abbreviation TB . The total bases divided by the number of at bats is the player 's slugging average ."}]}, {'value': 'Babe Ruth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babe_Ruth', 'summary': "George Herman Babe Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 - August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat , he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .690 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the last two still stand as of 2019 [ update ] . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1936 , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its first five inaugural members . At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with the Red Sox , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 . After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86-year championship drought and popularized the Curse of the Bambino superstition ."}]}, {'value': '457', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On-base percentage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/On-base_percentage', 'summary': "In baseball statistics , on-base percentage ( OBP ) , also known as on-base average/OBA , measures how frequently a batter reaches base . It is the ratio of the batter 's times-on-base ( TOB ) ( the sum of hits , walks , and times hit by pitch ) to their number of plate appearances . OBP does not credit the batter for reaching base due to fielding error , fielder 's choice , dropped/uncaught third strike , fielder 's obstruction , or catcher 's interference . An official MLB statistic since 1984 , it is sometimes referred to as on-base average/OBA , as it is rarely presented as a true percentage . On-base percentage is added to slugging average to determine on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) . The on-base percentage of all batters faced by one pitcher or team is referred to as on-base against ."}]}, {'value': 'Babe Ruth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babe_Ruth', 'summary': "George Herman Babe Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 - August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat , he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .690 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the last two still stand as of 2019 [ update ] . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1936 , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its first five inaugural members . At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with the Red Sox , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 . After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86-year championship drought and popularized the Curse of the Bambino superstition ."}]}, {'value': '.545', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On-base plus slugging', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/On-base_plus_slugging', 'summary': "On-base plus slugging ( OPS ) is a sabermetric baseball statistic calculated as the sum of a player 's on-base percentage and slugging percentage . The ability of a player both to get on base and to hit for power , two important offensive skills , are represented . An OPS of .900 or higher in Major League Baseball puts the player in the upper echelon of hitters . Typically , the league leader in OPS will score near , and sometimes above , the 1.000 mark ."}]}, {'value': 'Babe Ruth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babe_Ruth', 'summary': "George Herman Babe Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 - August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat , he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .690 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the last two still stand as of 2019 [ update ] . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1936 , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its first five inaugural members . At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with the Red Sox , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 . After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86-year championship drought and popularized the Curse of the Bambino superstition ."}]}, {'value': '1.379', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Base_on_balls', 'summary': "A base on balls ( BB ) , also known as a walk , occurs in baseball when a batter receives four pitches that the umpire calls balls , and is in turn awarded first base without the possibility of being called out . The base on balls is defined in Section 2.00 of baseball 's Official Rules , and further detail is given in 6.08 ( a ) . It is , however , considered a faux pas for a professional player to actually walk to first base ; the batter-runner and any advancing runners normally jog on such a play . The term base on balls distinguishes a walk from the other manners in which a batter can be awarded first base without liability to be put out ( e.g. , hit by pitch ( HBP ) , catcher 's interference ) . Though a base on balls , catcher 's interference , or a batter hit by a pitched ball all result in the batter ( and possibly runners on base ) being awarded a base , the term walk usually refers only to a base on balls , and not the other methods of reaching base without the bat touching the ball . An important difference is that for a hit batter or catcher 's interference , the ball is dead and no one may advance unless forced ; the ball is live after a walk ( see below for details ) . A batter who draws a base on balls is commonly said to have been walked by the pitcher . When the batter is walked , runners advance one base without liability to be put out only if forced to vacate their base to allow the batter to take first base . If a batter draws a walk with the bases loaded , all preceding runners are forced to advance , including the runner on third base who is forced to home plate to score a run ; when a run is forced on a walk , the batter is credited with an RBI per rule 10.04 . Receiving a base on balls does not count as a hit or an at bat for a batter but does count as a time on base and a plate appearance . Therefore , a base on balls does not affect a player 's batting average , but it can increase his on-base percentage . A hit by pitch is not counted statistically as a walk , though the effect is mostly the same , with the batter receiving a free pass to first base ."}]}, {'value': 'Babe Ruth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babe_Ruth', 'summary': "George Herman Babe Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 - August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat , he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .690 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the last two still stand as of 2019 [ update ] . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1936 , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its first five inaugural members . At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with the Red Sox , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 . After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86-year championship drought and popularized the Curse of the Bambino superstition ."}]}, {'value': '170', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strikeouts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strikeout', 'summary': 'In baseball or softball , a strikeout ( or strike-out ) occurs when a batter racks up three strikes during a time at bat . It usually means the batter is out . A strikeout is a statistic recorded for both pitchers and batters , and is denoted by K. A strikeout looking - in which the batter does not swing and the third strike is called by the umpire - is usually denoted by a ꓘ . Although a strikeout suggests that the pitcher dominated the batter , the free-swinging style that generates home runs also leaves batters susceptible to striking out . Some of the greatest home run hitters of all time - such as Alex Rodriguez , Reggie Jackson , and Jim Thome - were notorious for striking out .'}]}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Stanton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Stanton', 'summary': 'Giancarlo Cruz Michael Stanton ( born November 8 , 1989 ) , formerly known as Mike Stanton , is an American outfielder and designated hitter for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He made his major league debut in 2010 as a member of the Miami Marlins , with whom he played until the end of the 2017 season . Stanton has twice led the National League ( NL ) in home runs ; he hit 59 home runs in 2017 , the most in 16 years . Known for his prodigious physical strength and ability to regularly hit long home runs , Stanton stands 6 feet 6 inches ( 1.98 m ) tall and weighs 245 pounds ( 111 kg ) . He bats and throws right-handed . Stanton is originally from the Greater Los Angeles region . He graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks , Los Angeles , before the Marlins selected him in the second round of the 2007 MLB draft . In 2017 , Stanton led the major leagues in home runs ( 59 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 132 ) , and slugging percentage ( .631 ) , winning the National League Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award . A four-time MLB All-Star , Stanton has twice won both the NL Hank Aaron and outfield Silver Slugger Award after leading the league in home runs . In November 2014 , the Marlins signed Stanton to the richest total dollar value contract in team sports history at the time of the signing ; the contract is worth $ 325 million over 13 years . Following the 2017 season , Stanton was traded to the New York Yankees .'}]}, {'value': '211', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Individual single-season records -- Single-season batting', 'section_text': 'Joe DiMaggio has held the MLB record for the longest hitting streak since 1941 .', 'uid': 'List_of_New_York_Yankees_team_records_2', 'intro': "The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the Bronx, New York. They compete in the East Division of Major League Baseball's (MLB) American League (AL). The club began play in 1903 as the Highlanders, after owners Frank Farrell and William S. Devery had bought the defunct Baltimore Orioles and moved the team to New York City; in 1913, the team changed its nickname to the Yankees. From 1903 to 2019, the franchise has won more than 10,000 games and 27 World Series championships. The list below documents players and teams that hold particular club records. Outfielder Babe Ruth holds the most franchise records, with 16, including career home runs, and career and single-season batting average and on-base percentage. Shortstop Derek Jeter has the second-most records among hitters, with eight. Jeter's marks include the records for career hits, singles, doubles, and stolen bases. Among pitchers, Whitey Ford has the most Yankees records with five, all of which are career totals. These include games won, games started, and innings pitched. Several Yankees hold AL and MLB records. Ruth has MLB single-season records for extra-base hits and total bases, and holds four other AL single-season records."}
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What is the name of the member of the team known as The Iron Horse ?
Lou Gehrig
082b01ad1b1e333b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_sports', 'title': '2014 in sports', 'header': ['Date', 'Sport', 'Venue/Event', 'Status', 'Winner/s'], 'data': [{'value': '26 Dec. 2013-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '2014 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships', 'summary': "The 2014 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships ( formerly called the IIHF U20 World Championship ) was the 38th edition of the Ice Hockey World Junior Championship ( WJHC ) , hosted in Malmö , Sweden . The 13,700-seat Malmö Arena was the main venue , with the smaller Malmö Isstadion the secondary venue . It began on December 26 , 2013 , and ended with the gold medal game on January 5 , 2014 . Finland defeated host team Sweden in the final 3-2 in overtime and won their first gold medal since 1998 , as well as their third gold medal in total . It was also their first medal in the tournament since 2006 . Sweden earned their second consecutive silver medal , their ninth silver medal in total , as well as their third consecutive medal in the tournament . For the first time since 1979-81 , Canada failed to capture a medal for the second consecutive year by losing the bronze medal game 1-2 to Russia , who captured the team 's fourth consecutive medal at the tournament . The 2014 tournament marked the first time since 1998 that all three medalists were European teams . A total of 144,268 spectators attended the 31 games , setting a new attendance record for IIHF World Junior Championship tournaments hosted in Europe . 12,023 spectators attended the gold medal game , setting a new record for a single IIHF World Junior Championship game in Europe . The playoff round was expanded to eight teams ( again ) , with group leaders no longer getting a bye into the semifinals . The first time since the 2002 tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland MVP : Filip Forsberg', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Finland_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Finnish men 's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in Finland . The team represents Finland at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's IIHF World U20 Championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Most_valuable_player', 'summary': 'In sports , a most valuable player ( MVP ) award is an honor typically bestowed upon an individual as the most performing player ( or players ) in an entire league , for a particular competition , or on a specific team . Initially used in professional sports , the term is now also commonly used in amateur sports , as well as in other completely unrelated fields such as business and music . In many sports , MVP awards are presented for a specific match - in other words , a player of the match award . The term is most common in the United States and Canada . In other cases , player of the year is used for a season-spanning award and player of the match for individual games . In Australia , Australian rules football clubs and leagues use the term best and fairest , while those playing rugby league use player of the year , such as the Dally M Medal . The National Basketball League , however , uses the American-style MVP for its awards . In many cases the awards are voted on by members of the media . In others the vote is by players , coaches , or umpires . In recent years , online polls from the public decide some awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Filip_Forsberg', 'summary': 'Carl Filip Anton Forsberg ( pronounced [ ˈfǐːlɪp ˈfɔ̂ʂːbærj ] ; born 13 August 1994 ) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player and alternate captain for the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Forsberg was selected by the Washington Capitals in the first round , 11th overall , of the 2012 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': '28 Dec. 2013-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing', 'summary': 'Cross-country skiing is a form of skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain , rather than using ski lifts or other forms of assistance . Cross-country skiing is widely practiced as a sport and recreational activity ; however , some still use it as a means of transportation . Variants of cross-country skiing are adapted to a range of terrain which spans unimproved , sometimes mountainous terrain to groomed courses that are specifically designed for the sport . Modern cross-country skiing is similar to the original form of skiing , from which all skiing disciplines evolved , including alpine skiing , ski jumping and Telemark skiing . Skiers propel themselves either by striding forward ( classic style ) or side-to-side in a skating motion ( skate skiing ) , aided by arms pushing on ski poles against the snow . It is practised in regions with snow-covered landscapes , including Northern Europe , Canada , Russia , the United States , Australia and New Zealand . Competitive cross-country skiing is one of the Nordic skiing sports . Cross-country skiing and rifle marksmanship are the two components of biathlon , ski-orienteering is a form of cross-country skiing , which includes map navigation along snow trails and tracks .'}]}, {'value': '/ / 2013-14 Tour de Ski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_Tour_de_Ski', 'summary': 'The 2013-14 Tour de Ski was the 8th edition of the Tour de Ski . The Stage World Cup event began in Oberhof , Germany on December 28 , 2013 , and ended in Val di Fiemme , Italy on January 5 , 2014 . The cups were defended by Justyna Kowalczyk ( Poland ) and Alexander Legkov ( Russia ) .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men : Martin Sundby Women : Therese Johaug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Johnsrud_Sundby', 'summary': 'Martin Johnsrud Sundby ( born 26 September 1984 ) is a Norwegian cross-country skier who has competed since 2003 . He is the silver medalist of the 2010 Winter Olympics in the team relay and the bronze medalist of the 2014 Winter Olympics in the 30 km skiathlon . In 2014 , he became the first Norwegian to win the Tour de Ski .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Therese_Johaug', 'summary': 'Therese Johaug ( born 25 June 1988 ) is a Norwegian cross-country skier who has competed for the clubs Tynset IF and IL Nansen . In world championships she has won seven individual gold medals along with three gold medals in relays and she is a three-time Olympic medallist . In October 2016 Johaug tested positive for the performance-enhancing drug clostebol and was suspended for a period of 18 months .'}]}, {'value': '29 Dec. 2013-6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping', 'summary': "Ski jumping is a winter sport in which competitors aim to achieve the longest jump after descending from a specially designed ramp on their skis . Along with jump length , competitor 's style and other factors affect the final score . Ski jumping was first contested in Norway in the late 19th century , and later spread through Europe and North America in the early 20th century . Along with cross-country skiing , it constitutes the traditional group of Nordic skiing disciplines . The ski jumping venue , commonly referred to as a hill , consists of the jumping ramp ( in-run ) , take-off table , and a landing hill . Each jump is evaluated according to the distance traveled and the style performed . The distance score is related to the construction point ( also known as the K-point ) , which is a line drawn in the landing area and serves as a target for the competitors to reach . The score of each judge evaluating the style can reach a maximum of 20 points . The jumping technique has evolved over the years , from jumps with the parallel skis with both arms pointing forwards , to the V-style , which is widely used today . Ski jumping has been included at the Winter Olympics since 1924 and at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships since 1925 . Women 's participation in the sport began in the 1990s , while the first women 's event at the Olympics has been held in 2014 . All major ski jumping competitions are organised by the International Ski Federation ."}]}, {'value': '/ 2013-14 Four Hills Tournament', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_Four_Hills_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2013-14 Four Hills Tournament will take place at the four traditional venues of Oberstdorf , Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Innsbruck and Bischofshofen , located in Germany and Austria , between 29 December 2013 and 6 January 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Diethart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Diethart', 'summary': 'Thomas Diethart ( born 25 February 1992 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper who won the 2014 Four Hills Tournament .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '2014 NHL Winter Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': "The 2014 NHL Winter Classic was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , played on January 1 , 2014 at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The visiting Toronto Maple Leafs defeated the Detroit Red Wings , 3-2 , in a shootout to move past the Red Wings in the Atlantic Division . The game was televised nationally in Canada on CBC and nationally in the United States on NBC . The game set an NHL attendance record of 105,491 , surpassing the previous record set during the 2008 NHL Winter Classic . The game was originally planned to be played on January 1 , 2013 , as the 2013 NHL Winter Classic , but was postponed until the following year due to the 2012-13 NHL lockout . The 2014 Winter Classic was one of six outdoor games held during the 2013-14 NHL season , which included the new 2014 NHL Stadium Series of four games and the 2014 Heritage Classic . These six games served as the NHL 's premiere showcase games for the season as there was no All Star Game due to the 2014 Winter Olympics . The event was the first Winter Classic to be held at a stadium dedicated solely to college football . It was also the first whose festivities were split between two locations , as the NHL Alumni Showdown and other side events were held on a second rink constructed at Comerica Park in downtown Detroit ."}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Maple Leafs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season', 'summary': "The 2013-14 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 97th season for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) franchise that was established on November 22 , 1917 . Due to a realignment that was approved on March 14 , 2013 , by the NHL 's Board of Governors , the Maple Leafs played this season in the eight-team Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . For the first time since the 1997-98 season , they played every team in the league at least once both home and away . In fact , they played the Montreal Canadiens and the Buffalo Sabres five times each , every other team in their own division four times each , teams in the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference three times each , and every team from the Western Conference twice . The Maple Leafs played in the NHL Winter Classic against the Detroit Red Wings on January 1 , 2014 , at Michigan Stadium , the home of the University of Michigan football team . The Leafs won 3-2 . The Leafs were in a playoff position for much of the season , but a 2-12 record in the final 14 games of the season caused them to miss the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '3-8 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '2014 European Rally Championship season', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_European_Rally_Championship_season', 'summary': 'The 2014 European Rally Championship season was the 62nd season of the FIA European Rally Championship , the European continental championship series in rallying . The season was also the second following the merger between the European Rally Championship and the Intercontinental Rally Challenge . The season started in Austria on January 3 , with the Internationale Jänner Rallye and finished in November 8 in Tour de Corse . Esapekka Lappi ( Škoda Fabia S2000 ) was the 2014 European Champion . In addition to the championship title , the series introduced three additional trophies , with one for each surface type . The Ice Master trophy was awarded to the driver who scores the most points on snow events , while the Gravel Master trophy was presented to the driver who scores the most points on gravel rallies , and the driver who scores the most points on tarmac events won the Asphalt Master trophy . For the Ice Master were accounted the result of winter rallies in Austria and Latvia . The Gravel Masters was composed by Acropolis ( 2nd sector only ) , Azores , Estonia and Cyprus while the Asphalt Master was contested in Acropolis ( 1st sector only ) , Ireland , Ypres , the Czech Republic , Valais and Corsica .'}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': "ERC Driver 's overall winner : Esapekka Lappi ERC Co-driver 's overall winner : Janne Ferm 2WD Driver 's overall winner : Zoltán Bessenyey 2WD Co-driver 's overall winner : Yulianna Nyirfàs Production Cup Driver 's overall winner : Vitaliy Pushkar Production Cup Co-driver 's overall winner : Ivan Mishyn ERC 's Junior driver overall winner : Stéphane Lefebvre Ladies ' trophy winner : Ekaterina Stratieva Ice Masters winner : Robert Kubica Gravel Masters winner : Kajetan Kajetanowicz Asphalt Masters winner : Esapekka Lappi", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esapekka_Lappi', 'summary': 'Esapekka Lappi ( born 17 January 1991 ) is a Finnish rally driver . He is the 2012 Finnish Rally Champion , 2014 European Rally Champion and the 2016 WRC-2 Champion . He is currently competing for M-Sport Ford WRT in the World Rally Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Kubica', 'summary': "Robert Józef Kubica ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈrɔbɛrt kuˈbit͡sa ] ( listen ) ; born 7 December 1984 ) is a Polish racing driver . He became the first and only Polish driver to compete in Formula One . Between 2006 and 2009 he drove for the BMW Sauber F1 team , promoted from test driver to race driver during 2006 . In June 2008 , Kubica took his maiden Formula One victory in the Canadian Grand Prix , becoming the first Polish driver to win a Formula One race . That season he led the championship at one stage , before finishing fourth overall , his best career position . Kubica drove for Renault in 2010 and was set to remain with the team in 2011 . Several years later Kubica spoke during an interview on a F1 official podcast 'Beyond The Grid ' and confirmed he had signed a pre-contract for the 2012 season with Ferrari , a move that was eventually cancelled by his devastating rally crash in the winter of 2011 . On 6 February 2011 , Kubica was seriously injured in a crash at the Ronde di Andora rally , in which his right forearm was partially severed . He was taking part in the rally for personal enjoyment . Kubica told Italian newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport in a bedside interview that he could feel the fingers in his right hand and was determined to make a swift return to Formula One in 2011 . Since his return to good health , however , he initially stated that a return to Formula One would be nearly impossible because of his injury . Since then , he has taken part in tests with Renault and Williams , admitting that a Formula One return in the near future was not impossible ."}]}, {'value': '4-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darts', 'summary': 'Darts is a sport in which small missiles are thrown at a circular target ( dartboard ) fixed to a wall . Though various boards and rules have been used in the past , the term darts usually now refers to a standardised game involving a specific board design and set of rules . As well as being a professional competitive game , darts is a traditional pub game , commonly played in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , across the Commonwealth , mainland Europe , the United States and elsewhere .'}]}, {'value': '2014 BDO World Darts Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_BDO_World_Darts_Championship', 'summary': "The 2014 Lakeside World Professional Darts Championship was the 37th World Championship organised by the British Darts Organisation , and the 29th staging at the Lakeside Country Club at Frimley Green . Scott Waites was the defending men 's champion , having won the title for the first time in the 2013 championship , but he was defeated 0-3 in the first round by eventual runner-up Alan Norris , who in turn lost to first seed Stephen Bunting in the final . The defending women 's champion was Anastasia Dobromyslova , who won her third title in 2013 . She lost to the eventual champion Lisa Ashton in the semi-finals . This tournament saw the biggest field ever for a BDO World Championship . 56 players - 40 men , up from 32 in 2013 , and 16 women - up from 8 in 2013 - competed for the world titles . Players from around the globe competed to reach the BBC televised finals , which ran from 4-12 January 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men : Stephen Bunting Women : Lisa Ashton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Bunting', 'summary': 'Stephen Bunting ( born 9 April 1985 ) is an English professional darts player who competes for the Professional Darts Corporation . His nickname is The Bullet . He won the 2014 BDO World Championships , and is a twice former World Masters champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Ashton', 'summary': "Lisa Ashton ( born 27 August 1970 ) is an English darts player and four-time British Darts Organisation women 's world champion , who currently plays in Professional Darts Corporation events ."}]}, {'value': '5-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rally', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rallying', 'summary': 'Rally is a form of motorsport that takes place on public or private roads with modified production or specially built road-legal cars . It is distinguished by not running on a circuit , but instead in a point-to-point format in which participants and their co-drivers drive between set control points ( special stages ) , leaving at regular intervals from one or more start points . Rallies may be won by pure speed within the stages or alternatively by driving to a predetermined ideal journey time within the stages .'}]}, {'value': '/ / 2014 Dakar Rally', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Dakar_Rally', 'summary': 'The 2014 Dakar Rally was the 36th running of the event and the sixth successive year that the event was held in South America . The event started in Rosario , Argentina on January 5 and finished in Valparaíso , Chile on January 18 after 13 stages of competition . Marc Coma won his fourth title in the motorcycle category riding a KTM ; Ignacio Casale took his maiden title in the quad category on a Yamaha ; Nani Roma clinched victory in the car category for the first time , ten years after his sole motorcycle title , driving a Mini ; and Andrey Karginov took his first truck category title for Kamaz .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bikes : Marc Coma ( KTM ) Quads : Ignacio Casale ( Yamaha ) Cars : Nani Roma / Michel Périn ( Mini ) Trucks : Andrey Karginov / Andrey Mokeev / Igor Devyatkin ( Kamaz )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Coma', 'summary': 'Marc Coma i Camps ( born 7 October 1976 ) is a Spanish rally racing motorcycle rider . He won the Dakar Rally in 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2014 , and 2015 riding a KTM motorcycle , and is also a six-time winner of the FIM Cross-Country Rallies World Championship . Since 2015 he has been a race director of the Dakar Rally .'}, {'url': '/wiki/KTM', 'summary': 'KTM AG ( the former KTM Sportmotorcycle AG ) is an Austrian motorcycle and sports car manufacturer owned by KTM Industries AG and Indian manufacturer Bajaj Auto . It was formed in 1992 but traces its foundation to as early as 1934 . Today , KTM AG is the parent company of the KTM Group . KTM is known for its off-road motorcycles ( enduro , motocross and supermoto ) . Since the late 1990s , it has expanded into street motorcycle production and developing sports cars - namely the X-Bow . In 2015 , KTM sold almost as many street as off-road bikes . Production of the KTM X-Bow started in 2007 . Since 2012 , KTM has been the largest motorcycle manufacturer in Europe for four consecutive years . Globally , the company is among the leading off-road motorcycle manufacturers . In 2016 , KTM sold 203,423 motor vehicles worldwide .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ignacio_Casale', 'summary': 'Ignacio Nicolás Casale Catraccia ( born 27 April 1987 in Santiago , Chile ) is a four-wheeler motorcycle rider who won two times in the quad bike category of Dakar Rally . He moved to the UTV category after his second victory on the Dakar Rally in 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Yamaha Motor Company Limited ( ヤマハ発動機株式会社 , Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles , marine products such as boats and outboard motors , and other motorized products . The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation ( however Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92% , as of 2019 ) , and is headquartered in Iwata , Shizuoka , Japan . The company conducts development , production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012 . Led by Genichi Kawakami , the companys founder and first president , Yamaha Motor began production of its first product , the YA-1 , in 1955 . The 125cc motorcycle won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class . The company 's products includes motorcycles , scooters , motorized bicycles , boats , sail boats , personal water craft , swimming pools , utility boats , fishing boats , outboard motors , 4-wheel ATVs , recreational off-road vehicles , go-kart engines , golf carts , multi-purpose engines , electrical generators , water pumps , snowmobiles , small snow throwers , automobile engines , surface mounters , intelligent machinery , industrial-use unmanned helicopters , electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets . The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products , development of tourist businesses and management of leisure , recreational facilities and related services . Yamahas motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world outboard motor and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nani_Roma', 'summary': 'Joan Nani Roma Cararach , ( born 17 February 1972 ) is a rally racing driver from Folgueroles , Barcelona , Spain . He won the Dakar Rally riding a motorcycle in 2004 . Since then he has entered in the car category , taking the win in the 2014 edition of the race .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michel_Périn', 'summary': 'Michel Périn ( born 19 January 1957 in Saint-Mihiel ) is a French rally navigator .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mini_(marque)', 'summary': 'Mini ( stylised as MINI ) is a British automotive marque founded in 1969 , owned by German automotive company BMW since 2000 , and used by them for a range of small cars . The word Mini has been used in car model names since 1959 , and in 1969 it became a marque in its own right when the name Mini replaced the separate Austin Mini and Morris Mini car model names . BMW acquired the marque in 1994 when it bought Rover Group ( formerly British Leyland ) , which owned Mini , among other brands . The original Mini was a line of British small cars manufactured by the British Motor Corporation ( BMC ) , which in 1966 became part of British Motor Holdings . This merged with Leyland Motors in 1968 to form British Leyland . In the 1980s , British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group , including Mini , was acquired by British Aerospace . Mini models included the Morris Mini-Minor and the Austin Seven , the Countryman , Moke , 1275GT and Clubman . Performance versions of these models used the name Cooper , due to a partnership with racing legend John Cooper . The original Mini continued in production until 2000 . In 1994 , Rover Group was acquired by BMW , being broken up in 2000 with BMW retaining the Mini brand . Development of a modern successor to the Mini began in 1995 and an entirely new Mini model was launched in 2001 by BMW . The current Mini range includes the Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible ( three-door hatchback ) , Clubman ( estate ) , Countryman ( five-door crossover ) , Coupe/Roadster and Paceman ( three-door crossover based on the Countryman ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kamaz', 'summary': "JSC KAMAZ ( Russian : Камский Автомобильный Завод - КАМАЗ , romanized : Kamskiy Avtomobilny Zavod , lit . 'Kama Automobile Plant ' ) is a Russian brand of trucks and engines manufacturer located in Naberezhnye Chelny , Russian Federation . It is famous for its cab over trucks . KAMAZ is a portmanteau which stands for a factory on Kama River . KAMAZ opened in 1976 . Today , heavy duty models are exported to many areas of the world including the CIS , Latin America , the Middle East , and Africa . KAMAZ is the largest truck producer in Russia and the CIS with its factory producing 43,000 trucks a year ( 2014 ) . KAMAZ trucks have won the Dakar Rally a record seventeen times , most in the truck category by any manufacturer ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': '2014 BCS National Championship Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_BCS_National_Championship_Game', 'summary': "The 2014 Vizio BCS National Championship Game was the national championship game of the 2013 college football season , which took place on Monday , January 6 , 2014 . The game featured the Auburn Tigers and Florida State Seminoles . It was the 16th and last time the top two teams would automatically play for the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) title before the implementation of a four-team College Football Playoff system . The game was played at the Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena , California , kicking off at 8:30 p.m . ET . The game was hosted by the Pasadena Tournament of Roses , the organizer of the annual Tournament of Roses Parade and the Rose Bowl Game on New Year 's Day . The winner of the game , Florida State , was presented with the American Football Coaches Association 's The Coaches ' Trophy , valued at $ 30,000 . Pre-game festivities began at 4:30 p.m. PT . Face values of tickets were $ 385 and $ 325 ( end zone seats ) with both teams receiving a total of 40,000 tickets . Starting immediately after the 2014 Rose Bowl Game , a fresh field was placed on top of the existing field . The field was laid on Thursday , and painting of the field began Friday . The field was completed Saturday in time for it to rest on Sunday for the game on Monday ."}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida State MVPs : Jameis Winston and P. J. Williams ( both from Florida State )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_team', 'summary': "The 2013 Florida State Seminoles football team , variously Florida State or FSU , represented Florida State University in the sport of American football during the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS college football season . Florida State competed in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The Seminoles were led by fourth-year head coach Jimbo Fisher and played their home games at Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium in Tallahassee , Florida . They were members of the Atlantic Coast Conference , and played in the Atlantic Division . It was the Seminoles ' 22nd season as a member of the ACC and its ninth in the ACC Atlantic Division . Led by eventual Heisman Trophy winner Jameis Winston , Florida State finished the season with a school-record fourteen wins and completed the school 's third undefeated season . The Seminoles captured their seventeenth conference title and third national championship , earning the Grantland Rice Award , the MacArthur Trophy , the Associated Press Trophy and the AFCA National Championship Trophy . In addition to the Heisman , Jameis Winston won the Walter Camp Award , the Davey O'Brien Award , and the Manning Award as well as being a finalist for the Maxwell Award and honored as the AP Player of the Year . Roberto Aguayo won the Lou Groza Award as the nation 's best placekicker , Bryan Stork won the Rimington Trophy awarded to the nation 's top center . Ten players were named All-Americans , with three earning consensus honors . For their accomplishments , Lamarcus Joyner was a finalist for both the Jim Thorpe Award and the Nagurski Trophy , and Coach Fisher was named the AFCA Coach of the Year and was a semifinalist for Maxwell Coach of the Year . Twenty-six Seminoles from the national title team have gone on to play professional football with twenty-five players going on to play in the NFL , including four first round picks , and one player in the CFL ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jameis_Winston', 'summary': "Jameis Lanaed Winston ( /ˈdʒeɪmɪs/ JAY-mis ; born January 6 , 1994 ) is an American football quarterback for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Born and raised in Alabama , he was a highly regarded quarterback in high school and led his team to the state championship as a junior . Winston played college football for the Florida State Seminoles and as a redshirt freshman became the youngest player to win the Heisman Trophy and helped lead the Seminoles to a victory in the 2014 BCS National Championship Game . In his sophomore and final year , the Seminoles advanced to the Rose Bowl , part of the College Football Playoff . Winston also played on Florida State 's baseball team . Winston was drafted as the first overall pick by the Buccaneers in the 2015 NFL Draft ."}, {'url': '/wiki/P._J._Williams', 'summary': 'Kenneth Lamar P. J. Williams ( born June 1 , 1993 ) is an American football cornerback for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Florida State . He was the Defensive MVP of the 2014 BCS National Championship Game .'}]}, {'value': '10-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey', 'summary': "Field hockey is a widely played team sport of the hockey family . The game can be played on grass , watered turf , artificial turf or synthetic field , as well as an indoor boarded surface . Each team plays with ten field players and a goalkeeper . Players commonly use sticks made out of wood , carbon fibre , fibre glass or a combination of carbon fibre and fibre glass in different quantities ( with the higher carbon fibre stick being more expensive and less likely to break ) to hit a round , hard , plastic hockey ball . The length of the hockey stick is based on the player 's individual height , the top of the stick usually comes to the players hip , taller players typically have taller sticks . The sticks have a round side and a flat side only the flat face of the stick is allowed to be used , if the other side is used it results in a foul . Goalies often have a different kind of stick , however they can also use an ordinary field hockey stick . The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the end of the stick , this is to give them more surface area to save the ball . The uniform consists of shin guards , shoes , shorts or a skirt , a mouthguard and a jersey . Today , the game is played globally , mainly in parts of Western Europe , South Asia , Southern Africa , Australia , New Zealand , Argentina , and parts of the United States ( primarily New England and the Mid-Atlantic states ) . Known simply as hockey in many territories , the term field hockey is used primarily in Canada and the United States where ice hockey is more popular . In Sweden , the term landhockey is used and to some degree also in Norway where it is governed by Norway 's Bandy Association ."}]}, {'value': "2012-13 Men 's FIH Hockey World League Final", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012–13_Men's_FIH_Hockey_World_League_Final", 'summary': "The 2012-13 Men 's FIH Hockey World League Final took place between 10-18 January 2014 in New Delhi , India . The Netherlands won the tournament for the first time after defeating New Zealand 7-2 in the final . England won the third place match by defeating Australia 2-1 ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Netherlands_men's_national_field_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Netherlands national men 's field hockey team represents the Netherlands in international men 's field hockey and is controlled by the Koninklijke Nederlandse Hockey Bond , the governing body for field hockey in the Netherlands . The Netherlands are one of the most successful teams in the world , having won the Summer Olympics twice , the Hockey World Cup three times , the Champions Trophy eight times , the EuroHockey Nations Championship five times and the Hockey World League once ."}]}, {'value': '11-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '2014 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships Division II - Group B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships_–_Division_II', 'summary': 'The 2014 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship Division II was played in two groups of six teams each . In each group the first-placed team is promoted to a higher level , while the last-placed team is relegated to a lower level . Divisions II A and II B represent the fourth and the fifth tier of the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Korea is promoted to Division II - Group A China is relegated to Division III', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Korea_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The South Korean men 's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in South Korea . The team represents South Korea at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's World Junior Hockey Championship Division II ."}, {'url': "/wiki/China_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Chinese men 's national under-20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in China . The team represents China at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's World Junior Hockey Championship Division III ."}]}, {'value': '12-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '2014 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships Division III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships', 'summary': "The 2014 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships ( formerly called the IIHF U20 World Championship ) was the 38th edition of the Ice Hockey World Junior Championship ( WJHC ) , hosted in Malmö , Sweden . The 13,700-seat Malmö Arena was the main venue , with the smaller Malmö Isstadion the secondary venue . It began on December 26 , 2013 , and ended with the gold medal game on January 5 , 2014 . Finland defeated host team Sweden in the final 3-2 in overtime and won their first gold medal since 1998 , as well as their third gold medal in total . It was also their first medal in the tournament since 2006 . Sweden earned their second consecutive silver medal , their ninth silver medal in total , as well as their third consecutive medal in the tournament . For the first time since 1979-81 , Canada failed to capture a medal for the second consecutive year by losing the bronze medal game 1-2 to Russia , who captured the team 's fourth consecutive medal at the tournament . The 2014 tournament marked the first time since 1998 that all three medalists were European teams . A total of 144,268 spectators attended the 31 games , setting a new attendance record for IIHF World Junior Championship tournaments hosted in Europe . 12,023 spectators attended the gold medal game , setting a new record for a single IIHF World Junior Championship game in Europe . The playoff round was expanded to eight teams ( again ) , with group leaders no longer getting a bye into the semifinals . The first time since the 2002 tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium is promoted to Division II - Group B', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Belgium_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Belgian men 's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in Belgium . The team represents Belgium at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's World Junior Hockey Championship Division II ."}]}, {'value': '12-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snooker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snooker', 'summary': 'Snooker ( pronounced UK : /ˈsnuːkə/ , US : /ˈsnʊkər/ ) is a cue sport that originated among British Army officers stationed in India in the second half of the 19th century . It is played on a rectangular table covered with a green cloth ( or baize ) , with pockets at each of the four corners and in the middle of each long side . Using a cue stick and 21 coloured balls , players must strike the white ball ( or cue ball ) to pot or pocket the remaining balls in the correct sequence , accumulating points for each pot . An individual game ( or frame ) , is won by the player scoring the most points . A match is won when a player wins a predetermined number of frames . Snooker gained its identity in 1875 when army officer Sir Neville Chamberlain ( 1856-1944 ) , stationed in Ooty , Tamil Nadu , devised a set of rules that combined pyramid and black pool . The word snooker was a long-used military term for inexperienced or first-year personnel . The game grew in popularity in the United Kingdom , and the Billiards Association and Control Club was formed in 1919 . It is now governed by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association ( WPBSA ) . The World Snooker Championship has taken place since 1927 . Joe Davis , a key figure in the early growth of the sport , won the championship 15 straight times between 1927 and 1946 . The modern era began in 1969 after the broadcaster BBC commissioned the snooker television show Pot Black and later began to air the World Championship in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Masters_(snooker)', 'summary': "The 2014 Dafabet Masters was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 12-19 January 2014 at the Alexandra Palace in London , England . This was the first time that Dafabet sponsored the event . Ronnie O'Sullivan set a new record by scoring 556 unanswered points in a professional event in his 6-0 quarter-final win against Ricky Walden - winning in just 58 minutes . The previous record-holder was Ding Junhui , who scored 495 unanswered points against Stephen Hendry at the 2007 Premier League Snooker . O'Sullivan set another record by reaching his tenth Masters final , surpassing the nine appearances by Hendry , and won his fifth Masters title by defeating defending champion Mark Selby 10-4 . This was the third time these two players had met in a Masters final ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ronnie O'Sullivan", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ronnie_O'Sullivan", 'summary': "Ronald Antonio O'Sullivan OBE ( born 5 December 1975 ) is an English professional snooker player who is one of the most successful players in the history of the sport . Since turning professional in 1992 , he has won five World Championships , a record seven Masters titles , and a record seven UK Championships , setting a record total of 19 titles in Triple Crown tournaments . He shares the record for the most ranking titles ( 36 ) with Stephen Hendry and also holds the record as the youngest winner of a ranking title ( 1993 UK Championship , aged 17 years and 358 days ) as well as the youngest winner of the Masters ( in 1995 , aged 19 years and 69 days ) . In the 2017/2018 season , O'Sullivan won five ranking events in a single season , a record that he shares with Hendry , Ding Junhui and Mark Selby . His career prize money of over £11 million is the highest amount earned by any player in snooker history . A prolific break-builder , O'Sullivan is the only player to have reached 1,000 career century breaks . He has also achieved the highest number of officially recognized maximum breaks in professional competition ( 15 ) , and the fastest competitive maximum break , compiled in a time of 5 minutes and 8 seconds at the 1997 World Championship . He first became world number one in the 2002/2003 season and held the position for five out of eight seasons , ending in May 2010 . He regained the top ranking in March 2019 after a nine-year absence , the longest time any player has spent between spells as world number one , and held it until August 2019 . O'Sullivan has often been a controversial figure in the sport . Noted for his unpredictable temperament and his struggles with alcohol , drugs , and depression , he has received many warnings and sanctions from the sport 's governing body over his conduct and comments . He took a prolonged break from the sport during the 2012/2013 season and is known for repeatedly declaring his intention to retire ."}]}, {'value': '12-26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_handball', 'summary': 'Handball ( also known as team handball , European handball or Olympic handball ) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each ( six outcourt players and a goalkeeper ) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team . A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes , and the team that scores more goals wins . Modern handball is played on a court of 40 by 20 metres ( 131 by 66 ft ) , with a goal in the middle of each end . The goals are surrounded by a 6-meter ( 20 ft ) zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed ; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while diving into it . The sport is usually played indoors , but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball , Czech handball ( which were more common in the past ) and beach handball . The game is fast and high-scoring : professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each , though lower scores were not uncommon until a few decades ago . Some players may score hat tricks . Body contact is permitted : the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal . No protective equipment is mandated , but players may wear soft protective bands , pads and mouth guards . The game was codified at the end of the 19th century in Denmark . The modern set of rules was published in 1917 in Germany , and had several revisions since . The first international games were played under these rules for men in 1925 and for women in 1930 .'}]}, {'value': "2014 European Men 's Handball Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014_European_Men's_Handball_Championship", 'summary': "The 2014 EHF European Men 's Handball Championship was the 11th edition of the tournament and held in Denmark from 12-26 January . Hungary/Croatia ( jointly ) were the other applicants for the championship . Denmark was awarded the championship on the EHF Congress in Copenhagen 25 September 2010 with 24 votes . Hungary/Croatia got 22 votes . Denmark was automatically qualified as hosting nation , and as defending champions as well . After the final , at total of 316,390 spectators had visited the stadiums . An all time EHF record . France won their third title after defeating Denmark 41-32 in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France_national_handball_team', 'summary': "The France national handball team is supervised by the French Handball Federation , and represents France in international matches . It is the first handball team to have held all three titles twice ( the Danish women 's team also held all three in 1997 ) , and the only national team in its sport to hold six world titles and a total of eleven medals at the World Men 's Handball Championship . With a total of four medals , including two gold in 2008 and 2012 , France is also the most successful Handball team at the Summer Olympics . France 's men handball team is widely regarded as the finest national team in the history of the sport ."}]}, {'value': '13-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating', 'summary': "Figure skating is a sport in which individuals , duos , or groups perform on figure skates on ice . It was the first winter sport to be included in the Olympic Games , when it was contested at the 1908 Olympics in London . The four Olympic disciplines are men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dance . Non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating , Theater on Ice , and four skating . From intermediate through senior-level competition , skaters generally perform two programs ( short and free skate ) , which may include spins , jumps , moves in the field , lifts , throw jumps , death spirals , and other elements or moves , depending on the discipline . The blade has a groove on the bottom creating two distinct edges : inside and outside . Judges prefer that skaters glide on one edge of the blade and not on both at the same time , which is referred to as a flat edge . During a spin , skaters use the sweet spot of the blade , formally called a rocker , which is the roundest portion of the blade , just behind the toe pick and near the middle of the blade . Skates used in singles and pair skating have a set of large , jagged teeth called toe picks on the front of the blade . Toe picks are mainly used for the take-off on jumps . Ice dance blades have smaller toe picks . Figure skaters compete at various levels from beginner up to the Olympic level ( senior ) at local , regional , sectional , national , and international competitions ."}]}, {'value': '2014 European Figure Skating Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_European_Figure_Skating_Championships', 'summary': "The 2014 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior international figure skating competition in the 2013-14 season . The competition was held in Budapest , Hungary from January 13 to 19th , 2014 . Skaters competed in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men : Javier Fernández Ladies : Yulia Lipnitskaya Pairs : Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov Ice dancing : Anna Cappellini / Luca Lanotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Fernández_(figure_skater)', 'summary': 'Javier Fernández López ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xaˈβjeɾ feɾˈnandeθ ˈlopeθ ] ; born 15 April 1991 ) is a former Spanish figure skater . He is the 2018 Olympic bronze medalist , a two-time World champion ( 2015 , 2016 ) , a two-time World bronze medalist ( 2013 , 2014 ) , a seven-time European champion ( 2013-2019 ) , a two-time Grand Prix Final silver medalist ( 2014 , 2015 ) , a three-time Rostelecom Cup champion ( 2014-2016 ) , a two-time Grand Prix in France champion ( 2016-2017 ) and an eight-time Spanish national champion ( 2010 , 2012-2018 ) . In addition to his bronze medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics , Fernández placed 14th at the 2010 Winter Olympics and 4th at the 2014 Winter Olympics . He is the first skater from Spain to medal at an Olympic Games , ISU Championship or a Grand Prix event . Fernández is the second man to break the 100-point barrier in the short program , the 200-point barrier in the long program , and the 300-point barrier in the total score . As of 24 May 2017 , he has the second highest personal best scores in both segments and third highest in the combined score . In recognition of his achievements , Fernández received the Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sports Merit by the Spanish government on 19 April 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yulia_Lipnitskaya', 'summary': "Yulia Vyacheslavovna Lipnitskaya ( alt . spelling : Julia Lipnitskaia ; Russian : Ю́лия Вячесла́вовна Липни́цкая , Russian : [ ˈjulʲɪjə vʲɪtɕɪˈsɫavəvnə lʲipˈnitskəjə ] ; born 5 June 1998 ) is a Russian former competitive figure skater . She was part of the Russian team to win the 2014 Winter Olympics team trophy . Individually , Lipnitskaya is the 2014 World silver medalist , the 2014 European champion , the 2013-14 Grand Prix Final silver medalist , and a two-time Russian national silver medalist ( 2012 & 2014 ) . Competing as a junior , Lipnitskaya won the 2012 World Junior Championships , 2011-12 JGP Final , and 2012 Russian Junior Championships . She retired from the professional sport on 9 September 2017 due to complications with ligaments of the legs and hip joints , as well as anorexia . Lipnitskaya is the youngest Russian athlete to win a gold medal at the Winter Olympics . Within the ladies ' singles category , she is the youngest gold medalist at the European Championships . She is also the youngest women figure skater to win a gold medal at the Olympics under modern rules . Lipnitskaya was 15 years , 249 days old when Russia won the team trophy , six days younger than American Tara Lipinski , who won the gold medal in the individual event at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tatiana_Volosozhar', 'summary': 'Tatiana Andreyеvna Volosozhar ( Russian : Татья́на Андре́евна Волосожа́р , Ukrainian : Тетяна Андріївна Волосожар ; born 22 May 1986 ) is a Ukrainian-born Russian pair skater . With Maxim Trankov , she is the two-time 2014 Olympic champion in the pairs and in team events , the 2013 World champion , a four-time ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 and 2016 ) European champion , the 2012 Grand Prix Final champion , and a three-time ( 2011 , 2013 and 2016 ) Russian national champion . They have also won six events on the Grand Prix series . Volosozhar competed for Ukraine with Petr Kharchenko in 2000-04 and with Stanislav Morozov in 2004-10 . She and Morozov are four-time Ukrainian national champions ( 2005 , 2007 , 2008 and 2010 ) and finished as high as fourth at the World Championships . In December 2010 she was granted expedited Russian citizenship , as both her parents are Russian . Volosozhar and Trankov are the current World record holders for the short program . They are the first figure skaters to win two gold medals at the same Olympics , having taken gold in pairs and in the inaugural team event .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maxim_Trankov', 'summary': 'Maxim Leonidovich Trankov ( Russian : Макси́м Леони́дович Транько́в , born 7 October 1983 ) is a Russian pair skater . With Tatiana Volosozhar , he is a two-time 2014 Olympic champion in the pairs and in team events , the 2013 World champion , a four-time ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ) European champion , the 2012 Grand Prix Final champion , and a three-time ( 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) Russian national champion . They have also won six events on the Grand Prix series . With former partner Maria Mukhortova , Trankov is the 2008 European silver medalist , the 2007 Russian national champion , and the 2005 World Junior champion . Trankov and Volosozhar are the first figure skaters to win two gold medals at the same Olympics , having taken gold in pairs and in the inaugural team event .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Cappellini', 'summary': 'Anna Cappellini ( born 19 February 1987 ) is an Italian ice dancer . With partner Luca Lanotte , she is the 2014 World champion , the 2014 European champion , the 2015 Cup of China champion and a thirteen-time medalist on the Grand Prix series , and a seven-time Italian national champion ( 2012-18 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luca_Lanotte', 'summary': 'Luca Lanotte ( born 30 July 1985 ) is an Italian ice dancer . With partner Anna Cappellini , he is the 2014 World champion , the 2014 European champion , the 2015 Cup of China champion and a thirteen-time medalist on the Grand Prix series , and a seven-time Italian national champion ( 2012-18 ) .'}]}, {'value': '13-26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis', 'summary': "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Australian Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Australian_Open', 'summary': "The 2014 Australian Open was a tennis tournament that took place at Melbourne Park between 13-26 January 2014 . It was the 102nd edition of the Australian Open , and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year . The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players competed in singles and doubles tournaments . Li Na won the women 's singles , beating Dominika Cibulková in the final . Stanislas Wawrinka defeated Rafael Nadal in the men 's singles final to win his first grand slam title . Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci defended their women 's doubles title with a victory over Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina . Łukasz Kubot and Robert Lindstedt took the men 's doubles title with a victory over Eric Butorac and Raven Klaasen . The mixed doubles were won by Kristina Mladenovic and Daniel Nestor , with Sania Mirza and Horia Tecău the runners-up . Both defending singles champions lost in the quarterfinals , the first time in the open era . Novak Djokovic was the three-time defending champion in the men 's singles , but failed to defend his title , losing to eventual champion Wawrinka . Two-time defending champion Victoria Azarenka also failed to defend her title in the women 's singles , losing to Agnieszka Radwańska ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men : Stanislas Wawrinka Women : Li Na', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanislas_Wawrinka', 'summary': "Stanislas Wawrinka ( French : [ stanislas vavʁiŋka ] ; born 28 March 1985 ) is a Swiss professional tennis player . He reached a career-high Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) world No . 3 singles ranking for the first time on 27 January 2014 . His career highlights include three Grand Slam titles at the 2014 Australian Open , 2015 French Open and 2016 US Open , where he defeated the No . 1 player in the final on all three occasions , reaching the final of the 2017 French Open , winning an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 title at the Monte-Carlo Masters in 2014 , and reaching three other finals at 2008 Rome , 2013 Madrid and 2017 Indian Wells . As a competitor for Switzerland , Wawrinka won gold in doubles at the 2008 Beijing Olympics with teammate Roger Federer , and also helped the Swiss team to win the 2014 Davis Cup . Wawrinka considers clay his best and favorite surface and his serve and backhand his best shots . John McEnroe once said that Wawrinka has one of the most powerful backhands ever , and in 2009 described him as having the best one-handed backhand in the game . He has been described by The Economist as Tennis 's great latecomer , owing to finding success late in his career . Prior to the 2014 French Open , he requested and the ATP granted a formal change in his name from Stanislas Wawrinka to Stan Wawrinka , stating that he plans to use the abbreviated name in tournament draws and press conferences ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Li_Na', 'summary': "Li Na ( born 26 February 1982 ) is a retired Chinese tennis player . She achieved a career-high WTA ranking of world No . 2 on 17 February 2014 . Over the course of her career , Li won nine WTA Tour singles titles including two Grand Slam singles titles at the 2011 French Open and 2014 Australian Open . Her rise to prominence came after those victories , which made her the first Grand Slam singles champion from Asia . Prior to this , she was the first player representing an Asian country to appear in a Grand Slam singles final , a milestone she achieved at the 2011 Australian Open . Li was also the runner-up at the 2013 Australian Open and 2013 WTA Tour Championships , a three-time quarterfinalist at Wimbledon and a semifinalist at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and 2013 US Open . Among her other most notable accolades , she was the first Chinese player to win a WTA tour title at the Guangzhou International Women 's Open in 2004 , the first to reach a Grand Slam singles quarterfinal at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships , and the first to break into the world 's top ten . Her feats have sparked a major population growth of tennis players in East Asia , earning her the reputation as the region 's tennis pioneer and trailblazer . Li retired from professional tennis on 19 September 2014 , at the age of 32 . In 2019 , she was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame , becoming the first Asian-born player to receive this honor ."}]}, {'value': '16-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '82ème Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Monte_Carlo_Rally', 'summary': "The 2014 Monte Carlo Rally ( formally known as the 82ème Rallye Automobile Monte-Carlo ) is a motor racing event for rally cars that was held over three days between 14 and 18 January 2014 . It marked the eighty-second running of the Monte Carlo Rally , and was the first round of the 2014 World Rally Championship , WRC-2 and WRC-3 seasons . After being based in the town of Valence for the 2013 event , the rally headquarters was relocated to Gap in the French province of Hautes-Alpes . The rally itself was run over fifteen special stages , with teams and drivers contesting 383.88 km ( 238.53 mi ) in competitive stages . Former Formula 1 Driver Robert Kubica won the first two stages of the rally before being caught by Bryan Bouffier , who moved into the lead heading into the first days afternoon stages . Bouffier led heading into the second day but was overtaken by Sebastian Ogier , following a lengthy spin on SS9 . Kubica 's rally ended on the same stage after sliding off the road under braking and being unable to recover onto the tarmac . It was the first Monte Carlo Rally event since 2001 without Sebastien Loeb ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sébastien Ogier ( Volkswagen ) Julien Ingrassia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Ogier', 'summary': "Sébastien Ogier ( born 17 December 1983 ) is a French rally driver , competing for Toyota World Rally Team in the World Rally Championship ( WRC ) , who is teamed with co-driver Julien Ingrassia . He won the World Rally Drivers ' Championship six times , in 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . With 47 victories in the World Rally Championship and 6 consecutive titles , he is statistically the second most successful WRC driver , after former Citroën WRC teammate Sébastien Loeb ( 9 titles ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Volkswagen_Motorsport', 'summary': 'The Volkswagen Motorsport is a works rally team of the German car manufacturer Volkswagen , whom competed in the World Rally Championship ( WRC ) and Dakar Rally . The team started competing in WRC in 1978 and used different specs of Volkswagen Golfs before leaving the sport in 1990 . Volkswagen competed at the Dakar Rally from 2003 to 2011 , claiming three overall wins . The team made its WRC comeback in 2011 Rally Finland with a pair of Škoda Fabia S2000s , and competed with the Volkswagen Polo R WRC from the start of the 2013 World Rally Championship season to the end of the 2016 World Rally Championship season . At the end of the 2016 season , Volkswagen Motorsport decided to withdraw from the FIA World Rally Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julien_Ingrassia', 'summary': 'Julien Ingrassia ( born 26 November 1979 ) is a French rally co-driver . Working with Sébastien Ogier , he became World Rally Champion in 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , and 2016 with Volkswagen Motorsport , and 2017 and 2018 with M-Sport World Rally Team .'}]}, {'value': '16-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_handball', 'summary': 'Handball ( also known as team handball , European handball or Olympic handball ) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each ( six outcourt players and a goalkeeper ) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team . A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes , and the team that scores more goals wins . Modern handball is played on a court of 40 by 20 metres ( 131 by 66 ft ) , with a goal in the middle of each end . The goals are surrounded by a 6-meter ( 20 ft ) zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed ; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while diving into it . The sport is usually played indoors , but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball , Czech handball ( which were more common in the past ) and beach handball . The game is fast and high-scoring : professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each , though lower scores were not uncommon until a few decades ago . Some players may score hat tricks . Body contact is permitted : the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal . No protective equipment is mandated , but players may wear soft protective bands , pads and mouth guards . The game was codified at the end of the 19th century in Denmark . The modern set of rules was published in 1917 in Germany , and had several revisions since . The first international games were played under these rules for men in 1925 and for women in 1930 .'}]}, {'value': "2014 African Men 's Handball Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014_African_Men's_Handball_Championship", 'summary': "The 2014 African Men 's Handball Championship was held in Algiers and Chéraga , Algeria , from 16 to 25 January 2014 . It acted as the African qualifying tournament for the 2015 World Men 's Handball Championship in Qatar . In the final , hosts Algeria beat Tunisia 25-21 to win their seventh title after beating"}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Algeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algeria_national_handball_team', 'summary': 'The Algeria national handball team is the national handball team of Algeria and is controlled by the Algerian Handball Federation .'}]}, {'value': '16-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_handball', 'summary': 'Handball ( also known as team handball , European handball or Olympic handball ) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each ( six outcourt players and a goalkeeper ) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team . A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes , and the team that scores more goals wins . Modern handball is played on a court of 40 by 20 metres ( 131 by 66 ft ) , with a goal in the middle of each end . The goals are surrounded by a 6-meter ( 20 ft ) zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed ; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while diving into it . The sport is usually played indoors , but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball , Czech handball ( which were more common in the past ) and beach handball . The game is fast and high-scoring : professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each , though lower scores were not uncommon until a few decades ago . Some players may score hat tricks . Body contact is permitted : the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal . No protective equipment is mandated , but players may wear soft protective bands , pads and mouth guards . The game was codified at the end of the 19th century in Denmark . The modern set of rules was published in 1917 in Germany , and had several revisions since . The first international games were played under these rules for men in 1925 and for women in 1930 .'}]}, {'value': "2014 African Women 's Handball Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014_African_Women's_Handball_Championship", 'summary': "The 2014 African Women 's Handball Championship was held in Algiers and Chéraga , Algeria , from 16 to 25 January 2014 . It acted as the African qualifying tournament for the 2015 World Women 's Handball Championship in Denmark ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tunisia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tunisia_women's_national_handball_team", 'summary': "The Tunisia women 's national handball team ( Arabic : منتخب تونس لكرة اليد للسيدات ) , nicknamed Les Aigles de Carthage ( The Eagles of Carthage or The Carthage Eagles ) , is the national handball team of Tunisia . It is governed by the Tunisian Handball Federation and takes part in international handball competitions ."}]}, {'value': '17-24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Squash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Squash_(sport)', 'summary': 'Squash is a racket and ball sport played by two ( singles ) or four players ( doubles squash ) in a four-walled court with a small , hollow rubber ball . The players alternate in striking the ball with their racquets onto the playable surfaces of the four walls of the court . The objective of the game is to hit the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . About 20 million people play squash regularly world-wide in over 185 countries . The governing body of Squash , the World Squash Federation ( WSF ) , is recognized by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , but the sport is not part of the Olympic Games , despite a number of applications . Supporters continue to lobby for its incorporation in a future Olympic program .'}]}, {'value': 'Tournament of Champions 2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tournament_of_Champions_2014', 'summary': "The Men 's J. P. Morgan Tournament of Champions 2014 is the men 's edition of the 2014 Tournament of Champions , which is a PSA World Series event Gold ( Prize money : 115 000 $ ) . The event took place at the Grand Central Terminal in New York City in the United States from 17 January to 24 January . Amr Shabana won his third Tournament of Champions trophy , beating Grégory Gaultier in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men : Amr Shabana Women : Nicol David', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amr_Shabana', 'summary': "Amr Shabana ( Arabic : عمرو شبانة ; born 20 July 1979 in Cairo ) is a former professional squash player from Egypt . He won the World Open in 2003 , 2005 , 2007 and 2009 , and reached the World No . 1 ranking in 2006 . He represented the winning Egyptian team in the 1999 Men 's World Team Squash Championships held in Cairo and the 2009 Men 's World Team Squash Championships held in Denmark . Shabana 's accomplishments in professional squash lead many to regard him as one of the greatest players of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nicol_David', 'summary': "Datuk Nicol Ann David DB PJN DSPN KMN AMN ( born 26 August 1983 ) is a female Malaysian professional squash player , currently ranked 6th in the world . Beginning in August 2006 , David was the world number one for a record-breaking 108 consecutive months , finally ceding the ranking in September 2015 to Raneem El Weleily . She has won the World Open title a record 8 times in 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2014 , as well as the British Open title in 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2012 and 2014 . In July 2016 , she reached her 151st successive month in the top 10 , breaking the record in both men 's and women 's categories . She surpassed Peter Nicol 's previous records of 150 months . David is the first squash player to have won the World Junior title twice ; in 1999 and 2001 under the tutelage of Richard Glanfield . She remained the only female squash player to have achieved this , until Raneem El Weleily emulated David 's feat by winning her second World Junior Championship in 2007 . David joined WISPA and turned professional in 2000 when she won her first WISPA title , after only a month on the tour . The victory came in February , when she defeated Salma Shabana in the final of the Savcor Finnish Open . On 7 June 2008 , David was honoured with the Order of Merit ( Darjah Bakti ) or D.B . in conjunction with the birthday of the His Majesty Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin . She was the first recipient of the award which was established on 26 June 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '18-29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multi-sport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Multi-sport_event', 'summary': 'A multi-sport event is an organized sporting event , often held over multiple days , featuring competition in many different sports among organized teams of athletes from ( mostly ) nation-states . The first major , modern , multi-sport event of interna . Most have the same basic structure . Games are held over the course of several days in and around a host city , which changes for each competition . Countries send national teams to each competition , consisting of individual athletes and teams that compete in a wide variety of sports . Athletes or teams are awarded gold , silver or bronze medals for first , second and third place respectively . The games are generally held every four years , though some are annual competitions .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Lusophony Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Lusophony_Games', 'summary': 'The 2014 Lusophony Games was the 3rd edition of the Lusophony Games ( Portuguese : 3.os Jogos da Lusofonia ) , a multi-sport event that represent athletes from Portuguese-speaking countries and territories . It was held from 18-29 January 2014 in the Indian state of Goa . Brazil and Sri Lanka also put in bids to stage the event . Participating delegations represented every Portuguese-speaking National Olympic Committee and other countries with historic ties to Portugal . The Chairman for these Games was Manohar Parrikar , the chief minister of Goa and the Chief Executive Officer was Keshav Chandra IAS , Secretary to the Government of Goa for Sports and Education . The Games were originally planned to be held in 2013 , but was postponed and moved to the January 2014 dates . Since Goa was elected to host the games , Brazil chose not to send their athletes because of the ¨huge postponement¨ of the competition . Only 7 Brazilian athletes , independently of Brazilian Olympic Committee , competed at the 2014 Lusophony Games .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Calendar by month -- January', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2014_in_sports_0', 'intro': "2014 in sports describes the year's events in world sport."}
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For how many years has the winning head coach of the BCS National Championship Game been coaching his team ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Santos_FC_season', 'title': '2009 Santos FC season', 'header': ['P', 'Name', 'Age', 'Moving from', 'Type', 'Ends'], 'data': [{'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Madson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madson_Formagini_Caridade', 'summary': 'Madson Formagini Caridade , or simply Madson ( born May 21 , 1986 in Volta Redonda ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as attacking midfielder for Fortaleza . He is known for his small stature and his set pieces .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vasco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CR_Vasco_da_Gama', 'summary': "Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi dʒi ʁɛˈgataʃ ˈvaʃku dɐ ˈgɐ̃mɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club that was founded on August 21 , 1898 ( although the professional football department started on November 5 , 1915 ) , by Portuguese immigrants , and still has a strong fanbase among the Portuguese community of Rio de Janeiro . It is one of the most popular clubs in Brazil , with more than 30 million supporters . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Vasco is mostly known for its football team . It plays in the Campeonato Carioca , the state of Rio de Janeiro 's premier state league and in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first tier of Brazilian football league system . Its statute defines the club as a sportive , recreative , educational , assistant and philanthropic non-profit organization of public utility . Their home stadium is São Januário , with a capacity of 21,880 , the third biggest in Rio de Janeiro ( after Maracanã and Engenhão ) , but some matches ( especially the city derbies ) are played at the Maracanã ( capacity of about 80,000 ) . They play in black shirts with a white diagonal sash that contains a Cross pattée , black shorts and black socks . The club is named after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Lúcio Flávio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lúcio_Flávio_dos_Santos', 'summary': 'Lúcio Flávio dos Santos or simply Lúcio Flávio ( born February 3 , 1979 in Curitiba ) , is a Brazilian attacking midfielder , he currently plays for Joinville .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botafogo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botafogo_FR', 'summary': "Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɔtaˈfoɡu dʒi futʃiˈbɔw i ʁeˈɡataʃ ] ; Botafogo Football and Rowing ) , also known as Botafogo , is a Brazilian sports club based in Botafogo , Rio de Janeiro . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Botafogo is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first tier of the Brazilian football league system , and in the state of Rio de Janeiro 's premier state league . In 2000 , Botafogo finished 12th in a vote by subscribers of FIFA Magazine for the FIFA Club of the Century . In addition , the club has some of Brazilian football 's most notable records , as the largest number of unbeaten matches : 52 games between 1977 and 1978 ; the most unbeaten matches record in the Brazilian Championship games : 42 , also between 1977 and 1978 ; the largest number of player participations in total matches of the Brazil national football team ( considering official and unofficial games ) : 1,094 participations and the largest number of players assigned to the Brazilian national team for World Cup . The club is still responsible for the greatest victory ever recorded in Brazilian football : 24-0 against Sport Club Mangueira in 1909 ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Triguinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triguinho', 'summary': 'Luciano da Silva or simply Triguinho ( born 25 February 1979 in Piquete ) , is a Brazilian left back , who currently plays for Red Bull Brasil .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Caetano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AD_São_Caetano', 'summary': 'Associação Desportiva São Caetano , commonly known as São Caetano , is a Brazilian football team based in the city of São Caetano , Brazil , part of the São Paulo greater metropolitan area . The club finished as runner-up in the Série A twice and once in the Copa Libertadores .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Germano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germano_Borovicz_Cardoso_Schweger', 'summary': 'Germano Borovicz Cardozo Schweger or simply Germano ( born 21 March 1981 ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerezo Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerezo_Osaka', 'summary': 'Cerezo Osaka ( セレッソ大阪 , Seresso Ōsaka ) is a Japanese football team , currently playing in the J1 League , the top tier of football in Japan . The team name Cerezo ( Spanish for cherry tree ) is also the flower of Osaka City . The official home town for the team are Osaka City and Sakai City .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Luizinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luiz_Antônio_de_Oliveira', 'summary': 'Luiz Antônio de Oliveira or simply Luizinho ( born November 5 , 1982 in Divinópolis ) , is a Brazilian right back .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruzeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruzeiro_EC', 'summary': "Cruzeiro Esporte Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ kɾuˈzejɾu esˈpoɾtʃi ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known as Cruzeiro and nicknamed Raposa ( English : Fox ) , is one of the biggest Brazilian ( and South American ) multisport clubs ; based in Barro Preto , Belo Horizonte . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Cruzeiro is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Campeonato Mineiro , [ nb 1 ] the state of Minas Gerais 's premier state league , as well as in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , [ nb 2 ] the second tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded on January 2 , 1921 by sportsmen from the Italian colony of Belo Horizonte , some members of Yale Atlético Clube and many Italian immigrant workers decided to create a new club called Societá Sportiva Ypiranga , changing the name months later to Palestra Mineiro and after one game to Palestra Itália . As a result of the Second World War , the Brazilian federal government banned the use of any symbols referring to the Axis powers in 1942 . The club board members rebaptized the club with the name of a leading national symbol : the Cruzeiro do Sul 's constellation . Cruzeiro play their home games at the Mineirão stadium , which currently holds up to 62,547 spectators . Cruzeiro 's regular kit colours are blue shirts and white shorts with blue socks ( although the team has worn white socks with their home kit for certain periods of time ) . Umbro are the side 's current kit manufacturers . Cruzeiro is one of Brazil 's most successful clubs despite its relatively young age ( compared with other major Brazilian clubs ) . It won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for the first time in 1966 , after defeating Santos ' Os Santásticos in the final series . Cruzeiro has won the Brasileirão again in 2003 , 2013 and 2014 , obtaining the best campaign in the present format of the competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Roni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rôni', 'summary': 'Roniéliton Pereira Santos or simply Roni ( born 28 April 1977 in Aurora ) , is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamba Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gamba_Osaka', 'summary': "Gamba Osaka ( ガンバ大阪 , Gamba Ōsaka ) is a Japanese professional association football club currently playing in the J1 League , the top division of Japanese football . The team 's name Gamba comes from the Italian word gamba meaning leg and the Japanese ganbaru ( 頑張る ) , meaning to do your best or to stand firm . Located in Suita , Osaka , the team 's home stadium is Suita City Football Stadium . Gamba Osaka is currently the second-most accomplished J.League club , having won 8 top-tier domestic titles as well as the 2008 AFC Champions League ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis Bolaños', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Bolaños', 'summary': 'Luis Alberto Chucho Bolaños León ( born March 27 , 1985 in Quito ) is an Ecuadorian football midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LDU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LDU_Quito', 'summary': 'Liga Deportiva Universitaria ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ðepoɾˈtiβa uniβeɾsiˈtarja ] ) , often referred to as Liga de Quito , LDU , is an Ecuadorian professional football club based in Quito . They play in the Serie A , the highest level of the Ecuadorian professional football league . They play their home games at the Estadio Rodrigo Paz Delgado , more commonly referred to as Casa Blanca . Rival clubs include Quito-based clubs El Nacional , Deportivo Quito , Aucas and Universidad Católica . Liga Deportiva Universitaria has its roots in the semi-pro sports teams in 1918 competing as Universitario at the Central University of Ecuador , and was officially founded on January 11 of 1930 . They began making an impact in the provincial leagues , winning nine Pichincha titles ( six in the professional era ) . Their provincial success continued into the national league , where they have won 11 national title ( 4th overall ) having won their most recent title in 2018 . They are the most successful Ecuadorian club in international competitions , where they were the first Ecuadorian club to win the Copa Libertadores ( 2008 ) , the Copa Sudamericana ( 2009 ) , and the Recopa Sudamericana ( 2009 and 2010 ) . They are one of only six teams - Boca Juniors , Independiente , River Plate , Internacional and São Paulo being the other five - to have achieved the CONMEBOL treble , winning all three continental club tournaments . LDU is the only team to win all three mentioned cups one after another between the years 2008 to 2010 causing them to be rated as the best South American team of 2008 and 2009 . Liga de Quito was additionally the runner-up at the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Paulo Henrique Rodrigues', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético-GO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Goianiense', 'summary': "Atlético Clube Goianiense , usually known as Atlético Goianiense or just as Atlético , is a Brazilian football team from the city of Goiânia , Goiás state . Atlético Goianiense is the oldest Goiânia city football club . The club is the first team of its state to win a national competition , which was the Série C. Atlético Goianiense made a comeback to Brazil 's top level Série A in 2010 after a 23-year absence . In 2016 , Atlético Goianiense won the title of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B for the first time . They won the title with two rounds in advance , beating the already relegated Tupi by 5 to 3 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'André Astorga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Astorga', 'summary': 'André Izepon Astorga ( born 7 January 1980 ) is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cluj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFR_Cluj', 'summary': 'Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj ( Romanian pronunciation : [ t͡ʃefeˌre ˈkluʒ ] or [ ˌt͡ʃefere ˈkluʒ ] ) is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . It was founded in 1907 and the current name CFR is the acronym for Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian Railways ) . Before receiving significant financial support from previous owner Árpád Pászkány in 2002 , the club had spent most of its existence in the lower divisions . Since returning to the top flight in 2004 , CFR Cluj has relied increasingly on foreign players for its success . In the 2005-06 season , they participated in their first European competition , the Intertoto Cup , finishing as runners-up . In the 2007-08 campaign , they were champions of Liga I for the first time in their history , taking the national title away from capital-based teams after seventeen years and consequently qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the process . Only six years earlier , CFR was playing in the third tier of the Romanian football league system . Between 2018 and 2019 , the White and Burgundies won back-to-back championships for the first time . CFR has won a total of twelve domestic trophies , all in the 21st century - five Liga I , four Cupa României , and three Supercupa României . CFR has a fierce rivalry with neighbouring Universitatea Cluj , with matches between the two being known as the Derbiul Clujului .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Léo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonardo_Lourenço_Bastos', 'summary': 'Leonardo Lourenço Bastos ( born 6 July 1975 ) , commonly known as Léo , is a retired Brazilian footballer who played as a left back . He spent most of his professional career with Santos and Benfica , arriving at the latter at the age of 25 and winning eight major titles , winning the same amount with the former during his two spells . Léo represented Brazil in two Confederations Cups .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benfica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.L._Benfica', 'summary': "Sport Lisboa e Benfica ComC MHIH OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɨˈpɔɾ liʒˈboɐ i βɐ̃jˈfikɐ ] ) , commonly known as Benfica , is a professional football club based in Lisbon , Portugal , that competes in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , where they are the current champions and the most successful team in terms of overall titles . Founded on 28 February 1904 as Sport Lisboa , Benfica is one of the Big Three clubs in Portugal that have never been relegated from Primeira Liga , along with rivals Sporting CP and FC Porto . Benfica are nicknamed As Águias ( The Eagles ) , for the symbol atop the club 's crest , and Os Encarnados ( The Reds ) , for the shirt colour . Since 2003 , their home ground has been the Estádio da Luz , which replaced the larger , original one , built in 1954 . Benfica is the most supported Portuguese club and the European club with the highest percentage of supporters in its own country , having over 230,000 members and an estimated 14 million supporters worldwide . The club 's anthem , Ser Benfiquista , refers to Benfica supporters , who are called benfiquistas . E pluribus unum is the club motto ; Águia Vitória , the mascot . Benfica is honoured with three Portuguese Orders : those of Christ ( Commander ) , of Prince Henry ( Honorary Member ) and of Merit ( Officer ) . With 83 major trophies won - 84 including the Latin Cup - Benfica is the most decorated club in Portugal . They have won 80 domestic trophies : a record 37 Primeira Liga titles , a record 26 Taça de Portugal , a record 7 Taça da Liga , 8 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and 3 Campeonato de Portugal . Internationally , they won back-to-back European Cups in 1961 and 1962 - a unique feat in Portuguese football - and were runners-up at the Intercontinental Cup in 1961 and '62 , at the European Cup in 1963 , '65 , '68 , '88 and '90 , and at the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 1983 , 2013 and '14 . Benfica 's ten European finals are a domestic record and ranked seventh all-time among UEFA clubs in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Rafael Caldeira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Caldeira', 'summary': 'Rafael Caldeira Pires ( born 11 February 1991 ) , known as Rafael Caldeira , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Jaraguá-GO as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marília', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marília_Atlético_Clube', 'summary': 'Marília Atlético Clube , or Marília as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Marília in São Paulo , founded on April 12 , 1942 . Home stadium is the Bento de Abreu , with a capacity of 19,800 . They play in light blue shirts , white shorts and socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Alan Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Santos', 'summary': 'Alan Santos da Silva ( born 24 April 1991 ) , known as Alan Santos , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Chapecoense , on loan from Tigres UANL as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vitória', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vitória', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Vitória , usually known simply as Vitória , is a Brazilian football team from Salvador in Bahia , founded on May 13 , 1899 . The team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B and the Campeonato Baiano . Vitória 's home games are played at the club 's own stadium , Manoel Barradas , capacity 35,632 . The team plays in red and black horizontal striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . The stripes have changed over time : they have been sometimes vertical , horizontal , wide and narrow . The youth system of the club is one of the most successful of the world , holding , between 1995 and 2000 , at its peak , at least 21 international titles . Recent names that started playing in the club are Bebeto , Vampeta , Dida , Júnior , Hulk , David Luiz , Dudu Cearense , Marcelo Moreno , Gabriel Paulista and others . The rivals of Vitória are Esporte Clube Bahia . Their matches are known as Ba-Vi ( Ba from Bahia and Vi from Vitória ) . It is one of the most intense rivalries in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Felipe Azevedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Azevedo_dos_Santos', 'summary': 'Felipe Azevedo dos Santos ( born 10 January 1987 ) , known as Felipe Azevedo , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for América Mineiro as an attacking midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paulista_FC', 'summary': 'Paulista Futebol Clube , or Paulista as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Jundiaí , in São Paulo , founded on 17 May 1909 . They play at the fourth tier of Brazilian football professional league . Home stadium is the Jayme Cintra stadium , capacity 15,000 . They play in black , white and red stripes , white shorts and socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Eli Sabiá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eli_Sabiá', 'summary': 'Eli Sabiá Filho ( born 31 August 1988 ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a center back for Indian Super League Club Chennaiyin . He has played professionally in Brazil , Saudi Arabia and India .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paulista_FC', 'summary': 'Paulista Futebol Clube , or Paulista as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Jundiaí , in São Paulo , founded on 17 May 1909 . They play at the fourth tier of Brazilian football professional league . Home stadium is the Jayme Cintra stadium , capacity 15,000 . They play in black , white and red stripes , white shorts and socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Felipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Garcia_dos_Prazeres', 'summary': 'Felipe Garcia dos Prazeres ( born 10 January 1988 ) , simply known as Mão de Alface , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Tombense as a goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguesa Santista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portuguesa_Santista', 'summary': "Associação Atlética Portuguesa , usually known as Portuguesa Santista , is a Brazilian football club based in Santos , São Paulo , founded in 1917 by the Portuguese descendants of the city . They play in red shirts , red shorts and socks . The club 's mascot is a female donkey . The club 's nickname , Briosa , was given between 1918 and 1920 , when the club competed in several amateur football festivals . Briosa means courageous , graceful , in Portuguese language ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan return', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Wagner Diniz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wagner_Diniz', 'summary': 'Wagner Diniz Gomes de Araújo ( born September 21 , 1983 in Maceió ) , or simply Wagner Diniz , is a Brazilian right back .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_FC', 'summary': "São Paulo Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w ˈpawlu fuʧiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , simply known as São Paulo , is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . It has played in the Campeonato Paulista ( the State of São Paulo 's premier state league ) and Campeonato Brasileiro ( the top tier of the Brazilian football league system ) . As for international titles , SPFC is the most successful team from Brazil , with 12 international titles . It is also one of the most successful South American clubs in terms of overall titles , having won 21 state titles , six Brasileirão titles , three Copa Libertadores titles , one Copa Sudamericana , one Supercopa Libertadores , one Copa CONMEBOL , one Copa Masters CONMEBOL , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . Founded in 1930 , São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13 group of Brazil 's leading football clubs . The club 's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s , under coach Telê Santana , when it won three state titles , one national championship , two Copa Libertadores , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cups , a Supercopa Sudamericana , a Copa CONMEBOL , and a Copa Masters CONMEBOL . São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil , with over 16 million supporters . The team 's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes ( one red and one black ) , white shorts and white socks . Its home ground is the 67,052-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo , where it has played since 1960 . The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . São Paulo is the second richest Brazilian football club in terms of revenue , with an annual revenue of $ 111.9m ( €78.2m ) , and the nation 's second most valuable club , worth over $ 353.4m ( €246.9m ) in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Rodrigo Mancha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodrigo_Mancha', 'summary': 'Rodrigo Marcos dos Santos , better known as Rodrigo Mancha ( born 16 June 1986 in Curitiba ) is a Brazilian footballer , who last played as a defensive midfielder for Fortaleza .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coritiba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coritiba_Foot_Ball_Club', 'summary': 'Coritiba Foot Ball Club , commonly known as Coritiba , and colloquially as Coxa Branca or simply Coxa , is a Brazilian football club from Curitiba in the state of Paraná . Founded in 1909 , it is the oldest football club in the state . Coritiba have won the Paraná State Championship 37 times - more than both of its main rivals combined ( Athletico Paranaense have 22 titles and Paraná Clube have 7 ) . Coritiba has won the Brazilian Championship once in 1985 . Coritiba is the first club from southern Brazil to have won a national title , the 1973 Torneio do Povo , and is also the first southern club to have competed in both main continental competitions - the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana . Coritiba was both the first club from Paraná to have won the Série A ( the main title in Brazil ) , and to reach the semi-finals in the second main competition in the country - the Copa do Brasil - in 1991 , 2001 , 2009 , and to reach the finals in 2011 and 2012 . Coritiba is the only club who have six consecutive Paranaense titles , between 1971 and 1976 . Coritiba is also the club with the most appearances in this championship . The club are currently in first place on the FPF ranking , 14th place on the CBF ranking , 83rd place on the Conmebol ranking and 125th on the international IFFHS ranking . The club has more than 30,000 members [ citation needed ] . As of 2013 , Coritiba has partnerships ( including loans and exchanges of youth players ) with Porto and Benfica of Portugal , Chivas Guadalajara of Mexico , Daegu of South Korea and VVV-Venlo of the Netherlands . Coritiba is the first football club in the south of Brazil to begin to embrace American football .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Emerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emerson_Ferreira_da_Rosa', 'summary': 'Emerson Ferreira da Rosa ( born 4 April 1976 ) , simply known as Emerson , is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Miami Dade FC as a defensive midfielder . At international level , he played 73 games for the Brazil national team between 1997 and 2006 , scoring 6 goals . With Brazil , he has taken part in two FIFA World Cups ( 1998 , 2006 , missing out on the 2002 FIFA World Cup due to injury ) , two editions of the Copa América ( 1999 , 2001 ) , and three Confederations Cups ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) , winning the 1999 Copa América and the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup , while also reaching the 1998 World Cup Final . An experienced footballer who was nicknamed the Puma due to his powerful but elegant , ball-winning style of play , Emerson has played for two Brazilian clubs , Grêmio and Santos , as well as several European clubs in Germany , Italy , and Spain , including Bayer Leverkusen , Roma , Juventus , Real Madrid and Milan , winning several titles . In addition to his Brazilian passport , Emerson also holds Italian , German and Qatari passports .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'George Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Lucas_Coser', 'summary': 'George Lucas Coser ( born 20 February 1984 ) , known as Lucas , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right back . He also holds Italian nationality .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celta de Vigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celta_de_Vigo', 'summary': "Real Club Celta de Vigo ( Galician pronunciation : [ reˈal ˈkluβ ˈθeltɐ ðɪ ˈβiɣʊ ] ; Royal Club Celta de Vigo ) , commonly known as Celta Vigo or simply Celta , is a Spanish professional football club based in Vigo , Galicia , currently playing in La Liga . It was founded on 23 August 1923 following the merger of Real Vigo Sporting and Real Fortuna Football Club . Nicknamed Os Celestes ( The Sky Blues ) , they play in sky blue shirts and socks along with white shorts . The club 's home stadium is the Abanca-Balaídos , which seats 29,000 spectators . Celta 's name is derived from the Celts who were once present in the region . Its main rival is fellow Galician club Deportivo de La Coruña , with whom it contests the Galician derby . Celta have never won the league title nor Copa del Rey , although they have reached the final three times in the latter . One of the team 's best seasons was 1970-71 , when they finished unbeaten at home and were known as the giant-killers . Celta came sixth that season and qualified for the UEFA Cup for the first time . The club finished in their best-ever position of fourth in 2002-03 , qualifying for the 2003-04 UEFA Champions League , where they were eliminated by Arsenal in the Round of 16 . In the 2016-17 UEFA Europa League , Celta reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Europa League for the first time , losing to Manchester United ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sérgio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sérgio_Luís_de_Araújo', 'summary': 'Sérgio Luís de Araújo , usually known as Sérgio ( born 11 May 1970 in Kaloré , Paraná ) , is a Brazilian football player who played as goalkeeper . Sergio retired in 2013 after playing for Imbituba . He played for Palmeiras , Portuguesa and Vitória in the Campeonato Brasileiro .'}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Itumbiara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itumbiara_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': 'Itumbiara Esporte Clube , usually known simply as Itumbiara , is a Brazilian football club from Itumbiara , Goiás state . The club competed in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A in 1979 and won the state championship in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- In', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2009_Santos_FC_season_1', 'intro': "The 2009 season was Santos Futebol Clube's ninety-seventh season in existence and the club's fifty consecutive season in the top flight of Brazilian football."}
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What team did the player born on born May 21 , 1986 move from ?
Vasco
082d79ba7488a334
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Austria at the 1992 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Ortlieb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Ortlieb', 'summary': "Patrick Ortlieb ( born 20 May 1967 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist from Austria . A specialist in the speed events , he was also a world champion in the downhill event . Born in Bregenz in Vorarlberg , Ortlieb started skiing early at the age of three . He won the downhill event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in France , gathered twenty World Cup podiums ( sixty top tens ) , and was World Champion in 1996 in downhill . At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , he finished fourth in the downhill at Kvitfjell . A month earlier , he won the famed downhill on the Hahnenkamm in Kitzbühel , Austria . Five years later in January 1999 , Ortlieb 's racing career ended at age 31 after a serious crash during a practice run on the same slope at Kitzbühel . He suffered a compound fracture of the right femur and a badly dislocated and slightly fractured right hip after losing control and crashing into the safety nets at the Hausbergkante ( mountain house corner ) . Later in the year , he was elected to the National Council of Austria for the Freedom Party of Austria , where he stayed for three years . He currently runs a four-star hotel , named Hotel Montana , in Lech am Arlberg in Vorarlberg ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine Skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Downhill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_downhill", 'summary': "The Men 's Downhill competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Val d'Isère on Sunday , 9 February . The defending world champion was Franz Heinzer of Switzerland , who was also the defending World Cup downhill champion and led the current season . Defending Olympic champion Pirmin Zurbriggen of Switzerland had retired from competition two years earlier ; this was the fourth consecutive Olympics without the defending champion in the field . The race was run on a new course on La Face de Bellevarde , designed by 1972 champion Bernhard Russi . Austria 's Patrick Ortlieb , who had yet to win a World Cup event , won the gold medal ; Franck Piccard of France was only 0.05 seconds back to take the silver , and the bronze medalist was Günther Mader of Austria . Ortlieb was first racer on the course , and he became the fifth Austrian to win the event , in its twelfth edition . Heinzer was sixth , more than a second back . The course started at an elevation of 2,809 m ( 9,216 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 973 m ( 3,192 ft ) and a course length of 3.048 km ( 1.89 mi ) . Ortlieb 's winning time of 110.37 seconds yielded an average course speed of 99.418 km/h ( 61.8 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 8.816 m/s ( 28.9 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petra Kronberger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petra_Kronberger', 'summary': 'Petra Kronberger ( born 21 February 1969 , in Pfarrwerfen ) is an Austrian former alpine skier , who participated in all disciplines . She was the first female alpine skier to win in all five World Cup events .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine Skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's Combined", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_combined", 'summary': "The Women 's combined competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Meribel . The defending world champion was Chantal Bournissen of Switzerland , while Austria 's Sabine Ginther was the defending World Cup and 1992 World Cup combined champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petra Kronberger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petra_Kronberger', 'summary': 'Petra Kronberger ( born 21 February 1969 , in Pfarrwerfen ) is an Austrian former alpine skier , who participated in all disciplines . She was the first female alpine skier to win in all five World Cup events .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine Skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's Slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_slalom", 'summary': "The Women 's slalom competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Meribel . The defending world champion was Vreni Schneider of Switzerland , who was also leader of the 1992 World Cup , while Petra Kronberger was the defending World Cup slalom champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingo Appelt Harald Winkler Gerhard Haidacher Thomas Schroll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingo_Appelt', 'summary': "Ingo Appelt ( born 11 December 1961 in Innsbruck ) is an Austrian bobsledder who competed from the late 1980s to early 1992 . He was Bobsleigh World Cup combined men 's champion in 1987-8 , and four-man champion in 1987-8 and 1988-9 . Competing in two Winter Olympics , Appelt won the gold medal in the four-man event at Albertville in 1992 . He also won a bronze medal in the four-man event at the 1990 FIBT World Championships in St. Moritz . Appelt retired from bobsledding at the 1992 games . Appelt became a Member of Tyrolean Parliament for the Freedom Party of Austria , but meanwhile he works again as a jeweller and jewellery designer in Fulpmes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harald_Winkler', 'summary': 'Harald Winkler ( born 17 December 1962 ) is an Austrian bobsledder who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a gold medal in the four-man event with teammates Ingo Appelt , Gerhard Haidacher and Thomas Schroll at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . Winkler also won two medals in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships with a silver in 1993 and a bronze in 1990 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gerhard_Haidacher', 'summary': 'Gerhard Haidacher ( born 29 April 1963 ) is an Austrian bobsledder who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a gold medal in the four-man event with teammates Ingo Appelt , Harald Winkler and Thomas Schroll at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . Haidacher also earned a silver medal in the four-man event at the 1993 FIBT World Championships in Igls .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Schroll', 'summary': 'Thomas Schroll ( born 26 November 1965 ) is a former bobsledder from Austria who competed from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s . He won a gold medal in the four-men event with teammates Ingo Appelt , Harald Winkler and Gerhard Haidacher at the 1992 Winter Olympics of Albertville . Schroll also finished fourth in the two-man event with Appelt at those same games . Schroll also won a silver medal in the four-man event at the 1995 FIBT World Championships in Winterberg .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Bobsleigh at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of two events , at La Plagne . The competition took place between February 15 and February 22 , 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Four-Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_-_Four-man', 'summary': 'The Four-man bobsleigh competition at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville was held on 21 and 22 February , at La Plagne .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doris Neuner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doris_Neuner', 'summary': "Doris Neuner ( born 10 May 1971 ) is an Austrian luger who competed during the 1990s . She won the gold medal in the women 's singles event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . Neuner 's older sister , Angelika , won a silver medal in this same event at the same games and would win a bronze in this event at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . Neuner also won four medals at the FIL World Luge Championships , winning two silvers ( Mixed team : 1991 , 1993 ) and two bronzes ( Women 's singles : 1993 , Mixed team : 1995 ) . Her best finish in the overall Luge World Cup title was second in 1992-3 ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at La Plagne . The competition took place between February 9 and February 12 , 1992 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Luge_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_singles", 'summary': "The Women 's singles luge competition at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville was held on 11 and 12 February , at La Plagne . The final results saw the third ever occurrence of female siblings on the same individual 's event Olympic podium , with Austrian sisters Angelika Neuner ( gold ) and Doris Neuner ( silver ) repeating the achievement of sisters Marielle Goitschel and Christine Goitschel in both the Innsbruck 1964 slalom and 1964 giant slalom ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernst Vettori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Vettori', 'summary': 'Ernst Vettori ( born 25 June 1964 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski Jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 9 February to 16 February , taking place at Tremplin du Praz .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Normal Hill", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Normal_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's normal hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1992 Winter Olympics was held in Tremplin du Praz . It occurred on 9 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anita Wachter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anita_Wachter', 'summary': 'Anita Wachter ( born 12 February 1967 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist from Austria . She focused on the technical events and specialized in giant slalom . Born in Bartholomäberg , Montafon , Vorarlberg , Wachter won the World Cup overall title in 1993 , and the giant slalom title twice ( 1990 & 1994 ) . She was the gold medalist in the combined at the 1988 Winter Olympics , and won two silver medals in 1992 ( combined and giant slalom ) . Wachter also won five medals at the World Championships ; she represented Austria in three Olympics and eight World Championships . Wachter retired from competition after the 2001 season with 19 World Cup wins ( 14 Giant Slalom , 2 Super G , 1 Slalom , 2 Combined ) , attained 76 podiums , and had 175 top ten finishes . She is living together with her longtime companion Rainer Salzgeber ; they have two daughters .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine Skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's Combined", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_combined", 'summary': "The Women 's combined competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Meribel . The defending world champion was Chantal Bournissen of Switzerland , while Austria 's Sabine Ginther was the defending World Cup and 1992 World Cup combined champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anita Wachter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anita_Wachter', 'summary': 'Anita Wachter ( born 12 February 1967 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist from Austria . She focused on the technical events and specialized in giant slalom . Born in Bartholomäberg , Montafon , Vorarlberg , Wachter won the World Cup overall title in 1993 , and the giant slalom title twice ( 1990 & 1994 ) . She was the gold medalist in the combined at the 1988 Winter Olympics , and won two silver medals in 1992 ( combined and giant slalom ) . Wachter also won five medals at the World Championships ; she represented Austria in three Olympics and eight World Championships . Wachter retired from competition after the 2001 season with 19 World Cup wins ( 14 Giant Slalom , 2 Super G , 1 Slalom , 2 Combined ) , attained 76 podiums , and had 175 top ten finishes . She is living together with her longtime companion Rainer Salzgeber ; they have two daughters .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine Skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's Giant Slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_giant_slalom", 'summary': "The Women 's giant slalom competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Meribel . The defending world champion was Pernilla Wiberg of Sweden , while Switzerland 's Vreni Schneider was the defending World Cup giant slalom champion and France 's Carole Merle led the 1992 World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Markus Prock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Markus_Prock', 'summary': "Markus Prock ( born 22 June 1964 ) is an Austrian luger who competed between 1983 and 2002 . Born in Innsbruck , Prock competed in six Winter Olympics winning three medals in the men 's singles event with two silvers ( 1992 , 1994 ) and one bronze ( 2002 ) . Prock grew up in the village of Mieders in the Stubaital . His parents managed a petrol station and a pension . He competed in several sports in his youth , ski racing , playing football and sprinting , achieving personal bests of 22.8s for the 200m and 50.9s for the 400m whilst in high school . He took up luge after racing in a competition for teenagers held at Igls . Prock was known for his rivalry with Georg Hackl , with Prock being dominant in World Cup competition whilst Hackl consistently achieved success at the Winter Olympics . Prock was noted for his athleticism and his powerful start . At the FIL World Luge Championships , Prock won 13 medals , including five gold ( Men 's singles : 1987 , 1996 ; Mixed team : 1996 , 1997 , 1999 ) , four silvers ( Men 's singles : 1990 , 1997 ; Mixed team : 1991 , 1993 ) , and four bronzes ( Men 's singles : 1995 , 2001 ; Mixed team : 1995 , 2001 ) . Prock won ten medals at the FIL European Luge Championships with five in men 's singles ( gold : 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ; silver : 1988 , 1990 ) and five medals in the mixed team event ( silver : 1992 , 1996 ; bronze : 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) . He also won the overall Luge World Cup ten times in men 's singles ( 1987-8 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1992-3 , 1993-4 , 1994-5 , 1995-6 , 1996-7 , 1998-9 , 2001-2 ) . After retiring from competition , Prock was appointed as sporting director of the Austrian Luge Federation in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at La Plagne . The competition took place between February 9 and February 12 , 1992 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Luge_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_singles", 'summary': "The men 's singles luge competition at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville was held on 9 and 10 February , at La Plagne ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angelika Neuner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelika_Neuner', 'summary': "Angelika Neuner ( born December 23 , 1969 ) is an Austrian luger who competed from 1987 to 2002 . Competing in four Winter Olympics , she won two medals in the women 's singles event with a silver in 1992 and a bronze in 1998 . Her younger sister , Doris , won the gold medal in the same event at Albertville in 1992 . Neuner also won six medals at the FIL World Luge Championships , including two gold ( Mixed team : 1996 , 1997 ) , one silver ( Mixed team : 1993 ) , and three bronzes ( Women 's singles : 1997 , Mixed team : 1995 , 2000 ) . She won five medals at the FIL European Luge Championships , earning them in 1992 ( silver : Mixed team ) , 1996 ( silver : Mixed team , bronze : Women 's singles ) , 1998 ( bronze : Mixed team ) and 2002 ( bronze : Mixed team ) . Neuner 's best finish in the overall Luge World Cup was second in 1996-7 . She carried the Austrian flag during the opening ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at La Plagne . The competition took place between February 9 and February 12 , 1992 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Luge_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_singles", 'summary': "The Women 's singles luge competition at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville was held on 11 and 12 February , at La Plagne . The final results saw the third ever occurrence of female siblings on the same individual 's event Olympic podium , with Austrian sisters Angelika Neuner ( gold ) and Doris Neuner ( silver ) repeating the achievement of sisters Marielle Goitschel and Christine Goitschel in both the Innsbruck 1964 slalom and 1964 giant slalom ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Höllwarth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Höllwarth', 'summary': 'Martin Höllwarth ( born 13 April 1974 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski Jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 9 February to 16 February , taking place at Tremplin du Praz .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Normal Hill", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Normal_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's normal hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1992 Winter Olympics was held in Tremplin du Praz . It occurred on 9 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Höllwarth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Höllwarth', 'summary': 'Martin Höllwarth ( born 13 April 1974 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski Jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 9 February to 16 February , taking place at Tremplin du Praz .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Large Hill", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1992 Winter Olympics was held in Tremplin du Praz . It occurred on 16 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz Kuttin Ernst Vettori Martin Höllwarth Andreas Felder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz_Kuttin', 'summary': 'Heinz Kuttin ( born 5 January 1971 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Vettori', 'summary': 'Ernst Vettori ( born 25 June 1964 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Höllwarth', 'summary': 'Martin Höllwarth ( born 13 April 1974 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Felder', 'summary': 'Andreas Felder ( born 6 March 1962 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper . During this period he dominated the sport , together with contemporaries Jens Weißflog and Matti Nykänen . Felder finished in the top three overall six times in the World Cup , including a No . 1 ranking in the 1990/91 season . He won his first international championship medal at the 1982 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oslo with a silver medal in the team large hill competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski Jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 9 February to 16 February , taking place at Tremplin du Praz .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Team Large Hill", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Large_hill_team', 'summary': "The men 's large hill team ski jumping competition for the 1992 Winter Olympics was held at Tremplin du Praz . The competition took place on 14 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Günther Mader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Günther_Mader', 'summary': 'Günther Mader ( born 24 June 1964 ) is a former alpine ski racer and Olympic medalist from Austria . Born in Matrei am Brenner , Tyrol , he is one of only five men to have won World Cup races in all five alpine disciplines ( downhill , super G , giant slalom , slalom , and combined ) . Mader made his World Cup debut at age 18 and competed for 16 seasons , including four Winter Olympics and seven world championships . He was the bronze medalist in the downhill at the 1992 Olympics and won a total of six medals in the world championships . He won his first championship medal , the silver medal in the Slalom Race at Crans Montana in 1987 , after only placing eighth after the first leg of the competition . Mader won two World Cup season titles , giant slalom in 1990 and combined in 1996 , and placed second in the overall World Cup standings in 1995 and 1996 , and third in 1990 . Without his 14 wins , he did achieve another 27 places in World Cup races . [ clarification needed ] His only World Cup victory in downhill was the prestigious Hahnenkamm in Kitzbühel , Austria , in 1996 at age 31 . Mader retired from competition after the 1998 season with 14 World Cup victories , 44 podiums , and 146 top ten finishes . Only 13 days after his retirement in March 1998 , he suffered a stroke : as a result the right side of his body was paralysed and he lost 85 percent of his vocabulary . However he recovered to the greatest possible extent . After convalescence , he wrote a book titled ÜberLeben which covered his career , the stroke and his work as director of racing at ski manufacturer Salomon in Austria , a position he took up during his recovery from his stroke .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine Skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Downhill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_downhill", 'summary': "The Men 's Downhill competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Val d'Isère on Sunday , 9 February . The defending world champion was Franz Heinzer of Switzerland , who was also the defending World Cup downhill champion and led the current season . Defending Olympic champion Pirmin Zurbriggen of Switzerland had retired from competition two years earlier ; this was the fourth consecutive Olympics without the defending champion in the field . The race was run on a new course on La Face de Bellevarde , designed by 1972 champion Bernhard Russi . Austria 's Patrick Ortlieb , who had yet to win a World Cup event , won the gold medal ; Franck Piccard of France was only 0.05 seconds back to take the silver , and the bronze medalist was Günther Mader of Austria . Ortlieb was first racer on the course , and he became the fifth Austrian to win the event , in its twelfth edition . Heinzer was sixth , more than a second back . The course started at an elevation of 2,809 m ( 9,216 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 973 m ( 3,192 ft ) and a course length of 3.048 km ( 1.89 mi ) . Ortlieb 's winning time of 110.37 seconds yielded an average course speed of 99.418 km/h ( 61.8 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 8.816 m/s ( 28.9 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Tritscher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Tritscher', 'summary': 'Michael Tritscher ( born 6 November 1965 ) is an Austrian alpine skier . He was born in Schladming . He finished seventh in the slalom at the 1989 World Championships in Vail , Colorado , and won the bronze medal in slalom at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . He has also won several World Cup races .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine Skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_slalom", 'summary': "The Men 's slalom competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Les Ménuires . The defending world champion was Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg , who was also the defending World Cup slalom champion , while Alberto Tomba was the leader of the 1992 World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veronika Stallmaier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veronika_Stallmaier', 'summary': 'Veronika Stallmaier , née Wallinger , ( born July 30 , 1964 in St. Kolomann ) is a retired Austrian alpine skier .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine Skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's Downhill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_downhill", 'summary': "The Women 's downhill competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Meribel on Saturday , 15 February . The defending world champion was Petra Kronberger of Austria , while Switzerland 's Chantal Bournissen was the defending World Cup downhill champion and Germany 's Katja Seizinger led the current season . Kerrin Lee-Gartner of Canada won the gold medal , Hilary Lindh of the United States took the silver , and Veronika Wallinger of Austria was the bronze medalist . Seizinger and Kronberger were close behind and just off the podium , while Bournissen failed to finish . ( Seizinger won the next two editions in 1994 and 1998 . ) The Roc de Fer ( iron rock ) course started at an elevation of 2,260 m ( 7,415 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 828 m ( 2,717 ft ) and a course length of 2.770 km ( 1.72 mi ) . Lee-Gartner 's winning time was 112.55 seconds , yielding an average course speed of 88.601 km/h ( 55.1 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 7.357 m/s ( 24.1 ft/s ) . Lee-Gartner was the first from outside the Alps to win a women 's speed event ( downhill , super-G ) at the Olympics ; through 2018 , she remains the only Canadian to win an Olympic speed event ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Markus Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Markus_Schmidt_(luger)', 'summary': "Markus Schmidt ( born October 23 , 1968 ) is an Austrian luger who competed between 1987 and 1997 . Competing in two Winter Olympics , he earned a bronze medal in the men 's singles event at Albertville in 1992 . Schmidt also won two medals in the mixed team event at the FIL World Luge Championships with a gold in 1996 and a silver in 1991 . He also won two silver medals in the mixed team event at the 1992 FIL European Luge Championships in Winterberg , Germany and 1996 FIL European Luge Championships in Sigulda , Latvia , bronze medal in the mixed team event at the 1994 FIL European Luge Championships in Königssee , Germany and bronze medal in the men 's singles event at the 1996 FIL European Luge Championships in Sigulda , Latvia ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at La Plagne . The competition took place between February 9 and February 12 , 1992 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Luge_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_singles", 'summary': "The men 's singles luge competition at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville was held on 9 and 10 February , at La Plagne ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klaus Sulzenbacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Sulzenbacher', 'summary': "Klaus Sulzenbacher ( born 3 February 1965 in Kitzbühel , Austria ) is a former Nordic combined skier . Between 1983 and 1991 he won 14 World Cup competitions , and also won the World Cup twice . At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , he won silver in the 15 km individual competition , and bronze in the 3 x 10 km team competition . At the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships he finished second in the 15 km individual competition , and won in the 3 x 10 km team event . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , he won bronze medals in both the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team competitions . Sulzenbacher grew up in Kitzbuehel , Tyrol , which is often considered Austria 's mecca of Alpine skiing . That he went to train in Nordic skiing in his youth , and not in Alpine styles , is remarkable given that at the time virtually the entire well-funded Austrian Ski Federation system was geared towards Alpine ski racing . Sulzenbacher must be credited for breaking new ground . As Austria 's first successful Nordic skier , Sulzenbacher is regarded as cornerstone for the successes of both Mario Stecher and Felix Gottwald . With four Olympic medals , he is among Austria 's most successful Olympic competitors . Following his retirement from competition , he now works as a physiotherapist in Stams ."}]}, {'value': 'Nordic Combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Nordic combined event at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of two athletic disciplines ( ski jumping and cross-country skiing ) , held from 11 February to 17 February . The ski jumping portion and the 15 km cross-country portion of the Nordic Combined event were both held at Courchevel-le Praz . A temporary cross-country stadium was constructed in a field directly adjacent ( east ) to the Tremplin du Praz ski jump outrun . All other cross-country and Biathlon competitions were held at Les Saisies .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Individual", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klaus Ofner Stefan Kreiner Klaus Sulzenbacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Ofner', 'summary': 'Klaus Ofner ( born 15 June 1968 ) in Murau , Steiermark ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a bronze medal in the Nordic combined 3 x 10 km team event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . Ofner also won two medals at the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Val di Fiemme with gold in the 3 x 10 km team event and bronze in the 15 km individual event .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Kreiner', 'summary': 'Stefan Kreiner ( born October 30 , 1973 ) is a former Austrian nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s . He won a bronze in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Sulzenbacher', 'summary': "Klaus Sulzenbacher ( born 3 February 1965 in Kitzbühel , Austria ) is a former Nordic combined skier . Between 1983 and 1991 he won 14 World Cup competitions , and also won the World Cup twice . At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , he won silver in the 15 km individual competition , and bronze in the 3 x 10 km team competition . At the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships he finished second in the 15 km individual competition , and won in the 3 x 10 km team event . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , he won bronze medals in both the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team competitions . Sulzenbacher grew up in Kitzbuehel , Tyrol , which is often considered Austria 's mecca of Alpine skiing . That he went to train in Nordic skiing in his youth , and not in Alpine styles , is remarkable given that at the time virtually the entire well-funded Austrian Ski Federation system was geared towards Alpine ski racing . Sulzenbacher must be credited for breaking new ground . As Austria 's first successful Nordic skier , Sulzenbacher is regarded as cornerstone for the successes of both Mario Stecher and Felix Gottwald . With four Olympic medals , he is among Austria 's most successful Olympic competitors . Following his retirement from competition , he now works as a physiotherapist in Stams ."}]}, {'value': 'Nordic Combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Nordic combined event at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of two athletic disciplines ( ski jumping and cross-country skiing ) , held from 11 February to 17 February . The ski jumping portion and the 15 km cross-country portion of the Nordic Combined event were both held at Courchevel-le Praz . A temporary cross-country stadium was constructed in a field directly adjacent ( east ) to the Tremplin du Praz ski jump outrun . All other cross-country and Biathlon competitions were held at Les Saisies .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 3 x 10 km Relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz Kuttin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz_Kuttin', 'summary': 'Heinz Kuttin ( born 5 January 1971 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski Jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 9 February to 16 February , taking place at Tremplin du Praz .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Large Hill", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Large_hill_team', 'summary': "The men 's large hill team ski jumping competition for the 1992 Winter Olympics was held at Tremplin du Praz . The competition took place on 14 February ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Austria_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Austria competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France.'}
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What event did the athlete with a sister in the same event win ?
Women 's singles
082ee5eff62120b6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_R&B_Album', 'title': 'Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album', 'header': ['Year', 'Performing artist ( s )', 'Work', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/45th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 45th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 2003 at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Musicians accomplishments from the previous year were recognized . Norah Jones and her song Do n't Know Why were the main recipients of the night , garnering six Grammys , including four major awards : Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year and Best New Artist , plus Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Pop Vocal Album . Songwriter Jesse Harris received the Song of the Year award for his work on Do n't Know Why . Simon and Garfunkel reunited to open the show performing The Sound of Silence ."}]}, {'value': 'Ashanti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashanti_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Ashanti Shequoiya Douglas ( born October 13 , 1980 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , dancer , and actress . She was first discovered as a teenager and later signed to Murder Inc. in 2002 . That year , she was featured on Fat Joe 's Whats Luv ? and Ja Rule 's Always on Time , both of which became two of the biggest hit songs of 2002 ; Ashanti became the first female artist to occupy the top two positions on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 chart simultaneously when Foolish and What 's Luv ? were at numbers one and two , respectively . In 2002 , Ashanti released her eponymous debut album , which sold over 505,000 copies throughout the U.S. in its first week of release . The album earned her many awards , including eight Billboard Music Awards , two American Music Awards , and a Grammy Award in 2003 for Best Contemporary R & B Album . The album has since been certified triple platinum in the United States and sold six million copies worldwide . The lead single for the album , Foolish , was a critical and commercial success ; it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . With Foolish , she became the second artist ( after The Beatles ) to have their first three chart entries in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously . Ashanti wrote and sang for Jennifer Lopez 's Ai n't It Funny ( Murder Remix ) , which also reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ashanti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashanti_(album)', 'summary': "Ashanti is the self-titled debut studio album by American singer and songwriter Ashanti . Released on April 2 , 2002 , via Murder Inc. and Island Def Jam , the album was recorded in New York City and Los Angeles between 2001 and 2002 , during the period of time where Ashanti was writing for other artists . Its music has the sound of R & B and hip hop soul . The album features guest vocals from Gotti , Ja Rule , and the late The Notorious B.I.G . Contributions to the album 's production came from a wide range of producers , including Irv Gotti , 7 Aurelius , Chink Santana , Jared Thomas and Reggie Wright . Ashanti debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and the Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums chart with first-week sales of 503,000 units , the biggest first-week sales for a debut female artist up to then . The album was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of three million copies on December 17 , 2002 . It earned Ashanti three Grammy Award nominations for Best New Artist , Best Female R & B Vocal Performance and Best Contemporary R & B Album , winning in the latter category . Billboard magazine ranked Ashanti at number 100 on its Top 200 Albums of the Decade . The album has sold six million copies worldwide . The album was promoted by four singles . Foolish was released as the lead single from the project and peaked atop the record charts of 15 nations , including the US Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brandy - Full Moon Faith Evans - Faithfully Floetry - Floetic Meshell Ndegeocello - Cookie : The Anthropological Mixtape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandy_Norwood', 'summary': "Brandy Rayana Norwood ( born February 11 , 1979 ) , known professionally by her mononym Brandy , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . Born into a musical family in McComb , Mississippi and raised in Carson , California , she began her career as a child and performed as a backing vocalist for teen groups . In 1993 , Norwood signed with Atlantic Records . The following year , she released her self-titled debut album , which was certified quadruple Platinum in the US , selling six million copies worldwide . Norwood starred in the UPN sitcom Moesha as the title character , which lasted six seasons and resulted in numerous other roles . She resumed her music career in 1998 with the wildly successful duet with fellow R & B contemporary Monica , The Boy Is Mine , which went on to become the best selling female duet of all time , and one of the longest running number one singles in history . Her second album , Never Say Never , sold 16 million copies worldwide , featured two number one singles , and earned Norwood her first Grammy Award . This launched her into international stardom , with films , endorsements , sold out concert tours , and her own line of Barbie dolls . Throughout the 2000s , Norwood held a precarious position in the pop industry . In 2002 , she starred in the reality series Brandy : Special Delivery , documenting the birth of her daughter . Her third and fourth albums , Full Moon ( 2002 ) and Afrodisiac ( 2004 ) , were released to critical and commercial success . She served as a judge on the first season of America 's Got Talent before being involved in a widely publicized car accident in 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Full_Moon_(Brandy_Norwood_album)', 'summary': "Full Moon is the third studio album by American R & B recording artist Brandy . It was released by Atlantic Records on March 5 , 2002 . The album was recorded primarily during the summer and fall of 2001 at The Hit Factory in Miami , amid a three-year musical hiatus following the success of her multi-platinum previous studio album Never Say Never ( 1998 ) and the finale of her highly successful television sitcom Moesha in May 2001 . As with Never Say Never , Brandy collaborated with producer Rodney Jerkins and his Darkchild production and songwriting team on the majority of the album 's composition , while additional work from Mike City , Warryn Campbell , and Keith Crouch was contributed . Brandy credited Whitney Houston , Kim Burrell and Enya for inspiring her to push the limits of her voice and vocal arrangements . Jerkins credited Michael Jackson , Brandy 's voice , and his experiences at European nightclubs for influencing the sound of the album . Her prior relationship and then-private relationship with Darkchild in-house producer Big Bert inspired the lyrics and song concepts . Musically , Full Moon drew inspiration from UK garage , electro , dance , glitch , and funktronica , while blending soul and R & B elements into adult contemporary ballads . At the time of its release , the album received mixed reviews from music critics , but has since earned retrospective acclaim and recognition from musicians , singers , and producers , primarily for Brandy 's vocal work . The album became Brandy Norwood 's highest-charting album , as well as garnering two Grammy Award nominations including Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 45th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony . Full Moon debuted at number one on the US Billboard Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums chart , and at number two on the Billboard 200 , selling approximately 156,000 copies in its first week of release , and has been certified platinum by the RIAA . The album spawned three singles - What About Us ? , Full Moon and He Is ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Faith_Evans', 'summary': "Faith Renée Jordan ( née Evans ; born June 10 , 1973 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . Born in Lakeland , Florida , and raised in New Jersey , Evans relocated to Los Angeles in 1991 for a career in the music business . After working as a backing vocalist for Al B . Sure ! and Christopher Williams , she became the first female artist to contract with Sean Puff Daddy Combs ' Bad Boy Entertainment recording company in 1994 . On the label , she featured on records with several label mates such as 112 and Carl Thomas , and released three platinum-certified studio albums between 1995 and 2001 : Faith ( 1995 ) , Keep the Faith ( 1998 ) and Faithfully ( 2001 ) . In 2003 , she ended her relationship with the company to sign with Capitol Records . Her first album released on the label , The First Lady ( 2005 ) became her highest-charting album at the time , reaching the top of the US Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums charts , while the holiday album A Faithful Christmas , released the same year , would become her last release before the company was bought in 2007 . Following a longer hiatus , Evans released her fifth album Something About Faith on the independent label Prolific and Entertainment One Music in 2010 . With a career spanning two decades , Evans has sold over 18 million records worldwide . Other than her recording career , Evans is most known as the widow of New York rapper Christopher The Notorious B.I.G . Wallace , whom she married on August 4 , 1994 , a few weeks after meeting at a Bad Boy photoshoot ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Faithfully_(Faith_Evans_album)', 'summary': "Faithfully is the third studio album by American singer Faith Evans , released by Bad Boy Records in the United States on November 6 , 2001 ( see 2001 in music ) . Featuring production by Sean Combs , The Neptunes , Cory Rooney , Michael Angelo Saulsberry , Mario Winans , it peaked at number 14 on the U.S . Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the RIAA . The album spawned five total singles including Ca n't Believe featuring Carl Thomas , You Gets No Love featuring P. Diddy & Loon , the Billboard Top 40 hit , I Love You , and Alone in This World , respectfully . This was the last album by Faith Evans to be recorded with Bad Boy Records before her split in 2003 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Floetry', 'summary': 'Floetry was an English R & B duo comprising Marsha Ambrosius ( the Songstress ) and Natalie Stewart ( the Floacist ) . The group recorded two studio albums , one live album , and sold over 1,500,000 records worldwide . Formed in 1997 , Floetry started on the performance poetry stage . They are two of the many artist responsible for developing the genre that is now known as Neo-Soul , while also popularizing the use of poetry and spoken word throughout music . They have worked with many musicians and artist including : Jill Scott , Queen Latifah , Michael Jackson , Common , The Roots , Bilal , and more founders of Neo-Soul .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Floetic', 'summary': 'Floetic is the debut album by the English R & B duo Floetry , released by DreamWorks Records in the United States on 1 October 2002 and on Polydor Records in the United Kingdom on 25 November 2002 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Meshell_Ndegeocello', 'summary': 'Michelle Lynn Johnson , better known as Meshell Ndegeocello ( /mɪˈʃɛl ndɛˈɡeɪoʊtʃɛloʊ/ ; born August 29 , 1968 ) , is an American singer-songwriter , rapper , and bassist . She has gone by the name Meshell Suhaila Bashir-Shakur which is used as a writing credit on some of her later work . Her music incorporates a wide variety of influences , including funk , soul , jazz , hip hop , reggae and rock . She has received significant critical acclaim throughout her career , and although she has never won a Grammy Award , she has been nominated ten times . She has been credited for helping to have sparked the neo-soul movement .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cookie:_The_Anthropological_Mixtape', 'summary': "Cookie : The Anthropological Mixtape is an album by Meshell Ndegeocello . It was released on June 4 , 2002 on Maverick Records . The album peaked at # 67 on the Billboard Top 200 list that year , and was nominated for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 2003 Grammy Awards . The album also peaked at # 21 on the Billboard R & B Album chart and # 67 on Billboard 's Top Internet Albums chart . Two singles were released from the LP . The remixed version of Pocketbook charted on Billboard 's R & B Bubbling Under the Hot 100 chart , for several weeks , also appearing on the R & B Airplay and Sales charts . Earth was remixed by Ben Watt and peaked at # 14 on Billboard 's Dance Music/Maxi Single Sales chart . The album pays homage to the power of the word , written and spoken , Meshell Ndegeocello states in the liner notes of the album . It features short clips of spoken word performances by writers , poets and activists such as Angela Davis , Gil-Scott Heron and Etheridge Knight ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/46th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 46th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 8 , 2004 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The big winners were Beyoncé , who won five awards , and Outkast , who won three awards including Album of the Year . Tied for the most nominations , with six each , were Knowles , Outkast , and Jay-Z .'}]}, {'value': 'Beyoncé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyoncé', 'summary': "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter ( /biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say ; born September 4 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . Born and raised in Houston , Texas , Beyoncé performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child . She rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of Destiny 's Child , one of the best-selling girl groups of all time . During Destiny 's Child 's hiatus , Beyoncé made her theatrical film debut with a role in the US box-office number-one Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) and recorded her first solo album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) , which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart . It also featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Crazy in Love and Baby Boy . Following the disbandment of Destiny 's Child in 2006 , she released her second solo album , B'Day , which contained the US number-one single Irreplaceable , as well as the UK number-one singles Déjà Vu and Beautiful Liar . Beyoncé continued her acting career with starring roles in The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Obsessed ( 2009 ) . Her marriage to rapper Jay-Z and her portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , I Am . Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) , which earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 . It spawned the UK number-one single If I Were a Boy and the US number-one single Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) . After splitting from her manager and father Mathew Knowles in 2010 , Beyoncé released 4 ( 2011 ) , which was influenced by 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . Beyoncé received widespread critical acclaim for her albums , Beyoncé ( 2013 ) and Lemonade ( 2016 ) ; the latter became the world 's best-selling album of 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dangerously in Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dangerously_in_Love', 'summary': "Dangerously in Love is the debut solo studio album by American singer Beyoncé . It was released on June 20 , 2003 through Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment . During the recording of Destiny 's Child 's third studio album Survivor ( 2001 ) , the group announced that they would produce solo albums to be released . Recording sessions for the album took place from March 2002 to March 2003 at several studios , during the hiatus of her then-group Destiny 's Child . As executive producer of the album , Beyoncé took a wider role in its production , co-writing a majority of the songs , choosing which ones to produce and sharing ideas on the mixing and mastering of tracks . The tracks in the album are a mixture of uptempo songs and ballads , which are basically R & B songs ; it also features elements of soul , hip hop and Arabic music . Although Beyoncé remained discreet about her interpretation of the songs , its underlying meanings were attributed by music writers as an allusion to her intimate relationship with then-boyfriend and well-known rapper Jay-Z . Dangerously in Love received positive reviews from music critics upon its release , with critics praising Knowles ' artistic leap . The album also received numerous accolades , earning Beyoncé five Grammy Awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards on February 8 , 2004 . Dangerously in Love reached international commercial success , earning multi-platinum certifications in Australia , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 317,000 copies in its first week , earning Beyoncé the highest debut sales among Destiny 's Child members ' solo albums . Dangerously in Love has sold over 11 million copies worldwide and produced two US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles-Crazy in Love and Baby Boy , as well as two top five singles-Me , Myself and I and Naughty Girl ."}]}, {'value': "Ashanti - Chapter II Mary J. Blige - Love & Life Anthony Hamilton - Comin ' from Where I 'm From R. Kelly - Chocolate Factory", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashanti_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Ashanti Shequoiya Douglas ( born October 13 , 1980 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , dancer , and actress . She was first discovered as a teenager and later signed to Murder Inc. in 2002 . That year , she was featured on Fat Joe 's Whats Luv ? and Ja Rule 's Always on Time , both of which became two of the biggest hit songs of 2002 ; Ashanti became the first female artist to occupy the top two positions on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 chart simultaneously when Foolish and What 's Luv ? were at numbers one and two , respectively . In 2002 , Ashanti released her eponymous debut album , which sold over 505,000 copies throughout the U.S. in its first week of release . The album earned her many awards , including eight Billboard Music Awards , two American Music Awards , and a Grammy Award in 2003 for Best Contemporary R & B Album . The album has since been certified triple platinum in the United States and sold six million copies worldwide . The lead single for the album , Foolish , was a critical and commercial success ; it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . With Foolish , she became the second artist ( after The Beatles ) to have their first three chart entries in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously . Ashanti wrote and sang for Jennifer Lopez 's Ai n't It Funny ( Murder Remix ) , which also reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chapter_II_(Ashanti_album)', 'summary': "Chapter II is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Ashanti . It was released by Murder Inc. and Island Def Jam on July 1 , 2003 in the United States . Ashanti reteamed with Murder Inc. head Irv Gotti and producer Chink Santana to work on the album . Chapter II features a guest appearance by rapper Ja Rule , Chink Santana , and Gunnz . Critical reception towards the album was generally mixed , with critics commending the album 's autobiographical lyrics , and its fun yet light nature , while other critics felt Chapter II lacked creativity and personality and relied too heavily on the formula of her debut album ( 2002 ) . Upon its release , the album debut at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart with first-week sales of 326,000 units . It also reached the top ten in Canada , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . Chapter II was eventually certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in August 2003 and gained gold status in Japan and the United Kingdom . At the 46th Annual Grammy Awards , it earned Ashanti three nominations for Best Contemporary R & B Album , Best Female R & B Vocal Performance , and Best R & B Song . Chapter II spawned three singles , including the Billboard Hot 100 number two song Rock wit U ( Awww Baby ) , the R & B ballad Rain on Me and Breakup 2 Makeup ( Remix ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mary_J._Blige', 'summary': "Mary Jane Blige ( /blaɪʒ/ ; born January 11 , 1971 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and philanthropist . Her career began in 1991 when she signed to Uptown Records . Furthermore , she went on to release 13 studio albums , eight of which have achieved multi-platinum worldwide sales . Blige has won nine Grammy Awards , four American Music Awards , twelve Billboard Music Awards and has also received three Golden Globe Award nominations , including one for her supporting role in the film Mudbound ( 2017 ) and another for its second original song Mighty River for Mudbound ; she also received a nomination for the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actress and Best Original Song , becoming the first person nominated for acting and songwriting in the same year . In 1992 , Blige released her first album , What 's the 411 ? . Her 1994 album My Life is among Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , and Time magazine 's All-Time 100 Albums . She received a Legends Award at the World Music Awards in 2006 , and the Voice of Music Award from ASCAP in 2007.Billboard ranked Blige as the most successful female R & B/Hip-Hop artist of the past 25 years . In 2017 , Billboard magazine named her 2006 song Be Without You as the most successful R & B/Hip-Hop song of all time , as it spent an unparalleled 15 weeks atop the Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and over 75 weeks on the chart . In 2011 , VH1 ranked Blige as the 80th greatest artist of all time . ln 2012 , VH1 ranked Blige at number 9 in The 100 Greatest Women in Music list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Love_&_Life_(Mary_J._Blige_album)', 'summary': "Love & Life is the sixth studio album by American R & B recording artist Mary J. Blige . It was released by Geffen Records on August 26 , 2003 . The album marked Blige 's debut on the Geffen label , following the absorption of her former record company MCA Records . In addition , it saw her reuniting with Sean Diddy Combs , executive producer of her first two studio albums What 's the 411 ? ( 1992 ) and My Life ( 1994 ) , who wrote and executive produced most of Love & Life with his Bad Boy in-house production team The Hitmen , including Mario Winans , D-Dot , and Stevie J . Love & Life was released to positive reception from music critics , who applauded Blige 's vocal performances and her collaboration with Combs on most of the songs . Commercially , it became her second album to debut at the top of the US Billboard 200 chart with 285,298 copies album-equivalent units . Though less successful than its predecessor No More Drama ( 2001 ) , the album was eventually certified platinum by the RIAA . Internationally , it entered the top ten in Canada , Sweden , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . Love & Life also received numerous accolades , earning Blige her first nomination for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 46th Grammy ceremony . In support of the album , five singles from the album were released . Lead single Love @ 1st Sight , a collaboration with rapper Method Man , and second single Ooh !"}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Hamilton_(musician)', 'summary': "Anthony Cornelius Hamilton ( born January 28 , 1971 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and record producer who rose to fame with his platinum-selling second studio album Comin ' from Where I 'm From ( 2003 ) , which featured the title track single Comin ' from Where I 'm From and the follow-up Charlene . Nominated for 17 Grammy Awards , he is also known for the song Freedom from the soundtrack album of Django Unchained co-written and sung as a duo with indie soul singer Elayna Boynton ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Comin'_from_Where_I'm_From", 'summary': "Comin ' from Where I 'm From is the second studio album by American singer Anthony Hamilton . It was released on September 23 , 2003 , by So So Def Recordings and Arista Records . The album debuted at number 33 on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 33,000 copies , while peaking at number six on the Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums chart . Comin ' from Where I 'm From was certified platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on December 2 , 2004 , and as of December 2005 , it had sold 1.2 million copies in the United States . The album 's second single , Charlene , peaked at number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number five on the Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart , becoming Hamilton 's most successful single to date . The album earned Hamilton three Grammy Award nominations in 2004 - Best Traditional R & B Vocal Performance , Best R & B Song ( both for the title track ) , and Best Contemporary R & B Album - and one in 2005 - Best Male R & B Vocal Performance for Charlene . British DJ Ben Pearce sampled vocals from the song Cornbread , Fish & Collard Greens for his 2013 song What I Might Do ."}, {'url': '/wiki/R._Kelly', 'summary': "Robert Sylvester Kelly ( born January 8 , 1967 ) is an American singer , songwriter , musician , record producer , actor , and former semi-professional basketball player . He has been credited with helping to redefine R & B and hip hop , earning nicknames such as the King of R & B , the King of Pop-Soul , and the Pied Piper of R & B . Kelly is known for songs including I Believe I Can Fly , Bump N ' Grind , Your Body 's Callin ' , Gotham City , Ignition ( Remix ) , If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time , The World 's Greatest , I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) , and the hip-hopera Trapped in the Closet . In 1998 , Kelly won three Grammy Awards for I Believe I Can Fly . Although Kelly is primarily a singer and songwriter , he has written , produced , and remixed songs , singles , and albums for many artists . In 1996 , he was nominated for a Grammy Award for writing Michael Jackson 's song You Are Not Alone . Kelly has sold over 75 million records worldwide , making him the most successful R & B male artist of the 1990s and one of the world 's best-selling music artists . He is the 55th best-selling music artist in the United States , with over 32 million album sales . Kelly was named by Billboard as the Top R & B/Hip Hop Artist between 1985-2010 and the most successful R & B artist in history . Since the 1990s , Kelly has been the subject of numerous allegations of sexual abuse and misconduct , often with underage girls , all charges he denies . In 2002 , he was indicted on 13 counts of child pornography , but was acquitted of all charges in 2008 . In January 2019 , a widely viewed Lifetime docuseries titled Surviving R. Kelly detailed allegations of sexual abuse by multiple women , allegations Kelly denies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chocolate_Factory', 'summary': 'Chocolate Factory is the fifth solo album by American recording artist R. Kelly , released on February 18 , 2003 by Jive Records . Recording sessions took place mainly at Rockland Studios and Chicago Recording Company in Chicago , Illinois , and the album was primarily written , arranged , and produced by R. Kelly . Chocolate Factory was conceived by Kelly amid controversy over his sex scandal at the time . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , selling over 532,000 copies in its first week of sales . It achieved success in international markets and produced three singles that attained chart success , including Snake and Step in the Name of Love , and the international hit Ignition ( Remix ) . Chocolate Factory was well-received by critics , receiving rave reviews from publications such as The New York Times and USA Today . The album has sold over 3 million copies worldwide , and received sales certifications in the United States and the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/47th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 47th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 13 , 2005 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . They were hosted by Queen Latifah , and televised in the United States by CBS . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Ray Charles , whom the event was dedicated in memory of , posthumously won five Grammy Awards while his album , Genius Loves Company , won a total of eight . Kanye West received the most nominations with ten , winning three . Usher received eight nominations and won three including Best Contemporary R & B Album for his diamond selling album Confessions . Britney Spears received her first Grammy of Best Dance Recording for her 2004 smash hit Toxic .'}]}, {'value': 'Usher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Usher_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Usher Raymond IV ( born October 14 , 1978 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor and dancer . He was born in Dallas , Texas , but raised in Chattanooga , Tennessee until moving to Atlanta , Georgia . At the age of 12 , his mother put him in local singing competitions , before catching the attention of a music A & R from LaFace Records . He released his self-titled debut album , Usher ( 1994 ) but rose to fame in the late 1990s with the release of his second album My Way ( 1997 ) . It spawned his first U.S . Billboard Hot 100 number-one single , Nice & Slow , among top-two singles You Make Me Wan na . and My Way . 8701 ( 2001 ) produced the number-one singles U Remind Me and U Got It Bad , as well as top-three single U Do n't Have to Call . It sold eight million copies worldwide and won his first two Grammy Awards as Best Male R & B Vocal Performance in 2002 and 2003 . Confessions ( 2004 ) established him as one of the best-selling musical artists of the 2000s decade , selling 20 million copies worldwide . Bolstered by its four consecutive Billboard Hot 100 number one singles - Yeah ! , Burn , Confessions Part II and My Boo - it has been certified Diamond by the RIAA . Here I Stand ( 2008 ) and Raymond v. Raymond ( 2010 ) both debuted atop of the Billboard 200 chart and respectively produced the number-one singles Love in This Club and OMG ."}]}, {'value': 'Confessions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Confessions_(Usher_album)', 'summary': "Confessions is the fourth studio album by American singer Usher . It was released on March 23 , 2004 , by Arista Records . Recording sessions for the album took place during 2003 to 2004 , with its production handled by his longtime collaborator Jermaine Dupri , along with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and Lil Jon , among others . Primarily an R & B album , Confessions showcases Usher as a crooner through a mixture of ballads and up-tempos , incorporating musical genres of dance-pop , hip hop and crunk . The album 's themes generated controversy about Usher 's personal relationships ; however , the album 's primary producer Jermaine Dupri claimed the album reflects Dupri 's own personal story . In the United States , the album sold 1.1 million copies in its first week . To boost sales amid threats of bootlegging , the special edition for the album was issued , which includes the single , My Boo ; a duet with Alicia Keys . Confessions earned Usher several awards , including the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Album . According to Billboard , it is the second-best selling album of the 2000s decade in the United States , behind Eminem 's The Marshall Mathers LP . With over eight million copies sold in 2004 , the album was viewed as a sign of recovering album sales in the US , following three years of decline . It was also exemplary of urban music 's commercial peak and dominance of the Billboard charts in 2004 . Confessions has been certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and , as of 2016 , has sold over 10.3 million copies in the US and over 15 million copies worldwide ."}]}, {'value': "Brandy - Afrodisiac Janet Jackson - Damita Jo Christina Milian - It 's About Time Mario Winans - Hurt No More", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandy_Norwood', 'summary': "Brandy Rayana Norwood ( born February 11 , 1979 ) , known professionally by her mononym Brandy , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . Born into a musical family in McComb , Mississippi and raised in Carson , California , she began her career as a child and performed as a backing vocalist for teen groups . In 1993 , Norwood signed with Atlantic Records . The following year , she released her self-titled debut album , which was certified quadruple Platinum in the US , selling six million copies worldwide . Norwood starred in the UPN sitcom Moesha as the title character , which lasted six seasons and resulted in numerous other roles . She resumed her music career in 1998 with the wildly successful duet with fellow R & B contemporary Monica , The Boy Is Mine , which went on to become the best selling female duet of all time , and one of the longest running number one singles in history . Her second album , Never Say Never , sold 16 million copies worldwide , featured two number one singles , and earned Norwood her first Grammy Award . This launched her into international stardom , with films , endorsements , sold out concert tours , and her own line of Barbie dolls . Throughout the 2000s , Norwood held a precarious position in the pop industry . In 2002 , she starred in the reality series Brandy : Special Delivery , documenting the birth of her daughter . Her third and fourth albums , Full Moon ( 2002 ) and Afrodisiac ( 2004 ) , were released to critical and commercial success . She served as a judge on the first season of America 's Got Talent before being involved in a widely publicized car accident in 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Afrodisiac_(Brandy_album)', 'summary': "Afrodisiac is the fourth studio album by American singer Brandy , released on June 28 , 2004 by Atlantic Records . The album was recorded primarily in Los Angeles between spring 2003 and early 2004 , following several major changes in Brandy 's personal and professional life . After giving birth to her daughter and the demise of her relationship with the father , Brandy 's team was given an overhaul , including changes in production , management , and A & R . The album marked a departure from her previous work , with Brandy collaborating with producer Timbaland and songwriter Candice Nelson , on the majority of the album 's composition . With many of their new relationships being the result of broken ones , Brandy and Timbaland were inspired to experiment with a number of sounds and influences to create a unique , individualized sound that was distinct from other R & B music . The result was an organic , mellow contemporary R & B album that experimented with the New York-based illbient style , which infuses eccentric hip-hop breakbeats , ambient soundscapes , and the unorthodox sampling of indie rock and various film scores . Brandy also continued to experiment with her singing , opting to use more technical applications of counterpoint and multi-track recording toward her vocal arrangements . An autobiographical album , the songs feature intimate lyrics which discuss the singer 's personal struggles with codependency , monogamy , misplaced loyalty , and professional anxiety . Upon release , the critical response to Afrodisiac was highly positive , eventually garnering critical acclaim for its mature lyrics , Brandy 's vocalizing , and its overall experimental sound . The album has been called a predecessor to alternative R & B , having been cited as an influence by artists such as Rihanna and Solange . Afrodisiac was nominated for several awards including nominations at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards and the 47th Annual Grammy Awards . The album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 , eventually earning a gold certification by the RIAA ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Janet_Jackson', 'summary': "Janet Damita Jo Jackson ( born May 16 , 1966 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and dancer . A prominent figure in popular culture , she is known for sonically innovative , socially conscious and sexually provocative records , and elaborate stage shows . The ninth and youngest child of the Jackson family , she began her career with the variety television series The Jacksons in 1976 and went on to appear in other television shows throughout the 1970s and early 1980s , including Good Times , Diff'rent Strokes , and Fame . After signing a recording contract with A & M Records in 1982 , she became a pop icon following the release of her third and fourth studio albums Control ( 1986 ) and Rhythm Nation 1814 ( 1989 ) . Her collaborations with record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis incorporated elements of rhythm and blues , funk , disco , rap and industrial beats , which led to crossover success in popular music . In 1991 , Jackson signed the first of two record-breaking multimillion-dollar contracts with Virgin Records , establishing her as one of the highest-paid artists in the industry . Her fifth album Janet ( 1993 ) saw her develop a public image as a sex symbol as she began to explore sexuality in her music . That same year , she appeared in her first starring film role in Poetic Justice , and has since continued to act in feature films . Jackson then released her sixth studio album The Velvet Rope ( 1997 ) , which is distinguished for its innovative production and dark lyrical content . By the end of the 1990s , she was named by Billboard magazine as the second most successful recording artist of the decade after Mariah Carey . Her seventh album All for You ( 2001 ) coincided with a celebration of her impact on the recording industry as the inaugural MTV Icon . After parting ways with Virgin Records , she released her tenth album Discipline ( 2008 ) , her first and only album with Island Records ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Damita_Jo_(album)', 'summary': "Damita Jo is the eighth studio album by American recording artist Janet Jackson . It was released on March 30 , 2004 , by Virgin Records . The album takes its title from Jackson 's middle name . Its music incorporates pop rock , electro , house , and hip hop styles , in addition to R & B . Its concept is based on Jackson 's alternate personalities ; exploring themes involving intimacy , monogamy , love , and dance . Its production is derived from producers including Dallas Austin , Cathy Dennis , Scott Storch , BAG & Arnthor , Arnthor Birgisson , Rich Harrison , Télépopmusik , Just Blaze , and Kanye West ; in addition to Jackson and Jam & Lewis . Recorded over eighteen months , it was the longest Jackson spent on a project . Jackson sought to find producers who identified with her emotions , intending hard-hitting dance music . Producers declared it a really sexy record which was bold , fun , and positive . Multiple personae portrayed include the obstinate Damita Jo and lascivious Strawberry . Jackson stated they were another way to express and expose a deeper part of me , comparing her writing process to that of a novelist ; inventing characters with independent personalities . Jackson claimed the aforementioned characters absolutely live inside of her , stating it feels wonderful to release them ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christina_Milian', 'summary': "Christine Flores ( born September 26 , 1981 ) , better known as Christina Milian ( /ˌmɪliˈɑːn/ ) , is an American actress , singer and songwriter of Cuban origin . Born in Jersey City , New Jersey , and raised in Maryland , Milian signed a contract with Def Jam at the age of 19 . In 2001 , Milian released her self-titled debut album , which featured the singles AM to PM and When You Look at Me ; AM to PM charted within the Top 40 of the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 and both peaked in the top three on the UK Singles Chart . In 2004 , Milian released her second studio album It 's About Time , which provided her first major U.S. hit , Dip It Low , which reached number five on the U.S . Billboard chart . Whatever U Want was released as the album 's second single . Both singles charted within the Top 10 of the UK chart . In 2006 , Milian released her third studio album So Amazin ' . The album produced one single , Say I , which peaked in the Top 30 of the US Billboard chart . A month after the release of So Amazin ' , Milian 's representative confirmed that she had left Island Records due to creative differences . Milian signed with Interscope Records in 2009 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/It's_About_Time_(Christina_Milian_album)", 'summary': "It 's About Time is the second studio album by American singer Christina Milian . The album was released by Island Records on June 15 , 2004 in Japan , and July 13 , 2004 in the United States . It 's About Time served as Milian 's debut in the US ; the September 11 attacks occurred two weeks prior to her debut album was scheduled to be released , and Milian opted to record a new album for the US market . For the production of the album , Milian worked with Bloodshy & Avant , Rodney Darkchild Jerkins , Cory Rooney , Warryn Campbell , Bryan-Michael Cox and Poli Paul . Milian received writing credit for seven songs on the album , often basing them on personal experiences . The style and sound of the album was compared to that of Beyoncé and Jennifer Lopez by several critics . The album peaked at number 14 on the US Billboard 200 album chart and number 21 in the United Kingdom , selling a total of 382,000 and 63,708 copies respectively . The album achieved Silver certification in the UK , and received a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary R & B Album . The album 's lead single , Dip It Low , became Milian 's most successful to date ; peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart and number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart ; it eventually went gold . The second single Whatever U Want was less successful , peaking on the UK singles chart at number nine . The critical response to It 's About Time was mixed . The club tracks , most notably Dip It Low , were praised , however the ballads were said to be disappointing ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Winans', 'summary': "Mario Winans is an American record producer , singer , songwriter , and multi-instrumentalist best known for his 2004 song I Do n't Wan na Know , which reached number 2 in the United States and number 1 in the United Kingdom . Winans also won a Grammy Award for Best Gospel Performance for co-writing CeCe Winans 's song Pray ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hurt_No_More', 'summary': 'Hurt No More is the second studio album by R & B singer and musician Mario Winans , released in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/48th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 48th Annual Grammy Awards took place on February 8 , 2006 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Irish rock band U2 were the main recipients with five awards including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey , John Legend , and Kanye West were each nominated for eight awards and won three ; Alison Krauss & Union Station also won three awards ; and Kelly Clarkson won two . Green Day were amongst the big winners , winning the Grammy Award for Record of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Mariah Carey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariah_Carey', 'summary': "Mariah Carey ( born March 27 , 1969 or 1970 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , actress and entrepreneur . Referred to as the Songbird Supreme by the Guinness World Records , she is noted for her five-octave vocal range , melismatic singing style , signature use of the whistle register , and songwriting prowess . She rose to fame in 1990 after signing to Columbia Records and releasing her eponymous debut album , which topped the U.S . Billboard 200 for eleven consecutive weeks . Soon after , Carey became the only artist ever to have their first five singles reach number one on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 chart , from Vision of Love to Emotions . Carey achieved worldwide success with follow-up R & B and pop albums Music Box ( 1993 ) , Merry Christmas ( 1994 ) , and Daydream ( 1995 ) . These albums spawned some of Carey 's most successful singles , including Hero , Without You , All I Want for Christmas Is You , Fantasy , Always Be My Baby , as well as One Sweet Day , which later became Billboard 's Song Of The Decade ( 1990s ) . After separating from Mottola , Carey adopted a new image and incorporated more elements of hip hop into her music with the release of Butterfly ( 1997 ) . Billboard named her the country 's most successful artist of the 1990s , while the World Music Awards honored her as the world 's best-selling recording artist of the 1990s , and the best-selling female artist of the millennium . After eleven consecutive years charting a U.S. number-one single , Carey parted ways with Columbia in 2000 and signed a $ 100 million recording contract with Virgin Records . However , following her highly publicized physical and emotional breakdown , as well as the critical and commercial failure of her film Glitter ( 2001 ) and its accompanying soundtrack , her contract was bought out for $ 50 million by Virgin and she signed with Island Records the next year ."}]}, {'value': 'The Emancipation of Mimi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Emancipation_of_Mimi', 'summary': "The Emancipation of Mimi is the tenth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey , released through Island Records on April 12 , 2005 . The Emancipation of Mimi was considered Carey 's comeback album by critics and became her highest-selling release in the US in a decade . In composing the album , the singer collaborated with many songwriters and producers throughout 2004 , including Jermaine Dupri , Snoop Dogg , Twista , Nelly , Pharrell Williams , and James Big Jim Wright , many of whom appeared as featured guests on select tracks . Carey opted to use her personal nickname 'Mimi ' in the title , revealing a more intimate side of the singer , as seen in the album 's declarative theme of emancipation from her personal and commercial setbacks . Although it has similar vocal production to her previous works and an inclination towards her signature ballads , the album encompasses dance-oriented and uptempo styles in keeping with its celebratory motif . Critics noted the theme of independence and lack of restraint , dubbing the album a party record . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with the highest first-week sales of Carey 's career at the time , selling over 404,000 copies in its first week . It entered in the top five on the albums charts in Canada , Denmark , France and Japan . The Emancipation of Mimi was the best-selling album of 2005 in the US , and the second-best seller worldwide , with global sales of 10 million copies . It 's Like That became one of her highest-charting songs in years , reaching the top twenty in several countries . We Belong Together accumulated 14 weeks at number one in the US , and was later hailed song of the decade by Billboard . It reached number one in Australia , number two in New Zealand , and achieved top-five positions in several European countries ."}]}, {'value': "Amerie - Touch Destiny 's Child - Destiny Fulfilled Mario - Turning Point Omarion - O", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amerie', 'summary': "Amerie Mi Marie Rogers ( born January 12 , 1980 ) , is an American recording artist , actress and author . Born in Fitchburg , Massachusetts and raised in the Washington metropolitan area , Amerie gained an appreciation of the classical arts from her mother Mi Suk Rogers and of music from her father Charles Rogers , and she also studied dance from an early age and performed in talent contests . After her high school graduation , her family settled down in Virginia while she began to attend Georgetown University , from which she later graduated with a degree in English and Fine Arts . While living in Washington , D.C. , she met producer Rich Harrison , who worked with such performers as Mary J. Blige , and began developing demos with him . This led to a deal with Rise Entertainment and , in turn , major-label Columbia Records . In 2003 , she helped develop the BET original series The Center , which she also hosted and , during her run as host , accumulated the highest ratings ever for any show in its time slot . Amerie 's time on the series was short-lived due to her landing a starring role in the 2004 film First Daughter . In ( 2005 ) , Amerie released her sophomore album Touch , debuting at number # 5 on the US Billboard 200 chart and later receiving 2 Grammy nominations for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance for her signature song 1 Thing ( which peaked at number # 8 on Billboard Hot 100 ) as well as Best Contemporary R & B Album . In ( 2007 ) , Amerie released her third album Because I Love It , achieved moderate international success in 2007 , although it was not released in North America and she was subsequently bought out of her Sony contract by LA Reid Columbia Records ' roster . Amerie released her fourth studio album , In Love & War , in 2009 on Island Def Jam . On May 20 , 2016 , Amerie independently released an EP , titled Drive . She appeared on The Breakfast Club , 105.1 and announced she would continue to release music throughout the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Touch_(Amerie_album)', 'summary': "Touch is the second studio album by American singer Amerie . It was released on April 26 , 2005 , by Richcraft Records , Sony Urban Music , and Columbia Records . Following the release of her debut album , All I Have ( 2002 ) , and her first acting role ( in the 2004 film First Daughter ) , Amerie began work on her second studio album . As with All I Have , the album was co-written and produced by mentor Rich Harrison , with contributions from additional productions . Unlike her debut , Amerie co-wrote every track but one , and assumed more creative control over the visual imagery accompanying the album , such as music videos and artwork . Touch is an R & B album with a diverse musical style , marking a transition from Amerie 's neo-soul debut . Its songs feature pulses , funky percussion , pumping energy , go-go beats with an organic core built around horns and electric pianos . Upon release , Touch received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised Amerie 's vocals and Harrison 's production . The album received numerous accolades , including two Grammy Award nominations at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards including Best Contemporary R & B Album . Commercially , the album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 124,000 copies and was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , having sold over 500,000 copies in the United States . The album also fared well elsewhere peaking within the top 40 of the UK Albums Chart . The album spawned three singles , including the lead single 1 Thing which became Amerie 's most commercially successful song to date , peaking at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Destiny's_Child", 'summary': "Destiny 's Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles , Kelly Rowland , and Michelle Williams . The group began their musical career as Girl 's Tyme , formed in 1990 in Houston , Texas . After years of limited success , the quartet comprising Knowles , Rowland , LaTavia Roberson , and LeToya Luckett were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records as Destiny 's Child . The group was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling second album , The Writing 's on the Wall ( 1999 ) , which contained the number-one singles Bills , Bills , Bills and Say My Name . Despite critical and commercial success , the group was plagued by internal conflict and legal turmoil , as Roberson and Luckett attempted to split from the group 's manager Mathew Knowles , citing favoritism of Knowles and Rowland . In early 2000 , both Roberson and Luckett were replaced with Williams and Farrah Franklin ; however , Franklin quit after five months , leaving the group as a trio . Their third album , Survivor ( 2001 ) , whose themes the public interpreted as a channel to the group 's experience , produced the worldwide hits Independent Women , Survivor and Bootylicious . In 2002 , they announced a hiatus to pursue solo careers . The trio reunited two years later for the release of their fourth and final studio album , Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) , which spawned the international hits Lose My Breath and Soldier . Since the group 's official disbandment in 2006 , Knowles , Rowland , and Williams have reunited a couple of times , including at the 2013 Super Bowl halftime show and 2018 Coachella festival . Destiny 's Child has sold more than sixty million records worldwide to date . Billboard magazine ranks the group as one of the greatest musical trios of all time , the ninth most successful artist/band of the 2000s , placed the group 68th in its All-Time Hot 100 Artists list in 2008 and in December 2016 , the magazine ranked them as the 90th most successful dance club artist of all-time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Destiny_Fulfilled', 'summary': "Destiny Fulfilled is the fifth and final studio album by American R & B trio Destiny 's Child . It was released on November 16 , 2004 , by Columbia Records and Sony Urban Music . A comeback release , it marked the return of Destiny 's Child after the group went into hiatus , which allowed each member to release solo albums . Unlike their previous material , this record saw each member equally contributing to the songwriting and production . Destiny 's Child further worked with frequent collaborators such as Rockwilder , Swizz Beatz and Rodney Jerkins as well as several new producers . For the album 's theme , the members drew inspiration from the conversations they had during the first week of recording when they discussed about the happenings in their lives while being apart . Composed mostly of mid-tempo songs and ballads that are subsequent continuations of each other , altogether telling one complete story , Destiny Fulfilled is an R & B album . It was released to generally mixed reviews among music critics who criticized its mid-tempo ballads and lyrical content . The album was commercially successful ; it reached number two on the US Billboard 200 , and has since been certified triple Platinum in that region . It was also successful in different countries worldwide receiving certifications in Australia , Canada , Germany and the United Kingdom among others . As part of the album 's promotion , the group performed songs from it on numerous award ceremonies and televised appearances in the US and Europe . They further embarked on the tour Destiny Fulfilled ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_(entertainer)', 'summary': 'Mario Dewar Barrett ( born August 27 , 1986 ) , known mononymously as Mario , is an American entertainer , singer , songwriter , actor , and model . He is known for his singles Just a Friend ( 2002 ) and Let Me Love You ( 2004 ) , which won him two Billboard Music Awards . He has released four studio albums : Mario ( 2002 ) , Turning Point ( 2004 ) , Go ( 2007 ) , and DNA ( 2009 ) . At the end of the 2000s decade , Mario was ranked No . 98 by Billboard on their Artist of the Decade list . After a long period of nine years , Dancing Shadows was issued as his fifth album on October 5 , 2018 . Aside from his career in music , he appeared in several television shows and films such as Step Up ( 2006 ) , Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) and Empire ( 2018 ) . In 2019 , Mario starred in the live television production of the musical Rent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Turning_Point_(Mario_album)', 'summary': "Turning Point is the second studio album by American recording artist Mario , released by J Records on December 7 , 2004 in the United States . A R & B record with heavy elements of soul and hip hop music , it involves a diverse roster of collaborators including Scott Storch , Lil Jon , The Underdogs , Carvin & Ivan , and Sean Garrett . The album guests include Cassidy , Juvenile , and Baby Cham . The first single from the album was Let Me Love You , which was written by Ne-Yo was a number one hit in the United States and number two in the United Kingdom , becoming Mario 's biggest hit to date . The second single was a split single . In the US , How Could You , a song written by Bay Area singer-songwriter J. Valentine , was released ( reaching number 52 ) but in the UK , Here I Go Again was released ( reaching number 11 ) . The fourth and final single from the album in the US was Boom , featuring Juvenile . In support of the album , Mario supported R & B trio Destiny 's Child in their tour , Destiny Fulfilled . And Lovin ' It , as an opening act for the American leg ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Omarion', 'summary': 'Omari Ishmael Grandberry ( born November 12 , 1984 ) , known by his stage name Omarion , is an American rapper , singer , composer , actor and dancer . He is best known as the lead singer of the American R & B boy band B2K . The group achieved success in the early 2000s with singles like Bump , Bump , Bump , Uh Huh , and Girlfriend , which all reached success on the Billboard Hot 100 . After the group disbanded in 2004 , Omarion embarked on a solo career and released his debut album , O in 2005 , which debuted at the top of the Billboard 200 chart , and received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 48th Grammy Awards . His second solo album , 21 ( 2006 ) , contained Ice Box , which reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 . His third solo album , Ollusion ( 2010 ) , was released on January 12 , 2010 , with the lead single , I Get It In . His fourth solo album , Sex Playlist ( 2014 ) , spawned the single , Post to Be , which was certified 3x platinum and reached number 13 on the Hot 100 chart in May 2015 . Omarion has also ventured into acting , with appearances in films such as You Got Served , Fat Albert , Somebody Help Me and The Proud Family Movie .'}, {'url': '/wiki/O_(Omarion_album)', 'summary': "O is the debut studio album by American R & B singer Omarion , released on February 22 , 2005 via Epic Records and Sony Urban Music . Despite featuring explicit language , the album does n't have a Parental Advisory label on the cover . It features three singles : the title track ( number 27 ) , Touch ( number 94 ) and I 'm Tryna . The album entered at number one , and has sold 758,000 copies in the United States as of November 2008 . O went on to be certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 48th Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/49th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 49th Annual Grammy Awards was a ceremony honoring the best in music for the recording year beginning September 15 , 2005 and ending September 14 , 2006 in the United States . The awards were handed out on Sunday , February 11 , 2007 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . The Dixie Chicks were the night 's biggest winners winning a total of five awards . Mary J. Blige received the most nominations , with eight . Don Henley was honored as MusiCares Person of the Year two nights prior to the show on February 9 , 2007 . The show won an Emmy for Outstanding Lighting Direction ( electronic , multicamera ) for VMC Programming ."}]}, {'value': 'Beyoncé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyoncé', 'summary': "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter ( /biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say ; born September 4 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . Born and raised in Houston , Texas , Beyoncé performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child . She rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of Destiny 's Child , one of the best-selling girl groups of all time . During Destiny 's Child 's hiatus , Beyoncé made her theatrical film debut with a role in the US box-office number-one Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) and recorded her first solo album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) , which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart . It also featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Crazy in Love and Baby Boy . Following the disbandment of Destiny 's Child in 2006 , she released her second solo album , B'Day , which contained the US number-one single Irreplaceable , as well as the UK number-one singles Déjà Vu and Beautiful Liar . Beyoncé continued her acting career with starring roles in The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Obsessed ( 2009 ) . Her marriage to rapper Jay-Z and her portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , I Am . Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) , which earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 . It spawned the UK number-one single If I Were a Boy and the US number-one single Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) . After splitting from her manager and father Mathew Knowles in 2010 , Beyoncé released 4 ( 2011 ) , which was influenced by 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . Beyoncé received widespread critical acclaim for her albums , Beyoncé ( 2013 ) and Lemonade ( 2016 ) ; the latter became the world 's best-selling album of 2016 ."}]}, {'value': "B'Day", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/B'Day_(Beyoncé_album)", 'summary': "B'Day is the second solo studio album by American singer Beyoncé . It was released to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday on September 4 , 2006 in various countries and a day later in the United States by Columbia Records , Music World Entertainment , and Sony Urban Music . The album was originally planned as a follow-up to Beyoncé 's 2003 solo debut Dangerously in Love to be released in 2004 ; however , it was delayed to accommodate the recording of Destiny 's Child 's final album Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) and the singer 's starring role in the 2006 film Dreamgirls . While on vacation after filming , Beyoncé began contacting various producers and rented Sony Music Studios , completing B'Day in two weeks . Most of the lyrical content of the album was inspired by Beyoncé 's role in the film , with its musical style ranging from 1970s-1980s funk influences and balladry to urban contemporary elements such as hip hop and R & B . Live instrumentation was employed in recording most of the tracks as part of Beyoncé 's vision of creating a record using live instruments . Upon its release , B'Day received generally favorable reviews from critics and earned several accolades , including the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards in 2007 . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , selling over 541,000 copies in its first week of sales and scoring the second-highest debut-week sales for Beyoncé . It was also successful in international music markets and yielded six singles , including three commercial hits : Déjà Vu , Irreplaceable , and Beautiful Liar . The B'Day Anthology Video Album , which features thirteen music videos to accompany the songs , was released alongside the deluxe edition of B'Day . Beyoncé then embarked on her second solo concert tour , titled The Beyoncé Experience , in 2007 ; a live album titled The Beyoncé Experience Live was released featuring footage from the tour . B'Day has since been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold eight million copies worldwide as of 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Brown - Chris Brown Janet Jackson - 20 Y.O . Kelis - Kelis Was Here Ne-Yo - In My Own Words', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Brown_(American_singer)', 'summary': "Christopher Maurice Brown ( born May 5 , 1989 ) is an American singer , songwriter , rapper , dancer , actor , and record producer . Born in Tappahannock , Virginia , he was involved in his church choir and several local talent shows from a young age . Having signed with Jive Records in 2004 , Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year , which became certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . With his first single Run It ! peaking atop the Billboard Hot 100 , Brown became the first male artist since 1997 to have his debut single top the chart . His second album Exclusive ( 2007 ) spawned his second Billboard Hot 100 number one Kiss Kiss . In addition to his solo commercial success , Brown has been featured on several successful singles such as No Air , a duet with singer Jordin Sparks , Shortie Like Mine with the rapper Bow Wow and Shawty Get Loose alongside Lil Mama and T-Pain . In 2009 , Brown received significant media attention after pleading guilty to felony assault of his then girlfriend , singer Rihanna . Following the release of his third album Graffiti in the same year of the incident , Brown 's fourth album F.A.M.E . ( 2011 ) became his first to top the Billboard 200 and earned him the Grammy Award for Best R & B Album . His fifth album Fortune , released in 2012 , also topped the Billboard 200 . Following the releases of X , Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon , Brown 's ninth studio album Indigo ( 2019 ) became his third Billboard 200 number-one album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Brown_(album)', 'summary': 'Chris Brown is the self-titled debut studio album by American singer Chris Brown . It was released on November 29 , 2005 , by Jive Records . Receiving generally positive reviews from critics , the album was a commercial success . The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart . It has been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold over three million copies worldwide . The album also earned Brown his first two Grammy nominations for Best New Artist and Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 49th Grammy Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Janet_Jackson', 'summary': "Janet Damita Jo Jackson ( born May 16 , 1966 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and dancer . A prominent figure in popular culture , she is known for sonically innovative , socially conscious and sexually provocative records , and elaborate stage shows . The ninth and youngest child of the Jackson family , she began her career with the variety television series The Jacksons in 1976 and went on to appear in other television shows throughout the 1970s and early 1980s , including Good Times , Diff'rent Strokes , and Fame . After signing a recording contract with A & M Records in 1982 , she became a pop icon following the release of her third and fourth studio albums Control ( 1986 ) and Rhythm Nation 1814 ( 1989 ) . Her collaborations with record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis incorporated elements of rhythm and blues , funk , disco , rap and industrial beats , which led to crossover success in popular music . In 1991 , Jackson signed the first of two record-breaking multimillion-dollar contracts with Virgin Records , establishing her as one of the highest-paid artists in the industry . Her fifth album Janet ( 1993 ) saw her develop a public image as a sex symbol as she began to explore sexuality in her music . That same year , she appeared in her first starring film role in Poetic Justice , and has since continued to act in feature films . Jackson then released her sixth studio album The Velvet Rope ( 1997 ) , which is distinguished for its innovative production and dark lyrical content . By the end of the 1990s , she was named by Billboard magazine as the second most successful recording artist of the decade after Mariah Carey . Her seventh album All for You ( 2001 ) coincided with a celebration of her impact on the recording industry as the inaugural MTV Icon . After parting ways with Virgin Records , she released her tenth album Discipline ( 2008 ) , her first and only album with Island Records ."}, {'url': '/wiki/20_Y.O.', 'summary': "20 Y.O . is the ninth studio album by American singer Janet Jackson . Released on September 20 , 2006 , by Virgin Records , the title makes reference to her third studio album Control which was released in 1986 , a commemoration to its twentieth anniversary . 20 Y.O . represents the celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style of Control . An R & B and dance album , Jackson enlisted a range of producers to work on material with , including LRoc , Manuel Seal , The Avila Brothers and No I.D. , in addition to her longtime partners Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and then-boyfriend Jermaine Dupri . 20 Y.O . received mixed reviews from music critics , with many of them chastising the production and involvement of Dupri . The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , making it Jackson 's eighth consecutive top three debut and second consecutive number two album debut . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified it platinum , becoming Jackson 's eighth consecutive platinum album . Internationally , the album failed to make an impact on charts , reaching the top sixty in Australia and number 43 on European charts . Worldwide , the album has sold 1.5 million copies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelis', 'summary': "Kelis Rogers ( /kəˈliːs/ ; born August 21 , 1979 ) is an American singer , songwriter and chef . When she was 14 , Kelis was admitted to New York 's Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts , where she learned to play the saxophone and won a spot in the Girls Choir of Harlem . After she graduated from high school in 1997 , Kelis took on a variety of jobs before landing a backup vocal slot on a single called Fairytalez released by the American hip hop group Gravediggaz . She then began working with music producers Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo , known as The Neptunes , which ultimately resulted in her being signed to Virgin Records in 1998 . Kelis released her debut studio album Kaleidoscope with Virgin Records on December 7 , 1999 . Inspired by jazz and disco music from the 1970s , the album was a critical and international success . It spawned three singles : Caught Out There , Good Stuff , and Get Along With You . The album reached number 43 in the United Kingdom while also becoming her first album to be certified gold . She left her label Virgin Records after its follow-up , Wanderland ( 2001 ) , received little sales attention and no U.S. release until 2019 . In 2003 , Kelis released her third studio album Tasty . The album produced the singles Milkshake , Trick Me , Millionaire and In Public . The album earned the singer commercial prominence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelis_Was_Here', 'summary': "Kelis Was Here is the fourth studio album by American singer Kelis . It was released August 22 , 2006 , by Jive Records . Originally titled The Puppeteer , the album features production by Bangladesh , Raphael Saadiq , Max Martin , Sean Garrett , and Scott Storch , among others , and also features collaborations with will.i.am , Nas , Cee-Lo , Too Short , and Spragga Benz . It is Kelis ' first album not to feature longtime collaborators The Neptunes . Kelis Was Here received a nomination for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 2007 Grammy Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ne-Yo', 'summary': "Shaffer Chimere Smith ( born October 18 , 1979 ) , better known by his stage name Ne-Yo , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , actor and dancer . He gained fame for his songwriting abilities when he penned his 2004 hit Let Me Love You for singer Mario . The single 's successful release in the United States prompted an informal meeting between Ne-Yo and Def Jam 's label head and the signing of a recording contract . Ne-Yo 's debut solo single , Stay , was released in 2005 to moderate success . His debut studio album , In My Own Words ( 2006 ) , was critically and commercially successful , reaching number one on the Billboard 200 chart in the United States . It is certified platinum in the United States , United Kingdom , Japan and Australia and saw the success of the single So Sick , which topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . Because of You ( 2007 ) , Ne-Yo 's second studio album , was the second number one platinum-selling album debuted on the Billboard 200 and Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums charts , and received the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 50th Grammy Awards . His third studio album , Year of the Gentleman ( 2008 ) , saw continued success and further Grammy Award nominations for Best Contemporary R & B Album as well as Album of the Year . Its singles Closer and Miss Independent were also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance , Best Male R & B Vocal Performance and Best R & B Song . Year of the Gentleman has been certified platinum twice in the US , selling two million copies , also platinum three times in the UK and once in Japan . Libra Scale ( 2010 ) , Ne-Yo 's fourth studio album , reached number one in the UK R & B Singles and Albums Charts and number nine on the US Billboard 200 , seeing a decline in overall sales . His fifth studio album , R.E.D ."}, {'url': '/wiki/In_My_Own_Words', 'summary': "In My Own Words is the debut album of American singer-songwriter Ne-Yo . It was released by Def Jam Recordings on February 28 , 2006 . Conceived following his songwriting breakthrough with Let Me Love You for fellow R & B singer Mario in 2004 , Ne-Yo worked with musicians Ron Neff-U Feemster , Brandon Howard , Shea Taylor , and Curtis Sauce Wilson , as well as Norwegian production duo Stargate on most of the album , some of which would become regular contributors on subsequent projects . The singer co-wrote the lyrics for each song on In My Own Words which features guest appearances by rappers Peedi Peedi and Ghostface Killah . Upon its release , the album received generally positive reviews from most music critics and earned a Grammy Award nomination in the Best Contemporary R & B Album category . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , with 301,000 copies sold , and reached the top ten of the Canadian Albums Chart . It was subsequently certified platinum by Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , with 1,5 million copies sold in the United States , and became a platinum-seller in Australia , Japan , and the United Kingdom as well . Four singles were released from the album , including Stay , When You 're Mad , Sexy Love , and the number-one hit So Sick . In further support , Ne-Yo went on tour in August 2006 with singer Chris Brown and Dem Franchize Boyz ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/50th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 50th Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , on February 10 , 2008 . It honored musical achievement of 2007 in which albums were released between October 1 , 2006 through September 30 , 2007 . The primary ceremonies were televised in the US on CBS ; however , as has become the custom , most of the awards were handed out during a pre-telecast portion of the show held at the Los Angeles Convention Center and broadcast on XM Satellite Radio . Two nights prior to the show Aretha Franklin was honored as the MusiCares Person of the Year . The year 's big winner was Amy Winehouse : the 24-year-old singer had recently entered a drug rehabilitation program and did not come to Los Angeles . American officials initially refused her a work visa ; they reversed the decision , but by then it was too late for her to make the trip from the UK . She became the fifth female solo artist to get five awards in one night , alongside Lauryn Hill , Norah Jones , Alicia Keys and Beyoncé . The golden anniversary of the Grammys and NARAS was noted in references and performances throughout this year 's ceremony . Alicia Keys was the evening 's opening musician , singing and playing piano alongside archived video and audio of Frank Sinatra . Other collaborative performances linking contemporary and past musicians included Beyoncé with Tina Turner , Rihanna with The Time , classical pianist Lang Lang with jazz pianist Herbie Hancock and inaugural Grammy winner Keely Smith with Kid Rock . Special recognition of the musical contributions of The Beatles also featured . The Foo Fighters won Best Rock Album , and performed their nominated song The Pretender in a highly collaborative performance that involved a social media selection of classical musicians ( the My Grammy Moment YouTube contest was won by violinist Ann Marie Calhoun ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ne-Yo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ne-Yo', 'summary': "Shaffer Chimere Smith ( born October 18 , 1979 ) , better known by his stage name Ne-Yo , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , actor and dancer . He gained fame for his songwriting abilities when he penned his 2004 hit Let Me Love You for singer Mario . The single 's successful release in the United States prompted an informal meeting between Ne-Yo and Def Jam 's label head and the signing of a recording contract . Ne-Yo 's debut solo single , Stay , was released in 2005 to moderate success . His debut studio album , In My Own Words ( 2006 ) , was critically and commercially successful , reaching number one on the Billboard 200 chart in the United States . It is certified platinum in the United States , United Kingdom , Japan and Australia and saw the success of the single So Sick , which topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . Because of You ( 2007 ) , Ne-Yo 's second studio album , was the second number one platinum-selling album debuted on the Billboard 200 and Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums charts , and received the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 50th Grammy Awards . His third studio album , Year of the Gentleman ( 2008 ) , saw continued success and further Grammy Award nominations for Best Contemporary R & B Album as well as Album of the Year . Its singles Closer and Miss Independent were also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance , Best Male R & B Vocal Performance and Best R & B Song . Year of the Gentleman has been certified platinum twice in the US , selling two million copies , also platinum three times in the UK and once in Japan . Libra Scale ( 2010 ) , Ne-Yo 's fourth studio album , reached number one in the UK R & B Singles and Albums Charts and number nine on the US Billboard 200 , seeing a decline in overall sales . His fifth studio album , R.E.D ."}]}, {'value': 'Because of You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Because_of_You_(Ne-Yo_album)', 'summary': 'Because of You is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Ne-Yo . It was released by Compound Entertainment and Def Jam Recordings on April 25 , 2007 in the United States . Ne-Yo reteamed with many previous collaborators to work on the follow-up to his debut album In My Own Words ( 2006 ) , involving Ron Neff-U Feemster , StarGate , and Shea Taylor , as well as new and upcoming musicians such as The Heavyweights , Eric Hudson , Timothy Bloom , Knobody , and Syience . Next to them , Because of You features guest vocal contributions from rapper Jay-Z on Crazy and fellow R & B singer Jennifer Hudson on Leaving Tonight . Because of You debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums charts , selling over 250,000 copies in its first week , and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . It also reached the top ten in Canada and the United Kingdom but was commercially less successful than In My Own Words elsewhere . Released to generally positive reviews from most music critics , who complimented the album for the advancement over its predecessor , it won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Akon - Konvicted Keyshia Cole - Just like You Fantasia - Fantasia Emily King - East Side Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akon', 'summary': 'Aliaune Damala Bouga Time Puru Nacka Lu Lu Lu Badara Akon Thiam ( /ˈeɪkɒn/ ; born April 16 , 1973 ) is a Senegalese-American singer , songwriter , record producer , entrepreneur , philanthropist and actor . He rose to prominence in 2004 following the release of Locked Up , the first single from his debut album , Trouble . He has since founded two successful record labels , Konvict Muzik and KonLive Distribution . The labels served as a stepping stone for many soon-to-be successful acts , such as Lady Gaga , T-Pain , R. City , Kardinall Offishall , and Red Café . His second album , Konvicted received three nominations for the Grammy Awards in two categories , Best Contemporary R & B Album for Konvicted album and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for Smack That and I Wan na Love You . He is the first solo artist to hold both the number one and two spots simultaneously on the Billboard Hot 100 charts twice . Akon has had four songs certified as 3× platinum , three songs certified as 2× platinum , more than ten songs certified as 1× platinum and more than ten songs certified as gold in digital sales . Akon has sung songs in other languages including Tamil , Hindi , and Spanish . He was listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the # 1 selling artist for master ringtones in the world . Akon often provides vocals as a featured artist and is currently credited with over 300 guest appearances and more than 35 Billboard Hot 100 songs , resulting in five Grammy Awards nominations . He has released 6 solo albums and has handled the majority of production on his solo work and guest features . Alongside this , he also produced records mainly for artists on his respective labels , as well as for other artists such as Michael Jackson , Snoop Dogg , Lionel Richie , Leona Lewis , Sean Paul and Whitney Houston .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konvicted', 'summary': 'Konvicted is the second studio album by American singer Akon . It was released on November 14 , 2006 . The album features collaborations with rappers Eminem , Snoop Dogg , Styles P and T-Pain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Keyshia_Cole', 'summary': "Keyshia M. Cole ( born October 15 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , producer , and television personality . She was born in Oakland , California . Her career began when she met MC Hammer at the age of 12 , and later met rapper Tupac Shakur . At the age of 15 , she moved to Los Angeles and was later introduced to A & M Records . She released her debut album , The Way It Is ( 2005 ) , which spawned five singles : Never , I Changed My Mind , ( I Just Want It ) To Be Over , I Should Have Cheated , and Love . It was certified gold within 17 weeks , and then platinum just eight weeks later . The album stayed on the charts for over a year , selling over 1.6 million copies . After A & M folded , Cole released her second album Just Like You ( 2007 ) under Geffen Records , and the album debuted and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 . It was nominated for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 50th Grammy Awards . The album has been certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America , and has sold 1.7 million copies in the US . A Different Me is Cole 's third album , released in 2008 . The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 322,000 , the highest of Cole 's career ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Just_like_You_(Keyshia_Cole_album)', 'summary': "Just Like You is the second studio album by American R & B singer Keyshia Cole . The album was released on September 25 , 2007 through Geffen Records . It was nominated for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards that was held February 2008 , but lost to Ne-Yo 's Because of You . As of December 2007 , the album has been certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America and remains Cole 's highest-selling album to date with 1.7 million copies sold ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fantasia_Barrino', 'summary': 'Fantasia Monique Barrino-Taylor ( born June 30 , 1984 ) , known professionally by her mononym Fantasia , is an American R & B singer , songwriter , actress and author . She rose to fame as the winner of the third season of the reality television series American Idol in 2004 . Following her victory , she released her debut single , I Believe , which debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Subsequently , she released her debut album , Free Yourself , which went on to be certified Platinum by the RIAA and earned Barrino three Grammy nominations in 2006 . In 2006 , she released her second album , Fantasia , which featured the single When I See U which topped the Billboard Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for eight weeks . This album was certified Gold by the RIAA and received three Grammy nominations in 2008 . She then played the part of Celie in the Broadway musical The Color Purple , for which she won a 2007 Theatre World Award . Her third studio album , Back to Me , was released worldwide on August 24 , 2010 and features the single Bittersweet , which peaked in the top ten on the R & B chart . The single won her a Grammy for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance . As of February 2012 , Barrino has sold 3,842,000 albums and 2,425,000 tracks in the United States . In 2012 , VH1 ranked her number 32 out of the 100 Greatest Women in Music . On April 18 , 2013 , Barrino returned to American Idol singing Lose to Win .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fantasia_(Fantasia_Barrino_album)', 'summary': 'Fantasia is the eponymous second studio album by American recording artist Fantasia Barrino , released by J Records on December 12 , 2006 . In its first week of sales , Fantasia entered the US Billboard 200 chart at number nineteen , with 133,000 copies sold . In June 2007 , Fantasia was certified Gold by the RIAA for shipments of 500,000 copies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emily_King', 'summary': 'Emily King ( born July 10 , 1985 ) is an American singer and songwriter . She started her career in 2004 and her debut album East Side Story was released three years later in August 2007 . In December 2007 , King was listed as a Grammy nominee for Best Contemporary R & B Album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Side_Story_(Emily_King_album)', 'summary': 'East Side Story is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Emily King . It was released by J Records on August 28 , 2007 in the United States . Chiefly produced by Chucky Thompson , the album included five songs from her EP East Side Story Sampler ( 2006 ) . East Side Story was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 50th ceremony .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/51st_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 51st Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , on February 8 , 2009 . Robert Plant and Alison Krauss were the biggest winners of the night , winning five awards including Album of the Year for their critically acclaimed album Raising Sand . Krauss became the sixth female solo artist to have won 5 awards in one night joining Lauryn Hill , Alicia Keys , Norah Jones , Beyoncé Knowles , and Amy Winehouse . Lil Wayne received the most nominations with eight . The awards broadcast won a 2009 Creative Arts Emmy for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or Special .'}]}, {'value': 'Mary J. Blige', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_J._Blige', 'summary': "Mary Jane Blige ( /blaɪʒ/ ; born January 11 , 1971 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and philanthropist . Her career began in 1991 when she signed to Uptown Records . Furthermore , she went on to release 13 studio albums , eight of which have achieved multi-platinum worldwide sales . Blige has won nine Grammy Awards , four American Music Awards , twelve Billboard Music Awards and has also received three Golden Globe Award nominations , including one for her supporting role in the film Mudbound ( 2017 ) and another for its second original song Mighty River for Mudbound ; she also received a nomination for the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actress and Best Original Song , becoming the first person nominated for acting and songwriting in the same year . In 1992 , Blige released her first album , What 's the 411 ? . Her 1994 album My Life is among Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , and Time magazine 's All-Time 100 Albums . She received a Legends Award at the World Music Awards in 2006 , and the Voice of Music Award from ASCAP in 2007.Billboard ranked Blige as the most successful female R & B/Hip-Hop artist of the past 25 years . In 2017 , Billboard magazine named her 2006 song Be Without You as the most successful R & B/Hip-Hop song of all time , as it spent an unparalleled 15 weeks atop the Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and over 75 weeks on the chart . In 2011 , VH1 ranked Blige as the 80th greatest artist of all time . ln 2012 , VH1 ranked Blige at number 9 in The 100 Greatest Women in Music list ."}]}, {'value': 'Growing Pains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Growing_Pains_(Mary_J._Blige_album)', 'summary': "Growing Pains is the eighth studio album by American recording artist Mary J. Blige . An R & B album that was released on December 18 , 2007 by Geffen Records . It debuted at # 2 on the Billboard 200 selling 629,000 copies in its first week . Growing Pains was ranked # 29 on Rolling Stone 's list of the Top 50 Albums of 2007 . Work That was released as the second single on December 18 , 2007 and managed to peak inside the top 20 of the Billboard Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 65 in the Billboard Hot 100 . The third official single Stay Down reached the top 40 R & B charts , and was chosen in favor of Hurt Again , which was originally the third single , but eventually was only a radio single by receiving airplay in Spring 2008 . Growing Pains was awarded the Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 51st Grammy Awards in February 2009 ."}]}, {'value': "J . Holiday - Back of My Lac ' Karina - First Love Ne-Yo - Year of the Gentleman Jazmine Sullivan - Fearless", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Holiday', 'summary': "Nahom Thorton Grymes ( born November 29 , 1984 ) , better known by his stage name J . Holiday , is an American singer , songwriter , rapper and actor . He came into prominence in 2007 with his breakthrough hit Bed , peaking at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 . His debut album , Back of My Lac ' , was released in October 2007 and peaked at number 5 on the US Billboard 200 . The album would also hit number 32 in the United Kingdom . Back of My Lac ' has sold just over 700,000 copies worldwide . His second album , Round 2 was released on March 10 , 2009 . It peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 and contain only one single , It 's Yours . After label changes and several release delays , Holiday 's third album , Guilty Conscience , was released in January 2014 and peaked at number 42 on the Top R & B/Hip Hop Albums chart , making it his lowest charting album in that entry ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Back_of_My_Lac'", 'summary': "Back of My Lac ' is the debut studio album from American R & B singer J . Holiday that was released in the United States on October 2 , 2007 , by Music Line Group and Capitol Records . The album was supported by three singles , Be with Me , Bed and Suffocate . Upon its release , Back of My Lac ' received generally mixed reviews from music critics . The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 , selling 105,000 copies in its first week . The album was nominated for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 51st Grammy Awards , but lost to Mary J. Blige 's Growing Pains ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Karina_Pasian', 'summary': 'Karina Pasian ( born July 18 , 1991 ) is an American-Dominican singer , songwriter and pianist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/First_Love_(Karina_Pasian_album)', 'summary': "First Love is the debut studio album by Dominican-American R & B singer Karina Pasian . The album was released on August 19 , 2008 . The album debuted on # 57 on the Billboard 200 . The album includes the singles 16 @ War and Ca n't Find The Words . Karina recorded over 70 songs for the album , including a collaboration with John Legend called Promise that did n't make the album . First Love sold 9,000 copies in its first week . On December 3 , 2008 , the album was nominated for a Grammy for Best Contemporary R & B Album . As of December 2008 , the album has sold a total of 28,408 copies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ne-Yo', 'summary': "Shaffer Chimere Smith ( born October 18 , 1979 ) , better known by his stage name Ne-Yo , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , actor and dancer . He gained fame for his songwriting abilities when he penned his 2004 hit Let Me Love You for singer Mario . The single 's successful release in the United States prompted an informal meeting between Ne-Yo and Def Jam 's label head and the signing of a recording contract . Ne-Yo 's debut solo single , Stay , was released in 2005 to moderate success . His debut studio album , In My Own Words ( 2006 ) , was critically and commercially successful , reaching number one on the Billboard 200 chart in the United States . It is certified platinum in the United States , United Kingdom , Japan and Australia and saw the success of the single So Sick , which topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . Because of You ( 2007 ) , Ne-Yo 's second studio album , was the second number one platinum-selling album debuted on the Billboard 200 and Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums charts , and received the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 50th Grammy Awards . His third studio album , Year of the Gentleman ( 2008 ) , saw continued success and further Grammy Award nominations for Best Contemporary R & B Album as well as Album of the Year . Its singles Closer and Miss Independent were also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance , Best Male R & B Vocal Performance and Best R & B Song . Year of the Gentleman has been certified platinum twice in the US , selling two million copies , also platinum three times in the UK and once in Japan . Libra Scale ( 2010 ) , Ne-Yo 's fourth studio album , reached number one in the UK R & B Singles and Albums Charts and number nine on the US Billboard 200 , seeing a decline in overall sales . His fifth studio album , R.E.D ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Year_of_the_Gentleman', 'summary': 'Year of the Gentleman is the third studio album by American singer and songwriter Ne-Yo . It was released by Compound Entertainment and Def Jam Recordings on September 16 , 2008 in the United States . As with his previous albums In My Own Words ( 2006 ) and Because of You ( 2007 ) , Ne-Yo worked with Stargate , Reggie Syience Perry , and Shea Taylor on much of the album , but also consulted new collaborators , including Chuck Harmony , Polow da Don , Butter Beats , and Shomari Sho Wilson . The album was a commercial success , charting in the top-10 in several countries . Year of the Gentleman reached number two on the US Billboard 200 and was eventually certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipments of one million copies in the United States , making it his third platinum-selling album as well as his third consecutive top ten album following Because of You . It has also been certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , for shipments of 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom . It was also certified in Canada , Italy , Japan , New Zealand , and Saudi Arabia . Released to favorable reviews from music critics , Year of the Gentleman earned Ne-Yo nominated six Grammy nominations , including Album of the Year and Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 51st award ceremony . Rolling Stone ranked it number 33 on its list of the 50 Best albums of 2008 . In suppot of the album , Def Jam released four singles , including international hit singles Closer and Miss Independent , as well as Mad and Part of the List .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jazmine_Sullivan', 'summary': "Jazmine Marie Sullivan ( born April 9 , 1987 ) is an American singer-songwriter from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Her debut album , Fearless , was released in 2008 to commercial and critical success . It is certified gold in the US . The album contains her debut single Need U Bad , produced by Missy Elliott , a reggae-inspired song . A cover version of her second single Bust Your Windows that was made on Glee in 2009 , boosted her career in the popular culture industry . At the 51st Grammy Awards in 2009 , Sullivan received nominations for Best New Artist , Best Female R & B Vocal Performance , Best Traditional R & B Performance , Best R & B Song and Best Contemporary R & B Album . Sullivan released her second studio album , Love Me Back , in 2010 . The album was critically well received and surpassed the success of her debut , earning her another Grammy nomination for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance for the lead single Holding You Down ( Goin ' in Circles ) at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards in 2011 . The album debuted at number 17 on the Billboard 200 chart . Love Me Back has sold over three million copies . She is one of the female R & B artists to simultaneously have two albums in the top ten of the Billboard 200 and have two singles in the top five of Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs , as well as in the history of the Grammy Awards to have three simultaneous Grammy-nominated singles , with Need U Bad , Bust Your Windows , and Lions , Tigers & Bears , all of which also topped the charts . Fearless is the longest-running number one album by a female R & B artist in the history of the US Album Charts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fearless_(Jazmine_Sullivan_album)', 'summary': "Fearless is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Jazmine Sullivan . It was released on September 23 , 2008 , through J Records . Production for the album took place during 2007 to 2008 and was handled by several record producers , including Missy Elliott , Stargate , Carvin & Ivan , Wyclef Jean , and Salaam Remi . The album debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 65,000 copies in its first week . It also produced four singles that attained respectable charting on Billboard 's Hot 100 chart . It Upon its release , Fearless received generally positive reviews from most music critics who complimented its production and Sullivan 's vocals , comparing her to female R & B artists such as Alicia Keys and Lauryn Hill . The album earned Sullivan seven Grammy Award nominations and has sold 517,000 copies in the United States and since been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for exceeded sales of 500,000 ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/52nd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 52nd Annual Grammy Awards took place on January 31 , 2010 , at Staples Center in Los Angeles . Neil Young was honored as the 2010 MusiCares Person of the Year on January 29 , two days prior to the Grammy telecast . Nominations announced on December 2 , 2009 . The show was moved to January to avoid competing against the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Only ten of the 109 awards were received during the broadcast . The remaining awards were given during the un-televised portion of the ceremony which preceded the broadcast . Beyoncé , who also received the most nominations , with ten , won a total of six awards breaking the record for most wins by a female artist in one night . Taylor Swift won four while The Black Eyed Peas , Jay-Z and Kings of Leon won three . Artists who won two awards include A. R. Rahman , Colbie Caillat , Eminem , Kanye West , Lady Gaga , Maxwell , Jason Mraz and Rihanna . Judas Priest , AC/DC , and Imogen Heap each won a Grammy for the first time in their careers . Taylor Swift 's Fearless was awarded the Grammy Award for Album of the Year , the youngest to win the award at age 20 . Use Somebody by rock band Kings of Leon won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year , while Single Ladies by songwriters Thaddis Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash and Christopher Stewart , was honored with Grammy Award for Song of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Beyoncé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyoncé', 'summary': "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter ( /biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say ; born September 4 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . Born and raised in Houston , Texas , Beyoncé performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child . She rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of Destiny 's Child , one of the best-selling girl groups of all time . During Destiny 's Child 's hiatus , Beyoncé made her theatrical film debut with a role in the US box-office number-one Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) and recorded her first solo album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) , which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart . It also featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Crazy in Love and Baby Boy . Following the disbandment of Destiny 's Child in 2006 , she released her second solo album , B'Day , which contained the US number-one single Irreplaceable , as well as the UK number-one singles Déjà Vu and Beautiful Liar . Beyoncé continued her acting career with starring roles in The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Obsessed ( 2009 ) . Her marriage to rapper Jay-Z and her portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , I Am . Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) , which earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 . It spawned the UK number-one single If I Were a Boy and the US number-one single Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) . After splitting from her manager and father Mathew Knowles in 2010 , Beyoncé released 4 ( 2011 ) , which was influenced by 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . Beyoncé received widespread critical acclaim for her albums , Beyoncé ( 2013 ) and Lemonade ( 2016 ) ; the latter became the world 's best-selling album of 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'I Am ... Sasha Fierce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Am..._Sasha_Fierce', 'summary': "I Am . Sasha Fierce is the third solo studio album by American singer Beyoncé . It was released on November 12 , 2008 , by Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment . In its original release , the album was formatted as a double album , intending to market Beyoncé 's dichotomous artistic persona . The first disc , I Am. , contains slow and midtempo pop and R & B ballads , while the second , Sasha Fierce ( named after Beyoncé 's on-stage alter ego ) , focuses on more uptempo beats that blend electropop and Europop elements . In composing the songs ' lyrics , Beyoncé worked with writers , with each session accompanied by live orchestration . Beyoncé credited both her husband - rapper Jay-Z - and jazz singer Etta James for inspiring her to push the limits of her songwriting and artistry . Musically , I Am . drew inspiration from folk and alternative rock , while blending acoustic guitar elements into contemporary ballads , and its tracks were written and produced by Beyoncé , during collaborative efforts with Babyface , Tricky Stewart , The-Dream and Ryan Tedder . Sasha Fierce boasted production from Darkchild and Sean Garrett . I Am . Sasha Fierce received mixed critics from music critics ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamie Foxx - Intuition Pleasure P - The Introduction of Marcus Cooper Trey Songz - Ready T-Pain - Three Ringz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Foxx', 'summary': "Eric Marlon Bishop ( born December 13 , 1967 ) , known professionally as Jamie Foxx , is an American actor , singer , comedian , presenter , and producer . Foxx became widely known for his portrayal of Ray Charles in the 2004 biographical film Ray , for which he won the Academy Award , BAFTA , Screen Actors Guild Award , Critics ' Choice Movie Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . That same year , he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the crime film Collateral . Since spring 2017 , Foxx has served as the host and executive producer of the Fox game show Beat Shazam . Other acting roles include Staff Sergeant Sykes in Jarhead ( 2005 ) , record executive Curtis Taylor Jr. in Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , Detective Ricardo Tubbs in the 2006 film adaptation of TV series Miami Vice , the title role in the film Django Unchained ( 2012 ) , the supervillain Electro in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 ( 2014 ) , Will Stacks in Annie ( 2014 ) , and gangster Bats / Leon Jefferson III in Baby Driver ( 2017 ) . Foxx also starred in the sketch comedy show In Living Color and his own television sitcom The Jamie Foxx Show ( 1996-2001 ) , in which he played Jamie King Jr. Foxx is also a Grammy Award-winning musician , producing four albums , which have charted in the top ten of the U.S . Billboard 200 : Unpredictable ( 2005 ) , which topped the chart , Intuition ( 2008 ) , Best Night of My Life ( 2010 ) , and Hollywood : A Story of a Dozen Roses ( 2015 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Intuition_(Jamie_Foxx_album)', 'summary': "Intuition is the third studio album by American R & B singer Jamie Foxx . It was released on December 16 , 2008 , by J Records . The album features several guest artists , including T.I. , Lil Wayne , Ne-Yo , Kanye West , Fabolous , T-Pain , The-Dream , Lil ' Kim and Marsha Ambrosius . The album has reached the top three on the US Billboard 200 chart and number 1 on the Top US R & B/Hip Hop Albums Charts , which it topped for six consecutive weeks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pleasure_P', 'summary': "Marcus Ramone Cooper Sr , better known by his stage name Pleasure P , is an American R & B singer-songwriter , who experienced success as a member of the group Pretty Ricky before embarking on a solo career in 2007 . His debut album The Introduction of Marcus Cooper was released on June 2009 . On October , 2014 , Pleasure P and the rest of Pretty Ricky officialized on Instagram a reunion tour with a Bluestars 2 album for 2015 . His first reunion single with Pretty Ricky is called Puddles and has been released during Valentine 's Day 2015 . It was the most requested song on South Florida 's 99 Jamz radio station in the days following its release ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Introduction_of_Marcus_Cooper', 'summary': "The Introduction of Marcus Cooper is the debut studio album by American recording artist and former Pretty Ricky vocalist Pleasure P ; it was released on June 9 , 2009 , by Swagga Entertainment , Bluestar Entertainment and Atlantic Records . The title refers to the singer 's birth name . The album peaked at number 10 on the US Billboard 200 and number 2 on Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums charts , selling 19,000 copies in its first week . As of January 2011 , the album has sold over 150,000 copies nationwide . The album was nominated for Best Contemporary R & B Album in the 52nd annual Grammy Awards , and the song Under was nominated for Best Male R & B Vocal Performance and Best R & B Song ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Trey_Songz', 'summary': "Tremaine Aldon Neverson ( born November 28 , 1984 ) , known professionally as Trey Songz , is an American singer , songwriter , and actor . His debut album , I Got ta Make It , was released in 2005 through Atlantic Records . His follow-up album , Trey Day , spawned his first top 20 single , Ca n't Help but Wait . Songz released his third album Ready in 2009 and a single from the album , Say Aah , peaked at No . 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 making it Songz 's first top 10 hit . Ready was nominated for Best Male R & B Vocal Performance at the 2008 Grammy Awards . The following year saw Songz 's highest charting song to date , Bottoms Up featuring rapper Nicki Minaj from his fourth studio album , Passion , Pain & Pleasure . In 2012 , Songz released his first number one album , Chapter V , which debuted atop the Billboard 200 . The album 's lead single titled Heart Attack was nominated for Best R & B Song at the 2013 Grammy Awards . Following that Songz released his sixth studio album , Trigga in 2014 , promoted by the top 40 songs , Na Na and Slow Motion . He has sold over 25 million records worldwide in singles and albums ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ready_(Trey_Songz_album)', 'summary': "Ready is the third studio album by American R & B recording artist Trey Songz . It was released on August 31 , 2009 , by Troy Taylor 's record label Songbook , distributed by Atlantic Records . The album serves as the sequel to Trey Day ( 2007 ) . Production for the album took place from 2008 to 2009 , which contributed by Songz 's longtime collaborator and his mentor Troy Taylor , along with Bryan-Michael Cox , StarGate and Los da Mystro , among others . The album received generally positive reviews from critics , which positively compared Ready to the work of R. Kelly , but also was criticized for this album 's inconsistency . The album debuted at number 3 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 131,000 copies in its first week . The album was a certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , becoming Songz 's first certified album . 4 years later , Ready was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . All five singles have achieved chart success , including the top ten Billboard Hot 100 hit Say Aah , and the top five Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs hits Neighbors Know My Name and I Invented Sex , the latter of which topped the chart . Songz promoted Ready in a number of live appearances , including co-heading the 106 & Live tour , sponsored by 106 & Park , and serving as a support act on Jay-Z 's The Blueprint 3 Tour . Ready earned Songz a Grammy Award nomination for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 52nd Grammy Awards ; but lost to Beyoncé Knowles ' I Am . Sasha Fierce ."}, {'url': '/wiki/T-Pain', 'summary': "Faheem Rasheed Najm ( born September 30 , 1985 ) , better known by his stage name T-Pain , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter and record producer . His debut album , Rappa Ternt Sanga , was released in 2005 . In 2007 , T-Pain released his second album Epiphany , which reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart . His third album , Thr33 Ringz , was released in 2008 . T-Pain has also released a string of hit singles , including I 'm Sprung , I 'm ' n Luv ( Wit a Stripper ) , Buy U a Drank ( Shawty Snappin ' ) , Bartender , Ca n't Believe It , 5 O'Clock and more . T-Pain has earned two Grammy Awards , alongside artists Kanye West and Jamie Foxx respectively . T-Pain is the founder of the record label imprint Nappy Boy Entertainment , established in 2005 . Throughout his career as a singer , T-Pain is best known for using and popularizing the creative use of the Auto-Tune pitch correction effect , used with extreme parameter settings to create distinctive vocal sounds . From 2006 to 2010 , T-Pain was featured on more than 50 chart topping singles . His most successful feature to date was on Flo Rida 's debut single Low , which has since been certified 6x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Three_Ringz', 'summary': "Three Ringz ( stylized as Thr33 Ringz ) is the third studio album by American R & B singer T-Pain , It was released on November 11 , 2008 , by his record label Nappy Boy Entertainment ( under the distribution of Akon 's label Konvict Muzik , Jive Records , and Zomba Label Group ) . It was supported by three singles : Ca n't Believe It featuring Lil Wayne , Chopped ' n ' Skrewed featuring Ludacris , and Freeze featuring Chris Brown . Reviews for the album were favorable but critics were growing weary of the party-filled track listing and overreliance on Auto-Tune . Three Ringz debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 and spawned three singles : Ca n't Believe It , Chopped ' n ' Skrewed and Freeze . It was nominated for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 52nd Grammy Awards , but lost to Beyoncé 's I Am . Sasha Fierce ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/53rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 53rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 13 , 2011 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . They were broadcast on CBS with a rating of 26.6 million viewers . Barbra Streisand was honored as the MusiCares Person of the Year two nights prior to the telecast on February 11 . Nominations were announced on December 1 , 2010 and a total of 109 awards were presented . Most of the awards were presented during the pre-telecast , which took place at the Los Angeles Convention Center next to the Staples Center , where the main telecast took place . The eligibility period was September 1 , 2009 to September 30 , 2010 . For the third year , nominations were announced on prime-time television as part of The GRAMMY Nominations Concert Live ! - Countdown to Music 's Biggest Night a one-hour special broadcast live on CBS from Club Nokia at L.A. Live . Arcade Fire won Album of the Year for The Suburbs becoming the first indie act to do so , and surprising many viewers and critics . Baba Yetu composed and arranged by Christopher Tin won Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) , is the first Grammy given to a piece of music written for a Video Game . Esperanza Spalding was awarded Best New Artist . Lady Antebellum won five awards including Record of the Year and Song of the Year for Need You Now ."}]}, {'value': 'Usher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Usher_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Usher Raymond IV ( born October 14 , 1978 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor and dancer . He was born in Dallas , Texas , but raised in Chattanooga , Tennessee until moving to Atlanta , Georgia . At the age of 12 , his mother put him in local singing competitions , before catching the attention of a music A & R from LaFace Records . He released his self-titled debut album , Usher ( 1994 ) but rose to fame in the late 1990s with the release of his second album My Way ( 1997 ) . It spawned his first U.S . Billboard Hot 100 number-one single , Nice & Slow , among top-two singles You Make Me Wan na . and My Way . 8701 ( 2001 ) produced the number-one singles U Remind Me and U Got It Bad , as well as top-three single U Do n't Have to Call . It sold eight million copies worldwide and won his first two Grammy Awards as Best Male R & B Vocal Performance in 2002 and 2003 . Confessions ( 2004 ) established him as one of the best-selling musical artists of the 2000s decade , selling 20 million copies worldwide . Bolstered by its four consecutive Billboard Hot 100 number one singles - Yeah ! , Burn , Confessions Part II and My Boo - it has been certified Diamond by the RIAA . Here I Stand ( 2008 ) and Raymond v. Raymond ( 2010 ) both debuted atop of the Billboard 200 chart and respectively produced the number-one singles Love in This Club and OMG ."}]}, {'value': 'Raymond v. Raymond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_v._Raymond', 'summary': "Raymond v. Raymond is the sixth studio album by American singer Usher , released on March 26 , 2010 , by LaFace Records . Production for the album took place in 2009 and was handled by several producers , including Jermaine Dupri , The Runners , Ester Dean , Polow da Don , RedOne , Jim Jonsin , Danja , Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis , Bangladesh , Zaytoven , and Tricky Stewart . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 329,000 copies in its first week . It sold over one million copies in the United States and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The album also produced five singles that achieved chart success , including US hits Hey Daddy ( Daddy 's Home ) , Lil Freak , There Goes My Baby , and international hits OMG and More . Upon its release , Raymond v. Raymond received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who were ambivalent towards its songwriting and themes . Nonetheless , the album earned Usher several awards , including Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary R & B Album and Best Male R & B Vocal Performance . Usher promoted the album with a supporting international tour , OMG Tour , in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'R. Kelly - Untitled Chris Brown - Graffiti Ryan Leslie - Transition Janelle Monáe - The ArchAndroid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._Kelly', 'summary': "Robert Sylvester Kelly ( born January 8 , 1967 ) is an American singer , songwriter , musician , record producer , actor , and former semi-professional basketball player . He has been credited with helping to redefine R & B and hip hop , earning nicknames such as the King of R & B , the King of Pop-Soul , and the Pied Piper of R & B . Kelly is known for songs including I Believe I Can Fly , Bump N ' Grind , Your Body 's Callin ' , Gotham City , Ignition ( Remix ) , If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time , The World 's Greatest , I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) , and the hip-hopera Trapped in the Closet . In 1998 , Kelly won three Grammy Awards for I Believe I Can Fly . Although Kelly is primarily a singer and songwriter , he has written , produced , and remixed songs , singles , and albums for many artists . In 1996 , he was nominated for a Grammy Award for writing Michael Jackson 's song You Are Not Alone . Kelly has sold over 75 million records worldwide , making him the most successful R & B male artist of the 1990s and one of the world 's best-selling music artists . He is the 55th best-selling music artist in the United States , with over 32 million album sales . Kelly was named by Billboard as the Top R & B/Hip Hop Artist between 1985-2010 and the most successful R & B artist in history . Since the 1990s , Kelly has been the subject of numerous allegations of sexual abuse and misconduct , often with underage girls , all charges he denies . In 2002 , he was indicted on 13 counts of child pornography , but was acquitted of all charges in 2008 . In January 2019 , a widely viewed Lifetime docuseries titled Surviving R. Kelly detailed allegations of sexual abuse by multiple women , allegations Kelly denies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Untitled_(R._Kelly_album)', 'summary': 'Untitled is the ninth studio album by American R & B recording artist R. Kelly . It was released by Jive Records on November 30 , 2009 in the UK , while it was released on December 1 , 2009 in the US . It was entirely produced by R. Kelly and features prominently carnal lyrical themes . The album debuted at number 4 on the US Billboard 200 , and reached the top of the Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums chart . Untitled received generally mixed reviews from contemporary music critics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Brown_(American_singer)', 'summary': "Christopher Maurice Brown ( born May 5 , 1989 ) is an American singer , songwriter , rapper , dancer , actor , and record producer . Born in Tappahannock , Virginia , he was involved in his church choir and several local talent shows from a young age . Having signed with Jive Records in 2004 , Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year , which became certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . With his first single Run It ! peaking atop the Billboard Hot 100 , Brown became the first male artist since 1997 to have his debut single top the chart . His second album Exclusive ( 2007 ) spawned his second Billboard Hot 100 number one Kiss Kiss . In addition to his solo commercial success , Brown has been featured on several successful singles such as No Air , a duet with singer Jordin Sparks , Shortie Like Mine with the rapper Bow Wow and Shawty Get Loose alongside Lil Mama and T-Pain . In 2009 , Brown received significant media attention after pleading guilty to felony assault of his then girlfriend , singer Rihanna . Following the release of his third album Graffiti in the same year of the incident , Brown 's fourth album F.A.M.E . ( 2011 ) became his first to top the Billboard 200 and earned him the Grammy Award for Best R & B Album . His fifth album Fortune , released in 2012 , also topped the Billboard 200 . Following the releases of X , Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon , Brown 's ninth studio album Indigo ( 2019 ) became his third Billboard 200 number-one album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Graffiti_(Chris_Brown_album)', 'summary': 'Graffiti is the third studio album by American singer Chris Brown . It was released on December 8 , 2009 , by Jive Records . The album serves as a follow-up to his previous album Exclusive ( 2007 ) . Recording sessions took place from 2008 to 2009 , with these several record producers , including Polow da Don , Swizz Beatz , The Runners and Brian Kennedy , among others . Primarily an R & B and pop outing , Graffiti incorporates elements of hip hop music with synthesizers . The album debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 , selling 102,489 copies in its first week . By March 2011 , had sold 341,000 copies in the US . The album became his third consecutive top-ten debut in the United States following Exclusive in 2007 , while producing two singles that has achieved moderate chart success . Despite receiving generally negative reviews from most music critics , Graffiti was nominated for two Grammy Awards ; including one for the Best Contemporary R & B Album and the other for the Best R & B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for this track , Take My Time featuring Tank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Leslie', 'summary': "Anthony Ryan Leslie ( born September 25 , 1978 ) is an American recording artist and record producer from Washington , D.C. Leslie has produced singles for a number of prominent artists in a variety of genres , ranging from R & B and hip hop to pop and gospel . From 2005-2006 , he had his most commercial success to date with NextSelection/Bad Boy singer Cassie , when they released her debut single , Me & U. Leslie 's 2008 self-titled debut album , includes the singles Diamond Girl , Addiction and How It Was Supposed to Be . Leslie , who is a singer , songwriter , rapper and entrepreneur , as well as a Harvard University graduate , is also the founder and CEO of SuperPhone and NextSelection Lifestyle Group . In 2011 , he was nominated for a Grammy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Transition_(Ryan_Leslie_album)', 'summary': "Transition is the second album by R & B singer-songwriter and producer Ryan Leslie . This is the second album by Leslie released in 2009 , nine months after his self-titled debut album . The entire album is written , arranged , produced and engineered by Ryan Leslie . It was inspired by a lady whom Leslie met during a rehearsal for his showcase at New York 's S.O.B. 's . They went on to have a relationship during the summer of 2009 , which the album tells the story of . The first single for the album is entitled You 're Not My Girl , which was released in July 2009 . The second single I Choose You was released in January 2010 . The album was nominated for Best Contemporary R & B album at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards . The Album has sold 60,000 copies in US ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Janelle_Monáe', 'summary': "Janelle Monáe Robinson ( /moʊˈneɪ/ ; born December 1 , 1985 ) is an American singer , songwriter , rapper , actress , and producer . She is signed to Atlantic Records , as well as her own imprint , the Wondaland Arts Society . Monáe 's musical career began in 2003 upon releasing a demo album titled The Audition . In 2007 , Monáe publicly debuted with a conceptual EP titled Metropolis : Suite I ( The Chase ) . It peaked at number two on the US Top Heatseekers chart , and in 2010 , through Bad Boy Records , Monáe released a first full-length studio album , The ArchAndroid , a concept album and sequel to her first EP . In 2011 , Monáe was featured as a guest vocalist on fun . 's single We Are Young , which achieved major commercial success , topping the charts of over ten countries and garnering Monáe a wider audience . Her second studio album , The Electric Lady , was released in 2013 and debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 , serving as the fourth and fifth installments of her seven-part Metropolis concept series . In 2016 , Monáe made her theatrical film debut in two high-profile productions ; she starred in Hidden Figures as NASA mathematician and aerospace engineer Mary Jackson , and also starred in Moonlight . Hidden Figures was a box office success , while Moonlight won the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 89th annual ceremony . Monáe 's third studio album , Dirty Computer , also described as a concept album , was released in 2018 to widespread critical acclaim ; it was chosen as the best album of the year by several publications and earned Monáe two nominations at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year . The album debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 and was further promoted by Monáe 's Dirty Computer Tour , which lasted from June-August 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_ArchAndroid_(Suites_II_and_III)', 'summary': "The ArchAndroid is the debut studio album by American singer Janelle Monáe , released on May 18 , 2010 , by Wondaland Arts Society and Bad Boy Records . Production for the album took place at Wondaland Studios in Atlanta and was primarily handled by Monáe , Nate Rocket Wonder , and Chuck Lightning , with only one song without production by Monáe . It consists of the second and third parts to Monáe 's Metropolis concept series . Incorporating conceptual elements of Afrofuturism and science fiction , The ArchAndroid continues the series ' fictional tale of a messianic android and features lyrical themes of love , identity , and self-realization . The album has been compared to the work of artists such as David Bowie , Outkast , Prince and Michael Jackson . The album features multiple collaborations with artists ; Saul Williams , Big Boi , Of Montreal and Deep Cotton . The album debuted at number 17 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 21,000 copies in its first week . It achieved moderate chart success and produced two singles : Tightrope and Cold War , and one promotional single Come Alive ( The War of the Roses ) . The ArchAndroid received widespread acclaim from critics , earning praise for its conceptual themes and Monáe 's eclectic musical range . It was named the best album of 2010 by several critics and earned Monáe a Grammy Award nomination for Best Contemporary R & B Album ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': 'First award recipient Ashanti at the Red Dress Collection fashion show in 2008 Three-time award winner Beyoncé in 2008', 'uid': 'Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_R&B_Album_0', 'intro': "The Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to recording artists for quality works on albums in the contemporary R&B music genre. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position. The award for Best Contemporary R&B Album, which recognizes R&B albums with more contemporary musical stylings, was first presented to Ashanti at the 45th Grammy Awards in 2003 for her self-titled debut album. Prior to the creation of this category, contemporary R&B albums were eligible for the more general category Best R&B Album. According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards, the award is reserved for albums containing at least 51% playing time of newly recorded contemporary R&B vocal tracks which may also incorporate production elements found in rap music. Award recipients included the producers, engineers, and/or mixers associated with the nominated work in addition to the recording artists. Beyoncé holds the record for the most wins, with three (all of her first three solo albums have earned her the award). Usher is the only other artist to receive the award more than once. The award has been presented to artists from the United States each year to date. Beyoncé and Ne-Yo share the record for the most nominations, with three each. In addition, Beyoncé earned a nomination as a member of the group Destiny's Child for the album Destiny Fulfilled. Brandy, Chris Brown, Janet Jackson and R. Kelly share the record for the most nominations without a win, with two each."}
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What date was the album that won in 2006 released ?
April 12 , 2005
082fa9f30e226c3c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Meigs_County,_Ohio', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Meigs County, Ohio', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffington Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Buffington_Island', 'summary': "The Battle of Buffington Island , also known as the St. Georges Creek Skirmish , was an American Civil War engagement in Meigs County , Ohio , and Jackson County , West Virginia , on July 19 , 1863 , during Morgan 's Raid . The largest battle in Ohio during the war , Buffington Island contributed to the capture of the famed Confederate cavalry raider , Brig . Gen. John H. Morgan , who was seeking to escape Union army pursuers across the Ohio River at a ford opposite Buffington Island . Delayed overnight , Morgan was almost surrounded by Union cavalry the next day , and the resulting battle ended in a Confederate rout , with over half of the 1,700-man Confederate force being captured . General Morgan and some 700 men escaped , but the daring raid finally ended on July 26 with his surrender after the Battle of Salineville . Morgan 's Raid was of little military consequence , but it did spread terror among much of the population of southern and eastern Ohio , as well as neighboring Indiana ."}]}, {'value': 'November 10 , 1970 ( # 70000508 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 miles southeast of Pomeroy on State Route 124 39°00′09″N 81°46′30″W / 39.002500°N 81.775000°W / 39.002500 ; -81.775000 ( Buffington Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_124', 'summary': 'State Route 124 ( SR 124 ) is an east-west state highway in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio . Its western terminus is at State Route 134 nearly 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southeast of Martinsville , and its eastern terminus is near the unincorporated village of Torch at the concurrency of U.S. Route 50 , State Route 7 , and State Route 32 in extreme southeastern Athens County . The road passes through numerous villages along its route , many of them economically depressed . State Route 124 has the longest concurrency of state routes in Ohio , running concurrent with State Route 32 for 35½ miles . The road was recently rerouted in 2003 following the extension of U.S. Route 33 to the Ravenswood Bridge .'}]}, {'value': 'Lebanon Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanon_Township,_Meigs_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Lebanon Township is one of the twelve townships of Meigs County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 1,029 people in the township .'}]}, {'value': 'Site of a Civil War battle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Downing Jr. House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Downing_Jr._House', 'summary': "The John Downing Jr. House is a historic house in downtown Middleport , a village located on the banks of the Ohio River in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Ohio . Built in 1859 , it was the home of prominent Middleport resident John B . Downing . Known to his intimates as Major Downing , he worked for much of his life as a pilot for riverboats on the Mississippi River . Notably , his work with the young Samuel Clemens led to a literary appearance years later : writing under the name of Mark Twain , Clemens portrayed him in the book Life on the Mississippi . One of his two sons , John B. Jr. , was the house 's namesake Downing 's house in Middleport is a brick building with a foundation of sandstone , an asphalt roof , and elements of wood and various types of metal . Designed by R.A. Miller and Frederick Crowther , it includes architectural elements that later became known as components of the Colonial Revival style . Two stories tall with an attic in the gables , the house has single-story wings whose flat roofs are enclosed by railings . In 1993 , the Downing House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places , qualifying both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its place as the home of John Downing . The last Downing to live in the house died in the same year . Ten years later , after approximately five years of restoration , Downing 's residence opened as a bed and breakfast , the Downing House Bed and Breakfast ."}]}, {'value': 'May 6 , 1993 ( # 93000403 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '220-232 N. 2nd Ave. 39°00′12″N 82°02′51″W / 39.003333°N 82.047500°W / 39.003333 ; -82.047500 ( John Downing Jr. House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middleport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middleport,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Middleport is a village in Meigs County , Ohio , United States , along the Ohio River . The population was 2,530 at the 2010 census . Middleport was the home of Walter Mother Watson , a Major League Baseball pitcher .'}]}, {'value': 'Home of a prominent riverboat captain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William H. Grant House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_H._Grant_House_(Middleport,_Ohio)', 'summary': "The William H. Grant House is a historic house in Middleport , Ohio , United States . One of the area 's earliest concrete houses , it has been designated a historic site . Built in 1852 , the house is constructed of concrete on a foundation of sandstone . Two stories tall , the house is rectangular with a small frame addition to the rear , which was built about ten years after the original part of the house . Born in 1820 , William H. Grant pioneered concrete architecture in Meigs County : a small experimental house ( no longer in existence ) was the first concrete building in the county , and the present house , near the experimental building , was the second . Besides serving as a residence , the house is a local religious landmark . Before dying in 1845 , Johnny Appleseed visited Middleport and converted the Grants to Swedenborgianism . Several other Middleport residents also joined the new religion , and after building the present house , the Grants used it as a meeting place for their coreligionists . In recognition of its place in local history and its distinctive method of construction , the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . It is one of three places in Middleport on the National Register , along with the John Downing Jr. House and the Middleport Public Library ."}]}, {'value': 'March 30 , 1978 ( # 78002136 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '453 Grant St. 38°59′59″N 82°03′27″W / 38.999722°N 82.057500°W / 38.999722 ; -82.057500 ( William H. Grant House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middleport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middleport,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Middleport is a village in Meigs County , Ohio , United States , along the Ohio River . The population was 2,530 at the 2010 census . Middleport was the home of Walter Mother Watson , a Major League Baseball pitcher .'}]}, {'value': 'A very early concrete house , built in 1855', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meigs County Fairgrounds , Grandstand and Racetrack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meigs_County_Fairgrounds', 'summary': "The Meigs County Fairgrounds is a county fairgrounds located north of Pomeroy in Meigs County , Ohio , United States . Some of the fairgrounds has been designated a historic site , with particular emphasis having been placed on the fairgrounds ' racetrack and its associated grandstand . The first Meigs County Fair was held in the village of Middleport in 1861 . Within nine years , the fair 's organizers had bought the land occupied by the current grounds . The construction dates of some elements of the grounds are unknown , but the present sharply-curved racetrack was finished in 1889 or earlier . In 1890 , donations by average citizens paid for the construction of a grandstand by the track to supplement a nearby hillside where fairgoers had previously sat . Instead of being placed simply along one side of the track , the grandstand curves around the northeastern turn of the track ; it is the only curved grandstand at an Ohio county fairgrounds . In 1982 , much of the fairgrounds , including the racetrack and grandstand , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Besides the unusual method of construction seen in the grandstand and track , the fairgrounds qualified for its importance in the area 's social history as a reflection of the importance of fairgoing , especially harness racing at the track , to Meigs County residents ."}]}, {'value': 'November 29 , 1982 ( # 82001473 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Route 124 39°03′44″N 82°00′53″W / 39.0623°N 82.01483°W / 39.0623 ; -82.01483 ( Meigs County Fairgrounds , Grandstand and Racetrack )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_124', 'summary': 'State Route 124 ( SR 124 ) is an east-west state highway in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio . Its western terminus is at State Route 134 nearly 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southeast of Martinsville , and its eastern terminus is near the unincorporated village of Torch at the concurrency of U.S. Route 50 , State Route 7 , and State Route 32 in extreme southeastern Athens County . The road passes through numerous villages along its route , many of them economically depressed . State Route 124 has the longest concurrency of state routes in Ohio , running concurrent with State Route 32 for 35½ miles . The road was recently rerouted in 2003 following the extension of U.S. Route 33 to the Ravenswood Bridge .'}]}, {'value': 'Salisbury Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salisbury_Township,_Meigs_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Salisbury Township is one of the twelve townships of Meigs County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 6,441 people in the township , 1,950 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': 'A fairgrounds complex important especially for its racetrack and grandstand', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middleport Public Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middleport_Public_Library', 'summary': "The Middleport Public Library is a historic Carnegie library in the Ohio River village of Middleport , Ohio , United States . Built in the early twentieth century , it has been named a historic site . Middleport was founded as Sheffield during the 1820s , a time of great prosperity and rapidly increasing commerce in Meigs County . Among its earliest industries was a cotton mill , built despite the lack of cotton production in the vicinity . Local residents formed the village 's first public library in 1908 , but its initial location on the second floor of a commercial building soon proved unsatisfactory . One year later , the library 's board contacted Andrew Carnegie 's Carnegie Corporation in order to begin participating in its library construction program . Negotiations ultimately resulted in the foundation agreeing to provide the village with construction money , and the building was completed in 1912 under the direction of Athens contractor Charles Kirchner . The Middleport library is a brick building with a tiled roof and a brick foundation . Its architecture is generally simple , although some details of the facade display a Georgian Revival architectural flavor ; some of the more ornate examples are the pediment above the portico , the quoins , and the dentils underneath the pediment and the cornice . In January 1986 , the library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It qualified for inclusion under two different criteria : its architecture , which makes the library Middleport 's most distinctive public building , and for its place in local history - besides its status as an example of small-town Carnegie libraries , it remained an icon of Middleport 's early twentieth-century community activities . The library is one of three Middleport locations on the National Register , along with the John Downing Jr. House and the William H. Grant House ."}]}, {'value': 'January 6 , 1986 ( # 86000033 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '178 S. 3rd St. 39°00′02″N 82°02′59″W / 39.000694°N 82.049722°W / 39.000694 ; -82.049722 ( Middleport Public Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middleport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middleport,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Middleport is a village in Meigs County , Ohio , United States , along the Ohio River . The population was 2,530 at the 2010 census . Middleport was the home of Walter Mother Watson , a Major League Baseball pitcher .'}]}, {'value': 'A small Carnegie library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnegie_library', 'summary': 'A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie . A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929 , including some belonging to public and university library systems . 1,689 were built in the United States , 660 in the United Kingdom and Ireland , 125 in Canada , and others in Australia , South Africa , New Zealand , Serbia , Belgium , France , the Caribbean , Mauritius , Malaysia , and Fiji . At first , Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a personal connection - namely his birthplace in Scotland and the Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania area , his adopted home-town . Yet , beginning in the middle of 1899 , Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside these areas . In later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused . By the time the last grant was made in 1919 , there were 3,500 libraries in the United States , nearly half of them built with construction grants paid by Carnegie .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mound Cemetery Mound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mound_Cemetery_Mound_(Chester,_Ohio)', 'summary': 'The Mound Cemetery Mound is a Native American mound in central Meigs County , Ohio , United States . Located in the eponymous Mound Cemetery , the mound lies north of the community of Chester in Chester Township . Because the mound has never been excavated , it remains in fine condition . Its location near the Middle Branch of the Shade River suggests that it was built by the Adena people ; if so , it can be expected to contain remnants of a wooden structure that served as the burial place for a prominent member of Adena society . Many burial mounds existed in present-day Meigs County when the area was first settled , but many succumbed to the shovels of curious settlers who hoped to find treasures within . Some of these mounds yielded artifacts such as stone tools , pottery , and skeletons when opened . Other mounds were gradually destroyed by the plows of farmers cultivating their fields for many years . The remains of what may have once been another mound and related earthworks can be found in the near vicinity of Mound Cemetery . Another Adena mound , known as the Reeves Mound , is located in northern Meigs County north of the community of Alfred . Unlike the mound remnants near the cemetery , the Mound Cemetery Mound and the Reeves Mound are listed on the National Register of Historic Places ; both were added to the Register in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 2 , 1974 ( # 74001575 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Chester in Mound Cemetery 39°06′49″N 81°55′26″W / 39.113611°N 81.923889°W / 39.113611 ; -81.923889 ( Mound Cemetery Mound )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester_Township,_Meigs_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Chester Township is one of the twelve townships of Meigs County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 2,332 people in the township .'}]}, {'value': 'An Adena burial mound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adena_culture', 'summary': 'The Adena culture was a Pre-Columbian Native American culture that existed from 1000 to 200 BC , in a time known as the Early Woodland period . The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system . The Adena lived in an area including parts of present-day Ohio , Indiana , Wisconsin , West Virginia , Kentucky , New York , Pennsylvania , and Maryland .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Meigs County Courthouse and Chester Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Meigs_County_Courthouse', 'summary': "The Old Meigs County Courthouse is a historic former government building in the small community of Chester , Ohio , United States . Erected in the early nineteenth century , the courthouse served multiple purposes for the surrounding community in its early years , but it operated as a courthouse for less than twenty years before being abandoned in favor of another courthouse in another community . Following a restoration in the 1950s , it was designated a historic site in the 1970s along with an adjacent school ; the two buildings are operated together as a museum . It is Ohio 's oldest extant building constructed as a courthouse ."}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 1975 ( # 75001488 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Route 248 39°05′18″N 81°55′19″W / 39.088333°N 81.921944°W / 39.088333 ; -81.921944 ( Old Meigs County Courthouse and Chester Academy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_248', 'summary': 'State Route 248 ( SR 248 , OH 248 ) is an east-west state highway in southern Ohio , a U.S. state . State Route 248 extends from its western terminus at State Route 7 in the unincorporated community of Chester to its eastern terminus at a Y-intersection with State Route 124 in Long Bottom .'}]}, {'value': 'Chester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Chester is an unincorporated community in central Chester Township , Meigs County , Ohio , United States . It lies along the Shade River at the intersection of State Routes 7 and 248 . Although it is unincorporated , it has a post office , with the ZIP code of 45720 .'}]}, {'value': "Ohio 's oldest standing courthouse , and an associated early school", 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pomeroy Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 14 , 1978 ( # 78003551 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2nd and Main Sts . ; also 2nd St. 39°01′39″N 82°02′00″W / 39.0275°N 82.033333°W / 39.0275 ; -82.033333 ( Pomeroy Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pomeroy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pomeroy,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Pomeroy is a village in and the county seat of Meigs County , Ohio , United States , along the Ohio River 21 miles south of Athens . The population was 1,852 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Second set of boundaries represents a boundary increase', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reeves Mound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reeves_Mound_(Alfred,_Ohio)', 'summary': "The Reeves Mound is a Native American mound in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Ohio . Located north of the unincorporated community of Alfred , the mound is an archaeological site that appears to have been built by peoples of the Adena culture . Located in a farm field , the Reeves Mound is an oval 3.3 feet ( 1.0 m ) high ; it measures approximately 42 feet ( 13 m ) from east to west and approximately 45 feet ( 14 m ) from north to south . The fields around the mound have yielded stone chips and projectile points that are characteristic of the Adena culture . Among these points is one of the distinctive form known as a bird point . It appears that the Adena used the mound and its surrounding area for hundreds of years ; some of the points are typical of the early years of the Adena culture , which dates from circa 1000 BC , while others appear to date from the culture 's late period , circa 400 AD . In recognition of its archaeological value , the Reeves Mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 . One other Meigs County mound is listed on the Register - the Mound Cemetery Mound near Chester to the south ."}]}, {'value': 'July 15 , 1974 ( # 74001574 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Alfred', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orange Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Township,_Meigs_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Orange Township is one of the twelve townships of Meigs County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 934 people in the township .'}]}, {'value': 'An Adena burial mound', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Meigs_County,_Ohio_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Meigs County, Ohio. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Meigs County, Ohio, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 9 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'}
null
null
Near what river is the place in Chester Township ?
Shade River
08325c8381fe6d07
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_conference_realignments_(2000–present)', 'title': 'List of NCAA Division I conference realignments (2000–present)', 'header': ['School', 'Sport ( s )', 'Former Conference', 'New Conference'], 'data': [{'value': 'Army Black Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy', 'summary': "The United States Military Academy ( USMA ) , also known as West Point , Army , Army West Point , The Academy , or simply The Point , is a four-year federal service academy in West Point , New York . It was originally established as a fort that sits on strategic high ground overlooking the Hudson River with a scenic view , 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of New York City . It is the oldest of the five U.S. service academies . The academy traces its roots to 1801 , when President Thomas Jefferson directed , shortly after his inauguration , that plans be set in motion to establish the United States Military Academy at West Point . The entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites , buildings , and monuments . The majority of the campus 's Norman-style buildings are constructed from gray and black granite . The campus is a popular tourist destination , with a visitor center and the oldest museum in the United States Army . Candidates for admission must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination , usually from a member of Congress or Delegate/Resident Commissioner in the case of Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , Northern Mariana Islands , Guam , American Samoa , and the Virgin Islands . Other nomination sources include the President and Vice President of the United States . Students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets or collectively as the United States Corps of Cadets ( USCC ) . Tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Army in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation . Approximately 1,300 cadets enter the Academy each July , with about 1,000 cadets graduating ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_football', 'summary': "The Army Black Knights football team , previously known as the Army Cadets , represents the United States Military Academy in college football . Army is currently a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) member of the NCAA . The Black Knights currently play home games in Michie Stadium with a capacity of 38,000 at West Point , New York . The Black Knights are coached by Jeff Monken who is in his sixth season as head coach . Army is a five-time national champion , winning the title in 1914 , 1916 , and from 1944-1946 . With the exception of seven seasons ( 1998-2004 ) where the team was a member of Conference USA , Army has competed as an independent , meaning that they have no affiliation with any conference . Currently , Army is one of six FBS schools whose football teams do not belong to any conference ; the others being BYU , Liberty , New Mexico State , Notre Dame , and UMass . However , for all other sports Army is primarily a member of the Patriot League . Three players from Army have won the Heisman Trophy : Doc Blanchard ( 1945 ) , Glenn Davis ( 1946 ) , and Pete Dawkins ( 1958 ) . The three major service academies - Air Force , Army , and Navy - compete for the Commander-in-Chief 's Trophy , which is awarded to the academy that defeats the others in football that year ( or retained by the previous winner in the event of a three-way tie ) . Army has won eight CIC Trophies , most recently in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conference USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Division I-A Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston College Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_College', 'summary': "Boston College ( BC ) is a private Jesuit research university in the Chestnut Hill and Brighton neighborhoods of Boston , Massachusetts and the city of Newton , Massachusetts . It was founded in 1863 and although it is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity its name reflects its historical position as a small liberal arts college . The university has more than 9,300 full-time undergraduates and nearly 5,000 graduate students . It has historical ties to Boston College High School in Dorchester , as both the high school and the college were once on one campus in the South End of Boston . Its main campus is a historic district and features some of the earliest examples of collegiate gothic architecture in North America . Boston College offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees through its nine schools and colleges : Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences , Graduate School of Arts & Sciences , Carroll School of Management , Lynch School of Education and Human Development , Connell School of Nursing , Graduate School of Social Work , Boston College Law School , Boston College School of Theology and Ministry , Woods College of Advancing Studies . Boston College athletic teams are known as the Eagles , their colors are maroon and gold , and mascot is Baldwin the Eagle . The Eagles compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference in all sports offered by the ACC . The men 's and women 's ice hockey teams compete in Hockey East . Boston College 's men 's ice hockey team has won five national championships . As of January 2020 , alumni and affiliates of the university include governors , ambassadors , senators , House representatives , Hollywood actors , and professional athletes . Boston College has graduated several Rhodes , Fulbright , and Goldwater scholars ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles', 'summary': 'The Boston College Eagles are the athletic teams that represent Boston College , located in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) sub-level for football ) , primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'All', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979–2013)', 'summary': "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013 . The conference 's members participated in 24 NCAA sports . The conference had a history of success at the national level in basketball throughout its history , while its shorter ( 1991 to 2013 ) football program , created by inviting one college and four other associate members ( their football programs only ) into the conference , resulted in two national championships . In basketball , Big East teams made 18 Final Four appearances and won seven NCAA Championships ( UConn with three , Villanova , Georgetown , Syracuse , and Louisville with one each ) . Of the Big East 's full members , all but South Florida attended the Final Four , the most of any conference , though Marquette , DePaul , Notre Dame , Rutgers , Cincinnati , and Pittsburgh made all their trips before joining the Big East . In 2011 , the Big East set the record for the most teams sent to the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship by a single conference with eleven out of their sixteen teams qualifying . In football , the Big East entered competition as a conference in 1991 , after inviting five football colleges to become members of the Big East , joining three teams from the Big East whose football teams were competing as Division I independents ( Boston College , Pittsburgh and Syracuse ) to form a new Division I football league . The strength of this league earned the Big East an automatic berth in the Bowl Championship Series , when that series was created in 1998 . The Big East won two national football championships , both by University of Miami . Between 2005 and 2012 , four of the more successful football schools left the Big East for other conferences , starting a process that led to a complete realignment of the Big East in 2013 . On July 1 , 2013 , the non-football playing schools ( also known collectively as the secular Catholic 7 ) formed a non-football playing conference that retains the Big East Conference name . The remaining six football-playing members , three of whom had only joined the Big East in 2005 when the earlier exodus had started , joined with four schools from other conferences to become the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which is the Big East 's legal successor ."}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte 49ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte', 'summary': "The University of North Carolina at Charlotte ( UNC Charlotte , UNCC , or simply Charlotte ) is a public research university in Charlotte , North Carolina . UNC Charlotte offers 23 doctoral , 64 master 's , and 140 bachelor 's degree programs through nine colleges : the College of Arts + Architecture , the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences , the Belk College of Business , the College of Computing and Informatics , the Cato College of Education , the William States Lee College of Engineering , the College of Health and Human Services , the Honors College , and the University College . It has three campuses : Charlotte Research Institute Campus , Center City Campus , and the main campus , located in University City . The main campus sits on 1,000 wooded acres with approximately 85 buildings about 8 miles ( 13 km ) from Uptown Charlotte . UNC Charlotte is the largest institution of higher education in the Charlotte region . The university has experienced rapid enrollment growth of 33% over the past 10 years , making it the fastest-growing institution in the UNC System and contributing to more than 50% of the system 's growth since 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_49ers', 'summary': 'The Charlotte 49ers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte . A founding member of Conference USA ( C-USA ) , Charlotte rejoined the conference in 2013 after spending eight years as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference . Previously , Charlotte was a charter member of the Sun Belt Conference and was a member of the Metro Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'All ( non-football )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conference USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic 10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_10_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic 10 Conference ( A-10 ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's ( NCAA ) Division I . The A-10 's member schools are located in states mostly on the United States Eastern Seaboard , as well as some in the Midwest - Massachusetts , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Virginia , Ohio , and Missouri as well as in the District of Columbia . Although some of its members are state-funded , half of its membership is made up of private , Catholic institutions . Despite the name , there are 14 full-time members , and two affiliate members that participate in women 's field hockey only . The current commissioner is Bernadette McGlade , who began her tenure in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bearcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati', 'summary': 'The University of Cincinnati ( UC or Cincinnati ) is a public research university in Cincinnati , Ohio . Founded in 1819 as Cincinnati College , it is the oldest institution of higher education in Cincinnati and has an annual enrollment of over 44,000 students , making it the second largest university in Ohio . It is part of the University System of Ohio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats', 'summary': 'The Cincinnati Bearcats are the athletic teams that represent the University of Cincinnati . The teams are members of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which from 1979 to 2013 was known as the Big East Conference . Cincinnati and Wichita State University are currently the only members of The American that are located in the Midwestern United States ; all other members are in the Northeast or South . The Bearcats were previously members of Conference USA , where they were a founding member . The creation of Conference USA was the result of a merger between the Great Midwest Conference ( of which Cincinnati was a member ) and the Metro Conference ( whom Cincinnati had previously been a member ) in 1995 . Other collegiate athletic conferences which the school has belonged to includes the Missouri Valley Conference , 1957-1969 ; the Mid-American Conference , 1947-1952 ; the Buckeye Athletic Association , 1925-1935 , and the Ohio Athletic Conference , 1910-1924 .'}]}, {'value': 'All', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conference USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Big East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979–2013)', 'summary': "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013 . The conference 's members participated in 24 NCAA sports . The conference had a history of success at the national level in basketball throughout its history , while its shorter ( 1991 to 2013 ) football program , created by inviting one college and four other associate members ( their football programs only ) into the conference , resulted in two national championships . In basketball , Big East teams made 18 Final Four appearances and won seven NCAA Championships ( UConn with three , Villanova , Georgetown , Syracuse , and Louisville with one each ) . Of the Big East 's full members , all but South Florida attended the Final Four , the most of any conference , though Marquette , DePaul , Notre Dame , Rutgers , Cincinnati , and Pittsburgh made all their trips before joining the Big East . In 2011 , the Big East set the record for the most teams sent to the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship by a single conference with eleven out of their sixteen teams qualifying . In football , the Big East entered competition as a conference in 1991 , after inviting five football colleges to become members of the Big East , joining three teams from the Big East whose football teams were competing as Division I independents ( Boston College , Pittsburgh and Syracuse ) to form a new Division I football league . The strength of this league earned the Big East an automatic berth in the Bowl Championship Series , when that series was created in 1998 . The Big East won two national football championships , both by University of Miami . Between 2005 and 2012 , four of the more successful football schools left the Big East for other conferences , starting a process that led to a complete realignment of the Big East in 2013 . On July 1 , 2013 , the non-football playing schools ( also known collectively as the secular Catholic 7 ) formed a non-football playing conference that retains the Big East Conference name . The remaining six football-playing members , three of whom had only joined the Big East in 2005 when the earlier exodus had started , joined with four schools from other conferences to become the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which is the Big East 's legal successor ."}]}, {'value': 'DePaul Blue Demons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DePaul_University', 'summary': "DePaul University is a private , Roman Catholic university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded by the Vincentians in 1898 , the university takes its name from the 17th-century French priest Saint Vincent de Paul . In 1998 , it became the largest Catholic university by enrollment in the United States . Following in the footsteps of its founders , DePaul places special emphasis on recruiting first-generation students and others from disadvantaged backgrounds . DePaul 's two campuses are located in Lincoln Park and the Loop . The Lincoln Park Campus is home to the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences , Science and Health , and Education . It also houses the School of Music , the Theatre School , and the John T. Richardson Library . The Loop campus houses the Colleges of Communication , Computing and Digital Media , and Law , as well as the School of Public Service and the School for New Learning . It is also home to the Kellstadt Graduate School of Business , which is part of the nationally ranked Driehaus College of Business , the tenth oldest business school in the nation . The Loop campus also houses the Loop Library , the Rinn Law Library , and the Barnes and Noble-based Student Center . The university enrolls around 16,000 undergraduates and about 7,600 graduate/law students , making DePaul the 13th largest private university by enrollment in the United States , and the largest private university in Illinois . According to the Division of Student Affairs website , about 90% of DePaul 's students commute or live off campus ."}, {'url': '/wiki/DePaul_Blue_Demons', 'summary': 'The DePaul Blue Demons are the athletic teams that represent DePaul University , located in Chicago , Illinois . The Blue Demons participate in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big East Conference . DePaul was not affiliated with any conference until it helped establish the Great Midwest Conference in 1991 . It subsequently became a charter member of Conference USA from 1995 until its move to the original Big East in 2005 through 2012 . DePaul and the other six Catholic , non-FBS schools announced on December 15 , 2012 their separation to eventually form a new conference that would carry the Big East name in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'All ( non-football )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conference USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Big East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979–2013)', 'summary': "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013 . The conference 's members participated in 24 NCAA sports . The conference had a history of success at the national level in basketball throughout its history , while its shorter ( 1991 to 2013 ) football program , created by inviting one college and four other associate members ( their football programs only ) into the conference , resulted in two national championships . In basketball , Big East teams made 18 Final Four appearances and won seven NCAA Championships ( UConn with three , Villanova , Georgetown , Syracuse , and Louisville with one each ) . Of the Big East 's full members , all but South Florida attended the Final Four , the most of any conference , though Marquette , DePaul , Notre Dame , Rutgers , Cincinnati , and Pittsburgh made all their trips before joining the Big East . In 2011 , the Big East set the record for the most teams sent to the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship by a single conference with eleven out of their sixteen teams qualifying . In football , the Big East entered competition as a conference in 1991 , after inviting five football colleges to become members of the Big East , joining three teams from the Big East whose football teams were competing as Division I independents ( Boston College , Pittsburgh and Syracuse ) to form a new Division I football league . The strength of this league earned the Big East an automatic berth in the Bowl Championship Series , when that series was created in 1998 . The Big East won two national football championships , both by University of Miami . Between 2005 and 2012 , four of the more successful football schools left the Big East for other conferences , starting a process that led to a complete realignment of the Big East in 2013 . On July 1 , 2013 , the non-football playing schools ( also known collectively as the secular Catholic 7 ) formed a non-football playing conference that retains the Big East Conference name . The remaining six football-playing members , three of whom had only joined the Big East in 2005 when the earlier exodus had started , joined with four schools from other conferences to become the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which is the Big East 's legal successor ."}]}, {'value': 'East Tennessee State Buccaneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Tennessee_State_University', 'summary': "East Tennessee State University ( ETSU ) is a public university in Johnson City , Tennessee . Although it is part of the State University and Community College System of Tennessee , the university is governed by an institutional Board of Trustees . As of May 2017 [ update ] , it is the fourth largest university in the state and has off-campus centers in nearby Kingsport and Elizabethton . ETSU hosts the James H. Quillen College of Medicine which is often ranked as one of the top schools in the United States for rural medicine and primary care education ; the Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy , the College of Nursing , the College of Public Health , and the recently formed College of Clinical and Rehabilitative Health Sciences . Unique programs include an accredited program in Bluegrass , Old Time , and Country Music , America 's lone master 's degree in Storytelling , and the Appalachian Studies programs , focused on the surrounding Appalachian region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Tennessee_State_Buccaneers', 'summary': "The East Tennessee State Buccaneers are the sixteen sports teams representing East Tennessee State University ( ETSU ) in Johnson City , Tennessee in intercollegiate athletics , including men and women 's basketball , cross country , golf , soccer , tennis , and track and field ; women's-only softball and volleyball ; and men's-only baseball and football . The Buccaneers compete in the NCAA Division I and are currently members of the Southern Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'All ( non-football )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Conference ( SoCon ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . Southern Conference football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-AA ) . Member institutions are located in the states of Alabama , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . Established in 1921 , the Southern Conference ranks as the fifth-oldest major college athletic conference in the United States , and either the third- or fourth-oldest in continuous operation , depending on definitions . Among conferences currently in operation , the Big Ten ( 1896 ) and Missouri Valley ( 1907 ) are indisputably older . The Pac-12 Conference did not operate under its current charter until 1959 , but claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference , founded in 1915 , as its own . The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was founded in 1914 , but ceased operation in 1996 . The Big Eight Conference claimed the same history as the Missouri Valley from 1907 to 1928 during its existence ; though it essentially merged with four SWC members to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996 , the Big 12 does not claim the Big Eight 's legacy . The Ivy League was formally organized in 1954 with athletic competition starting in 1955 , but claims the history of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which competed from 1901 to 1955 , as its own . The SoCon was the first conference to use the three-point field goal in basketball in a November 29 , 1980 game at Western Carolina against Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU ) , where Ronnie Carr shot the historic shot from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) away and the Catamounts won 77-70 . The Southern Conference is considered one of the stronger football conferences in the Football Championship Subdivision and is considered a mid-major conference in basketball . It has also garnered considerable national attention from its recent success in these sports : in particular , former member , three-time Division I NCAA Football champion Appalachian State Mountaineers , who stunned the fifth-ranked Michigan Wolverines 34-32 on September 1 , 2007 ; from the Davidson Wildcats , who reached the Elite Eight in the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by upsetting power programs Gonzaga ( a mid-major school which became a power program in the 2000s ) , Georgetown , and Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Sun Conference , branded as the ASUN Conference , is a collegiate athletic conference operating mostly in the Southeastern United States . The league participates at the NCAA Division I level , and does not sponsor football . Originally established as the Trans America Athletic Conference ( TAAC ) in 1978 , its headquarters are located in Macon , Georgia . The conference has seen several changes in its membership in recent years . First , the 2014 departure of East Tennessee State University and Mercer University to the Southern Conference left the ASUN with eight members . Northern Kentucky University ( transitioning from NCAA Division II sports to Division I ) left the conference to join the Horizon League and was replaced by the New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) , previously the only Division I basketball independent , in 2015 . The ASUN membership expanded to nine members in 2018 . The University of South Carolina Upstate ( USC Upstate ) left the ASUN to join the Big South Conference after the 2017-18 season , but two new schools joined . The University of North Alabama arrived from the Division II Gulf South Conference , and Liberty University left the Big South for the ASUN . The ASUN 's next change of membership will occur in 2020-21 with the arrival of Bellarmine University from the Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida Atlantic Owls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_University', 'summary': 'Florida Atlantic University ( FAU or Florida Atlantic ) is a public university with its main campus in Boca Raton , Florida and satellite campuses in Dania Beach , Davie , Fort Lauderdale , Jupiter , and Fort Pierce . FAU belongs to the 12-campus State University System of Florida and serves South Florida , which has more than five million people and spans more than 100 miles ( 160 km ) of coastline . Florida Atlantic University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university offers more than 170 undergraduate and graduate degree programs within its 10 colleges . Florida Atlantic opened in 1964 as the first public university in southeast Florida , offering only upper-division and graduate level courses . Initial enrollment was only 867 students , increasing in 1984 when the university admitted its first lower-division undergraduate students . As of 2018 [ update ] , enrollment has grown to over 30,000 students representing 140 countries , 50 states , and the District of Columbia . Since its inception , Florida Atlantic has awarded more than 110,000 degrees to nearly 153,160 alumni . Since 2004 , FAU has undertaken an effort to increase its academic and research standings while also evolving into a more traditional university . The university has raised admissions standards , increased research funding , built new facilities , and established notable partnerships with major research institutions . Changes include an on-campus stadium , additional on-campus housing , and the establishment of a College of Medicine in 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_Owls', 'summary': "The Florida Atlantic Owls are the athletics teams of Florida Atlantic University ( FAU ) . The Owls participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I as members of Conference USA . Florida Atlantic has attracted high-profile coaches in the past for various sports , including Howard Schnellenberger and Lane Kiffin for football and Mike Jarvis for basketball . Other former coaches include Matt Doherty , Rex Walters , and Sidney Green . As of March 2018 , the Owls are led by athletic director Brian White ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Division I-AA Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions in the United States whose football programs are not part of a football conference . This means that FCS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition as conference schools do . As of the next college football season of 2020 , three schools will play as FCS independents . Presbyterian will spend only the 2020 season as an independent . It began a transition to non-scholarship FCS football in 2017 and will play the final season of that transition as an FCS independent before joining the Pioneer Football League in 2021 . ( Presbyterian will remain a full but non-football Big South member . ) Also in 2020 , Dixie State and Tarleton State will move up from Division II , with both joining the non-football Western Athletic Conference . Both schools have announced they will play as FCS independents for the foreseeable future . The only school that had played as an FCS independent in the most recently completed 2019 season , North Dakota , will join the Missouri Valley Football Conference in July 2020 . The Fighting Hawks left the Big Sky Conference for the non-football Summit League in July 2018 , but agreed to honor existing contracts to play Big Sky members in football , and thus played a full Big Sky football schedule in both 2018 and 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sun Belt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference', 'summary': "The Sun Belt Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that has been affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I since 1976 . Originally a non-football conference , the Sun Belt began sponsoring football in 2001 . Its football teams participate in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . The 12 member institutions of the Sun Belt are distributed primarily across the southern United States ."}]}, {'value': 'FIU Golden Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_International_University', 'summary': "Florida International University ( FIU ) is a public space-grant research university in University Park , Florida . It is a member of the State University System of Florida . FIU is the first and only school in South Florida to achieve the Emerging Preeminence designation by the Florida Legislature . Founded in 1965 , it has quickly grown to becoming the largest university in the Greater Miami region . It is the largest university in South Florida , the second-largest in Florida , and the fourth-largest in the United States by enrollment . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 11 separate colleges and more than 40 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 190 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.5 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 3.5 billion . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida International as the 105th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FIU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their FIU Panthers nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Conference USA ( C-USA ) . In their 113-year history , FIU 's varsity sports teams have won 5 athletic championships and Panther athletes have won various individual NCAA national championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FIU_Panthers_football', 'summary': "FIU Panthers football program represents Florida International University ( FIU ) in the sport of American football . The Panthers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the East Division of Conference USA ( CUSA ) . The Panthers ' head coach is Butch Davis . FIU has produced a Sun Belt Conference co-championship team in 2010 , along with 3 postseason bowl appearances . The Panthers play their home games at Riccardo Silva Stadium which has a seating capacity of 20,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Division I-AA Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions in the United States whose football programs are not part of a football conference . This means that FCS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition as conference schools do . As of the next college football season of 2020 , three schools will play as FCS independents . Presbyterian will spend only the 2020 season as an independent . It began a transition to non-scholarship FCS football in 2017 and will play the final season of that transition as an FCS independent before joining the Pioneer Football League in 2021 . ( Presbyterian will remain a full but non-football Big South member . ) Also in 2020 , Dixie State and Tarleton State will move up from Division II , with both joining the non-football Western Athletic Conference . Both schools have announced they will play as FCS independents for the foreseeable future . The only school that had played as an FCS independent in the most recently completed 2019 season , North Dakota , will join the Missouri Valley Football Conference in July 2020 . The Fighting Hawks left the Big Sky Conference for the non-football Summit League in July 2018 , but agreed to honor existing contracts to play Big Sky members in football , and thus played a full Big Sky football schedule in both 2018 and 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sun Belt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference', 'summary': "The Sun Belt Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that has been affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I since 1976 . Originally a non-football conference , the Sun Belt began sponsoring football in 2001 . Its football teams participate in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . The 12 member institutions of the Sun Belt are distributed primarily across the southern United States ."}]}, {'value': 'FIU Golden Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_International_University', 'summary': "Florida International University ( FIU ) is a public space-grant research university in University Park , Florida . It is a member of the State University System of Florida . FIU is the first and only school in South Florida to achieve the Emerging Preeminence designation by the Florida Legislature . Founded in 1965 , it has quickly grown to becoming the largest university in the Greater Miami region . It is the largest university in South Florida , the second-largest in Florida , and the fourth-largest in the United States by enrollment . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 11 separate colleges and more than 40 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 190 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.5 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 3.5 billion . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida International as the 105th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FIU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their FIU Panthers nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Conference USA ( C-USA ) . In their 113-year history , FIU 's varsity sports teams have won 5 athletic championships and Panther athletes have won various individual NCAA national championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FIU_Panthers', 'summary': 'The FIU Panthers ( also known as FIU Golden Panthers , Florida INT Golden Panthers or Florida International Golden Panthers ) are the athletic teams representing Florida International University , an American public university located in Miami . The Panthers currently compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I athletics as members of Conference USA .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's soccer", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlantic Soccer Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Soccer_Conference', 'summary': "Atlantic Soccer Conference ( ASC ) was a college athletic conference which only sponsored men 's soccer . The conference participated in the NCAA 's Division I and its champion did not receive an automatic bid to the annual NCAA Men 's Soccer Championship Tournament . It was founded in 2000 with nine colleges and universities as its members but disbanded following the 2011 season when its membership dwindled to three members ."}]}, {'value': 'Conference USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia State Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_State_University', 'summary': "Georgia State University ( Georgia State , State , or GSU ) is a public research university in Atlanta , Georgia . Founded in 1913 , it is one of the University System of Georgia 's four research universities . It is also the largest institution of higher education by enrollment based in Georgia and is in the top 10 in the nation in number of students with a diverse majority-minority student population of around 53,000 students , including approximately 33,000 undergraduate and graduate students at the main campus downtown as of 2018 [ update ] . The Carnegie Classification framework places Georgia State within its R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity category , the framework 's classification for universities in the United States that engage in the highest levels of research . The university 's over $ 200 million in research expenditures for the 2018 fiscal year ranked 1st in the nation among universities without an engineering , medical , or agricultural school for the third year in a row . The university is the most comprehensive public institution in Georgia , offering more than 250 degree programs in over 100 fields of study spread across 10 academic colleges and schools . Georgia State has two libraries : University Library , which is split between Library North and Library South on the main campus and also divided among the Perimeter College campuses , and Law Library , which is located on the main campus . Together , both libraries contain over 13 million holdings and serve as federal document depositories . Georgia State has a $ 2.5 billion economic impact in Georgia . Georgia State Universitys intercollegiate athletics teams , the Georgia State Panthers , compete in NCAA Division Is Sun Belt Conference , with the exception of Georgia State 's beach volleyball team , which competes in the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association . Georgia State is a founding member of the Sun Belt Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgia_State_Panthers', 'summary': "The Georgia State Panthers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of Georgia State University . GSU 's teams ( except beach volleyball , which competes in the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association ) are members of the Sun Belt Conference , a conference of which they were a charter member . Previously , GSU was a member of the CAA , and prior to that , the Atlantic Sun Conference ( then known as the Trans America Athletic Conference , or TAAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'All ( non-football )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlantic Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Sun Conference , branded as the ASUN Conference , is a collegiate athletic conference operating mostly in the Southeastern United States . The league participates at the NCAA Division I level , and does not sponsor football . Originally established as the Trans America Athletic Conference ( TAAC ) in 1978 , its headquarters are located in Macon , Georgia . The conference has seen several changes in its membership in recent years . First , the 2014 departure of East Tennessee State University and Mercer University to the Southern Conference left the ASUN with eight members . Northern Kentucky University ( transitioning from NCAA Division II sports to Division I ) left the conference to join the Horizon League and was replaced by the New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) , previously the only Division I basketball independent , in 2015 . The ASUN membership expanded to nine members in 2018 . The University of South Carolina Upstate ( USC Upstate ) left the ASUN to join the Big South Conference after the 2017-18 season , but two new schools joined . The University of North Alabama arrived from the Division II Gulf South Conference , and Liberty University left the Big South for the ASUN . The ASUN 's next change of membership will occur in 2020-21 with the arrival of Bellarmine University from the Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'CAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I whose full members are located in East Coast states from Massachusetts to South Carolina . Most of its members are public universities , and the conference is headquartered in Richmond . The CAA was historically a Southern conference until the addition of four schools in the Northeast ( of five that joined from rival conference America East ) after the turn of the 21st century , which added balance to the conference . The CAA was founded in 1979 as the ECAC South basketball league . It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added championships in other sports ( although a number of members maintain ECAC affiliation in some sports ) . As of 2006 , it organizes championships in 21 men 's and women 's sports . The addition of Northeastern University in 2005 gave the conference the NCAA minimum of six football programs needed to sponsor football . For the 2007 football season , all of the Atlantic 10 Conference 's football programs joined the CAA football conference , as agreed in May 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Idaho Vandals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Idaho', 'summary': "The University of Idaho ( U of I , or UIdaho ) is a public university in Moscow , Idaho . It is the state 's land-grant and primary research university . It is the lead university in the Idaho Space Grant Consortium . The University of Idaho was the state 's sole university for 71 years , until 1963 , and its College of Law , established in 1909 , was first accredited by the American Bar Association in 1925 . Formed by the territorial legislature on January 30 , 1889 , the university opened its doors in 1892 on October 3 , with an initial class of 40 students . The first graduating class in 1896 contained two men and two women . It has an enrollment exceeding 12,000 , with over 11,000 on the Moscow campus . The university offers 142 degree programs , from accountancy to wildlife resources , including bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and specialists ' degrees . Certificates of completion are offered in 30 areas of study . At 25% and 53% , its 4 and 6 year graduation rates are the highest of any public university in Idaho , and it generates 74 percent of all research money in the state , with research expenditures of $ 100 million in 2010 alone . As a land-grant university and the primary research university in the state , UI has the largest campus in the state at 1,585 acres ( 6.4 km2 ) , in the rolling hills of the Palouse region at an elevation of 2,600 feet ( 790 m ) above sea level . The school is home to the Idaho Vandals , who compete in NCAA Division I athletics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Idaho_Vandals', 'summary': "The Idaho Vandals are the intercollegiate athletic teams representing the University of Idaho , located in Moscow . The Vandals compete at the NCAA Division I level as a member of the Big Sky Conference . The football team was an independent for the 2013 season due to a major wave of departures from the Western Athletic Conference that left just two football-playing schools . In July 2014 , Idaho returned its football team to the Sun Belt Conference and the other sports rejoined the Big Sky Conference . The university 's official colors are silver and gold , honoring the state 's mining tradition . Because these metallic colors in tandem are not visually complementary for athletic uniforms , black and gold are the prevalent colors for the athletic teams , with an occasional use of silver , similar to Colorado , whose official colors are also silver and gold . When Idaho moved out of the Big Sky to the Big West in 1996 , the yellow Green Bay gold was changed to metallic Vegas gold . Yellow gold and black were the colors used by most of the varsity teams from 1978 to 1996 , initiated by first-year head football coach Jerry Davitch 's new uniforms for 1978 . On April 27 , 2016 , it was reported that the Vandals would become the first football program to voluntarily drop from the FBS level to the FCS level , beginning in 2018 . All previous programs to have moved from FBS to FCS level did so because the NCAA downgraded either the individual programs or their conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'All', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun Belt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference', 'summary': "The Sun Belt Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that has been affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I since 1976 . Originally a non-football conference , the Sun Belt began sponsoring football in 2001 . Its football teams participate in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . The 12 member institutions of the Sun Belt are distributed primarily across the southern United States ."}]}, {'value': 'WAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'Kennesaw State Owls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kennesaw_State_University', 'summary': "Kennesaw State University ( KSU ) is a public university in the U.S. state of Georgia with two primary campuses , one in Kennesaw and the other in Marietta . The school was founded in 1963 by the Georgia Board of Regents using local bonds and a federal grant during a time of major Georgia economic expansion after World War II . KSU also holds classes at the Cobb Galleria Centre , Dalton State College , and in Paulding County ( Dallas ) . Present enrollment is over 37,000 students , making it the third-largest university within Georgia and one of the top 50 largest universities in the United States . KSU is part of the University System of Georgia . The university has multiple academic programs in business , education , engineering , nursing , physical sciences , information technology , criminal justice , and sports management . Both the Kennesaw and Marietta campuses are located in suburban areas on a combined 581 acres ( 235 ha ) of land . Since 2005 , Kennesaw State 's athletic teams ( except football ) have been a NCAA Division I member of the Atlantic Sun Conference . The football team is a FCS member of the Big South Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kennesaw_State_Owls', 'summary': "The Kennesaw State Owls fields 17 varsity athletics teams , competing for Kennesaw State University . After spending ten years in Division II 's Peach Belt Conference , the university fully transitioned to Division I status in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the beginning of the 2009-10 season . All of Kennesaw State 's sports teams compete in the Atlantic Sun Conference , except for the football team , which is an associate member of the Big South Conference . The school mascot is Scrappy the Owl . Kennesaw State 's athletic department was founded in 1983 , and initially offered nine sports : women 's basketball , men 's soccer , men 's & women 's cross country , and men 's & women 's track and field . The program first began competition in the Georgia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference , part of the NAIA . In just 23 years , the school has transitioned to a full NCAA Division I program ."}]}, {'value': 'All ( non-football )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peach Belt ( Division II )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peach_Belt_Conference', 'summary': "The Peach Belt Conference ( PBC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level . Since its inception in 1990-91 , the Peach Belt has developed a consistent history of excellence which continues to this day with 30 national championships and 27 national finalists . Starting with only two championships in 1991 , in men 's and women 's basketball , the conference has expanded to 13 championship sports with the addition of women 's golf in the fall of 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_II', 'summary': "NCAA Division II ( D-II ) is an intermediate-level division of competition in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . It offers an alternative to both the larger and better-funded Division I and to the scholarship-free environment offered in Division III . Before 1973 , the NCAA 's smaller schools were grouped together in the College Division . In 1973 , the College Division split in two when the NCAA began using numeric designations for its competitions . The College Division members who wanted to offer athletic scholarships or compete against those who did became Division II , while those who chose not to offer athletic scholarships became Division III . Nationally , ESPN televises the championship game in football , CBS televises the men 's basketball championship , and ESPN2 televises the women 's basketball championship . CBS Sports Network broadcasts six football games on Thursdays during the regular season , and one men 's basketball game per week on Saturdays during that sport 's regular season . The official slogan of NCAA Division II , implemented in 2015 , is Make It Yours ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Sun Conference , branded as the ASUN Conference , is a collegiate athletic conference operating mostly in the Southeastern United States . The league participates at the NCAA Division I level , and does not sponsor football . Originally established as the Trans America Athletic Conference ( TAAC ) in 1978 , its headquarters are located in Macon , Georgia . The conference has seen several changes in its membership in recent years . First , the 2014 departure of East Tennessee State University and Mercer University to the Southern Conference left the ASUN with eight members . Northern Kentucky University ( transitioning from NCAA Division II sports to Division I ) left the conference to join the Horizon League and was replaced by the New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) , previously the only Division I basketball independent , in 2015 . The ASUN membership expanded to nine members in 2018 . The University of South Carolina Upstate ( USC Upstate ) left the ASUN to join the Big South Conference after the 2017-18 season , but two new schools joined . The University of North Alabama arrived from the Division II Gulf South Conference , and Liberty University left the Big South for the ASUN . The ASUN 's next change of membership will occur in 2020-21 with the arrival of Bellarmine University from the Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky Wildcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Kentucky', 'summary': "The University of Kentucky ( UK ) is a public university in Lexington , Kentucky . Founded in 1865 by John Bryan Bowman as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky , the university is one of the state 's two land-grant universities ( the other being Kentucky State University ) and the institution with the highest enrollment in the state , with 30,720 students as of Fall 2015 . The institution comprises 16 colleges , a graduate school , 93 undergraduate programs , 99 master programs , 66 doctoral programs , and four professional programs . [ needs update ] The University of Kentucky has fifteen libraries on campus . The largest is the William T. Young Library , a federal depository , hosting subjects related to social sciences , humanities , and life sciences collections . In recent years , the university has focused expenditures increasingly on research , following a compact formed by the Kentucky General Assembly in 1997 . The directive mandated that the university become a Top 20 public research institution , in terms of an overall ranking , to be determined by the university itself , by the year 2020 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Kentucky Wildcats men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of the University of Kentucky . Since the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) does not sponsor men 's soccer ( minimum four schools needed to sponsor a sport , only two offer it ) , the team has been associate members of other conferences . From 1995 to 2004 , it was a member of the Mid-American Conference . Since 2005 , Kentucky is a member of Conference USA , creating a rivalry with fellow new member South Carolina , which had rejoined the reunified conference that season . In 2018 , Kentucky went 17-1-1 with wins against # 6 Louisville and # 2 Indiana , both by a score of 3-0 at home . They finished 7-1 overall in conference play with their only lose coming on the road at FIU 2-3 . The Wildcats won the C-USA Regular Season and Tournament Titles . They were the # 3 overall seed in the NCAA Tournament , their highest ever . The school has two major rivalries , one traditional and one unique since they are an all-sports in-conference competition , but in this sport is a rivalry because of its nature ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's soccer", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'Conference USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisville Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Louisville', 'summary': "The University of Louisville ( UofL ) is a public research university in Louisville , Kentucky . It is part of the Kentucky state university system . When founded in 1798 , it was the first city-owned public university in the United States and one of the first universities chartered west of the Allegheny Mountains . The university is mandated by the Kentucky General Assembly to be a Preeminent Metropolitan Research University . The university enrolls students from 118 of 120 Kentucky counties , all 50 U.S. states , and 116 countries around the world . The University of Louisville School of Medicine is touted for the first fully self-contained artificial heart transplant surgery as well as the first successful hand transplantation in the United States . The University Hospital is also credited with the first civilian ambulance , the nation 's first accident services , now known as an emergency department ( ED ) , and one of the first blood banks in the US . Louisville is also known for its Louisville Cardinals athletics programs . Since 2005 , the Cardinals have made appearances in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball Final Four in 2005 , 2012 , and 2013 ( vacated ) , football Bowl Championship Series Orange Bowl in 2007 ( champions ) and Sugar Bowl in 2013 ( champions ) , the College Baseball World Series 2007 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 and 2019 , the women 's basketball Final Four in 2009 ( runner-up ) , 2013 ( runner-up ) , and 2018 , and the men 's soccer national championship game in 2010 . The Louisville Cardinals Women 's Volleyball program has three-peated as champions of the Big East Tournament ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) , and were Atlantic Coast Conference Champions in 2015 and 2017 . Women 's track and field program has won Outdoor Big East titles in 2008 , 2009 and 2010 and an Indoor Big East title in 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals', 'summary': "The Louisville Cardinals ( also known as the Cards ) are the NCAA athletic teams representing the University of Louisville . The Cardinals teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference , beginning in the 2014 season . While playing in the Big East Conference from 2005 through 2013 , the Cardinals captured 17 regular season Big East titles and 33 Big East Tournament titles totaling 50 Big East Championships across all sports . With their 2013 Sugar Bowl appearance against the Florida Gators , the Cardinals football team became the only football team in the Commonwealth of Kentucky to have appeared in and won two Bowl Championship Series bowls , having defeated Wake Forest 24-13 in the 2007 Orange Bowl and Florida 33-23 in the 2013 Sugar Bowl . On November 28 , 2012 , Louisville received and accepted an invitation to join the Atlantic Coast Conference and became a participating member in all sports in 2014 . In 2016 , Lamar Jackson won the school its first Heisman Trophy . Their fan base is referred to as Card Nation . Their fans are known to appear in large numbers at away venues causing red adorned fans to be seen across visiting stadiums . This has become known as the red mist . Since 2000 Louisville is the only NCAA team to win a BCS bowl game ; to appear in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball Final Four , the College World Series , and the NCAA Division I women 's basketball Final Four ; and to finish as runner-up in the Men 's soccer College Cup . It is one of only six schools that has appeared more than once in each of the following events - a BCS bowl game , the men 's and women 's basketball Final Fours , and the College World Series - and Louisville 's span of seven school years ( 2006-07 to 2012-13 ) is the shortest among these schools . Also , it is the first school ever to win a BCS bowl game , appear in the men 's and women 's basketball Final Fours , and appear in the College World Series in the same school year , doing so in 2012-13 ."}]}, {'value': 'All', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conference USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Big East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979–2013)', 'summary': "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013 . The conference 's members participated in 24 NCAA sports . The conference had a history of success at the national level in basketball throughout its history , while its shorter ( 1991 to 2013 ) football program , created by inviting one college and four other associate members ( their football programs only ) into the conference , resulted in two national championships . In basketball , Big East teams made 18 Final Four appearances and won seven NCAA Championships ( UConn with three , Villanova , Georgetown , Syracuse , and Louisville with one each ) . Of the Big East 's full members , all but South Florida attended the Final Four , the most of any conference , though Marquette , DePaul , Notre Dame , Rutgers , Cincinnati , and Pittsburgh made all their trips before joining the Big East . In 2011 , the Big East set the record for the most teams sent to the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship by a single conference with eleven out of their sixteen teams qualifying . In football , the Big East entered competition as a conference in 1991 , after inviting five football colleges to become members of the Big East , joining three teams from the Big East whose football teams were competing as Division I independents ( Boston College , Pittsburgh and Syracuse ) to form a new Division I football league . The strength of this league earned the Big East an automatic berth in the Bowl Championship Series , when that series was created in 1998 . The Big East won two national football championships , both by University of Miami . Between 2005 and 2012 , four of the more successful football schools left the Big East for other conferences , starting a process that led to a complete realignment of the Big East in 2013 . On July 1 , 2013 , the non-football playing schools ( also known collectively as the secular Catholic 7 ) formed a non-football playing conference that retains the Big East Conference name . The remaining six football-playing members , three of whom had only joined the Big East in 2005 when the earlier exodus had started , joined with four schools from other conferences to become the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which is the Big East 's legal successor ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisville Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Louisville', 'summary': "The University of Louisville ( UofL ) is a public research university in Louisville , Kentucky . It is part of the Kentucky state university system . When founded in 1798 , it was the first city-owned public university in the United States and one of the first universities chartered west of the Allegheny Mountains . The university is mandated by the Kentucky General Assembly to be a Preeminent Metropolitan Research University . The university enrolls students from 118 of 120 Kentucky counties , all 50 U.S. states , and 116 countries around the world . The University of Louisville School of Medicine is touted for the first fully self-contained artificial heart transplant surgery as well as the first successful hand transplantation in the United States . The University Hospital is also credited with the first civilian ambulance , the nation 's first accident services , now known as an emergency department ( ED ) , and one of the first blood banks in the US . Louisville is also known for its Louisville Cardinals athletics programs . Since 2005 , the Cardinals have made appearances in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball Final Four in 2005 , 2012 , and 2013 ( vacated ) , football Bowl Championship Series Orange Bowl in 2007 ( champions ) and Sugar Bowl in 2013 ( champions ) , the College Baseball World Series 2007 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 and 2019 , the women 's basketball Final Four in 2009 ( runner-up ) , 2013 ( runner-up ) , and 2018 , and the men 's soccer national championship game in 2010 . The Louisville Cardinals Women 's Volleyball program has three-peated as champions of the Big East Tournament ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) , and were Atlantic Coast Conference Champions in 2015 and 2017 . Women 's track and field program has won Outdoor Big East titles in 2008 , 2009 and 2010 and an Indoor Big East title in 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals', 'summary': "The Louisville Cardinals ( also known as the Cards ) are the NCAA athletic teams representing the University of Louisville . The Cardinals teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference , beginning in the 2014 season . While playing in the Big East Conference from 2005 through 2013 , the Cardinals captured 17 regular season Big East titles and 33 Big East Tournament titles totaling 50 Big East Championships across all sports . With their 2013 Sugar Bowl appearance against the Florida Gators , the Cardinals football team became the only football team in the Commonwealth of Kentucky to have appeared in and won two Bowl Championship Series bowls , having defeated Wake Forest 24-13 in the 2007 Orange Bowl and Florida 33-23 in the 2013 Sugar Bowl . On November 28 , 2012 , Louisville received and accepted an invitation to join the Atlantic Coast Conference and became a participating member in all sports in 2014 . In 2016 , Lamar Jackson won the school its first Heisman Trophy . Their fan base is referred to as Card Nation . Their fans are known to appear in large numbers at away venues causing red adorned fans to be seen across visiting stadiums . This has become known as the red mist . Since 2000 Louisville is the only NCAA team to win a BCS bowl game ; to appear in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball Final Four , the College World Series , and the NCAA Division I women 's basketball Final Four ; and to finish as runner-up in the Men 's soccer College Cup . It is one of only six schools that has appeared more than once in each of the following events - a BCS bowl game , the men 's and women 's basketball Final Fours , and the College World Series - and Louisville 's span of seven school years ( 2006-07 to 2012-13 ) is the shortest among these schools . Also , it is the first school ever to win a BCS bowl game , appear in the men 's and women 's basketball Final Fours , and appear in the College World Series in the same school year , doing so in 2012-13 ."}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'Big East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979–2013)', 'summary': "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013 . The conference 's members participated in 24 NCAA sports . The conference had a history of success at the national level in basketball throughout its history , while its shorter ( 1991 to 2013 ) football program , created by inviting one college and four other associate members ( their football programs only ) into the conference , resulted in two national championships . In basketball , Big East teams made 18 Final Four appearances and won seven NCAA Championships ( UConn with three , Villanova , Georgetown , Syracuse , and Louisville with one each ) . Of the Big East 's full members , all but South Florida attended the Final Four , the most of any conference , though Marquette , DePaul , Notre Dame , Rutgers , Cincinnati , and Pittsburgh made all their trips before joining the Big East . In 2011 , the Big East set the record for the most teams sent to the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship by a single conference with eleven out of their sixteen teams qualifying . In football , the Big East entered competition as a conference in 1991 , after inviting five football colleges to become members of the Big East , joining three teams from the Big East whose football teams were competing as Division I independents ( Boston College , Pittsburgh and Syracuse ) to form a new Division I football league . The strength of this league earned the Big East an automatic berth in the Bowl Championship Series , when that series was created in 1998 . The Big East won two national football championships , both by University of Miami . Between 2005 and 2012 , four of the more successful football schools left the Big East for other conferences , starting a process that led to a complete realignment of the Big East in 2013 . On July 1 , 2013 , the non-football playing schools ( also known collectively as the secular Catholic 7 ) formed a non-football playing conference that retains the Big East Conference name . The remaining six football-playing members , three of whom had only joined the Big East in 2005 when the earlier exodus had started , joined with four schools from other conferences to become the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which is the Big East 's legal successor ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquette Golden Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquette_University', 'summary': "Marquette University ( /mɑːrˈkɛt/ ) is a private Jesuit research university in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Established by the Society of Jesus as Marquette College on August 28 , 1881 , it was founded by John Martin Henni , the first Bishop of Milwaukee . The university was named after 17th-century missionary and explorer Father Jacques Marquette , SJ , with the intention to provide an affordable Catholic education to the area 's emerging German immigrant population . Initially an all-male institution , Marquette became the first coeducational Catholic university in the world in 1909 when it began admitting its first female students . Marquette is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities . The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and currently has a student body of about 12,000 . Marquette is one of the largest Jesuit universities in the United States , and the largest private university in Wisconsin . Marquette is organized into 11 schools and colleges at its main Milwaukee campus , offering programs in the liberal arts , business , communications , education , engineering , law and various health sciences disciplines . The university also administers classes in suburbs around the Milwaukee area and in Washington , DC . While most students are pursuing undergraduate degrees , the university has over 68 doctoral and master 's degree programs , a law school , a dental school ( only one in the state ) , and 22 graduate certificate programs . The university 's varsity athletic teams , known as the Golden Eagles , are members of the Big East Conference and compete in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marquette_Golden_Eagles', 'summary': "The Marquette Golden Eagles , formerly known as the Marquette Warriors , Blue and Gold , Gold , Hilltoppers , and Golden Avalanche ( football only ) , are the athletic teams representing Marquette University in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , United States . They compete as a member of the NCAA Division I level ( non-football sub-level ) , primarily competing in the Big East Conference for all sports since its establishment in 2013 . The Golden Eagles are a founding member of the current Big East , having been one of the seven members of the original Big East that broke away to form a basketball-focused league . They had joined the original Big East in 2005 , having previously competed in Conference USA ( C-USA ) from 1995-96 to 2004-05 , the Great Midwest Conference from 1991-92 to 1994-95 and the Horizon League from 1988-89 to 1990-91 . They also competed as an independent from 1916-17 to 1987-88 . Men 's sports include basketball , cross country , golf , lacrosse , soccer , tennis and track & field , while women 's sports include basketball , cross country , lacrosse , soccer , tennis , track & field and volleyball . The men 's basketball team won the NCAA national championship in 1977 , and was a finalist in 1974 and a semifinalist in 2003 . The 1970 team won the National Invitation Tournament ; the NCAA tournament in 1970 included just 25 teams and the NIT had 16 . The nickname change to Golden Eagles came in May 1994 . In May 2005 , the university changed the nickname to Gold , but the decision was reversed after public backlash . On December 15 , 2012 , Marquette and the other six Catholic , non-FBS Big East schools ( the so-called Catholic 7 ) announced that they were departing the Big East for a new conference . In March 2013 , it was confirmed that the Catholic 7 , along with three other schools , would begin operations that July as a new Big East Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'All ( non-football )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conference USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Big East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979–2013)', 'summary': "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013 . The conference 's members participated in 24 NCAA sports . The conference had a history of success at the national level in basketball throughout its history , while its shorter ( 1991 to 2013 ) football program , created by inviting one college and four other associate members ( their football programs only ) into the conference , resulted in two national championships . In basketball , Big East teams made 18 Final Four appearances and won seven NCAA Championships ( UConn with three , Villanova , Georgetown , Syracuse , and Louisville with one each ) . Of the Big East 's full members , all but South Florida attended the Final Four , the most of any conference , though Marquette , DePaul , Notre Dame , Rutgers , Cincinnati , and Pittsburgh made all their trips before joining the Big East . In 2011 , the Big East set the record for the most teams sent to the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship by a single conference with eleven out of their sixteen teams qualifying . In football , the Big East entered competition as a conference in 1991 , after inviting five football colleges to become members of the Big East , joining three teams from the Big East whose football teams were competing as Division I independents ( Boston College , Pittsburgh and Syracuse ) to form a new Division I football league . The strength of this league earned the Big East an automatic berth in the Bowl Championship Series , when that series was created in 1998 . The Big East won two national football championships , both by University of Miami . Between 2005 and 2012 , four of the more successful football schools left the Big East for other conferences , starting a process that led to a complete realignment of the Big East in 2013 . On July 1 , 2013 , the non-football playing schools ( also known collectively as the secular Catholic 7 ) formed a non-football playing conference that retains the Big East Conference name . The remaining six football-playing members , three of whom had only joined the Big East in 2005 when the earlier exodus had started , joined with four schools from other conferences to become the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which is the Big East 's legal successor ."}]}, {'value': 'Marshall Thundering Herd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_University', 'summary': "Marshall University is a public research university in Huntington , West Virginia . It was founded in 1837 and is named after John Marshall , the fourth Chief Justice of the United States . The university is currently composed of nine undergraduate colleges : Lewis College of Business ( LCOB ) , College of Education and Professional Development ( COE ) , College of Arts and Media ( COAM ) , College of Health Professions ( COHP ) , Honors College , College of Information Technology and Engineering ( CITE ) , College of Liberal Arts ( COLA ) , College of Science ( COS ) , and University College ; three graduate colleges , the general Graduate College , the School of Pharmacy , and the Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine ; and a regional center for cancer research , which has a national reputation for its programs in rural healthcare delivery . The forensic science graduate program is one of nearly twenty post-graduate-level academic programs in the United States accredited by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences . The university 's digital forensics program is the first program in the world to receive accreditation in digital forensics from the Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission ( FEPAC ) . [ citation needed ] The Lewis College of Business is amongst only 1% of global business schools to have achieved dual AACSB accreditation in Business and Accounting . Marshall University has a non-residential branch campus , focused on graduate education , in South Charleston , the Marshall University - South Charleston Campus , which also offers classes throughout the southern half of the state , including at the Erma Byrd Higher Education Center in Beckley . [ citation needed ] It also offers undergraduate courses , under three centers , the Southern Mountain Center , operating on the campuses of the Southern West Virginia Community College in Logan and Williamson and at the YMCA in Gilbert ; the Mid-Ohio Valley Center in Point Pleasant and the Teays Valley Center in Hurricane . [ citation needed ] Marshall University also operates the Robert C. Byrd Institute , with operations on both the Huntington and South Charleston campuses , as well as in Fairmont , West Virginia . [ citation needed ] The institute 's goal is the transfer of technology from the academic departments to private industry to support job development in the region . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Thundering_Herd', 'summary': 'The Marshall Thundering Herd is the intercollegiate athletic collection of teams that collectively represent the Marshall University in Huntington , West Virginia . Thundering Herd athletic teams compete in Conference USA , which are members of the NCAA Division I .'}]}, {'value': 'All', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'Conference USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'New Mexico State Aggies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University', 'summary': "New Mexico State University ( NMSU or NM State ) is a public research university , with a main campus in Las Cruces , New Mexico . Founded in 1888 , it is the oldest public institution of higher education in the state of New Mexico , and is one of two flagship universities in New Mexico . Total enrollment across all campuses as of 2017 was 21,874 , with branch campuses in Alamogordo , Carlsbad , Doña Ana County and Grants , and with extension and research centers across New Mexico . It was founded in 1888 as the Las Cruces College , and the following year became New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and designated as a Land Grant college . It received its present name in 1960 . NMSU had 24,580 students enrolled as of Fall 2017 and had a faculty-to-student ratio of about 1 to 16 . NMSU offers a wide range of programs and awards associate , bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through its main campus and four community colleges . NMSU offers 28 doctoral degree programs , 58 master 's degree programs , and 96 baccalaureate majors . New Mexico State 's athletic teams compete at the NCAA Division I level , competing in the Western Athletic Conference , except for football ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Aggies', 'summary': "The New Mexico State University teams are called the Aggies , a nickname derived from the university 's agricultural beginnings . The mascot is known as Pistol Pete . NMSU 's colors are crimson and white . The Aggies compete in the Western Athletic Conference in all men 's and women 's sports except football , in which the Aggies are Independent . New Mexico State sponsors six men 's and ten women 's teams in NCAA sanctioned sports . The athletic director is Mario Moccia , who has held the position since January 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'All', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun Belt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference', 'summary': "The Sun Belt Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that has been affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I since 1976 . Originally a non-football conference , the Sun Belt began sponsoring football in 2001 . Its football teams participate in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . The 12 member institutions of the Sun Belt are distributed primarily across the southern United States ."}]}, {'value': 'WAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeastern Huskies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_University', 'summary': "Northeastern University ( NU or NEU ) is a private research university in Boston , Massachusetts , established in 1898 . It is categorized as an R1 institution ( Doctoral Universities : Highest Research Activity ) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . The university offers undergraduate and graduate programs on its main campus in Boston . The university has satellite campuses in Charlotte , North Carolina ; Seattle , Washington ; San Jose , California ; Toronto , Canada , and Portland , Maine that exclusively offer graduate degrees . Northeastern recently purchased the New College of the Humanities in London and plans to open an additional campus in Vancouver , Canada . The university 's enrollment is approximately 18,000 undergraduate students and 8,000 graduate students . Northeastern features a cooperative education program , more commonly known as co-op , that integrates classroom study with professional experience and contains over 3,100 partners across all seven continents . The program has been a key part of Northeastern 's curriculum of experiential learning for more than a hundred years and is one of the largest co-op/internship programs in the world . While it is not required for students of all academic disciplines to participate in the co-op program , participation is nearly universal among undergraduate students as it helps distinguish their university experience from that of other universities . Northeastern also has a comprehensive study abroad program that spans more than 170 universities and colleges . Northeastern is a large , highly residential university . Most students choose to live on campus but upperclassmen have the option to live off campus ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': 'All except football and ice hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'America East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/America_East_Conference', 'summary': 'The America East Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA Division I , whose members are located mainly in the Northeastern United States , specifically New England . Its nine members include the public flagship universities of three states , and one private university .'}]}, {'value': 'CAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I whose full members are located in East Coast states from Massachusetts to South Carolina . Most of its members are public universities , and the conference is headquartered in Richmond . The CAA was historically a Southern conference until the addition of four schools in the Northeast ( of five that joined from rival conference America East ) after the turn of the 21st century , which added balance to the conference . The CAA was founded in 1979 as the ECAC South basketball league . It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added championships in other sports ( although a number of members maintain ECAC affiliation in some sports ) . As of 2006 , it organizes championships in 21 men 's and women 's sports . The addition of Northeastern University in 2005 gave the conference the NCAA minimum of six football programs needed to sponsor football . For the 2007 football season , all of the Atlantic 10 Conference 's football programs joined the CAA football conference , as agreed in May 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'North Florida Ospreys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Florida', 'summary': "The University of North Florida ( UNF ) is a public university in Jacksonville , Florida . It is part of the State University System of Florida and is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award baccalaureate , masters , and doctorate degrees . Its campus comprises 1,300 acres amid a natural preserve on Jacksonville 's Southside . The current president is David Szymanski . UNF was established in 1965 and began offering classes in 1972 . UNF was initially designated an upper division college for juniors and seniors . It began admitting freshmen in 1984 . UNF is organized into five colleges which offer 53 undergraduate degree programs , 28 graduate degree programs and 7 doctoral degree programs , with noted business , coastal biology , nursing , nutrition , and music programs . Doctoral programs offered through the Brooks College of Health at UNF include the doctorate in clinical nutrition , BSN-DNP in family nurse practitioner , BSN-DNP in nurse anesthesiology , post-MSN doctor of nursing practice , post-MSN doctor of nursing practice in psych-mental health , and doctor of physical therapy . The College of Education and Human Services offers the specialist degree in educational leadership and the doctorate of education in educational leadership . Most students reside off campus , though there are six areas of on-campus housing . In 2006 , the Social Sciences building became the first facility to be LEED-certified in northeast Florida , as well as the first green building on campus ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Florida_Ospreys', 'summary': "The North Florida Ospreys are the athletic teams of the University of North Florida in Jacksonville , Florida . The Ospreys compete in the Atlantic Sun Conference in NCAA Division I. UNF became a full-fledged member of Division I in 2009 ; previously , the Ospreys were members of the Sunshine State Conference and Peach Belt Conference in NCAA Division II . UNF fields teams in seven men 's sports and ten women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'All ( non-football )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peach Belt ( Division II )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peach_Belt_Conference', 'summary': "The Peach Belt Conference ( PBC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level . Since its inception in 1990-91 , the Peach Belt has developed a consistent history of excellence which continues to this day with 30 national championships and 27 national finalists . Starting with only two championships in 1991 , in men 's and women 's basketball , the conference has expanded to 13 championship sports with the addition of women 's golf in the fall of 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_II', 'summary': "NCAA Division II ( D-II ) is an intermediate-level division of competition in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . It offers an alternative to both the larger and better-funded Division I and to the scholarship-free environment offered in Division III . Before 1973 , the NCAA 's smaller schools were grouped together in the College Division . In 1973 , the College Division split in two when the NCAA began using numeric designations for its competitions . The College Division members who wanted to offer athletic scholarships or compete against those who did became Division II , while those who chose not to offer athletic scholarships became Division III . Nationally , ESPN televises the championship game in football , CBS televises the men 's basketball championship , and ESPN2 televises the women 's basketball championship . CBS Sports Network broadcasts six football games on Thursdays during the regular season , and one men 's basketball game per week on Saturdays during that sport 's regular season . The official slogan of NCAA Division II , implemented in 2015 , is Make It Yours ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Sun Conference , branded as the ASUN Conference , is a collegiate athletic conference operating mostly in the Southeastern United States . The league participates at the NCAA Division I level , and does not sponsor football . Originally established as the Trans America Athletic Conference ( TAAC ) in 1978 , its headquarters are located in Macon , Georgia . The conference has seen several changes in its membership in recent years . First , the 2014 departure of East Tennessee State University and Mercer University to the Southern Conference left the ASUN with eight members . Northern Kentucky University ( transitioning from NCAA Division II sports to Division I ) left the conference to join the Horizon League and was replaced by the New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) , previously the only Division I basketball independent , in 2015 . The ASUN membership expanded to nine members in 2018 . The University of South Carolina Upstate ( USC Upstate ) left the ASUN to join the Big South Conference after the 2017-18 season , but two new schools joined . The University of North Alabama arrived from the Division II Gulf South Conference , and Liberty University left the Big South for the ASUN . The ASUN 's next change of membership will occur in 2020-21 with the arrival of Bellarmine University from the Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference ."}]}], 'section_title': 'History -- 2005–2006', 'section_text': 'Main article : 2005 NCAA conference realignment', 'uid': 'NCAA_Division_I_conference_realignment_15', 'intro': 'N/A'}
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What is the new conference for all sports of the school whose campus features some of the earliest examples of collegiate gothic architecture in North America ?
ACC
0832f45089b0c199
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_Top_40_number-one_singles_of_2006', 'title': 'List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 2006', 'header': ['Position', 'Nationality', 'Artist', 'Weeks # 1'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Marco Borsato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Borsato', 'summary': 'Marco Roberto Borsato ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈmɑrkoː roːˈbɛrtoː bɔrˈsaːtoː ] ; born 21 December 1966 ) is a Dutch singer . Born in Alkmaar , North Holland , he started performing in Italian before switching to Dutch in 1994 . He has consistently been one of the most successful and biggest grossing artists in the Netherlands for the past twenty years .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Jan Smit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Smit_(singer)', 'summary': "Jan Smit ( born 31 December 1985 ) is a Dutch singer , television host , actor and football director . Smit mostly sings Dutch songs in a genre known as Volendam music . In addition to his solo career , in 2015 Smit joined the schlager trio KLUBBB3 , and in 2017 The Toppers . As a TV presenter , he has worked on programs like the best singers in the Netherlands and Music Festival on the square . Since 1999 , Smit has been serving as an ambassador for the SOS Children 's Villages , and is member of the board for the football club FC Volendam ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrea Bocelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli', 'summary': "Andrea Angel Bocelli OMRI OMDSM ( Italian pronunciation : [ anˈdreːa boˈtʃɛlli ] ; born 22 September 1958 ) is an Italian opera singer , songwriter , and record producer . Celine Dion has said that if God would have a singing voice , he must sound a lot like Andrea Bocelli , and David Foster , a record producer , often describes Bocelli 's voice as the most beautiful in the world . Following a football accident , Bocelli was diagnosed with Traumatic glaucoma , becoming completely blind at age 12 . Since 1982 , Bocelli has recorded 15 solo studio albums of both pop and classical music , three greatest hits albums , and nine complete operas , selling over 90 million records worldwide . He has had success as a crossover performer , bringing classical music to the top of international pop charts . In 1998 , Bocelli was named one of People magazine 's 50 Most Beautiful People . In 1999 , he was nominated for Best New Artist at the Grammy Awards . The Prayer is his duet with Celine Dion for the animated film Quest for Camelot which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . He captured a listing in the Guinness Book of World Records with the release of his classical album Sacred Arias , as he simultaneously held the top three positions on the US Classical Albums charts . Bocelli was made a Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 2006 and was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 2 March 2010 for his contribution to Live Theater ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucie Silvas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucie_Silvas', 'summary': 'Lucie Silvas ( born Lucie Joanne Silverman , 4 September 1977 ) is a British singer-songwriter .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Raffaëla Paton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raffaëla_Paton', 'summary': 'Raffaëla Paton ( born June 1 , 1983 ) is a Dutch singer of Surinamese descent and the winner of the 2006 Dutch talent show Idols . Paton recently participated in the Netherlands national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku , Azerbaijan with her entry Chocolatte .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Coldplay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coldplay', 'summary': "Coldplay are a British rock band formed in London in 1996 . Vocalist and pianist Chris Martin , guitarist Jonny Buckland , bassist Guy Berryman , and drummer Will Champion met at University College London and began playing music together from 1996 to 1998 , first calling themselves Pectoralz and then Starfish before finally changing their name to Coldplay . Creative director and former manager Phil Harvey is often referred to as the fifth member by the band . After changing their name to Coldplay , they recorded and released two EPs : Safety in 1998 and The Blue Room in 1999 . The latter was their first release on a major record label , after signing to Parlophone . Coldplay achieved worldwide fame with the release of the song Yellow in 2000 , followed in the same year by their debut album Parachutes , which was nominated for the Mercury Prize . The band 's second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 ) , was released to critical acclaim and won many awards , including NME 's Album of the Year . Their next release , X & Y , the best-selling album worldwide in 2005 , received mostly positive reviews , though some critics felt it was inferior to its predecessor . Their fourth studio album , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ( 2008 ) , the best-selling album worldwide of 2008 , was produced by Brian Eno and released to largely positive reviews , earning three Grammy Awards . In October 2011 , Coldplay released their fifth studio album , Mylo Xyloto , which topped the charts in over 34 countries , was the UK 's best-selling rock album of 2011 , and received moderately positive reviews . Their sixth album , Ghost Stories , released in 2014 , received mixed reviews and topped several national album charts . The following year the band released their seventh album , A Head Full of Dreams , which reached the top two in most major markets , but received generally mixed reviews ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Kelly Clarkson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson', 'summary': "Kelly Brianne Clarkson ( born April 24 , 1982 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress and television personality . She rose to fame in 2002 , after winning the first season of American Idol , which earned her a record deal with RCA Records . Clarkson 's debut single , A Moment Like This , topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and became the country 's best-selling single of 2002 . It was followed by the release of her debut studio album , Thankful ( 2003 ) , which debuted atop the US Billboard 200 . Trying to reinvent her image , Clarkson parted ways with Idol management and shifted to pop rock music for her second album , Breakaway ( 2004 ) . After numerous top 40 radio number-one singles , such as Since U Been Gone and Because of You , the album sold over 12 million copies worldwide and earned Clarkson two Grammy Awards . She took further creative control for her third album , My December ( 2007 ) , by becoming the executive producer and co-writing the entire album . However , her label was dissatisfied with her darker rock music and promoted the album reluctantly . Clarkson returned to the top of the charts with her more mainstream-oriented fourth album , All I Ever Wanted ( 2009 ) . Its lead single , My Life Would Suck Without You , holds the record for the biggest jump to number one on the Hot 100 chart . Her fifth studio album , Stronger ( 2011 ) , made Clarkson the first artist to win the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album twice . It spawned her third Hot 100 number-one single Stronger ( What Does n't Kill You ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'Shakira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakira', 'summary': "Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll ( /ʃəˈkɪərə/ ; Spanish : [ ʃaˈkiɾa ] ; born February 2 , 1977 ) is a Colombian singer , songwriter , dancer , record producer , and actress . Born and raised in Barranquilla , she made her recording debut under Sony Music Colombia at the age of 13 . Following the commercial failure of her first two Colombian albums , Magia ( 1991 ) and Peligro ( 1993 ) , she rose to prominence in Spanish-speaking countries with her next albums , Pies Descalzos ( 1995 ) and Dónde Están los Ladrones ? ( 1998 ) . Shakira entered the English-language market with her fifth album , Laundry Service ( 2001 ) . It sold over 13 million copies and spawned the international number-one singles Whenever , Wherever and Underneath Your Clothes . Her success was further solidified with the Spanish albums Fijación Oral , Vol . 1 ( 2005 ) , Sale el Sol ( 2010 ) , and El Dorado ( 2017 ) , all of which topped the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart and were certified diamante by the Recording Industry Association of America . Meanwhile , her English albums Oral Fixation , Vol . 2 ( 2005 ) , She Wolf ( 2009 ) and Shakira ( 2014 ) were all certified gold , platinum , or multi-platinum in various countries worldwide . Some of her songs have charted at number one in multiple countries , including La Tortura , Hips Do n't Lie , Beautiful Liar , Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) , Loca , and Chantaje . Shakira served as a coach on two seasons of the American singing competition television series The Voice from 2013 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haiti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiti', 'summary': "Haiti ( /ˈheɪti/ ( listen ) ; French : Haïti [ a.iti ] ; Haitian Creole : Ayiti [ ajiti ] ) , officially the Republic of Haiti ( French : République d'Haïti ; Haitian Creole : Repiblik D Ayiti ) and formerly called Hayti , [ note 1 ] is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea , to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands . It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic . To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island , which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration . Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers ( 10,714 sq mi ) in size and has an estimated population of 11.1 million , making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Cuba . The island was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people , who migrated from South America . The first Europeans arrived on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus , who initially believed he had found India or China . Columbus subsequently founded the first European settlement in the Americas , La Navidad , on what is now the northeastern coast of Haiti . The island was claimed by Spain and named La Española , forming part of the Spanish Empire until the early 17th century . However , competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France in 1697 , which was subsequently named Saint-Domingue . French colonists established lucrative sugarcane plantations , worked by vast numbers of slaves brought from Africa , which made the colony one of the richest in the world . In the midst of the French Revolution ( 1789-99 ) , slaves and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution ( 1791-1804 ) , led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army , Toussaint Louverture . After 12 years of conflict , Napoleon Bonaparte 's forces were defeated by Louverture 's successor , Jean-Jacques Dessalines ( later Emperor Jacques I ) , who declared Haiti 's sovereignty on 1 January 1804 - the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean , the second republic in the Americas , the first country to abolish slavery , and the only state in history established by a successful slave revolt ."}]}, {'value': 'Wyclef Jean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wyclef_Jean', 'summary': "Nel Ust Wyclef Jean ( /ˈwaɪklɛf ˈʒɒ̃/ ; born on October 17 , 1969 ) is a Haitian rapper , musician and actor . At the age of nine , Jean immigrated to the United States with his family . He first achieved fame as a member of the New Jersey hip hop group the Fugees . Jean has won three Grammy Awards for his musical work . On August 5 , 2010 , Jean filed for candidacy in the 2010 Haitian presidential election . The Electoral Commission ruled him ineligible to stand for office , as he had not met the constitutional requirement to have been a resident in Haiti for five years prior to the election . Jean 's efforts at earthquake relief , highly publicized in 2010 throughout Haiti and the United States , were channeled through his charitable organization , Yéle Haiti . The charity , which conducted education and welfare activities in Haiti between 2005 and 2010 , effectively closed in 2012 . It was investigated for failure to file tax returns and mismanagement of funds ; a high proportion of its money went to travel and administrative expense . The New York Times reported that much of the money raised by the organization in the Hope for Haiti Now telethon was retained by Jean for his own benefit . In 2012 , Jean published his memoir Purpose : An Immigrant 's Story . Along with Carlos Santana , Avicii and Alexandre Pires , Jean was chosen to perform the closing ceremony at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Sérgio Mendes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sérgio_Mendes', 'summary': 'Sérgio Santos Mendes ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈsɛʁʒju ˈsɐ̃tuz ˈmẽdʒis ] ; born February 11 , 1941 ) is a Brazilian musician . He has over 55 releases , and plays bossa nova heavily crossed with jazz and funk . He was nominated for an Oscar for Best Original Song in 2012 as co-writer of the song Real in Rio from the animated film Rio . Mendes is a unique example of a Brazilian musician primarily known in the United States , where his albums were recorded and where most of his touring took place . Mendes is married to Gracinha Leporace , who has performed with him since the early 1970s . Mendes has also collaborated with many artists through the years , including The Black Eyed Peas , with whom he re-recorded in 2006 a version of his breakthrough hit Mas Que Nada .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The Black Eyed Peas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas', 'summary': "Black Eyed Peas ( also known as The Black Eyed Peas ) is an American musical group , consisting of rappers will.i.am , apl.de.ap , and Taboo . Originally an alternative hip hop group , they subsequently changed their musical sound to pop and dance-pop music . Although the group was founded in Los Angeles in 1995 , it was not until the release of their third album , Elephunk , in 2003 , that they achieved high record sales . Since that time , the group has sold an estimated 75 million records , making them one of the world 's best-selling groups of all time . According to Nielsen SoundScan , the Black Eyed Peas were the second-best-selling artist/group of all time for downloaded tracks , behind Rihanna , with over 42 million sales . [ citation needed ] Their first major hit was the 2003 single Where Is the Love ? from Elephunk , which topped the charts in 13 countries , including the United Kingdom , where it spent seven weeks at number one and went on to become Britain 's biggest selling single of 2003 . Another European hit single from the album was Shut Up . Their fourth album , Monkey Business , was an even bigger worldwide success , certified 4× Platinum in the U.S. , and spawning four singles , Do n't Phunk with My Heart , Do n't Lie , My Humps , and Pump It . In 2009 , the group became one of only 11 artists to have simultaneously held the No . 1 and No . 2 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 , with their singles Boom Boom Pow and I Got ta Feeling , which topped the chart for an unprecedented 26 consecutive weeks ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Guillermo & Tropical Danny', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'BassHunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BassHunter', 'summary': "Jonas Erik Altberg ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈjûːnas ˈêːrɪk ˈâltbærj ] ; born 22 December 1984 in Halmstad ) , better known by his stage name Basshunter ( also stylised as BassHunter ) , is a Swedish singer , record producer and DJ . He began producing music under the stage name Basshunter in 2001 . He recorded six studio albums : The Bassmachine ( 2004 ) , LOL ( 2006 ) , The Old Shit ( 2006 ) , Now You 're Gone - The Album ( 2008 ) , Bass Generation ( 2009 ) and Calling Time ( 2013 ) . In addition to his own music , he has written and produced for many artists . [ citation needed ] He also took part in the British seventh series of Celebrity Big Brother , the Swedish Fångarna på fortet and the British Weakest Link in 2010 . He won awards such as the European Border Breakers Award , the Grammi award for Best Ringtone of the Year in 2006 , and the World Music Award . He was also nominated for the BT Digital Music Awards , MTV Europe Music Awards , and Rockbjörnen . According to 2014 Extensive Music label figures , more than six million Basshunter records have been sold ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'U2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Green Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Day', 'summary': "Green Day is an American rock band formed in the East Bay of California in 1987 by lead vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong and bassist and backing vocalist Mike Dirnt . For much of the band 's career , they have been a trio with drummer Tré Cool , who replaced John Kiffmeyer in 1990 prior to the recording of the band 's second studio album , Kerplunk ( 1991 ) . Touring guitarist Jason White became a full-time member in 2012 , but returned to his role as a touring member in 2016 . Green Day was originally part of the late 80s-early 90s punk scene at the DIY 924 Gilman Street club in Berkeley , California . The band 's early releases were with the independent record label Lookout ! Records . In 1994 , their major label debut Dookie , released through Reprise Records , became a breakout success and eventually shipped over 10 million copies in the U.S. Green Day is credited alongside fellow California punk bands NOFX , Sublime , Bad Religion , the Offspring , and Rancid with popularizing mainstream interest in punk rock in the U.S . Though the albums Insomniac ( 1995 ) , Nimrod ( 1997 ) , and Warning ( 2000 ) did not match the success of Dookie , they were still successful with the former two reaching triple platinum status while the latter achieved gold . Green Day 's seventh album , a rock opera called American Idiot ( 2004 ) , found popularity with a younger generation , selling six million copies in the U.S. Their next album , 21st Century Breakdown , was released in 2009 and achieved the band 's best chart performance . It was followed by a trilogy of albums , ¡Uno ! , ¡Dos ! , and ¡Tré ! , released in September , November , and December 2012 respectively . The trilogy did not perform as well as expected commercially in comparison to their previous albums largely due to lack of promotion and lead singer and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong going into rehab . Their twelfth studio album , Revolution Radio , was released in October 2016 and became their third to debut at No ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Coole Piet', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Number-one artists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Dutch_Top_40_number-one_singles_of_2006_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 2006. The Dutch Top 40 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the Netherlands. It is published by radio station Radio 538.'}
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Lucie Silvas is from a Nationality that existed under its current name since what year ?
1921
0833c1dda2940244
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina', 'title': '1987 Australia rugby union tour of Argentina', 'header': ['#', 'Date', 'Rival', 'City', 'Venue', 'Score'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Isidro Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Isidro_Club', 'summary': 'The San Isidro Club ( mostly known for its acronym SIC ) is an Argentine sports club based in the Boulogne Sur Mer district of Greater Buenos Aires . The club has gained recognition due to its rugby union team , being one of the most successful clubs of Argentina with 26 Torneo de la URBA championships won . SIC has also won 4 Nacional de Clubes tournaments . The senior team currently competes in Top 12 , the highest division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system while the field hockey team plays at tournaments organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association ( AHBA ) . The club also has a children association football section .'}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Vélez Sarsfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Amalfitani_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Estadio José Amalfitani is a stadium located in the Liniers neighborhood of Buenos Aires , Argentina , near Liniers railway station . The venue is the home of the Argentine Primera División club Vélez Sársfield and is also known as El Fortín de Liniers or Vélez Sarsfield . The stadium was named after José Amalfitani , who was president of Vélez Sársfield for 30 years . The original , temporary stadium was built between 1941 and 1943 in wood , and the current facility was built in cement between 1947 and 1951 . It was renovated and enlarged 26 years later in preparation for the 1978 FIFA World Cup . The stadium has a capacity of 49,540 spectators , although it does not provide seating for all of them like most Argentine stadia . The José Amalfitani Stadium is also the national stadium for the Argentina national rugby union team ( Los Pumas ) . Although the team plays test matches throughout the country , their highest-profile tests ( such as against the New Zealand All Blacks ) are usually held here . The newly formed Argentine Super Rugby team , Jaguares , are playing its home games at the stadium .'}]}, {'value': '22-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Provincias Argentinas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cipolletti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cipolletti', 'summary': 'Cipolletti ( Spanish pronunciation : [ sipoˈleti ] or [ tʃipoˈleti ] ) is a city in north of the Patagonian province of Río Negro , Argentina , with 75,078 inhabitants at the 2001 census [ INDEC ] . The city is located on the north-eastern shore of the Neuquén River , just before it is joined by the Limay River to form the Negro River , a short distance upstream from the city of General Roca . Opposite Cipolletti , across the river , lies Neuquén , capital of the province of the same name , connected to it by road and railway bridges . Cipolletti was founded as a fort called Confluencia by General Lorenzo Vintter , in 1881 . The name was changed later , after César Cipolletti , one of the forerunners of the study of the irrigation system of the Negro River , and heart of the apple and pear cultivation zone of the Alto Valle .'}]}, {'value': 'Marabunta RC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cuyo RU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unión_de_Rugby_de_Cuyo', 'summary': 'The Cuyo Rugby Union ( Spanish : Unión de Rugby de Cuyo ) ( also known for its initials URC ) is the organisational body that rules the game of rugby union in Mendoza Province , Argentina .'}]}, {'value': 'Mendoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina', 'summary': "Mendoza ( /mɛnˈdoʊzə/ , American Spanish : [ menˈdosa ] ) , officially the City of Mendoza ( Spanish : Ciudad de Mendoza ) is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina . It is located in the northern-central part of the province , in a region of foothills and high plains , on the eastern side of the Andes . As of the 2010 census [ INDEC ] , Mendoza had a population of 115,041 with a metropolitan population of 1,055,679 , making Greater Mendoza the fourth largest census metropolitan area in the country . Ruta Nacional 7 , the major road running between Buenos Aires and Santiago , runs through Mendoza . The city is a frequent stopover for climbers on their way to Aconcagua ( the highest mountain in the Western and Southern Hemispheres ) and for adventure travelers interested in mountaineering , hiking , horse riding , rafting , and other sports . In the winter , skiers come to the city for easy access to the Andes . Two of the main industries of the Mendoza area are olive oil production and Argentine wine . The region around Greater Mendoza is the largest wine-producing area in Latin America . As such , Mendoza is one of the nine Great Wine Capitals , and the city is an emerging enotourism destination and base for exploring the region 's hundreds of wineries located along the Argentina Wine Route ."}]}, {'value': 'Malvinas Argentinas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Malvinas_Argentinas', 'summary': 'The Malvinas Argentinas is the largest stadium in Mendoza , fourth largest census metropolitan area in Argentina . It is owned and administrated by the Provincial Government , and has a seating capacity of over 40,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '40-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Fe RU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unión_Santafesina_de_Rugby', 'summary': "The Unión Santafesina de Rugby ( Rugby Union of Santa Fe ) is the governing body for rugby union in Santa Fe Province in Argentina . The union runs rugby competitions in the province of Santa Fe with the exception of Rosario clubs , who are part of the Unión de Rugby de Rosario . USR is one of the Argentine Rugby Union 's 25 regional governing bodies . The Unión Santafesina also runs the Santa Fe team that represented the province in the now defunct Campeonato Argentino . The best placed teams of USR competitions qualify to play the Torneo del Litoral , along with clubs from the Rosario and Entre Ríos Unions . A Santa Fe championship also exists for the clubs at underage levels ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Argentina', 'summary': 'Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsanta ˈfe ðe la ˈβeɾa ˈkɾus ] ; usually called just Santa Fe ) is the capital city of the province of Santa Fe , Argentina . It is situated in north-eastern Argentina , near the junction of the Paraná and Salado rivers . It lies 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) from the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel that connects it to the city of Paraná . The city is also connected by canal with the port of Colastiné on the Paraná River . Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz has about 391,164 inhabitants as per the 2010 census [ INDEC ] . The metropolitan area has a population of 653,073 , making it the eighth largest in Argentina . The third largest city in Argentina is Rosario , also located in Santa Fe Province . Rosario has a population of 1.24 million and it is the largest city in Argentina not to be a provincial capital . Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz is linked to Rosario ( 170 km ( 106 mi ) to the south ) , the largest city in the province , by the Brigadier Estanislao López Highway and by National Route 11 , which continues south towards Buenos Aires , and it is home to Sauce Viejo Airport with daily direct flights to Rosario and Aeroparque Jorge Newbery in Buenos Aires .'}]}, {'value': 'Colón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Brigadier_General_Estanislao_López', 'summary': "Estadio Brigadier General Estanislao Lopez ( nicknamed El Cementerio de Los Elefantes ) is a football stadium in Santa Fe , Argentina . It is the home stadium of Club Atlético Colón . The stadium has a capacity of 33,458 and was first opened in 1946 . The ground 's nickname ( Elephants Graveyard in English ) was created in 1964 , as a result of the unexpected defeat of the Brazilian team Santos FC led by Pelé . The frequent defeats of the major Argentine teams strengthened the reputation ."}]}, {'value': '37-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Invitación XV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Vélez Sarsfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Amalfitani_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Estadio José Amalfitani is a stadium located in the Liniers neighborhood of Buenos Aires , Argentina , near Liniers railway station . The venue is the home of the Argentine Primera División club Vélez Sársfield and is also known as El Fortín de Liniers or Vélez Sarsfield . The stadium was named after José Amalfitani , who was president of Vélez Sársfield for 30 years . The original , temporary stadium was built between 1941 and 1943 in wood , and the current facility was built in cement between 1947 and 1951 . It was renovated and enlarged 26 years later in preparation for the 1978 FIFA World Cup . The stadium has a capacity of 49,540 spectators , although it does not provide seating for all of them like most Argentine stadia . The José Amalfitani Stadium is also the national stadium for the Argentina national rugby union team ( Los Pumas ) . Although the team plays test matches throughout the country , their highest-profile tests ( such as against the New Zealand All Blacks ) are usually held here . The newly formed Argentine Super Rugby team , Jaguares , are playing its home games at the stadium .'}]}, {'value': '36-15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selección XV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asunción', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asunción', 'summary': "Asunción ( UK : /əˌsʊnsiˈɒn/ , US : /ɑːˌsuːnsiˈoʊn , ɑːsuːnˈsjoʊn/ , Spanish : [ asunˈsjon ] ) is the capital and largest city of Paraguay . The city is located on the left bank of the Paraguay River , almost at the confluence of this river with the River Pilcomayo , on the South American continent . The Paraguay River and the Bay of Asunción in the northwest separate the city from the Occidental Region of Paraguay and Argentina in the south part of the city . The rest of the city is surrounded by the Central Department . The city is an autonomous capital district , not a part of any department . The metropolitan area , called Gran Asunción , includes the cities of San Lorenzo , Fernando de la Mora , Lambaré , Luque , Mariano Roque Alonso , Ñemby , San Antonio , Limpio , Capiatá and Villa Elisa , which are part of the Central Department . The Asunción metropolitan area has around two million inhabitants . The Municipality of Asunción is listed on the Asunción Stock Exchange , as BVPASA : MUA . Asunción is one of the oldest cities in South America and the longest continually inhabited area in the Río de la Plata Basin ; for this reason it is known as the Mother of Cities . From Asunción the colonial expeditions departed to found other cities , including the second foundation of Buenos Aires and other important cities such as Villarrica , Corrientes , Santa Fe and Santa Cruz de la Sierra . Asunción is considered a 'gamma city ' by the study GaWC5 . It is the home of the national government , principal port , and the chief industrial and cultural center of the country ."}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45-9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Argentina national rugby team is organised by the Argentine Rugby Union ( UAR , from the Spanish : Unión Argentina de Rugby ) . Nicknamed the Pumas ( Los Pumas in Spanish ) , they play in sky blue and white jerseys , Argentina played its first international rugby match in 1910 against a touring British Isles team . As of 23 September 2019 they are ranked 11th in the world by the IRB , making them the highest-ranked nation in the Americas . They have competed at every Rugby World Cup staged since the first tournament of 1987 , and the country are considered the strongest within the Americas , being undefeated against all but Canada , against whom they have suffered three losses . Although rugby union in Argentina is not as popular as association football , the Pumas ' impressive results since the 1999 World Cup have seen the sport 's popularity grow significantly . Argentina has achieved several upset victories , are tough contenders when playing in Buenos Aires , and are capable of regularly defeating Six Nations sides . A surprise victory over the hosts France in the first game of the 2007 World Cup took Argentina to fourth in the IRB World Rankings . The team were undefeated in their pool , and reached the semi-finals for the first time , beating Scotland 19-13 in their quarter-final . They were defeated 37-13 by eventual winners South Africa in the semi-finals , but followed this up with a second win over France to claim third place overall . By the end of the competition , the team had reached an all-time high of third in the World Rankings . After their advances in competitiveness and performance during the 2000s , coupled with their location in the Southern Hemisphere , Argentina was the only tier 1 nation that had no regular competition , and some , among them former Pumas captain Agustín Pichot , had even spoken of them joining the Six Nations . Argentina officially joined The Rugby Championship in a meeting in Buenos Aires on 23 November 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Vélez Sarsfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Amalfitani_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Estadio José Amalfitani is a stadium located in the Liniers neighborhood of Buenos Aires , Argentina , near Liniers railway station . The venue is the home of the Argentine Primera División club Vélez Sársfield and is also known as El Fortín de Liniers or Vélez Sarsfield . The stadium was named after José Amalfitani , who was president of Vélez Sársfield for 30 years . The original , temporary stadium was built between 1941 and 1943 in wood , and the current facility was built in cement between 1947 and 1951 . It was renovated and enlarged 26 years later in preparation for the 1978 FIFA World Cup . The stadium has a capacity of 49,540 spectators , although it does not provide seating for all of them like most Argentine stadia . The José Amalfitani Stadium is also the national stadium for the Argentina national rugby union team ( Los Pumas ) . Although the team plays test matches throughout the country , their highest-profile tests ( such as against the New Zealand All Blacks ) are usually held here . The newly formed Argentine Super Rugby team , Jaguares , are playing its home games at the stadium .'}]}, {'value': '19-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 Nov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosario RU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unión_de_Rugby_de_Rosario', 'summary': 'The Rosario Rugby Union ( Spanish : Unión de Rugby de Rosario ) is the organisational body that controls the game of rugby union in Rosario , in the province of Santa Fe , Argentina . The rest of Santa Fe province teams are organised under the Unión Santafesina de Rugby . Best placed teams of RRU qualify to play the Torneo del Litoral , along with clubs from Santa Fe and Entre Ríos unions .'}]}, {'value': 'Rosario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosario,_Santa_Fe', 'summary': 'Rosario ( Spanish pronunciation : [ roˈsaɾjo ] ) is the largest city in the central Argentina province of Santa Fe . The city is located 300 km ( 186 mi ) northwest of Buenos Aires , on the west bank of the Paraná River . Rosario is the third most populous city in the country , and is also the most populous city in Argentina that is not a provincial capital . With a growing and important metropolitan area , Greater Rosario has an estimated population of 1,276,000 as of 2012 [ update ] . One of its main attractions includes the neoclassical architecture that has been retained over the centuries in hundreds of residences , houses and public buildings . Rosario is the head city of the Rosario Department and is located at the heart of the major industrial corridor in Argentina . The city is a major railroad terminal and the shipping center for north-eastern Argentina . Ships reach the city via the Paraná River , which allows the existence of a 10-metre-deep ( 34 ft ) port . The Port of Rosario is subject to silting and must be dredged periodically . Exports include wheat , flour , hay , linseed and other vegetable oils , corn , sugar , lumber , meat , hides , and wool . Manufactured goods include flour , sugar , meat products , and other foodstuffs . The Rosario-Victoria Bridge , opened in 2004 , spans the Paraná River , connecting Rosario with the city of Victoria , across the Paraná Delta .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35 - 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 Nov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Argentina national rugby team is organised by the Argentine Rugby Union ( UAR , from the Spanish : Unión Argentina de Rugby ) . Nicknamed the Pumas ( Los Pumas in Spanish ) , they play in sky blue and white jerseys , Argentina played its first international rugby match in 1910 against a touring British Isles team . As of 23 September 2019 they are ranked 11th in the world by the IRB , making them the highest-ranked nation in the Americas . They have competed at every Rugby World Cup staged since the first tournament of 1987 , and the country are considered the strongest within the Americas , being undefeated against all but Canada , against whom they have suffered three losses . Although rugby union in Argentina is not as popular as association football , the Pumas ' impressive results since the 1999 World Cup have seen the sport 's popularity grow significantly . Argentina has achieved several upset victories , are tough contenders when playing in Buenos Aires , and are capable of regularly defeating Six Nations sides . A surprise victory over the hosts France in the first game of the 2007 World Cup took Argentina to fourth in the IRB World Rankings . The team were undefeated in their pool , and reached the semi-finals for the first time , beating Scotland 19-13 in their quarter-final . They were defeated 37-13 by eventual winners South Africa in the semi-finals , but followed this up with a second win over France to claim third place overall . By the end of the competition , the team had reached an all-time high of third in the World Rankings . After their advances in competitiveness and performance during the 2000s , coupled with their location in the Southern Hemisphere , Argentina was the only tier 1 nation that had no regular competition , and some , among them former Pumas captain Agustín Pichot , had even spoken of them joining the Six Nations . Argentina officially joined The Rugby Championship in a meeting in Buenos Aires on 23 November 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Vélez Sarsfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Amalfitani_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Estadio José Amalfitani is a stadium located in the Liniers neighborhood of Buenos Aires , Argentina , near Liniers railway station . The venue is the home of the Argentine Primera División club Vélez Sársfield and is also known as El Fortín de Liniers or Vélez Sarsfield . The stadium was named after José Amalfitani , who was president of Vélez Sársfield for 30 years . The original , temporary stadium was built between 1941 and 1943 in wood , and the current facility was built in cement between 1947 and 1951 . It was renovated and enlarged 26 years later in preparation for the 1978 FIFA World Cup . The stadium has a capacity of 49,540 spectators , although it does not provide seating for all of them like most Argentine stadia . The José Amalfitani Stadium is also the national stadium for the Argentina national rugby union team ( Los Pumas ) . Although the team plays test matches throughout the country , their highest-profile tests ( such as against the New Zealand All Blacks ) are usually held here . The newly formed Argentine Super Rugby team , Jaguares , are playing its home games at the stadium .'}]}, {'value': '27-19', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Summary', 'section_text': 'Complete list of matches played by the Wallabies at Argentina : [ 3 ] Test matches The second test v. Argentina at Velez Sarsfield stadium', 'uid': '1987_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina_0', 'intro': 'The 1987 Australia rugby union tour of Argentina was a series of matches played between October and November 1987 in Argentina and Paraguay by Australia. The Wallabies won seven matches of nine and lost the series of test matches against Los Pumas, led by Hugo Porta. It was the second tour of an Australian side to Argentina, after their first visit in 1979.'}
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What city , located in a region of foothills and high plains , has a venue with a seating capacity of over 40,000 ?
Mendoza
0836c4f669ffad69
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Equatorial_Guinea', 'title': 'List of football clubs in Equatorial Guinea', 'header': ['Club', 'City', 'Province'], 'data': [{'value': 'AD Mongomo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mongomo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mongomo', 'summary': "Mongomo is a town in the province of Wele-Nzas on mainland Equatorial Guinea , on the eastern border , roughly 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) west of Gabon 's Woleu-Ntem Province ."}]}, {'value': 'Wele-Nzas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wele-Nzas_Province', 'summary': 'Wele-Nzas Province is a province in the eastern portion of continental Equatorial Guinea . Its capital is Mongomo . It borders Centro Sur Province to the west , Kié-Ntem Province to the north , and Woleu-Ntem Province of Gabon to the east and south . As of 2015 , the population of the province was 191,383 .'}]}, {'value': 'Águilas Verdes de Guadalupe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Águilas_Verdes_de_Guadalupe', 'summary': 'Águilas Verdes de Guadalupe is an Equatoguinean football club who plays in the Equatoguinean Premier League . The club is based in Bata , Equatorial Guinea in Litoral Province ( Equatorial Guinea ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Bata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bata,_Equatorial_Guinea', 'summary': 'Bata ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbata ] ) is a port city in the Litoral province of Equatorial Guinea . With a 2005 estimated population of 173,046 , it is the largest city in Equatorial Guinea . It lies on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Río Muni . Bata was formerly capital of Equatorial Guinea and is a transport hub and port , from which ferries sail to Malabo and Douala , while fliers can land at Bata Airport . Bata is also known for its nightlife and market .'}]}, {'value': 'Litoral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Litoral_Province_(Equatorial_Guinea)', 'summary': 'Litoral ( Spanish pronunciation : [ litoˈɾal ] ) is the most populous province of Equatorial Guinea , recording a population of 366,310 in the 2015 national census . Its capital is Bata ; the other two cities are Mbini and Kogo . Litorals western border is the Gulf of Guinea coast . It is the only coastal province of Río Muni . On land , it borders the following country subdivisions :'}]}, {'value': 'Akonangui FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akonangui_FC', 'summary': 'Akonangui Fútbol Club is an Equatoguinean football club based in the city of Ebebiyín . It was dissolved in 2010 , but returned for the 2012 season in Second Division , ascending to First Division next year .'}]}, {'value': 'Ebebiyín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ebebiyín', 'summary': 'Ebebiyín is a town in the northeastern corner of mainland Equatorial Guinea . It is the capital of the province of Kié-Ntem . It lies on the three-party border between Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and Cameroon . It is the end point of three main transport routes coming from Bata , Yaoundé and major cities in central Gabon . It is also the capital of the Kié-Ntem Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Kié-Ntem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kié-Ntem_Province', 'summary': 'Kié-Ntem is a province of Equatorial Guinea . Its capital is Ebebiyín . Kié-Ntem borders the following country subdivisions :'}]}, {'value': 'Deportivo Mongomo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Mongomo', 'summary': 'Deportivo Mongomo is an Equatoguinean football club based in the city of Mongomo . They participate in the Equatoguinean Premier League , and won that league in 1980 , 1997 , and 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mongomo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mongomo', 'summary': "Mongomo is a town in the province of Wele-Nzas on mainland Equatorial Guinea , on the eastern border , roughly 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) west of Gabon 's Woleu-Ntem Province ."}]}, {'value': 'Wele-Nzas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wele-Nzas_Province', 'summary': 'Wele-Nzas Province is a province in the eastern portion of continental Equatorial Guinea . Its capital is Mongomo . It borders Centro Sur Province to the west , Kié-Ntem Province to the north , and Woleu-Ntem Province of Gabon to the east and south . As of 2015 , the population of the province was 191,383 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dragón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragón_FC', 'summary': 'Dragón Fútbol Club is an Equatoguinean football club based in the city of Bata .'}]}, {'value': 'Bata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bata,_Equatorial_Guinea', 'summary': 'Bata ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbata ] ) is a port city in the Litoral province of Equatorial Guinea . With a 2005 estimated population of 173,046 , it is the largest city in Equatorial Guinea . It lies on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Río Muni . Bata was formerly capital of Equatorial Guinea and is a transport hub and port , from which ferries sail to Malabo and Douala , while fliers can land at Bata Airport . Bata is also known for its nightlife and market .'}]}, {'value': 'Litoral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Litoral_Province_(Equatorial_Guinea)', 'summary': 'Litoral ( Spanish pronunciation : [ litoˈɾal ] ) is the most populous province of Equatorial Guinea , recording a population of 366,310 in the 2015 national census . Its capital is Bata ; the other two cities are Mbini and Kogo . Litorals western border is the Gulf of Guinea coast . It is the only coastal province of Río Muni . On land , it borders the following country subdivisions :'}]}, {'value': 'Mesi Nkulu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ebebiyín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ebebiyín', 'summary': 'Ebebiyín is a town in the northeastern corner of mainland Equatorial Guinea . It is the capital of the province of Kié-Ntem . It lies on the three-party border between Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and Cameroon . It is the end point of three main transport routes coming from Bata , Yaoundé and major cities in central Gabon . It is also the capital of the Kié-Ntem Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Kié-Ntem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kié-Ntem_Province', 'summary': 'Kié-Ntem is a province of Equatorial Guinea . Its capital is Ebebiyín . Kié-Ntem borders the following country subdivisions :'}]}, {'value': 'Nsok Nsomo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nsok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nsok', 'summary': 'Nsok is a town in Equatorial Guinea . It is located in the province of Wele-Nzas and has a ( 2005 est . ) population of 4620 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wele-Nzas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wele-Nzas_Province', 'summary': 'Wele-Nzas Province is a province in the eastern portion of continental Equatorial Guinea . Its capital is Mongomo . It borders Centro Sur Province to the west , Kié-Ntem Province to the north , and Woleu-Ntem Province of Gabon to the east and south . As of 2015 , the population of the province was 191,383 .'}]}, {'value': 'Racing de Micomeseng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_de_Micomeseng', 'summary': 'Racing de Micomeseng is a football club from Equatorial Guinea . They won their first domestic league title in 2015 , qualifying for 2016 CAF Champions League in the process .'}]}, {'value': 'Micomeseng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Micomeseng', 'summary': 'Micomeseng is a city in Equatorial Guinea . It is located in the province of Kié-Ntem and has a ( 2005 est . ) population of 5813 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kié-Ntem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kié-Ntem_Province', 'summary': 'Kié-Ntem is a province of Equatorial Guinea . Its capital is Ebebiyín . Kié-Ntem borders the following country subdivisions :'}]}, {'value': 'Real Sanidad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evinayong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evinayong', 'summary': "Evinayong is a town lying atop a small mountain in southeastern Rio Muni , central Equatorial Guinea , Western Africa . It is the capital of the Centro Sur Province and is St. Joseph 's cathedral is the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Evinayong . In 2001 it had a population of 7,997 . It is known for its nightlife , its market and the nearby waterfalls . It also contains a prison ."}]}, {'value': 'Centro Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centro_Sur_Province', 'summary': 'Centro Sur is a province of Equatorial Guinea . Its capital is Evinayong .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Primera División ( 2014 ) -- Región Continental', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_football_clubs_in_Equatorial_Guinea_0', 'intro': 'This is a non-exhaustive list of football clubs in Equatorial Guinea, which is ordered according to the division they currently play in. For a complete list see Category:Football clubs in Equatorial Guinea'}
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In what year was the first domestic league title won by the team from the city in Kié-Ntem province that in 2005 had an estimated population of 5,813 ?
2015
0837417a8140caf9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_rodents_in_literature', 'title': 'List of fictional rodents in literature', 'header': ['Character/s', 'Author', 'Work', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Urchin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M. I. McAllister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M._I._McAllister', 'summary': "Margaret I. McAllister is an English author of children 's books , born in 1956 . She grew up on the north-east coast of England . Her first book , A Friend for Rachel ( now entitled The Secret Mice ) was published by the Oxford University Press in 1997 . Urchin of the Riding Stars , the first in The Mistmantle Chronicles , was published by Bloomsbury Publishing in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Mistmantle Chronicles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mistmantle_Chronicles', 'summary': "The Mistmantle Chronicles , by M. I. McAllister , is a series of children 's novels about anthropomorphic animals which feature the life of a pale , honey-coloured Eurasian red squirrel named Urchin . The first book in the Mistmantle Chronicles , Urchin of the Riding Stars was published by Bloomsbury Publishing in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'A red squirrel with peculiar coloring', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bannertail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernest Thompson Seton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_Thompson_Seton', 'summary': 'Ernest Thompson Seton ( born Ernest Evan Thompson August 14 , 1860 - died October 23 , 1946 ) was an author ( published in the United Kingdom , Canada , and the US ) , wildlife artist , founder of the Woodcraft Indians in 1902 ( renamed Woodcraft League of America ) and one of the founding pioneers of the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) in 1910 . Seton also influenced Lord Baden-Powell , the founder of one of the first Scouting organization . His notable books related to Scouting include The Birch Bark Roll and the Boy Scout Handbook . He is responsible for the appropriation and incorporation of what he believed to be American Indian elements into the traditions of the BSA .'}]}, {'value': 'Bannertail : The Story of a Graysquirrel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bannertail', 'summary': "Bannertail : The Story of a Gray Squirrel is a children 's novel written and illustrated by Ernest Thompson Seton . It was first published by Charles Scribner 's Sons in 1922 . The novel was adapted into an animated television series , Bannertail : The Story of Gray Squirrel , in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'A gray squirrel . Orphaned as a baby , he was taken in and raised by a cat . Adapted into an anime series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel', 'summary': 'The eastern gray squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ) , also known as the grey squirrel depending on region , is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus . It is native to eastern North America , where it is the most prodigious and ecologically essential natural forest regenerator . Widely introduced to certain places around the world , the eastern gray squirrel in Europe , in particular , is regarded as an invasive species .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bannertail:_The_Story_of_Gray_Squirrel_(anime)', 'summary': "Bannertail : The Story of Gray Squirrel ( シートン動物記 りすのバナー , Shīton Dōbutsuki Risu no Banā ) is a Japanese anime series made by Nippon Animation in 1979 . It is based on the 1922 children 's book Bannertail by Ernest Thompson Seton . It ran for a total of 26 episodes and told the story of Banner , a young orphaned squirrel raised by a kindly mother cat , and his adventures in the forest . It is also known by its German version , entitled Puschel , das Eichhorn . In the Arab world , where the anime succeeded in attracting young viewers and gained much popularity , it is known as Sanjoob ( سنجوب ) or Sanajeb-el Gaaba ( سناجب الغابة ) . It was also popular in Spain and Latin America under the name Banner & Flappy , it was also popular in Portugal , under the name Bana & Flapi ."}]}, {'value': 'Felldoh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Jacques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Jacques', 'summary': 'James Brian Jacques ( /ˈdʒeɪks/ , as in Jakes ; 15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011 ) was an English writer known for his Redwall series of novels and Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series . He also completed two collections of short stories entitled The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns and Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales .'}]}, {'value': 'Martin the Warrior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_the_Warrior', 'summary': 'Martin the Warrior is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques , published in 1993 . It is the sixth book in the Redwall series . It is also one of the three Redwall novels to be made into a TV series .'}]}, {'value': 'A young red squirrel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jess Squirrel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Jacques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Jacques', 'summary': 'James Brian Jacques ( /ˈdʒeɪks/ , as in Jakes ; 15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011 ) was an English writer known for his Redwall series of novels and Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series . He also completed two collections of short stories entitled The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns and Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales .'}]}, {'value': 'Redwall & Mattimeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redwall', 'summary': "Redwall is a series of children 's fantasy novels by British writer Brian Jacques from 1986 to 2011 . It is also the title of the first book of the series , published in 1986 , as well as the name of the Abbey featured in the book , and is the name of an animated TV series based on three of the novels ( Redwall , Mattimeo , and Martin the Warrior ) , which first aired in 1999 . The books are primarily aimed at older children . There have been 22 novels and two picture books published . The twenty-second , and final , novel , The Rogue Crew , was posthumously released on May 3 , 2011 , after the author died on February 5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mattimeo', 'summary': 'Mattimeo is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques , published in 1989 . It is the third book in the Redwall series . It is also one of the three Redwall novels to be made into a TV series .'}]}, {'value': 'A red squirrel who is an excellent climber', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morwenna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_characters_in_The_Deptford_Mice', 'summary': "A list of fictional characters featured in Robin Jarvis 's novel series , The Deptford Mice . Also listed are characters appearing in the prequels , The Deptford Histories and The Deptford Mouselets , as well as the sequel The Deptford Mice Almanack ."}]}, {'value': 'Robin Jarvis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Jarvis', 'summary': "Robin Jarvis ( born 8 May 1963 ) is a British Young-Adult fiction ( YA ) and children 's novelist , who writes dark fantasy , suspense and supernatural thrillers . His books for young adults have featured the inhabitants of a coastal town battling a monumental malevolence with the help of its last supernatural guardian ( The Witching Legacy ) , a diminutive race of Werglers ( shape shifters ) pitched against the evil might of the faerie hordes ( The Hagwood Trilogy ) , a sinister world-switching dystopian future , triggered by a sinister and hypnotic book ( Dancing Jax ) , Norse Fates , Glastonbury crow-demons and a time travelling , wise-cracking teddy bear . ( The Wyrd Museum series ) , dark powers , a forgotten race and ancient evils on the North Yorkshire coast ( The Whitby Witches trilogy ) , epic medieval adventure ( The Oaken Throne ) and science-fiction dramatising the nefarious intrigue within an alternate Tudor realm , peopled by personalities of the time , automata servants and animals known as Mechanicals and ruled by Queen Elizabeth I . ( Deathscent ) . Jarvis ' books for younger readers have featured anthropomorphic rodents and small mammals - especially mice - as featured in the Deptford Mice series . A number of his works are based in London , in and around Deptford and Greenwich where he used to live , Felixstowe , or in Whitby , the setting for The Whitby Witches trilogy and his latest series : The Witching Legacy . His first novel - The Dark Portal , featuring the popular Deptford Mice - was the runner up for the Smarties book prize in 1989 . His work has been described as genre Busting and original , spooky , unusual , psychological supernatural horror fantasy with a very modern twist . Jarvis has said that he is not a writer of horror fiction , however his work has also been compared to that of …Stephen King , but for Young Adults . The Deptford Mice was adapted and dramatised by Tiny Dog Productions , and staged in January 2010 and April 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Deptford Mice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Deptford_Mice', 'summary': 'The Deptford Mice is a trilogy of novels by Robin Jarvis , first published in the 1980s . They follow the story of a group of mice living in Deptford , London as they fight an evil cat god named Jupiter .'}]}, {'value': 'An evil squirrel who betrayed the realm of Greenreach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwich', 'summary': 'Greenwich ( /ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ/ ( listen ) GREN-itch , /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-ij , /ˈɡrɪnɪtʃ/ GRIN-itch , or /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-ij ) is an area of South East London , England , centred 5.5 miles ( 8.9 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross . It is within the Royal Borough of Greenwich , to which it lends its name . Historically it was in the county of Kent for hundreds of years , then the County of London from 1889 to 1965 . Greenwich is notable for its maritime history and for giving its name to the Greenwich Meridian ( 0° longitude ) and Greenwich Mean Time . The town became the site of a royal palace , the Palace of Placentia from the 15th century , and was the birthplace of many Tudors , including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I . The palace fell into disrepair during the English Civil War and was demolished to be replaced by the Royal Naval Hospital for Sailors , designed by Sir Christopher Wren and his assistant Nicholas Hawksmoor . These buildings became the Royal Naval College in 1873 , and they remained a military education establishment until 1998 when they passed into the hands of the Greenwich Foundation . The historic rooms within these buildings remain open to the public ; other buildings are used by University of Greenwich and Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance . The town became a popular resort in the 18th century and many grand houses were built there , such as Vanbrugh Castle ( 1717 ) established on Maze Hill , next to the park . From the Georgian period estates of houses were constructed above the town centre . The maritime connections of Greenwich were celebrated in the 20th century , with the siting of the Cutty Sark and Gipsy Moth IV next to the river front , and the National Maritime Museum in the former buildings of the Royal Hospital School in 1934 .'}]}, {'value': 'Perri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felix Salten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felix_Salten', 'summary': 'Felix Salten ( German : [ ˈzaltn̩ ] ; 6 September 1869 - 8 October 1945 ) was an Austrian author and critic in Vienna . His most famous work is Bambi , a Life in the Woods ( 1923 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Perri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perri_(novel)', 'summary': 'Perri : The Youth of a Squirrel ( German : Die Jugend des Eichhörnchens Perri ) is a 1938 novel by Felix Salten , author of Bambi , a Life in the Woods , and is a followup to that book . Its title character is a Eurasian red squirrel . Bambi makes a brief appearance in Perri . The novel was first published in English translation in 1938 because the German-language edition printed in Vienna was confiscated and destroyed by the Nazis in 1938 . Only in 1942 the book appeared in German language , published by Albert Müller in Zürich , illustrated by Hans Bertle . Before a successful German-language release , the book was translated also into Hungarian in 1938 , into Danish in 1939 and into Swedish in 1940 ; a French translation followed in 1943 , a Slovak one in 1947 and a Dutch one in 1952 . In 1957 , Walt Disney adapted it into a True Life Fantasy of the same name .'}]}, {'value': 'A female red squirrel who lives in the forest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ranguvar Foeseeker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Jacques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Jacques', 'summary': 'James Brian Jacques ( /ˈdʒeɪks/ , as in Jakes ; 15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011 ) was an English writer known for his Redwall series of novels and Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series . He also completed two collections of short stories entitled The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns and Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales .'}]}, {'value': 'The Legend of Luke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Luke', 'summary': 'The Legend of Luke is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques , published in 1999 . It is the 12th book and fourth chronologically in the Redwall series .'}]}, {'value': 'A female black squirrel who is a berserker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rufe Brush', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Jacques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Jacques', 'summary': 'James Brian Jacques ( /ˈdʒeɪks/ , as in Jakes ; 15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011 ) was an English writer known for his Redwall series of novels and Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series . He also completed two collections of short stories entitled The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns and Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales .'}]}, {'value': 'Mariel of Redwall & The Bellmaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariel_of_Redwall', 'summary': 'Mariel of Redwall is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques , published in 1991 . It is the fourth book published and sixth chronologically in the Redwall series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Bellmaker', 'summary': 'The Bellmaker is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques , published in 1994 . It is chronologically the seventh book in the Redwall series .'}]}, {'value': 'A young red squirrel who is somewhat taciturn , but proves to be a hero', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Jacques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Jacques', 'summary': 'James Brian Jacques ( /ˈdʒeɪks/ , as in Jakes ; 15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011 ) was an English writer known for his Redwall series of novels and Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series . He also completed two collections of short stories entitled The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns and Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales .'}]}, {'value': 'Lord Brocktree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lord_Brocktree', 'summary': 'Lord Brocktree is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques , published in 2000 . It is the 13th book in the Redwall series to be published . It is the earliest chronological installment in the series .'}]}, {'value': 'A female squirrel who is part of a tribe that speaks using archaic words', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russa Nodrey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Jacques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Jacques', 'summary': 'James Brian Jacques ( /ˈdʒeɪks/ , as in Jakes ; 15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011 ) was an English writer known for his Redwall series of novels and Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series . He also completed two collections of short stories entitled The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns and Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales .'}]}, {'value': 'The Long Patrol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Long_Patrol', 'summary': 'The Long Patrol is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques , published in 1997 . It is the tenth book published and the twelfth chronologically in the Redwall series , and it was a New York Times bestseller .'}]}, {'value': 'A nomadic female red squirrel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samkim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Jacques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Jacques', 'summary': 'James Brian Jacques ( /ˈdʒeɪks/ , as in Jakes ; 15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011 ) was an English writer known for his Redwall series of novels and Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series . He also completed two collections of short stories entitled The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns and Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales .'}]}, {'value': 'Salamandastron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salamandastron', 'summary': 'Salamandastron is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques , published in 1992 . It is the fifth book published and eighth chronologically in the Redwall series .'}]}, {'value': 'A young squirrel who is fond of archery . He goes on a quest to recover a legendary sword that has been stolen from the abbey where he lives', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miss Suzy Squirrel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miriam Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miriam_Young', 'summary': "Miriam Young ( died September 12 , 1974 ) was an American writer best known for children 's books . She also wrote Mother Wore Tights , a memoir about growing up in a vaudeville family , which was adapted as the 1947 film of the same name , a Hollywood supermusical . Young was born in 1911 or 1912 , her New York Times obituary implies . Other sources give year of birth 1913 . The Library of Congress gives date February 26 , 1913 ."}]}, {'value': 'Miss Suzy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A brown squirrel who loves to cook and clean . She is evicted by a gang of red squirrels but her newfound friends eventually help her out', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarobando', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Jacques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Jacques', 'summary': 'James Brian Jacques ( /ˈdʒeɪks/ , as in Jakes ; 15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011 ) was an English writer known for his Redwall series of novels and Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series . He also completed two collections of short stories entitled The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns and Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales .'}]}, {'value': 'Loamhedge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loamhedge', 'summary': 'Loamhedge is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques , published in 2003 . It is the 16th book in the Redwall series .'}]}, {'value': 'An older female squirrel who travels with her otter friend Bragoon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scaredy Squirrel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scaredy_Squirrel', 'summary': "Scaredy Squirrel is a children 's book series written and illustrated by French-Canadian author Mélanie Watt . The books have won several awards . The first book of the Scaredy Squirrel series was published in March 2006 by Kids Can Press . A television series based on the books began in 2011 . The stories are told using large pictures with simple descriptive text . The books often follow the same format : the titular protagonist Scaredy Squirrel identifies his fears , shows how he avoids them at all costs , and develops contingency plans , which usually involve an emergency kit and playing dead till the threat has passed . Scaredy is inevitably faced with the fears he tries so hard to avoid , eventually learning that it is not as bad as he initially imagined . However , he only slightly alters his strict daily routines after these experiences ."}]}, {'value': 'Mélanie Watt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mélanie_Watt', 'summary': "Mélanie Watt ( born August 20 , 1975 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian children 's author and illustrator . She is best known for Scaredy Squirrel , in French Frisson l'écureuil , which won the Ruth & Sylvia Schwartz Children 's Book Award ."}]}, {'value': 'Scaredy Squirrel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scaredy_Squirrel', 'summary': "Scaredy Squirrel is a children 's book series written and illustrated by French-Canadian author Mélanie Watt . The books have won several awards . The first book of the Scaredy Squirrel series was published in March 2006 by Kids Can Press . A television series based on the books began in 2011 . The stories are told using large pictures with simple descriptive text . The books often follow the same format : the titular protagonist Scaredy Squirrel identifies his fears , shows how he avoids them at all costs , and develops contingency plans , which usually involve an emergency kit and playing dead till the threat has passed . Scaredy is inevitably faced with the fears he tries so hard to avoid , eventually learning that it is not as bad as he initially imagined . However , he only slightly alters his strict daily routines after these experiences ."}]}, {'value': 'Scaredy is inevitably faced with the fears he tries so hard to avoid , eventually learning that it is not as bad as he initially imagined . However , he only slightly alters his strict daily routines after these experiences . Adapted into a TV Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scaredy_Squirrel_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Scaredy Squirrel is a Canadian animated comedy television series based very loosely on the Scaredy Squirrel book series by Mélanie Watt . The series premiered on April 1 , 2011 on YTV in Canada and August 9 , 2011 on Cartoon Network in the United States . The series is broadcast on YTV and Cartoon Network . The series was produced in association with YTV by Nelvana , with additional production facilities provided by Studio 306 , Pipeline Studios Inc. and Super Sonics Productions Inc. , with Dolby Digital doing the sound , with Writers Guild of Canada and ACTRA writing the show 's renewal plates , with the series ' funding provided by The Canada Media Fund and The Canadian Film or Video Production Tax Credit . The series ended on August 17 , 2013 on YTV in Canada and September 17 , 2014 on Cartoon Network in the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'The Starwife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_characters_in_The_Deptford_Mice', 'summary': "A list of fictional characters featured in Robin Jarvis 's novel series , The Deptford Mice . Also listed are characters appearing in the prequels , The Deptford Histories and The Deptford Mouselets , as well as the sequel The Deptford Mice Almanack ."}]}, {'value': 'Robin Jarvis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Jarvis', 'summary': "Robin Jarvis ( born 8 May 1963 ) is a British Young-Adult fiction ( YA ) and children 's novelist , who writes dark fantasy , suspense and supernatural thrillers . His books for young adults have featured the inhabitants of a coastal town battling a monumental malevolence with the help of its last supernatural guardian ( The Witching Legacy ) , a diminutive race of Werglers ( shape shifters ) pitched against the evil might of the faerie hordes ( The Hagwood Trilogy ) , a sinister world-switching dystopian future , triggered by a sinister and hypnotic book ( Dancing Jax ) , Norse Fates , Glastonbury crow-demons and a time travelling , wise-cracking teddy bear . ( The Wyrd Museum series ) , dark powers , a forgotten race and ancient evils on the North Yorkshire coast ( The Whitby Witches trilogy ) , epic medieval adventure ( The Oaken Throne ) and science-fiction dramatising the nefarious intrigue within an alternate Tudor realm , peopled by personalities of the time , automata servants and animals known as Mechanicals and ruled by Queen Elizabeth I . ( Deathscent ) . Jarvis ' books for younger readers have featured anthropomorphic rodents and small mammals - especially mice - as featured in the Deptford Mice series . A number of his works are based in London , in and around Deptford and Greenwich where he used to live , Felixstowe , or in Whitby , the setting for The Whitby Witches trilogy and his latest series : The Witching Legacy . His first novel - The Dark Portal , featuring the popular Deptford Mice - was the runner up for the Smarties book prize in 1989 . His work has been described as genre Busting and original , spooky , unusual , psychological supernatural horror fantasy with a very modern twist . Jarvis has said that he is not a writer of horror fiction , however his work has also been compared to that of …Stephen King , but for Young Adults . The Deptford Mice was adapted and dramatised by Tiny Dog Productions , and staged in January 2010 and April 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Deptford Mice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Deptford_Mice', 'summary': 'The Deptford Mice is a trilogy of novels by Robin Jarvis , first published in the 1980s . They follow the story of a group of mice living in Deptford , London as they fight an evil cat god named Jupiter .'}]}, {'value': 'A squirrel who is the ancient leader of the other squirrels in Greenwich Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwich_Park', 'summary': 'Greenwich Park is a former hunting park in Greenwich and one of the largest single green spaces in south-east London . One of the Royal Parks of London , and the first to be enclosed ( in 1433 ) , it covers 74 hectares ( 180 acres ) , and is part of the Greenwich World Heritage Site . It commands fine views over the River Thames , the Isle of Dogs and the City of London ( Simon Jenkins rated the view of the Royal Hospital with Canary Wharf in the distance as one of the top ten in England ) . The park is open year-round . It is listed Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens .'}]}, {'value': 'Squirrel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pat Miller', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Squirrel 's New Year 's Resolution", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Squirrel's_New_Year's_Resolution", 'summary': "Squirrel 's New Year 's Resolution is a 2010 Children 's picture book written by Pat Miller and illustrated by Kathi Ember . It is about Squirrel who wants to make a New Year 's resolution but initially does n't know what it is ( her friend Bear explains it to her ) , then helps her friends ( Skunk , Mole , Turtle , and Porcupine ) with theirs but is unable to think of one for herself . Finally , Rabbit tells her that she actually resolved to help someone every day ."}]}, {'value': "A young squirrel who finds out about New Year 's resolution", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_Year's_resolution", 'summary': "A New Year 's resolution is a tradition , most common in the Western Hemisphere but also found in the Eastern Hemisphere , in which a person resolves to continue good practices , change an undesired trait or behavior , to accomplish a personal goal , or otherwise improve their life ."}]}, {'value': 'Squirrel Nutkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Squirrel_Nutkin', 'summary': "The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in August 1903 . The story is about an impertinent red squirrel named Nutkin and his narrow escape from an owl called Old Brown . The book followed Potter 's hugely successful The Tale of Peter Rabbit , and was an instant hit . The now familiar endpapers of the Peter Rabbit series were introduced in the book . Squirrel Nutkin had its origins in a story and picture letter Potter sent Norah Moore , the daughter of her former governess , Annie Carter Moore . The background illustrations were modelled on Derwentwater and St. Herbert 's Island in the Lake District . One commentator has likened Squirrel Nutkin 's impertinent behaviour to that of the rebellious working-class of Potter 's own day , and another commentator has noted the tale 's similarities to pourquoi tales and folk tales in its explanations of Squirrel Nutkin 's short tail and characteristics of squirrel behaviour . An abbreviated version of the tale appeared as a segment in the 1971 ballet film , The Tales of Beatrix Potter ."}]}, {'value': 'Beatrix Potter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatrix_Potter', 'summary': "Beatrix Potter ( /ˈbiːətrɪks/ , US /ˈbiːtrɪks/ , 28 July 1866 - 22 December 1943 ) was an English writer , illustrator , natural scientist , and conservationist best known for her children 's books featuring animals , such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Born into an upper-middle-class household , Potter was educated by governesses and grew up isolated from other children . She had numerous pets and spent holidays in Scotland and the Lake District , developing a love of landscape , flora , and fauna , all of which she closely observed and painted . Potters study and watercolours of fungi led to her being widely respected in the field of mycology . In her thirties , Potter self-published the highly successful children 's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Following this , Potter began writing and illustrating children 's books full-time . In all , Potter wrote thirty books ; the best known being her twenty-three children 's tales . With the proceeds from the books and a legacy from an aunt , in 1905 Potter bought Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey , a village in the Lake District which at that time was in Lancashire . Over the following decades , she purchased additional farms to preserve the unique hill country landscape . In 1913 , at the age of 47 , she married William Heelis , a respected local solicitor from Hawkshead . Potter was also a prize-winning breeder of Herdwick sheep and a prosperous farmer keenly interested in land preservation . She continued to write and illustrate , and to design spin-off merchandise based on her children 's books for British publisher Warne until the duties of land management and her diminishing eyesight made it difficult to continue ."}]}, {'value': 'The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tale_of_Squirrel_Nutkin', 'summary': "The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in August 1903 . The story is about an impertinent red squirrel named Nutkin and his narrow escape from an owl called Old Brown . The book followed Potter 's hugely successful The Tale of Peter Rabbit , and was an instant hit . The now familiar endpapers of the Peter Rabbit series were introduced in the book . Squirrel Nutkin had its origins in a story and picture letter Potter sent Norah Moore , the daughter of her former governess , Annie Carter Moore . The background illustrations were modelled on Derwentwater and St. Herbert 's Island in the Lake District . One commentator has likened Squirrel Nutkin 's impertinent behaviour to that of the rebellious working-class of Potter 's own day , and another commentator has noted the tale 's similarities to pourquoi tales and folk tales in its explanations of Squirrel Nutkin 's short tail and characteristics of squirrel behaviour . An abbreviated version of the tale appeared as a segment in the 1971 ballet film , The Tales of Beatrix Potter ."}]}, {'value': 'A red squirrel , who gets on others nerves and goes too far when he annoys Old Brown almost getting killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timmy Tiptoes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timmy_Tiptoes', 'summary': "The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1911 . Timmy Tiptoes is a squirrel believed to be a nut-thief by his fellows , and imprisoned by them in a hollow tree with the expectation that he will confess under confinement . Timmy is tended by Chippy Hackee , a friendly , mischievous chipmunk who has run away from his wife and is camping-out in the tree . Chippy urges the prisoner to eat the nuts stored in the tree , and Timmy does so but grows so fat he can not escape the tree . He regains his freedom when a storm topples part of the tree . The tale contrasts the harmonious marriage of its title character with the less than harmonious marriage of the chipmunk . The book sold well at release , but is now considered one of Potter 's weakest productions . Potter never observed the tale 's indigenous North American mammals in nature , and , as a result , her depictions are thought stiff and unnatural . Other elements in the story have come under fire : the rhymes , for example , reveal nothing about the characters nor do they provide an amusing game for the child reader in the manner of the rhymes in The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin . The storm in the finale is viewed as a weak plot device introduced solely to hurry the tale to its conclusion , and the marriage of the chipmunks has been described as abrasive and shocking and an impediment to the flow of the tale . The tale 's disappointing qualities have been ascribed to Potter 's growing lack of interest in writing for children , to pressure from her publisher for yet another book , and to Potter 's desire to exploit the lucrative American market . Potter 's artistically successful books were written for specific children ; Timmy Tiptoes however was composed for Potter 's amorphous , ill-defined American fanbase ."}]}, {'value': 'Beatrix Potter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatrix_Potter', 'summary': "Beatrix Potter ( /ˈbiːətrɪks/ , US /ˈbiːtrɪks/ , 28 July 1866 - 22 December 1943 ) was an English writer , illustrator , natural scientist , and conservationist best known for her children 's books featuring animals , such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Born into an upper-middle-class household , Potter was educated by governesses and grew up isolated from other children . She had numerous pets and spent holidays in Scotland and the Lake District , developing a love of landscape , flora , and fauna , all of which she closely observed and painted . Potters study and watercolours of fungi led to her being widely respected in the field of mycology . In her thirties , Potter self-published the highly successful children 's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Following this , Potter began writing and illustrating children 's books full-time . In all , Potter wrote thirty books ; the best known being her twenty-three children 's tales . With the proceeds from the books and a legacy from an aunt , in 1905 Potter bought Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey , a village in the Lake District which at that time was in Lancashire . Over the following decades , she purchased additional farms to preserve the unique hill country landscape . In 1913 , at the age of 47 , she married William Heelis , a respected local solicitor from Hawkshead . Potter was also a prize-winning breeder of Herdwick sheep and a prosperous farmer keenly interested in land preservation . She continued to write and illustrate , and to design spin-off merchandise based on her children 's books for British publisher Warne until the duties of land management and her diminishing eyesight made it difficult to continue ."}]}, {'value': 'The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tale_of_Timmy_Tiptoes', 'summary': "The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1911 . Timmy Tiptoes is a squirrel believed to be a nut-thief by his fellows , and imprisoned by them in a hollow tree with the expectation that he will confess under confinement . Timmy is tended by Chippy Hackee , a friendly , mischievous chipmunk who has run away from his wife and is camping-out in the tree . Chippy urges the prisoner to eat the nuts stored in the tree , and Timmy does so but grows so fat he can not escape the tree . He regains his freedom when a storm topples part of the tree . The tale contrasts the harmonious marriage of its title character with the less than harmonious marriage of the chipmunk . The book sold well at release , but is now considered one of Potter 's weakest productions . Potter never observed the tale 's indigenous North American mammals in nature , and , as a result , her depictions are thought stiff and unnatural . Other elements in the story have come under fire : the rhymes , for example , reveal nothing about the characters nor do they provide an amusing game for the child reader in the manner of the rhymes in The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin . The storm in the finale is viewed as a weak plot device introduced solely to hurry the tale to its conclusion , and the marriage of the chipmunks has been described as abrasive and shocking and an impediment to the flow of the tale . The tale 's disappointing qualities have been ascribed to Potter 's growing lack of interest in writing for children , to pressure from her publisher for yet another book , and to Potter 's desire to exploit the lucrative American market . Potter 's artistically successful books were written for specific children ; Timmy Tiptoes however was composed for Potter 's amorphous , ill-defined American fanbase ."}]}, {'value': "A grey squirrel , who gets into a bad situation when he is wrongly accused of stealing and hoarding the wood 's nuts", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Squirrels', 'section_text': 'This section exclusively lists all squirrels ( flying , red , grey and otherwise ) .', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_rodents_in_literature_0', 'intro': 'This list of fictional rodents in literature is subsidiary to the list of fictional animals and covers all rodents appearing in printed works of literature including beavers, chipmunks, gophers, guinea pigs, marmots, prairie dogs, and porcupines plus the extinct prehistoric species (such as Rugosodon).'}
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Who published the first book of the author of The Mistmantle Chronicles ?
Oxford University Press
0837d4d7ce0825aa
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_England_rugby_union_tour_of_South_Africa', 'title': '1994 England rugby union tour of South Africa', 'header': ['Player', 'Position', 'Club', 'Age', 'Caps'], 'data': [{'value': 'Paul Hull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Hull', 'summary': 'Paul Anthony Hull ( born 17 May 1968 ) is an English former rugby union international full back . He was head coach of Bristol between February 2009 and May 2011 and is currently chief scout , having returned to the club in November 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Full Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Full_back_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_Bears', 'summary': "Bristol Bears ( officially Bristol Rugby Club ) is an English professional rugby union club based in Bristol , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded as Bristol Football Club in 1888 ; between 1921 and 2014 Bristol 's home matches were played at the Memorial Ground and since 2014 Bristol plays its home matches at Ashton Gate Stadium in the south-west of the city . The current head coach is Pat Lam who was appointed in 2017 . The club announced a new nickname of Bears to be used from 1 June 2018 ; between 2001 and 2005 the club were known as Bristol Shoguns due to a sponsorship deal with Mitsubishi . Bristol won the 1983 John Player Cup and have also won England 's second division four times , most recently in 2017-18 ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Pears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Pears_(rugby_player)', 'summary': 'David Pears ( born 6 December 1967 ) is a former English rugby union player , who played for Harlequins and England . He played as a fly-half . He won 4 England caps , the first two on the 1990 England rugby union tour of Argentina , came on as a replacement during the 1992 Six Nations match against France and started at full back against France two years later .'}]}, {'value': 'Full Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Full_back_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Harlequins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harlequin_F.C.', 'summary': "The Harlequin Football Club ( Harlequins or Quins for short ) is an English rugby union team that plays in the top level of English rugby , the English Premiership . Their ground in London is the Twickenham Stoop . They were one of the founding members of the RFU . Quins were crowned winners of the European Challenge Cup in 2011 , the English Premiership for the first time in 2012 and won the Anglo-Welsh Cup in 2013 . The current club captain is Chris Robshaw while the current Head of Rugby is former England defence coach Paul Gustard , with Billy Millard acting as the Club 's General Manager . For sponsorship reasons they were formerly known as NEC Harlequins , but principal sponsorship is currently held by DHL and Adidas ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adedayo Adebayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adedayo_Adebayo', 'summary': 'Adedayo Adeyemi Adebayo ( born 30 November 1970 in Ibadan , Nigeria ) is a rugby union footballer , who played on the wing for England 8 times between 1996 and 1998 . He played club rugby for Bath and Parma and then went on to coach the Scottish-based sevens side , Bone Steelers . He started for Bath in the victorious 1998 Heineken Cup Final as they defeated Brive . He made his international debut on 23 November 1996 against Italy , a match which England went on to win 54-21 . His final appearance in an England shirt was on 22 March 1998 against Scotland . He was a member of the England sevens squad which won the inaugural World Cup Sevens in Scotland in 1993 . He turned and twisted to bring off a memorable tackle , that helped England reach the final . He is now the CEO and founder of a corporate hospitality company in England .'}]}, {'value': 'Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wing_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath_Rugby', 'summary': "Bath Rugby ( also known as just Bath ) is an English professional rugby union club in Bath , Somerset . They play in the English Premiership . The club has won England 's domestic competition , the Premiership Rugby Cup , the Heineken Cup , and the European Challenge Cup . The club was founded in 1865 as Bath Football Club . The club plays at the Recreation Ground ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damian Hopley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damian_Hopley', 'summary': 'Damian Hopley ( born 12 April 1970 ) is a former rugby union player for London Wasps and England . His position of choice was on the wing or in the centres .'}]}, {'value': 'Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wing_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Wasps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wasps_RFC', 'summary': "Wasps Rugby Football Club is an English professional rugby union team based in Coventry , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . Founded in 1867 as Wasps Football Club , now a distinct amateur club , the club was originally London-based , but relocated to Coventry in December 2014 . Wasps now own and play at the Ricoh Arena . Prior to the move to the Midlands , Wasps had several homes ; from 1923 to 1996 they were based at Repton Avenue in Sudbury , London , from 1996 to 2002 they played at Loftus Road in Shepherd 's Bush and from 2002 to 2014 they played at Adams Park in High Wycombe , Buckinghamshire , 30 miles northwest of London . Wasps has won 12 major titles . They were European Champions twice , in 2004 and 2007 ; have won six English Championships including three in a row from 2003-05 ; and won three Anglo-Welsh Cups . They have also won the 2003 European Rugby Challenge Cup . Wasps most recent trophy is the 2008 Premiership . The 2017-18 season marked the 150th anniversary of Wasps Rugby Football Club . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Wasps finished 8th . This entitles them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rory Underwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rory_Underwood', 'summary': "Rory Underwood MBE ( born 19 June 1963 ) is an English former rugby union player , he is England 's record international try scorer with 49 tries in 85 internationals between 1984 and 1996 . Underwood 's principal position was wing and he played 236 games for Leicester Tigers between 1983 and 1997 , he also played for Middlesbrough , Bedford Blues and the Royal Air Force . Underwood toured with the British and Irish Lions in 1989 and 1993 playing in six tests and scoring one try . In 1992 Underwood played for England alongside his younger brother Tony Underwood , becoming the first brothers to play together for England since 1937 . Playing during the amateur era his profession was as a Royal Air Force pilot ."}]}, {'value': 'Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wing_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Leicester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_Tigers', 'summary': "Leicester Tigers ( officially Leicester Football Club ) is an English professional rugby union club based in Leicester , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded in 1880 and since 1892 plays its home matches at Welford Road Stadium in the south of the city . The club has been known by the nickname Tigers since at least 1885 . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Tigers finished 11th , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup . The current head coach is Geordan Murphy who was appointed in September 2018 . Leicester have won 20 major titles . They were European Champions twice , back-to-back in 2001 and 2002 ; have won a record 10 English Championships ; and have won eight Anglo-Welsh Cups , most recently in 2017 . Leicester last won the Premiership Rugby title in the 2013 and appeared in a record nine successive Premiership finals , from 2005 to 2013 . Leicester are one of only four teams never to have been relegated from the top division . Leicester have appeared in five European finals , the joint-second most overall , as well as the two victories they have also lost finals three times , in 1997 , 2007 and 2009 . Three Leicester Tigers players were members of the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final winning England side including captain Martin Johnson ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Underwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Underwood', 'summary': 'Tony Underwood ( born 17 February 1969 in Ipoh , Malaysia ) is a former English rugby union footballer who played as a wing three-quarter back . He is of Chinese-English parentage .'}]}, {'value': 'Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wing_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Leicester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_Tigers', 'summary': "Leicester Tigers ( officially Leicester Football Club ) is an English professional rugby union club based in Leicester , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded in 1880 and since 1892 plays its home matches at Welford Road Stadium in the south of the city . The club has been known by the nickname Tigers since at least 1885 . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Tigers finished 11th , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup . The current head coach is Geordan Murphy who was appointed in September 2018 . Leicester have won 20 major titles . They were European Champions twice , back-to-back in 2001 and 2002 ; have won a record 10 English Championships ; and have won eight Anglo-Welsh Cups , most recently in 2017 . Leicester last won the Premiership Rugby title in the 2013 and appeared in a record nine successive Premiership finals , from 2005 to 2013 . Leicester are one of only four teams never to have been relegated from the top division . Leicester have appeared in five European finals , the joint-second most overall , as well as the two victories they have also lost finals three times , in 1997 , 2007 and 2009 . Three Leicester Tigers players were members of the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final winning England side including captain Martin Johnson ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Catt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Catt', 'summary': 'Michael John Catt OBE ( born 17 September 1971 ) is a South African-born former rugby union player who played for the England national rugby union team . He played professionally for the clubs London Irish and Bath . He earned 75 international caps for England and played in two World Cup Finals , in 2003 ( when England won ) and 2007 . With his appearance in the October 2007 final , at age 36 years 1 month , he became the oldest ever player to play in a Rugby World Cup final . Since 2008 , Catt has coached various rugby teams , and is currently [ when ? ] an assistant coach for the Ireland national rugby team .'}]}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath_Rugby', 'summary': "Bath Rugby ( also known as just Bath ) is an English professional rugby union club in Bath , Somerset . They play in the English Premiership . The club has won England 's domestic competition , the Premiership Rugby Cup , the Heineken Cup , and the European Challenge Cup . The club was founded in 1865 as Bath Football Club . The club plays at the Recreation Ground ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Will Carling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will_Carling', 'summary': 'William David Charles Carling , OBE ( born 12 December 1965 ) is an English former rugby union player . He played for Rosslyn Park , Harlequins and England , winning 72 caps from 1988 to 1996 , and captaining England 59 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Harlequins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harlequin_F.C.', 'summary': "The Harlequin Football Club ( Harlequins or Quins for short ) is an English rugby union team that plays in the top level of English rugby , the English Premiership . Their ground in London is the Twickenham Stoop . They were one of the founding members of the RFU . Quins were crowned winners of the European Challenge Cup in 2011 , the English Premiership for the first time in 2012 and won the Anglo-Welsh Cup in 2013 . The current club captain is Chris Robshaw while the current Head of Rugby is former England defence coach Paul Gustard , with Billy Millard acting as the Club 's General Manager . For sponsorship reasons they were formerly known as NEC Harlequins , but principal sponsorship is currently held by DHL and Adidas ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phil de Glanville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_de_Glanville', 'summary': 'Philip Ranulph de Glanville ( born 1 October 1968 in Loughborough ) is a former English rugby union player who played at centre for Bath and England .'}]}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath_Rugby', 'summary': "Bath Rugby ( also known as just Bath ) is an English professional rugby union club in Bath , Somerset . They play in the English Premiership . The club has won England 's domestic competition , the Premiership Rugby Cup , the Heineken Cup , and the European Challenge Cup . The club was founded in 1865 as Bath Football Club . The club plays at the Recreation Ground ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stuart Potter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuart_Potter', 'summary': 'Stuart Potter ( born 11 November 1967 in Lichfield ) is a retired rugby union centre who played for Nottingham , Leicester Tigers and England . Potter won both the league and cup with Leicester .'}]}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Leicester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_Tigers', 'summary': "Leicester Tigers ( officially Leicester Football Club ) is an English professional rugby union club based in Leicester , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded in 1880 and since 1892 plays its home matches at Welford Road Stadium in the south of the city . The club has been known by the nickname Tigers since at least 1885 . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Tigers finished 11th , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup . The current head coach is Geordan Murphy who was appointed in September 2018 . Leicester have won 20 major titles . They were European Champions twice , back-to-back in 2001 and 2002 ; have won a record 10 English Championships ; and have won eight Anglo-Welsh Cups , most recently in 2017 . Leicester last won the Premiership Rugby title in the 2013 and appeared in a record nine successive Premiership finals , from 2005 to 2013 . Leicester are one of only four teams never to have been relegated from the top division . Leicester have appeared in five European finals , the joint-second most overall , as well as the two victories they have also lost finals three times , in 1997 , 2007 and 2009 . Three Leicester Tigers players were members of the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final winning England side including captain Martin Johnson ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rob Andrew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Andrew', 'summary': "Christopher Robert Rob Andrew MBE ( born 18 February 1963 in Richmond , Yorkshire ) , nicknamed Squeaky , is a former English Rugby Union player and was , until April 2016 , Professional Rugby Director at the RFU . He was formerly the Director of Rugby of Newcastle Falcons and has been Chief Executive of Sussex County Cricket Club since January 2017 . As a player , Andrew was assured in his kicking and defensive skills off both feet . Andrew also had a brief career in first-class cricket whilst at University and played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club 's Second XI ."}]}, {'value': 'Fly Half', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fly_half_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Wasps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wasps_RFC', 'summary': "Wasps Rugby Football Club is an English professional rugby union team based in Coventry , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . Founded in 1867 as Wasps Football Club , now a distinct amateur club , the club was originally London-based , but relocated to Coventry in December 2014 . Wasps now own and play at the Ricoh Arena . Prior to the move to the Midlands , Wasps had several homes ; from 1923 to 1996 they were based at Repton Avenue in Sudbury , London , from 1996 to 2002 they played at Loftus Road in Shepherd 's Bush and from 2002 to 2014 they played at Adams Park in High Wycombe , Buckinghamshire , 30 miles northwest of London . Wasps has won 12 major titles . They were European Champions twice , in 2004 and 2007 ; have won six English Championships including three in a row from 2003-05 ; and won three Anglo-Welsh Cups . They have also won the 2003 European Rugby Challenge Cup . Wasps most recent trophy is the 2008 Premiership . The 2017-18 season marked the 150th anniversary of Wasps Rugby Football Club . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Wasps finished 8th . This entitles them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stuart Barnes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuart_Barnes', 'summary': 'Stuart Barnes ( born 22 November 1962 in Grays , Essex ) is a former English rugby union footballer , and now rugby commentator for Sky Sports . Barnes played fly-half for Newport RFC , Bristol , Bath ; and represented England at international level .'}]}, {'value': 'Fly Half', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fly_half_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath_Rugby', 'summary': "Bath Rugby ( also known as just Bath ) is an English professional rugby union club in Bath , Somerset . They play in the English Premiership . The club has won England 's domestic competition , the Premiership Rugby Cup , the Heineken Cup , and the European Challenge Cup . The club was founded in 1865 as Bath Football Club . The club plays at the Recreation Ground ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Bates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Bates', 'summary': 'Steve Bates ( born 4 March 1963 ) is a rugby coach and retired from former rugby union player . He played at scrum-half for London Wasps and was capped once for the England national rugby union team . He twice worked as a coach at Newcastle Falcons , 1995-2003 and 2007-2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scrum Half', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scrum_half_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Wasps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wasps_RFC', 'summary': "Wasps Rugby Football Club is an English professional rugby union team based in Coventry , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . Founded in 1867 as Wasps Football Club , now a distinct amateur club , the club was originally London-based , but relocated to Coventry in December 2014 . Wasps now own and play at the Ricoh Arena . Prior to the move to the Midlands , Wasps had several homes ; from 1923 to 1996 they were based at Repton Avenue in Sudbury , London , from 1996 to 2002 they played at Loftus Road in Shepherd 's Bush and from 2002 to 2014 they played at Adams Park in High Wycombe , Buckinghamshire , 30 miles northwest of London . Wasps has won 12 major titles . They were European Champions twice , in 2004 and 2007 ; have won six English Championships including three in a row from 2003-05 ; and won three Anglo-Welsh Cups . They have also won the 2003 European Rugby Challenge Cup . Wasps most recent trophy is the 2008 Premiership . The 2017-18 season marked the 150th anniversary of Wasps Rugby Football Club . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Wasps finished 8th . This entitles them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dewi Morris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dewi_Morris', 'summary': 'Dewi Morris ( born 9 February 1964 ) is a former rugby union footballer , who played scrum half for England . Morris was born in Crickhowell , Breconshire , Wales , and graduated from Manchester Polytechnic . He made his England debut in 1988 against Australia . He was dropped in 1990 in favour of Richard Hill , but returned to the England side in 1992 and was the Lions scrum-half in 1993 . Early on in his playing career , Dewi played for Winnington Park Rugby Football Club in Cheshire . He retired from rugby union after the 1995 World Cup third place play-off match . He had won 26 caps in total . However , he came out of retirement after professionalism to play for a season for Sale , helping them reach the final of the Pilkington Cup . After retiring he now appears regularly as a rugby union pundit/commentator on Sky Sports where he appears with former England international ( and Wales schoolboy international ) Stuart Barnes and former England and Lions centre Will Greenwood .'}]}, {'value': 'Scrum Half', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scrum_half_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Orrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orrell_R.U.F.C.', 'summary': 'Orrell Rugby Union Football Club is a rugby union team from Orrell in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan , Greater Manchester . The club was founded in 1927 , holding a place in the top-tier of rugby union from 1986 to 1997 .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Leonard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Leonard', 'summary': "Jason Leonard OBE ( born 14 August 1968 ) is an English former rugby union player , who gained a record-breaking 114 caps for England during his 14-year international rugby career . Leonard played in England teams which won four Grand Slams ( 1991 , 1992 , 1995 and 2003 ) and the 2003 Rugby World Cup , and was part of the British & Irish Lions squad that won the test series during their 1997 tour of South Africa . Jason played for the Lions on three tours , gaining five additional caps . He was awarded MBE for services to rugby in 2002 , which became an OBE after England 's Rugby World Cup success . He was also inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014 . Since his retirement in 2004 , Leonard has remained highly involved in the world of rugby . He was President of the RFU from 2015-2016 , and is currently a board member for both the Six Nations and the British & Irish Lions . In 2008 , Leonard joined Besso Group , and has since worked as a senior advisor for the established Lloyd 's broker . Outside of the corporate world , Leonard has recently launched his own special event service , the Fun Bus ."}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Harlequins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harlequin_F.C.', 'summary': "The Harlequin Football Club ( Harlequins or Quins for short ) is an English rugby union team that plays in the top level of English rugby , the English Premiership . Their ground in London is the Twickenham Stoop . They were one of the founding members of the RFU . Quins were crowned winners of the European Challenge Cup in 2011 , the English Premiership for the first time in 2012 and won the Anglo-Welsh Cup in 2013 . The current club captain is Chris Robshaw while the current Head of Rugby is former England defence coach Paul Gustard , with Billy Millard acting as the Club 's General Manager . For sponsorship reasons they were formerly known as NEC Harlequins , but principal sponsorship is currently held by DHL and Adidas ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Mallett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Mallett', 'summary': "John Anthony Mallett ( born Lincoln , 28 May 1970 ) is a former English rugby union footballer . He played as a prop . Mallett was educated at St Hugh 's School , Woodhall Spa until age of 13 , he then moved to Millfield and played for Bath Rugby until 2002 . Bath won 3 titles in the Guinness Premiership , in 1992/93 , 1993/94 and 1995/96 , and 3 titles in the Anglo-Welsh Cup , in 1993/94 , 1994/95 and 1995/96 . Mallet 's team also won the Heineken Cup , in 1997/98 , for the final of which he was a replacement . Mallett was selected for England , to take part in the 1995 Rugby World Cup finals ; he played a single match against Manu Samoa which proved to be his only appearance for the senior England side . He is now head of rugby at Millfield School , Somerset ."}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath_Rugby', 'summary': "Bath Rugby ( also known as just Bath ) is an English professional rugby union club in Bath , Somerset . They play in the English Premiership . The club has won England 's domestic competition , the Premiership Rugby Cup , the Heineken Cup , and the European Challenge Cup . The club was founded in 1865 as Bath Football Club . The club plays at the Recreation Ground ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graham Rowntree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graham_Rowntree', 'summary': "Graham Christopher Rowntree ( born 18 April 1971 ) is a former English rugby union player and current coach . He played loosehead prop for Leicester Tigers and England . He was capped 54 times for England , despite having to compete for his position with the world 's second most capped forward , Jason Leonard . Rowntree was born in Stockton-on-Tees . He was educated at John Cleveland College , Hinckley , Leicestershire , which has also produced other rugby union players . In 1988 he joined Leicester Tigers from Nuneaton and made his first-team debut against Oxford University in 1990 . For much of that time he was in harness with the famous ABC club alongside Richard Cockerill and Darren Garforth . At Leicester Rowntree enjoyed great domestic success , and started both the 2001 and 2002 Heineken Cup finals . In 1993 he made his England A , Barbarians and Midlands debuts , and on 18 March 1995 he gained his first full England cap against Scotland in the Five Nations tournament as a temporary replacement for Jason Leonard . He subsequently played in the 1995 Rugby World Cup . He also made the 1997 British Lions tour to South Africa , playing 6 games and the 1999 Rugby World Cup . After the 1999 World Cup Graham was not capped for almost 2 years until a series of fine performances for his club forced him back into international contention ."}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Leicester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_Tigers', 'summary': "Leicester Tigers ( officially Leicester Football Club ) is an English professional rugby union club based in Leicester , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded in 1880 and since 1892 plays its home matches at Welford Road Stadium in the south of the city . The club has been known by the nickname Tigers since at least 1885 . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Tigers finished 11th , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup . The current head coach is Geordan Murphy who was appointed in September 2018 . Leicester have won 20 major titles . They were European Champions twice , back-to-back in 2001 and 2002 ; have won a record 10 English Championships ; and have won eight Anglo-Welsh Cups , most recently in 2017 . Leicester last won the Premiership Rugby title in the 2013 and appeared in a record nine successive Premiership finals , from 2005 to 2013 . Leicester are one of only four teams never to have been relegated from the top division . Leicester have appeared in five European finals , the joint-second most overall , as well as the two victories they have also lost finals three times , in 1997 , 2007 and 2009 . Three Leicester Tigers players were members of the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final winning England side including captain Martin Johnson ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor Ubogu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Ubogu', 'summary': "Victor Eriakpo Ubogu ( born 8 September 1964 in Nigeria ) is a former Bath and England rugby union player . He came to the UK from Lagos , Nigeria in 1977 and attended West Buckland School in Devon where he received the school 's top award , the Fortescue Medal . While at school he played for England Under 18s . He went on to the University of Birmingham to study Chemical engineering . While at university he played for Moseley . He went on to St Anne 's College , Oxford where he was selected to play for the University of Oxford RFC and achieved his Blue . After leaving Oxford he joined Bath Rugby . He started for Bath in the victorious 1998 Heineken Cup Final as they defeated Brive . In 1992 he became a prop for the England national rugby union team where he remained until 1999 . Combining the size and strength typical of a prop with unusual speed for a player specializing in this position , Ubogu was often a highly effective ball-carrier in broken play . Against well-drilled international defences he sometimes lacked penetration , but he frequently embarrassed club-level opposition . [ citation needed ] Ubogo founded the Shoeless Joe 's chain of sports bars ."}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath_Rugby', 'summary': "Bath Rugby ( also known as just Bath ) is an English professional rugby union club in Bath , Somerset . They play in the English Premiership . The club has won England 's domestic competition , the Premiership Rugby Cup , the Heineken Cup , and the European Challenge Cup . The club was founded in 1865 as Bath Football Club . The club plays at the Recreation Ground ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graham Dawe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graham_Dawe', 'summary': 'Richard Graham Reed Dawe ( born 4 September 1959 in Tavistock ) is a former English rugby union footballer and the former coach of Plymouth Albion . He played for Bath Rugby , Sale Sharks , Plymouth Albion and Launceston . Dawe earned 5 caps for England , from 1987 to 1995 . He made his debut in the Five Nations in 1987 . He was selected for the Rugby World Cup finals in 1987 , playing a single match , and again in 1995 when he played against Manu Samoa . That was his last England cap , earned at the age of 36 , his international career being limited by the presence in the England team of Brian Moore . He won 14 major trophies during 12 years at Bath before moving on to Sale and also represented the Barbarians , South West , Cornwall and Devon . Dawe became player-coach of Plymouth Albion in 1999 , making his debut for his hometown team on his 40th birthday . He is believed to be the first 50-year-old to play professional rugby , turning out for Plymouth Albion in the Championship and British & Irish Cup . He guided Plymouth from the bottom of National League Three South to National League 1 ( now known as the Championship ) . Albion nearly went all the way to the Premiership but narrowly missed out in 2004-05 , the same season they reached their first Twickenham final . On 21 November 2011 Graham was relieved of his duties as Chairman of Rugby at Plymouth Albion due to lack of finance .'}]}, {'value': 'Hooker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hooker_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath_Rugby', 'summary': "Bath Rugby ( also known as just Bath ) is an English professional rugby union club in Bath , Somerset . They play in the English Premiership . The club has won England 's domestic competition , the Premiership Rugby Cup , the Heineken Cup , and the European Challenge Cup . The club was founded in 1865 as Bath Football Club . The club plays at the Recreation Ground ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Moore_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'Brian Christopher Moore ( born 11 January 1962 ) is an English former rugby union footballer . He played as a hooker , and is a rugby presenter and pundit for BBC Sport , Talksport and Love Sport Radio . He qualified as a Rugby Football Union referee in February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hooker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hooker_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Harlequins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harlequin_F.C.', 'summary': "The Harlequin Football Club ( Harlequins or Quins for short ) is an English rugby union team that plays in the top level of English rugby , the English Premiership . Their ground in London is the Twickenham Stoop . They were one of the founding members of the RFU . Quins were crowned winners of the European Challenge Cup in 2011 , the English Premiership for the first time in 2012 and won the Anglo-Welsh Cup in 2013 . The current club captain is Chris Robshaw while the current Head of Rugby is former England defence coach Paul Gustard , with Billy Millard acting as the Club 's General Manager . For sponsorship reasons they were formerly known as NEC Harlequins , but principal sponsorship is currently held by DHL and Adidas ."}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Touring party', 'section_text': 'Manager : Jack Rowell Coaches : Dick Best , Les Cusworth Captain : Will Carling', 'uid': '1994_England_rugby_union_tour_of_South_Africa_0', 'intro': 'Source:'}
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How many times did the player with 47 caps captain England ?
59
083925daefc3e983
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Northern_Territory', 'title': 'List of schools in the Northern Territory', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'Opened', 'Website', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barkly College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennant Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennant_Creek,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': "Tennant Creek ( Warumungu : Jurnkkurakurr ) is a town located in the Northern Territory of Australia . It is the seventh largest town in the Northern Territory , and is located on the Stuart Highway , just south of the intersection with the western terminus of the Barkly Highway . At the 2016 census , Tennant Creek had a population of approximately 3,000 , of which over 50% ( 1,536 ) identified themselves as indigenous . The town is approximately 1,000 kilometres south of the territory capital , Darwin , and 500 kilometres north of Alice Springs . It is named after a nearby watercourse of the same name , and is the hub of the sprawling Barkly Tableland vast elevated plains of black soil with golden Mitchell grass , that cover more than 240,000 square kilometres . Tennant Creek is also near well-known attractions including the Devils Marbles , Mary Ann Dam , Battery Hill Mining Centre and the Nyinkka Nyunyu Culture Centre The Barkly Tableland runs east from Tennant Creek towards the Queensland border and is among the most important cattle grazing areas in the Northern Territory . Roughly the same size as the United Kingdom or New Zealand , the region consists largely of open grass plains and some of the world 's largest cattle stations . It runs as far south as Barrow Creek , north above Elliott and west into the Tanami Desert . The region encompasses the junction of two great highways , the Barkly and the Stuart , also known as the Overlander and Explorer 's Ways . The Overlander 's Way ( Barkly Highway ) retraces the original route of early stockmen who drove their cattle from Queensland through the grazing lands in the Northern Territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Barkly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barkly_Region', 'summary': "The Barkly Regional Council is a local government area of the Northern Territory of Australia . The region 's main town is Tennant Creek . The region covers an area of 322,713 square kilometres ( 124,600 sq mi ) and had a population of almost 7,400 as at June 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two-campus school', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casuarina Senior College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casuarina_Senior_College', 'summary': 'Casuarina Senior College ( formerly known as Casuarina High School ) is a coeducational state college situated in Casuarina , a northern suburb of Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Moil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moil,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Moil is a northern suburb of the city of Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HS until 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centralian Middle School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gillen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gillen,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Gillen is a suburb of the town of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory , Australia . The suburb is named after FJ Gillen and Mt Gillen in the MacDonnell Ranges and ultimately derived from the anthropologist Francis James Gillen , who was the telegraphist and station master at Alice Springs in 1892 . The suburb was named in April 2007 , with the boundaries being approved on 8 March 2007 . The Central Australian Aviation Museum is located within the suburb .'}]}, {'value': 'Alice Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town_of_Alice_Springs', 'summary': 'The Alice Springs Town Council is a local government area in the Northern Territory . On 1 July 1971 , Alice Springs was gazetted as a Municipality with the town council elected on 25 July 1971 . It is situated 1,498 kilometres ( 931 mi ) south of the Darwin . The council governs an area of 328 square kilometres ( 127 sq mi ) and had a population of 26,534 in June 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merger of Alice Springs and Anzac Hill HSs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centralian Senior College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sadadeen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sadadeen,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Sadadeen is a suburb of the town of Alice Springs , in the Northern Territory , Australia . It is named after Afghan cameleer Charlie Sadadeen .'}]}, {'value': 'Alice Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town_of_Alice_Springs', 'summary': 'The Alice Springs Town Council is a local government area in the Northern Territory . On 1 July 1971 , Alice Springs was gazetted as a Municipality with the town council elected on 25 July 1971 . It is situated 1,498 kilometres ( 931 mi ) south of the Darwin . The council governs an area of 328 square kilometres ( 127 sq mi ) and had a population of 26,534 in June 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sadadeen HS until 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin_High_School', 'summary': 'Darwin High School is an Australian senior secondary high school in the Northern Territory and is an Independent Public School for students in years 10 - 12 . Founded first in 1921 , the school was closed , reopened , renamed , and relocated until its move to its current location , Bullocky Point , in 1962 . The school offers advanced English and STEM programs , as well as clubs , activities , and athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'The Gardens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gardens,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'The Gardens is an inner suburb of the city Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin Middle School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gardens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gardens,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'The Gardens is an inner suburb of the city Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7-9 . Split from Darwin HS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dripstone Middle School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tiwi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiwi,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Tiwi is a northern suburb of the city of Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia . The suburb is bounded by Trower Road , Henbury Avenue and a coastal strip , separating Casuarina Beach and Lee Point Beach . It is in the Local Government Area of City of Darwin . It is home to Dripstone Middle School .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HS 1984-1987 , 1994-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katherine High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katherine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katherine,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Katherine is a town in the Northern Territory of Australia . It is situated on the Katherine River ( after which it is named ) below the Top End , 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) southeast of Darwin . It is the fourth largest settlement in the Territory and is known as the place where The outback meets the tropics . Katherine had an urban population of approximately 6,300 at the 2016 Census . Katherine is also the closest major town to RAAF Base Tindal located 17 km southeast and provides education , health , local government services and employment opportunities for the families of Defence personnel stationed there . In the 2016 census , the base had a residential population of 857 , with only around 20% of the workforce engaged in employment outside of defence , the majority commuting to work in Katherine . Katherine is also the central hub of the great Savannah Way which stretches from Cairns in north QLD to Broome in the Kimberley WA . Beginning as an outpost established with the Australian Overland Telegraph Line on the North-South transport route between Darwin and Adelaide , Katherine has grown with the development of transport and local industries including mining - particularly gold mining ; a strategic military function with RAAF Base Tindal ; also as a tourism gateway to the attractions of nearby Nitmiluk National Park , particularly Nitmiluk ( Katherine ) Gorge and its many ancient rock paintings . The region is known to experience heavy flooding during the wet season .'}]}, {'value': 'Katherine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town_of_Katherine', 'summary': 'The Katherine Town Council is a local government area in the Northern Territory , established on 3 March 1978 . It is situated 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) south of Darwin , and covers an area of 7,417 square kilometres ( 2,864 sq mi ) . The Town of Katherine is an established residential township with a commercial area and rural areas on the outskirts of the town . The original inhabitants of the town were the Dagoman and Jawoyn Aboriginal people . European settlement of the area dates from 1871 , following the construction of the Overland Telegraph Line . Growth of the town began to start from 1926 , following the opening of the railway line . The township grew around the railway line . The most significant development occurred in the post-war years , aided by growth in the tourism industry . The current mayor is Fay Miller , who presides over a council with six aldermen . Meetings are held on the 4th Tuesday of every month .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nightcliff Middle School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nightcliff_Middle_School', 'summary': 'Nightcliff Middle School is a coeducational state school situated between Nightcliff Road , Aralia Street and Ryland Road , in the northern Darwin suburb of Rapid Creek , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Rapid Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rapid_Creek,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Rapid Creek is a northern suburb of the city of Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HS until 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nhulunbuy High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nhulunbuy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nhulunbuy,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Nhulunbuy is a township that is the sixth largest place in the Northern Territory of Australia . Nhulunbuy was created on the Gove Peninsula when a bauxite mine , and a deep water port , were established in the late 1960s , followed by an alumina refinery . At the 2016 census , Nhulunbuy had a population of 3,240 with a median age of 32 . The alumina refinery closed in May 2014 , which resulted in 1,100 workers being redeployed or made redundant , and reduced the Nhulunbuy population by 700 to 3,240 in the 2016 census . In 2019 a new Arnhem Space Centre near Nhulunbuy , an equatorial satellite launch facility , was announced .'}]}, {'value': 'East Arnhem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Arnhem_Region', 'summary': 'The East Arnhem Regional Council is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . Situated in the far north-eastern corner of the Northern Territory , the region covers an area of 33,310 square kilometres ( 12,861.06 sq mi ) and had a population of approximately 10,345 in June 2018 . East Arnhem Region was created under the Local Government Act ( NT ) 2008 to provide core local government services . The area comprises nine major remote communities , many homelands and outstations , commercial enterprises such as tourism , two mining leases , and pastoral properties scattered throughout the council area . Five of the nine communities are located on islands . Six of the communities are recognised Remote Service Delivery Sites by the Commonwealth and another is recognised as a NT Government Territory Growth Town .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmerston Senior College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Driver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Driver,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Driver is an inner-city suburb of Palmerston . It is 23 km SE of the Darwin CBD . Its Local Government Area is the City of Palmerston . Durack is bounded to the north by University Ave , to the west Elrundie Avenue , to the east Temple Terrace and to the south Tilston Avenue . The suburb is mostly composed of developments from the early 1980s .'}]}, {'value': 'Palmerston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Palmerston', 'summary': "The City of Palmerston is a local government area of the Northern Territory of Australia . It contains the suburbs of Darwin 's satellite city , Palmerston , and is situated between the outer industrial areas of Darwin and the rural areas of Howard Springs . The City covers an area of 52.7 square kilometres ( 20.3 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 37,862 . The Palmerston City Council consists of the Mayor and seven aldermen . The city is not divided into wards , thus each alderman represents constituents from the entire city . Council elections are held in August every four years . The next election is in 2021 ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Driver HS until 1999 ; HS until', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sanderson Middle School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wulagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wulagi,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Wulagi is a Northern suburb of Darwin , Northern Territory , in the Northern Territory of Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HS until 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taminmin College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Humpty Doo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humpty_Doo,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': "Humpty Doo is a small town in Australia 's Northern Territory , situated just south of the Arnhem Highway , approximately 40 km from Darwin . At the 2016 census , Humpty Doo had a population of 4,380 people . Its local government area is Litchfield Municipality . The town is a popular stopping point for tourists travelling between Darwin and Kakadu National Park , and boasts many attractions of its own . The main industries are agriculture and tourism ; however , most residents commute to Darwin or Palmerston for work , and many regard it as a dormitory town ."}]}, {'value': 'Litchfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Litchfield_Municipality', 'summary': 'The Litchfield Council is a local government area of the Northern Territory of Australia on the eastern and southeastern outskirts of the Darwin-Palmerston urban area . The municipality covers an area of 2,903 square kilometres ( 1,120.9 sq mi ) , and was created by the Northern Territory government on 6 September 1985 .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HS until 2007', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'State schools -- State high schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_the_Northern_Territory_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the Northern Territory of Australia. The Northern Territory education system traditionally consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6, and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 12.'}
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How many mining leases are held in the local government area that is home to Nhulunbuy High School ?
two
083a6d5f595ceec8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'France at the 2002 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Pierre Vidal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Vidal', 'summary': "Jean-Pierre Vidal ( born February 24 , 1977 in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne , Savoie ) is a French alpine skier . As a young skier , he focused mainly on downhill . After hurting his knee , however , he decided to go for slalom . In 2002 , he had his best year , winning a gold medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics and taking a World Cup win in Kranjska Gora . A song was called after him ( Slalom dans la tête ) and in the French ski resort Les Sybelles , a lift was named after his gold medal as well ( Médaille d'Or in La Toussuire ) . After this fantastic year , it took Vidal until 2006 to return to the highest level of skiing competition . In January 2006 , he won a World Cup race in Kitzbühel . Barely a month later , on February 24 , 2006 , he broke his forearm during a training session in Turin . He then decided to stop his professional career . At this time , the 2006 Winter Olympics were not over yet . He is the brother of alpine skier Vanessa Vidal and the nephew of alpine skiers Jean-Noël Augert and Jean-Pierre Augert ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carole Montillet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carole_Montillet', 'summary': 'Carole Montillet-Carles ( born 7 April 1973 ) is a French World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's downhill", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina Anissina Gwendal Peizerat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marina_Anissina', 'summary': 'Marina Vyacheslavovna Anissina ( Russian : Марина Вячеславовна Анисина ; born 30 August 1975 ) is a French-Russian ice dancer . Competing with Gwendal Peizerat for France , she is the 2002 Olympic champion , the 1998 Olympic bronze medalist , the 2000 World champion , and a six-time French national champion . Earlier in her career , Anissina competed with Ilia Averbukh for Russia and the Soviet Union . They won gold at two World Junior Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gwendal_Peizerat', 'summary': 'Gwendal Peizerat ( born 21 April 1972 ) is a French former competitive ice dancer . With Marina Anissina , he is the 2002 Olympic champion , the 1998 Olympic bronze medalist , the 2000 World champion , and a six-time French national champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'All figure skating events in 2002 Winter Olympics were held at the Salt Lake Ice Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Ice dancing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabelle Blanc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Blanc', 'summary': 'Isabelle Blanc ( born 25 July 1975 ) is a French snowboarder and Olympic champion . She won a gold medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympic Games Snowboarding competition consisted of men 's and women 's Halfpipe and Parallel Giant Slalom events . The snowboarding competition took place at Park City , over a five-day period ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's parallel giant slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sébastien Amiez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Amiez', 'summary': 'Sébastien Amiez ( born May 6 , 1972 in Pralognan ) is a French alpine skier . He won the Alpine Skiing World Cup for Slalom in 1996'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laure Pequegnot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laure_Pequegnot', 'summary': 'Laure Pequegnot ( born 30 September 1975 ) is a French former Alpine skier . She was born in Échirolles , Isère . She won a total of 3 Alpine skiing World Cup races , all in the slalom discipline . She became world junior champion in slalom , in 1994 . She won World Cup discipline title , in slalom , in 2002 . She competed at three Winter Olympics , winning a silver medal in the Slalom event at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raphaël Poirée', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raphaël_Poirée', 'summary': 'Raphaël Poirée ( born 9 August 1974 ) is a retired French biathlete who was active from 1995 to 2007 . With his 44 World Cup victories and several World Championship medals he ranks among the most successful biathletes ever .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of eight biathlon events . They were held at Soldier Hollow . The events began on 11 February and ended on 20 February 2002 . For the first time since 1992 , the biathlon program expanded . A new race type , the pursuit was added , the first new race type since the debut of the sprint in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 12.5 km pursuit", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karine Ruby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karine_Ruby', 'summary': 'Karine Ruby ( 4 January 1978 in Bonneville , Haute-Savoie - 29 May 2009 ) was a French snowboarder and Olympic champion . She won two medals at the Winter Olympics , with a gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . She also earned six gold medals and four silver medals at the FIS Snowboard World Championships , and 67 wins and 122 podiums at the FIS Snowboard World Cup , which earned her the description by The New York Times as the most decorated female snowboarder in the world . Ruby won the giant slalom event in the snowboarding competition at the 1998 Winter Olympics held in Nagano , Japan , overcoming severe weather conditions to win the first Olympic gold medal awarded in the event to a woman . She finished a combined 1.74 seconds behind Isabelle Blanc in the parallel giant slalom in snowboarding competition at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , an event that the two French snowboarders had dedicated to the memory of teammate Régine Cavagnoud , who had died in a 2001 training accident . Ruby came in third place to win a bronze medal in snowboardcross at the Winter X Games IX held in Aspen , Colorado in January 2005 . She competed in the snowboardcross event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , and retired from the sport after being eliminated in the quarterfinals . Ruby was training to become a mountain guide , a process that can take as long as 15 years , and was killed at age 31 on 29 May 2009 after a climbing accident in the Mont Blanc massif . Having climbed the Tour Ronde , she fell into a 70-foot-wide crevasse ( 21 m ) in the glacier du Geant at around 3,300 m , dragging in two other members of the climbing party she had been leading who had all been roped to each other . One man was killed in the fall , while another sustained serious injuries and was hospitalized after being evacuated by helicopter .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympic Games Snowboarding competition consisted of men 's and women 's Halfpipe and Parallel Giant Slalom events . The snowboarding competition took place at Park City , over a five-day period ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's parallel giant slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doriane Vidal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doriane_Vidal', 'summary': 'Doriane Vidal ( born 16 April 1976 ) is a French snowboarder and Olympic medalist . She received a silver medal in halfpipe at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . She finished 8th in the halfpipe event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympic Games Snowboarding competition consisted of men 's and women 's Halfpipe and Parallel Giant Slalom events . The snowboarding competition took place at Park City , over a five-day period ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's halfpipe", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vincent Defrasne Gilles Marguet Raphaël Poirée Julien Robert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_Defrasne', 'summary': 'Vincent Defrasne ( born 9 March 1977 ) is a former French biathlete . He won a gold medal in the 12.5 km pursuit at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin and a bronze medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . He was also a member of the winning Biathlon World Championship relay team in 2001 , and the 2004 team which won bronze . At the Biathlon World Championship 2007 in Antholz , Defrasne earned a bronze medal , in the 12.5 km pursuit and a silver medal in the Mixed Relay event . In 2009 at the World Championships in Pyeongchang , Defrasne was part of the victorious mixed relay team . Defrasne served as the flagbearer for France at the 2010 Winter Olympics . He retired from the sport after the 2009-10 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gilles_Marguet', 'summary': 'Gilles Marguet ( born 3 December 1967 in Pontarlier , Doubs ) is a retired French biathlete . He was born in Pontarlier . At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , he won a bronze medal with the French relay team , in 4 × 7.5 km relay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raphaël_Poirée', 'summary': 'Raphaël Poirée ( born 9 August 1974 ) is a retired French biathlete who was active from 1995 to 2007 . With his 44 World Cup victories and several World Championship medals he ranks among the most successful biathletes ever .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julien_Robert', 'summary': 'Julien Robert ( born 11 December 1974 in Grenoble ) is a retired French biathlete . As a member of the French team , he won bronze at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . He also has two medals from World Championships : gold in Pokljuka in 2001 , and bronze in Oberhof in 2004 . He was married to French Olympic Champion Florence Baverel-Robert . Now they are divorced .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of eight biathlon events . They were held at Soldier Hollow . The events began on 11 February and ended on 20 February 2002 . For the first time since 1992 , the biathlon program expanded . A new race type , the pursuit was added , the first new race type since the debut of the sprint in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 7.5 km relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Gay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Gay_(skier)', 'summary': 'Richard Gay ( born 6 March 1971 ) is a French freestyle skier and Olympic medalist . He received a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , in moguls .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Four freestyle skiing events were held at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , at the venue in Deer Valley . There were both men 's and women 's competition in both aerials and moguls events . In moguls , the athletes ski down a slope littered with moguls ( bumps ) , attempting to get down in as fast a time as possible while also attempting to get points for technique and their two aerial jumps during the course . The aerials events consisted of two jumps , which were judged by air , form and landing ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's moguls", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'France_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'France competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah.'}
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What was the name of the female athlete that won a gold medal in Alpine Skiing ?
Isabelle Blanc
083b5d3ebb6b3d59
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Finland at the 1952 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veikko Hakulinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veikko_Hakulinen', 'summary': 'Veikko Johannes Hakulinen ( 4 January 1925 - 24 October 2003 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier , triple champion in both the Olympics and World Championships . He also competed in biathlon , orienteering , ski-orienteering , cross-country running and rowing at a national level .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1952 Winter Olympics cross-country skiing competition consisted of three events for men ( 18 km , 50 km and 4 × 10 km relay ) and the first women 's cross-country competition at an Olympic Games , of 10 km . The competitions were held from Monday , 18 February to Saturday , 23 February 1952 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heikki Hasu Urpo Korhonen Paavo Lonkila Tapio Mäkelä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heikki_Hasu', 'summary': 'Heikki Vihtori Hasu ( born 21 March 1926 ) is a retired Finnish Nordic skier who competed in the 1948 and 1952 Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Urpo_Korhonen', 'summary': 'Urpo Pentti Korhonen ( 8 February 1923 , Rautalampi - 10 August 2009 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier who competed in the 1940s and 1950s . He was born in Rautalampi . He won a gold medal at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo in the 4 × 10 km relay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paavo_Lonkila', 'summary': 'Paavo Olavi Lonkila ( born Lång on 11 January 1923 - 22 September 2017 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier . He won a gold medal in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1952 Olympics and finished third in the individual 18 km race , 11 seconds behind his teammate Tapio Mäkelä . Earlier his 4 × 10 km relay team placed second at the 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , where he finished fifth over 18 km . He won the 18 km event at the 1951 Holmenkollen ski festival . Lonkila was a farmer by occupation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tapio_Mäkelä', 'summary': 'Tapio Valfrid Mäkelä ( 12 October 1926 - 12 May 2016 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier who competed in the 1950s . He won the 4 × 10 km relay gold and the 18 km silver at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . Mäkelä also won a gold in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1954 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1952 Winter Olympics cross-country skiing competition consisted of three events for men ( 18 km , 50 km and 4 × 10 km relay ) and the first women 's cross-country competition at an Olympic Games , of 10 km . The competitions were held from Monday , 18 February to Saturday , 23 February 1952 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 10 km relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lydia Wideman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lydia_Wideman', 'summary': 'Lydia Wideman ( later Wideman-Lehtonen , 17 May 1920 - 13 April 2019 ) was a cross-country skier from Finland and the first female Olympic medalist in cross-country skiing . In 1952 she competed in thirteen 10 km races and won all of them , including the 1952 Winter Olympics , national championships and Lahti Ski Games . Wideman and her twin sister Tyyne were born in a family of ten siblings . Many members of her family were skilled cross-country skiers . In particular , Tyyne won the national 10 km title in 1949-1951 , beating Lydia in 1951 , but retiring the same year . In February 2018 , following the death of Durward Knowles , she became the oldest living Olympic champion . She died on 13 April 2019 , aged 98 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1952 Winter Olympics cross-country skiing competition consisted of three events for men ( 18 km , 50 km and 4 × 10 km relay ) and the first women 's cross-country competition at an Olympic Games , of 10 km . The competitions were held from Monday , 18 February to Saturday , 23 February 1952 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tapio Mäkelä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tapio_Mäkelä', 'summary': 'Tapio Valfrid Mäkelä ( 12 October 1926 - 12 May 2016 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier who competed in the 1950s . He won the 4 × 10 km relay gold and the 18 km silver at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . Mäkelä also won a gold in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1954 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1952 Winter Olympics cross-country skiing competition consisted of three events for men ( 18 km , 50 km and 4 × 10 km relay ) and the first women 's cross-country competition at an Olympic Games , of 10 km . The competitions were held from Monday , 18 February to Saturday , 23 February 1952 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 18 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eero Kolehmainen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eero_Kolehmainen', 'summary': "Eero Johannes Kolehmainen ( 24 March 1918 - 7 December 2013 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier . He competed in the 50 km event at the 1952 and 1956 Olympics and won a silver medal in 1952 , placing fourth in 1956 . In 1957 , aged 39 , he won the 50 km races at the Holmenkollen ski festival and Lahti Ski Games . The same year , he was awarded the Holmenkollen medal . Kolehmainen 's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was fifth over 50 km in 1958 . He was a farmer by occupation ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1952 Winter Olympics cross-country skiing competition consisted of three events for men ( 18 km , 50 km and 4 × 10 km relay ) and the first women 's cross-country competition at an Olympic Games , of 10 km . The competitions were held from Monday , 18 February to Saturday , 23 February 1952 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirja Hietamies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirja_Hietamies', 'summary': "Mirja Kyllikki Hietamies-Eteläpää ( 7 January 1931 - 14 March 2013 ) was a cross-country skier from Finland who competed at the 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics . She won a gold medal in the 3 × 5 km relay in 1956 and a silver medal in the individual 10 km race in 1952 , placing sixth in 1956 . She also won two medals at the 1954 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a silver in the 3 × 5 km relay and a bronze in the 10 km . Hietamies placed second over 10 km at Holmenkollen in 1951 . Later she won this event at the Finnish championships in 1953 and 1956 and at the Lahti Ski Games in 1954 and 1955 . In 1955 she was selected as Finland 's female athlete of the year . Hietamies retired after the 1956 Olympics and the same year married Olli Eteläpää . She later worked as a skiing coach and physical education teacher , and was a board member of the Finnish Skiing Federation from 1965 to 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1952 Winter Olympics cross-country skiing competition consisted of three events for men ( 18 km , 50 km and 4 × 10 km relay ) and the first women 's cross-country competition at an Olympic Games , of 10 km . The competitions were held from Monday , 18 February to Saturday , 23 February 1952 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heikki Hasu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heikki_Hasu', 'summary': 'Heikki Vihtori Hasu ( born 21 March 1926 ) is a retired Finnish Nordic skier who competed in the 1948 and 1952 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Nordic combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , one Nordic combined event was contested . This marked the first time in Olympic history that the ski jumping portion of the competition was held before the 18 km cross-country skiing segment .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paavo Lonkila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paavo_Lonkila', 'summary': 'Paavo Olavi Lonkila ( born Lång on 11 January 1923 - 22 September 2017 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier . He won a gold medal in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1952 Olympics and finished third in the individual 18 km race , 11 seconds behind his teammate Tapio Mäkelä . Earlier his 4 × 10 km relay team placed second at the 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , where he finished fifth over 18 km . He won the 18 km event at the 1951 Holmenkollen ski festival . Lonkila was a farmer by occupation .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1952 Winter Olympics cross-country skiing competition consisted of three events for men ( 18 km , 50 km and 4 × 10 km relay ) and the first women 's cross-country competition at an Olympic Games , of 10 km . The competitions were held from Monday , 18 February to Saturday , 23 February 1952 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 18 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siiri Rantanen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siiri_Rantanen', 'summary': 'Siiri Johanna Äitee Rantanen ( née Lintunen on 14 December 1924 ) is a retired cross-country skier from Finland . She competed in the 1952 , 1956 and 1960 Olympics and won a medal in each of them : a gold and a bronze in the 3 × 5 km relay in 1956-60 and another bronze in the individual 10 km in 1952 ; she placed fifth and 15th over 10 km in 1956 and 1960 , respectively . She also won five medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . Domestically Rantanen won six individual ( 10 km in 1954 and 1957-58 ; 5 km in 1960-1962 ) and five relay titles ( 1952 , 1958-1961 ) . Rantanen also won three Finnish titles in athletics : one individual in cross-country running in 1960 and two in 1961 , in the 3 × 800 m relay and team cross-country ; the same year she also became the Finnish champion in the 50 km cycling road race . She was selected as the Finnish female athlete of the year in 1954 , 1956 , 1958 , and 1959 . Rantanen worked as an upholsterer and continued competing in sports until her 80s .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1952 Winter Olympics cross-country skiing competition consisted of three events for men ( 18 km , 50 km and 4 × 10 km relay ) and the first women 's cross-country competition at an Olympic Games , of 10 km . The competitions were held from Monday , 18 February to Saturday , 23 February 1952 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10 km", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Finland_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Finland competed at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway.'}
null
null
Of the men who competed as a team in the men 's 4 × 10 km relay , which athlete also received a silver medal at the same Olympic games , in a single person event ?
Tapio Mäkelä
083cb940ea6b7bca
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews', 'title': 'List of alumni of the University of St Andrews', 'header': ['Name', 'Year/degree', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Angie Bray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angie_Bray', 'summary': 'Angela Lavinia Bray ( born 13 October 1953 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Ealing Central and Acton from 2010 to 2015 . She is now living in the Cotswolds .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Politician and MP for Ealing Central and Acton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Member_of_Parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ealing_Central_and_Acton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Ealing Central and Acton is a constituency created in 2010 represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2015 by Rupa Huq of the Labour Party . [ n 1 ] [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Sir Malcolm Bruce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malcolm_Bruce', 'summary': 'Malcolm Gray Bruce , Baron Bruce of Bennachie , PC ( born 17 November 1944 ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician . He was the Member of Parliament for Gordon from 1983 to 2015 and was the chairman of the International Development Select Committee from 2005 to 2015 . He was deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats from 28 January 2014 . He was nominated for a life peerage in the 2015 Dissolution Honours . He was also previously President of the Scottish Liberal Democrats until being succeeded by Councillor Eileen McCartin from 1 January 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Politician ; Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats ; Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats ; Member of Parliament for Gordon ; chairman of the International Development Select Committee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leader_of_the_Scottish_Liberal_Democrats', 'summary': 'The Scottish Liberal Democrats are a liberal , unionist political party in Scotland , part of the London-based federal Liberal Democrats . The party currently holds 5 of the 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament and 4 of the 59 Scottish seats in the UK House of Commons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gordon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Gordon is a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( Westminster ) , which elects one member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election . The constituency first returned a member in the 1983 general election , but has undergone boundary changes since that date . The constituency has been represented since 12 December 2019 by Richard Thomson of the Scottish National Party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/International_Development_Select_Committee', 'summary': 'The International Development Committee is a select committee of the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The remit of the Committee is to examine the expenditure , administration and policy of the Department for International Development and its associated public bodies . The Independent Commission for Aid Impact reports to this Select Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Forsyth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Forsyth,_Baron_Forsyth_of_Drumlean', 'summary': "Michael Bruce Forsyth , Baron Forsyth of Drumlean , Kt PC ( born 16 October 1954 ) is a British financier and Conservative politician , who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Stirling from 1983 to 1997 and served in the cabinet of John Major as Secretary of State for Scotland from 1995 to 1997 . He is Chairman of Secure Trust Bank , and a Director of J & J Denholm and of Denholm Logistics Ltd . He was a director and Chairman of Hyperion Insurance Group until its merger with RKH Group in 2015 . A former Deputy Chairman of JPMorgan UK and Evercore Partners International , he was knighted in 1997 and appointed to the House of Lords in 1999 . He is a member of the Privy Council and served on the Development Boards of the Royal Society and the National Portrait Gallery . He is also a past President of the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland . He was appointed for a second term to the House of Lords ' Economic Affairs Committee in 2015 , and as its chairman following the election in 2017 . He is President of the Steamboat Association of Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Politician ; financier ; Member of Parliament for Stirling ; served in the cabinet of John Major as Secretary of State for Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stirling_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Stirling is a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It elects one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Major', 'summary': 'Sir John Major KG CH ( born 29 March 1943 ) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997 . Major was Foreign Secretary and then Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Thatcher Government from 1989 to 1990 , and was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Huntingdon from 1979 until his retirement in 2001 . Since the death of Margaret Thatcher in 2013 , he has been both the oldest and earliest-serving of all living former prime ministers . Born in St Helier , Surrey , Major grew up in Brixton . He initially worked as an insurance clerk , and then at the London Electricity Board , before becoming an executive at Standard Chartered . He was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1979 general election as MP for Huntingdon . He served as a Parliamentary Private Secretary , Assistant Whip and as a Minister for Social Security . In 1987 , he joined the Cabinet as chief secretary to the Treasury , and was promoted to foreign secretary two years later . Just three months later in October 1989 , he was appointed chancellor of the Exchequer , where he presented the 1990 budget . Major became prime minister after Thatcher resigned in November 1990 . He presided over British participation in the Gulf War in March 1991 , and negotiated the Maastricht Treaty in December 1991 . He went on to lead the Conservatives to a record fourth consecutive electoral victory , winning the most votes in British electoral history with over 14 million votes at the 1992 general election , albeit with a reduced majority in the House of Commons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland', 'summary': "Her Majesty 's Principal Secretary of State for Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic : Rùnaire Stàite na h-Alba , Scots : Secretar o State fir Scotland ) is the principal minister of Her Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland representing Scotland . They head the Scotland Office ( formerly the Scottish Office ) , a government department based in London and Edinburgh ."}]}, {'value': 'Barry Gardiner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Gardiner', 'summary': "Barry Strachan Gardiner ( born 10 March 1957 ) is a British Labour Party politician serving as Shadow Secretary of State for International Trade since 2016 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brent North since 1997 . Gardiner served under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown as a junior minister in the Northern Ireland Office , the Department for Productivity , Energy and Industry , the Department of Trade and Industry and finally in the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . He is the recipient of India 's highly prestigious award Padma Shri 2020 for his work in the field of public affairs ."}]}, {'value': 'M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)', 'summary': 'The degree of Master of Arts ( MA ) in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree ( either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree ) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland ( the University of St Andrews , the University of Glasgow , the University of Aberdeen , and the University of Edinburgh ) plus the University of Dundee ( as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews ) and Heriot-Watt University ( at honours level only ) . The first two years of the Scottish Master of Arts consist of ordinary Bachelor level courses ; however , after these , students who are accepted to pursue the Honours route will complete more advanced subjects and write a dissertation in their fourth year . Students who choose to do a general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation , and receive a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) or MA without Honours . For the postgraduate degree referred to in other places as Master of Arts , Scottish universities usually award the degree of Master of Letters ( MLitt ) or Master of Science ( MSc ) . Generally , non-ancient universities in Scotland ( e.g . University of Strathclyde , The Robert Gordon University , Edinburgh Napier University , etc . ) , award arts degrees as Bachelor of Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Labour Party politician , Member of Parliament for Brent North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)', 'summary': "The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom that has been described as an alliance of social democrats , democratic socialists and trade unionists . In all general elections since 1922 , Labour has either been the governing party or the Official Opposition . The Labour Party was founded in 1900 , having grown out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the 19th century . It overtook the Liberal Party to become the main opposition to the Conservative Party in the early 1920s , forming two minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in the 1920s and early 1930s . Labour served in the wartime coalition of 1940-1945 , after which Clement Attlee 's Labour government established the National Health Service and expanded the welfare state from 1945 to 1951 . Under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan , Labour again governed from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1979 . In the 1990s , Tony Blair took Labour to the centre as part of his New Labour project , which governed the UK under Blair and then Gordon Brown from 1997 to 2010 . Labour is currently the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom , having won the second-largest number of seats in the 2017 and 2019 general elections . The Labour Party is currently the largest party in the Welsh Assembly , forming the main party in the current Welsh government . The party is the third-largest in the Scottish Parliament . Labour is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance , and holds observer status in Socialist International . The party includes semi-autonomous Scottish and Welsh branches , and supports the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland , although it still organises there ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brent_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Brent North is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Lazarowicz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Lazarowicz', 'summary': 'Mark Lazarowicz ( born Marek Lazarowicz ; 8 August 1953 ) is a British Labour Co-operative politician and lawyer who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Edinburgh North and Leith from 2001 to 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '1976 M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)', 'summary': 'The degree of Master of Arts ( MA ) in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree ( either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree ) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland ( the University of St Andrews , the University of Glasgow , the University of Aberdeen , and the University of Edinburgh ) plus the University of Dundee ( as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews ) and Heriot-Watt University ( at honours level only ) . The first two years of the Scottish Master of Arts consist of ordinary Bachelor level courses ; however , after these , students who are accepted to pursue the Honours route will complete more advanced subjects and write a dissertation in their fourth year . Students who choose to do a general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation , and receive a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) or MA without Honours . For the postgraduate degree referred to in other places as Master of Arts , Scottish universities usually award the degree of Master of Letters ( MLitt ) or Master of Science ( MSc ) . Generally , non-ancient universities in Scotland ( e.g . University of Strathclyde , The Robert Gordon University , Edinburgh Napier University , etc . ) , award arts degrees as Bachelor of Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Labour Co-operative politician , Member of Parliament for Edinburgh North and Leith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Labour_Co-operative', 'summary': "Labour and Co-operative Party ( often abbreviated Labour Co-op ; Welsh : Llafur a ' r Blaid Gydweithredol ) is a description used by candidates in United Kingdom elections who stand on behalf of both the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party . Candidates contest elections under an electoral alliance between the two parties , that was first agreed in 1927 . This agreement recognises the independence of the two parties and commits them to not standing against each other in elections . It also sets out the procedures for both parties to select joint candidates and interact at a local and national level . There were 26 Labour and Co-operative Party MPs elected at the December 2019 election , making it the fourth largest political grouping in the House of Commons , although Labour and Co-operative MPs are generally included in Labour totals . The Chair of the Co-operative Parliamentary Group is Jim McMahon and the Vice-chair is Anna Turley ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edinburgh_North_and_Leith_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Edinburgh North and Leith is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( at Westminster ) , first used in the 1997 general election . It elects one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election . In 1999 , a Scottish Parliament constituency was created with the same name and boundaries . See Edinburgh North and Leith ( Scottish Parliament constituency ) . The boundaries of the Westminster constituency were altered , however , in 2005 , and the Scottish Parliament constituency retained the older boundaries until 2011 . Since then , the seat has mainly been split between the Edinburgh Northern and Leith and Edinburgh Central constituencies at Holyrood , with a small area also located in Edinburgh Western . In the 2016 referendum to leave the European Union , the constituency voted remain by 78.2% . This was the seventh highest support for remain for a constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'John MacGregor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market', 'summary': "John Roddick Russell MacGregor , Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market , OBE , PC , FKC ( born 14 February 1937 ) is a politician in the United Kingdom . He was educated at Merchiston Castle School , then at the University of St Andrews ( MA economics and history , 1959 ) and at King 's College London ( LLB , 1962 ) . Prior to the 1979 general election he worked for Hill Samuel , a merchant bank . MacGregor is also an accomplished magician and member of The Magic Circle . He gave regular performances on British television , including guest spots on The Best of Magic and an annual children 's charity programme on Anglia Television . He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1971 New Year Honours for political services . He was elected the Conservative MP for South Norfolk in 1974 , and stepped down at the 2001 election ."}]}, {'value': '1959 M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)', 'summary': 'The degree of Master of Arts ( MA ) in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree ( either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree ) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland ( the University of St Andrews , the University of Glasgow , the University of Aberdeen , and the University of Edinburgh ) plus the University of Dundee ( as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews ) and Heriot-Watt University ( at honours level only ) . The first two years of the Scottish Master of Arts consist of ordinary Bachelor level courses ; however , after these , students who are accepted to pursue the Honours route will complete more advanced subjects and write a dissertation in their fourth year . Students who choose to do a general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation , and receive a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) or MA without Honours . For the postgraduate degree referred to in other places as Master of Arts , Scottish universities usually award the degree of Master of Letters ( MLitt ) or Master of Science ( MSc ) . Generally , non-ancient universities in Scotland ( e.g . University of Strathclyde , The Robert Gordon University , Edinburgh Napier University , etc . ) , award arts degrees as Bachelor of Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Member of Parliament for South Norfolk ; government minister under Margaret Thatcher ; Leader of the House of Commons ; Lord President of the Council', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Norfolk_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'South Norfolk is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2001 by Richard Bacon , a Conservative . [ n 2 ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher', 'summary': "Margaret Hilda Thatcher , Baroness Thatcher , LG , OM , DStJ , PC , FRS , HonFRSC ( née Roberts ; 13 October 1925 - 8 April 2013 ) also known as the Iron Lady , was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990 . She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to hold that office . A Soviet journalist dubbed her The Iron Lady , a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style . As Prime Minister , she implemented policies known as Thatcherism . Thatcher studied chemistry at Somerville College , Oxford , and worked briefly as a research chemist , before becoming a barrister . She was elected Member of Parliament for Finchley in 1959 . Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970-74 government . In 1975 , she defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election to become Leader of the Opposition , the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom . On becoming Prime Minister after winning the 1979 general election , she introduced a series of economic policies intended to reverse high unemployment and Britain 's struggles in the wake of the Winter of Discontent and an ongoing recession . [ nb 1 ] Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation ( particularly of the financial sector ) , flexible labour markets , the privatisation of state-owned companies , and reducing the power and influence of trade unions . Her popularity in her first years in office waned amid recession and rising unemployment , until victory in the 1982 Falklands War and the recovering economy brought a resurgence of support , resulting in her landslide re-election in 1983 . She survived an assassination attempt by the Provisional IRA in the 1984 Brighton hotel bombing and achieved a political victory against the National Union of Mineworkers in the 1984-85 miners ' strike ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons', 'summary': "The Leader of the House of Commons is generally a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons . The House of Commons devotes approximately three-quarters of its time to government business , such as bills introduced by the government and ministerial statements . The Leader of the House , with the parties ' chief whips ( the usual channels ) , is responsible for organising government business and providing time for non-government ( backbench ) business to be put before the House . The Leader of the House additionally announces the next week 's debate schedule in the Business Statement every Thursday ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council', 'summary': "The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom , ranking below the Lord High Treasurer but above the Lord Privy Seal . The Lord President usually attends and is responsible for presiding over meetings of the Privy Council , presenting business for the monarch 's approval . In the modern era , the holder is by convention always a member of one of the Houses of Parliament , and the office is normally a Cabinet post ."}]}, {'value': 'Desmond Swayne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Desmond_Swayne', 'summary': "Sir Desmond Angus Swayne TD VR ( born 20 August 1956 ) is a Conservative politician , Member of Parliament for the constituency of New Forest West . Before going into politics , he was a schoolmaster , and then a manager at the Royal Bank of Scotland . He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to David Cameron , both during his time as Leader of the Opposition , 2005-10 , and then for two years while Cameron was Prime Minister . In September 2012 he was appointed as Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury and in July 2014 as Minister for International Development . In June 2016 , it was announced that Swayne would receive a knighthood in the Queen 's Birthday Honours for political services . He is a supporter of the Eurosceptic pressure group Leave Means Leave ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative Party politician ; Member of Parliament for New Forest West ; Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)', 'summary': "The Conservative Party , officially the Conservative and Unionist Party and also known colloquially as the Tories or simply the Conservatives , is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom . The governing party since 2010 , it holds an overall majority in the House of Commons with 365 Members of Parliament . It also has 245 members of the House of Lords , 8 members of the London Assembly , 31 members of the Scottish Parliament , 11 members of the Welsh Assembly and 7,437 local councillors . The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party - the Conservatives ' colloquial name is Tories - and was one of two dominant political parties in the 19th century , along with the Liberal Party . Under Benjamin Disraeli , it played a preeminent role in politics at the height of the British Empire . In 1912 , the Liberal Unionist Party merged with the party to form the Conservative and Unionist Party . In the 1920s , the Labour Party surpassed the Liberals as the Conservatives ' main rivals . Conservative Prime Ministers , most notably Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher , led governments for 57 years of the 20th century . Positioned on the centre-right of British politics , the Conservative Party is ideologically conservative . Different factions have dominated the party at different times , including one nation conservatives , Thatcherites , and liberal conservatives , while its views and policies have changed throughout its history . The party has generally adopted liberal economic policies - favouring free market economics , limiting state regulation , and pursuing privatisation - although in the past has also supported protectionism . The party is British unionist , opposing both Irish reunification and Welsh and Scottish independence , and historically supported the maintenance of the British Empire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Forest_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'New Forest West is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1997 by Desmond Swayne , a Conservative . [ n 2 ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lord_Commissioner_of_the_Treasury', 'summary': "In the United Kingdom there are at least six Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty 's Treasury , serving as a commission for the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer . The board consists of the First Lord of the Treasury , the Second Lord of the Treasury , and four or more junior lords to whom this title is usually applied . Strictly they are commissioners for exercising the office of Lord High Treasurer ( similar to the status of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty exercising the office of Lord High Admiral until 1964 , when the Queen resumed the office ) . This office has continually been in commission since the resignation in 1714 of Charles , Duke of Shrewsbury , who was appointed to the office by Queen Anne on her deathbed . Until the 19th century , this commission made most of the economic decisions of Great Britain ( England , before the Act of Union 1707 ) . However , starting during the 19th century , these positions became sinecure positions , with the First Lord serving almost invariably as Prime Minister , the Second Lord invariably as Chancellor of the Exchequer , and the junior lords serving as whips in Parliament . As an office in commission , technically all Lords Commissioners of the Treasury are of equal rank , with their ordinal numbers connoting seniority rather than authority over their fellow Lords Commissioners . However , from at least the reign of Queen Anne , de facto power has rested with the top-numbered Lords ."}]}, {'value': 'Sir Hugo Swire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugo_Swire', 'summary': 'Sir Hugo George William Swire KCMG ( born 30 November 1959 ) is a British politician serving as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for East Devon from 2001 until 2019 . A member of the Conservative Party , he has had several ministerial roles , most recently as Minister of State for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office , a role he held until July 2016 . Swire is currently the Deputy Chairman of the Commonwealth Enterprise and Investment Council . He retired at the 2019 general election .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative Party politician ; Member of Parliament for East Devon ; Minister of State for the Foreign Office', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)', 'summary': "The Conservative Party , officially the Conservative and Unionist Party and also known colloquially as the Tories or simply the Conservatives , is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom . The governing party since 2010 , it holds an overall majority in the House of Commons with 365 Members of Parliament . It also has 245 members of the House of Lords , 8 members of the London Assembly , 31 members of the Scottish Parliament , 11 members of the Welsh Assembly and 7,437 local councillors . The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party - the Conservatives ' colloquial name is Tories - and was one of two dominant political parties in the 19th century , along with the Liberal Party . Under Benjamin Disraeli , it played a preeminent role in politics at the height of the British Empire . In 1912 , the Liberal Unionist Party merged with the party to form the Conservative and Unionist Party . In the 1920s , the Labour Party surpassed the Liberals as the Conservatives ' main rivals . Conservative Prime Ministers , most notably Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher , led governments for 57 years of the 20th century . Positioned on the centre-right of British politics , the Conservative Party is ideologically conservative . Different factions have dominated the party at different times , including one nation conservatives , Thatcherites , and liberal conservatives , while its views and policies have changed throughout its history . The party has generally adopted liberal economic policies - favouring free market economics , limiting state regulation , and pursuing privatisation - although in the past has also supported protectionism . The party is British unionist , opposing both Irish reunification and Welsh and Scottish independence , and historically supported the maintenance of the British Empire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'East Devon is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Simon Jupp of the Conservative Party . [ n 2 ] A report by the Electoral Reform Society found the seat ( and its precursors ) has been held by the Conservative Party since 1835 , meaning it has been held for 184 years . This is currently the longest held seat by one party anywhere in the country .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Minister_of_State', 'summary': 'Minister of State is a title borne by politicians or officials in certain countries governed under a parliamentary system . In some countries a Minister of State is a junior minister , who is assigned to assist a specific cabinet minister and the ministers of state with independent charges . In other countries a Minister of State is a holder of a more senior position , such as a cabinet minister or even a head of government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Foreign_Office', 'summary': "The Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( FCO ) , commonly called the Foreign Office ( which was the formal name of its predecessor until 1968 ) , or British Foreign Office , is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom . It is responsible for protecting and promoting British interests worldwide and was created in 1968 by merging the Foreign Office and the Commonwealth Office . The head of the FCO is the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs , commonly abbreviated to Foreign Secretary . This is regarded as one of the four most prestigious positions in the Cabinet - the Great Offices of State - alongside those of Prime Minister , Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary . The FCO is managed from day to day by a civil servant , the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs , who also acts as the Head of Her Majesty 's Diplomatic Service . This position is held by Sir Simon McDonald , who took office on 1 September 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'James Brodie of Brodie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Brodie_(botanist)', 'summary': 'James Brodie of Brodie , 21st Thane and Chief of Clan Brodie , FRS FLS ( 31 August 1744 - 17 January 1824 ) was a Scottish politician and botanist . He was educated at Elgin Academy and St. Andrews University . He was returned to parliament in 1796 as MP for Elginshire , serving until 1807 . He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Nairn . As a botanist , Brodie specialised in cryptogamic flora , i.e . plants which reproduce by spores , such as algae , ferns and mosses . He discovered a number of new species both around Edinburgh and on his own property at Brodie . His collection is now held at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh . He corresponded with other eminent botanists of his time , including Sir William Jackson Hooker and Sir James Edward Smith . Brodie was elected a Fellow of the Linnaean Society in 1795 , and of the Royal Society in 1797 . The genus Brodiaea is named in his honour . He married Lady Margaret Duff , sister of James Duff , 2nd Earl Fife , and had two sons and two daughters .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Politician ; botanist ; MP for Elginshire ; Lord Lieutenant of Nairn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botanist', 'summary': 'Botany , also called plant science ( s ) , plant biology or phytology , is the science of plant life and a branch of biology . A botanist , plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field . The term botany comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη ( botanē ) meaning pasture , grass , or fodder ; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν ( boskein ) , to feed or to graze . Traditionally , botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively , with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress . Nowadays , botanists ( in the strict sense ) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants ( including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants ) , and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes . Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify - and later cultivate - edible , medicinal and poisonous plants , making it one of the oldest branches of science . Medieval physic gardens , often attached to monasteries , contained plants of medical importance . They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities , founded from the 1540s onwards . One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden . These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants . Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy , and led in 1753 to the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day . In the 19th and 20th centuries , new techniques were developed for the study of plants , including methods of optical microscopy and live cell imaging , electron microscopy , analysis of chromosome number , plant chemistry and the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_Parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Elginshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Elginshire , in Scotland , was a county constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832 . It elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) using the first-past-the-post voting system . In 1832 , it was combined with Nairnshire was added to form Elginshire and Nairnshire , which was in turn reconstituted in 1918 as Moray and Nairn , with the incorporation of the burghs of Elgin , Nairn and Forres which had previously been part of Inverness Burghs and Elgin Burghs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Nairn', 'summary': "The Lord Lieutenant of Nairn , is the British monarch 's personal representative in an area which has been defined since 1975 as consisting of the local government district of Nairn , in Scotland , and this definition was renewed by the Lord-Lieutenants ( Scotland ) Order 1996 . Previously , the area of the lieutenancy was the county of Nairn , which was abolished as a local government area by the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973 . The district was created , under the 1973 act , with the boundaries of the county , as a district of the two-tier Highland region and abolished as a local government area under the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1994 , which turned the Highland region into a unitary council area ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Shaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Shaw,_1st_Baron_Craigmyle', 'summary': "Thomas Shaw , 1st Baron Craigmyle PC ( 23 May 1850 - 28 June 1937 ) , known as The Lord Shaw from 1909 to 1929 , was a Scottish radical Liberal Party politician and judge . The son of Alexander Shaw of Dunfermline , Fife , Craigmyle was educated at the Dunfermline High School and at Edinburgh University . He was appointed an advocate in 1875 and became a Queen 's Counsel in 1894 . He gained an LLD from St Andrews University in October 1902 and from the University of Aberdeen in 1906 and was also Hamilton Fellow in Mental Philosophy at Edinburgh University . Craigmyle sat as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hawick Burghs from 1892 to 1909 and served as Solicitor General for Scotland from 1894 to 1895 and as Lord Advocate from December 1905 to 1909 . He resigned from parliament and ministerial office and was created a life peer as Baron Shaw , of Dunfermline in the County of Fife , on 20 February 1909 , so that he could sit in the House of Lords and serve as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary . He retired from this office in 1929 and was made an hereditary peer as Baron Craigmyle , of Craigmyle in the County of Aberdeen , on 7 Mar 1929 . Lord Craigmyle married Elspeth , daughter of George Forrest , in 1879 . He died in June 1937 , aged 87 , and was succeeded in the hereditary barony by his son Alexander . Lady Craigmyle died in 1939 ."}]}, {'value': '1902 L.L.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doctor_of_law', 'summary': 'Doctor of Law or Doctor of Laws is a degree in law . The application of the term varies from country to country and includes degrees such as the Doctor of Juridical Science ( J.S.D . or S.J.D ) , Doctor juris ( Dr. iur . or Dr. jur . ) , Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D. ) , Juris Doctor ( J.D . ) , and Legum Doctor ( LL.D . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Liberal politician ; judge ; MP for Hawick Burghs ; Lord Advocate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Member_of_Parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hawick_Burghs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Hawick Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1868 until 1918 . It consisted of the Roxburghshire burgh of Hawick and the Selkirkshire burghs of Galashiels and Selkirk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lord_Advocate', 'summary': "Her Majesty 's Advocate , known as the Lord Advocate ( Scottish Gaelic : Morair Tagraidh , Scots : Laird Advocat ) , is the chief legal officer of the Scottish Government and the Crown in Scotland for both civil and criminal matters that fall within the devolved powers of the Scottish Parliament . He or she is the chief public prosecutor for Scotland and all prosecutions on indictment are conducted by the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service , nominally in the Lord Advocate 's name . The officeholder is one of the Great Officers of State of Scotland . The current Lord Advocate is The Rt Hon . James Wolffe , QC ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Doughty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Doughty', 'summary': 'Stephen John Doughty ( born 15 April 1980 ) is a British Labour and Co-operative Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Cardiff South and Penarth since a 2012 by-election that resulted from previous MP Alun Michael standing down to contest the Police and Crime Commissioner elections . He was previously a Shadow Foreign Office Minister but resigned live on television on 6 January 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Labour Party politician and MP for Cardiff South and Penarth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)', 'summary': "The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom that has been described as an alliance of social democrats , democratic socialists and trade unionists . In all general elections since 1922 , Labour has either been the governing party or the Official Opposition . The Labour Party was founded in 1900 , having grown out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the 19th century . It overtook the Liberal Party to become the main opposition to the Conservative Party in the early 1920s , forming two minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in the 1920s and early 1930s . Labour served in the wartime coalition of 1940-1945 , after which Clement Attlee 's Labour government established the National Health Service and expanded the welfare state from 1945 to 1951 . Under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan , Labour again governed from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1979 . In the 1990s , Tony Blair took Labour to the centre as part of his New Labour project , which governed the UK under Blair and then Gordon Brown from 1997 to 2010 . Labour is currently the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom , having won the second-largest number of seats in the 2017 and 2019 general elections . The Labour Party is currently the largest party in the Welsh Assembly , forming the main party in the current Welsh government . The party is the third-largest in the Scottish Parliament . Labour is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance , and holds observer status in Socialist International . The party includes semi-autonomous Scottish and Welsh branches , and supports the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland , although it still organises there ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_Parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cardiff_South_and_Penarth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Cardiff South and Penarth ( Welsh : De Caerdydd a Phenarth ) is a constituency created in 1983 represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament . [ n 1 ] It is the largest such entity in Wales , with an electorate of 75,175 and one of the most ethnically diverse .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Dundas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Dundas,_1st_Baron_Dundas', 'summary': "Thomas Dundas , 1st Baron Dundas FRS ( 16 February 1741 - 14 June 1820 ) , known as Sir Thomas Dundas , 2nd Baronet from 1781 to 1794 , was a Scottish-British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1763 to 1794 , after which he was raised to the peerage as Baron Dundas . He was responsible for commissioning the Charlotte Dundas , the world 's first practical steamboat ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Politician ; aristocrat ; MP for Richmond and Stirlingshire ; remembered for commissioning the Charlotte Dundas , the world 's first practical steamboat", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Member_of_Parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richmond_(Yorks)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Richmond ( Yorks ) is a constituency [ n 1 ] in North Yorkshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since May 2015 by the current Chancellor of the Exchequer , Rishi Sunak , a Conservative . [ n 2 ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stirlingshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Stirlingshire was a Scottish county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain and later of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1708 until 1918 . It elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post voting system .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Dundas', 'summary': "Charlotte Dundas is regarded as the world 's second successful steamboat , the first towing steamboat and the boat that demonstrated the practicality of steam power for ships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steamboat', 'summary': "A steamboat is a boat that is propelled primarily by steam power , typically driving propellers or paddlewheels . Steamboats sometimes use the prefix designation SS , S.S. or S/S ( for 'Screw Steamer ' ) or PS ( for 'Paddle Steamer ' ) ; however , these designations are most often used for steamships . The term steamboat is used to refer to smaller , insular , steam-powered boats working on lakes and rivers , particularly riverboats . As using steam became more reliable , steam power became applied to larger , ocean-going vessels ."}]}, {'value': 'Sir Michael Fallon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Fallon', 'summary': 'Sir Michael Cathel Fallon KCB ( born 14 May 1952 ) is a British politician of the Conservative Party who served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Sevenoaks from 1997 until 2019 , having previously served as the MP for Darlington from 1983 to 1992 . From 2014 to 2017 , he was Secretary of State for Defence and a member of the National Security Council . He was previously Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party ( 2010-2012 ) , Minister of State for Business and Enterprise ( 2012-2014 ) , Minister of State for Energy ( 2013-2014 ) , and Minister of State for Portsmouth ( 2014 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1974 M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)', 'summary': 'The degree of Master of Arts ( MA ) in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree ( either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree ) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland ( the University of St Andrews , the University of Glasgow , the University of Aberdeen , and the University of Edinburgh ) plus the University of Dundee ( as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews ) and Heriot-Watt University ( at honours level only ) . The first two years of the Scottish Master of Arts consist of ordinary Bachelor level courses ; however , after these , students who are accepted to pursue the Honours route will complete more advanced subjects and write a dissertation in their fourth year . Students who choose to do a general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation , and receive a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) or MA without Honours . For the postgraduate degree referred to in other places as Master of Arts , Scottish universities usually award the degree of Master of Letters ( MLitt ) or Master of Science ( MSc ) . Generally , non-ancient universities in Scotland ( e.g . University of Strathclyde , The Robert Gordon University , Edinburgh Napier University , etc . ) , award arts degrees as Bachelor of Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative Party politician ; Secretary of State for Defence ; MP for Sevenoaks ; deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party ; Minister of State for Business and Enterprise in the Cameron ministry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)', 'summary': "The Conservative Party , officially the Conservative and Unionist Party and also known colloquially as the Tories or simply the Conservatives , is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom . The governing party since 2010 , it holds an overall majority in the House of Commons with 365 Members of Parliament . It also has 245 members of the House of Lords , 8 members of the London Assembly , 31 members of the Scottish Parliament , 11 members of the Welsh Assembly and 7,437 local councillors . The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party - the Conservatives ' colloquial name is Tories - and was one of two dominant political parties in the 19th century , along with the Liberal Party . Under Benjamin Disraeli , it played a preeminent role in politics at the height of the British Empire . In 1912 , the Liberal Unionist Party merged with the party to form the Conservative and Unionist Party . In the 1920s , the Labour Party surpassed the Liberals as the Conservatives ' main rivals . Conservative Prime Ministers , most notably Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher , led governments for 57 years of the 20th century . Positioned on the centre-right of British politics , the Conservative Party is ideologically conservative . Different factions have dominated the party at different times , including one nation conservatives , Thatcherites , and liberal conservatives , while its views and policies have changed throughout its history . The party has generally adopted liberal economic policies - favouring free market economics , limiting state regulation , and pursuing privatisation - although in the past has also supported protectionism . The party is British unionist , opposing both Irish reunification and Welsh and Scottish independence , and historically supported the maintenance of the British Empire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence', 'summary': "Her Majesty 's Principal Secretary of State for Defence ( Defence Secretary ) is a senior official within Her Majesty 's Government and head of the Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) . The office is a British Cabinet-level position , and has been held by Ben Wallace since July 2019 . The post was created in 1964 as successor to the posts of Minister for Coordination of Defence ( 1936-1940 ) and Ministry of Defence ( 1947-64 ) . It replaced the positions of First Lord of the Admiralty , Secretary of State for War , and Secretary of State for Air , as the Admiralty , War Office and Air Ministry were merged into the Ministry of Defence ( the Secretary of State for War had already ceased to be a cabinet position in 1946 , with the creation of the cabinet-level Minister of Defence ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_Parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sevenoaks_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Sevenoaks is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Laura Trott , a Conservative . It is considered a safe Conservative seat .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party', 'summary': "The Chairman of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom is responsible for party administration , overseeing the Conservative Campaign Headquarters , formerly Conservative Central Office . When the Conservatives are in government , the officeholder is usually a member of the Cabinet holding a sinecure position such as Minister without Portfolio . Deputy or Vice Chairmen of the Conservative Party may also be appointed , with responsibility for specific aspects of the party ( most notably local government , women or youth ) . The Conservative Party is currently co-chaired by Amanda Milling , who was appointed on 13 February 2020 , and Ben Elliot , who has been Co-Chairman since July 2019 . Helen Whately and Paul Scully serve as Deputy Chairs . The role was created in 1911 in response to the Conservative party 's defeat in the second 1910 general election . The position is not subject to election , as it is given by the party leader ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cameron–Clegg_coalition', 'summary': 'David Cameron and Nick Clegg formed the Cameron-Clegg coalition , after the former was invited by Queen Elizabeth II to form a new government , following the resignation of Prime Minister Gordon Brown on 11 May 2010 following the General Election on 6th May 2010 . It was the first coalition government in the UK since the Churchill war ministry and was led by Cameron with Clegg as Deputy Prime Minister , composed of members of both the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats . The Cabinet was made up of sixteen Conservatives and five Liberal Democrats , with eight other Conservatives and one other Liberal Democrat attending cabinet but not members . The coalition was succeeded by the single-party Cameron ministry after the 2015 general election .'}]}, {'value': 'Lewis Moonie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_Moonie,_Baron_Moonie', 'summary': 'Lewis George Moonie , Baron Moonie ( born 25 February 1947 in Dundee ) is a politician in the United Kingdom . He was the Labour Co-operative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Kirkcaldy from 1987 to 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '1970 MB ChB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MB_ChB', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery , or in Latin : Medicinae Baccalaureus Baccalaureus Chirurgiae ( abbreviated in many ways , e.g . MBBS , MB ChB , MB BCh , MB BChir ( Cantab ) , BM BCh ( Oxon ) , BMBS ) , are the two first professional degrees in medicine and surgery awarded upon graduation from medical school by universities in countries that follow the tradition of the United Kingdom . The historical degree nomenclature states that they are two separate undergraduate degrees ; however , in practice , they are usually combined as one and conferred together , and may also be awarded at graduate-level medical schools . In countries that follow the system in the United States , the equivalent medical degree is awarded as Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( DO ) ( the latter in the United States only ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Labour Co-operative politician , Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Labour_Co-operative', 'summary': "Labour and Co-operative Party ( often abbreviated Labour Co-op ; Welsh : Llafur a ' r Blaid Gydweithredol ) is a description used by candidates in United Kingdom elections who stand on behalf of both the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party . Candidates contest elections under an electoral alliance between the two parties , that was first agreed in 1927 . This agreement recognises the independence of the two parties and commits them to not standing against each other in elections . It also sets out the procedures for both parties to select joint candidates and interact at a local and national level . There were 26 Labour and Co-operative Party MPs elected at the December 2019 election , making it the fourth largest political grouping in the House of Commons , although Labour and Co-operative MPs are generally included in Labour totals . The Chair of the Co-operative Parliamentary Group is Jim McMahon and the Vice-chair is Anna Turley ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kirkcaldy_Burghs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Kirkcaldy Burghs was a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( Westminster ) from 1832 to 1974 . It elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first-past-the-post voting system . From 1832 to 1950 it was , officially , a district of burghs constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'Barry Gardiner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Gardiner', 'summary': "Barry Strachan Gardiner ( born 10 March 1957 ) is a British Labour Party politician serving as Shadow Secretary of State for International Trade since 2016 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brent North since 1997 . Gardiner served under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown as a junior minister in the Northern Ireland Office , the Department for Productivity , Energy and Industry , the Department of Trade and Industry and finally in the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . He is the recipient of India 's highly prestigious award Padma Shri 2020 for his work in the field of public affairs ."}]}, {'value': 'M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)', 'summary': 'The degree of Master of Arts ( MA ) in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree ( either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree ) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland ( the University of St Andrews , the University of Glasgow , the University of Aberdeen , and the University of Edinburgh ) plus the University of Dundee ( as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews ) and Heriot-Watt University ( at honours level only ) . The first two years of the Scottish Master of Arts consist of ordinary Bachelor level courses ; however , after these , students who are accepted to pursue the Honours route will complete more advanced subjects and write a dissertation in their fourth year . Students who choose to do a general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation , and receive a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) or MA without Honours . For the postgraduate degree referred to in other places as Master of Arts , Scottish universities usually award the degree of Master of Letters ( MLitt ) or Master of Science ( MSc ) . Generally , non-ancient universities in Scotland ( e.g . University of Strathclyde , The Robert Gordon University , Edinburgh Napier University , etc . ) , award arts degrees as Bachelor of Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Labour Party politician , MP for Brent North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)', 'summary': "The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom that has been described as an alliance of social democrats , democratic socialists and trade unionists . In all general elections since 1922 , Labour has either been the governing party or the Official Opposition . The Labour Party was founded in 1900 , having grown out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the 19th century . It overtook the Liberal Party to become the main opposition to the Conservative Party in the early 1920s , forming two minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in the 1920s and early 1930s . Labour served in the wartime coalition of 1940-1945 , after which Clement Attlee 's Labour government established the National Health Service and expanded the welfare state from 1945 to 1951 . Under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan , Labour again governed from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1979 . In the 1990s , Tony Blair took Labour to the centre as part of his New Labour project , which governed the UK under Blair and then Gordon Brown from 1997 to 2010 . Labour is currently the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom , having won the second-largest number of seats in the 2017 and 2019 general elections . The Labour Party is currently the largest party in the Welsh Assembly , forming the main party in the current Welsh government . The party is the third-largest in the Scottish Parliament . Labour is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance , and holds observer status in Socialist International . The party includes semi-autonomous Scottish and Welsh branches , and supports the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland , although it still organises there ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_Parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brent_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Brent North is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'David Carnegie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sir_David_Carnegie,_4th_Baronet', 'summary': 'Sir David Carnegie of Pitarrow , 4th Baronet FRS FRSE ( 22 November 1753 - 25 May 1805 ) was a Scottish politician and de jure 7th Earl of Southesk , 7th Baron Carnegie of Kinnaird and 7th Baron Carnegie , of Kinnaird and Leuchars .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Politician , nobleman , MP for Aberdeen Burghs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Member_of_Parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen_Burghs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Aberdeen Burghs was a district of burghs constituency which was represented from 1708 to 1800 in the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain , and from 1801 to 1832 in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'John Alfred Lush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Alfred_Lush', 'summary': 'John Alfred Lush ( 21 March 1815 - 4 August 1888 ) was an English Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1868 to 1880 . Lush was the son of John Lush of Berwick St John , Wiltshire and his wife Martha Kelleway daughter of James Kelleway of Donhead , Wiltshire . He was an MD of St Andrews University and became a general medical practitioner at Salisbury . He was a member of the Royal College of Physicians of London and one of the proprietors of the Fisherton House Lunatic Asylum . He was a J.P. and an Alderman of Salisbury , of which city he was Mayor for 1866-67 . At the 1868 general election Lush was elected Member of Parliament for Salisbury . He held the seat until 1880 . Lush died at the age of 73 . He had married Sarah Martha Finch daughter of W. C. Finch MD of Fisherton House , Salisbury , Wiltshire in May 1853 .'}]}, {'value': 'MD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal Party politician , MP for Salisbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)', 'summary': "The Liberal Party was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom with the opposing Conservative Party in the 19th and early 20th centuries . The party arose from an alliance of Whigs and free trade-supporting Peelites and the reformist Radicals in the 1850s . By the end of the 19th century , it had formed four governments under William Gladstone . Despite being divided over the issue of Irish Home Rule , the party returned to government in 1905 and then won a landslide victory in the following year 's general election . Under prime ministers Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman ( 1905-1908 ) and H. H. Asquith ( 1908-1916 ) , the Liberal Party passed the welfare reforms that created a basic British welfare state . Although Asquith was the party 's leader , its dominant figure was David Lloyd George . Asquith was overwhelmed by the wartime role of coalition prime minister and Lloyd George replaced him as prime minister in late 1916 , but Asquith remained as Liberal Party leader . The pair fought for years over control of the party , badly weakening it in the process . In The Oxford Companion to British History , historian Martin Pugh argues :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_Parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Salisbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Salisbury is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by John Glen , a Conservative . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Robert MacGregor Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_MacGregor_Mitchell', 'summary': 'Robert MacGregor Mitchell KC ( 1875 - 25 April 1938 ) was a Scottish lawyer and judge , Liberal Member of Parliament and University Rector .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal Party politician ; lawyer ; judge ; MP for Perth ; Rector of the University of St Andrews', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)', 'summary': "The Liberal Party was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom with the opposing Conservative Party in the 19th and early 20th centuries . The party arose from an alliance of Whigs and free trade-supporting Peelites and the reformist Radicals in the 1850s . By the end of the 19th century , it had formed four governments under William Gladstone . Despite being divided over the issue of Irish Home Rule , the party returned to government in 1905 and then won a landslide victory in the following year 's general election . Under prime ministers Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman ( 1905-1908 ) and H. H. Asquith ( 1908-1916 ) , the Liberal Party passed the welfare reforms that created a basic British welfare state . Although Asquith was the party 's leader , its dominant figure was David Lloyd George . Asquith was overwhelmed by the wartime role of coalition prime minister and Lloyd George replaced him as prime minister in late 1916 , but Asquith remained as Liberal Party leader . The pair fought for years over control of the party , badly weakening it in the process . In The Oxford Companion to British History , historian Martin Pugh argues :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_Parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Perth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Perth was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 to 1918 , 1918 to 1950 , and 1997 to 2005 . From 1832 to 1918 it was a burgh constituency . From 1918 to 1950 , and 1997 to 2005 , it was a county constituency . During each of the three periods it elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews', 'summary': 'The Lord Rector of the University of St Andrews is the president of the University Court of the University of St Andrews ; the University Court is the supreme governing body of the University .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Government , law , and public policy -- Members of the House of Commons', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_alumni_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews_7', 'intro': 'This list of alumni of the University of St Andrews includes graduates, non-graduate former students, and current students of the University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland.'}
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How many of the alumni are associated with the UK Conservative party ?
5
083d9cee6df9799e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Dominican_Republic_presidential_election', 'title': '2012 Dominican Republic presidential election', 'header': ['Country', 'Voters', 'Percentage'], 'data': [{'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '223,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '62,670', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesser Antilles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lesser_Antilles', 'summary': 'The Lesser Antilles ( Spanish : Pequeñas Antillas ; French : Petites Antilles ; Papiamento : Antias Menor ; Dutch : Kleine Antillen ) is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea . Most form a long , partly volcanic island arc between the Greater Antilles to the north-west and the continent of South America . The islands form the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean . Together , the Lesser Antilles and the Greater Antilles compose the Antilles ( or the Caribbean in its narrowest definition ) . When combined with the Lucayan Archipelago , all three are known as the West Indies .'}]}, {'value': '11,531', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '9,581', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venezuela', 'summary': "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ."}]}, {'value': '5,848', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panama', 'summary': "Panama ( /ˈpænəmɑː/ ( listen ) PAN-ə-mah , /pænəˈmɑː/ pan-ə-MAH ; Spanish : Panamá IPA : [ panaˈma ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Panama ( Spanish : República de Panamá ) , is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America , bordered by Costa Rica to the west , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the north , and the Pacific Ocean to the south . The capital and largest city is Panama City , whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country 's 4 million people . Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century . It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia , a union of Nueva Granada , Ecuador , and Venezuela . After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831 , Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia . With the backing of the United States , Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 , allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914 . The 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31 , 1999 . Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama 's GDP , although commerce , banking , and tourism are major and growing sectors . It is regarded as a high-income country . In 2018 Panama ranked 66th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index . In 2018 , Panama was ranked seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America , according to the World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Index . Covering around 40 percent of its land area , Panama 's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals - some of them found nowhere else on earth ."}]}, {'value': '5,439', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '4,261', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '2,697', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '2,564', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '520', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '288', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Electorate -- Expatriate electorate', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Dominican_Republic_presidential_election,_2012_1', 'intro': 'Presidential elections were held in the Dominican Republic on 20 May 2012. They were the fifth quadrennial elections for the presidency and vice-presidency since 1998, when a change in the electoral law separated the presidential from the congressional and municipal elections. As specified in the new constitution ratified in January 2010, the presidential elections of 2012 coincided with the election of Overseas Deputies in Dominican expatriate communities. Since 1974, elections in the Dominican Republic took place on 16 May every four years. Nevertheless, the constitutional reform of 2009 stipulated in article 209 that the elections would be held on 20 May 2012 to avoid their falling on a work day. Candidates for the presidency competed for the highest number of votes, with the leader needing more than 50% of valid ballots to avoid a second round. Danilo Medina of the ruling Dominican Liberation Party was elected president with a majority of votes in the first ballot. This was the first election to involve participation by Dominican citizens abroad. In addition to voting for the president and vice-president, Dominican expatriates participated in by-elections for seven new seats (within three overseas constituencies) in the Chamber of Deputies.'}
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How many voters were given from the country that is the third most populous country in the world ?
223,250
083eafdc64fddb0c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megastructures', 'title': 'Megastructures', 'header': ['#', 'Country', 'Title', 'Subject', 'Original Airdate'], 'data': [{'value': '01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Golden Gate Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge', 'summary': "The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate , the one-mile-wide ( 1.6 km ) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean . The structure links the U.S. city of San Francisco , California - the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula - to Marin County , carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait . The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco , California , and the United States . It was initially designed by engineer Joseph Strauss in 1917 . It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The Frommer 's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as possibly the most beautiful , certainly the most photographed , bridge in the world . At the time of its opening in 1937 , it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world , with a main span of 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) and a total height of 746 feet ( 227 m ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Iconic bridge over San Francisco Bay in San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay', 'summary': 'San Francisco Bay is a shallow estuary in the US state of California . It is surrounded by a contiguous region known as the San Francisco Bay Area ( often simply the Bay Area ) , and is dominated by the large cities of San Jose , San Francisco and Oakland . San Francisco Bay drains water from approximately 40 percent of California . Water from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers , and from the Sierra Nevada mountains , flow into Suisun Bay , which then travels through the Carquinez Strait to meet with the Napa River at the entrance to San Pablo Bay , which connects at its south end to San Francisco Bay . It then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait . However , this entire group of interconnected bays is often called the San Francisco Bay . The bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on February 2 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '2005-03-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Alcatraz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alcatraz', 'summary': "Alcatraz Island ( /ˈælkəˌtræz/ ) is located in San Francisco Bay , 1.25 miles ( 2.01 km ) offshore from San Francisco , California , United States . The small island was developed with facilities for a lighthouse , a military fortification , a military prison , and a federal prison from 1934 until 21 March 1963 . The water currents around the island were high at all times , which presumably decreased the chance of an inmate escaping . Beginning in November 1969 , the island was occupied for more than 19 months by a group of Native Americans from San Francisco , who were part of a wave of Native American activism across the U.S. , with public protests through the 1970s . In 1972 , Alcatraz became part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area and received designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1986 . Today , the island 's facilities are managed by the National Park Service as part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area ; it is open to tours . Visitors can reach the island in a little under 15 minutes by ferry ride from Pier 33 , located between the San Francisco Ferry Building and Fisherman 's Wharf , San Francisco . Hornblower Cruises and Events , operating under the name Alcatraz Cruises , is the official ferry provider to and from the island . Alcatraz Island is home to the abandoned prison , the site of the oldest operating lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States , early military fortifications , and natural features such as rock pools and a seabird colony ( mostly western gulls , cormorants , and egrets ) . According to a 1971 documentary on the history of Alcatraz , the island measures 1,675 feet ( 511 m ) by 590 feet ( 180 m ) and is 135 feet ( 41 m ) at highest point during mean tide . The total area of the island is reported to be 22 acres ( 8.9 ha ) . Landmarks on the island include the Main Cellhouse , Dining Hall , Lighthouse , the ruins of the Warden 's House and Social Hall , Parade Grounds , Building 64 , Water Tower , New Industries Building , Model Industries Building , and the Recreation Yard ."}]}, {'value': 'Former prison island in San Francisco Bay , California', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-03-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Inside The Pentagon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Pentagon', 'summary': "The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense . As a symbol of the U.S. military , the phrase The Pentagon is also often used as a metonym for the Department of Defense and its leadership . Located in Arlington County , Virginia , across the Potomac River from Washington , D.C. , the building was designed by American architect George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain . Ground was broken on September 11 , 1941 , and the building was dedicated on January 15 , 1943 . General Brehon Somervell provided the major motivating power behind the project ; Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U.S. Army . The Pentagon is the world 's largest office building , with about 6,500,000 sq ft ( 600,000 m2 ) of space , of which 3,700,000 sq ft ( 340,000 m2 ) are used as offices . Some 23,000 military and civilian employees , and another 3,000 non-defense support personnel , work in the Pentagon . It has five sides , five floors above ground , two basement levels , and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17.5 mi ( 28.2 km ) of corridors . The central five-acre ( 20,000 m2 ) pentagonal plaza is nicknamed ground zero on the presumption that it would be a prime target in a nuclear war . On September 11 , 2001 , exactly 60 years after the building 's construction began , American Airlines Flight 77 was hijacked and flown into the western side of the building , killing 189 people ( 59 victims and the five perpetrators on board the airliner , as well as 125 victims in the building ) , according to the 9/11 Commission Report . It was the first significant foreign attack on Washington 's governmental facilities since the city was burned by the British during the War of 1812 . The Pentagon is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Historic Landmark ."}]}, {'value': 'Headquarters of the US Department of Defense in Arlington , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_Department_of_Defense', 'summary': "The United States Department of Defense ( DoD , USDOD or DOD ) is an executive branch department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national security and the United States Armed Forces . The DoD is the largest employer in the world , with nearly 1.3 million active-duty service members ( soldiers , marines , sailors and airmen ) as of 2016 . More employees include over 826,000 National Guard and Reservists from the armed forces , and over 732,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.8 million employees . Headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia , just outside Washington , D.C. , the DoD 's stated mission is to provide the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation 's security . The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense , a cabinet-level head who reports directly to the President of the United States . Beneath the Department of Defense are three subordinate military departments : the Department of the Army , the Department of the Navy , and the Department of the Air Force . In addition , four national intelligence services are subordinate to the Department of Defense : the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) , the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) , and the National Reconnaissance Office ( NRO ) . Other Defense agencies include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) , the Strategic Capabilities Office ( SCO ) , the Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA ) , the Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) , the Defense Health Agency ( DHA ) , Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) , the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency ( formerly the DSS ) , and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency ( PFPA ) , all of which are subordinate to the Secretary of Defense . Additionally , the Defense Contract Management Agency ( DCMA ) delivers actionable acquisition intelligence , from factory floor to the warfighter . Military operations are managed by eleven regional or functional Unified combatant commands . The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools , including the Eisenhower School ( ES ) and the National War College ( NWC ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia', 'summary': "Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia , often referred to simply as Arlington or Arlington , Virginia . The county is situated in Northern Virginia on the southwestern bank of the Potomac River directly across from the District of Columbia , of which it was once a part . The county is coterminous with the U.S. Census Bureau 's census-designated place of Arlington . Arlington is considered to be the second-largest principal city of the Washington metropolitan area . In 2018 , the county 's population was estimated at 237,521 , making Arlington the sixth-largest county in Virginia by population ; if it were incorporated as a city , would be the fourth-most populous city in the state . With a land area of 26 square miles ( 67 km2 ) , Arlington is the geographically smallest self-governing county in the U.S. , and by reason of state law regarding population density , it has no incorporated towns within its borders . It is the 5th highest-income county in the U.S. by median family income . Due to the county 's proximity to downtown Washington , D.C. , Arlington is home to the Pentagon , Reagan National Airport , and Arlington National Cemetery . In academia , the county contains George Mason University 's Antonin Scalia Law School , the administrative offices buildings and graduate programs for the Schar School of Policy and Government and School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution , as well as satellite campuses of the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech . It will soon house the co-headquarters of Amazon.com , Inc ."}]}, {'value': '2005-04-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': '04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': "World 's Busiest Port", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port of Singapore , Republic of Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_of_Singapore', 'summary': "The Port of Singapore refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade , and which handle Singapore 's harbours and shipping . It is ranked as the top maritime capital of the world since 2015 . Currently the world 's second-busiest port in terms of total shipping tonnage , it also trans-ships a fifth of the world 's shipping containers , half of the world 's annual supply of crude oil , and is the world 's busiest transshipment port . It was also the busiest port in terms of total cargo tonnage handled until 2005 when it was surpassed by the Port of Shanghai . Thousands of ships drop anchor in the harbour , connecting the port to over 600 other ports in 123 countries and spread over six continents . The Port of Singapore is not a mere economic boon , but an economic necessity because Singapore is lacking in land and natural resources . The Port is critical for importing natural resources , and then later re-exporting products after they have been refined and shaped in some manner , for example wafer fabrication or oil refining to generate revenue . The service industries such as hospitality services typical of a port of call restock the food and water supplies on ships . Ships pass between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean through the Singapore Strait . The Straits of Johor on the country 's north are impassable for ships due to the Johor-Singapore Causeway , built in 1923 , which links the town of Woodlands , Singapore to the city of Johor Bahru in Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '2005-05-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Tau Tona , City of Gold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tau_Tona', 'summary': "The TauTona Mine or Western Deep No.3 Shaft , is a gold mine in South Africa . At approximately 3.9 kilometers ( 2.4 mi ) deep , it is home to the world 's deepest mining operations , rivalled only by the Mponeng Gold Mine . The mine is one of the three Western Deep Levels mines of the West Wits gold field west of Johannesburg . The mine is near the town of Carletonville . TauTona neighbours the Mponeng and Savuka mines , and TauTona and Savuka share processing facilities . All three are owned by AngloGold Ashanti . The mine was built by the Anglo American Corporation and its 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) deep main shaft was sunk in 1957 . The name TauTona means great lion in the Setswana language . The mine began operation in 1962 . It is one of the most efficient mines in South Africa and remains in continuous operation even during periods when the price of gold is low . Since its construction , two secondary shafts have been added bringing the mine to its current depth . The mine has some 800 km ( 500 mi ) of tunnels and employs around 5,600 miners ."}]}, {'value': "World 's deepest mining operations in Carletonville , South Africa", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carletonville', 'summary': "Carletonville is a town in the West Rand District Municipality in Gauteng , South Africa , just north of the richest gold-mining area in the world . At 3,749 m , Western Deep Levels holds the record for the world 's deepest gold mine . Developed by various mining companies from 1937 onwards , Carletonville was named after the long-serving mining director of Consolidated Gold Fields , Guy Carleton Jones , but was not officially incorporated until 1959 . Upon reaching a population of 2000 1967 , ( mostly white inhabitants of the apartheid era ) it became officially recognised and celebrated as a provincial town . There are several privately owned gold-mining township villages and contractor labour quarters established on mining ground owned by the various mining houses which operate in the area . The villages are located to the South of the R501 Provincial Road which forms the Southern boundary of Carletonville . While the mining Companies themselves have changed hands , or amalgamated and changed names , the mine villages situated to South are known as Blyvooruitzicht , ( the oldest ) Western Deep and Elandsrand . To the West and South West is Doornfontein and Deelkraal and to the East is East Village at East Driefontein . The Town of Carletonville serves as the major shopping centre for the mine village townships . Mines are only permitted tuck shops for basic necessities , which are usually located at mine recreation centres , or on privately owned farm boundaries close to contractor labour quarters . The site of a 3 October 2007 collapse at Elandsrand mine , is located some 11 km South of Carletonville . In 1964 , a sinkhole in the former mining village township of Westdene , Blyvooruitzicht , buried the entire Oosthuizen family and their helper , alive ."}]}, {'value': '2005-05-21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Las Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Vegas', 'summary': "Las Vegas ( Spanish for The Meadows ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city , known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada . The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino-hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos . Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction was earned by Chicago in the 19th century ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2% . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had 648,224 residents in 2018 , with a metropolitan population of 2,227,053 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-06-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Gold ( Oil Mine )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syncrude and Shell Canada in oil sands located in Alberta , Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syncrude', 'summary': "Syncrude Canada Ltd. is one of the world 's largest producers of synthetic crude oil from oil sands and the largest single source producer in Canada . It is located just outside Fort McMurray in the Athabasca Oil Sands , and has a nameplate capacity of 350,000 barrels per day ( 56,000 m3/d ) of oil , equivalent to about 13% of Canada 's consumption . It has approximately 5.1 billion barrels ( 810,000,000 m3 ) of proven and probable reserves ( 11.9 billion when including contingent and prospective resources ) situated on 8 leases over 3 contiguous sites . Including fully realized prospective reserves , current production capacity could be sustained for well over 90 years . The company is a joint venture between five partners . As a result , Syncrude is not traded directly , but rather through the individual owners . As of February 2018 , the partners ( by percentage ) : Suncor Energy ( 58.74% ) , Imperial Oil ( 25% ) , Sinopec ( 9.03% ) , Nexen ( 7.23% ) Because of Nexen 's subsequent takeover by CNOOC , over 16% of the shares in Syncrude are controlled by State Owned Enterprises ( SOE ) . The ownership board must approve all annual operating budgets and proposed capital spending projects , and are required to provide the funding for said activities based on their ownership share ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shell_Canada', 'summary': "Shell Canada Limited ( French : Shell Canada Limitée ) is the subsidiary of Anglo-Dutch Royal Dutch Shell and one of Canada 's largest integrated oil companies . Exploration and production of oil , natural gas and sulphur is a major part of its business , as well as the marketing of gasoline and related products through the company 's approximately 1,800 stations across Canada . After a global reorganization by the European parent , Shell 's North American operations are controlled by Shell Energy North America , which is headquartered in Houston , Texas . Shell Energy North America 's Canadian operational unit , Shell Canada , maintains a regional corporate office in Calgary , Alberta . Shell Canada also maintains a major office in Toronto , Ontario ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oil_sands', 'summary': 'Oil sands , crude bitumen , or more technically bituminous sands , are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit . Oil sands are either loose sands or partially consolidated sandstone containing a naturally occurring mixture of sand , clay , and water , soaked with a dense and extremely viscous form of petroleum technically referred to as bitumen Natural bitumen deposits are reported in many countries , but in particular are found in extremely large quantities in Canada . Other large reserves are located in Kazakhstan , Russia , and Venezuela . The estimated worldwide deposits of oil are more than 2 trillion barrels ( 320 billion cubic metres ) ; the estimates include deposits that have not been discovered . Proven reserves of bitumen contain approximately 100 billion barrels , and total natural bitumen reserves are estimated at 249.67 Gbbl ( 39.694×10^9 m3 ) worldwide , of which 176.8 Gbbl ( 28.11×10^9 m3 ) , or 70.8% , are in Alberta , Canada . The crude bitumen contained in the Canadian oil sands is described by the National Energy Board of Canada as a highly viscous mixture of hydrocarbons heavier than pentanes which , in its natural state , is not usually recoverable at a commercial rate through a well because it is too thick to flow . Crude bitumen is a thick , sticky form of crude oil , so heavy and viscous ( thick ) that it will not flow unless heated or diluted with lighter hydrocarbons such as light crude oil or natural-gas condensate . At room temperature , it is much like cold molasses . The World Energy Council ( WEC ) defines natural bitumen as oil having a viscosity greater than 10,000 centipoise under reservoir conditions and an API gravity of less than 10° API . The Orinoco Belt in Venezuela is sometimes described as oil sands , but these deposits are non-bituminous , falling instead into the category of heavy or extra-heavy oil due to their lower viscosity . Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original conventional oils by bacteria . According to the WEC , extra-heavy oil has a gravity of less than 10° API and a reservoir viscosity of no more than 10,000 centipoise .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': '2005-07-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Diamond Diggers', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ekati Diamond Mine , Canada 's first diamond mine , near Lac De Gras , Northwest Territories , Canada", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekati_Diamond_Mine', 'summary': "The Ekati Diamond Mine ( Ekati ) is Canada 's first surface and underground diamond mine . It is located 310 km ( 190 mi ) north-east of Yellowknife , Northwest Territories , and about 200 km ( 120 mi ) south of the Arctic Circle , near Lac de Gras . Until 2014 Ekati was a joint venture between Dominion Diamond Mines ( 80% ) , and the two geologists who discovered kimberlite pipes north of Lac de Gras , Chuck Fipke and Stewart Blusson each holding a 10% stake in the mine , until Fipke sold his share to Dominion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lac_De_Gras', 'summary': "Lac de Gras is a lake approximately 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) north east of Yellowknife , in the Northwest Territories of Canada . Lac de Gras was the centre of the diamond rush of the 1990s . There are two working , and one closed , diamond mines in the area , Diavik Diamond Mine , Ekati Diamond Mine , and the care and maintenance Snap Lake Diamond Mine . It was called Ekati by aboriginal peoples . The lake is ultraoligotrophic but supports a slow-growing but stable population of some eight species of cold-water fishes , including round whitefish , cisco , and lake trout . Lake trout dominate the lake , both numerically and in terms of biomass . Other native fish species include common whitefish , Arctic grayling , burbot , longnose sucker , and slimy sculpin . Diavik Diamond Mines is conducting open-pit mining of kimberlite pipes using explosives near the lake . Lac de Gras ' surface area is 56,910.8 ha ( 140,630 acres ) ; the historical surface area was 57,107.2 ha ( 141,115 acres ) , about 196.4 ha larger than today . The subbasin area is 413,570 ha ( 1,022,000 acres ) with the number of lakes smaller than 1 ha 3,487 ; 1-10 ha 2,080 ; 10-100 ha 663 ; and larger 100 ha 106 , together with a total surface area of 135,035 ha ( 333,680 acres ) . Lac du Sauvage is a small lake that drains into Lac de Gras through a 45 m ( 148 ft ) wide and 210 m ( 690 ft ) long stream called the Narrows . The median flood peak discharge in the Narrows is 17.5 m3/s ( 620 cu ft/s ) making it an important corridor for fish movements ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northwest_Territories', 'summary': "The Northwest Territories ( abbr . NT or NWT ; French : les Territoires du Nord-Ouest , abbr . TNO ; Athapascan languages : Denendeh ; Inuvialuk : Nunatsiaq ; Inuktitut : ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ ) is a federal territory of Canada . At a land area of approximately 1,144,000 km2 ( 442,000 sq mi ) and a 2016 census population of 41,786 , it is the second-largest and the most populous of the three territories in Northern Canada . Its estimated population as of 2019 is 44,895 . Yellowknife became the territorial capital in 1967 , following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission . The Northwest Territories , a portion of the old North-Western Territory , entered the Canadian Confederation on July 15 , 1870 . Since then , the territory has been divided several times to create new provinces and territories or enlarge existing ones . Its current borders date from April 1 , 1999 , when the territory was divided to create Nunavut to the east , via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement . While Nunavut is mostly Arctic tundra , the Northwest Territories has a slightly warmer climate and is both boreal forest ( taiga ) and tundra , and its most northern regions form part of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . The Northwest Territories is bordered by Canada 's two other territories , Nunavut to the east and Yukon to the west , and by the provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the south , and may touch Manitoba at a quadripoint to the southeast ."}]}, {'value': '2005-07-27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sea Launch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sea_Launch', 'summary': "Sea Launch is a multinational spacecraft launch service that used a mobile maritime launch platform for equatorial launches of commercial payloads on specialized Zenit-3SL rockets through 2014 . By 2014 , it had assembled and launched thirty-two rockets , with an additional three failures and one partial failure . All commercial payloads have been communications satellites intended for geostationary transfer orbit with such customers as EchoStar , DirecTV , XM Satellite Radio , PanAmSat , and Thuraya . The launcher and its payload are assembled on a purpose-built ship Sea Launch Commander in Long Beach , California , US . The assembled spacecraft is then positioned on top of the self-propelled platform Ocean Odyssey and moved to the equatorial Pacific Ocean for launch , with the Sea Launch Commander serving as command center . The sea-based launch system means the rockets can be fired from the optimal position on Earth 's surface , considerably increasing payload capacity and reducing launch costs compared to land-based systems . Sea Launch mothballed its ships and put operations on long-term hiatus in 2014 , following the Russian military intervention in Ukraine . By 2015 , discussions on disposition of company assets are underway , and the Sea Launch partners are in a court-administered dispute about unpaid expenses that Boeing claims it incurred . In September 2016 , S7 Group , owner of S7 Airlines announced they were purchasing Sea Launch . Launch services will be provided by S7 Sea Launch , a US subsidiary ."}]}, {'value': 'Ocean Odyssey and Sea Launch Commander', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'North Sea Wall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Sea', 'summary': "The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain ( England and Scotland ) , Denmark , Norway , Germany , the Netherlands , Belgium and France . An epeiric ( or shelf ) sea on the European continental shelf , it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north . It is more than 970 kilometres ( 600 mi ) long and 580 kilometres ( 360 mi ) wide , with an area of 570,000 square kilometres ( 220,000 sq mi ) . The North Sea has long been the site of important European shipping lanes as well as a major fishery . The coast is a popular destination for recreation and tourism in bordering countries , and more recently the sea has developed into a rich source of energy resources , including fossil fuels , wind , and early efforts in wave power . Historically , the North Sea has featured prominently in geopolitical and military affairs , particularly in Northern Europe . It was also important globally through the power northern Europeans projected worldwide during much of the Middle Ages and into the modern era . The North Sea was the centre of the Vikings ' rise . Subsequently , the Hanseatic League , the Netherlands , and the British each sought to dominate the North Sea and thus access to the world 's markets and resources . As Germany 's only outlet to the ocean , the North Sea continued to be strategically important through both World Wars . The coast of the North Sea presents a diversity of geological and geographical features . In the north , deep fjords and sheer cliffs mark the Norwegian and Scottish coastlines , whereas in the south , the coast consists primarily of sandy beaches and wide mudflats ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta Works', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-08-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates', 'summary': "The United Arab Emirates ( UAE ; Arabic : الإمارات العربية المتحدة al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyyah al-Muttaḥidah ) , sometimes simply called the Emirates ( Arabic : الإمارات al-ʾImārāt ) , is a country in Western Asia at the northeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf , bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south and west , as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north . The sovereign constitutional monarchy is a federation of seven emirates consisting of Abu Dhabi ( which serves as the capital ) , Ajman , Dubai , Fujairah , Ras Al Khaimah , Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain . Their boundaries are complex , with numerous enclaves within the various emirates . Each emirate is governed by a ruler ; together , they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council . One of the rulers serves as the President of the United Arab Emirates . In 2013 , the UAE 's population was 9.2 million , of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates . Human occupation of the present UAE has been traced back to the emergence of anatomically modern humans from Africa some 125,000 BCE through finds at the Faya-1 site in Mleiha , Sharjah . Burial sites dating back to the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age include the oldest known such inland site at Jebel Buhais . Known as Magan to the Sumerians , the area was home to a prosperous Bronze Age trading culture during the Umm Al Nar period , which traded between the Indus Valley , Bahrain and Mesopotamia as well as Iran , Bactria and the Levant . The ensuing Wadi Suq period and three Iron Ages saw the emergence of nomadism as well as the development of water management and irrigation systems supporting human settlement in both the coast and interior . The Islamic age of the UAE dates back to the expulsion of the Sasanians and the subsequent Battle of Dibba . The UAE 's long history of trade led to the emergence of Julfar , in the present-day emirate of Ras Al Khaimah , as a major regional trading and maritime hub in the area ."}]}, {'value': "The World 's Most Extreme Island ( Impossible Islands )", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dubai 's artificial palm islands , United Arab Emirates", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubai', 'summary': "Dubai ( /duːˈbaɪ/ doo-BY ; Arabic : دبي Dubay , Gulf Arabic : Arabic pronunciation : [ dʊˈbɑj ] ) is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai . Located in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula on the coast of the Persian Gulf , Dubai aims to be the business hub of Western Asia . It is also a major global transport hub for passengers and cargo . Oil revenue helped accelerate the development of the city , which was already a major mercantile hub . Today , less than 5% of the emirate 's revenue comes from oil . A centre for regional and international trade since the early 20th century , Dubai 's economy relies on revenues from trade , tourism , aviation , real estate , and financial services ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Palm_islands', 'summary': 'Palm Islands are three artificial islands , Palm Jumeirah , Deira Island and Palm Jebel Ali , on the coast of Dubai , United Arab Emirates . Creation of the islands started in 2001 . Only Palm Jumeirah and Palm Jebel Ali has been completed . This island takes the form of a palm tree , topped by a crescent . After completion , Deira Island will likely take a similar shape , Like Palm Jumeirah and Palm Jebel Ali . each island will host many residential , leisure and entertainment centers and will add a total of 520 kilometers of non-public beaches to the city of Dubai .'}]}, {'value': '2005-09-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Motor Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway', 'summary': "The Indianapolis Motor Speedway ( nicknamed The Brickyard ) is an automobile racing circuit located in Speedway , Indiana , ( an enclave suburb of Indianapolis ) in the United States . It is the home of the Indianapolis 500 and the Brickyard 400 , and formerly the home of the United States Grand Prix . It is located on the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road , approximately six miles ( 10 km ) west of Downtown Indianapolis . Constructed in 1909 , it is the second purpose-built , banked oval racing circuit after Brooklands and the first to be called a 'speedway ' . It is the third-oldest permanent automobile race track in the world , behind Brooklands and the Milwaukee Mile . With a permanent seating capacity of 257,325 , it is the highest-capacity sports venue in the world . Considered relatively flat by American standards , the track is a 2.5-mile-long ( 4.0 km ) rectangular oval with dimensions that have remained essentially unchanged since its construction . It has two 5⁄8-mile-long ( 1,000 m ) straightaways , four geometrically identical 1⁄4-mile ( 400 m ) turns , connected by two 1⁄8-mile ( 200 m ) short straightaways , termed short chutes , between turns 1 and 2 , and between turns 3 and 4 . A modern , FIA Grade One infield road course was completed in 2000 , incorporating part of the oval , including the main stretch and the southeast turn , measuring 2.605 miles ( 4.192 km ) . In 2008 , and again in 2014 , the road course layout was modified to accommodate motorcycle racing , as well as to improve competition . Altogether , the current grounds have expanded from an original 320 acres ( 1.3 km2 ) on which the speedway was first built to cover an area of over 559 acres ( 2.3 km2 ) . Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 , it is the only such site to be affiliated with automotive racing history ."}]}, {'value': 'Car racetrack in Speedway , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speedway,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Speedway is a town in Wayne Township , Marion County , Indiana , United States . The population was 11,812 at the 2010 census . Speedway is home of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway ; it is an enclave of Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': '2005-09-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Port of Rotterdam ( Super Port )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam', 'summary': "The Port of Rotterdam is the largest seaport in Europe , located in the city of Rotterdam in South Holland , Netherlands . From 1962 until 2004 it was the world 's busiest port , now overtaken first by Singapore and then Shanghai . In 2011 , Rotterdam was the world 's eleventh-largest container port in terms of twenty-foot equivalent units ( TEU ) handled ( 2009 : tenth ; 2008 : ninth , 2006 : sixth ) . In 2012 Rotterdam was the world 's sixth-largest port in terms of annual cargo tonnage . Covering 105 square kilometres ( 41 sq mi ) , the port of Rotterdam now stretches over a distance of 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) . It consists of the city centre 's historic harbour area , including Delfshaven ; the Maashaven/Rijnhaven/Feijenoord complex ; the harbours around Nieuw-Mathenesse ; Waalhaven ; Vondelingenplaat ; Eemhaven ; Botlek ; Europoort , situated along the Calandkanaal , Nieuwe Waterweg and Scheur ( the latter two being continuations of the Nieuwe Maas ) ; and the reclaimed Maasvlakte area , which projects into the North Sea . The Port of Rotterdam is located in the middle of the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta . Rotterdam consists of five distinct port areas and three distribution parks that facilitate the needs of a hinterland with over 50,000,000 consumers throughout the continent of Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'The largest port in Europe , in Rotterdam , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotterdam,_Netherlands', 'summary': "Rotterdam ( /ˈrɒtərdæm/ , UK also /ˌrɒtərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ˌrɔtərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is a city and municipality in the Netherlands . It is the second-largest Dutch city after the capital Amsterdam , and is located in the province of South Holland , at the mouth of the Nieuwe Maas channel leading into the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta at the North Sea . Its history goes back to 1270 , when a dam was constructed in the Rotte , after which people settled around it for safety . In 1340 , Rotterdam was granted city rights by the Count of Holland . The Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area , with a population of approximately 2.7 million , is the 13th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country . Located in the west of the Netherlands , Rotterdam is in the centre of the Rijnmond conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation . A major logistic and economic centre , Rotterdam is Europe 's largest seaport , and had previously been the largest port of the world for a long time . It has a population of 651,446 as of January 2020 and is home to over 180 nationalities . Rotterdam is known for its Erasmus University , its riverside setting , lively cultural life , maritime heritage and modern architecture . The near-complete destruction of the city centre in the World War II Rotterdam Blitz has resulted in a varied architectural landscape , including sky-scrapers ( an uncommon sight in other Dutch cities ) designed by renowned architects such as Rem Koolhaas , Piet Blom and Ben van Berkel . The Rhine , Meuse and Scheldt give waterway access into the heart of Western Europe , including the highly industrialized Ruhr . The extensive distribution system including rail , roads , and waterways have earned Rotterdam the nicknames Gateway to Europe and Gateway to the World ."}]}, {'value': '2005-09-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Air Force Transport ( Mega Plane )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C-5 Galaxy with the U.S. Air Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-5_Galaxy', 'summary': "The Lockheed C-5 Galaxy is a large military transport aircraft originally designed and built by Lockheed , and now maintained and upgraded by its successor , Lockheed Martin . It provides the United States Air Force ( USAF ) with a heavy intercontinental-range strategic airlift capability , one that can carry outsized and oversized loads , including all air-certifiable cargo . The Galaxy has many similarities to the smaller Lockheed C-141 Starlifter and the later Boeing C-17 Globemaster III . The C-5 is among the largest military aircraft in the world . The C-5 Galaxy 's development was complicated , including significant cost overruns , and Lockheed suffered significant financial difficulties . Shortly after entering service , cracks in the wings of many aircraft were discovered and the C-5 fleet was restricted in capability until corrective work was completed . The C-5M Super Galaxy is an upgraded version with new engines and modernized avionics designed to extend its service life beyond 2040 . The USAF has operated the C-5 since 1969 . In that time , the airlifter supported US military operations in all major conflicts including Vietnam , Iraq , Yugoslavia , and Afghanistan , as well as allied support , such as Israel during the Yom Kippur War and operations in the Gulf War . The Galaxy has also been used to distribute humanitarian aid and disaster relief , and supported the US space program ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}]}, {'value': '2005-09-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'North Branch Correctional Institution ( Hi-Tech Prison )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Branch_Correctional_Institution', 'summary': 'North Branch Correctional Institution ( NBCI ) is a high-tech , maximum security prison or hyper-max prison operated by the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services in Cresaptown , unincorporated Allegany County , Maryland , near Cumberland .'}]}, {'value': 'High Security Prison , Allegany County , Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allegany_County,_Maryland', 'summary': "Allegany County is located in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Maryland . As of the 2010 census , the population was 75,087 . Its county seat is Cumberland . The name Allegany may come from a local Lenape word , welhik hane or oolikhanna , which means 'best flowing river of the hills ' or 'beautiful stream ' . A number of counties in the Appalachian region of the US are named Allegany , Allegheny , or Alleghany . Allegany County is part of the Cumberland , MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is a part of the Western Maryland panhandle ."}]}, {'value': '2005-09-27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Airbus A380 ( World 's Biggest Airliner )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airbus_A380', 'summary': "The Airbus A380 is the world 's largest passenger airliner , a wide-body aircraft manufactured by Airbus . Airbus studies started in 1988 and the project was announced in 1990 to challenge the dominance of the Boeing 747 in the long haul market . The A3XX project was presented in 1994 ; Airbus launched the €9.5 billion ( $ 10.7 billion ) A380 programme on 19 December 2000 . The first prototype was unveiled in Toulouse on 18 January 2005 , with its first flight on 27 April 2005 . Difficulties in electrical wiring caused a two-year delay and the development cost ballooned to €18 billion . It obtained its EASA and FAA type certificates on 12 December 2006 . It was first delivered to Singapore Airlines on 15 October 2007 and entered service on 25 October . Production peaked at 30 per year in 2012 and 2014 . However , Airbus concedes that its $ 25 billion investment for the aircraft can not be recouped . On 14 February 2019 , after Emirates reduced its last orders in favour of the A350 and the A330neo , Airbus announced that A380 production would end by 2021 . The full-length double-deck aircraft has a typical seating capacity of 525 , though it is certified for up to 853 passengers . It is powered by four Engine Alliance GP7200 or Rolls-Royce Trent 900 turbofans providing a range of 8,000 nmi ( 14,800 km ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Biggest jumbo jet in commercial service', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft', 'summary': 'A wide-body aircraft , also known as a twin-aisle aircraft , is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast . The typical fuselage diameter is 5 to 6 m ( 16 to 20 ft ) . In the typical wide-body economy cabin , passengers are seated seven to ten abreast , allowing a total capacity of 200 to 850 passengers . The largest wide-body aircraft are over 6 m ( 20 ft ) wide , and can accommodate up to eleven passengers abreast in high-density configurations . By comparison , a typical narrow-body airliner has a diameter of 3 to 4 m ( 10 to 13 ft ) , with a single aisle , and seats between two and six people abreast . Wide-body aircraft were originally designed for a combination of efficiency and passenger comfort and to increase the amount of cargo space . However , airlines quickly gave in to economic factors , and reduced the extra passenger space in order to maximize revenue and profits . Wide-body aircraft are also used for the transport of commercial freight and cargo and other special uses , described further below . The biggest wide-body aircraft are known as jumbo jets due to their very large size ; examples include the Boeing 747 ( the first wide-body and original jumbo jet ) , Airbus A380 ( superjumbo jet ) , and Boeing 777X ( mini jumbo jet ) . The phrase jumbo jet derives from Jumbo , a circus elephant in the 19th century . Seven-abreast aircraft typically seat 160 to 260 passengers , eight-abreast 250 to 380 , nine- and ten-abreast 350 to 480 . Up to the end of 2017 , nearly 8,800 wide-body airplanes had been delivered since 1969 , peaking at 412 in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '2005-10-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'USS Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Virginia_(SSN-774)', 'summary': "USS Virginia ( SSN-774 ) is a nuclear powered cruise missile attack submarine and the lead ship of her class , currently serving in the United States Navy ( USN ) . She is the tenth vessel of the Navy to be named for the Commonwealth of Virginia , as well as the first US Navy attack submarine to be named after a state , a pattern that is common throughout her class . The contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton , Connecticut on 30 September 1998 and her keel was laid down on 2 September 1999 . She was launched on 16 August 2003 sponsored by Lynda Johnson Robb , the wife of former Virginia governor and senator Charles Robb , and daughter of President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson and Lady Bird Johnson . She was the first U.S. Navy submarine to be completely designed on a computer . On 10 and 11 March , the prospective submarine shot 12 dummy torpedoes into the Thames River , Connecticut , from each of the boat 's four tubes . Virginia was delivered to the Navy on 12 October 2004 , the 104th anniversary of the commissioning of Holland , the Navy 's second submarine . She was commissioned on 23 October 2004 under the command of David J. Kern . The commissioning ceremony was featured in the 2005 television series Submarine : Hidden Hunter on Discovery Channel . This class of submarine is unique in that it features a Photonics Mast Program ( PMP ) that freed ship designers to place the boat 's control room in a lower , less geometrically-constrained space than would be required by a standard , optical tube periscope . It is additionally unique in the U.S. Navy for featuring all-digital ship and ballast control systems that are manned by relatively senior watchstanders and a pressure chamber to deploy SEALs , divers or other special forces units while being submerged . On 23 November 2005 , Virginia completed her first deployment in support of the Global War on Terrorism ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia -class submarine with the U.S. Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia-class_submarine', 'summary': "The Virginia class , also known as the SSN-774 class , is a class of nuclear-powered cruise missile fast-attack submarines , currently in the military service in the United States Navy . Designed by the General Dynamics 's Electric Boat ( EB ) and the Huntington Ingalls Industries , the Virginia-class submarines are the American Navy 's latest undersea warfare platform which incorporates the latest in stealth , intelligence gathering and weapons systems technology . Virginia-class submarines are designed for a broad spectrum of open-ocean and littoral missions , including anti-submarine warfare and intelligence gathering operations . They are scheduled to replace older Los Angeles-class submarines , many of which have already been decommissioned . Virginia-class submarines will be acquired through 2043 , and are expected to remain in service until at least 2060 , with later submarines expected to remain into the 2070s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Submarine', 'summary': 'A submarine ( or sub ) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater . It differs from a submersible , which has more limited underwater capability . It is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots , as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels , such as the midget submarine and the wet sub . Submarines are referred to as boats rather than ships irrespective of their size . Although experimental submarines had been built before , submarine design took off during the 19th century , and they were adopted by several navies . Submarines were first widely used during World War I ( 1914-1918 ) , and are now used in many navies large and small . Military uses include attacking enemy surface ships ( merchant and military ) , or other submarines , aircraft carrier protection , blockade running , ballistic missile submarines as part of a nuclear strike force , reconnaissance , conventional land attack ( for example using a cruise missile ) , and covert insertion of special forces . Civilian uses for submarines include marine science , salvage , exploration and facility inspection and maintenance . Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or undersea cable repair . Submarines are also used in tourism and undersea archaeology . Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical ( or conical ) ends and a vertical structure , usually located amidships , which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes . In modern submarines , this structure is the sail in American usage and fin in European usage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': '2005-10-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Ultimate Casino', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venetian Hotel Resort Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Venetian,_Las_Vegas', 'summary': "The Venetian Las Vegas is a luxury hotel and casino resort located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , United States , on the site of the old Sands Hotel . Designed by KlingStubbins , the hotel tower contains 36 stories and rises 475 feet ( 145 m ) . The Venetian is owned and operated by Las Vegas Sands . The Venetian also serves as the seat of the corporate headquarters for its parent company . The Venetian resort complex is ( together with the adjacent Sands Expo Convention Center , The Palazzo Hotel and Casino Resort and future MSG Sphere Las Vegas ) the world 's second-largest hotel , with 4,049 rooms , 3,068 suites ranging in price from $ 169 to $ 10,000 per night and a 120,000-square-foot ( 11,000 m2 ) casino . Since its opening , The Venetian Macao is now the largest casino in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada', 'summary': "Las Vegas ( Spanish for The Meadows ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city , known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada . The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino-hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos . Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction was earned by Chicago in the 19th century ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2% . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had 648,224 residents in 2018 , with a metropolitan population of 2,227,053 ."}]}, {'value': '2005-10-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The Ultimate Roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A roller coaster is a type of amusement ride that employs a form of elevated railroad track designed with tight turns , steep slopes , and sometimes inversions . People ride along the track in open cars , and the rides are often found in amusement parks and theme parks around the world . LaMarcus Adna Thompson obtained one of the first known patents for a roller coaster design in 1885 , related to the Switchback Railway that opened a year earlier at Coney Island . The track in a coaster design does not necessarily have to be a complete circuit , as shuttle roller coasters demonstrate . Most roller coasters have multiple cars in which passengers sit and are restrained . Two or more cars hooked together are called a train . Some roller coasters , notably Wild Mouse roller coasters , run with single cars .'}]}, {'value': 'Kingda Ka roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure theme part in Jackson , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingda_Ka', 'summary': "Kingda Ka is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson , New Jersey . Designed by Werner Stengel and built by Intamin , the Accelerator Coaster model is the tallest roller coaster in the world and the second fastest . It is also the second strata coaster to open , which is a roller coaster that exceeds 400 feet ( 120 m ) in height . Intamin subcontracted Stakotra to assist with its construction . The train is launched by a hydraulic launch mechanism , accelerating to 128 miles per hour ( 206 km/h ) in 3.5 seconds . At the end of the launch track , the train climbs the main top hat tower , reaching a height of 456 feet ( 139 m ) , followed by a drop of 418 feet ( 127 m ) . Kingda Ka 's track spans 3,118 feet ( 950 m ) with a ride duration of 28 seconds ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_Adventure', 'summary': "Six Flags Great Adventure is an amusement park located in Jackson , New Jersey , owned by Six Flags . Situated between New York City and Philadelphia , the park complex also contains the Hurricane Harbor water park . The park opened in 1974 under restaurateur Warner LeRoy . Six Flags took over ownership of the park in 1977 . Today , the park contains eleven themed areas . On August 30 , 2012 , Six Flags combined its 125-acre ( 51 ha ) Great Adventure Park with its 350-acre ( 140 ha ) Wild Safari animal park to form the 475-acre ( 192 ha ) Six Flags Great Adventure & Safari park , making it the second-largest theme park in the world , after Disney 's Animal Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_New_Jersey', 'summary': 'Jackson Township , named after Andrew Jackson , is a township in Ocean County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township population was 54,856 . The population increased by 12,040 ( +28.1% ) from the 42,816 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 9,583 ( +28.8% ) from the 33,233 counted in the 1990 Census . The 2010 population was the highest recorded in any decennial census . A portion of the township is located within the New Jersey Pine Barrens . Jackson Township was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 6 , 1844 , from portions of Dover Township ( now Toms River Township ) , Freehold Township and Upper Freehold Township , while the area was still part of Monmouth County . It became part of the newly created Ocean County on February 15 , 1850 . Portions of the township were taken to form Plumsted Township on March 11 , 1845 . Jackson is the site of Six Flags Great Adventure , home to the 456-foot ( 139 m ) Kingda Ka , which as of 2018 is the tallest roller coaster in the world . Jackson is also home to Six Flags Hurricane Harbor and the 350-acre ( 140 ha ) Safari Off Road Adventure , which replaced Six Flags Wild Safari in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '2005-10-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Spy Fortress NORAD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NORAD', 'summary': 'North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD /ˈnɔːræd/ ) , known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command , is a combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning , air sovereignty , and protection for Northern America . Headquarters for NORAD and the NORAD/United States Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) center are located at Peterson Air Force Base in El Paso County , near Colorado Springs , Colorado . The nearby Cheyenne Mountain Complex has the Alternate Command Center . The NORAD commander and deputy commander ( CINCNORAD ) are , respectively , a United States four-star general or equivalent and a Canadian three-star general or equivalent .'}]}, {'value': 'North American Aerospace Defense Command , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command', 'summary': 'North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD /ˈnɔːræd/ ) , known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command , is a combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning , air sovereignty , and protection for Northern America . Headquarters for NORAD and the NORAD/United States Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) center are located at Peterson Air Force Base in El Paso County , near Colorado Springs , Colorado . The nearby Cheyenne Mountain Complex has the Alternate Command Center . The NORAD commander and deputy commander ( CINCNORAD ) are , respectively , a United States four-star general or equivalent and a Canadian three-star general or equivalent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Colorado', 'summary': 'Colorado ( /ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ , -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ ( listen ) , other variants ) is a state of the Western United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains . It is the 8th most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state . The estimated population of Colorado is 5,770,545 as of 2019 , an increase of 14.7% since the 2010 United States Census . The state was named for the Colorado River , which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado ( Red River ) for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains . The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28 , 1861 , and on August 1 , 1876 , U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state . Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state one century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence . Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north , Nebraska to the northeast , Kansas to the east , Oklahoma to the southeast , New Mexico to the south , Utah to the west , and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners . Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of mountains , forests , high plains , mesas , canyons , plateaus , rivers and desert lands . Colorado is part of the western and southwestern United States and is one of the Mountain States . Denver is the capital and most populous city of Colorado . Residents of the state are known as Coloradans , although the antiquated term Coloradoan is occasionally used .'}]}, {'value': '2005-10-25', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Episodes -- Season 2 ( 2005 )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'MegaStructures_1', 'intro': "Megastructures is a documentary television series appearing on the National Geographic Channel in the United States and the United Kingdom, Channel 5 in the United Kingdom, France 5 in France, and 7mate in Australia. Each episode is an educational look of varying depth into the construction, operation, and staffing of various structures or construction projects, but not ordinary construction products. Generally containing interviews with designers and project managers, it presents the problems of construction and the methodology or techniques used to overcome obstacles. In some cases (such as the Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge and Petronas Towers) this involved the development of new materials or products that are now in general use within the construction industry. Megastructures focuses on constructions that are extreme; in the sense that they are the biggest, tallest, longest, or deepest in the world. Alternatively, a project may appear if it had an element of novelty or are a world first (such as Dubai's Palm Islands). This type of project is known as a megaproject. The series follows similar subjects as the History Channel's Modern Marvels and Discovery Channel's Extreme Engineering, covering areas of architecture, transport, construction and manufacturing."}
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What did the oldest building on the table do ?
a federal prison
083f361a3df60de3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Regional_League_Division_2_Northern_Region', 'title': '2013 Regional League Division 2 Northern Region', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Phitsanulok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phitsanulok_F.C.', 'summary': 'Phitsanulok Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดพิษณุโลก ) , or Phitsanulok Football Club 2015 , formerly Phitsanulok TSY Football Club , is a Thai semi professional football club based in city of Phitsanulok in Phitsanulok Province . The club currently plays in the Thai League 4 Northern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Phitsanulok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phitsanulok', 'summary': 'Phitsanulok ( Thai : พิษณุโลก , pronounced [ pʰít.sā.nú.lôːk ] ) is an important , historic city in lower northern Thailand and is the capital of Phitsanulok Province , which stretches all the way to the Laotian border . Phitsanulok is one of the oldest cities in Thailand , founded over 600 years ago . It is best known as the birthplace of King Naresuan , who freed the country from Burmese domination in the late 16th century , and that of his brother and successor King Ekathosarot ( Sanphet III ) . As the crossroad between the northern and central regions of the country , it has long been important both for political and strategic reasons , and was fought over many times in centuries past . Phitsanulok was the capital of Thailand for 25 years during the reign of King Boromma Trailokanat of Ayutthaya . On the banks of the Nan River , the city was originally a small Khmer outpost known as Song Kwae , before the Khwae Noi River changed its course in the 11th century CE . Phitsanulok was also a provincial center of the Angkorian Empire during the Angkorian period . Phitsanulok is home to Naresuan University and Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University , as well as to a major Royal Thai Army base .'}]}, {'value': 'Phitsanulok Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phitsanulok_Provincial_Administrative_Organization_Stadium', 'summary': 'Phitsanulok Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium ( Thai : สนาม อบจ.พิษณุโลก หรือ สนามกีฬาจ.พิษณุโลก ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Phitsanulok Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Phitsanulok F.C . The stadium holds 3,066 people . Coordinates : 16°50′47″N 100°15′52″E / 16.846452°N 100.264327°E / 16.846452 ; 100.264327'}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiangmai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiangmai_F.C.', 'summary': 'Chiangmai Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดเชียงใหม่ ) is a Thai professional Association football club based in Chiang Mai Province , a province located in the very northern part of Thailand . The club plays in Thai League 2 . Their main home ground at 700th Anniversary Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Chiang Mai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiang_Mai', 'summary': "Chiang Mai ( /ˌtʃæŋ ˈmaɪ/ , from Thai : เชียงใหม่ [ tɕʰīəŋ màj ] ( listen ) , Northern Thai : ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦ ᩲᩉ᩠ᨾ᩵ [ t͡ɕīəŋ.màj ] ( listen ) ) , sometimes written as Chiengmai or Chiangmai , is the largest city in northern Thailand and the capital of Chiang Mai Province . It is 700 km ( 435 mi ) north of Bangkok near the highest mountains in the country . Chiang Mai ( meaning New City in Thai ) was founded in 1296 as the new capital of Lan Na , succeeding the former capital , Chiang Rai . :208-209 The city 's strategic location on the Ping River ( a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River ) and its proximity to major trading routes contributed to its historic importance . Although the city ( thesaban nakhon , city municipality ) of Chiang Mai only officially covers most parts of the Mueang Chiang Mai District , with a population of 160,000 , the city 's sprawl extends into several neighboring districts . The Chiang Mai metropolitan area has a population of nearly one million people , more than half the total of Chiang Mai Province . The city is subdivided into four khwaeng ( electoral wards ) : Nakhon Ping , Srivijaya , Mengrai , and Kawila . The first three are on the west bank of the Ping River , and Kawila is on the east bank . Nakhon Ping District includes the northern part of the city . Srivijaya , Mengrai , and Kawila consist of the western , southern , and eastern parts , respectively . The city center - within the city walls - is mostly within Srivijaya ward ."}]}, {'value': '700th Anniversary Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/700th_Anniversary_Stadium', 'summary': "The 700th Anniversary Stadium ( Thai : สนามเชียงใหม่ 700 ปี ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Chiang Mai , Chiang Mai Province , Thailand , built to host the 1995 Southeast Asian Games and to commemorate the 700th Anniversary of Chiang Mai 's establishment at the same time . It was also used for the 1998 Asian Games . Football side Chiangmai F.C . returned to the stadium for the 2009 season having used a municipal stadium elsewhere in the city in recent years . Architecturally , the stadium is clearly a forebear of the 80th Birthday Stadium in Nakhon Ratchasima . A continuous single tier , almost a perfect circle , rises up on one side to form a large main stand which provides covered accommodation for 4,500 spectators . Only the main stand has plastic seats and cover . The rest of the tribunes are uncovered concrete steps painted white ."}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lamphun Warior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamphun_Warrior_F.C.', 'summary': 'Lamphun Warrior Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลลำพูน วอริเออร์ ) is a Thai semi professional Association football club based in Lamphun Province . The club currently plays in Thai League 3 Northern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Lamphun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamphun', 'summary': 'Lamphun ( Thai : ลำพูน , pronounced [ lām.pʰūːn ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in northern Thailand , capital of Lamphun Province . It covers the whole tambon Nai Mueang of Mueang Lamphun district . As of 2006 it has a population of 14,030 . Lamphun lies 665 km north of Bangkok and 19 km south of Chiang Mai .'}]}, {'value': 'Mae-Guang Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamphun_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Lamphun Province Stadium or Lamphun POA . Stadium or Mae-Guang Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดลำพูน ( แม่กวงสเตเดี้ยม ) หรือ สนามกีฬา อบจ . ลำพูน ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Lamphun province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Lamphun Warrior F.C . Coordinates : 18°34′04″N 99°00′22″E / 18.567849°N 99.006086°E / 18.567849 ; 99.006086'}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phichit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phichit_F.C.', 'summary': 'Phichit Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดพิจิตร ) is a Thai semi professional football club based in Phichit Province . They currently withdrew to play in Thai League 3 Northern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Phichit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phichit', 'summary': 'Phichit ( Thai : พิจิตร , เมือง ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in central Thailand , capital of Phichit Province . It covers the whole tambon Nai Mueang of Mueang Phichit district , an area of 12.017 km² . As of 2005 it had a population of 23,791 . Phichit is 326 km north of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Phichit Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phichit_Stadium', 'summary': 'Phichit Provincial Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬากลางจังหวัดพิจิตร หรือ สนาม อบจ.พิจิตร ) , is a stadium located in Phichit , Thailand . It is currently used for football matches . The stadium holds 15,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uttaradit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttaradit_F.C.', 'summary': 'Uttaradit Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดอุตรดิตถ์ ) is a Thailand semi professional football club based in Uttaradit Province . They currently play in Thai League 4 Northern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttaradit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttaradit', 'summary': 'The original name of Mueang district , Uttaradit , was Bang Pho . This district was under the control of Phi Chai District . Later , it was established as Uttaradit Province and Bang Pho District became the capital district . It was changed to Mueang Uttaradit District recently . The district is the seat of government and the center of economic activity of Uttaradit Province . Uttaradit is 483 km north of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttaradit Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttaradit_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Uttaradit Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดอุตรดิตถ์ หรือ สนามกีฬาหมอนไม้ ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Uttaradit Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Uttaradit F.C . The stadium holds 3,245 people . Coordinates : 17°36′34″N 100°06′37″E / 17.609362°N 100.110364°E / 17.609362 ; 100.110364'}]}, {'value': '3,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nakhon Sawan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan_F.C.', 'summary': 'Nakhon Sawan Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดนครสวรรค์ ) is a Thai semi professional Association football club based in Nakhon Sawan Province . The club currently plays in the Thai League 4 Northern Region . Nakon Sawan have won the now defunct Provincial League twice in 2001 and 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakhon Sawan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan', 'summary': 'Nakhon Sawan ( Thai : นครสวรรค์ , pronounced [ ná ( ʔ ) .kʰɔ̄ːn sā.wǎn ] ) is a city ( thesaban nakhon ) in Thailand , the name literally means Heavenly City . The city is the capital of Nakhon Sawan Province , and covers the complete subdistrict ( tambon ) Pak Nam Pho and parts of Khwae Yai , Nakhon Sawan Tok , Nakhon Sawan Ok and Wat Sai , all of Mueang Nakhon Sawan district . As of 2006 it has a population of 93,141 . Nakhon Sawan is 238 km north of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakhon Sawan Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nakhon Sawan Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดนครสวรรค์ ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nakhon Sawan , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nakhon Sawan F.C . The stadium holds 15,000 people . Coordinates : 15°42′36″N 100°06′24″E / 15.710043°N 100.106783°E / 15.710043 ; 100.106783'}]}, {'value': '15000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamphaeng Phet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamphaeng_Phet_F.C.', 'summary': 'Kamphaengphet Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดกำแพงเพชร ) is a Thailand professional football club based in Kamphaeng Phet Province . The club currently [ when ? ] plays in Thai League 3 Northern region . In 2009 , the club , nicknamed Cha Kung Rao Warriors , was formed and was admitted to the Regional League Northern Division . Its home games are played at Cha Kung Rao Stadium . Seksan Siripong was named as the first coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Kamphaeng Phet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamphaeng_Phet', 'summary': 'Kamphaeng Phet is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in central Thailand , former capital of the Kamphaeng Phet Province . It covers the complete tambon Nai Mueang of the Mueang Kamphaeng Phet district . As of 2005 it has a population of 30,114 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cha-Kangrao Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamphaeng_Phet_Provincial_Administrative_Organization_Stadium', 'summary': 'Kamphaengphet Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium or Cha Kung Rao Stadium ( Thai : สนาม อบจ.กำแพงเพชร หรือ สนามกีฬาจังหวัดกำแพงเพชร ( ชากังราว ) ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Kamphaeng Phet Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Kamphaeng Phet F.C . The stadium holds 2,406 people . Coordinates : 16°28′39″N 99°31′17″E / 16.477618°N 99.521272°E / 16.477618 ; 99.521272'}]}, {'value': '2,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uthai Thani Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uthai_Thani_F.C.', 'summary': "Uthai Thani Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลอุทัยธานี ) is a Thai professional football club based in Uthai Thani Province . It was renamed in 2019 , following Air Force United 's owner decided to change club name and relocated it to Uthai Thani . The club currently plays in Thai League 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Uthai Thani Nakhon Sawan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uthai_Thani', 'summary': 'Uthai Thani ( Thai : อุทัยธานี , pronounced [ ʔù.tʰāj tʰāː.nīː ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in Thailand , capital of the Uthai Thani Province , in the upper central region of the country . It includes the entire tambon Uthai Mai of Mueang Uthai Thani district . The town is on the right bank of the Sakae Krang River , a few kilometers upstream from where it flows into the Chao Phraya . In 2008 it had a population of 16,787 . It is approximately 200 km north-west of Bangkok .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan', 'summary': 'Nakhon Sawan ( Thai : นครสวรรค์ , pronounced [ ná ( ʔ ) .kʰɔ̄ːn sā.wǎn ] ) is a city ( thesaban nakhon ) in Thailand , the name literally means Heavenly City . The city is the capital of Nakhon Sawan Province , and covers the complete subdistrict ( tambon ) Pak Nam Pho and parts of Khwae Yai , Nakhon Sawan Tok , Nakhon Sawan Ok and Wat Sai , all of Mueang Nakhon Sawan district . As of 2006 it has a population of 93,141 . Nakhon Sawan is 238 km north of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Uthai Thani Province Stadium Latyaowitthayakhom School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uthai_Thani_Province_Stadium', 'summary': "Uthai Thani Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลอุทัยธานี ) is a Thai professional football club based in Uthai Thani Province . It was renamed in 2019 , following Air Force United 's owner decided to change club name and relocated it to Uthai Thani . The club currently plays in Thai League 2 ."}]}, {'value': '4,500 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tak_F.C.', 'summary': 'Tak Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดตาก ) is a Thai semi professional football club based in Tak Province . They currently play in Thai Division 2 League Northern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Tak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tak_Province', 'summary': 'Tak ( Thai : ตาก , pronounced [ tàːk ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . Neighbouring provinces are ( from north clockwise ) Mae Hong Son , Chiang Mai , Lamphun , Lampang , Sukhothai , Kamphaeng Phet , Nakhon Sawan , Uthai Thani and Kanchanaburi . The western edge of the province has a long boundary with Kayin State of Myanmar ( Burma ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Tak Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tak_Provincial_Administrative_Organization_Stadium', 'summary': "Tak City Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลตาก ซิตี้ ) is a Thai semi professional football new club based in Tak Province . They currently play in Thai League 4 Northern Region . This team Club-licensing football club did n't pass to play 2018 Thai League 4 Northern Region . This team is banned 2 years and Relegated to 2020 Thailand Amateur League Northern Region ."}]}, {'value': '1,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lampang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lampang_F.C.', 'summary': 'Lampang Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดลำปาง ) is a Thai professional Association football club based in Lampang Province . The club plays in Thai League 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lampang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lampang', 'summary': 'Lampang , also called Nakhon Lampang ( Thai : นครลำปาง , pronounced [ náʔkʰɔːn lampaːŋ ] ) to differentiate from Lampang Province , is the third largest city in northern Thailand and capital of Lampang Province and the Lampang district . Traditional names for Lampang include Wiang Lakon and Khelang Nakhon . The city is a trading and transportation center . Lampang lies 601 km north of Bangkok and 101 km southeast of Chiang Mai .'}]}, {'value': 'Lampang Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lampang_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Lampang Province Stadium or Nong Kra Ting Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดลําปาง หรือ สนามกีฬาหนองกระทิง ) ( known as Nong Krating Stadium ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Lampang Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Lampang Football Club . The stadium holds 5,500 people .'}]}, {'value': '4,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phrae United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phrae_United', 'summary': 'Phrae United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลแพร่ ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thai semi professional football club based in Phrae Province . They currently play in Thai League 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Phrae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phrae', 'summary': 'Phrae ( Thai : แพร่ ; pronounced [ pʰrɛ̂ː ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in northern Thailand , capital of Phrae Province . The town occupies tambon Nai Wiang of Mueang Phrae District . It has an area of nine kilometres2 and a population of 17,971 ( 2005 ) . Phrae is 555 km north of Bangkok by road .'}]}, {'value': 'Phrae Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phrae_Provincial_Administrative_Organization_Stadium', 'summary': 'Phrae Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium ( Thai : สนาม อบจ.แพร่ ) or Phrae Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดแพร่ ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Phrae Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 4,500 people . Coordinates : 18°09′01″N 100°09′19″E / 18.150399°N 100.155147°E / 18.150399 ; 100.155147'}]}, {'value': '4,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sukhothai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sukhothai_F.C.', 'summary': 'Sukhothai Football Club ( [ [ Thai alphabet |Thai ] ] สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดสุโขทัย ) is a Thai professional association football club based in Sukhothai province . They play in the Thai League 1 . Sukhothai FC represents the Sukhothai Province mainly known for being the first Kingdom of Thailand . Their main team colors are red and white and their away colors are black and green . Sukhothai FC play all their home matches at the Thalay Luang Stadium which has a maximum capacity of 9,500 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sukhothai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sukhothai_Province', 'summary': "Sukhothai ( Thai : สุโขทัย , pronounced [ sù.kʰǒː.tʰāj ] ) is one of the upper central or lower northern provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . Neighboring provinces are Phrae , Uttaradit , Phitsanulok , Kamphaeng Phet , Tak , and Lampang . Sukhothai can be translated as 'dawn of happiness ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Sukhothai Institute of Physical Education Stadium Bunsom martin Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sukhothai_Institute_of_Physical_Education_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Sukhothai Institute of Physical Education Stadium or Sukhothai Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬา สพล . สุโขทัย หรือ สนามกีฬาจังหวัดสุโขทัย หรือ สนามกีฬาบุญสม มาติน ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Sukhothai Province , Thailand , built to host the Sukhothai F.C . in Thailand Division 2 League from 2009 to 2013 . The stadium is made up of a main stand with a capacity of 2,500 and second stand on the opposite side of the field with a capacity of 2,000 . Only the main stand has seats and is covered , the second stand is uncovered and is made of concrete steps . The stadium is also fitted with an electronic scoreboard and is also used by the local public for various events .'}]}, {'value': '4,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phetchabun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phetchabun_F.C.', 'summary': 'Phetchabun Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลเพชรบูรณ์ ) is a Thailand semi professional football club based in Phetchabun Province . They currently play in Thai Football Amateur Tournament .'}]}, {'value': 'Phetchabun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phetchabun', 'summary': 'Phetchabun is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in Thailand , capital of Phetchabun Province . It covers the tambon Nai Mueang of the Phetchabun District , along the Pa Sak River . As of 2005 , it had a population of 23,823 . Phetchabun lies 340 km ( 210 mi ) north of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Phetchabun Institute of Physical Education Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiangrai City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiangrai_F.C.', 'summary': 'Chiangrai City Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลเชียงราย ซิตี้ ) is a Thai professional football club based in Chiang Rai Province , a city located in the very northern part of Thailand . The club currently plays in Thai League 3 Upper Region . In their first season in the league , they finished 11th out of 16 teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Chiangrai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiangrai', 'summary': 'Chiang Rai ( Thai : เมืองเชียงราย , pronounced [ mɯəŋ tɕʰiəŋ raːj ] ; Northern Thai : ᩮᨾᩥᩬᨦᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ : Mueang Jiang Hai ; Lao : ເມືອງຊຽງຮາຍ , Lao pronunciation : [ mɯəŋ tɕʰiəŋ haːj ] ) is the northernmost large city in Thailand , with a population of about 200,000 people . It is located in Mueang Chiang Rai District , Chiang Rai Province . Chiang Rai was established as a capital city in the reign of King Mangrai , in 1262 CE .'}]}, {'value': 'Chiangrai Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiangrai_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Chiangrai Province Stadium or Chiangrai Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬากลาง จ.เชียงราย หรือ สนามกีฬา อบจ . เชียงราย ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Chiang Rai Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Chiangrai City . The stadium holds 5,000 people . Coordinates : 19°54′48″N 99°51′19″E / 19.913319°N 99.855377°E / 19.913319 ; 99.855377'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phayao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phayao_F.C.', 'summary': "Phayao Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดพะเยา ) is a Thailand semi professional football club based in Phayao Province . Phayao were taking a 2-years break so the team is automatically banned 2 years , do n't get subsidy and relegated to 2020 Thai League 4 Northern Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Phayao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phayao', 'summary': 'Phayao ( Thai pronunciation : [ pʰā.jāw ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in northern Thailand , capital of Phayao Province . The town is divided into the sub-districts of Mae Tam and Wiang , tambon of Mueang Phayao District . The town is on the shore of the Phayao Lake . It dates back to the semi-independent city-state ( mueang ) , founded between 900-1,000 years ago . As of 2005 Phayao had a population of 19,118 . Phayao lies 726 km north of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Phayao Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phayao_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Phayao Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium or Phayao Province Stadium ( Thai : สนาม อบจ.พะเยา หรือ สนามกีฬาจ.พะเยา ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Phayao Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Phayao F.C . The stadium holds 2,406 people . Coordinates : 19°12′10″N 99°53′29″E / 19.202764°N 99.891375°E / 19.202764 ; 99.891375'}]}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nan_F.C.', 'summary': 'Nan Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดน่าน ) is a Thai semi professional football club based in Nan Province . The club currently plays in Thai League 4 Northern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Nan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nan,_Thailand', 'summary': "Nan ( Thai : น่าน , pronounced [ nâːn ] ) is a town in northern Thailand . It is 688 kilometres ( 428 mi ) north of Bangkok . It is in the centre of Nan Province which bears its name , and of which it is the former administrative capital . It covers tambon Nai Wiang and parts of tambon Pha Sing of Mueang Nan District , an area of 7.60 square kilometres ( 2.93 sq mi ) divided into 30 chumchon . In 2010 it had a population of 21,333 spread along the Nan River 's right bank . [ citation needed ] Nan is a small city , primarily devoted to commercial , administrative , educational , and hospital activities . The old heart of the city , where Wat Phumin , the national museum and other tourist attractions are found , is being restored ."}]}, {'value': 'Rajamangala University of Technology Nan Campus Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajamangala_University_of_Technology_Nan_Campus_Stadium', 'summary': 'Rajamangala University of Technology Nan Campus Stadium ( Thai : สนาม มทร . ล้านนา วิทยาเขตน่าน ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nan Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nan F.C . The stadium holds 2,000 people . Coordinates : 18°48′36″N 100°47′26″E / 18.809865°N 100.790659°E / 18.809865 ; 100.790659'}]}, {'value': '2,500', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stadium and locations', 'section_text': 'PhitsanulokChiangmaiLamphun WarriorPhichitUttaraditNakhon SawanKamphaeng PhetUthai ThaniLampangPhrae UnitedSukhothaiPhetchabunTakChiangrai CityPhayaoNan Locations of the 2013 Regional League Division 2 Northern Region Teams', 'uid': '2013_Thai_Division_2_League_Northern_Region_0', 'intro': '2013 Regional League Division 2 Northern Region is the fifth season of the League competition since its establishment in 2009. It is in the third tier of the Thai football league system.'}
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Which club is semi professional and based in the Lamphun Province that has a stadium mostly used for football matches ?
Lamphun Warior
083f510f14d839d0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly', 'title': 'Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly', 'header': ['S. No', 'Constituency', 'Elected Member', 'Party affiliation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Purola ( SC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purola_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': 'Purola ( Vidhan Sabha constituency ) is one of the 70 assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand a northern state of India . Purola is part of Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'Raj Kumar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raj_Kumar_(politician)', 'summary': 'Raj Kumar is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand . He represents the Indian National Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'INC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamunotri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamunotri', 'summary': "Yamunotri is the source of the Yamuna River and the seat of the Goddess Yamuna in Hinduism . It is situated at an altitude of 3,293 metres ( 10,804 ft ) in the Garhwal Himalayas and located approximately 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) North of Uttarkashi , the headquarters of the Uttarkashi district in the Garhwal Division of Uttarakhand , India . It is one of the four sites in India 's Chhota Char Dham pilgrimage . The sacred shrine of Yamunotri , source of the river Yamuna , is the westernmost shrine in the Garhwal Himalayas , perched atop a flank of Bandar Poonch Parvat . The chief attraction at Yamunotri is the temple devoted to the Goddess Yamuna and the holy thermal springs at Janki Chatti ( 7 km . Away ) . The actual source , a frozen lake of ice and glacier ( Champasar Glacier ) located on the Kalind Mountain at a height of 4,421 m above sea level , about 1 km further up , is not frequented generally as it is not accessible ; hence the shrine has been located on the foot of the hill . The approach is extremely difficult and pilgrims therefore offer puja at the temple itself . The temple of Yamuna , on the left bank of the Yamuna , was constructed by Maharaja Pratap Shah of Tehri Garhwal . The deity is made of black marble . The Yamuna , like the Ganges , has been elevated to the status of a divine mother for the Hindus and has been held responsible for nurturing and developing the Indian civilization . Close to the temple are hot water springs gushing out from the mountain cavities ."}]}, {'value': 'Kedar Singh Rawat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kedar_Singh_Rawat', 'summary': 'Kedar Singh Rawat is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Rawat is a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Yamunotri constituency in Uttarkashi district . He has been an MLA from 2007-2012 and has presently won second time in 2017 from Yamunotri . Has been active in political life since college days when he was elected the general secretary from DAV college dehradun . Has been a successful lawyer before quitting practise and contesting elections since 2002 when Uttarakhand first went into elections .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gangotri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangotri', 'summary': 'Gangotri is a town and a Nagar Panchayat ( municipality ) in Uttarkashi district in the state of Uttarakhand , India . It is a Hindu pilgrim town on the banks of the river Bhagirathi and origin of River Ganges . It is on the Greater Himalayan Range , at a height of 3,100 metres ( 10,200 ft ) . According to popular Hindu legend , it was here that Goddess Ganga descended when Lord Shiva released the mighty river from the locks of his hair .'}]}, {'value': 'Gopal Singh Rawat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gopal_Singh_Rawat', 'summary': 'Gopal Singh Rawat is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Rawat was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Gangotri constituency in Uttarkashi district .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Badrinath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badrinath', 'summary': "Badrinath is a holy town and a nagar panchayat in Chamoli district in the state of Uttarakhand , India . It is one of the four sites in India 's Char Dham pilgrimage and gets its name from the temple of Badrinath ."}]}, {'value': 'Mahendra Bhatt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahendra_Bhatt', 'summary': 'Mahendra Bhatt is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Bhatt was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Nandaprayag constituency in Chamoli district .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tharali ( SC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munni Devi Shah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karnaprayag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnaprayag', 'summary': 'Karnaprayag is a city and municipal board in Chamoli District in the Indian state of Uttarakhand . Karnaprayag is one of the Panch Prayag ( five confluences ) of Alaknanda River , situated at the confluence of the Alaknanda , and Pindar River .'}]}, {'value': 'Surendra Singh Negi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surendra_Singh_Negi', 'summary': 'Surendra Singh Negi is an Uttarkhand politician . He is a former MLA of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from Kotdwar . He is a member of the Indian National Congress . He was a minister in the Cabinets of Shri N. D. Tiwari , Shri Vijay Bahuguna and Shri Harish Rawat . In 2012 Assembly election , he defeated B. C. Khanduri by 4,623 votes .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kedarnath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kedarnath_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '7-Kedarnath Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 7-केदारनाथ विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Ukhimath Tehsil & KC Chopta Jakhani of Rudraprayag Tehsil . area . Kedarnath Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Rudraprayag ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Manoj Rawat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manoj_Rawat', 'summary': 'Manoj Rawat is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand and a Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly . He represents the Kedarnath ( Uttarakhand Assembly constituency ) . Manoj is a member of the Indian National Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'INC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudraprayag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudraprayag', 'summary': 'Rudraprayag is a town and a municipality in Rudraprayag district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand . Rudraprayag is one of the Panch Prayag ( five confluences ) of Alaknanda River , the point of confluence of rivers Alaknanda and Mandakini . Kedarnath , a Hindu holy town is located 86 km from Rudraprayag . The man eating Leopard of Rudraprayag hunted and written about by Jim Corbett dwelled here .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharat Singh Rawat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharat_Singh_Rawat', 'summary': 'Bharat Singh Chaudhari is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Rawat was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Lansdowne constituency in Pauri Garhwal district .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghansali ( SC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghansali', 'summary': 'Ghansali is a small town situated almost 65 kilometres from New Tehri and is an important market for adjacent areas . This small town is situated at bank of Bal Ganga and Bhilangana River and also a confluence point of these two river at the height of 976 Meters from sea level .'}]}, {'value': 'Shakti Lal Shah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Devprayag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devprayag', 'summary': 'Devprayag ( Deva prayāga ) is a town and a nagar panchayat ( municipality ) in Tehri Garhwal district in the state of Uttarakhand , India , and is one of the Panch Prayag ( five confluences ) of Alaknanda River where Alaknanda , Saraswati ( invisible as it is underground ) and Bhagirathi rivers meet and take the name Ganga .'}]}, {'value': 'Vinod Kandari', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narendranagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narendranagar', 'summary': 'Narendranagar is a town and a municipal board in Tehri Garhwal district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand .'}]}, {'value': 'Subodh Uniyal ( Cabinet Minister )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subodh_Uniyal', 'summary': 'Subodh Uniyal is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Uniyal is a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Narendra Nagar constituency in Tehri Garhwal district .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pratapnagar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vijay Singh Panwar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tehri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tehri_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '13-Tehri Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : १३-टिहरी विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . Tehri Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Dhan Singh Negi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhan_Singh_Negi', 'summary': 'Dhan Singh Negi is a Youth face of BJP & leading Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Negi is currently a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Tehri constituency in Tehri Garhwal district . Negi won the 2017 Assembly election by the widest margin ever in an election for Tehri assembly seat , defeating an incumbent Cabinet minister . In earlier role he has been Chairman of Aanchal Milk Cooperative Society in Tehri Garhwal between 2009-2012 . Dhan Singh Negi is well known leading voice of rural villages and is acclaimed for his proactive approach , out of box thinking and passion to help .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dhanaulti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhanaulti', 'summary': 'Dhanaulti is a hill station situated in the foothills of the Garhwal Himalayan range located 24 km ( 15 mi ) from the hill station of Mussoorie'}]}, {'value': 'Pritam Singh Panwar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pritam_Singh_Panwar', 'summary': 'Pritam Singh Panwar is an Uttarakhand Kranti Dal leader and member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly in India . He was elected from Yamunotri constituency in the 2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election and 2012 . In 2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election , he defeated to Kedar Singh Rawat of Indian National Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chakrata ( ST )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chakrata_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '15-Chakrata Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 15 विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Chakrata area of Dehradun District . This seat is previously known as Chakrata Constituency before 2002 Delimitation Chakrata Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Pritam Singh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pritam_Singh_(Uttarakhand_politician)', 'summary': 'Pritam Singh is an Indian politician who is the current President of Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee ( Uttarakhand PCC ) . He is a four term Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly . During the Congress government ( 2002-2007 & 2012-2017 ) in Uttarakhand he had served as a Cabinet Minister for Home , Rural Development , Food and Civil Supplies , Panchayti Raj and Minor Irrigation in Government of Uttarakhand.He was also elected as a Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1993 . Singh represents Chakrata ( Uttarakhand Assembly constituency ) . He is a member of the Indian National Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'INC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vikasnagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vikasnagar_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '16-Vikasnagar Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 16 विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of the Indian state of Uttarakhand . It includes the Vikasnagar area of Dehradun District . Vikasnagar is adjacent to Himachal Pradesh district sirmour and paonta .VikasnagarTehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Munna Singh Chauhan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munna_Singh_Chauhan', 'summary': 'Munna Singh Chauhan is an Indian politician , four time MLA , two times in Uttarakhandand member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Chauhan was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Vikasnagar constituency in Dehradun district .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahaspur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahaspur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '17-Sahaspur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 17-सहसपुर विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Dehradun Cantonment area.Two times Congress . Industrial area selaqui ia part of sahaspur . Educational hub sudduwala is also here.This Sahaspur assembly seat is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sahdev Singh Pundir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahdev_Singh_Pundir', 'summary': 'Sahdev Singh Pundir is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Pundir is a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Sahaspur constituency in Dehradun district . He holds a Bachelor degree in Arts . Pundir has been Vice-President of the BJP State Unit and is known to be a very amiable person .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dharampur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dharampur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '18-Dharampur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 18-विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . This seat is previously known as Laxman Chowk Constituency before 2008 Delimitation . only in 2017 vidhan Sabha bjp won this seat from Congress hands Dharampur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Vinod Chamoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinod_Chamoli', 'summary': 'Vinod Chamoli is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand and a two term Mayor of Dehradun Municipal Corporation from 3 May 2008 - 3 May 2018 . Chamoli represents the Dharampur ( Uttarakhand Assembly constituency ) . Chamoli is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . he defeated three-time Congress MLA Dinesh Agarwal .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raipur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raipur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '19-Raipur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 19-विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Dehradun Cantonment area . Raipur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': "Umesh Sharma 'Kau '", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umesh_Sharma', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajpur Road ( SC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajpur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '20-Rajpur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 20-विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Dehradun Cantonment area . Rajpur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Khajan Das', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of current Assembly members [ 3 ]', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly_3', 'intro': "The Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, also known as the Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha, is a unicameral governing and law making body of Uttarakhand, one of the 28 States in India, and is seated at Dehradun, the interim capital of Uttarakhand, with 70 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Following the Bharatiya Janta Party's historic win in 2017 election, the current Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and Leader of the House is Trivendra Singh Rawat. The Speaker of the Assembly is Premchand Aggarwal. Baby Rani Maurya is the current Governor of Uttarakhand. Between 2002 and 2020, Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly had 71 seats, including one reserved seat for the member of Anglo-Indian community that was abolished on 25 January 2020 by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, reducing the strength of Assembly from 71 to 70 seats."}
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What years was the representative of the Yamunotri constituency in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly an MLA ?
2007-2012
083fc1a024f64d33
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Okaloosa_County,_Florida', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Okaloosa County, Florida', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Pinchot Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Pinchot_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Camp Pinchot Historic District is a U.S. historic district ( designated as such on 22 October 1998 ) , located approximately 0.5 miles ( 0.80 km ) north of Fort Walton Beach , Florida . The district is on Eglin Air Force Base , roughly along the west bank of Garnier 's Bayou . It contains 10 historic buildings ."}]}, {'value': 'October 22 , 1998 ( # 98001255 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Eglin Air Force Base , roughly east bank Garnier 's Bayou , approximately ½ mile north of Fort Walton Beach 30°28′13″N 86°35′38″W / 30.470278°N 86.593889°W / 30.470278 ; -86.593889 ( Camp Pinchot Historic District )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Eglin Air Force Base ( AFB ) ( IATA : VPS , ICAO : KVPS , FAA LID : VPS ) is a United States Air Force base in western Florida , located about three miles ( 5 km ) southwest of Valparaiso in Okaloosa County . The host unit at Eglin is the 96th Test Wing ( formerly the 96th Air Base Wing ) . The 96 TW is the test and evaluation center for Air Force air-delivered weapons , navigation and guidance systems , Command and Control systems , and Air Force Special Operations Command systems . Eglin AFB was established 85 years ago in 1935 as the Valparaiso Bombing and Gunnery Base . It is named in honor of Lt. Col. Frederick I. Eglin ( 1891-1937 ) , who was killed in a crash of his Northrop A-17 attack aircraft on a flight from Langley to Maxwell Field , Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Walton Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Walton_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Walton Beach is a city in southern Okaloosa County , Florida , United States . As of 2010 , the population estimate for Fort Walton Beach was 19,507 recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau . It is the principal city of the Fort Walton Beach−Crestview−Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area . Fort Walton Beach is a year-round fishing and beach resort community . Its busiest time of the year is the summer , causing a boost to the local economy because of seasonal human migration .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crestview Commercial Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crestview_Commercial_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Crestview Commercial Historic District is a U.S. historic district in Crestview , Florida . It is roughly bounded by Industrial Drive , North Ferdon Boulevard , North Wilson Street , and James Lee Boulevard . On July 20 , 2006 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'July 20 , 2006 ( # 06000620 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Industrial Drive , North Ferdon Boulevard , North Wilson Street , and James Lee Boulevard 30°45′33″N 86°34′15″W / 30.759167°N 86.570833°W / 30.759167 ; -86.570833 ( Crestview Commercial Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crestview', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crestview,_Florida', 'summary': 'Crestview is a city in Okaloosa County , Florida , United States . The population was 20,978 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Okaloosa County . With an elevation of 235 feet ( 72 m ) above sea level , it is one of the highest points in the state ; it receives 65 inches ( 1,700 mm ) of rainfall annually , the second-most of any city in the state of Florida , after Fort Walton Beach with 69 inches . Crestview is a principal city of the Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eglin Field Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eglin_Field_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Eglin Field Historic District is a U.S. historic district ( designated as such on 22 October 1998 ) located near Fort Walton Beach , Florida . The district is on Eglin Air Force Base , and is bounded by Barranca , Choctawhatchee , 4th , and F Avenues . It contains 20 historic buildings .'}]}, {'value': 'October 22 , 1998 ( # 98001254 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eglin Air Force Base , roughly bounded by Barranca , Choctawhatchee , Fourth , and F Avenues 30°28′58″N 86°29′30″W / 30.482778°N 86.491667°W / 30.482778 ; -86.491667 ( Eglin Field Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Eglin Air Force Base ( AFB ) ( IATA : VPS , ICAO : KVPS , FAA LID : VPS ) is a United States Air Force base in western Florida , located about three miles ( 5 km ) southwest of Valparaiso in Okaloosa County . The host unit at Eglin is the 96th Test Wing ( formerly the 96th Air Base Wing ) . The 96 TW is the test and evaluation center for Air Force air-delivered weapons , navigation and guidance systems , Command and Control systems , and Air Force Special Operations Command systems . Eglin AFB was established 85 years ago in 1935 as the Valparaiso Bombing and Gunnery Base . It is named in honor of Lt. Col. Frederick I. Eglin ( 1891-1937 ) , who was killed in a crash of his Northrop A-17 attack aircraft on a flight from Langley to Maxwell Field , Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Walton Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Walton_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Walton Beach is a city in southern Okaloosa County , Florida , United States . As of 2010 , the population estimate for Fort Walton Beach was 19,507 recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau . It is the principal city of the Fort Walton Beach−Crestview−Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area . Fort Walton Beach is a year-round fishing and beach resort community . Its busiest time of the year is the summer , causing a boost to the local economy because of seasonal human migration .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Walton Mound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound', 'summary': 'The Fort Walton Mound ( 8OK6 ) is an archaeological site located in present-day Fort Walton Beach , Florida , United States . The large platform mound was built about 850 CE by the Pensacola culture , a local form of the Mississippian culture . Because of its significance , the mound was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 . Still reduced by time , the massive mound is still 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) high and 223 feet ( 68 m ) wide at the base . It was an expression of a complex culture , built by a hierarchical society whose leaders planned and organized the labor of many workers for such construction . The mound served combined ceremonial , political and religious purposes . At the center of the village and its supporting agricultural lands , the mound served as the platform for the temple and residence of the chief . Successive leaders were buried in the mound and additional layers were added over time . This is one of three surviving mound complexes in the panhandle , the others being Letchworth Mounds and Lake Jackson Mounds state parks .'}]}, {'value': 'October 15 , 1966 ( # 66000268 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '139 Miracle Strip Parkway Southeast 30°24′13″N 86°36′27″W / 30.403611°N 86.6075°W / 30.403611 ; -86.6075 ( Fort Walton Mound )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Walton Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Walton_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Walton Beach is a city in southern Okaloosa County , Florida , United States . As of 2010 , the population estimate for Fort Walton Beach was 19,507 recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau . It is the principal city of the Fort Walton Beach−Crestview−Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area . Fort Walton Beach is a year-round fishing and beach resort community . Its busiest time of the year is the summer , causing a boost to the local economy because of seasonal human migration .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulfview Hotel Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulfview_Hotel_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Gulfview Hotel Historic District ( also known simply as the Gulfview Hotel ) is a U.S. historic district ( designated as such on October 22 , 1992 ) located in Fort Walton Beach , Florida . The district is at 12 Miracle Strip Parkway , Southeast . It contains 14 historic buildings .'}]}, {'value': 'October 22 , 1992 ( # 92001402 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 Miracle Strip Parkway Southeast 30°24′12″N 86°36′45″W / 30.403333°N 86.6125°W / 30.403333 ; -86.6125 ( Gulfview Hotel Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Walton Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Walton_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Walton Beach is a city in southern Okaloosa County , Florida , United States . As of 2010 , the population estimate for Fort Walton Beach was 19,507 recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau . It is the principal city of the Fort Walton Beach−Crestview−Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area . Fort Walton Beach is a year-round fishing and beach resort community . Its busiest time of the year is the summer , causing a boost to the local economy because of seasonal human migration .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McKinley Climatic Laboratory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McKinley_Climatic_Laboratory', 'summary': 'The McKinley Climatic Laboratory is both an active laboratory and a historic site located in Building 440 on Eglin Air Force Base , Florida . The laboratory is part of the 96th Test Wing . In addition to Air Force testing , it can be used by other US government agencies and private industry . On October 6 , 1997 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . The laboratory was named a National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 6 , 1997 ( # 97001145 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Building 440 at Eglin Air Force Base 30°28′33″N 86°30′27″W / 30.475833°N 86.5075°W / 30.475833 ; -86.5075 ( McKinley Climatic Laboratory )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Eglin Air Force Base ( AFB ) ( IATA : VPS , ICAO : KVPS , FAA LID : VPS ) is a United States Air Force base in western Florida , located about three miles ( 5 km ) southwest of Valparaiso in Okaloosa County . The host unit at Eglin is the 96th Test Wing ( formerly the 96th Air Base Wing ) . The 96 TW is the test and evaluation center for Air Force air-delivered weapons , navigation and guidance systems , Command and Control systems , and Air Force Special Operations Command systems . Eglin AFB was established 85 years ago in 1935 as the Valparaiso Bombing and Gunnery Base . It is named in honor of Lt. Col. Frederick I. Eglin ( 1891-1937 ) , who was killed in a crash of his Northrop A-17 attack aircraft on a flight from Langley to Maxwell Field , Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Walton Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Walton_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Walton Beach is a city in southern Okaloosa County , Florida , United States . As of 2010 , the population estimate for Fort Walton Beach was 19,507 recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau . It is the principal city of the Fort Walton Beach−Crestview−Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area . Fort Walton Beach is a year-round fishing and beach resort community . Its busiest time of the year is the summer , causing a boost to the local economy because of seasonal human migration .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World War II JB-2 Launch Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JB-2_Launch_Site_(USA)', 'summary': 'The Santa Rosa Island Range Complex , is a component of the Eglin AFB testing range , located 17.5 miles west-southwest of the main base , on Santa Rosa Island , sitting between the communities of Navarre and Okaloosa Island .'}]}, {'value': 'April 19 , 1996 ( # 96000395 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Walton Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Walton_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Walton Beach is a city in southern Okaloosa County , Florida , United States . As of 2010 , the population estimate for Fort Walton Beach was 19,507 recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau . It is the principal city of the Fort Walton Beach−Crestview−Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area . Fort Walton Beach is a year-round fishing and beach resort community . Its busiest time of the year is the summer , causing a boost to the local economy because of seasonal human migration .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World War II JB-2 Mobile Launch Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JB-2_Launch_Site_(USA)', 'summary': 'The Santa Rosa Island Range Complex , is a component of the Eglin AFB testing range , located 17.5 miles west-southwest of the main base , on Santa Rosa Island , sitting between the communities of Navarre and Okaloosa Island .'}]}, {'value': 'April 17 , 1996 ( # 96000394 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Walton Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Walton_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Walton Beach is a city in southern Okaloosa County , Florida , United States . As of 2010 , the population estimate for Fort Walton Beach was 19,507 recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau . It is the principal city of the Fort Walton Beach−Crestview−Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area . Fort Walton Beach is a year-round fishing and beach resort community . Its busiest time of the year is the summer , causing a boost to the local economy because of seasonal human migration .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Okaloosa_County,_Florida_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Okaloosa County, Florida. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Okaloosa County, Florida, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 8 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 2 National Historic Landmarks. Another property was once listed but has been removed.'}
null
null
Which historic place in Okaloosa County is the only place not located in a year round fishing and beach resort community ?
Crestview Commercial Historic District
08400104b6e5a4eb
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(writings:_others)', 'title': 'List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: others)', 'header': ['Name', 'Authors', 'Remarks', 'Date', 'Format', 'Present location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Certificate of Buddhist Spiritual Achievement ( 印可状 , inkajō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuanwu Keqin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuanwu_Keqin', 'summary': "Yuanwu Keqin ( Chinese : 圓悟克勤 ; pinyin : Yuánwù Kèqín ; Wade-Giles : Yuan-wu K ' e-ch'in ; Japanese : Engo Kokugon ) ( 1063-1135 ) was a Han Chinese Chan monk who compiled the Blue Cliff Record ."}]}, {'value': "First half of an enlightenment certificate given to Yuanwu 's disciple Huqiu Shaolong in recognition of his spiritual achievement . Oldest extant document written by a Chan master . Also known as Floating Yuanwu ( 流れ圜悟 , Nagare Engo )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zen', 'summary': 'Zen ( Chinese : 禪 ; pinyin : Chán ; Japanese : 禅 , romanized : zen ; Korean : 선 , romanized : Seon ; Vietnamese : Thiền ) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty , there known as the Chan School ( Chánzong 禪宗 ) and later developed into various schools . It was strongly influenced by Taoist philosophy , especially Neo-Daoist thought , and developed as a distinct school of Chinese Buddhism . From China , Chán spread south to Vietnam and became Vietnamese Thiền , northeast to Korea to become Seon Buddhism , and east to Japan , becoming Japanese Zen . The term Zen is derived from the Japanese pronunciation of the Middle Chinese word 禪 ( Chán ) , which traces its roots to the Indian practice of dhyāna ( meditation ) . [ note 1 ] Zen emphasizes rigorous self-restraint , meditation-practice , insight into the nature of mind ( Ch . jianxing , Jp . kensho , perceiving the true nature ) and nature of things , and the personal expression of this insight in daily life , especially for the benefit of others . As such , it de-emphasizes mere knowledge of sutras and doctrine and favors direct understanding through spiritual practice and interaction with an accomplished teacher . The teachings of Zen include various sources of Mahayana thought , especially Yogachara , the Tathāgatagarbha sūtras , the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra , and the Huayan school , with their emphasis on Buddha-nature , totality , and the Bodhisattva-ideal . The Prajñāpāramitā literature as well as Madhyamaka thought have also been influential in the shaping of the apophatic and sometimes iconoclastic nature of Zen rhetoric .'}]}, {'value': '1124 Northern Song , 1124', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Song', 'summary': 'The Northern Song ( 北宋 ; 4 February 960 - 20 March 1127 ) is an era during the Song Dynasty . It came to an end when its capital city , the city of Kaifeng , was conquered by enemies from the north . Later , the provisional capital of the Northern Song Dynasty was founded in Ying Tian Fu ( present-day Shangqiu of Henan ) . Historically , the Song Dynasty include both the Northern and the Southern Song . It is named Northern to distinguish from the Southern , which resided mainly in Southern China . Emperor Taizu of Song elaborated a mutiny and usurped the throne of the Later Zhou ( the last in a succession of five dynasties ) , which marked the beginning of the Dynasty . In 1127 , its capital city Kaifeng fell into the hand of the state of Jin , during which time the ruling Emperor Qinzong and his family all fell captive in an event known as the Jingkang Incident . The Northern Song came to its end the next year . It was ruled by nine emperors , and lasted for 127 years . The ruled area of the Northern Song extended to the southeastern coast . Its Northern Border with the Liao state was the Hai River , Ba Zhou city , Hebei province , and Yanmen Pass , Shanxi ( Jin ) province , an essential pass of the Great wall . Its reign reached northwest to the Hengshan Mountain in Shaanxi ( Shan/Qin ) , the east of Gansu province , and the Huangshui River of Qinghai , all the way to the border with the state of Liao .'}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper , 43.9 cm × 52.4 cm ( 17.3 in × 20.6 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Tokyo National Museum ( 東京国立博物館 , Tōkyō Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) or TNM is an art museum in Ueno Park in the Taitō ward of Tokyo , Japan . It is considered the oldest national museum in Japan , is the largest art museum in Japan , and is one of the largest art museums in the world . The museum collects , preserves , and displays a comprehensive collection of artwork and cultural objects from Asia , with a focus on ancient and medieval Japanese art and Asian art along the Silk Road . There is also a large collection of Greco-Buddhist art . The museum holds over 110,000 objects , including 87 National Treasures of Japan , 319 Horyuji Treasures , and 610 Important Cultural Properties ( as of July 2005 ) . The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection . The facilities consist of the Honkan , holding the Japanese Gallery ; the Heiseikan and Hyokeikan , holding special exhibitions ; the Toyokan , holding the Asian Gallery ; the Gallery of Horyuji Treasures , holding important relics originally preserved at Nara 's Horyu Temple ; the Kuroda Memorial Hall , holding a collection of works by Kuroda Seiki ; and the Research and Information Center . There are restaurants and shops within the museum 's premises , as well as outdoor exhibitions ( including the Kuromon ) and a garden where visitors can enjoy seasonal views ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Teaching on Enlightenment ( 法語 , hōgo )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xutang Zhiyu ( 虚堂智愚 , Kidō Chigu )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicated to a brilliant Zen practitioner , possibly Mushō Jōshō ( 無象静照 ) ( 1234-1306 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1200 Southern Song , 13th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Song', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper , 28.5 cm × 70.0 cm ( 11.2 in × 27.6 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Tokyo National Museum ( 東京国立博物館 , Tōkyō Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) or TNM is an art museum in Ueno Park in the Taitō ward of Tokyo , Japan . It is considered the oldest national museum in Japan , is the largest art museum in Japan , and is one of the largest art museums in the world . The museum collects , preserves , and displays a comprehensive collection of artwork and cultural objects from Asia , with a focus on ancient and medieval Japanese art and Asian art along the Silk Road . There is also a large collection of Greco-Buddhist art . The museum holds over 110,000 objects , including 87 National Treasures of Japan , 319 Horyuji Treasures , and 610 Important Cultural Properties ( as of July 2005 ) . The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection . The facilities consist of the Honkan , holding the Japanese Gallery ; the Heiseikan and Hyokeikan , holding special exhibitions ; the Toyokan , holding the Asian Gallery ; the Gallery of Horyuji Treasures , holding important relics originally preserved at Nara 's Horyu Temple ; the Kuroda Memorial Hall , holding a collection of works by Kuroda Seiki ; and the Research and Information Center . There are restaurants and shops within the museum 's premises , as well as outdoor exhibitions ( including the Kuromon ) and a garden where visitors can enjoy seasonal views ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Poems dedicated to Muin Genkai ( 与無隠元晦詩 , Muin Genkai ni ataerushi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feng Zizhen ( 馮子振 , Fū Shishin )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Three poems with seven characters per line dedicated to the Japanese monk Muin Genkai', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1300 Yuan Dynasty , 14th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Yuan dynasty ( /juˈɑːn/ ; Chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : Yuán Cháo ) , officially the Great Yuan ( Chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : Dà Yuán ; Middle Mongolian : ᠳᠠᠢᠦᠨᠦᠯᠦᠰ , Dai Ön Ulus , literally Great Yuan State [ note 2 ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan , leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan . It followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty . Although the Mongols had ruled territories including modern-day North China for decades , it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style , and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen . His realm was , by this point , isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas , including modern Mongolia . It was the first non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368 when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan forces . Following that , the rebuked Genghisid rulers retreated to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule as the Northern Yuan dynasty . Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . Mongolian ) and the 'Phags-pa script . The Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire . In official Chinese histories , the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven . The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan , yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu . [ note 3 ] In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name , Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper , 32.7 cm × 102.4 cm ( 12.9 in × 40.3 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Tokyo National Museum ( 東京国立博物館 , Tōkyō Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) or TNM is an art museum in Ueno Park in the Taitō ward of Tokyo , Japan . It is considered the oldest national museum in Japan , is the largest art museum in Japan , and is one of the largest art museums in the world . The museum collects , preserves , and displays a comprehensive collection of artwork and cultural objects from Asia , with a focus on ancient and medieval Japanese art and Asian art along the Silk Road . There is also a large collection of Greco-Buddhist art . The museum holds over 110,000 objects , including 87 National Treasures of Japan , 319 Horyuji Treasures , and 610 Important Cultural Properties ( as of July 2005 ) . The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection . The facilities consist of the Honkan , holding the Japanese Gallery ; the Heiseikan and Hyokeikan , holding special exhibitions ; the Toyokan , holding the Asian Gallery ; the Gallery of Horyuji Treasures , holding important relics originally preserved at Nara 's Horyu Temple ; the Kuroda Memorial Hall , holding a collection of works by Kuroda Seiki ; and the Research and Information Center . There are restaurants and shops within the museum 's premises , as well as outdoor exhibitions ( including the Kuromon ) and a garden where visitors can enjoy seasonal views ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Teaching on Enlightenment ( 法語 , hōgo )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liaoan Qingyu ( 了菴清欲 , Ryōan Seiyoku )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Note about the attainment of enlightenment . Written for a Japanese monk , Teki Zōsu ( 的蔵主 ) , who had travelled to Liaoan Qingyu in China', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1341 Yuan Dynasty , 1341', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Yuan dynasty ( /juˈɑːn/ ; Chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : Yuán Cháo ) , officially the Great Yuan ( Chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : Dà Yuán ; Middle Mongolian : ᠳᠠᠢᠦᠨᠦᠯᠦᠰ , Dai Ön Ulus , literally Great Yuan State [ note 2 ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan , leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan . It followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty . Although the Mongols had ruled territories including modern-day North China for decades , it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style , and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen . His realm was , by this point , isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas , including modern Mongolia . It was the first non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368 when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan forces . Following that , the rebuked Genghisid rulers retreated to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule as the Northern Yuan dynasty . Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . Mongolian ) and the 'Phags-pa script . The Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire . In official Chinese histories , the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven . The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan , yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu . [ note 3 ] In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name , Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper , 27.9 cm × 73.9 cm ( 11.0 in × 29.1 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Tokyo National Museum ( 東京国立博物館 , Tōkyō Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) or TNM is an art museum in Ueno Park in the Taitō ward of Tokyo , Japan . It is considered the oldest national museum in Japan , is the largest art museum in Japan , and is one of the largest art museums in the world . The museum collects , preserves , and displays a comprehensive collection of artwork and cultural objects from Asia , with a focus on ancient and medieval Japanese art and Asian art along the Silk Road . There is also a large collection of Greco-Buddhist art . The museum holds over 110,000 objects , including 87 National Treasures of Japan , 319 Horyuji Treasures , and 610 Important Cultural Properties ( as of July 2005 ) . The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection . The facilities consist of the Honkan , holding the Japanese Gallery ; the Heiseikan and Hyokeikan , holding special exhibitions ; the Toyokan , holding the Asian Gallery ; the Gallery of Horyuji Treasures , holding important relics originally preserved at Nara 's Horyu Temple ; the Kuroda Memorial Hall , holding a collection of works by Kuroda Seiki ; and the Research and Information Center . There are restaurants and shops within the museum 's premises , as well as outdoor exhibitions ( including the Kuromon ) and a garden where visitors can enjoy seasonal views ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Letter of Dahui Zonggao ( 尺牘 , sekitoku )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dahui Zonggao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao', 'summary': "Dahui Zonggao ( 1089-1163 ) ( Chinese : 大慧宗杲 ; Wade-Giles : Ta-hui Tsung-kao ; Japanese : Daie Sōkō ; Vietnamese : Đại Huệ Tông Cảo ) was a 12th-century Chinese Chan ( Zen ) master . Dahui was a student of Yuanwu Keqin ( Wade-Giles : Yuan-wu K ' o-ch'in ; Japanese : Engo Kokugon ) ( 1063-1135 ) and was the 12th generation of the Linji school of Chan Buddhism . He was the dominant figure of the Linji school during the Song dynasty . Dahui introduced the practice of kan huatou , or inspecting the critical phrase , of a kōan story . This method was called the Chan of gongan ( kōan ) introspection ( Kanhua Chan ) . Although he believed that kōans were the best way to achieve enlightenment , he also recognized the teaching of Confucius and Laozi as valuable . Dahui was a vigorous critic of what he called the heretical Chan of silent illumination ( mozhao xie Chan ) of the Caodong school ( Wade-Giles : Ts'ao-tung ; Japanese : Sōtō ) ."}]}, {'value': "Letter from Dahui 's exile in Meizhou to his friend , the lay practitioner Wuxiang", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1127 Southern Song , 12th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Song', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper , 37.9 cm × 65.5 cm ( 14.9 in × 25.8 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Tokyo National Museum ( 東京国立博物館 , Tōkyō Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) or TNM is an art museum in Ueno Park in the Taitō ward of Tokyo , Japan . It is considered the oldest national museum in Japan , is the largest art museum in Japan , and is one of the largest art museums in the world . The museum collects , preserves , and displays a comprehensive collection of artwork and cultural objects from Asia , with a focus on ancient and medieval Japanese art and Asian art along the Silk Road . There is also a large collection of Greco-Buddhist art . The museum holds over 110,000 objects , including 87 National Treasures of Japan , 319 Horyuji Treasures , and 610 Important Cultural Properties ( as of July 2005 ) . The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection . The facilities consist of the Honkan , holding the Japanese Gallery ; the Heiseikan and Hyokeikan , holding special exhibitions ; the Toyokan , holding the Asian Gallery ; the Gallery of Horyuji Treasures , holding important relics originally preserved at Nara 's Horyu Temple ; the Kuroda Memorial Hall , holding a collection of works by Kuroda Seiki ; and the Research and Information Center . There are restaurants and shops within the museum 's premises , as well as outdoor exhibitions ( including the Kuromon ) and a garden where visitors can enjoy seasonal views ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Letter of Wuzhun Shifan ( 尺牘 , sekitoku )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wuzhun Shifan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wuzhun_Shifan', 'summary': 'Wuzhun Shifan ( Chinese : 無準師範 ; Wade-Giles : Wu Chun Shih Fan ; 1178-1249 ) was a Chinese painter , calligrapher , and prominent Zen Buddhist monk who lived during the late Song Dynasty ( 960-1279 ) .'}]}, {'value': "Letter of thanks for Enni Ben'en 's donation after the destruction of Wanshou Temple by fire . Also known as the Calligraphy of the Board Gift", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enni', 'summary': "Enni Ben'en ( 圓爾辯圓 ; Chinese Yuan'er Bianyuan ; 1202-1280 ) was a Japanese Buddhist monk . He started his Buddhist training as a Tendai monk . While he was studying with Eisai , a vision of Sugawara no Michizane appeared to him in a dream and told him to go to China and study meditation . Following this vision , he met the Rinzai teacher Wuzhun Shifan in China , and studied Mahayana with him . When he returned to Japan , he founded Tōfuku-ji monastery in Kyoto , and practiced Zen as well as other types of Buddhism . His disciples included Mujū . Enni Ben'en is the possible author of the Shoichikokushi kana hogo ( Vernacular Dharma Words of the National Teacher Sacred Unity ) . The text is also known as the Zazen ron ( Treatise on Seated Meditation ) . It is a brief text , composed of 24 questions and answers . It is believed that he was the first to bring udon noodles to Japan from China ."}]}, {'value': '1243 Southern Song , 1243', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Song', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper , 32.1 cm × 100.6 cm ( 12.6 in × 39.6 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Tokyo National Museum ( 東京国立博物館 , Tōkyō Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) or TNM is an art museum in Ueno Park in the Taitō ward of Tokyo , Japan . It is considered the oldest national museum in Japan , is the largest art museum in Japan , and is one of the largest art museums in the world . The museum collects , preserves , and displays a comprehensive collection of artwork and cultural objects from Asia , with a focus on ancient and medieval Japanese art and Asian art along the Silk Road . There is also a large collection of Greco-Buddhist art . The museum holds over 110,000 objects , including 87 National Treasures of Japan , 319 Horyuji Treasures , and 610 Important Cultural Properties ( as of July 2005 ) . The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection . The facilities consist of the Honkan , holding the Japanese Gallery ; the Heiseikan and Hyokeikan , holding special exhibitions ; the Toyokan , holding the Asian Gallery ; the Gallery of Horyuji Treasures , holding important relics originally preserved at Nara 's Horyu Temple ; the Kuroda Memorial Hall , holding a collection of works by Kuroda Seiki ; and the Research and Information Center . There are restaurants and shops within the museum 's premises , as well as outdoor exhibitions ( including the Kuromon ) and a garden where visitors can enjoy seasonal views ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Text read aloud at a Buddhist mass on the anniversary of the death of Bodhidharma ( 達磨忌拈香語 , darumaki renkōgo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bodhidharma', 'summary': "Bodhidharma was a Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th or 6th century . He is traditionally credited as the transmitter of Chan Buddhism to China , and regarded as its first Chinese patriarch . According to Chinese legend , he also began the physical training of the monks of Shaolin Monastery that led to the creation of Shaolin kungfu . In Japan , he is known as Daruma . Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant , and subsequent accounts became layered with legend and unreliable details . [ note 1 ] According to the principal Chinese sources , Bodhidharma came from the Western Regions , which refers to Central Asia but may also include the Indian subcontinent , and was either a Persian Central Asian or a South Indian [ . ] the third son of a great Indian king . [ note 2 ] Throughout Buddhist art , Bodhidharma is depicted as an ill-tempered , profusely-bearded , wide-eyed non-Chinese person . He is referred as The Blue-Eyed Barbarian ( Chinese : 碧眼胡 ; pinyin : Bìyǎnhú ) in Chan texts . Aside from the Chinese accounts , several popular traditions also exist regarding Bodhidharma 's origins . [ note 4 ] The accounts also differ on the date of his arrival , with one early account claiming that he arrived during the Liu Song dynasty ( 420-479 ) and later accounts dating his arrival to the Liang dynasty ( 502-557 ) . Bodhidharma was primarily active in the territory of the Northern Wei ( 386-534 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Xutang Zhiyu ( 虚堂智愚 , Kidō Chigu )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1265 Southern Song , around 1265', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Song', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Daitokuji Daitoku-ji , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daitoku-ji', 'summary': 'Daitoku-ji ( 大徳寺 , the temple of Great Virtue ) is a Buddhist temple , one of fourteen autonomous branches of the Rinzai school of Japanese Zen . It is located in Kita-ku , Kyoto , Japan . The mountain name ( sangō ) by which it is known is Ryūhōzan ( 龍宝山 ) . The Daitoku-ji temple complex today covers more than 23 hectares ( 57 acres ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'Farewell verse to Betsugen Enshi ( 別源円旨送別偈 , Betsugen Enshi sōbetsu-ge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulin Qingmou ( 古林清茂 , Kurin Seimo )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Verification that Betsugen Enshi had been initiated into the ascetic practice', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1325 Yuan Dynasty , 1325', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Yuan dynasty ( /juˈɑːn/ ; Chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : Yuán Cháo ) , officially the Great Yuan ( Chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : Dà Yuán ; Middle Mongolian : ᠳᠠᠢᠦᠨᠦᠯᠦᠰ , Dai Ön Ulus , literally Great Yuan State [ note 2 ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan , leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan . It followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty . Although the Mongols had ruled territories including modern-day North China for decades , it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style , and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen . His realm was , by this point , isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas , including modern Mongolia . It was the first non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368 when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan forces . Following that , the rebuked Genghisid rulers retreated to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule as the Northern Yuan dynasty . Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . Mongolian ) and the 'Phags-pa script . The Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire . In official Chinese histories , the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven . The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan , yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu . [ note 3 ] In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name , Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper , 37.7 cm × 99.2 cm ( 14.8 in × 39.1 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Gotoh Museum Gotoh Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gotoh_Museum', 'summary': "The Gotoh Museum ( 五島美術館 , Gotō Bijutsukan ) is a private museum in the Kaminoge district of Setagaya on the southwest periphery of Tokyo . It was opened in 1960 , displaying the private collection of Keita Gotō , chairman of the Tokyu Group . Today 's collection is centered on the original selection of classical Japanese and Chinese art such as paintings , writings , crafts and archaeological objects completed by a small selection of Korean arts . It features several objects designated as National Treasures or Important Cultural Properties . The exhibition changes several times per year with special openings in spring and fall . A garden with a tea house , ponds and small Buddhist statues is attached to the museum ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Letter on the opening ceremony of the lecture hall by the newly appointed chief priest Myōsō Saitetsu ( 明叟斉哲開堂諸山疏 , Myōsō Saitetsu kaidō shozan )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jikusen Bansen ( 竺仙梵僊 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1271 Song Dynasty , Yuan Dynasty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Song_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Yuan dynasty ( /juˈɑːn/ ; Chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : Yuán Cháo ) , officially the Great Yuan ( Chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : Dà Yuán ; Middle Mongolian : ᠳᠠᠢᠦᠨᠦᠯᠦᠰ , Dai Ön Ulus , literally Great Yuan State [ note 2 ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan , leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan . It followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty . Although the Mongols had ruled territories including modern-day North China for decades , it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style , and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen . His realm was , by this point , isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas , including modern Mongolia . It was the first non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368 when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan forces . Following that , the rebuked Genghisid rulers retreated to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule as the Northern Yuan dynasty . Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . Mongolian ) and the 'Phags-pa script . The Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire . In official Chinese histories , the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven . The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan , yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu . [ note 3 ] In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name , Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty ."}]}, {'value': 'Two hanging scrolls , silk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Ryokoin Ryōkō-in ( 龍光院 ) , Kita-ku , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kita-ku,_Kyoto', 'summary': 'Kita ( 北区 , Kita-ku ) is one of the eleven wards in the city of Kyoto , in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan . Its name means North Ward . As of 2016 , the ward has an estimated population of 119,074 people .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'Getsurin Dōgō ( 月林道号 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulin Qingmou ( 古林清茂 , Kurin Seimo )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Document on the monk Getsurin Dōgō ( 1293-1351 ) , student of Kurin Seimo and founder of Chōfuku-ji', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1327 Yuan Dynasty , 1327', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Yuan dynasty ( /juˈɑːn/ ; Chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : Yuán Cháo ) , officially the Great Yuan ( Chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : Dà Yuán ; Middle Mongolian : ᠳᠠᠢᠦᠨᠦᠯᠦᠰ , Dai Ön Ulus , literally Great Yuan State [ note 2 ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan , leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan . It followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty . Although the Mongols had ruled territories including modern-day North China for decades , it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style , and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen . His realm was , by this point , isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas , including modern Mongolia . It was the first non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368 when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan forces . Following that , the rebuked Genghisid rulers retreated to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule as the Northern Yuan dynasty . Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . Mongolian ) and the 'Phags-pa script . The Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire . In official Chinese histories , the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven . The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan , yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu . [ note 3 ] In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name , Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Chofukuji Chōfuku-ji ( 長福寺 ) , Ukyō-ku , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukyō-ku,_Kyoto', 'summary': 'Ukyō-ku ( 右京区 ) is one of the eleven wards in the city of Kyoto , in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'gabatsu ( 画跋 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feng Zizhen ( 馮子振 , Fū Shishin )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afterword composed on a painting Flowers and Insects by Yi Yuanji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yi_Yuanji', 'summary': "Yi Yuanji ( Chinese : 易元吉 ; Wade-Giles : I Yüan-chi ) ( c. 1000 , Changsha , Hunan - c. 1064 ) was a Northern Song Dynasty painter , famous for his realistic paintings of animals . According to Robert van Gulik , Yi Yuanji 's paintings of gibbons were particularly celebrated . The 11th-century critic Guo Ruoxu ( 郭若虚 ) in his Overview of Painting ( 图画见闻志 , Tuhua Jian Wen Zhi ) tells this about Yi 's career :"}]}, {'value': '1300 Yuan Dynasty , 14th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Yuan dynasty ( /juˈɑːn/ ; Chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : Yuán Cháo ) , officially the Great Yuan ( Chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : Dà Yuán ; Middle Mongolian : ᠳᠠᠢᠦᠨᠦᠯᠦᠰ , Dai Ön Ulus , literally Great Yuan State [ note 2 ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan , leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan . It followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty . Although the Mongols had ruled territories including modern-day North China for decades , it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style , and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen . His realm was , by this point , isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas , including modern Mongolia . It was the first non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368 when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan forces . Following that , the rebuked Genghisid rulers retreated to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule as the Northern Yuan dynasty . Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . Mongolian ) and the 'Phags-pa script . The Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire . In official Chinese histories , the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven . The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan , yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu . [ note 3 ] In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name , Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper , 30.0 cm × 118.4 cm ( 11.8 in × 46.6 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Kanagawa Kamakura Tokiwayama Bunko Tokiwayama Bunko ( 常盤山文庫 ) , Kamakura , Kanagawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokiwayama_Bunko', 'summary': 'Tokiwayama Bunko ( 常盤山文庫 ) is a Japanese Foundation with an important collection of Japanese and Chinese art , in particular ceramics , calligraphic works , and paintings . Established by Sugawara Tsūsai in 1954 , this includes two National Treasures , twenty-three Important Cultural Properties ( six paintings , sixteen calligraphic works/old documents/classical texts , one Muromachi-period red lacquered bowl ) , and eighteen Important Art Objects . Sugawara Tsūsai ( 1894-1981 ) started collecting in 1943 and in 1954 established the Tokiwayama Bunko Foundation , named after and located in the area of Kamakura where he had his private residence . Initially this was opened to the public , but amendments to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties have necessitated its closure . Tokiwayama Bunko now exhibits and loans its works at and to other institutions in Japan and overseas , in particular the Kamakura Museum of National Treasures and Tokyo National Museum , as well as making materials available for academic purposes . In recent years there has been a particular emphasis on research and publications relating to Chinese ceramics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa', 'summary': "Kamakura ( 鎌倉市 , Kamakura-shi ) is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan . Although Kamakura proper is today rather small , it is often described in history books as a former de facto capital of Japan , the nation 's most populous settlement from 1200 to 1300 AD , as the seat of the shogunate and of the Regency during the Kamakura period . Kamakura was designated as a city on November 3 , 1939 . As of September 1 , 2016 , the modern city has an estimated population of 172,302 , and a population density of 4,358.77 persons per km2 . The total area is 39.53 km2 ( 15.26 sq mi ) . As a coastal city with a high number of seasonal festivals , as well as ancient Buddhist and Shinto shrines and temples , Kamakura is a popular tourist destination within Japan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Kanagawa Prefecture ( 神奈川県 , Kanagawa-ken ) is a prefecture located in Kantō region of Japan . The capital of the prefecture is Yokohama . Kanagawa is part of the Greater Tokyo Area . Kanagawa Prefecture is home to Kamakura and Hakone , two popular side trip destinations from Tokyo .'}]}, {'value': 'Death verse ( 遺偈 , yuige )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qingzhuo Zhengcheng ( 清拙正澄 , Seisetsu Shōchō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Written by Qingzhuo Zhengcheng , a high-ranking priest of Kennin-ji , on the day of his death which shows in the style of the writing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kennin-ji', 'summary': 'Kennin-ji ( 建仁寺 ) is a historic Zen Buddhist temple in Higashiyama , Kyoto , Japan , near Gion , at the end of Hanami Lane . It is considered to be one of the so-called Kyoto Gozan or five most important Zen temples of Kyoto .'}]}, {'value': '1339 Nanboku-chō period , 1339', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanboku-chō_period', 'summary': 'The Nanboku-chō period ( 南北朝時代 , Nanboku-chō jidai , South and North courts period , also known as the Northern and Southern Courts period ) , spanning from 1336 to 1392 , was a period that occurred during the formative years of the Muromachi bakufu of Japanese history .'}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper , 36.6 cm × 92.4 cm ( 14.4 in × 36.4 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Kanagawa Kamakura Tokiwayama Bunko Tokiwayama Bunko ( 常盤山文庫 ) , Kamakura , Kanagawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokiwayama_Bunko', 'summary': 'Tokiwayama Bunko ( 常盤山文庫 ) is a Japanese Foundation with an important collection of Japanese and Chinese art , in particular ceramics , calligraphic works , and paintings . Established by Sugawara Tsūsai in 1954 , this includes two National Treasures , twenty-three Important Cultural Properties ( six paintings , sixteen calligraphic works/old documents/classical texts , one Muromachi-period red lacquered bowl ) , and eighteen Important Art Objects . Sugawara Tsūsai ( 1894-1981 ) started collecting in 1943 and in 1954 established the Tokiwayama Bunko Foundation , named after and located in the area of Kamakura where he had his private residence . Initially this was opened to the public , but amendments to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties have necessitated its closure . Tokiwayama Bunko now exhibits and loans its works at and to other institutions in Japan and overseas , in particular the Kamakura Museum of National Treasures and Tokyo National Museum , as well as making materials available for academic purposes . In recent years there has been a particular emphasis on research and publications relating to Chinese ceramics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa', 'summary': "Kamakura ( 鎌倉市 , Kamakura-shi ) is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan . Although Kamakura proper is today rather small , it is often described in history books as a former de facto capital of Japan , the nation 's most populous settlement from 1200 to 1300 AD , as the seat of the shogunate and of the Regency during the Kamakura period . Kamakura was designated as a city on November 3 , 1939 . As of September 1 , 2016 , the modern city has an estimated population of 172,302 , and a population density of 4,358.77 persons per km2 . The total area is 39.53 km2 ( 15.26 sq mi ) . As a coastal city with a high number of seasonal festivals , as well as ancient Buddhist and Shinto shrines and temples , Kamakura is a popular tourist destination within Japan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Kanagawa Prefecture ( 神奈川県 , Kanagawa-ken ) is a prefecture located in Kantō region of Japan . The capital of the prefecture is Yokohama . Kanagawa is part of the Greater Tokyo Area . Kanagawa Prefecture is home to Kamakura and Hakone , two popular side trip destinations from Tokyo .'}]}, {'value': 'Buddhist sermon ( 法語 , hōgo )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mittan Kanketsu ( 密庵咸傑 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highly praised by masters of the tea ceremony ; a special place called Mittan toko had been designed for this scroll in the tea room inside the shoin at Ryōkō-in', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokonoma', 'summary': 'A tokonoma ( 床の間 , toko-no-ma ) , or simply toko ( 床 ) , is a recessed space in a Japanese-style reception room , in which items for artistic appreciation are displayed . In English , a tokonoma could be called an alcove .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shoin', 'summary': 'Shoin ( 書院 , drawing room or study ) is a type of audience hall in Japanese architecture that was developed during the Muromachi period . The term originally meant a study and a place for lectures on the sūtra within a temple , but later it came to mean just a drawing room or study . From this room takes its name the shoin-zukuri style . In a shoin-zukuri building , the shoin is the zashiki , a tatami-room dedicated to the reception of guests . The emerging architecture of the Muromachi period was subsequently influenced by the increasing use and appearance of shoin . One of the most noticeable changes in architecture to arise from the shoin came from the practice of lining their floors with tatami mats . Since tatami mats have a standardized size the floor plans for shoin rooms had to be developed around the proportions of the tatami mat ; this in turn affected the proportions of doors , the height of rooms , and other aspects of the structure . Before the shoin popularized the practice of lining floors with tatami mats it had been standard to only bring out a single tatami mat for the highest-ranking person in the room to sit on . The architecture surrounding and influenced by the shoin quickly developed many other distinguishing features . Since the guests sat on the floor instead of on furniture , they were positioned at a lower vantage point than their Chinese counterparts who were accustomed to using furniture . This lower vantage point generated such developments as the suspended ceilings which functioned to make the room feel less expansive , and also resulted in the ceilings rafters being no longer visible as they were in China . The new suspended ceilings also allowed for more elaborate decoration , resulting in many highly ornate suspended ceilings in addition to the much simpler ones .'}]}, {'value': '1179 Southern Song , 1179', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Song', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper , 27.3 cm × 102.1 cm ( 10.7 in × 40.2 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Ryokoin Ryōkō-in ( 龍光院 ) , Kita-ku , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kita-ku,_Kyoto', 'summary': 'Kita ( 北区 , Kita-ku ) is one of the eleven wards in the city of Kyoto , in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan . Its name means North Ward . As of 2016 , the ward has an estimated population of 119,074 people .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'Verse of Praise ( 与長楽寺一翁偈語 , ｃｈōrakuji ichiō niatauru no gego )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mugaku Sogen ( 無学祖元 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presented to his fellow student , Ichiō Ingō ( 一翁院豪 ) , by Mugaku Sogen , praising his enlightenment ; written in the same year in which Mugaku Sogen moved to Japan following the Mongol invasion of China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_China', 'summary': 'The Mongol conquest of China was a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to invade China proper . It spanned six decades in the 13th century and involved the defeat of the Jin dynasty , Western Xia , the Dali Kingdom and the Southern Song . The Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan started the conquest with small-scale raids into Western Xia in 1205 and 1207 . By 1279 , the Mongol leader Kublai Khan had established the Yuan dynasty in China and crushed the last Song resistance , which marked the onset of all of China under the Mongol Yuan rule . This was the first time in history that the whole of China was conquered and subsequently ruled by a foreign or non-native ruler .'}]}, {'value': '1279-12-11 Southern Song , Kamakura period , December 11 , 1279', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Song', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kamakura_period', 'summary': 'The Kamakura period ( 鎌倉時代 , Kamakura jidai , 1185-1333 ) is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate , officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first shōgun , Minamoto no Yoritomo . The period is known for the emergence of the samurai , the warrior caste , and for the establishment of feudalism in Japan . The Kamakura period ended in 1333 with the destruction of the shogunate and the short re-establishment of imperial rule under Emperor Go-Daigo by Ashikaga Takauji , Nitta Yoshisada , and Kusunoki Masashige .'}]}, {'value': 'Four hanging scrolls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Shokokuji Shōkoku-ji , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shōkoku-ji', 'summary': 'Shōkoku-ji ( 相国寺 ) , formally identified as Mannen-zan Shōkoku Shōten Zenji ( 萬年山相國承天禅寺 ) , is a Buddhist temple in northern Kyoto , founded in 1382 by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'Certificate of Buddhist Spiritual Achievement for Enni ( 円爾印可状 , Enni inkajō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wuzhun Shifan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wuzhun_Shifan', 'summary': 'Wuzhun Shifan ( Chinese : 無準師範 ; Wade-Giles : Wu Chun Shih Fan ; 1178-1249 ) was a Chinese painter , calligrapher , and prominent Zen Buddhist monk who lived during the late Song Dynasty ( 960-1279 ) .'}]}, {'value': "Approbation certificate for the Japanese monk Enni Ben'en", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enni', 'summary': "Enni Ben'en ( 圓爾辯圓 ; Chinese Yuan'er Bianyuan ; 1202-1280 ) was a Japanese Buddhist monk . He started his Buddhist training as a Tendai monk . While he was studying with Eisai , a vision of Sugawara no Michizane appeared to him in a dream and told him to go to China and study meditation . Following this vision , he met the Rinzai teacher Wuzhun Shifan in China , and studied Mahayana with him . When he returned to Japan , he founded Tōfuku-ji monastery in Kyoto , and practiced Zen as well as other types of Buddhism . His disciples included Mujū . Enni Ben'en is the possible author of the Shoichikokushi kana hogo ( Vernacular Dharma Words of the National Teacher Sacred Unity ) . The text is also known as the Zazen ron ( Treatise on Seated Meditation ) . It is a brief text , composed of 24 questions and answers . It is believed that he was the first to bring udon noodles to Japan from China ."}]}, {'value': '1237-10 Southern Song , 1237', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Song', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Tofukuji Tōfuku-ji , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tōfuku-ji', 'summary': 'Tōfuku-ji ( 東福寺 ) is a Buddhist temple in Higashiyama-ku in Kyoto , Japan . Tōfuku-ji takes its name from two temples in Nara , Tōdai-ji and Kōfuku-ji . It is one of the so-called Kyoto Gozan or five great Zen temples of Kyoto . Its honorary sangō prefix is Enichi-san ( 慧日山 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'sanmonso ( 山門疏 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wuzhun Shifan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wuzhun_Shifan', 'summary': 'Wuzhun Shifan ( Chinese : 無準師範 ; Wade-Giles : Wu Chun Shih Fan ; 1178-1249 ) was a Chinese painter , calligrapher , and prominent Zen Buddhist monk who lived during the late Song Dynasty ( 960-1279 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Text to be read aloud at the dōjō ( 道場 , meditation ) ceremony', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1200 Southern Song , 13th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Song', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on silk , 44.8 cm × 132.5 cm ( 17.6 in × 52.2 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Gotoh Museum Gotoh Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gotoh_Museum', 'summary': "The Gotoh Museum ( 五島美術館 , Gotō Bijutsukan ) is a private museum in the Kaminoge district of Setagaya on the southwest periphery of Tokyo . It was opened in 1960 , displaying the private collection of Keita Gotō , chairman of the Tokyu Group . Today 's collection is centered on the original selection of classical Japanese and Chinese art such as paintings , writings , crafts and archaeological objects completed by a small selection of Korean arts . It features several objects designated as National Treasures or Important Cultural Properties . The exhibition changes several times per year with special openings in spring and fall . A garden with a tea house , ponds and small Buddhist statues is attached to the museum ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Letter by Dahui Zonggao ( 尺牘 , sekitoku )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dahui Zonggao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao', 'summary': "Dahui Zonggao ( 1089-1163 ) ( Chinese : 大慧宗杲 ; Wade-Giles : Ta-hui Tsung-kao ; Japanese : Daie Sōkō ; Vietnamese : Đại Huệ Tông Cảo ) was a 12th-century Chinese Chan ( Zen ) master . Dahui was a student of Yuanwu Keqin ( Wade-Giles : Yuan-wu K ' o-ch'in ; Japanese : Engo Kokugon ) ( 1063-1135 ) and was the 12th generation of the Linji school of Chan Buddhism . He was the dominant figure of the Linji school during the Song dynasty . Dahui introduced the practice of kan huatou , or inspecting the critical phrase , of a kōan story . This method was called the Chan of gongan ( kōan ) introspection ( Kanhua Chan ) . Although he believed that kōans were the best way to achieve enlightenment , he also recognized the teaching of Confucius and Laozi as valuable . Dahui was a vigorous critic of what he called the heretical Chan of silent illumination ( mozhao xie Chan ) of the Caodong school ( Wade-Giles : Ts'ao-tung ; Japanese : Sōtō ) ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1127 Southern Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Song', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Hatakeyama Memorial Museum of Fine Art Hatakeyama Memorial Museum of Fine Art , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hatakeyama_Memorial_Museum_of_Fine_Art', 'summary': 'The Hatakeyama Memorial Museum of Fine Art ( 畠山記念館 , Hatakeyama Kinenkan ) is a private museum established in October 1964 in Tokyo , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Buddhist sermon and regulations ( 法語規則 , hōgo kisoku )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daikaku Zenji ( 大覚禅師 ) ( Rankei Dōryū/Lanxi Daolong )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The sermon , directed to the monks inside the temple , warns of procrastination and calls for devotion to studying . The regulations provide strict rules for the daily life of ascetic monks , from the time of washing to how to roll up a bamboo screen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1127 Southern Song , Kamakura period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Song', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kamakura_period', 'summary': 'The Kamakura period ( 鎌倉時代 , Kamakura jidai , 1185-1333 ) is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate , officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first shōgun , Minamoto no Yoritomo . The period is known for the emergence of the samurai , the warrior caste , and for the establishment of feudalism in Japan . The Kamakura period ended in 1333 with the destruction of the shogunate and the short re-establishment of imperial rule under Emperor Go-Daigo by Ashikaga Takauji , Nitta Yoshisada , and Kusunoki Masashige .'}]}, {'value': 'Two hanging scrolls , ink on paper , 85.2 cm × 41.4 cm ( 33.5 in × 16.3 in ) ( sermon ) and 85.5 cm × 40.7 cm ( 33.7 in × 16.0 in ) ( regulations )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Kanagawa Kamakura Kenchoji Kenchō-ji , Kamakura , Kanagawa , in custody at Kamakura Museum of National Treasures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenchō-ji', 'summary': "Kenchō-ji ( 建長寺 ) is a Rinzai Zen temple in Kamakura , Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan , which ranks first among Kamakura 's so-called Five Great Zen Temples ( the Kamakura Gozan ) and is the oldest Zen training monastery in Japan . These temples were at the top of the Five Mountain System , a network of Zen temples started by the Hōjō Regents . Still very large , it originally had a full shichidō garan and 49 subtemples . The sangō is Kofukusan ( 巨福山 ) . The temple was constructed on the orders of Emperor Go-Fukakusa and completed in 1253 , fifth year of the Kenchō era , from which it takes its name . It was founded by Rankei Doryū , a Chinese Zen master who moved to Japan in 1246 , spending some years in Kyushu and Kyoto before coming to Kamakura ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa', 'summary': "Kamakura ( 鎌倉市 , Kamakura-shi ) is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan . Although Kamakura proper is today rather small , it is often described in history books as a former de facto capital of Japan , the nation 's most populous settlement from 1200 to 1300 AD , as the seat of the shogunate and of the Regency during the Kamakura period . Kamakura was designated as a city on November 3 , 1939 . As of September 1 , 2016 , the modern city has an estimated population of 172,302 , and a population density of 4,358.77 persons per km2 . The total area is 39.53 km2 ( 15.26 sq mi ) . As a coastal city with a high number of seasonal festivals , as well as ancient Buddhist and Shinto shrines and temples , Kamakura is a popular tourist destination within Japan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Kanagawa Prefecture ( 神奈川県 , Kanagawa-ken ) is a prefecture located in Kantō region of Japan . The capital of the prefecture is Yokohama . Kanagawa is part of the Greater Tokyo Area . Kanagawa Prefecture is home to Kamakura and Hakone , two popular side trip destinations from Tokyo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kamakura_Museum_of_National_Treasures', 'summary': 'The Kamakura Museum of National Treasures ( 鎌倉国宝館 , Kamakura Kokuhōkan ) or Kamakura Museum or Kamakura National Treasure House is a museum located on the grounds of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Yukinoshita , Kamakura , Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan . The museum houses around 4800 objects from the Kamakura region including sculptures , paintings and industrial art objects . Most of these works originate from the Kamakura and Muromachi periods , spanning from the 12th to the 16th century . Some of the items were produced in China and imported to Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Certificate of Buddhist Spiritual Achievement ( 印可状 , inkajō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daitō Kokushi ( 大燈国師 ) / Shūhō Myōchō ( 宗峰妙超 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Certificate for Kanzan Egen ( 関山慧玄 ) , student of Shūhō Myōchō', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1330 Kamakura period , Nanboku-chō period , 1330', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamakura_period', 'summary': 'The Kamakura period ( 鎌倉時代 , Kamakura jidai , 1185-1333 ) is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate , officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first shōgun , Minamoto no Yoritomo . The period is known for the emergence of the samurai , the warrior caste , and for the establishment of feudalism in Japan . The Kamakura period ended in 1333 with the destruction of the shogunate and the short re-establishment of imperial rule under Emperor Go-Daigo by Ashikaga Takauji , Nitta Yoshisada , and Kusunoki Masashige .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nanboku-chō_period', 'summary': 'The Nanboku-chō period ( 南北朝時代 , Nanboku-chō jidai , South and North courts period , also known as the Northern and Southern Courts period ) , spanning from 1336 to 1392 , was a period that occurred during the formative years of the Muromachi bakufu of Japanese history .'}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Myoshinji Myōshin-ji , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myōshin-ji', 'summary': 'Myōshin-ji ( 妙心寺 , Myōshin-ji ) is a temple complex in Kyoto , Japan , and head temple of the associated branch of Rinzai Zen Buddhism . The Myōshin-ji school is by far the largest school in Rinzai Zen , approximately as big as the other thirteen branches combined : it contains within it about 3,400 temples throughout Japan , together with a handful overseas , of the approximately six thousand total Rinzai temples , and also has nineteen associated monasteries , of the total of forty monasteries and one nunnery .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'kantoku shinsenbō ( 看読真詮榜 ) or kankinbō ( 看経榜 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daitō Kokushi ( 大燈国師 ) / Shūhō Myōchō ( 宗峰妙超 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Instruction to priests about the recital of sutras', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1336 Kamakura period , Nanboku-chō period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamakura_period', 'summary': 'The Kamakura period ( 鎌倉時代 , Kamakura jidai , 1185-1333 ) is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate , officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first shōgun , Minamoto no Yoritomo . The period is known for the emergence of the samurai , the warrior caste , and for the establishment of feudalism in Japan . The Kamakura period ended in 1333 with the destruction of the shogunate and the short re-establishment of imperial rule under Emperor Go-Daigo by Ashikaga Takauji , Nitta Yoshisada , and Kusunoki Masashige .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nanboku-chō_period', 'summary': 'The Nanboku-chō period ( 南北朝時代 , Nanboku-chō jidai , South and North courts period , also known as the Northern and Southern Courts period ) , spanning from 1336 to 1392 , was a period that occurred during the formative years of the Muromachi bakufu of Japanese history .'}]}, {'value': 'One hanging scroll , ink on paper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanging_scroll', 'summary': 'A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy . The hanging scroll was displayed in a room for appreciation ; it is to be distinguished from the handscroll , which was narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table in sections and then stored away again . Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time and are then rolled up to be tied and secured for storage . The hanging scrolls are rotated according to season or occasion , and such works are never intended to be on permanent display . The painting surface of the paper or silk can be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders . In the composition of a hanging scroll , the foreground is usually at the bottom of the scroll while the middle and far distances are at the middle and top respectively . The traditional craft involved in creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself . Mountings for Chinese paintings can be divided into a few types , such as handscrolls , hanging scrolls , album leaves , and screens amongst others . In the hanging scroll the actual painting is mounted on paper , and provided at the top with a stave , to which is attached a hanging cord , and at the bottom with a roller .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Shinjuan Shinjuan ( 真珠庵 ) , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Treasures -- Zen monk writings , bokuseki', 'section_text': 'The bokuseki style developed from Song Dynasty calligraphy . It was brought from China to Japan , together with Zen Buddhism , starting with Eisai in 1191 . [ 98 ] Late-12th century works imported from China were highly regarded in Japan ; subsequently Japanese priests began producing their own bokuseki in the 13th and 14th centuries . [ 97 ] Later bokuseki became part of the zen practice and served as meditation help . [ 95 ] They were often mounted on hanging scrolls , and displayed in temples and tea rooms . [ 94 ] [ 97 ] [ 99 ] The master of the Japanese tea ceremony Sen no Rikyū considered them crucial to the tea ceremony in the sense that they put the participants in the right frame-of-mind . [ 97 ] Bokuseki gained in importance through the chanoyu in the Muromachi and Momoyama periods . [ 98 ] Daitō Kokushi and Musō Soseki , both from the Rinzai school of Zen Buddhism , were the most famous bokuseki masters of the time . [ 98 ] The bokuseki style is present in a variety of Zen genres such as Buddhist sermons or Dharma talks ( hōgo ) , certificates of enlightenment ( inkajō ) , death verses ( yuige ) , gatha verses ( geju ) , poetry [ nb 8 ] ( shi ) , letters , names and titles given to a monk by his master ( jigo ) , exhortory sermons ( shidōgo ) , gakuji , [ nb 9 ] inscriptions on Zen paintings ( san ) and Zen circles . [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 101 ] There are 23 bokuseki National Treasures of various types including inkajō , hōgo , letters and yuige . They date from the 12th to 14th centuries and have been mounted on hanging scrolls . [ 4 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(writings:_others)_2', 'intro': 'The term National Treasure has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897,\nalthough the definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term. The written materials in the list adhere to the current definition, and have been designated National Treasures according to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties that came into effect on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on their especially high historical or artistic value. The list presents 104 entries from the Western Wei dynasty to the Meiji period with most dating to the period of Classical Japan and Mid-Imperial China from the 7th to 14th century. The total number of items is higher, however, since groups of related objects have been joined as single entries. The list contains various types of written materials such as sutra copies, Buddhist commentaries and teachings, poetry and letters. Some of the designated objects originated in China, and were imported at a time when writing was being introduced to Japan. The items in this list were predominantly made with a writing brush on manuscript scrolls, which was the preferred medium until the advent of commercial printing and publishing in the 17th century. In many cases the manuscripts are noted examples of calligraphy. They are housed in temples, museums, libraries or archives, shrines, universities and in private collections. The writings in this list represent about half of the 228 National Treasures in the category writings. They are complemented by 68 Japanese and 56 Chinese book National Treasures of the List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Japanese books) and the List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Chinese books).'}
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What is the name of the treasure with the remarks of the person that is famous for his realistic paintings of animals ?
gabatsu ( 画跋 )
0842056806c0a10e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mammalian_Genome_Society', 'title': 'International Mammalian Genome Society', 'header': ['Year', 'Venue', 'Country', 'Verne Chapman Lecturer'], 'data': [{'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokohama', 'summary': "Yokohama ( Japanese : 横浜 , Hepburn : Yokohama , pronounced [ jokohama ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest city in Japan by population , and the most populous municipality of Japan . It is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture . It lies on Tokyo Bay , south of Tokyo , in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu . It is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area . Yokohama developed rapidly as Japan 's prominent port city following the end of Japan 's relative isolation in the mid-19th century , and is today one of its major ports along with Kobe , Osaka , Nagoya , Hakata , Tokyo , and Chiba ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Svante Pääbo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svante_Pääbo', 'summary': 'Svante Pääbo ( [ ˈsvanːteː ˈpæːboː ] ; born 20 April 1955 ) is a Swedish geneticist specialising in the field of evolutionary genetics . As one of the founders of paleogenetics , he has worked extensively on the neanderthal genome . Since 1997 , he has been director of the Department of Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig , Germany .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bar Harbor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bar_Harbor', 'summary': 'Bar Harbor is a town on Mount Desert Island in Hancock County , Maine , United States . As of the 2010 census , its population is 5,235 . Bar Harbor is a popular tourist destination in the Down East region of Maine and home to the College of the Atlantic , Jackson Laboratory , and MDI Biological Laboratory ( Salisbury Cove village ) . Until a catastrophic fire in 1947 , the town was a noted summer colony for the wealthy . Bar Harbor is home to the largest parts of Acadia National Park , including Cadillac Mountain , the highest point within twenty-five miles ( 40 km ) of the coastline of the Eastern United States . The town is served by the Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport , which provides year-round direct flights to Boston , Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruce Beutler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Beutler', 'summary': 'Bruce Alan Beutler ( born December 29 , 1957 ) is an American immunologist and geneticist . Together with Jules A. Hoffmann , he received one-half of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity ( the other half went to Ralph M. Steinman for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity ) . Beutler is currently Director of the Center for the Genetics of Host Defense at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salamanca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salamanca', 'summary': "Salamanca ( /ˌsæləˈmæŋkə/ SAL-ə-MANK-ə , Spanish : [ salaˈmaŋka ] ) is a city in western Spain that is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the community of Castile and León . The city lies on several hills by the Tormes River . Its Old City was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988 . With a metropolitan population of 228,881 in 2012 according to the National Institute of Statistics ( INE ) , Salamanca is the second most populated urban area in Castile and León , after Valladolid ( 414,000 ) , and ahead of León ( 187,000 ) and Burgos ( 176,000 ) . It is one of the most important university cities in Spain and supplies 16% of Spain 's market for the teaching of the Spanish language . Salamanca attracts thousands of international students . It is situated approximately 200 kilometres ( 120 miles ) west of the Spanish capital Madrid and 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the Portuguese border . The University of Salamanca , which was founded in 1218 , is one of the oldest universities in Spain and the third oldest western university , but the first to be given its status by the Pope Alexander IV who gave universal validity to its degrees . With its 30,000 students , the university is , together with tourism , a primary source of income in Salamanca . It is on the Via de la Plata path of the Camino de Santiago ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nancy Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Jenkins', 'summary': "Nancy Jenkins ( born June 2 , 1964 ) is a former member of the Michigan House of Representatives from the 57th district , which covers most of Lenawee County , Michigan . Jenkins has a bachelor 's degree from Evangel University and a master 's degree from the University of Toledo . She worked as a title representative and then on the staff of state senator Cameron S. Brown before being elected to the state house in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Pete Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Pete_Beach', 'summary': "St. Pete Beach is a coastal city in Pinellas County , Florida , United States , famous for its status as a tourist destination . St. Pete Beach was formed from the towns of Pass-a-Grille , Belle Vista , St. Petersburg Beach and unincorporated Pinellas County . At the time of its incorporation in 1957 , its name was St. Petersburg Beach . On March 9 , 1994 , locals voted to officially change the name to the shorter version of St. Pete Beach , to distinguish it from the city of St. Petersburg a few miles to the east . The population was 9,346 at the 2010 census . St. Pete Beach 's downtown is centered on Corey Avenue . This district contains many bars , restaurants and shopping popular with both tourists and locals . The Pass-a-Grille Historic District and the historic Don CeSar beach resort are located at the southern end of the beach ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eva Eicher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Dove', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heraklion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heraklion', 'summary': 'Heraklion or Iraklion ( /hɪˈrækliən/ ; Greek : Ηράκλειο , Irákleio , pronounced [ iˈraklio ] ) is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete and capital of Heraklion regional unit . It is the fifth largest city in Greece with a population of 140,730 according to the 2011 census . The population of the municipality was 173,993 . The Bronze Age palace of Knossos , also known as the Palace of Minos , is located nearby . Heraklion was Europes fastest growing tourism destination for 2017 , according to Euromonitor , with an 11.2% growth in international arrivals . According to the ranking , Heraklion was ranked as the 20th most visited region in Europe , as the 66th area on the Planet and as the 2nd in Greece for the year 2017 , with 3.2 million visitors and the 19th in Europe for 2018 , with 3,4 million visitors .'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve D. M. Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Jolla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Jolla,_CA', 'summary': 'La Jolla ( /lə ˈhɔɪə/ lə HOY-ə , American Spanish : [ la ˈxoʝa ] ) is an affluent , hilly , seaside community within the city of San Diego , California , occupying 7 miles ( 11 km ) of curving coastline along the Pacific Ocean within the northern city limits . The population reported in the 2010 census was 46,781 . [ a ] La Jolla is surrounded on three sides by ocean bluffs and beaches and is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of Downtown San Diego and 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of Orange County . The climate is mild , with an average daily temperature of 70.5 °F ( 21.4 °C ) . La Jolla is home to many educational institutions and a variety of businesses in the areas of lodging , dining , shopping , software , finance , real estate , bioengineering , medical practice and scientific research . The University of California , San Diego ( UCSD ) is located in La Jolla , as are the Salk Institute , Scripps Institution of Oceanography ( part of UCSD ) , Scripps Research Institute , and the headquarters of National University ( though its academic campuses are elsewhere ) .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Goodnow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Goodnow', 'summary': 'Christopher Carl Goodnow ( born 19 September 1959 ) is an immunology researcher and the current Executive Director of the Garvan Institute of Medical Research . He holds the Bill and Patricia Ritchie Foundation Chair and is a Conjoint Professor in the Faculty of Medicine at UNSW Sydney . He holds dual Australian and US citizenship .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prague', 'summary': "Prague ( /prɑːɡ/ ; Czech : Praha [ ˈpraɦa ] ( listen ) , German : Prag , Latin : Praga ) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic , the 13th largest city in the European Union and the historical capital of Bohemia . Situated on the Vltava river , Prague is home to about 1.3 million people , while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.6 million . The city has a temperate oceanic climate , with relatively warm summers and chilly winters . Prague is a political , cultural and economic centre of central Europe complete with a rich history . Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque eras , Prague was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the main residence of several Holy Roman Emperors , most notably of Charles IV ( r. 1346-1378 ) . It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire . The city played major roles in the Bohemian and Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years ' War and in 20th-century history as the capital of Czechoslovakia between the World Wars and the post-war Communist era . Prague is home to a number of well-known cultural attractions , many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe . Main attractions include Prague Castle , Charles Bridge , Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock , the Jewish Quarter , Petřín hill and Vyšehrad . Since 1992 , the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites . The city has more than ten major museums , along with numerous theatres , galleries , cinemas and other historical exhibits . An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philip Avner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hiroaki Kitano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiroaki_Kitano', 'summary': 'Hiroaki Kitano ( 北野 宏明 , born 1961 in Tokyo ) is a Japanese scientist . He is the head of the Systems Biology Institute ( SBI ) ; President and CEO of Sony Computer Science Laboratories ; a Group Director of the Laboratory for Disease Systems Modeling at and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences ; and a professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology ( OIST ) . Kitano is known for developing AIBO , and the robotic world cup tournament known as Robocup .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleston,_SC', 'summary': "Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The city is the county seat of Charleston County , and the principal city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina 's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor , an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley , Cooper , and Wando rivers . Charleston had an estimated population of 136,208 in 2018 . The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area , comprising Berkeley , Charleston , and Dorchester counties , was 787,643 residents as of 2018 , the third-largest in the state and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States . Charleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town , honoring King Charles II of England . Its initial location at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River ( now Charles Towne Landing ) was abandoned in 1680 for its present site , which became the fifth-largest city in North America within ten years . One of the key cities in the British colonization of the Americas , Charles Town played a major role in the slave trade , which laid the foundation for the city 's size and wealth , and was dominated by a slavocracy of plantation owners and slave traders . Independent Charleston slave traders like Joseph Wragg were the first to break through the monopoly of the Royal African Company , pioneering the large-scale slave trade of the 18th century . Historians estimate that nearly half of all Africans brought to America arrived in Charleston , most at Gadsden 's Wharf . Despite its size , it remained unincorporated throughout the colonial period ; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by London , England . Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes , and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Womack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_E._Womack', 'summary': 'James E. Womack ( born 1941 ) is an American biologist and a professor at Texas A & M University .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strasbourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strasbourg', 'summary': "Strasbourg ( UK : /ˈstræzbɜːrɡ/ , US : /ˈstræs- , ˈstrɑːsbʊərɡ , ˈstrɑːzbʊərɡ , -bɜːrɡ , strɑːzˈbʊər/ , French : [ stʁazbuʁ , stʁasbuʁ ] ( listen ) ; Bas Rhin Alsatian : Strossburi [ ˈʃd̥ʁɔːsb̥uʁi ] ( listen ) , Haut Rhin Alsatian : Strossburig [ ˈʃd̥ʁɔːsb̥uʁiɡ̊ ] ( listen ) ; German : Straßburg [ ˈʃtʁaːsbʊʁk ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament . Located at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace , it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin department . In 2017 , the city proper had 280,966 inhabitants and both the Eurométropole de Strasbourg ( Greater Strasbourg ) and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 494,089 inhabitants . Strasbourg 's metropolitan area had a population of 785,839 in 2016 ( not counting the section across the border in Germany ) , making it the ninth-largest metro area in France and home to 13% of the Grand Est region 's inhabitants . The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 958,421 inhabitants . Strasbourg is one of the de facto three main capitals of the European Union ( alongside Brussels and Luxembourg ) , as it is the seat of several European institutions , such as the Council of Europe ( with its European Court of Human Rights , its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines most commonly known in French as Pharmacopée Européenne its European Audiovisual Observatory ) , the Eurocorps , as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union . Together with Basel ( Bank for International Settlements ) , Geneva ( United Nations headquarters in Europe ) and New York City ( United Nations world headquarters ) , Strasbourg is among the few cities in the world not being a state capital and hosting international organisations of the first order . The city is the seat of many non-European international institutions such as the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine and the International Institute of Human Rights . It is the second city in France in terms of international congress and symposia , after Paris . Strasbourg 's historic city centre , the Grande Île ( Grand Island ) , was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988 , the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre . Strasbourg is immersed in Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history , has been a cultural bridge between France and Germany for centuries , especially through the University of Strasbourg , currently the second-largest in France , and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture . It is also home to the largest Islamic place of worship in France , the Strasbourg Grand Mosque ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoshihide Hayashizaki', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Palmiter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Braunschweig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Braunschweig', 'summary': 'Braunschweig ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbʁaʊnʃvaɪk ] ( listen ) ; Low German : Brunswiek [ ˈbrɔˑnsviːk ] ) , also called Brunswick ( /ˈbrʌnzwɪk/ ) in English , is a city in Lower Saxony , Germany , north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker River which connects it to the North Sea via the Aller and Weser Rivers . In 2016 , it had a population of 250,704 . A powerful and influential centre of commerce in medieval Germany , Braunschweig was a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th until the 17th century . It was the capital city of three successive states : the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel ( 1269-1432 , 1754-1807 , and 1813-1814 ) , the Duchy of Brunswick ( 1814-1918 ) , and the Free State of Brunswick ( 1918-1946 ) . Today , Braunschweig is the second-largest city in Lower Saxony and a major centre of scientific research and development .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenneth Paigen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Antonio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio,_TX', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miriam Meisler', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edinburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edinburgh', 'summary': "Edinburgh ( /ˈɛdɪnbərə/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Edinburgh ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Èideann [ ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ ] ) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas . Historically part of the county of Midlothian ( interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921 ) , it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth 's southern shore . Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century , Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government , the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland . The city 's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland . The city has long been a centre of education , particularly in the fields of medicine , Scots law , literature , philosophy , the sciences and engineering . It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom ( after London ) and the city 's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom 's second most popular tourist destination attracting 1.75 million visits from overseas in 2016 . Edinburgh is Scotland 's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom . The official population estimates are 488,050 ( 2016 ) for the Locality of Edinburgh ( Edinburgh pre 1975 regionalisation plus Currie and Balerno ) , 518,500 ( 2018 ) for the City of Edinburgh , and 1,339,380 ( 2014 ) for the city region . Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian , Edinburgh , Fife , Midlothian , Scottish Borders and West Lothian . The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland , the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery . The University of Edinburgh , founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city , is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Louis Guenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narita,_Chiba', 'summary': 'Narita ( 成田市 , Narita-shi ) is a city in Chiba Prefecture , Japan . It is the site of Narita International Airport , the main international airport serving the Greater Tokyo Area . As of February 1 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 131,096 , and a population density of 613 persons per km² . Its total area is 213.84 square kilometres ( 82.56 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary F. Lyon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_F._Lyon', 'summary': 'Mary Frances Lyon FRS ( 15 May 1925 - 25 December 2014 ) was an English geneticist best known for her discovery of X-chromosome inactivation , an important biological phenomenon .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Janet Rossant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janet_Rossant', 'summary': 'Janet Rossant , CC , FRS , FRSC ( born 13 July 1950 ) is a developmental biologist well known for her contributions to the understanding of the role of genes in embryo development . She is a world renown leader in developmental biology . Her current research interests focus on stem cells , molecular genetics , and developmental biology . Specifically , she uses cellular and genetic manipulation techniques to study how genetics control both normal and abnormal development of early mouse embryos . Rossant has discovered information on embryo development , how multiple types of stem cells are established , and the methods at which genes control development . In 1998 , her work helped lead to the discovery of the trophoblast stem cell , which has assisted in showing how congenital anomalies in the heart , blood vessels , and placenta can occur . She is currently the President and Science Director at Gairdner , a senior scientist in the Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program , the chief of research at the Hospital for Sick Children ( SickKids ) Research Institute in Toronto , a university professor at the University of Toronto in the departments of Molecular Genetics , Obstetrics/Gynecology , Pediatrics , deputy scientific director of the Canadian Stem Cell Network , and the senior editor of the journal eLife . In 2013 , she was the president of International Society for Stem Cell Research .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garmisch-Partenkirchen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen', 'summary': "Garmisch-Partenkirchen ( German pronunciation : [ ˈɡaʁmɪʃ paʁtn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩ ] ; Southern Bavarian : Garmasch-Partakurch ) is a ski town in Bavaria , southern Germany . It is the seat of government of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen ( abbreviated GAP ) , in the Oberbayern region , which borders Austria . Nearby is Germany 's highest mountain , Zugspitze , at 2,962 m ( 9,718 ft. ) . The town is known as the site of the 1936 Winter Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oliver Smithies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliver_Smithies', 'summary': 'Oliver Smithies ( 23 June 1925 - 10 January 2017 ) was a British-American geneticist and physical biochemist . He is known for introducing starch as a medium for gel electrophoresis in 1955 , and for the discovery , simultaneously with Mario Capecchi and Martin Evans , of the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA , a much more reliable method of altering animal genomes than previously used , and the technique behind gene targeting and knockout mice . He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007 for his genetics work .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Pete Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Pete_Beach', 'summary': "St. Pete Beach is a coastal city in Pinellas County , Florida , United States , famous for its status as a tourist destination . St. Pete Beach was formed from the towns of Pass-a-Grille , Belle Vista , St. Petersburg Beach and unincorporated Pinellas County . At the time of its incorporation in 1957 , its name was St. Petersburg Beach . On March 9 , 1994 , locals voted to officially change the name to the shorter version of St. Pete Beach , to distinguish it from the city of St. Petersburg a few miles to the east . The population was 9,346 at the 2010 census . St. Pete Beach 's downtown is centered on Corey Avenue . This district contains many bars , restaurants and shopping popular with both tourists and locals . The Pass-a-Grille Historic District and the historic Don CeSar beach resort are located at the southern end of the beach ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harold Varmus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Varmus', 'summary': 'Harold Eliot Varmus ( born December 18 , 1939 ) is an American Nobel Prize-winning scientist who was director of the National Institutes of Health from 1993 to 1999 and the 14th Director of the National Cancer Institute from 2010 to 2015 , a post to which he was appointed by President Barack Obama . He was a co-recipient ( along with J. Michael Bishop ) of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes . He is currently the Lewis Thomas University Professor of Medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine and a senior associate at the New York Genome Center .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Annual meeting', 'section_text': 'The IMGS holds an annual meeting , the International Mouse Genome Conference ( IMGC ) , that is attended by scientists from around the world . Prior to the formation of the society the mouse genetics community held a number of annual workshops , which the society adopted at the 4th workshop in Lunteren , Netherlands . [ 4 ] The location for the meeting has rotated between Europe , the USA , and Japan . Recent IMGCs have hosted satellite events , including student symposia , bioinformatic workshops and mentoring breakfasts . [ 7 ] In addition to the scientific program , the IMGC hosts the annual business meeting of the society , the annual secretariat meeting and often includes cultural or social events characteristic of host city or country . [ 5 ] [ 7 ] [ 10 ] In 1997 , at the 11th Annual meeting , the IMGS inaugurated its first Verne Chapman Memorial Lecture . The annual seminar was named in honor of Verne M. Chapman , a former Director of Scientific Affairs at Roswell Park Cancer Institute and a founding member of the society . [ 11 ] A number of awards are also presented at each meeting , including the Verne Chapman Young Scientist Award . [ 7 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] From 1999 meeting , the conference program and abstracts are published online . [ 14 ]', 'uid': 'International_Mammalian_Genome_Society_0', 'intro': 'The International Mammalian Genome Society (IMGS) is a professional scientific organization that promotes and coordinates the genetic and genomic study of mammals. It has a scientific journal, Mammalian Genome, and organizes an annual international meeting, the International Mammalian Genome Conference (IMGC).'}
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what is the venue of the venue chapman lecturer born 12/29/1957 ?
Bar Harbor
0842c7c08cf3a7ab
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French-language_films', 'title': 'List of French-language films', 'header': ['Year', 'French title', 'English title', 'Directed by'], 'data': [{'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Copie conforme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Certified_Copy_(film)', 'summary': 'Certified Copy ( French : Copie conforme , Italian : Copia conforme ) is a 2010 art film by Iranian writer and director Abbas Kiarostami , starring Juliette Binoche and the British opera singer William Shimell , in his first film role . The film is set in Tuscany , and focuses on a British writer and a French antiques dealer , whose relationship undergoes an odd transformation over the course of a day . The film was a French-majority production , with co-producers in Italy and Belgium . The dialogue is in French , English and Italian . The film premiered at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival , where Binoche won the Best Actress Award for her performance .'}]}, {'value': 'Certified Copy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Certified_Copy_(film)', 'summary': 'Certified Copy ( French : Copie conforme , Italian : Copia conforme ) is a 2010 art film by Iranian writer and director Abbas Kiarostami , starring Juliette Binoche and the British opera singer William Shimell , in his first film role . The film is set in Tuscany , and focuses on a British writer and a French antiques dealer , whose relationship undergoes an odd transformation over the course of a day . The film was a French-majority production , with co-producers in Italy and Belgium . The dialogue is in French , English and Italian . The film premiered at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival , where Binoche won the Best Actress Award for her performance .'}]}, {'value': 'Abbas Kiarostami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami', 'summary': "Abbas Kiarostami ( Persian : عباس کیارستمی [ ʔæbˌbɒːs kijɒːɾostæˈmi ] ( listen ) ; 22 June 1940 - 4 July 2016 ) was an Iranian film director , screenwriter , poet , photographer , and film producer . An active film-maker from 1970 , Kiarostami had been involved in the production of over forty films , including shorts and documentaries . Kiarostami attained critical acclaim for directing the Koker trilogy ( 1987-1994 ) , Close-Up ( 1990 ) , The Wind Will Carry Us ( 1999 ) , and Taste of Cherry ( 1997 ) , which was awarded the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival that year . In later works , Certified Copy ( 2010 ) and Like Someone in Love ( 2012 ) , he filmed for the first time outside Iran : in Italy and Japan , respectively . His films Where Is the Friends Home ? , Close-Up , and The Wind Will Carry Us were ranked among the 100 best foreign films in a 2018 critics ' poll by BBC Culture . Close-Up was also ranked one of the 50 greatest movies of all time in the famous decennial Sight & Sound poll conducted in 2012 . Kiarostami had worked extensively as a screenwriter , film editor , art director and producer and had designed credit titles and publicity material . He was also a poet , photographer , painter , illustrator , and graphic designer . He was part of a generation of filmmakers in the Iranian New Wave , a Persian cinema movement that started in the late 1960s and includes pioneering directors such as Bahram Beyzai , Nasser Taghvai , Ali Hatami , Masoud Kimiai , Dariush Mehrjui , Sohrab Shahid-Saless and Parviz Kimiavi . These filmmakers share many common techniques including the use of poetic dialogue and allegorical storytelling dealing with political and philosophical issues . Kiarostami had a reputation for using child protagonists , for documentary-style narrative films , for stories that take place in rural villages , and for conversations that unfold inside cars , using stationary mounted cameras . He is also known for his use of Persian poetry in the dialogue , titles , and themes of his films ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incendies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incendies', 'summary': "Incendies ( French : [ ɛ̃.sɑ̃.di ] , Fires ) is a 2010 Canadian war film directed by Denis Villeneuve , who co-wrote the screenplay with Valérie Beaugrand-Champagne . Adapted from Wajdi Mouawad 's play of the same name , Incendies stars Lubna Azabal , Mélissa Désormeaux-Poulin , Maxim Gaudette , and Rémy Girard . The story concerns Canadian twins who travel to their mother 's native country in the Middle East to uncover her hidden past amidst a bloody civil war . While the country is unnamed , the events in the film are heavily influenced by the Lebanese Civil War and particularly the story of prisoner Souha Bechara . The film was shot mainly in Montreal , with a few days spent in Jordan . It premiered at the Venice and Toronto Film Festivals in September 2010 and was released in Quebec on 17 September 2010 . It met with critical acclaim in Canada and abroad and won numerous awards . In 2011 , it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Incendies also won eight Genie Awards , including Best Motion Picture ."}]}, {'value': 'Incendies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incendies', 'summary': "Incendies ( French : [ ɛ̃.sɑ̃.di ] , Fires ) is a 2010 Canadian war film directed by Denis Villeneuve , who co-wrote the screenplay with Valérie Beaugrand-Champagne . Adapted from Wajdi Mouawad 's play of the same name , Incendies stars Lubna Azabal , Mélissa Désormeaux-Poulin , Maxim Gaudette , and Rémy Girard . The story concerns Canadian twins who travel to their mother 's native country in the Middle East to uncover her hidden past amidst a bloody civil war . While the country is unnamed , the events in the film are heavily influenced by the Lebanese Civil War and particularly the story of prisoner Souha Bechara . The film was shot mainly in Montreal , with a few days spent in Jordan . It premiered at the Venice and Toronto Film Festivals in September 2010 and was released in Quebec on 17 September 2010 . It met with critical acclaim in Canada and abroad and won numerous awards . In 2011 , it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Incendies also won eight Genie Awards , including Best Motion Picture ."}]}, {'value': 'Denis Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Villeneuve', 'summary': 'Denis Villeneuve OC CQ ( French : [ dəni vilnœv ] ; born October 3 , 1967 ) is a French Canadian film director , writer , and producer . He is a four-time recipient of the Canadian Screen Award ( formerly Genie Award ) for Best Direction , for Maelström in 2001 , Polytechnique in 2009 , Incendies in 2011 and Enemy in 2014 . The first three of these films also won the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Motion Picture , while the latter was awarded the prize for best Canadian film of the year by the Toronto Film Critics Association . Internationally , he is known for directing several critically acclaimed films , such as the thriller films Prisoners ( 2013 ) and Sicario ( 2015 ) , as well as the science fiction films Arrival ( 2016 ) and Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) . For his work on Arrival , he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Director . He was awarded the prize of Filmmaker of the Decade by the Hollywood Critics Association in December 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Elle s'appelait Sarah", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Elle_s'appelait_Sarah", 'summary': "Sarah 's Key ( French : Elle s'appelait Sarah ) is a 2010 French drama directed and co-written by Gilles Paquet-Brenner . The film is an adaptation of the novel with the same title by Tatiana de Rosnay . The film alternates between Sarah ( Mélusine Mayance ) in 1942 and Julia ( Kristin Scott Thomas ) in 2002 who is researching Sarah 's story . It tells the story of a young girl 's experiences during and after the Vel ' d'Hiv Roundup of Jews in German-occupied Paris in 1942 and the participation of bureaucracy in Vichy France and French citizens hiding and protecting Sarah from the French authorities ."}]}, {'value': "Sarah 's Key", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sarah's_Key", 'summary': "Sarah 's Key ( French : Elle s'appelait Sarah ) is a 2010 French drama directed and co-written by Gilles Paquet-Brenner . The film is an adaptation of the novel with the same title by Tatiana de Rosnay . The film alternates between Sarah ( Mélusine Mayance ) in 1942 and Julia ( Kristin Scott Thomas ) in 2002 who is researching Sarah 's story . It tells the story of a young girl 's experiences during and after the Vel ' d'Hiv Roundup of Jews in German-occupied Paris in 1942 and the participation of bureaucracy in Vichy France and French citizens hiding and protecting Sarah from the French authorities ."}]}, {'value': 'Gilles Paquet-Brenner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilles_Paquet-Brenner', 'summary': "Gilles Paquet-Brenner ( born 14 September 1974 ) is a French director and screenwriter . He is the son of the opera singer Ève Brenner . Paquet-Brenner 's first feature film in 2001 , Pretty Things , won an award at the Deauville American Film Festival . In 2009 , Paquet-Brenner directed the low-budget and direct-to-DVD but generally positively received film , Walled In ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polisse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polisse', 'summary': "Polisse ( released at some film festivals as Poliss , French pronunciation : \u200b [ pɔˈlis ] ) is a 2011 French drama film written , directed by and starring Maïwenn . It also stars Joeystarr , Karin Viard , Marina Foïs , Nicolas Duvauchelle , Emmanuelle Bercot and Riccardo Scamarcio . The film centres on the Child Protection Unit ( Brigade de Protection des Mineurs ) of the Paris Police , and a photographer who is assigned to cover the unit . The title is derived from Maïwenn 's son 's misspelling of the word police . The film won the Jury Prize at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and in 2012 , was nominated for thirteen César Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Poliss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polisse', 'summary': "Polisse ( released at some film festivals as Poliss , French pronunciation : \u200b [ pɔˈlis ] ) is a 2011 French drama film written , directed by and starring Maïwenn . It also stars Joeystarr , Karin Viard , Marina Foïs , Nicolas Duvauchelle , Emmanuelle Bercot and Riccardo Scamarcio . The film centres on the Child Protection Unit ( Brigade de Protection des Mineurs ) of the Paris Police , and a photographer who is assigned to cover the unit . The title is derived from Maïwenn 's son 's misspelling of the word police . The film won the Jury Prize at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and in 2012 , was nominated for thirteen César Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Maïwenn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maïwenn', 'summary': 'Maïwenn ( sometimes credited as Maïwenn Besco or her birth name Maïwenn Le Besco , French : [ majwɛn lə bɛsko ] ; born 17 April 1976 ) is a French actress , film director and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intouchables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intouchables', 'summary': 'The Intouchables ( French : Intouchables , pronounced [ ɛ̃tuʃabl ] ) , also known as Untouchable ( UK ) , is a 2011 French buddy comedy-drama film directed by Olivier Nakache & Éric Toledano . It stars François Cluzet and Omar Sy . Nine weeks after its release in France on 2 November 2011 , it became the second biggest box office hit in France , just behind the 2008 film Welcome to the Sticks . The film was voted the cultural event of 2011 in France with 52% of votes in a poll by Fnac . It also became the most viewed French film in the world with 51.5 million tickets up to 2014 and the success of Lucy . The film has received several award nominations . In France , the film won the César Award for Best Actor for Omar Sy , and garnered seven further nominations for the César Awards , including the César Award for Best Film .'}]}, {'value': 'Untouchable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Intouchables', 'summary': 'The Intouchables ( French : Intouchables , pronounced [ ɛ̃tuʃabl ] ) , also known as Untouchable ( UK ) , is a 2011 French buddy comedy-drama film directed by Olivier Nakache & Éric Toledano . It stars François Cluzet and Omar Sy . Nine weeks after its release in France on 2 November 2011 , it became the second biggest box office hit in France , just behind the 2008 film Welcome to the Sticks . The film was voted the cultural event of 2011 in France with 52% of votes in a poll by Fnac . It also became the most viewed French film in the world with 51.5 million tickets up to 2014 and the success of Lucy . The film has received several award nominations . In France , the film won the César Award for Best Actor for Omar Sy , and garnered seven further nominations for the César Awards , including the César Award for Best Film .'}]}, {'value': 'Eric Toledano , Olivier Nakache', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monsieur Lazhar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monsieur_Lazhar', 'summary': 'Monsieur Lazhar is a 2011 Canadian French-language drama film directed by Philippe Falardeau and starring Mohamed Saïd Fellag , Sophie Nélisse and Danielle Proulx . Based on Bashir Lazhar , a one-character play by Évelyne de la Chenelière , it tells the story of an Algerian refugee in Montreal who steps in to teach at an elementary school after the former full-time teacher commits suicide . Falardeau opted to film the story for the Canadian company micro_scope , despite the challenges of adapting a play with only one character . De la Cheneliere advised Falardeau and recommended casting Algerian comedian Fellag . It was filmed in Montreal . After premiering at the Locarno International Film Festival , where it won the Audience Award and the Variety Piazza Grande Award , it received critical acclaim . The film was subsequently nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards , and also won six Genie Awards , including Best Motion Picture .'}]}, {'value': 'Monsieur Lazhar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monsieur_Lazhar', 'summary': 'Monsieur Lazhar is a 2011 Canadian French-language drama film directed by Philippe Falardeau and starring Mohamed Saïd Fellag , Sophie Nélisse and Danielle Proulx . Based on Bashir Lazhar , a one-character play by Évelyne de la Chenelière , it tells the story of an Algerian refugee in Montreal who steps in to teach at an elementary school after the former full-time teacher commits suicide . Falardeau opted to film the story for the Canadian company micro_scope , despite the challenges of adapting a play with only one character . De la Cheneliere advised Falardeau and recommended casting Algerian comedian Fellag . It was filmed in Montreal . After premiering at the Locarno International Film Festival , where it won the Audience Award and the Variety Piazza Grande Award , it received critical acclaim . The film was subsequently nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards , and also won six Genie Awards , including Best Motion Picture .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippe Falardeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Falardeau', 'summary': 'Philippe Falardeau ( born February 1 , 1968 in Hull , Quebec ) is a French-Canadian film director and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amour_(2012_film)', 'summary': "Amour ( pronounced [ a.muʁ ] ; French : Love ) is a 2012 French-language romantic tragedy film written and directed by the Austrian filmmaker Michael Haneke , starring Jean-Louis Trintignant , Emmanuelle Riva and Isabelle Huppert . The narrative focuses on an elderly couple , Anne and Georges , who are retired music teachers with a daughter who lives abroad . Anne suffers a stroke that paralyses the right side of her body . The film is a co-production among the French , German , and Austrian companies Les Films du Losange , X-Filme Creative Pool , and Wega Film . Amour was screened at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival , where it won the Palme d'Or . It won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 85th Academy Awards and was nominated in four other categories : Best Picture , Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Emmanuelle Riva ) , Best Original Screenplay ( Michael Haneke ) and Best Director ( Michael Haneke ) . At 85 , Riva is the oldest nominee for Best Actress in a Leading Role . At the 25th European Film Awards , Amour was nominated in six categories , winning in four , including Best Film and Best Director . At the 47th National Society of Film Critics Awards it won Best Film , Best Director and Best Actress . At the 66th British Academy Film Awards it was nominated in four categories , winning for Best Leading Actress and Best Film Not in the English Language . Riva became the oldest person to win a BAFTA . At the 38th César Awards it was nominated in ten categories , winning in five , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Actor and Best Actress ."}]}, {'value': 'Amour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amour_(2012_film)', 'summary': "Amour ( pronounced [ a.muʁ ] ; French : Love ) is a 2012 French-language romantic tragedy film written and directed by the Austrian filmmaker Michael Haneke , starring Jean-Louis Trintignant , Emmanuelle Riva and Isabelle Huppert . The narrative focuses on an elderly couple , Anne and Georges , who are retired music teachers with a daughter who lives abroad . Anne suffers a stroke that paralyses the right side of her body . The film is a co-production among the French , German , and Austrian companies Les Films du Losange , X-Filme Creative Pool , and Wega Film . Amour was screened at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival , where it won the Palme d'Or . It won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 85th Academy Awards and was nominated in four other categories : Best Picture , Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Emmanuelle Riva ) , Best Original Screenplay ( Michael Haneke ) and Best Director ( Michael Haneke ) . At 85 , Riva is the oldest nominee for Best Actress in a Leading Role . At the 25th European Film Awards , Amour was nominated in six categories , winning in four , including Best Film and Best Director . At the 47th National Society of Film Critics Awards it won Best Film , Best Director and Best Actress . At the 66th British Academy Film Awards it was nominated in four categories , winning for Best Leading Actress and Best Film Not in the English Language . Riva became the oldest person to win a BAFTA . At the 38th César Awards it was nominated in ten categories , winning in five , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Actor and Best Actress ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Haneke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Haneke', 'summary': "Michael Haneke ( German : [ ˈhaːnəkə ] ; born 23 March 1942 ) is an Austrian film director and screenwriter . His work often examines social issues and depicts the feelings of estrangement experienced by individuals in modern society . Haneke has made films in French , German , and English and has worked in television‚ theatre , and cinema . He also teaches film direction at the Film Academy Vienna . His directorial debut , The Seventh Continent , won the Bronze Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival in 1989 . He later won the Grand Prix at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival for The Piano Teacher and the Best Director Award for Caché at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival . He subsequently directed the 2007 remake of his controversial 1997 film Funny Games . At the 2009 Cannes Film Festival , his film The White Ribbon won the Palme d'Or , and at the 67th Golden Globe Awards the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film . In 2012 , his film Amour premiered and competed at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival . The film would go on to win the Palme d'Or , making it his second win of the prestigious award in three years ; this made him the seventh director ( at the time ) to have won it twice and the only Austrian director to have accomplished this . The film received five Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Actress in a Leading Role for Emmanuelle Riva ; it won in the category of Best Foreign Language Film . In 2013 , Haneke won the Prince of Asturias Award for the arts ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Prénom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Prénom', 'summary': "What 's in a Name ? ( original title : Le Prénom , literally The Name ) is a French-Belgian comedy film , written and directed by Alexandre de La Patellière and Matthieu Delaporte and released in 2012 . It is adapted from the play Le Prénom by the same authors . The film was a box office success in France , selling 3,340,231 tickets ."}]}, {'value': "What 's in a Name ?", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/What's_in_a_Name?_(2012_film)", 'summary': "What 's in a Name ? ( original title : Le Prénom , literally The Name ) is a French-Belgian comedy film , written and directed by Alexandre de La Patellière and Matthieu Delaporte and released in 2012 . It is adapted from the play Le Prénom by the same authors . The film was a box office success in France , selling 3,340,231 tickets ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexandre de La Patellière Matthieu Delaporte', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ce que le jour doit à la nuit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ce_que_le_jour_doit_à_la_nuit', 'summary': 'What the Day Owes the Night ( French : Ce que le jour doit à la nuit ) is a 2012 French romantic drama film based on the novel of the same name by Yasmina Khadra . It was directed and produced by Alexandre Arcady , who also wrote the screenplay with Blandine Stintzy and Daniel Saint-Hamont .'}]}, {'value': 'What the Day Owes the Night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/What_the_Day_Owes_the_Night_(film)', 'summary': 'What the Day Owes the Night ( French : Ce que le jour doit à la nuit ) is a 2012 French romantic drama film based on the novel of the same name by Yasmina Khadra . It was directed and produced by Alexandre Arcady , who also wrote the screenplay with Blandine Stintzy and Daniel Saint-Hamont .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexandre Arcady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandre_Arcady', 'summary': 'Alexandre Arcady ( born March 17 , 1947 ) is a French actor , film director , producer and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "BoOzy ' OS et la Gemme de Cristal", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/BoOzy'_OS_et_la_Gemme_de_Cristal", 'summary': "BoOzy ' OS and the Cristal Gem ( also known as The Cristal Gem ) ( French : BoOzy ' OS et la Gemme de Cristal , also known as La Gemme de Cristal ) is a 2013 French animation short film based on the French animated television series BoOzy ' OS , and directed , written , scored by and starring its creator Julien K. d'Arsyn , going by the name of Ken Arsyn . It was produced by CreaSyn Studio and Red 3ye Productions . The film was first released at Annecy International Animated Film Festival on April 14 , 2013 . It was presented during the Dailymotion , Cartoon Network Studios and Annecy international event + de courts ! Online animation film contest by Annecy , and arrived first . The film title refers to the Annecy award internationally named Cristal d'Annecy ."}]}, {'value': "BoOzy ' OS and the Cristal Gem", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/BoOzy'_OS_and_the_Cristal_Gem", 'summary': "BoOzy ' OS and the Cristal Gem ( also known as The Cristal Gem ) ( French : BoOzy ' OS et la Gemme de Cristal , also known as La Gemme de Cristal ) is a 2013 French animation short film based on the French animated television series BoOzy ' OS , and directed , written , scored by and starring its creator Julien K. d'Arsyn , going by the name of Ken Arsyn . It was produced by CreaSyn Studio and Red 3ye Productions . The film was first released at Annecy International Animated Film Festival on April 14 , 2013 . It was presented during the Dailymotion , Cartoon Network Studios and Annecy international event + de courts ! Online animation film contest by Annecy , and arrived first . The film title refers to the Annecy award internationally named Cristal d'Annecy ."}]}, {'value': 'Julien Rocca-Darcin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "La Vie d'Adèle - Chapitres 1 & 2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/La_Vie_d'Adèle_–_Chapitres_1_&_2", 'summary': "Blue Is the Warmest Colour ( French : La Vie d'Adèle - Chapitres 1 & 2 ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ la vi d‿adɛl ʃa.pitʁ œ̃‿ne dø ] ) is a 2013 French romance film co-written , co-produced , and directed by Abdellatif Kechiche , and starring Léa Seydoux and Adèle Exarchopoulos . The film follows Adèle ( Exarchopoulos ) , a French teenager who discovers desire and freedom as an aspiring female painter Emma ( Seydoux ) enters her life . The film charts their relationship from Adèle 's high school years to her early adult life and career as a school teacher . The premise of Blue Is the Warmest Colour is based on the 2010 graphic novel of the same name by Julie Maroh . Production began in March 2012 and lasted six months . Approximately 800 hours of footage was shot , including extensive B-roll footage , with Kechiche ultimately trimming the final cut of the film down to 179 minutes . The film generated controversy upon its premiere at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival and before its release . Much of the controversy was about claims of poor working conditions on set by the crew and the lead actresses , and also the film 's raw depiction of sexuality . At the 2013 Cannes Film Festival , the film unanimously won the Palme d'Or from the official jury and the FIPRESCI Prize . It is the first film to have the Palme d'Or awarded to both the director and the lead actresses , with Seydoux and Exarchopoulos joining Jane Campion ( The Piano ) as the only women to have won the award . The film had its North American premiere at the 2013 Telluride Film Festival . The film received critical acclaim and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Is the Warmest Colour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Is_the_Warmest_Colour', 'summary': "Blue Is the Warmest Colour ( French : La Vie d'Adèle - Chapitres 1 & 2 ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ la vi d‿adɛl ʃa.pitʁ œ̃‿ne dø ] ) is a 2013 French romance film co-written , co-produced , and directed by Abdellatif Kechiche , and starring Léa Seydoux and Adèle Exarchopoulos . The film follows Adèle ( Exarchopoulos ) , a French teenager who discovers desire and freedom as an aspiring female painter Emma ( Seydoux ) enters her life . The film charts their relationship from Adèle 's high school years to her early adult life and career as a school teacher . The premise of Blue Is the Warmest Colour is based on the 2010 graphic novel of the same name by Julie Maroh . Production began in March 2012 and lasted six months . Approximately 800 hours of footage was shot , including extensive B-roll footage , with Kechiche ultimately trimming the final cut of the film down to 179 minutes . The film generated controversy upon its premiere at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival and before its release . Much of the controversy was about claims of poor working conditions on set by the crew and the lead actresses , and also the film 's raw depiction of sexuality . At the 2013 Cannes Film Festival , the film unanimously won the Palme d'Or from the official jury and the FIPRESCI Prize . It is the first film to have the Palme d'Or awarded to both the director and the lead actresses , with Seydoux and Exarchopoulos joining Jane Campion ( The Piano ) as the only women to have won the award . The film had its North American premiere at the 2013 Telluride Film Festival . The film received critical acclaim and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language ."}]}, {'value': 'Abdellatif Kechiche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdellatif_Kechiche', 'summary': "Abdellatif Kechiche ( French : [ abdɛlatif keʃiʃ ] ; Tunisian Arabic : عبد اللطيف كشيش , born 7 December 1960 ) is a Tunisian-French actor , film director and screenwriter . He made his directorial debut in 2000 with La Faute à Voltaire , which he also wrote . His film Blue Is the Warmest Colour won the Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Les Grandes Ondes ( à l'ouest )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Les_Grandes_Ondes_(à_l'ouest)", 'summary': "Longwave ( French : Les Grandes Ondes ( à l'ouest ) , Portuguese : As Ondas de Abril ) is a 2013 Swiss-French-Portuguese comedy-drama film directed by Lionel Baier . The film 's principal cast are Valérie Donzelli , Michel Vuillermoz , Patrick Lapp , and Francisco Belard ."}]}, {'value': 'Longwave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longwave_(film)', 'summary': "Longwave ( French : Les Grandes Ondes ( à l'ouest ) , Portuguese : As Ondas de Abril ) is a 2013 Swiss-French-Portuguese comedy-drama film directed by Lionel Baier . The film 's principal cast are Valérie Donzelli , Michel Vuillermoz , Patrick Lapp , and Francisco Belard ."}]}, {'value': 'Lionel Baier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Baier', 'summary': 'Lionel Baier ( born 13 December 1976 ) is a Swiss film director . He directed more than ten films since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Qu'est-ce qu'on a fait au Bon Dieu ?", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Qu'est-ce_qu'on_a_fait_au_Bon_Dieu_?", 'summary': "Serial ( Bad ) Weddings ( French : Qu'est-ce qu'on a fait au Bon Dieu ? ) is a French comedy film directed by Philippe de Chauveron released in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Serial ( Bad ) Weddings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serial_(Bad)_Weddings', 'summary': "Serial ( Bad ) Weddings ( French : Qu'est-ce qu'on a fait au Bon Dieu ? ) is a French comedy film directed by Philippe de Chauveron released in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Philippe de Chauveron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippe_de_Chauveron', 'summary': 'Philippe de Chauveron ( born 15 November 1965 ) is a French film director , and writer . He is best known for his 2014 film Serial ( Bad ) Weddings .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Famille Bélier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Famille_Bélier', 'summary': 'La Famille Bélier ( released as The Bélier Family in Australia ) is a 2014 French comedy-drama film directed by Éric Lartigau . The film received six nominations at the 40th César Awards , winning Most Promising Actress for Louane Emera .'}]}, {'value': 'The Bélier Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bélier_Family', 'summary': 'La Famille Bélier ( released as The Bélier Family in Australia ) is a 2014 French comedy-drama film directed by Éric Lartigau . The film received six nominations at the 40th César Awards , winning Most Promising Actress for Louane Emera .'}]}, {'value': 'Éric Lartigau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Éric_Lartigau', 'summary': 'Eric Lartigau ( born 20 June 1964 ) is a French director and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Respire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Respire_(film)', 'summary': "Respire ( also known as Breathe ) is a 2014 French drama film based on the novel of the same name by Anne-Sophie Brasme . The film was directed by Mélanie Laurent and stars Joséphine Japy , Lou de Laâge , Isabelle Carré and Claire Keim . It was screened in the International Critics ' Week section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival . It was also screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival . In January 2015 , the film received three nominations at the 20th Lumières Awards and also two nominations at the 40th César Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Breathe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breathe_(2014_film)', 'summary': "Respire ( also known as Breathe ) is a 2014 French drama film based on the novel of the same name by Anne-Sophie Brasme . The film was directed by Mélanie Laurent and stars Joséphine Japy , Lou de Laâge , Isabelle Carré and Claire Keim . It was screened in the International Critics ' Week section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival . It was also screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival . In January 2015 , the film received three nominations at the 20th Lumières Awards and also two nominations at the 40th César Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Mélanie Laurent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mélanie_Laurent', 'summary': "Mélanie Laurent ( French pronunciation : [ melani loʁɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ; born 21 February 1983 ) is a French actress , singer , pianist , screenwriter and director . The recipient of two César Awards , an Étoiles d'or du cinéma français and a Lumières Award , she has established herself as an accomplished actress in the French film industry . Born in Paris to a Jewish family , Laurent was introduced to acting at the age of sixteen by Gérard Depardieu , who cast her in a minor role in the romantic drama The Bridge ( 1999 ) . She gained wider recognition for her supporting work in several French films , most notably the 2006 comedy Dikkenek , for which she won Étoiles d'Or for Best Female Newcomer . Her breakthrough role came in the 2006 drama film Do n't Worry , I 'm Fine , for which she later won the César Award for Most Promising Actress and the Prix Romy Schneider . Laurent made her Hollywood debut in 2009 with the starring role as Shosanna Dreyfus in Quentin Tarantino 's blockbuster war film Inglourious Basterds . Her performance won the Online Film Critics Society and the Austin Film Critics Association Best Actress Awards . While she has worked mainly in independent films , including Paris ( 2008 ) and Enemy ( 2013 ) , Laurent also appeared in commercially successful Hollywood films , including the comedy drama Beginners ( 2011 ) , and the caper film Now You See Me ( 2013 ) , the former earning her a nomination at the San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress . Laurent 's other notable works include the art-house drama The Round Up ( 2010 ) , the comedy drama Et soudain , tout le monde me manque ( 2011 ) , and the mystery thriller Night Train to Lisbon ( 2013 ) . She is also known for voicing Mary Katherine and Disgust in the French dubs of Epic ( 2013 ) and Inside Out ( 2015 ) respectively . Additionally , she starred in Chris Weitz 's 2018 drama Operation Finale with Oscar Isaac and Ben Kingsley , telling the story of the capture of Nazi Adolf Eichmann . In addition to her film career , Laurent has appeared in stage productions in France ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nous trois ou rien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nous_trois_ou_rien', 'summary': 'All Three of Us ( original title : Nous trois ou rien ; also known as The Three of Us ) is a 2015 French comedy-drama film written , directed by and starring Kheiron in his directorial debut . The film also stars Leïla Bekhti , Gérard Darmon and Zabou Breitman . It was screened at the Tokyo International Film Festival where it won the Special Jury Prize . The film was nominated for the César Award for Best First Feature Film at the 41st César Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'All Three of Us', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Three_of_Us', 'summary': 'All Three of Us ( original title : Nous trois ou rien ; also known as The Three of Us ) is a 2015 French comedy-drama film written , directed by and starring Kheiron in his directorial debut . The film also stars Leïla Bekhti , Gérard Darmon and Zabou Breitman . It was screened at the Tokyo International Film Festival where it won the Special Jury Prize . The film was nominated for the César Award for Best First Feature Film at the 41st César Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Kheiron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kheiron', 'summary': 'Kheiron ( born Manouchehr Tabib , 21 November 1982 ) is a French comedian , actor and film director of Iranian origin . He is best known for directing All Three of Us which was nominated for the César Award for Best First Feature Film . His subsequent film Bad Seeds ( French title : Mauvaises Herbes ) was released in English-speaking countries through Netflix .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frantz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frantz_(film)', 'summary': "Frantz is a 2016 drama film directed and co-written by François Ozon and starring Paula Beer and Pierre Niney . It is about a young German woman whose fiancé has been killed in World War I and the remorse of the French soldier who killed him . It was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival , where Beer won the Marcello Mastroianni Award . At the 42nd César Awards , Frantz was nominated in eleven categories , winning one for Best Cinematography . Édouard Manet 's painting Le Suicidé is referenced and shown several times in the story . Frantz is a loose adaptation of the 1932 Ernst Lubitsch film Broken Lullaby , which in turn was based on Maurice Rostand 's 1930 French play L'homme que j'ai tué ."}]}, {'value': 'Frantz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frantz_(film)', 'summary': "Frantz is a 2016 drama film directed and co-written by François Ozon and starring Paula Beer and Pierre Niney . It is about a young German woman whose fiancé has been killed in World War I and the remorse of the French soldier who killed him . It was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival , where Beer won the Marcello Mastroianni Award . At the 42nd César Awards , Frantz was nominated in eleven categories , winning one for Best Cinematography . Édouard Manet 's painting Le Suicidé is referenced and shown several times in the story . Frantz is a loose adaptation of the 1932 Ernst Lubitsch film Broken Lullaby , which in turn was based on Maurice Rostand 's 1930 French play L'homme que j'ai tué ."}]}, {'value': 'François Ozon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Ozon', 'summary': 'François Ozon ( French : [ fʁɑ̃.swa o.zɔ̃ ] ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a French film director and screenwriter whose films are usually characterized by sharp satirical wit and a freewheeling view on human sexuality . He has achieved international acclaim for his films 8 femmes ( 2002 ) and Swimming Pool ( 2003 ) . Ozon is considered to be one of the most important French film directors in the new New Wave in French cinema such as Jean-Paul Civeyrac , Philippe Ramos , and Yves Caumon , as well as a group of French filmmakers associated with a cinema du corps/cinema of the body .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demain tout commence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demain_tout_commence', 'summary': 'Two Is a Family ( French : Demain tout commence ) is a 2016 French comedy-drama film remake of the Mexican film Instructions Not Included ( No se Aceptan Devoluciones ) , directed by Hugo Gélin and starring Omar Sy .'}]}, {'value': 'Two Is a Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Is_a_Family', 'summary': 'Two Is a Family ( French : Demain tout commence ) is a 2016 French comedy-drama film remake of the Mexican film Instructions Not Included ( No se Aceptan Devoluciones ) , directed by Hugo Gélin and starring Omar Sy .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugo Gélin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugo_Gélin', 'summary': 'Hugo Gélin ( born 4 May 1980 ) is a French film director , producer and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120 battements par seconde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/120_BPM', 'summary': 'BPM ( Beats per Minute ) , also known as 120 BPM ( Beats per Minute ) , [ a ] ( French : 120 battements par minute ) is a 2017 French drama film directed by Robin Campillo and starring Nahuel Pérez Biscayart , Arnaud Valois and Adèle Haenel . The film is about homosexuality and the AIDS epidemic , set in France in the 1990s . Campillo and co-screenwriter Philippe Mangeot drew on their personal experiences with ACT UP in developing the story . It had its world premiere at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival , followed by screenings at other festivals . At Cannes it won critical acclaim and four awards , including the Grand Prix . It went on to win six César Awards , including Best Film , and other honours .'}]}, {'value': 'BPM ( Beats per Minute )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BPM_(Beats_per_Minute)', 'summary': 'BPM ( Beats per Minute ) , also known as 120 BPM ( Beats per Minute ) , [ a ] ( French : 120 battements par minute ) is a 2017 French drama film directed by Robin Campillo and starring Nahuel Pérez Biscayart , Arnaud Valois and Adèle Haenel . The film is about homosexuality and the AIDS epidemic , set in France in the 1990s . Campillo and co-screenwriter Philippe Mangeot drew on their personal experiences with ACT UP in developing the story . It had its world premiere at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival , followed by screenings at other festivals . At Cannes it won critical acclaim and four awards , including the Grand Prix . It went on to win six César Awards , including Best Film , and other honours .'}]}, {'value': 'Robin Campillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Campillo', 'summary': "Robin Campillo ( born 16 August 1962 ) is a Moroccan-born French screenwriter , editor and film director . He is known for his work on films such as The Class ( 2008 ) , Heading South ( 2005 ) , the French zombie film They Came Back ( 2004 ) , Eastern Boys ( 2013 ) , and Time Out ( 2001 ) , the latter of which was placed at ninety-nine on Slant Magazine 's best films of the 2000s , number nine of The Guardian 's Best Films of the noughties , and number eleven at The A.V . Club 's top fifty films of the 2000s . In 2017 , he released 120 BPM ( Beats per Minute ) which received mass acclaim and went on to garner many awards , including the Grand Prix and 2017 César Award for Best Film ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Call Me by Your Name', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(film)', 'summary': "Call Me by Your Name ( Italian : Chiamami col tuo nome ) is a 2017 coming-of-age romantic drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino . Its screenplay , by James Ivory , who also co-produced , is based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman . The film is the final installment in Guadagnino 's thematic Desire trilogy , after I Am Love ( 2009 ) , and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . Set in 1983 in northern Italy , Call Me by Your Name chronicles the romantic relationship between a 17-year-old , Elio Perlman ( Timothée Chalamet ) , and Oliver ( Armie Hammer ) , a 24-year-old graduate-student assistant to Elio 's father ( Michael Stuhlbarg ) , an archaeology professor . The film also stars the French actresses Amira Casar , Esther Garrel , and Victoire Du Bois . Development began in 2007 when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the rights to Aciman 's novel . Ivory had been chosen to co-direct with Guadagnino , but stepped down in 2016 . Guadagnino had joined the project as a location scout , and eventually became sole director , and co-producer . Call Me by Your Name was financed by several international companies , and its principal photography took place mainly in the city and comune of Crema , Lombardy , between May and June 2016 . Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom used 35 mm film , as opposed to employing digital cinematography . The filmmakers spent weeks decorating Villa Albergoni , one of the main shooting locations . Guadagnino curated the film 's soundtrack , which features two original songs by American singer-songwriter Sufjan Stevens ."}]}, {'value': 'Call Me by Your Name', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(film)', 'summary': "Call Me by Your Name ( Italian : Chiamami col tuo nome ) is a 2017 coming-of-age romantic drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino . Its screenplay , by James Ivory , who also co-produced , is based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman . The film is the final installment in Guadagnino 's thematic Desire trilogy , after I Am Love ( 2009 ) , and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . Set in 1983 in northern Italy , Call Me by Your Name chronicles the romantic relationship between a 17-year-old , Elio Perlman ( Timothée Chalamet ) , and Oliver ( Armie Hammer ) , a 24-year-old graduate-student assistant to Elio 's father ( Michael Stuhlbarg ) , an archaeology professor . The film also stars the French actresses Amira Casar , Esther Garrel , and Victoire Du Bois . Development began in 2007 when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the rights to Aciman 's novel . Ivory had been chosen to co-direct with Guadagnino , but stepped down in 2016 . Guadagnino had joined the project as a location scout , and eventually became sole director , and co-producer . Call Me by Your Name was financed by several international companies , and its principal photography took place mainly in the city and comune of Crema , Lombardy , between May and June 2016 . Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom used 35 mm film , as opposed to employing digital cinematography . The filmmakers spent weeks decorating Villa Albergoni , one of the main shooting locations . Guadagnino curated the film 's soundtrack , which features two original songs by American singer-songwriter Sufjan Stevens ."}]}, {'value': 'Luca Guadagnino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luca_Guadagnino', 'summary': "Luca Guadagnino ( Italian : [ ˈluːka ɡwadaˈɲiːno ] ; born 10 August 1971 ) is an Italian film director , producer , and screenwriter . He has collaborated a number of times with actress Tilda Swinton , including on the films The Protagonists ( 1999 ) , I Am Love ( 2010 ) , A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) and Suspiria ( 2018 ) . For directing and producing Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) , Guadagnino received widespread critical acclaim and several accolades , including nominations for an Academy Award for Best Picture , Nastro d'Argento for Best Director , and BAFTA Award for Best Direction ."}]}], 'section_title': '2010s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_French-language_films_11', 'intro': 'The following is a list of French-language films, films mostly spoken in the French language.'}
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What was the genre of the 2012 film directed by Michael Haneke ?
romantic tragedy
0843a7b69a7d8def
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Finland', 'title': 'List of power stations in Finland', 'header': ['Station', 'Location', 'Fuel', 'Capacity ( MW )', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alholmens Kraft Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alholmens_Kraft_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Alholmens Kraft Power Station ( also known as Jakobstad Power Station or Pietarsaari Power Station ) is a biomass power station in Alholmen , Jakobstad in Ostrobothnia region , Finland . It is the largest biomass cogeneration power station in the world . The power station was commissioned in 2001 . It was built next to the existing , now decommissioned power station . The power station is located slightly north of UPM-Kymmene Wisaforest pulp and paper mill in Alholmen . The decommissioned power station had two black liquor recovery boilers , one oil fired package boiler , one bark boiler as well as several steam turbines with the electrical output of 75 MW . The new power station was designed by Metso and its boiler was manufactured by Kværner . It employs 400 people . The power station has an installed capacity of 265 MW of electrical power . In addition , it provides 60 MW district heating for the city of Jakobstad and 100 MW process steam and heat for the UPM-Kymmene paper mill . The new power station uses wood-based biofuels ( forest residues ) as the main fuel . Peat is also used while coal is a reserve fuel .'}]}, {'value': 'Jakobstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jakobstad', 'summary': 'Jakobstad ( Finnish : Pietarsaari ) is a town and municipality in Ostrobothnia , Finland . The town has a population of 19,287 ( 31 January 2019 ) and covers a land area of 88.31 square kilometres ( 34.10 sq mi ) . The population density is 218.4 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 566/sq mi ) . Neighbour municipalities are Larsmo , Pedersöre , and Nykarleby .'}]}, {'value': 'Biomass and Peat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biomass', 'summary': 'Biomass is plant or animal material used for energy production ( electricity or heat ) , or in various industrial processes as raw substance for a range of products . It can be purposely grown energy crops ( e.g . miscanthus , switchgrass ) , wood or forest residues , waste from food crops ( wheat straw , bagasse ) , horticulture ( yard waste ) , food processing ( corn cobs ) , animal farming ( manure , rich in nitrogen and phosphorus ) , or human waste from sewage plants . Burning plant-derived biomass releases CO2 , but it has still been classified as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks because photosynthesis cycles the CO2 back into new crops . In some cases , this recycling of CO2 from plants to atmosphere and back into plants can even be CO2 negative , as a relatively large portion of the CO2 is moved to the soil during each cycle . Cofiring with biomass has increased in coal power plants , because it makes it possible to release less CO2 without the cost associated with building new infrastructure . Co-firing is not without issues however , often an upgrade of the biomass is beneficiary . Upgrading to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods , broadly classified as thermal , chemical , or biochemical ( see below ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}]}, {'value': '265', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haapaniemi Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuopio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuopio', 'summary': "Kuopio ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈkuo̯pio ] ) is a Finnish city and municipality located in the region of Northern Savonia ( Pohjois-Savo ) . It has a population of 118,667 , which makes it the ninth-most populous city in Finland and the most populous city in Eastern Finland Province . Kuopio has a total area of 4,326.35 square kilometres ( 1,670.41 sq mi ) , of which 719.85 km2 ( 277.94 sq mi ) is water and half is forest . Though the city 's population is a spread-out 74/km2 ( 190/sq mi ) , the city 's urban areas are populated comparably densely ( urban area : 1,618 /km² ) , making Kuopio Finland 's second-most densely populated city . Since 1969 Kuopio has grown extensively through municipality mergers . Kuopio 's population surpassed 100,000 when the town of Nilsiä joined the city at the beginning of 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Peat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}]}, {'value': '90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haapavesi Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haapavesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haapavesi', 'summary': "Haapavesi is a town and a municipality of Finland . It is located in the North Ostrobothnia region . The town has a population of 6,853 ( 31 January 2019 ) and covers an area of 1,086.11 square kilometres ( 419.35 sq mi ) of which 36.41 km2 ( 14.06 sq mi ) is water . The population density is 6.53 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 16.9/sq mi ) . Neighbour municipalities are Haapajärvi , Kärsämäki , Nivala , Oulainen , Raahe , Siikalatva and Ylivieska . The municipality is unilingually Finnish . The town is the Finnish national kantele village . It is also known for the Haapavesi Folk Music Festival which gathers folkmusicians together . At Haapavesi , there is a 327 metres ( 1,073 ft ) tall guyed TV mast , which belongs to Finland 's tallest man-made structures ."}]}, {'value': 'Peat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}]}, {'value': '154', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joensuu Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joensuu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joensuu', 'summary': "Joensuu ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈjoensuː ] ; lit . river 's mouth ; Karelian : Jovensuu ) is a city and municipality in North Karelia . It was founded in 1848 . The population of Joensuu is 76,543 ( January 31 , 2019 ) , and the economic region of Joensuu has a population of 115,000 . As is typical of cities in Eastern Finland , Joensuu is monolingually Finnish . Joensuu is a lively [ according to whom ? ] student city with a subsidiary of the University of Eastern Finland , which has over 15,000 enrolled students , and a further 4,000 students at the Karelia University of Applied Sciences . The largest employers are the municipal City of Joensuu , North Karelian Hospital District Federation of Municipalities , Abloy and Punamusta . The European Forest Institute , the University and many other institutes and export enterprises such as Abloy and John Deere give Joensuu an international flavour ."}]}, {'value': 'Biomass and Peat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biomass', 'summary': 'Biomass is plant or animal material used for energy production ( electricity or heat ) , or in various industrial processes as raw substance for a range of products . It can be purposely grown energy crops ( e.g . miscanthus , switchgrass ) , wood or forest residues , waste from food crops ( wheat straw , bagasse ) , horticulture ( yard waste ) , food processing ( corn cobs ) , animal farming ( manure , rich in nitrogen and phosphorus ) , or human waste from sewage plants . Burning plant-derived biomass releases CO2 , but it has still been classified as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks because photosynthesis cycles the CO2 back into new crops . In some cases , this recycling of CO2 from plants to atmosphere and back into plants can even be CO2 negative , as a relatively large portion of the CO2 is moved to the soil during each cycle . Cofiring with biomass has increased in coal power plants , because it makes it possible to release less CO2 without the cost associated with building new infrastructure . Co-firing is not without issues however , often an upgrade of the biomass is beneficiary . Upgrading to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods , broadly classified as thermal , chemical , or biochemical ( see below ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaukaan Voima Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lappeenranta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lappeenranta', 'summary': "Lappeenranta ( Swedish : Villmanstrand ) is a city and municipality situated on the shore of the lake Saimaa in southeastern Finland , about 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) from the Russian border . It belongs to the region of South Karelia . With approximately 73,000 inhabitants ( 31 January 2019 ) Lappeenranta is the 13th largest city in Finland , after incorporating the previous municipalities of Lappee and Lauritsala in 1967 , Nuijamaa in 1989 , Joutseno in 2009 , and Ylämaa in 2010 . Lappeenranta is known as an international university city in Finland with Lappeenranta University of Technology and Saimaa University of Applied Sciences which together have approximately 13,000 students from 68 countries . Lappeenranta is also a commercial centre of South-East Finland and the meeting point of the EU and Russia , 215 km from both Helsinki and St. Petersburg . Location on the southern shore of Lake Saimaa makes the city the region 's centre for tourism . Lappeenranta is the second most visited city by Russian tourists in Finland after Helsinki and it competes with Helsinki for the largest share of tax-free sales in Finland . Lappeenranta is a model for renewable energies and a clean living environment . Lappeenranta was the only Finnish city among the 14 finalists in the international Earth Hour City Challenge 2014 , organized by WWF ."}]}, {'value': 'Biomass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biomass', 'summary': 'Biomass is plant or animal material used for energy production ( electricity or heat ) , or in various industrial processes as raw substance for a range of products . It can be purposely grown energy crops ( e.g . miscanthus , switchgrass ) , wood or forest residues , waste from food crops ( wheat straw , bagasse ) , horticulture ( yard waste ) , food processing ( corn cobs ) , animal farming ( manure , rich in nitrogen and phosphorus ) , or human waste from sewage plants . Burning plant-derived biomass releases CO2 , but it has still been classified as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks because photosynthesis cycles the CO2 back into new crops . In some cases , this recycling of CO2 from plants to atmosphere and back into plants can even be CO2 negative , as a relatively large portion of the CO2 is moved to the soil during each cycle . Cofiring with biomass has increased in coal power plants , because it makes it possible to release less CO2 without the cost associated with building new infrastructure . Co-firing is not without issues however , often an upgrade of the biomass is beneficiary . Upgrading to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods , broadly classified as thermal , chemical , or biochemical ( see below ) .'}]}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keljonlahti Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jyväskylä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jyväskylä', 'summary': 'Jyväskylä ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈjyʋæsˌkylæ ] ) is a city and municipality in Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland , some 130 km north-east from Tampere . It is the largest city in the region of Central Finland and on the Finnish Lakeland . Elias Lönnrot , the compiler of the Finnish national epic , the Kalevala , gave the city the nickname Athens of Finland . This nickname refers to the major role of Jyväskylä as an educational centre . The works of the most famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto can be seen throughout the city . The city hosts the Neste Oil Rally Finland , which is part of the World Rally Championship . It is also home of the annual Jyväskylä Arts Festival . As of 31 January 2019 , Jyväskylä had a population of 141,374 . The city has been one of the fastest growing cities in Finland during the 20th century . In 1940 , there were only 8,000 inhabitants in Jyväskylä . The Jyväskylä sub-region includes Jyväskylä , Hankasalmi , Laukaa , Muurame , Petäjävesi , Toivakka , and Uurainen .'}]}, {'value': 'Peat and Biomass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Biomass', 'summary': 'Biomass is plant or animal material used for energy production ( electricity or heat ) , or in various industrial processes as raw substance for a range of products . It can be purposely grown energy crops ( e.g . miscanthus , switchgrass ) , wood or forest residues , waste from food crops ( wheat straw , bagasse ) , horticulture ( yard waste ) , food processing ( corn cobs ) , animal farming ( manure , rich in nitrogen and phosphorus ) , or human waste from sewage plants . Burning plant-derived biomass releases CO2 , but it has still been classified as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks because photosynthesis cycles the CO2 back into new crops . In some cases , this recycling of CO2 from plants to atmosphere and back into plants can even be CO2 negative , as a relatively large portion of the CO2 is moved to the soil during each cycle . Cofiring with biomass has increased in coal power plants , because it makes it possible to release less CO2 without the cost associated with building new infrastructure . Co-firing is not without issues however , often an upgrade of the biomass is beneficiary . Upgrading to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods , broadly classified as thermal , chemical , or biochemical ( see below ) .'}]}, {'value': '209', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kymin Voima Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kouvola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kouvola', 'summary': 'Kouvola ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈkou̯wolɑ ] ) is a city and municipality in southeastern Finland . It is located on the Kymijoki River in the region of Kymenlaakso and 134 kilometres ( 83 mi ) northeast of the capital , Helsinki . The city has a population of 83,149 ( 31 January 2019 ) and covers an area of 2,883.30 square kilometres ( 1,113.25 sq mi ) of which 325.06 km2 ( 125.51 sq mi ) is water . The population density is 32.5 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 84/sq mi ) . Kouvola is bordered by the municipalities of Hamina , Heinola , Iitti , Kotka , Lapinjärvi , Loviisa , Luumäki , Miehikkälä , Mäntyharju , Pyhtää and Savitaipale .'}]}, {'value': 'Biomass and Peat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biomass', 'summary': 'Biomass is plant or animal material used for energy production ( electricity or heat ) , or in various industrial processes as raw substance for a range of products . It can be purposely grown energy crops ( e.g . miscanthus , switchgrass ) , wood or forest residues , waste from food crops ( wheat straw , bagasse ) , horticulture ( yard waste ) , food processing ( corn cobs ) , animal farming ( manure , rich in nitrogen and phosphorus ) , or human waste from sewage plants . Burning plant-derived biomass releases CO2 , but it has still been classified as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks because photosynthesis cycles the CO2 back into new crops . In some cases , this recycling of CO2 from plants to atmosphere and back into plants can even be CO2 negative , as a relatively large portion of the CO2 is moved to the soil during each cycle . Cofiring with biomass has increased in coal power plants , because it makes it possible to release less CO2 without the cost associated with building new infrastructure . Co-firing is not without issues however , often an upgrade of the biomass is beneficiary . Upgrading to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods , broadly classified as thermal , chemical , or biochemical ( see below ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}]}, {'value': '76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naantali Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naantali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naantali', 'summary': 'Naantali ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈnɑːntɑli ] ; Swedish : Nådendal ) is a town in south-western Finland , known as one of the most important tourist centres of the country . The municipality has a population of 19,250 ( 31 January 2019 ) , and is located in the region of Southwest Finland , 14 kilometres ( 8.7 mi ) west of Turku . The town encompasses a land area of 311.50 square kilometres ( 120.27 sq mi ) . Most of this area is located on the islands , but the majority of the population lives on the mainland [ citation needed ] . Most of the islands are covered with forest and farmland , while the mainland consists chiefly of residential areas [ citation needed ] .'}]}, {'value': 'Coal , Natural gas , Peat , Biomass and RDF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coal', 'summary': "Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock , formed as rock strata called coal seams . Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements ; chiefly hydrogen , sulfur , oxygen , and nitrogen . Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years . Vast deposits of coal originate in former wetlands - called coal forests - that covered much of the Earth 's tropical land areas during the late Carboniferous ( Pennsylvanian ) and Permian times . As a fossil fuel burned for heat , coal supplies about a quarter of the world 's primary energy and two-fifths of its electricity . Some iron and steel making and other industrial processes burn coal . The extraction and use of coal causes many premature deaths and much illness . The coal industry damages the environment , including by climate change as it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide , 14 gigatonne ( Gt ) in 2016 , which is 40% of the total fossil fuel emissions and almost 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions . As part of the worldwide energy transition many countries have stopped using or use less coal , and the UN Secretary General has asked governments to stop building new coal plants by 2020 . To meet the Paris Agreement target of keeping global warming to well below 2 °C ( 3.6 °F ) coal use needs to halve from 2020 to 2030 . The largest consumer and importer of coal is China . China mines almost half the world 's coal , followed by India with about a tenth ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Natural_gas', 'summary': 'Natural gas ( also called fossil gas ) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane , but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes , and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide , nitrogen , hydrogen sulfide , or helium . It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years . The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas . Natural gas is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating , cooking , and electricity generation . It is also used as a fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals . Natural gas has a complicated effect on climate change ; it itself is a greenhouse gas , and it releases carbon dioxide when burned . However , natural gas use often supplants coal use , which is far more environmentally damaging , leading to lower net carbon dioxide emissions in countries such as the United States . Natural gas is found in deep underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds and as methane clathrates . Petroleum is another resource and fossil fuel found close to and with natural gas . Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms : biogenic and thermogenic . Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes , bogs , landfills , and shallow sediments . Deeper in the earth , at greater temperature and pressure , thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Biomass', 'summary': 'Biomass is plant or animal material used for energy production ( electricity or heat ) , or in various industrial processes as raw substance for a range of products . It can be purposely grown energy crops ( e.g . miscanthus , switchgrass ) , wood or forest residues , waste from food crops ( wheat straw , bagasse ) , horticulture ( yard waste ) , food processing ( corn cobs ) , animal farming ( manure , rich in nitrogen and phosphorus ) , or human waste from sewage plants . Burning plant-derived biomass releases CO2 , but it has still been classified as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks because photosynthesis cycles the CO2 back into new crops . In some cases , this recycling of CO2 from plants to atmosphere and back into plants can even be CO2 negative , as a relatively large portion of the CO2 is moved to the soil during each cycle . Cofiring with biomass has increased in coal power plants , because it makes it possible to release less CO2 without the cost associated with building new infrastructure . Co-firing is not without issues however , often an upgrade of the biomass is beneficiary . Upgrading to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods , broadly classified as thermal , chemical , or biochemical ( see below ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Refuse-derived_fuel', 'summary': 'Refuse-derived fuel ( RDF ) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as municipal solid waste ( MSW ) , industrial waste or commercial waste . The World Business Council for Sustainable Development provides a definition : Selected waste and by-products with recoverable calorific value can be used as fuels in a cement kiln , replacing a portion of conventional fossil fuels , like coal , if they meet strict specifications . Sometimes they can only be used after pre-processing to provide tailor-made fuels for the cement process RDF consists largely of combustible components of such waste , as non recyclable plastics ( not including PVC ) , paper cardboard , labels , and other corrugated materials . These fractions are separated by different processing steps , such as screening , air classification , ballistic separation , separation of ferrous and non ferrous materials , glass , stones and other foreign materials and shredding into a uniform grain size , or also pelletized in order to produce a homogeneous material which can be used as substitute for fossil fuels in e.g . cement plants , lime plants , coal fired power plants or as reduction agent in steel furnaces . RDF can be also further specified into e.g . tyre derived fuels ( TDF ) from used tyres , or solid recovered fuels ( SRF ) Others describe the properties , such as :'}]}, {'value': '142', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Under construction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naistenlahti Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampere', 'summary': "Tampere ( /ˈtæmpəreɪ/ , also US : /ˈtɑːm-/ , Finnish : [ ˈtɑmpere ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Tammerfors [ tɑmːærˈforsː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Pirkanmaa , southern Finland . It is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries . Tampere has a population of 235,615 with the urban area holding 334,112 people and the metropolitan area , also known as the Tampere sub-region , holding 385,301 inhabitants in an area of 4,970 km2 . Tampere is the second-largest urban area and third most-populous individual municipality in Finland , after the cities of Helsinki and Espoo and the most populous Finnish city outside the Greater Helsinki area , within which both Helsenki and Espoo are both located . Tampere is the major urban , economic , and cultural hub for central Finland . [ citation needed ] Tampere is wedged between two lakes , Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi . Since the two lakes differ in level by 18 metres ( 59 ft ) , the rapids linking them , Tammerkoski , have been an important power source throughout history , most recently for generating electricity . Tampere is dubbed the Manchester of Finland for its industrial past as the former center of Finnish industry , and this has given rise to its Finnish nickname Manse and terms such as Manserock . Helsinki is approximately 160 kilometres ( 100 mi ) south of Tampere , and can be reached in 1h 31m by Pendolino high-speed rail service and 2 hours by car . The distance to Turku is roughly the same . Tampere-Pirkkala Airport is Finland 's eighth-busiest airport , with over 230,000 passengers in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Natural gas , Peat , Wood and Fuel Oil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natural_gas', 'summary': 'Natural gas ( also called fossil gas ) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane , but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes , and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide , nitrogen , hydrogen sulfide , or helium . It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years . The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas . Natural gas is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating , cooking , and electricity generation . It is also used as a fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals . Natural gas has a complicated effect on climate change ; it itself is a greenhouse gas , and it releases carbon dioxide when burned . However , natural gas use often supplants coal use , which is far more environmentally damaging , leading to lower net carbon dioxide emissions in countries such as the United States . Natural gas is found in deep underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds and as methane clathrates . Petroleum is another resource and fossil fuel found close to and with natural gas . Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms : biogenic and thermogenic . Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes , bogs , landfills , and shallow sediments . Deeper in the earth , at greater temperature and pressure , thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wood', 'summary': 'Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants . It is an organic material - a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression . Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees , or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs . [ citation needed ] In a living tree it performs a support function , enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves . It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves , other growing tissues , and the roots . Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties , and to material engineered from wood , or wood chips or fiber . Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel , as a construction material , for making tools and weapons , furniture and paper . More recently it emerged as a feedstock for the production of purified cellulose and its derivatives , such as cellophane and cellulose acetate . As of 2005 , the growing stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters , 47% of which was commercial . As an abundant , carbon-neutral renewable resource , woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy . In 1991 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested . Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fuel_Oil', 'summary': 'Fuel oil ( also known as heavy oil , marine fuel or furnace oil ) is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation , either as a distillate or a residue . In general terms , fuel oil is any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power , except oils having a flash point of approximately 42 °C ( 108 °F ) and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners . Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains , particularly alkanes , cycloalkanes , and aromatics . The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil , i.e. , heavier than gasoline and naphtha . Small molecules like those in propane , naphtha , gasoline for cars , and jet fuel have relatively low boiling points , and they are removed at the start of the fractional distillation process . Heavier petroleum products like diesel fuel and lubricating oil are much less volatile and distill out more slowly , while bunker oil is literally the bottom of the barrel ; in oil distilling , the only things denser than bunker fuel are carbon black feedstock and bituminous residue ( asphalt ) , which is used for paving roads and sealing roofs .'}]}, {'value': '189', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pursiala Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikkeli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikkeli', 'summary': "Mikkeli ( Swedish : S : t Michel ) is a town and municipality in Finland . It is located in what used to be the province of Eastern Finland and is part of the Etelä-Savo region . The municipality has a population of 53,781 ( 31 January 2019 ) ( around 34,000 in the town itself ) and covers an area of 3,229.57 square kilometres ( 1,246.94 sq mi ) of which 424.7 km2 ( 164.0 sq mi ) is water . The population density is 31.64 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 81.9/sq mi ) . Mikkeli was the site for the headquarters of the Finnish armed forces during World War II . In recognition of this , the town 's coat of arms incorporates a pair of crossed Marshal 's batons , and the town was awarded the Cross of Liberty , 4th class , to be displayed with the coat of arms ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood and Peat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wood', 'summary': 'Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants . It is an organic material - a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression . Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees , or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs . [ citation needed ] In a living tree it performs a support function , enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves . It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves , other growing tissues , and the roots . Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties , and to material engineered from wood , or wood chips or fiber . Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel , as a construction material , for making tools and weapons , furniture and paper . More recently it emerged as a feedstock for the production of purified cellulose and its derivatives , such as cellophane and cellulose acetate . As of 2005 , the growing stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters , 47% of which was commercial . As an abundant , carbon-neutral renewable resource , woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy . In 1991 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested . Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}]}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rauhalahti Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rauhalahti_Power_Station', 'summary': "Rauhalahti power station is a combined heat and power station built in 1986 in Jyväskylä , Finland . It is the main provider of district heat in Jyväskylä and it produced the steam used by Kangas Paper Mill until the mill was shut down in 2009 . The construction cost of the plant was 84 million euros . The plant is operated by Jyväskylän Energiantuotanto , which is owned by Jyväskylän Energia . Fortum owned 60 per cent of the company but Jyväskylän Energia bought the share for 40 million euros . Power station 's main sources of energy are firewood and peat ; use of coal is rare . The peat is mainly provided by Vapo , while the firewood is provided by sawmills in Central Finland and nearby wood-processing industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Jyväskylä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jyväskylä', 'summary': 'Jyväskylä ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈjyʋæsˌkylæ ] ) is a city and municipality in Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland , some 130 km north-east from Tampere . It is the largest city in the region of Central Finland and on the Finnish Lakeland . Elias Lönnrot , the compiler of the Finnish national epic , the Kalevala , gave the city the nickname Athens of Finland . This nickname refers to the major role of Jyväskylä as an educational centre . The works of the most famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto can be seen throughout the city . The city hosts the Neste Oil Rally Finland , which is part of the World Rally Championship . It is also home of the annual Jyväskylä Arts Festival . As of 31 January 2019 , Jyväskylä had a population of 141,374 . The city has been one of the fastest growing cities in Finland during the 20th century . In 1940 , there were only 8,000 inhabitants in Jyväskylä . The Jyväskylä sub-region includes Jyväskylä , Hankasalmi , Laukaa , Muurame , Petäjävesi , Toivakka , and Uurainen .'}]}, {'value': 'Peat and Wood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wood', 'summary': 'Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants . It is an organic material - a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression . Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees , or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs . [ citation needed ] In a living tree it performs a support function , enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves . It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves , other growing tissues , and the roots . Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties , and to material engineered from wood , or wood chips or fiber . Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel , as a construction material , for making tools and weapons , furniture and paper . More recently it emerged as a feedstock for the production of purified cellulose and its derivatives , such as cellophane and cellulose acetate . As of 2005 , the growing stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters , 47% of which was commercial . As an abundant , carbon-neutral renewable resource , woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy . In 1991 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested . Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction .'}]}, {'value': '87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seinäjoki Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seinäjoki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seinäjoki', 'summary': "Seinäjoki is a city located in South Ostrobothnia , Finland . Seinäjoki originated around the Östermyra bruk iron and gunpowder factories founded in 1798 . Seinäjoki became a municipality in 1868 , market town in 1931 and town in 1960 . In 2005 , the municipality of Peräseinäjoki was merged into Seinäjoki , and in the beginning of 2009 , the neighbouring municipalities of Nurmo and Ylistaro were consolidated with Seinäjoki . The Town library , Lakeuden Risti Church and central administrative buildings are designed by Alvar Aalto . The asteroid 1521 Seinäjoki bears the town 's name . Seinäjoki was historically called Östermyra in Swedish . Today this name , which never was official , is very seldom used even among the Swedish speakers . Literal translation for Seinäjoki is Wallriver . Seinäjoki Airport is located in the neighbouring municipality of Ilmajoki , 11 kilometres ( 10 mi ) south of the Seinäjoki city centre . Seinäjoki railway station in city center was opened in 1883 and until 1897 it carried the name Östermyra station . Seinäjoki is home to SJK Seinäjoki , a professional football team that competes in the Finnish Veikkausliiga ."}]}, {'value': 'Peat and Wood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wood', 'summary': 'Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants . It is an organic material - a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression . Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees , or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs . [ citation needed ] In a living tree it performs a support function , enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves . It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves , other growing tissues , and the roots . Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties , and to material engineered from wood , or wood chips or fiber . Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel , as a construction material , for making tools and weapons , furniture and paper . More recently it emerged as a feedstock for the production of purified cellulose and its derivatives , such as cellophane and cellulose acetate . As of 2005 , the growing stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters , 47% of which was commercial . As an abundant , carbon-neutral renewable resource , woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy . In 1991 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested . Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction .'}]}, {'value': '120', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tihisenniemi Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kajaani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kajaani', 'summary': "Kajaani ( Swedish : Kajana ) is a town and municipality in Finland . It is the center and capital of the Kainuu region . It is located southeast of Oulujärvi ( Lake Oulu ) , which drains to the Gulf of Bothnia along the Oulujoki ( river Oulu ) . As of 31 January 2019 , it had a population of 36,943 . The town began in the 17th century , fuelled by the growth of the tar industry . It succumbed to Russian forces during the Greater Wrath of the 18th century , who ruined the Kajaani Castle in 1716 . Today , the local economy is driven by mainly the sawmill , lumber and paper industries , although UPM Kymmene 's Kajaani paper mill , the main employer from 1907 until 2008 , has now closed . Kajaani Church was built in 1896 in the Neo-Gothic style by architect Jac Ahrenberg , replacing an earlier church . Kajaani Town Theatre was established in 1969 . Kajaani is home to two football clubs , AC Kajaani and Kajaanin Haka , and ice hockey team Hokki . Kajaani University of Applied Sciences was established in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': 'Peat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}]}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toppila Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toppila_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Toppila Power Station is a power station in the Toppila district in Oulu , Finland . It is one of the largest peat-fired power stations in the world , with an installed capacity of 210 MW of electric power and 340 MW of thermal power . The facility operates two units of 75 MWe and 145 MWe . The boiler was supplied by Tampella and Ahlstrom , and the turbines were supplied by Zamech , LMZ and Ganz . The power station is operated by Oulun Energia .'}]}, {'value': 'Oulu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oulu', 'summary': "Oulu ( /ˈoʊluː/ OH-loo , Finnish : [ ˈou̯lu ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Uleåborg [ ʉːlɛɔˈbɔrj ] ( listen ) ) is a city and municipality of 203,750 inhabitants ( 31 January 2019 ) in the region of North Ostrobothnia , Finland . It is the most populous city in Northern Finland , and the fifth most populous in the country . Only the city of Murmansk , Russia , has more people and is further north . Oulu is considered one of Europe 's living labs , where residents experiment with new technology ( such as NFC tags and ubi-screens ) on a community-wide scale ."}]}, {'value': 'Peat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}]}, {'value': '190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanaja Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hämeenlinna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hämeenlinna', 'summary': 'Hämeenlinna ( Swedish : Tavastehus ; Karelian : Hämienlinna ) is a city and municipality of about 68,000 inhabitants in the heart of the historical province of Häme in the south of Finland . Hämeenlinna is the oldest inland city of Finland and was one of the most important Finnish cities until the 19th century . It still remains an important regional center . Hämeenlinna is the birthplace of composer Jean Sibelius . Today , it belongs to the region of Tavastia Proper ( Kanta-Häme ) , and before 2010 it was the residence city for the Governor of the province of Southern Finland . Nearby cities include the capital Helsinki ( 98 km or 61 mi ) , Tampere ( 73 km or 45 mi ) and Lahti ( 72 km or 45 mi ) . The medieval Häme Castle ( Hämeen linna ) is located in the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Biomass , Peat and Natural gas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biomass', 'summary': 'Biomass is plant or animal material used for energy production ( electricity or heat ) , or in various industrial processes as raw substance for a range of products . It can be purposely grown energy crops ( e.g . miscanthus , switchgrass ) , wood or forest residues , waste from food crops ( wheat straw , bagasse ) , horticulture ( yard waste ) , food processing ( corn cobs ) , animal farming ( manure , rich in nitrogen and phosphorus ) , or human waste from sewage plants . Burning plant-derived biomass releases CO2 , but it has still been classified as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks because photosynthesis cycles the CO2 back into new crops . In some cases , this recycling of CO2 from plants to atmosphere and back into plants can even be CO2 negative , as a relatively large portion of the CO2 is moved to the soil during each cycle . Cofiring with biomass has increased in coal power plants , because it makes it possible to release less CO2 without the cost associated with building new infrastructure . Co-firing is not without issues however , often an upgrade of the biomass is beneficiary . Upgrading to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods , broadly classified as thermal , chemical , or biochemical ( see below ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Natural_gas', 'summary': 'Natural gas ( also called fossil gas ) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane , but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes , and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide , nitrogen , hydrogen sulfide , or helium . It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years . The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas . Natural gas is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating , cooking , and electricity generation . It is also used as a fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals . Natural gas has a complicated effect on climate change ; it itself is a greenhouse gas , and it releases carbon dioxide when burned . However , natural gas use often supplants coal use , which is far more environmentally damaging , leading to lower net carbon dioxide emissions in countries such as the United States . Natural gas is found in deep underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds and as methane clathrates . Petroleum is another resource and fossil fuel found close to and with natural gas . Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms : biogenic and thermogenic . Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes , bogs , landfills , and shallow sediments . Deeper in the earth , at greater temperature and pressure , thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material .'}]}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Renewable -- Biomass and peat', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_power_stations_in_Finland_2', 'intro': 'The following page lists all power stations in Finland.'}
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Considering only stations in the largest city in the region of Central Finland , what type of fuel does the most powerful station use ?
Peat
0843af4ed54b7ccf
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Walk_of_Stars', 'title': 'Birmingham Walk of Stars', 'header': ['Number', 'Recipient', 'Induction date', 'Profession', 'Comments', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ozzy Osbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne', 'summary': "John Michael Ozzy Osbourne ( born 3 December 1948 ) is an English singer , songwriter , actor , and television personality . He rose to prominence during the 1970s as the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath , during which he adopted the nickname The Prince of Darkness . Osbourne was fired from the band in 1979 due to alcohol and drug problems , but he went on to have a successful solo career , releasing eleven studio albums , the first seven of which were all awarded multi-platinum certifications in the United States . Osbourne has since reunited with Black Sabbath on several occasions . He rejoined the band in 1997 and helped record the group 's final studio album 13 ( 2013 ) , before they embarked on a farewell tour which culminated in a final performance in their home city , Birmingham , England , in February 2017 . His longevity and success have earned him the informal title of Godfather of Heavy Metal . Osbourne 's total album sales from his years in Black Sabbath , combined with his solo work , is over 100 million . As a member of Black Sabbath , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame as a solo artist and as a member of the band . Possessing a distinctive singing voice , Osbourne , as a native of Birmingham , is known for his strong Brummie accent - he has a star on the Birmingham Walk of Stars in his hometown as well as the Hollywood Walk of Fame . At the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards , he received the Global Icon Award . In 2015 , Osbourne received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors . In the early 2000s , Osbourne became a reality television star , appearing as himself in the MTV reality show The Osbournes , alongside wife and manager Sharon and two of their three children , Kelly and Jack ."}]}, {'value': '6 July 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member of Black Sabbath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Sabbath', 'summary': "Black Sabbath were an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1968 by guitarist Tony Iommi , drummer Bill Ward , bassist Geezer Butler and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne . They are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music . The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath ( 1970 ) , Paranoid ( 1970 ) , and Master of Reality ( 1971 ) . The band had multiple line-up changes following Osbourne 's departure in 1979 , with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history . After previous iterations of the group called the Polka Tulk Blues Band and Earth , the band settled on the name Black Sabbath in 1969 . They distinguished themselves through occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics and tuned-down guitars . Signing to Philips Records in November 1969 , they released their first single , Evil Woman in January 1970 . Their debut album , Black Sabbath , was released the following month . Though it received a negative critical response , the album was a commercial success , leading to a follow-up record , Paranoid , later in 1970 . The band 's popularity grew , and by 1973 's Sabbath Bloody Sabbath , critics were starting to respond favourably . Osbourne 's regular use of drugs and alcohol led to his firing in 1979 . He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′40″N 1°54′40″W / 52.47786°N 1.91099°W / 52.47786 ; -1.91099 ( Ozzy Osbourne )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jasper Carrott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jasper_Carrott', 'summary': 'Jasper Carrott , OBE ( born Robert Norman Davis ; 14 March 1945 ) is an English comedian , actor and television presenter .'}]}, {'value': '15 September 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedian , actor and television presenter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′31″N 1°54′51″W / 52.47539°N 1.91416°W / 52.47539 ; -1.91416 ( Jasper Carrott )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noddy Holder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noddy_Holder', 'summary': "Neville John Noddy Holder MBE ( born 15 June 1946 ) is an English musician and actor . He was the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the English band Slade , one of the UK 's most successful acts of the 1970s . Holder co-wrote most of Slade 's material with bass guitarist Jim Lea and is known for his unique and powerful voice ."}]}, {'value': '9 December 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member of Slade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slade', 'summary': "Slade were an English rock band from Wolverhampton . They rose to prominence during the glam rock era in the early 1970s , achieving 17 consecutive top 20 hits and six number ones on the UK Singles Chart . The British Hit Singles & Albums names them the most successful British group of the 1970s based on sales of singles . They were the first act to have three singles enter the charts at number one ; all six of the band 's chart-toppers were penned by Noddy Holder and Jim Lea . As of 2006 , total UK sales stand at 6,520,171 , and their best-selling single , Merry Xmas Everybody , has sold in excess of one million copies . According to the 1999 BBC documentary It 's Slade , the band have sold over 50 million records worldwide . Following an unsuccessful move to the United States in 1975 , Slade 's popularity waned but was unexpectedly revived in 1980 when they were last-minute replacements for Ozzy Osbourne at the Reading Rock Festival . The band later acknowledged this to have been one of the highlights of their career . The original line-up split in 1992 , but the band re-formed later in the year as Slade II . The band have continued , with a number of line-up changes , to the present day . They have shortened the group name back to Slade . A number of diverse artists have cited Slade as an influence , including alternative rock icons Nirvana and the Smashing Pumpkins , punk pioneers Ramones , Sex Pistols , The Undertones , The Runaways and The Clash , glam metal bands Kiss , Mötley Crüe , Poison , Def Leppard , heavy metal bands Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot and pop-rock stalwarts The Replacements , Cheap Trick and Oasis ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′37″N 1°54′43″W / 52.47706°N 1.91200°W / 52.47706 ; -1.91200 ( Noddy Holder ) Coordinates : 52°28′37″N 1°54′43″W / 52.47706°N 1.91200°W / 52.47706 ; -1.91200 ( Noddy Holder )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system', 'summary': 'A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers , letters or symbols . [ note 1 ] The coordinates are often chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position and two or three of the numbers represent a horizontal position ; alternatively , a geographic position may be expressed in a combined three-dimensional Cartesian vector . A common choice of coordinates is latitude , longitude and elevation . To specify a location on a plane requires a map projection .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murray Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murray_Walker', 'summary': 'Graeme Murray Walker , OBE ( born 10 October 1923 ) is a semi-retired English motorsport commentator and journalist . He provided television commentary of live Formula 1 coverage for the BBC between 1976 and 1996 , after that of ITV between 1997 and 2001 . During his 23-year run as full-time commentator , Walker became known for his animated enthusiasm , authoritative voice and comical blunders - dubbed Murrayisms by fans - during live races . His commentary voice has been likened to a screech and resembles a 500cc engine being revved up . He is regarded by many as the greatest sports commentator of all time . He retired from full-time commentary after the 2001 United States Grand Prix , but has returned to broadcasting part-time in 2005 and has since made occasional appearances on the BBC , Channel 4 and Sky Sports F1 .'}]}, {'value': '28 June 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sports commentator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_commentator', 'summary': "In sports broadcasting , a sports commentator ( also known as sports announcer , sportscaster or play-by-play announcer ) gives a running commentary of a game or event in real time , usually during a live broadcast , traditionally delivered in the historical present tense . Radio was the first medium for sports broadcasts , and radio commentators must describe all aspects of the action to listeners who can not see it for themselves . In the case of televised sports coverage , commentators are usually presented as a voiceover , with images of the contest shown on viewers ' screens and sounds of the action and spectators heard in the background . Television commentators are rarely shown on screen during an event , though some networks choose to feature their announcers on camera either before or after the contest or briefly during breaks in the action ."}]}, {'value': 'BBC/ITV Formula One coverage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Formula_One', 'summary': "Formula One ( also known as Formula 1 or F1 ) is the highest class of single-seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) and owned by the Formula One Group . The World Drivers ' Championship , which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981 , has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950 . The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants ' cars must conform . A Formula One season consists of a series of races , known as Grands Prix ( French for 'grand prizes ' or 'great prizes ' ) , which take place worldwide on purpose-built circuits and on public roads . The results of each race are evaluated using a points system to determine two annual World Championships : one for drivers , the other for constructors . Drivers must hold valid Super Licences , the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA . The races must run on tracks graded 1 ( formerly A ) , the highest grade-rating issued by the FIA . Most events occur in rural locations on purpose-built tracks , but several events take place on city streets . Formula One cars are the fastest regulated road-course racing cars in the world , owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic downforce . The cars underwent major changes in 2017 , allowing wider front and rear wings , and wider tyres , resulting in peak cornering forces near 6.5 lateral g and top speeds of up to approximately 350 km/h ( 215 mph ) . As of 2019 [ update ] the hybrid engines are limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 rpm , the cars are very dependent on electronics and aerodynamics , suspension and tyres . Traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47847°N 1.90880°W / 52.47847 ; -1.90880 ( Murray Walker )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Archers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Archers', 'summary': "The Archers is a British radio soap opera on BBC Radio 4 - the BBC 's main spoken-word channel - broadcast since 1951 . It was initially billed an everyday story of country folk and now , a contemporary drama in a rural setting . Having aired over 19,100 episodes , it is the world 's longest-running drama . Five pilot episodes were aired in 1950 and the first episode was broadcast nationally on 1 January 1951 . A significant show in British popular culture , and with over five million listeners , it is Radio 4 's most listened-to non-news programme , and with over one million listeners via the internet , the programme holds the record for BBC Radio online listening figures . In February 2019 , a panel of 46 broadcasting industry experts , of which 42 had a professional connection to the BBC , listed The Archers as the second-greatest radio programme of all time . Partly established with the aim towards educating farmers following World War II , The Archers soon became a popular source of entertainment for the population at large , attracting nine million listeners by 1953 ."}]}, {'value': '12 September 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soap opera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long-running BBC Radio 4 serial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Radio_4', 'summary': "BBC Radio 4 , part of BBC Radio , is owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation . It broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news , drama , comedy , science and history from the BBC 's headquarters at Broadcasting House , London . It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967 . The station controller is Mohit Bakaya . It is the second-most-popular domestic radio station in the UK , broadcast throughout the UK , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands on FM , LW and DAB , and can be received in eastern and south eastern counties of Ireland , the north of France and Northern Europe . It is also available through Freeview , Sky , Virgin Media and on the Internet . Its sister station , BBC Radio 4 Extra ( formerly BBC Radio 7 ) , complements the main channel by broadcasting repeats from the Radio 4 archive , extended versions of Radio 4 programmes and supplements to series such as The Archers and Desert Island Discs . It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One , heralded on air by the Greenwich Time Signal pips or the chimes of Big Ben . Radio 4 broadcasts the Shipping Forecast , which reached 150 years old in August 2017 . The pips are only accurate on FM , LW , and MW as there is a delay on DAB and digital radio of approximately 3 to 5 seconds , even longer online ( up to 23 seconds ) ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′35″W / 52.47825°N 1.90978°W / 52.47825 ; -1.90978 ( The Archers )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norman Painting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_Painting', 'summary': 'Norman George Painting OBE ( 23 April 1924 - 29 October 2009 ) was an English actor , broadcaster and writer . He played Phil Archer in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers from the pilot episodes aired on the BBC Midlands Home Service in summer 1950 , after the series went national on the Light Programme on 1 January 1951 , until his death in 2009 , when he was the longest-serving member of the cast . His last episode , recorded two days before he died , was broadcast on 22 November 2009 . The character lived on until Phil was found dead in his armchair in February 2010 . According to Guinness World Records , Painting held the world record for an actor playing a continuous role , a total of 59 years , which has now been surpassed by co-actor Lesley Saweard and co-star Patricia Greene .'}]}, {'value': '12 September 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Voice of Phil Archer in The Archers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Archer', 'summary': "Philip Walter Archer is a fictional character from the British BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers , played by Norman Painting . He made his first appearance on 29 May 1950 , the show 's pilot episode . The character later became the longest serving male character in the series . His longevity gave him something of the status of a 'patriarch ' in Ambridge ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′35″W / 52.47822°N 1.90985°W / 52.47822 ; -1.90985 ( Norman Painting )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Iommi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Iommi', 'summary': "Anthony Frank Iommi ( /aɪˈoʊmi/ ; born 19 February 1948 ) is an English guitarist , songwriter and producer . He was lead guitarist and one of the four founding members of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath . He was the band 's primary composer and sole continual member for nearly five decades . While working in a factory as a teenager , Iommi lost the tips of the middle and ring fingers of his right hand in an accident , an event which crucially impacted his playing style . Iommi briefly left Black Sabbath ( then known as Earth ) in 1968 to join Jethro Tull , but did not record any material with the band , and he subsequently returned to Black Sabbath in 1969 . In 2000 , he released his first solo album Iommi , followed by 2005 's Fused , which featured his former bandmate Glenn Hughes . After releasing Fused , he formed Heaven & Hell , which disbanded after Ronnie James Dio 's death in 2010 . Iommi was ranked number 25 in Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time . In 2011 , he published his autobiography , entitled Iron Man : My Journey through Heaven and Hell with Black Sabbath ."}]}, {'value': '23 November 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member of Black Sabbath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Sabbath', 'summary': "Black Sabbath were an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1968 by guitarist Tony Iommi , drummer Bill Ward , bassist Geezer Butler and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne . They are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music . The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath ( 1970 ) , Paranoid ( 1970 ) , and Master of Reality ( 1971 ) . The band had multiple line-up changes following Osbourne 's departure in 1979 , with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history . After previous iterations of the group called the Polka Tulk Blues Band and Earth , the band settled on the name Black Sabbath in 1969 . They distinguished themselves through occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics and tuned-down guitars . Signing to Philips Records in November 1969 , they released their first single , Evil Woman in January 1970 . Their debut album , Black Sabbath , was released the following month . Though it received a negative critical response , the album was a commercial success , leading to a follow-up record , Paranoid , later in 1970 . The band 's popularity grew , and by 1973 's Sabbath Bloody Sabbath , critics were starting to respond favourably . Osbourne 's regular use of drugs and alcohol led to his firing in 1979 . He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′36″W / 52.47827°N 1.91012°W / 52.47827 ; -1.91012 ( Tony Iommi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aston Villa F.C . 1982 Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C.', 'summary': "Aston Villa Football Club ( nicknamed Villa ) is an English professional football club based in Aston , Birmingham . The club competes in the Premier League , the top tier of the English football league system . Founded in 1874 , they have played at their home ground , Villa Park , since 1897 . Aston Villa were one of the founder members of the Football League in 1888 and of the Premier League in 1992 . Villa are one of only five English clubs to have won the European Cup , in 1981-82 . They have also won the Football League First Division seven times , the FA Cup seven times , the League Cup five times , and the UEFA Super Cup once . Villa have a fierce local rivalry with Birmingham City and the Second City derby between the teams has been played since 1879 . The club 's traditional kit colours are claret shirts with sky blue sleeves , white shorts and sky blue socks . Their traditional club badge is of a rampant lion . The club is currently owned by the NSWE group , a company owned by the Egyptian billionaire Nassef Sawiris and the American billionaire Wes Edens ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1982_European_Cup_Final', 'summary': 'The 1982 European Cup Final was played on 26 May 1982 . English champions Aston Villa defeated West German league winners Bayern Munich 1-0 at De Kuip in Rotterdam , Netherlands to win the European Cup for the first , and so far , only time , and continue the streak of English teams winning the competition , being the sixth consecutive victory by an English side .'}]}, {'value': '4 May 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_team', 'summary': 'A football team is a group of players selected to play together in the various team sports known as football . Such teams could be selected to play in a match against an opposing team , to represent a football club , group , state or nation , an all-star team or even selected as a hypothetical team ( such as a Dream Team or Team of the Century ) and never play an actual match .'}]}, {'value': '1982 European Cup-winning team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_European_Cup_Final', 'summary': 'The 1982 European Cup Final was played on 26 May 1982 . English champions Aston Villa defeated West German league winners Bayern Munich 1-0 at De Kuip in Rotterdam , Netherlands to win the European Cup for the first , and so far , only time , and continue the streak of English teams winning the competition , being the sixth consecutive victory by an English side .'}]}, {'value': '52°28′41″N 1°54′38″W / 52.47810°N 1.91054°W / 52.47810 ; -1.91054 ( Aston Villa F.C . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tony 'Bomber ' Brown", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Brown_(English_footballer)', 'summary': 'Anthony Brown ( born 3 October 1945 in Oldham , Lancashire ) is an English former footballer who played as a wing half and an inside forward . He was often referred to by his nickname Bomber or Bomber Brown and was known for his spectacular goals . He joined West Bromwich Albion as a youth in 1961 and turned professional in 1963 . In the late 1960s and early 1970s Brown was part of an Albion team that built a reputation as a successful cup side , winning the 1966 Football League Cup Final and the 1968 FA Cup Final and finishing as runners-up in the League Cup in 1967 and 1970 . He was the top scorer in Division One in 1970-71 and received his only England cap at the end of that season . After relegation in 1973 , he helped Albion to win promotion back to Division One in 1976 . He scored 279 goals in 720 competitive games for Albion , both club records . Brown finished his playing career playing for the New England Tea Men , Torquay United and non-league Stafford Rangers . Since retiring from playing he has worked as a coach and a commentator .'}]}, {'value': '17 May 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Footballer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional footballer from West Bromwich Albion F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C.', 'summary': "West Bromwich Albion Football Club ( /ˈbrɒmɪdʒ , -ɪtʃ/ ) is an English professional football club based in West Bromwich , West Midlands , England . They currently play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The club was formed in 1878 and has played at its home ground , The Hawthorns , since 1900 . Albion were one of the founding members of the Football League in 1888 , the first professional football league in the world , and have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of English football . They have been champions of England once , in 1919-20 , and have been runners-up twice . Albion have reached ten FA Cup finals , winning the Cup on five occasions . The first win came in 1888 , the year the league was founded , and the most recent in 1968 , their last major trophy . They also won the Football League Cup at the first attempt in 1966 . The club 's longest continuous period in the top division spanned 24 years between 1949 and 1973 , and from 1986 to 2002 they spent their longest ever spell out of the top division . The team has played in navy blue and white stripes for most of the club 's history ; and the club badge features a throstle perched on a hawthorn branch . Albion have a number of long-standing rivalries with other West Midlands clubs ; their traditional rivals being Aston Villa and Wolverhampton Wanderers . Albion contest the Black Country Derby with the latter ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′39″N 1°54′42″W / 52.47739°N 1.91158°W / 52.47739 ; -1.91158 ( Tony Brown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Skinner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Skinner', 'summary': "Frank Skinner ( born Christopher Graham Collins ; 28 January 1957 ) is an English writer , comedian , TV and radio presenter , and actor . At the 2001 British Comedy Awards , he was awarded the Best Comedy Entertainment Personality . He presented or co-presented Fantasy Football League from 1994 to 2004 , The Frank Skinner Show from 1995 to 2005 , Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned from 2000 to 2005 and Room 101 from 2012 to 2018 . Since 2009 he has hosted The Frank Skinner Show on Absolute Radio , broadcast live on Saturdays and later released as a podcast . Along with David Baddiel , he provided vocals and wrote the lyrics for Three Lions , the official song in collaboration with Liverpudlian indie band The Lightning Seeds , to mark the England football team 's participation in the 1996 European Championships ( which was hosted in England ) ; he also reprised his role to release two subsequent versions of the song for the England team 's involvement in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup . The 1996 version is the only song ever to have four separate stints at number one in the UK singles chart with the same artists , the most recent coming in July 2018 following England reaching the semi-finals of the 2018 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '1 August 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-Host of Fantasy Football League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantasy_Football_League', 'summary': 'Fantasy Football League is a British television programme hosted by David Baddiel and Frank Skinner . The programme was inspired by the Fantasy Football phenomenon which started in the early 90s . It followed on from a BBC Radio 5 programme hosted by Dominik Diamond although the radio and TV versions overlapped by several months . Three series were broadcast from 14 January 1994 to 10 May 1996 ( followed by episodes during Euro 1996 ) . The show then moved to ITV for live specials on alternate nights throughout 1998 World Cup and then again through the 2004 European Championship . It is not known if the show is ever likely to return . In its absence , Baddiel and Skinner instead went on to produce a series of podcasts for The Times , documenting their experiences while travelling across Germany at the 2006 World Cup . The success of these led to the duo being signed by Absolute Radio , where they hosted a similar show from South Africa during the 2010 World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '52°28′38″N 1°54′41″W / 52.47727°N 1.91132°W / 52.47727 ; -1.91132 ( Frank Skinner )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gil Merrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gil_Merrick', 'summary': "Gilbert Harold Gil Merrick ( 26 January 1922 - 3 February 2010 ) was an English footballer and football manager . Considered one of the best goalkeepers in the UK during the mid-1950s , Merrick was one in a long line of great Birmingham City keepers which included the likes of Johnny Schofield and Harry Hibbs . Merrick spent his entire career at Birmingham City , playing more than 700 times between 1939 and 1960 . He made 170 appearances during the Second World War and 485 in the Football League following the end of the war . He won 23 caps for the England national team , and played in the 1954 World Cup . After retirement as a player , he managed the club for four years . Birmingham City renamed the Railway Stand at their St Andrew 's stadium the Gil Merrick Stand for the start of the 2009-10 season ."}]}, {'value': 'September 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Footballer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional footballer from Birmingham City F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Birmingham City Football Club is a professional football club in Birmingham , England . Formed in 1875 as Small Heath Alliance , it was renamed Small Heath in 1888 , Birmingham in 1905 , and Birmingham City in 1943 . Since 2011 , the first team have competed in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . As Small Heath , they played in the Football Alliance before becoming founder members and first champions of the Football League Second Division . The most successful period in their history was in the 1950s and early 1960s . They achieved their highest finishing position of sixth in the First Division in the 1955-56 season and reached the 1956 FA Cup Final . Birmingham played in two Inter-Cities Fairs Cup finals , in 1960 , as the first English club side to reach a major European final , and again the following year . They won the League Cup in 1963 and again in 2011 . Birmingham have played in the top tier of English football for around half of their history : the longest period spent outside the top division , between 1986 and 2002 , included two brief spells in the third tier of English football , during which time they won the Football League Trophy twice . St Andrew 's has been their home ground since 1906 . They have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with Aston Villa , their nearest neighbours , with whom they play the Second City derby . The club 's nickname is Blues , after the colour of their kit , and the fans are known as Bluenoses ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′37″N 1°54′44″W / 52.47683°N 1.91230°W / 52.47683 ; -1.91230 ( Gil Merrick )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ray Graydon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Graydon', 'summary': "Raymond Jack Graydon ( born 21 July 1947 ) is an English former footballer and manager . In a 16-year professional career in the English Football League and North American Soccer League he scored 139 goals in 484 league and cup appearances . A winger , he began his career at hometown club Bristol Rovers in 1965 , and scored 38 goals from 155 league and cup competitions in a six season stay . He was sold on to Aston Villa for £50,000 in July 1971 , and went on to help Villa to win promotion out of the Third Division as champions in 1971-72 and then out of the Second Division in 1974-75 . He scored the only goal of the 1975 League Cup Final , and won the League Cup for a second time in 1977 . He was also nominated for the Second Division PFA Team of the Year in 1974-75 , and featured on the losing side in the 1972 FA Charity Shield . He was sold on to Coventry City for a fee of £35,000 in 1977 , and then moved to the United States to play for the Washington Diplomats in 1978 , where he picked up a runners-up medal for the 1978 President 's Cup Football Tournament . Later in the year he returned to England to play for Oxford United , and retired in 1981 . He coached at Southampton , Oxford United , Watford , Queens Park Rangers and Port Vale , before he was appointed manager of Walsall in May 1998 . He led the club to promotion out of the Second Division in 1998-99 , before repeating the feat via the play-offs in 2001 . He lost his job in January 2002 , and was appointed Bristol Rovers manager two months later . He was sacked in January 2004 , and later briefly served Leicester City as a first-team coach ."}]}, {'value': 'September 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Footballer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Former manager of Walsall F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walsall_F.C.', 'summary': "Walsall Football Club is a professional association football club based in the town of Walsall , West Midlands , England . The team competes in League Two , the fourth tier of the English football league system . The club 's nickname , The Saddlers , reflects Walsall 's status as a traditional centre for saddle manufacture . Walsall moved into their Bescot Stadium in 1990 , having previously played at nearby Fellows Park for almost a century . The team play in a red and white kit and their club crest features a swift . They hold rivalries with nearby Wolverhampton Wanderers and West Bromwich Albion , as well as farther away but more regularly contested rivalries with Shrewsbury Town and Port Vale . The club was founded in 1888 as Walsall Town Swifts , an amalgamation of Walsall Town and Walsall Swifts . :9 The club moved to the Football Alliance from the Midland Association the following year , before being invited to help found the Football League Second Division in 1892 . They failed re-election in 1895 , but were elected back into the Football League after one season in the Midland League . They failed re-election again in 1901 and this time spent two decades outside the Football League , primarily in the Birmingham & District League . Invited to help form the Football League Third Division North in 1921 , they would remain in the third tier for the next 37 years before becoming founder members of the Fourth Division . Walsall won the Fourth Division title in 1959-60 and then secured promotion out of the Third Division the following season , though were relegated in 1963 and again in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′43″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47848°N 1.90879°W / 52.47848 ; -1.90879 ( Ray Graydon )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julie Walters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Walters', 'summary': "Dame Julia Mary Walters DBE ( born 22 February 1950 ) [ citation needed ] is an English actress , writer and comedian . She is the recipient of four BAFTA TV Awards , two BAFTA Film Awards , a BAFTA Fellowship , and a Golden Globe . She has been nominated twice for an Academy Award , in the categories of Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress . Walters came to international prominence in 1983 , for playing the title role in Educating Rita . It was a role she had created on the West End stage and it earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . It also won her a BAFTA and a Golden Globe . She received a second Academy Award nomination , this time for Best Supporting Actress , for her role in the 2000 film Billy Elliot , which also won her a BAFTA . Her other film credits include Personal Services , Prick Up Your Ears ( both 1987 ) , Buster ( 1988 ) , Stepping Out ( 1991 ) , Sister My Sister ( 1994 ) , Girls ' Night , Titanic Town ( both 1998 ) , Calendar Girls ( 2003 ) , Wah-Wah ( 2005 ) , Driving Lessons ( 2006 ) , Becoming Jane ( 2007 ) , Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) and its sequel ( 2018 ) , Brave ( 2012 ) , Paddington ( 2014 ) and its sequel ( 2017 ) , Effie Gray ( 2014 ) , Brooklyn ( 2015 ) , Film Stars Do n't Die in Liverpool ( 2017 ) , and Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) . She played Molly Weasley in seven of the eight Harry Potter films ( 2001-2011 ) . On stage , she won an Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons . On television , she collaborated with Victoria Wood , and appeared with her in several television shows including Wood and Walters ( 1981 ) , Victoria Wood As Seen on TV ( 1985-1987 ) , Pat and Margaret ( 1994 ) , and dinnerladies ( 1998-2000 ) ."}]}, {'value': '27 October 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actress/Comedian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star of Educating Rita & Harry Potter Films', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Educating_Rita_(film)', 'summary': 'Educating Rita is a British 1983 drama/comedy film directed by Lewis Gilbert with a screenplay by Willy Russell based on his 1980 stage play . The film stars Michael Caine , Julie Walters , Michael Williams and Maureen Lipman . It won multiple major awards for best actor and best actress and was nominated for three Academy Awards . Caine and Walters both won BAFTA and Golden Globe awards for best actor and actress . The British Film Institute ranked Educating Rita the 84th greatest British film of the 20th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)', 'summary': "Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the eponymous novels by author J. K. Rowling . The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films , beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 ( 2011 ) . A spin-off prequel series will consist of five films started with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) , marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise . The series was mainly produced by David Heyman , and stars Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , and Emma Watson as the three leading characters : Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger . Four directors worked on the series : Chris Columbus , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , and David Yates . Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) , while the remaining films had their screenplays written by Steve Kloves . Production took place over ten years , with the main story arc following Harry Potter 's quest to overcome his arch-enemy Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the seventh and final novel in the series , was adapted into two feature-length parts . Part 1 was released in November 2010 , and Part 2 was released in July 2011 . Philosopher 's Stone and Deathly Hallows - Part 2 are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time , with the latter ranking as the twelfth highest-grossing film , having grossed over $ 1 billion . Without inflation adjustment , it is the third highest-grossing film series with $ 7.7 billion in worldwide receipts ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′28″N 1°54′57″W / 52.47434°N 1.91575°W / 52.47434 ; -1.91575 ( Julie Walters )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Newbon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Newbon', 'summary': "Gary Newbon MBE ( born 15 March 1945 in Cambridge , Cambridgeshire ) is a television sports presenter and executive . He attended Culford School near Bury St Edmunds where he captained the rugby first XV and edited the school magazine . Upon leaving school he became a junior reporter in Cambridge and then a freelance Fleet Street journalist reporting on tennis and rugby union . He began his television career at Westward TV in the 1960s , and then as an ATV sports reporter for their ATV Today programme in the early 1970s . The continuing illness of his boss , Controller of Sports Billy Wright , the former England football captain meant that he and a small team - including Trevor East - had to carry out Wright 's functions whilst covering up the extent of his ill-health . He himself later became Controller of Sports ( West Midlands ) for ATV and , later , Central Television , Newbon reported on football and hosted boxing and darts programmes for the ITV network , whilst hosting sports coverage on ATV and Central , while also presenting sports reports on the regional news programmes and performing his executive role . Newbon conducted post-match interviews , including a memorable exchange with Brian Clough after Nottingham Forest had lost 4-0 to Everton , when Newbon 's question about Forest 's lack of commitment was replied to with Because they 're just like you and me , Gary - a bunch of pansies , after which Clough kissed Newbon on the cheek and walked off . Newbon sparked a controversy in 1983 when he appeared to show two fingers to the QPR manager . Now retired from ITV after 36 years , he is currently a Sky Sports presenter . He hosted the football phone-in show You 're On Sky Sports , which is usually scheduled immediately after the evening 's main game . He hosts live greyhound racing on Sky Sports as well as Time of Our Lives . In 2004 , he presented a phone-in show on UK national radio station talkSPORT , Final Whistle , which was broadcast on Saturdays between 5.00pm and 8.00pm after the day 's league fixtures ."}]}, {'value': '10 December 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television journalism', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Journalism', 'summary': 'Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on events . The word journalism applies to the occupation , as well as citizen journalists who gather and publish information . Journalistic media include print , television , radio , Internet , and , in the past , newsreels . Concepts of the appropriate role for journalism vary between countries . In some nations , the news media are controlled by government intervention and are not fully independent . In others , the news media are independent of the government but instead operate as private industry motivated by profit . In addition to the varying nature of how media organizations are run and funded , countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech and libel cases . The proliferation of the Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century . This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels , as people increasingly consume news through e-readers , smartphones , and other personal electronic devices , as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers , magazines , or television news channels . News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing , as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print . Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues .'}]}, {'value': 'Sports Reporter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47845°N 1.90880°W / 52.47845 ; -1.90880 ( Gary Newbon )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lenny Henry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lenny_Henry', 'summary': "Sir Lenworth George Henry CBE ( born 29 August 1958 ) is a British stand-up comedian , actor , singer , writer and television presenter , known for co-founding the charity Comic Relief , and appearing in TV programmes including children 's entertainment show Tiswas , sitcom Chef ! and The Magicians for BBC One . He is currently the Chancellor of Birmingham City University ."}]}, {'value': '19 December 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor/Comedian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presenter of Tiswas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiswas', 'summary': "Tiswas ( Today Is Saturday Watch And Smile ) is a British children 's television series that originally aired on Saturday mornings from 5 January 1974 to 3 April 1982 , and was produced for the ITV network by ATV . It was created by ATV continuity announcer Peter Tomlinson ( later to become a regular presenter on the show ) following a test period in 1973 when he tried out a few competitions and daft stuff between the programmes ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′43″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47849°N 1.90879°W / 52.47849 ; -1.90879 ( Lenny Henry )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beverley Knight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beverley_Knight', 'summary': "Beverley Knight , MBE ( born Beverley Anne Smith ; 22 March 1973 ) is an English recording artist and musical theatre actress who released her debut album , The B-Funk , in 1995 . Heavily influenced by American soul music icons such as Sam Cooke and Aretha Franklin , Knight has released eight studio albums to date . Widely labelled as one of Britain 's greatest soul singers , Knight is best known for her hit singles Greatest Day , Get Up ! , Shoulda Woulda Coulda and Come as You Are . In 2006 Knight solidified her transition into the mainstream by starring in the BBC music TV series Just the Two of Us , a role she reprised in 2007 . After releasing a platinum-selling compilation album in 2006 , Knight went on to tour the UK with a reformed Take That . She has also hosted four series of the BBC Radio 2 show Beverley 's Gospel Nights , which explores the origins and impact of gospel music . To date the show has run for four seasons and has featured interviews with stars such as Michelle Williams and Shirley Caesar . Knight is an ambassador for many charities such as Christian Aid and has travelled to areas affected by disease and poverty to help raise awareness . She is an active campaigner for anti-Aids organisations such as the Stop AIDS Campaign and The Terrence Higgins Trust and is also a vocal campaigner against homophobic lyrics in urban music . On Saturday , 15 August 2009 , she performed live at the fourth annual UK Black Pride event in Regent 's Park . On Friday 4 December 2009 , at the invitation of Sarah Brown , wife of the Prime Minister , Knight performed the two songs Shoulda Woulda Coulda and Gold to an invited audience at 10 Downing Street in support of the White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood Million Mums charity . After more than a decade in the music industry , Knight was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 2006 in recognition of her contribution to British music ."}]}, {'value': '20 March 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47846°N 1.90880°W / 52.47846 ; -1.90880 ( Beverley Knight )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan Armatrading', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Armatrading', 'summary': 'Joan Anita Barbara Armatrading , MBE ( /ˈɑːrməˌtreɪdɪŋ/ , born 9 December 1950 ) is a British singer-songwriter and guitarist . A three-time Grammy Award nominee , Armatrading has also been nominated twice for BRIT Awards as Best Female Artist . She received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contemporary Song Collection in 1996 . In a recording career spanning 46 years , Armatrading has released 19 studio albums , as well as several live albums and compilations .'}]}, {'value': '4 May 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′35″W / 52.47828°N 1.90970°W / 52.47828 ; -1.90970 ( Joan Armatrading )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Tarrant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Tarrant', 'summary': "Christopher John Tarrant , OBE ( born 10 October 1946 ) is an English musician , radio and television broadcaster . He presented the ITV children 's television show Tiswas from 1974 to 1981 , and the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? from 1998 to 2014 . He was a Capital Radio host from 1984 to 2004 . Tarrant 's career began in 1964 , when he was hired by the since-dissolved television network ATV . He presented ATV Today , a current affairs programme serving the Midlands area of England , until 1982 . Tarrant rose to prominence after becoming a co-host on Tiswas , the children 's television show broadcast on a Saturday morning from 1974 to 1981 . In January 1982 , along with Bob Carolgees , John Gorman , Randolph Sutherland and Lenny Henry , Tarrant launched a late-night show , O.T.T. , thought of as an adult version of Tiswas , but it did not prove popular . Tarrant was a Capital Radio host from 1984 to 2004 , presenting the early-morning show Capital Breakfast . The show was highly popular , increasing Capital Radio 's audience share in London . Tarrant hosted the ITV game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? from 1998 to 2014 , while also providing some audio recordings for some console games , and a tabletop game made by Tiger Electronics based on the show ."}]}, {'value': 'August 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broadcaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Who_Wants_To_Be_A_Millionaire', 'summary': 'Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( abbreviated WWTBAM and informally known as simply Millionaire ) is an international television game show franchise of British origin , created by David Briggs , Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight . In its format , currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television , contestants tackle a series of multiple-choice questions to win large cash prizes in a format that twists on many game show genre conventions - only one contestant plays at a time , similar to radio quizzes ; contestants are given the question before attempting an answer , and have no time limit to answer questions ; and the amount offered increases as they tackle questions that become increasingly difficult . The maximum cash prize offered in most versions of the format is one million of the local currency . The original British version debuted on 4 September 1998 on the ITV network and was aired until its final episode on 11 February 2014 . A revived series of seven episodes to commemorate its 20th anniversary aired from 5 to 11 May 2018 . The revival received mostly positive reviews from critics and fans , as well as high viewing figures , leading ITV to renew the show for another series . Since its debut , international variants of the game show have been aired in around 160 countries worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′33″W / 52.47841°N 1.90921°W / 52.47841 ; -1.90921 ( Chris Tarrant )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham Royal Ballet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_Royal_Ballet', 'summary': "Birmingham Royal Ballet ( BRB ) is one of the three major ballet companies of the United Kingdom , alongside The Royal Ballet and the English National Ballet . Founded as the Sadler 's Wells Theatre Ballet , the company was established in 1946 as a sister company to the earlier Sadler 's Wells company , which moved to the Royal Opera House that same year , subsequently becoming known as The Royal Ballet . The new company was formed under the direction of John Field and remained at Sadler 's Wells for many years , becoming known as the Sadler 's Wells Royal Ballet in 1977 . It also toured the UK and abroad , before relocating to Birmingham in 1990 , where it uses the Birmingham Hippodrome stage when performing in the city . Birmingham Royal Ballet has extensive custom-built facilities , including a suite of dance studios , the Jerwood Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Dance Injuries and a studio theatre known as the Patrick Centre . In 1997 , the Birmingham Royal Ballet became independent of The Royal Ballet in London ."}]}, {'value': 'September 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′34″W / 52.47844°N 1.90947°W / 52.47844 ; -1.90947 ( Birmingham Royal Ballet )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Bintley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bintley', 'summary': 'Sir David Julian Bintley CBE ( born 17 September 1957 ) is an English former ballet dancer , the artistic director of the Birmingham Royal Ballet , and co-artistic director of the New National Theatre Tokyo ballet company .'}]}, {'value': 'September 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′34″W / 52.47842°N 1.90955°W / 52.47842 ; -1.90955 ( David Bintley )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stars honoured', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Birmingham_Walk_of_Stars_0', 'intro': 'The Broad Street Walk of Stars is a walk of fame-style installation on the pedestrian pavement of Broad Street, Birmingham, England, which honours notable people from the Birmingham area or with significant connections with it. The scheme is organised and funded by the Broad Street Business Improvement District.'}
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What is the number of the recipient who was born on 10 October 1946 ?
18
0844ac0261e2ab82
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebertfest', 'title': 'Ebertfest', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Year', 'Starring', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Joe Versus the Volcano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Versus_the_Volcano', 'summary': 'Joe Versus the Volcano is a 1990 American romantic comedy film written and directed by John Patrick Shanley and starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan . Hanks plays a man who , after being told he is dying of a rare disease , accepts a financial offer to travel to a South Pacific island and throw himself into a volcano on behalf of the superstitious natives . Along the way , he meets and falls in love with the woman taking him there . The film received mixed reviews overall , but positive reviews from some critics , including Roger Ebert , who described the film as new and fresh and not shy of taking chances , and was a minor box office success in the US . It has since become a cult film .'}]}, {'value': 'John Patrick Shanley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Patrick_Shanley', 'summary': 'John Patrick Shanley ( born October 13 , 1950 ) is an American playwright , screenwriter , and director . His play , Doubt : A Parable , won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the 2005 Tony Award for Best Play . He won the 1988 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his film Moonstruck .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Hanks , Meg Ryan , Lloyd Bridges , Abe Vigoda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Hanks', 'summary': "Thomas Jeffrey Hanks ( born July 9 , 1956 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . Hanks is known for his comedic and dramatic roles in such films as Splash ( 1984 ) , Bachelor Party ( 1984 ) , Big ( 1988 ) , Turner & Hooch ( 1989 ) , A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) , Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) , Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) , Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , You 've Got Mail ( 1998 ) , The Green Mile ( 1999 ) , Cast Away ( 2000 ) , Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) , Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) , Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) , Sully ( 2016 ) , and A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood ( 2019 ) . He has also starred in the Robert Langdon films , and he voices Sheriff Woody in the Toy Story film series . He is one of the most popular and recognizable film stars worldwide , and he is widely regarded as an American cultural icon . Hanks has collaborated with film director Steven Spielberg on five films to date : Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) , Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , The Terminal ( 2004 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) , as well as the 2001 miniseries Band of Brothers , which launched Hanks as a successful director , producer , and screenwriter . In 2010 , Spielberg and Hanks were executive producers on the HBO miniseries The Pacific . Hanks ' films have grossed more than $ 4.9 billion at U.S. and Canadian box offices and more than $ 9.96 billion worldwide , making him the fifth-highest-grossing actor in North America . His awards include a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in Philadelphia ( 1993 ) , as well as a Golden Globe Award , an Academy Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a People 's Choice Award for Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) . Hanks is one of only two actors to win the Academy Award for Best Actor in consecutive years , Spencer Tracy being the other . In 2004 , he received the Stanley Kubrick Britannia Award for Excellence in Film from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) . In 2014 , he received a Kennedy Center Honor , and in 2016 , he received a Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama , as well as the French Legion of Honor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Meg_Ryan', 'summary': "Meg Ryan ( born Margaret Mary Emily Hyra ; November 19 , 1961 ) is an American actress and producer . Ryan began her acting career in 1981 in minor roles before joining the cast of the CBS soap opera As the World Turns in 1982 . Subsequently , she began to appear in supporting roles in films during the mid 1980s like box office hit Top Gun , achieving recognition in independent films such as Promised Land ( 1987 ) before her performance in the Rob Reiner-directed romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally . ( 1989 ) brought her widespread attention and her first Golden Globe nomination . Ryan subsequently established herself , both nationally and internationally , as one of the most successful actresses in the 1990s and early 2000s , particularly in romantic comedy films such as Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) , French Kiss ( 1995 ) , You 've Got Mail ( 1998 ) , and Kate & Leopold ( 2001 ) . Her other films include The Doors ( 1991 ) , When a Man Loves a Woman ( 1994 ) , Courage Under Fire ( 1996 ) , Addicted to Love ( 1997 ) , City of Angels ( 1998 ) , Proof of Life ( 2000 ) , and The Women ( 2008 ) . In 2015 , she made her directorial debut with Ithaca , a film in which she also acted ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lloyd_Bridges', 'summary': "Lloyd Vernet Bridges Jr. ( January 15 , 1913 - March 10 , 1998 ) was an American film , stage and television actor who starred in a number of television series and appeared in more than 150 feature films . He was the father of four children , two are the actors Beau Bridges and Jeff Bridges . He started his career as a contract performer for Columbia Pictures , appearing in films such as Sahara ( 1943 ) , A Walk In The Sun ( 1945 ) , Little Big Horn ( 1951 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) . On television , he starred in Sea Hunt from 1958 to 1961 . By the end of his career , he re-invented himself and demonstrated a comedic talent in such parody films as Airplane ! ( 1980 ) , Hot Shots ! ( 1991 ) , and Jane Austen 's Mafia ! ( 1998 ) . Among other honors , Bridges was a two-time Emmy Award nominee . He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on February 1 , 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Abe_Vigoda', 'summary': 'Abraham Charles Vigoda ( /vɪˈɡoʊdə/ ; February 24 , 1921 - January 26 , 2016 ) was an American actor known for his portrayals of Salvatore Tessio in The Godfather ( 1972 ) and Phil Fish in Barney Miller ( 1975-1977 , 1982 ) and Fish ( 1977-1978 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Stephen Goldblatt ( director of photography )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Goldblatt', 'summary': 'Stephen Goldblatt , A.S.C. , B.S.C . ( born 29 April 1945 ) is a South African-born British cinematographer , noted for his work on numerous high-profile action films , including the first two entries in the Lethal Weapon series , as well as for his recent collaborations with director Mike Nichols and Tate Taylor .'}]}, {'value': 'The Truth About Beauty & Blogs ( short )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosalyn Coleman Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosalyn_Coleman_Williams', 'summary': 'Rosalyn Coleman Williams is an American actress and coach .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelechie Ezie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Kelechie Ezie , also writer and co-producer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phunny Business : A Black Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Davies', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raymond Lambert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Lambert', 'summary': 'Raymond Lambert ( 18 October 1914 - 24 February 1997 ) was a Swiss mountaineer who together with Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached an altitude of 8611 metres ( just 237 metres from the summit ) of Mount Everest , as part of a Swiss Expedition in May 1952 . At the time it was the highest point that a climber had ever reached . There was a second Swiss expedition in autumn 1952 , but a party including Lambert and Tenzing was forced to turn back at a slightly lower point . The following year Tenzing returned with Edmund Hillary to reach the summit on 29 May 1953 .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included John Davies , Reid Brody ( producer ) , Raymond Lambert ( also writer and producer ) , Ali LeRoi ( comedian featured in film )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Lambert', 'summary': 'Raymond Lambert ( 18 October 1914 - 24 February 1997 ) was a Swiss mountaineer who together with Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached an altitude of 8611 metres ( just 237 metres from the summit ) of Mount Everest , as part of a Swiss Expedition in May 1952 . At the time it was the highest point that a climber had ever reached . There was a second Swiss expedition in autumn 1952 , but a party including Lambert and Tenzing was forced to turn back at a slightly lower point . The following year Tenzing returned with Edmund Hillary to reach the summit on 29 May 1953 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ali_LeRoi', 'summary': 'Ali LeRoi ( born February 12 , 1962 ) is an American television producer , director , writer and actor . LeRoi attended Lindblom Technical High School . LeRoi is perhaps best known as the co-creator of the Chris Rock period sitcom Everybody Hates Chris . He met Rock during the set on his eponymous HBO late-night talk show . LeRoi wrote and directed several episodes of the series . LeRoi also co-hosted the podcast called Alias Smith and LeRoi ( 2013-15 ) with comedian Owen H.M. Smith . His debut feature film , The Obituary of Tunde Johnson , premiered at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Fan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Fan', 'summary': 'Big Fan is a 2009 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Robert D. Siegel , and starring Patton Oswalt , Kevin Corrigan , Marcia Jean Kurtz , Michael Rapaport , and Scott Ferrall . The story revolves around the bleak yet amiable life of the self-described worlds biggest New York Giants fan , Paul Aufiero ( Oswalt ) . Big Fan garnered positive reviews at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival . The film had a limited release in the United States beginning on August 28 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Siegel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_D._Siegel', 'summary': "Robert D. Siegel ( born November 12 , 1971 ) is an American screenwriter and film director . He 's most known for his work on The Wrestler and The Founder . Siegel is a graduate of the University of Michigan who later became senior editor of The Onion from 1996 to 1999 , and editor-in-chief from 1999 to 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patton Oswalt , Kevin Corrigan , Michael Rapaport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patton_Oswalt', 'summary': "Patton Peter Oswalt ( born January 27 , 1969 ) is an American stand-up comedian , actor , voice actor , and writer , known for playing Spencer Olchin in the sitcom The King of Queens ( 1998-2007 ) , voicing Max in The Secret Life of Pets franchise and Remy in the Pixar film Ratatouille ( 2007 ) , co-starring opposite Charlize Theron in Young Adult ( 2011 ) and guest starring as the Koenigs on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ( 2014-2017 ) . He has appeared in six stand-up specials and won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special and a Grammy for his Netflix special Patton Oswalt : Talking for Clapping ( 2016 ) . Oswalt made his acting debut in the Seinfeld episode The Couch , appeared in Blade : Trinity ( 2004 ) , starred in Big Fan ( 2009 ) and Adult Swim 's The Heart , She Holler ( 2011-2014 ) . He narrates the sitcom The Goldbergs ( 2013-present ) as adult Adam F. Goldberg , voiced male Jesse in the video game Minecraft : Story Mode , stars in Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( 2017-2018 ) and voiced the titular role in Syfy 's Happy ! ( 2017-2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Corrigan', 'summary': 'Kevin Fitzgerald Corrigan ( born March 27 , 1969 ) is an American actor . He has appeared mostly in independent films and television since the 1990s , including the role of Uncle Eddie on the sitcom Grounded for Life ( 2001-2005 ) . His film appearances have included supporting roles in Goodfellas ( 1990 ) , The Departed ( 2006 ) , Superbad ( 2007 ) , Pineapple Express ( 2008 ) , Seven Psychopaths ( 2012 ) and co-starring roles in Big Fan ( 2009 ) and Results ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Rapaport', 'summary': 'Michael David Rapaport ( born March 20 , 1970 ) is an American actor and comedian . He has appeared in over sixty films since the early 1990s , and starred on the sitcom The War at Home . He also appeared in Boston Public , Friends , Prison Break , Justified , and Atypical . His notable film roles include True Romance ( 1993 ) , Higher Learning ( 1995 ) , Metro ( 1997 ) , Cop Land ( 1997 ) , Deep Blue Sea ( 1999 ) , The 6th Day ( 2000 ) , Dr. Dolittle 2 ( 2001 ) , Big Fan ( 2009 ) , and The Heat ( 2013 ) . He also directed the documentary Beats , Rhymes & Life : The Travels of a Tribe Called Quest ( 2011 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Robert Siegel . Patton Oswalt was scheduled to attend , as well as introduce a public screening of Kind Hearts and Coronets , but was detained by filming commitments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kind_Hearts_and_Coronets', 'summary': "Kind Hearts and Coronets is a 1949 British black comedy film . It features Dennis Price , Joan Greenwood , Valerie Hobson and Alec Guinness ; Guinness plays nine characters . The plot is loosely based on the novel Israel Rank : The Autobiography of a Criminal ( 1907 ) by Roy Horniman . It concerns Louis D'Ascoyne Mazzini , the son of a woman disowned by her aristocratic family for marrying out of her social class . After her death , Louis decides to take revenge on the family , and to take the dukedom by murdering the eight people ahead of him in succession to the title . Michael Balcon , the head of Ealing Studios and the producer of Kind Hearts and Coronets , appointed Robert Hamer as director . Hamer was interested in the film , and thought it an interesting project with possibilities of using the English language in a unique way in the film . Filming took place from September 1948 at Leeds Castle and other locations in Kent , and at Ealing Studios . The themes of class and sexual repression run through the film , particularly love between classes . Kind Hearts and Coronets was released on 13 June 1949 in the United Kingdom , and was well received by the critics . It has continued to receive favourable reviews over the years , and in 1999 it was number six in the British Film Institute 's rating of the Top 100 British films . In 2005 it was included in Time 's list of the top 100 films since 1923 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kinyarwanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kinyarwanda_(film)', 'summary': "Kinyarwanda is a 2011 drama film set during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide . It premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival , where it won the World Cinema Dramatic Audience Award . The film is Alrick Brown 's directorial debut ."}]}, {'value': 'Alrick Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hassan Kabera , Edouard Bamporiki , Cassandra Freeman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Alrick Brown , Ishmael Ntihabose ( actor and executive producer ) , Darren Dean ( producer ) , Tommy Oliver ( producer ) , Deatra Harris ( producer )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terri_(film)', 'summary': 'Terri is a 2011 American comedy-drama film directed by Azazel Jacobs and starring Jacob Wysocki , Creed Bratton , and John C. Reilly . The film is about the friendship that develops between an oversized teen misfit and the garrulous but well-meaning school principal who takes an interest in him . Filming took place in Los Angeles , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Azazel Jacobs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azazel_Jacobs', 'summary': "Azazel Jacobs is an American film director and screenwriter , and the son of experimental filmmaker Ken Jacobs . He attended Manhattans Bayard Rustin High School . His short films include Kirk and Kerry and Message Machine , and his features include the acclaimed Momma 's Man and Terri ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacob Wysocki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_Wysocki', 'summary': 'Jacob Wysocki ( born June 20 , 1990 ) is an American actor and comedian .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Azazel Jacobs and Jacob Wysocki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azazel_Jacobs', 'summary': "Azazel Jacobs is an American film director and screenwriter , and the son of experimental filmmaker Ken Jacobs . He attended Manhattans Bayard Rustin High School . His short films include Kirk and Kerry and Message Machine , and his features include the acclaimed Momma 's Man and Terri ."}]}, {'value': 'On Borrowed Time', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Bradbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bradbury_(filmmaker)', 'summary': 'David Bradbury is an Australian film maker who began his career in 1972 as an ABC radio journalist , and has since produced 21 documentary films , including many that tackle difficult political issues and highlight the plight of the disadvantaged . Bradbury has won many international film festival prizes , received five Australian Film Industry awards , and two Academy Award nominations . He graduated from the Australian National University with a degree in political science .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Cox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Cox_(director)', 'summary': "Paulus Henrique Benedictus Cox ( 16 April 1940 - 18 June 2016 ) as Paul Cox , was a Dutch-Australian filmmaker , who has been recognized as Australia 's most prolific film auteur ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Cox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Cox_(director)', 'summary': "Paulus Henrique Benedictus Cox ( 16 April 1940 - 18 June 2016 ) as Paul Cox , was a Dutch-Australian filmmaker , who has been recognized as Australia 's most prolific film auteur ."}]}, {'value': 'Wild AND Weird : The Alloy Orchestra Plays 10 Fascinating and Innovative Films 1906-1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906-1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alloy Orchestra played live accompaniment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alloy_Orchestra', 'summary': "Alloy Orchestra is a musical ensemble based in Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States , that performs its own accompaniments to silent films of the classic movie era . Percussionists Terry Donahue and Ken Winokur and keyboardist Caleb Sampson founded the group in 1990 . After Sampson 's death in 1998 , the band was joined by keyboardist Roger Miller , better known as the guitarist of post-punk band Mission of Burma . They have released four collections of film music and have toured both North America and Europe in support of cinematic shows ."}]}, {'value': 'A Separation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Separation', 'summary': "A Separation ( Persian : جدایی نادر از سیمین Jodaí-e Nadér az Simín , The Separation of Nader from Simin ) is a 2011 Iranian drama film written and directed by Asghar Farhadi , starring Leila Hatami , Peyman Moaadi , Shahab Hosseini , Sareh Bayat , and Sarina Farhadi . It focuses on an Iranian middle-class couple who separate , the disappointment and desperation suffered by their daughter due to the egotistical disputes and separation of her parents , and the conflicts that arise when the husband hires a lower-class caregiver for his elderly father , who suffers from Alzheimer 's disease . A Separation won the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film in 2012 , becoming the first Iranian film to win the award . It received the Golden Bear for Best Film and the Silver Bears for Best Actress and Best Actor at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival , becoming the first Iranian film to win the Golden Bear . It also won the Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film . and the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Feature Film . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay , making it the first non-English film in five years to achieve this ."}]}, {'value': 'Asghar Farhadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi', 'summary': 'Asghar Farhadi ( Persian : اصغر فرهادی ; Persian pronunciation : [ æsɢæɾ fæɾhɑːdiː ] pronunciation ( help·info ) born 7 May 1972 ) is an Iranian film director and screenwriter . Farhadi has received two Oscar Awards for Best Foreign Language Film for his films A Separation ( 2012 ) and The Salesman ( 2016 ) , making him one of the few directors worldwide who have won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film twice . In 2012 , he was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peyman Mouadi , Leila Hatami , Sareh Bayat , Shahab Hosseini , Sarina Farhadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leila_Hatami', 'summary': 'Leila Hatami ( Persian : لیلا حاتمی Leylā Hātamī ; born October 1 , 1972 ) is an Iranian actress and director . She is known for her work in Iranian cinema , including her performance in the Academy Award-winning film A Separation , for which she won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sareh_Bayat', 'summary': 'Sareh Bayat ( Persian : ساره بیات ; born 6 October 1979 ) is an Iranian actress , television host , and model . She is best known for her role as Razieh in the Academy Award-winning A Separation ( 2011 ) , for which she won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin International Film Festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shahab_Hosseini', 'summary': 'Seyyed Shahab Hosseini ( Persian : سید شهاب حسینی , born 3 February 1974 ) is an Iranian actor and director . A popular actor in Iran , internationally he is known for collaborations with Iranian writer and director Asghar Farhadi in About Elly ( 2008 ) , A Separation ( 2011 ) , and The Salesman ( 2016 ) . He has won the Silver Bear for Best Actor for A Separation together with the male cast in 61st Berlin International Film Festival , and the Best Actor Award in 2016 Cannes Film Festival for his role in The Salesman . Shahab Hosseini for the first time won Crystal Simorgh for Superstar movie in ( 2009 ) year . In 2013 , he made his movie directing debut .'}]}, {'value': 'Peyman Mouadi was scheduled to attend but did not . The post-film Q & A , moderated by blogger Nell Minow , included Paul Cox , blogger Omer Mozaffar and distributor Michael Barker of Sony Pictures Classics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nell_Minow', 'summary': 'Nell Minow is an American film reviewer and writer who writes and speaks frequently on film , media , and corporate governance and investing . Ms. Minow was named one of the 20 most influential people in corporate governance by Directorship magazine in 2007 . She was dubbed the queen of good corporate governance by BusinessWeek Online in 2003 [ failed verification ] and has received Lifetime Achievement awards from both the International Corporate Governance Network and Corporate Secretary Magazine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics', 'summary': 'Sony Pictures Classics ( abbreviated as SPC ) is an American film production and distribution company that is a division of Sony Pictures . It was founded in 1992 by former Orion Classics heads Michael Barker , Tom Bernard , and Marcie Bloom ( similar to Miramax , Searchlight Pictures , and Focus Features ) . It distributes , produces and acquires specialty films such as documentaries , independent and art films in the United States and internationally . As of 2015 , Barker and Bernard are co-presidents of the division .'}]}, {'value': 'Higher Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Higher_Ground_(film)', 'summary': 'Higher Ground is a 2011 American drama film directed by Vera Farmiga in her directorial debut . The film is an adaptation of the 2002 memoir This Dark World : A Memoir of Salvation Found and Lost by Carolyn S. Briggs , who co-wrote the screenplay . The film follows Corinne Walker ( Farmiga ) and her vacillating relationship with Christianity . The cast also includes Joshua Leonard , John Hawkes , Donna Murphy , Norbert Leo Butz , and Bill Irwin . The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23 , 2011 , where it was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize . It screened at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 25 , 2011 , and received a limited release in the United States on August 26 , 2011 , by Sony Pictures Classics .'}]}, {'value': 'Vera Farmiga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vera_Farmiga', 'summary': "Vera Ann Farmiga ( /fɑːrˈmiːɡə/ ; born August 6 , 1973 ) is an American actress and producer . She began her career on stage in the original Broadway production of Taking Sides ( 1996 ) . She made her television debut in the Fox fantasy series Roar ( 1997 ) , and her film debut in the drama-thriller Return to Paradise ( 1998 ) . Farmiga 's breakthrough came in 2004 with her starring role as a drug addict in the drama Down to the Bone . She received further praise for the drama film Nothing But the Truth ( 2008 ) , and won critical acclaim for starring in the 2009 comedy-drama Up in the Air , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Farmiga made her directorial debut in 2011 with the acclaimed drama film Higher Ground , in which she also had a leading role . She also had starring roles in the political thriller The Manchurian Candidate ( 2004 ) , the crime drama The Departed ( 2006 ) , the historical drama The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( 2008 ) , the science fiction thriller Source Code ( 2011 ) , the action thriller Safe House ( 2012 ) , the legal drama The Judge ( 2014 ) , the biographical drama The Front Runner ( 2018 ) , and the monster film Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) . Farmiga has portrayed paranormal investigator Lorraine Warren in the horror films The Conjuring ( 2013 ) , The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) , and Annabelle Comes Home ( 2019 ) . From 2013 to 2017 , she starred as Norma Louise Bates in the A & E drama series Bates Motel , which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . These roles , along with Joshua ( 2007 ) and Orphan ( 2009 ) , established her as a scream queen . For her portrayal of a lawyer in the miniseries When They See Us ( 2019 ) , she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vera Farmiga , Joshua Leonard , Norbert Leo Butz , Donna Murphy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vera_Farmiga', 'summary': "Vera Ann Farmiga ( /fɑːrˈmiːɡə/ ; born August 6 , 1973 ) is an American actress and producer . She began her career on stage in the original Broadway production of Taking Sides ( 1996 ) . She made her television debut in the Fox fantasy series Roar ( 1997 ) , and her film debut in the drama-thriller Return to Paradise ( 1998 ) . Farmiga 's breakthrough came in 2004 with her starring role as a drug addict in the drama Down to the Bone . She received further praise for the drama film Nothing But the Truth ( 2008 ) , and won critical acclaim for starring in the 2009 comedy-drama Up in the Air , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Farmiga made her directorial debut in 2011 with the acclaimed drama film Higher Ground , in which she also had a leading role . She also had starring roles in the political thriller The Manchurian Candidate ( 2004 ) , the crime drama The Departed ( 2006 ) , the historical drama The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( 2008 ) , the science fiction thriller Source Code ( 2011 ) , the action thriller Safe House ( 2012 ) , the legal drama The Judge ( 2014 ) , the biographical drama The Front Runner ( 2018 ) , and the monster film Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) . Farmiga has portrayed paranormal investigator Lorraine Warren in the horror films The Conjuring ( 2013 ) , The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) , and Annabelle Comes Home ( 2019 ) . From 2013 to 2017 , she starred as Norma Louise Bates in the A & E drama series Bates Motel , which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . These roles , along with Joshua ( 2007 ) and Orphan ( 2009 ) , established her as a scream queen . For her portrayal of a lawyer in the miniseries When They See Us ( 2019 ) , she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joshua_Leonard', 'summary': 'Joshua Granville Leonard ( born June 17 , 1975 ) is an American actor , writer , and director , known for his role in The Blair Witch Project ( 1999 ) . He has since starred in films such as Madhouse ( 2004 ) , The Shaggy Dog ( 2006 ) , Higher Ground ( 2011 ) , The Motel Life ( 2012 ) , Snake and Mongoose ( 2013 ) , If I Stay ( 2014 ) , The Town That Dreaded Sundown ( 2014 ) , 6 Years ( 2015 ) , and Unsane ( 2018 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norbert_Leo_Butz', 'summary': 'Norbert Leo Butz ( born January 30 , 1967 ) is an American actor and singer , best known for his work in Broadway theatre . He is a two-time winner of the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical , and is one of only nine actors ever to have won the award twice as lead actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Donna_Murphy', 'summary': "Donna Murphy ( born March 7 , 1959 ) is an American actress and singer , known for her work in musical theater . A five-time Tony Award nominee , she has twice won the Tony for Best Actress in a Musical : for her role as Fosca in Passion ( 1994-95 ) and as Anna Leonowens in The King and I ( 1996-97 ) . She was also nominated for her roles as Ruth Sherwood in Wonderful Town ( 2003 ) , Lotte Lenya in LoveMusik ( 2007 ) and Bubbie/Raisel in The People in the Picture ( 2011 ) . Murphy made her Broadway debut as a replacement in the 1979 musical They 're Playing Our Song . Her other stage credits include the original off-Broadway productions of Song of Singapore ( 1991 ) and Hello Again ( 1993 ) , as well as the alternate to Bette Midler as the title character in a Broadway revival of Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017-18 ) . In 1997 , she won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Special for her role in Someone Had to be Benny , an episode of the HBO series Lifestories : Families in Crisis . Her film roles include Anij in Star Trek : Insurrection ( 1998 ) ; Rosalie Octavius in Spider-Man 2 ( 2004 ) ; Mother Gothel in the animated film Tangled ( 2010 ) , and one of the government secretaries in The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included writer Carolyn S. Briggs , who based the film on her memoir This Dark World , with blogger Nell Minow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nell_Minow', 'summary': 'Nell Minow is an American film reviewer and writer who writes and speaks frequently on film , media , and corporate governance and investing . Ms. Minow was named one of the 20 most influential people in corporate governance by Directorship magazine in 2007 . She was dubbed the queen of good corporate governance by BusinessWeek Online in 2003 [ failed verification ] and has received Lifetime Achievement awards from both the International Corporate Governance Network and Corporate Secretary Magazine .'}]}, {'value': 'Patang ( The Kite )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prashant Bhargava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prashant_Bhargava', 'summary': "Prashant Bhargava ( January 12 , 1973 - May 15 , 2015 ) was an Indian-American filmmaker and designer . He died of a heart attack from a history of heart trouble . Bhargava 's short film Sangam , described by Greg Tate of the Village Voice as an elegant and poetic evocation of immigrant angst , memory and haunted spirituality , premiered at the Sundance Film Festival , and PBS . His other directorial efforts include the documentary portrait of his grandmother Ammaji , experimental Super 8 short Backwaters and the poignant and meditative Kashmir , an audiovisual performance with band Dawn of Midi Bhargava 's feature-length directorial debut , Patang : The Kite ( 2012 ) was premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival and Tribeca Film Festival . The film was subsequently released in the U.S. and Canada , garnered much attention with rave reviews from the New York Times , and Los Angeles Times ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seema Biswas , Nawazuddin Siddiqui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seema_Biswas', 'summary': "Seema Biswas ( born 1962 ) is an Indian film and theatre actress from Assam . She shot into prominence with the role of Phoolan Devi in Shekhar Kapur 's film Bandit Queen ( 1994 ) , for which she won the National Film Award for Best Actress . She won the 2000 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and the 2006 Best Actress Genie Award for her role as Shakuntala in Deepa Mehta 's Water ( 2005 ) . Her other mainstream films include Khamoshi : The Musical ( 1996 ) , for which she won the Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress , Bhoot ( 2003 ) , Vivah ( 2006 ) , and Half Girlfriend ( 2017 ) . In addition to films , Biswas has been a part of many television shows ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui', 'summary': "Nawazuddin Siddiqui ( born 19 May 1974 ) is an Indian actor , known for his works in Hindi cinema . An alumnus of the National School of Drama . Nawazuddin Siddiqui started getting roles in Independent films ; these were the films which gave him and Indian Cinema recognition internationally , most of his Independent films have received critical acclaim at International Films Festivals like the prestigious Academy Award , Cannes Film Festival , Berlin Film Festival , Busan Film Festival , Tribeca Film Festival , Asia Pacific Screen Awards and many more . Nawazuddin Siddiqui appeared in four major & important cinemas , earning the title of Breakthrough Talent at the 2012 GQ Men of the Year Awards . Siddiquis feature film debut was alongside director Prashant Bhargava in Patang ( 2012 ) , which premiered at the 2012 Berlin Film Festival and for which Nawazuddin Siddiqui was presented with the famous THUMBSUP TROPHY by the great cinema critic Mr. Roger Ebert himself . He also gained a series of International recognitions for his work alongside director Anurag Kashyap in Black Friday ( 2007 ) , the Gangs of Wasseypur ( 2012 ) duology and Raman Raghav 2.0 . Siddiqui is best known for his roles in The Lunchbox ( 2013 ) , which premiered as part of the International Critics ' Week at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival and won him multiple awards , Manto ( 2018 ) , for which his groundbreaking performance won him Best Actor at the 2018 Asian Pacific Screen Awards and Raman Raghav 2.0 for which he won the Fancine Malaga Award in Spain and in Asia Pacific Screen Awards both in the category of Best Actor . Nawazuddin Siddiqui is the only Actor in the world having 8 films officially selected and screened at the prestigious Cannes Film Festival . Inspite of being very busy with film shoots , Siddiqui continues to take time out to do farming in his native place in Uttar Pradesh ( North India ) . He is an active motivational speaker , drawing on his struggles and experiences to inspire . He stars in two Emmy nominated series , Sacred Games ( 2019 ) , a two-season Netflix original series for which he was conferred with the GQ - Men of the Year Award 2018 for the second time and United Kingdom 's McMafia directed by James Watkins . Recently Nawazuddin Siddiqui was awarded with the highest honorary , The Lesley Ho Asian Film Talent Award at the prestigious Singapore International Film Festival for his globally appreciated series Sacred Games duology ."}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Prashant Bhargava , Vijay Bhargava ( executive producer ) , James Townsend ( writer ) , Seema Biswas , Nawazuddin Siddiqui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prashant_Bhargava', 'summary': "Prashant Bhargava ( January 12 , 1973 - May 15 , 2015 ) was an Indian-American filmmaker and designer . He died of a heart attack from a history of heart trouble . Bhargava 's short film Sangam , described by Greg Tate of the Village Voice as an elegant and poetic evocation of immigrant angst , memory and haunted spirituality , premiered at the Sundance Film Festival , and PBS . His other directorial efforts include the documentary portrait of his grandmother Ammaji , experimental Super 8 short Backwaters and the poignant and meditative Kashmir , an audiovisual performance with band Dawn of Midi Bhargava 's feature-length directorial debut , Patang : The Kite ( 2012 ) was premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival and Tribeca Film Festival . The film was subsequently released in the U.S. and Canada , garnered much attention with rave reviews from the New York Times , and Los Angeles Times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seema_Biswas', 'summary': "Seema Biswas ( born 1962 ) is an Indian film and theatre actress from Assam . She shot into prominence with the role of Phoolan Devi in Shekhar Kapur 's film Bandit Queen ( 1994 ) , for which she won the National Film Award for Best Actress . She won the 2000 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and the 2006 Best Actress Genie Award for her role as Shakuntala in Deepa Mehta 's Water ( 2005 ) . Her other mainstream films include Khamoshi : The Musical ( 1996 ) , for which she won the Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress , Bhoot ( 2003 ) , Vivah ( 2006 ) , and Half Girlfriend ( 2017 ) . In addition to films , Biswas has been a part of many television shows ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui', 'summary': "Nawazuddin Siddiqui ( born 19 May 1974 ) is an Indian actor , known for his works in Hindi cinema . An alumnus of the National School of Drama . Nawazuddin Siddiqui started getting roles in Independent films ; these were the films which gave him and Indian Cinema recognition internationally , most of his Independent films have received critical acclaim at International Films Festivals like the prestigious Academy Award , Cannes Film Festival , Berlin Film Festival , Busan Film Festival , Tribeca Film Festival , Asia Pacific Screen Awards and many more . Nawazuddin Siddiqui appeared in four major & important cinemas , earning the title of Breakthrough Talent at the 2012 GQ Men of the Year Awards . Siddiquis feature film debut was alongside director Prashant Bhargava in Patang ( 2012 ) , which premiered at the 2012 Berlin Film Festival and for which Nawazuddin Siddiqui was presented with the famous THUMBSUP TROPHY by the great cinema critic Mr. Roger Ebert himself . He also gained a series of International recognitions for his work alongside director Anurag Kashyap in Black Friday ( 2007 ) , the Gangs of Wasseypur ( 2012 ) duology and Raman Raghav 2.0 . Siddiqui is best known for his roles in The Lunchbox ( 2013 ) , which premiered as part of the International Critics ' Week at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival and won him multiple awards , Manto ( 2018 ) , for which his groundbreaking performance won him Best Actor at the 2018 Asian Pacific Screen Awards and Raman Raghav 2.0 for which he won the Fancine Malaga Award in Spain and in Asia Pacific Screen Awards both in the category of Best Actor . Nawazuddin Siddiqui is the only Actor in the world having 8 films officially selected and screened at the prestigious Cannes Film Festival . Inspite of being very busy with film shoots , Siddiqui continues to take time out to do farming in his native place in Uttar Pradesh ( North India ) . He is an active motivational speaker , drawing on his struggles and experiences to inspire . He stars in two Emmy nominated series , Sacred Games ( 2019 ) , a two-season Netflix original series for which he was conferred with the GQ - Men of the Year Award 2018 for the second time and United Kingdom 's McMafia directed by James Watkins . Recently Nawazuddin Siddiqui was awarded with the highest honorary , The Lesley Ho Asian Film Talent Award at the prestigious Singapore International Film Festival for his globally appreciated series Sacred Games duology ."}]}, {'value': 'Take Shelter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Take_Shelter', 'summary': 'Take Shelter is a 2011 American psychological thriller drama film , written and directed by Jeff Nichols and starring Michael Shannon and Jessica Chastain . The plot follows a young husband and father ( Shannon ) who is plagued by a series of apocalyptic visions , and questions whether to shelter his family from a coming storm , or from himself . The film won two Saturn Awards , Best Writing for Nichols and Best Actor for Shannon , and was nominated for two more , Best Horror or Thriller Film and Best Actress for Chastain .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Nichols', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Nichols', 'summary': 'Jeff Nichols ( born December 7 , 1978 ) is an American film director and screenwriter from Little Rock , Arkansas . He studied filmmaking at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts . Nichols is most known for his films Take Shelter ( 2011 ) , Mud ( 2012 ) , and Loving ( 2016 ) , which have been critically acclaimed .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Shannon , Jessica Chastain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Shannon', 'summary': "Michael Corbett Shannon ( born August 7 , 1974 ) is an American actor , producer , director , and musician . He has been nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his roles in Revolutionary Road ( 2008 ) and Nocturnal Animals ( 2016 ) . He earned Screen Actors Guild Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for his role in 99 Homes ( 2014 ) , and a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Play for Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2016 ) . Shannon made his film debut in 1993 with Groundhog Day and received widespread attention for his performance in 8 Mile ( 2002 ) . He is known for his on-screen versatility , performing in both comedies and dramas . His performances include Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) , Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) , Bug ( 2006 ) , Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead ( 2007 ) , Bad Lieutenant : Port of Call New Orleans ( 2009 ) , The Iceman ( 2012 ) , Man of Steel ( 2013 ) , The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) , and Knives Out ( 2019 ) . Shannon is a frequent collaborator of Jeff Nichols , appearing in all of his films : Shotgun Stories ( 2007 ) , Take Shelter ( 2011 ) , Mud ( 2012 ) , Midnight Special , and Loving ( both 2016 ) . He is also known for his role as Nelson Van Alden in the HBO period drama series Boardwalk Empire ( 2010-2014 ) , for which he was nominated for three Screen Actors Guild Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Chastain', 'summary': "Jessica Michelle Chastain ( born March 24 , 1977 ) is an American actress and producer . Known for her roles in films with feminist themes , her accolades include a Golden Globe Award and two Academy Award nominations . Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012 . Born and raised in Sacramento , California , Chastain developed an interest in acting from a young age . In 1998 , she made her professional stage debut as Shakespeare 's Juliet . After studying acting at the Juilliard School , she was signed to a talent holding deal with the television producer John Wells . She was a recurring guest star in several television series , including Law & Order : Trial by Jury . She also took on roles in the stage productions of Anton Chekhov 's play The Cherry Orchard in 2004 and Oscar Wilde 's tragedy Salome in 2006 . Chastain made her film debut in the drama Jolene ( 2008 ) , and gained wide recognition in 2011 for starring roles in half a dozen films , including the dramas Take Shelter and The Tree of Life . Her performance as an aspiring socialite in The Help earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . In 2012 , she won a Golden Globe Award and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for playing a CIA analyst in the thriller Zero Dark Thirty . Chastain made her Broadway debut in a revival of The Heiress in the same year ."}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Jeff Nichols , Michael Shannon , distributor Michael Barker of Sony Pictures Classics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics', 'summary': 'Sony Pictures Classics ( abbreviated as SPC ) is an American film production and distribution company that is a division of Sony Pictures . It was founded in 1992 by former Orion Classics heads Michael Barker , Tom Bernard , and Marcie Bloom ( similar to Miramax , Searchlight Pictures , and Focus Features ) . It distributes , produces and acquires specialty films such as documentaries , independent and art films in the United States and internationally . As of 2015 , Barker and Bernard are co-presidents of the division .'}]}, {'value': 'Citizen Kane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Citizen_Kane', 'summary': "Citizen Kane is a 1941 American drama film by Orson Welles , its producer , co-screenwriter , director and star . The picture was Welles 's first feature film . Nominated for Academy Awards in nine categories , it won an Academy Award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Welles . Considered by many critics , filmmakers , and fans to be the greatest film ever made , Citizen Kane was voted as such in five consecutive British Film Institute Sight & Sound polls of critics , and it topped the American Film Institute 's 100 Years . 100 Movies list in 1998 , as well as its 2007 update . Citizen Kane is particularly praised for Gregg Toland 's cinematography , Robert Wise 's editing , Bernard Herrmann 's music , and its narrative structure , all of which have been considered innovative and precedent-setting . The quasi-biographical film examines the life and legacy of Charles Foster Kane , played by Welles , a character based in part upon the American newspaper magnates William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer , Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick , and aspects of the screenwriters ' own lives . Upon its release , Hearst prohibited mention of the film in any of his newspapers . After the Broadway successes of Welles 's Mercury Theatre and the controversial 1938 radio broadcast The War of the Worlds on The Mercury Theatre on the Air , Welles was courted by Hollywood . He signed a contract with RKO Pictures in 1939 . Although it was unusual for an untried director , he was given the freedom to develop his own story , to use his own cast and crew , and to have final cut privilege . Following two abortive attempts to get a project off the ground , he wrote the screenplay for Citizen Kane , collaborating on the effort with Herman Mankiewicz ."}]}, {'value': 'Orson Welles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orson_Welles', 'summary': "George Orson Welles ( May 6 , 1915 - October 10 , 1985 ) was an American actor , director , writer and producer who is remembered for his innovative work in radio , theatre and film . He is considered one of the greatest filmmakers of all time . While in his twenties Welles directed a number of high-profile stage productions for the Federal Theatre Project , including an adaptation of Macbeth with an entirely African American cast and the political musical The Cradle Will Rock . In 1937 he and John Houseman founded the Mercury Theatre , an independent repertory theatre company that presented a series of productions on Broadway through 1941 , including Caesar ( 1937 ) , a Broadway adaptation of William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar . In 1938 , his radio anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air gave Welles the platform to find international fame as the director and narrator of a radio adaptation of H. G. Wells 's novel The War of the Worlds , which caused widespread panic because many listeners thought that an invasion by extraterrestrial beings was actually occurring . Although some contemporary sources say these reports of panic were mostly false and overstated , they rocketed Welles to notoriety . His first film was Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which is consistently ranked as the greatest film ever made , which he co-wrote , produced , directed and starred in as Charles Foster Kane . Welles released twelve other features , the most acclaimed of which include The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) , The Lady from Shanghai ( 1947 ) , Touch of Evil ( 1958 ) , The Trial ( 1962 ) , Chimes at Midnight ( 1966 ) and F for Fake ( 1973 ) . His distinctive directorial style featured layered and nonlinear narrative forms , uses of lighting such as chiaroscuro , unusual camera angles , sound techniques borrowed from radio , deep focus shots and long takes . He has been praised as the ultimate auteur . :6 Welles was an outsider to the studio system , and struggled for creative control on his projects early on with the major film studios in Hollywood and later in life with a variety of independent financiers across Europe , where he spent most of his career . Many of his films were either heavily edited or remained unreleased ."}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orson Welles , Joseph Cotten , Dorothy Comingore , Ruth Warrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orson_Welles', 'summary': "George Orson Welles ( May 6 , 1915 - October 10 , 1985 ) was an American actor , director , writer and producer who is remembered for his innovative work in radio , theatre and film . He is considered one of the greatest filmmakers of all time . While in his twenties Welles directed a number of high-profile stage productions for the Federal Theatre Project , including an adaptation of Macbeth with an entirely African American cast and the political musical The Cradle Will Rock . In 1937 he and John Houseman founded the Mercury Theatre , an independent repertory theatre company that presented a series of productions on Broadway through 1941 , including Caesar ( 1937 ) , a Broadway adaptation of William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar . In 1938 , his radio anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air gave Welles the platform to find international fame as the director and narrator of a radio adaptation of H. G. Wells 's novel The War of the Worlds , which caused widespread panic because many listeners thought that an invasion by extraterrestrial beings was actually occurring . Although some contemporary sources say these reports of panic were mostly false and overstated , they rocketed Welles to notoriety . His first film was Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which is consistently ranked as the greatest film ever made , which he co-wrote , produced , directed and starred in as Charles Foster Kane . Welles released twelve other features , the most acclaimed of which include The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) , The Lady from Shanghai ( 1947 ) , Touch of Evil ( 1958 ) , The Trial ( 1962 ) , Chimes at Midnight ( 1966 ) and F for Fake ( 1973 ) . His distinctive directorial style featured layered and nonlinear narrative forms , uses of lighting such as chiaroscuro , unusual camera angles , sound techniques borrowed from radio , deep focus shots and long takes . He has been praised as the ultimate auteur . :6 Welles was an outsider to the studio system , and struggled for creative control on his projects early on with the major film studios in Hollywood and later in life with a variety of independent financiers across Europe , where he spent most of his career . Many of his films were either heavily edited or remained unreleased ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Cotten', 'summary': "Joseph Cheshire Cotten Jr. ( May 15 , 1905 - February 6 , 1994 ) was an American film , stage , radio and television actor . Cotten achieved prominence on Broadway , starring in the original stage productions of The Philadelphia Story and Sabrina Fair . He first gained worldwide fame in three Orson Welles films : Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) , and Journey into Fear ( 1943 ) , for which Cotten was also credited with the screenplay . He went on to become one of the leading Hollywood actors of the 1940s , appearing in films such as Shadow of a Doubt ( 1943 ) , Love Letters ( 1945 ) , Duel in the Sun ( 1946 ) , Portrait of Jennie ( 1948 ) , The Third Man ( 1949 ) and Niagara ( 1953 ) . One of his final films was Michael Cimino 's Heaven 's Gate ( 1980 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dorothy_Comingore', 'summary': 'Mary Louise Comingore ( August 24 , 1913 - December 30 , 1971 ) , best known professionally as Dorothy Comingore , was an American film actress . She is best known for starring as Susan Alexander Kane in Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , the critically acclaimed debut film of Orson Welles . In earlier films she was credited as Linda Winters , and she had appeared on the stage as Kay Winters . Her career ended when she was caught up in the Hollywood blacklist . She declined to answer questions when she was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1952 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ruth_Warrick', 'summary': 'Ruth Elizabeth Warrick ( June 29 , 1916 - January 15 , 2005 ) was an American singer , actress and political activist , best known for her role as Phoebe Tyler Wallingford on All My Children , which she played regularly from 1970 until her death in 2005 . She made her film debut in Citizen Kane , and years later celebrated her 80th birthday by attending a special screening of the film to a packed , standing-room-only audience . Over the years , she collected several books about Orson Welles and Citizen Kane , in which she wrote Property of Ruth Warrick , Mrs. Citizen Kane .'}]}, {'value': "The film was shown using Roger Ebert 's commentary track , recorded in 2006 ( before Ebert lost his voice ) . The post-show Q & A featured scholar David Bordwell with audio commentary producer Jeffrey Lerner . Chaz Ebert was visibly moved , stating that although she had seen the film , she had never heard the commentary track , and felt lucky to hear her husband 's voice again in the Virginia Theatre", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bordwell', 'summary': 'David Jay Bordwell ( /ˈbɔːrdwɛl/ ; born July 23 , 1947 ) is an American film theorist and film historian . Since receiving his PhD from the University of Iowa in 1974 , he has written more than fifteen volumes on the subject of cinema including Narration in the Fiction Film ( 1985 ) , Ozu and the Poetics of Cinema ( 1988 ) , Making Meaning ( 1989 ) , and On the History of Film Style ( 1997 ) . With his wife Kristin Thompson , Bordwell wrote the introductory textbooks Film Art ( 1979 ) and Film History ( 1994 ) . With aesthetic philosopher Noël Carroll , Bordwell edited the anthology Post-Theory : Reconstructing Film Studies ( 1996 ) , a polemic on the state of contemporary film theory . His largest work to date remains The Classical Hollywood Cinema : Film Style and Mode of Production to 1960 ( 1985 ) , written in collaboration with Thompson and Janet Staiger . Several of his more influential articles on theory , narrative , and style were collected in Poetics of Cinema ( 2007 ) , named in homage after the famous anthology of Russian formalist film theory Poetika Kino , edited by Boris Eikhenbaum in 1927 . Bordwell spent nearly the entirety of his career as a professor of film at the University of Wisconsin-Madison , where he is currently the Jacques Ledoux Professor of Film Studies , Emeritus in the Department of Communication Arts . Notable film theorists who wrote their dissertations under his advisement include Edward Branigan , Murray Smith , and Carl Plantinga . He and Thompson maintain the blog Observations on film art for their recent ruminations on cinema .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Films -- 2012', 'section_text': 'Festival schedule [ 61 ]', 'uid': "Ebertfest:_Roger_Ebert's_Film_Festival_5", 'intro': "Ebertfest is an annual film festival held every April in Champaign, Illinois, United States, organized by the College of Media at the University of Illinois. Roger Ebert, the TV and Chicago Sun-Times film critic, was a native of the adjoining town of Urbana, Illinois and is an alumnus of the University. Founded in 1999 as Roger Ebert's Overlooked Film Festival, this event is the only long-running film festival created by a critic. Despite Eberts death in 2013, the festival continues to operate based on Eberts notes and vision for the kinds of films he championed."}
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What year was the director of the movie Citizen Kane born ?
1915
08452e9fd5abe7a4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Malaysia_Premier_League', 'title': '2012 Malaysia Premier League', 'header': ['Team', 'Based Location', 'Current Stadium Location', 'Stadium', 'Stadium capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'ATM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ATM_FA', 'summary': "Armed Forces Football Club commonly known as Armed Forces enters a team in Malaysian football competitions to represent the Malaysian Armed Forces . The club 's home stadium is the MINDEF Stadium . The club currently plays in the 3rd division of Malaysian football , the Malaysia M3 League ."}]}, {'value': 'Petaling Jaya , Selangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petaling_Jaya', 'summary': 'Petaling Jaya ( commonly called PJ by locals ) is a major Malaysian city originally developed as a satellite township for Kuala Lumpur . It is located in the Petaling District of Selangor with an area of approximately 97.2 square kilometres ( 37.5 sq mi ) . Petaling Jaya was granted city status on 20 June 2006 . Petaling Jaya is surrounded by the Malaysian capital , Kuala Lumpur to the east , Sungai Buloh to the north , Shah Alam , the capital of Selangor and Subang Jaya to the west and Bandar Kinrara ( Puchong ) to the south .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Selangor', 'summary': "Selangor ( /səˈlæŋər/ ; Malay : [ s ( ə ) laŋo ( r ) ] ) , also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan , or Abode of Sincerity , is one of the 13 states of Malaysia . It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north , Pahang to the east , Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west . Selangor surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya , both of which were previously part of it . The state capital of Selangor is Shah Alam and its royal capital is Klang . Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya received city status in 2006 and 2019 , respectively . Selangor is one of four Malaysian states that contain more than one city with official city status ; the others are Sarawak , Johor , and Penang . The state of Selangor has the largest economy in Malaysia in terms of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , with RM 239.968 billion ( roughly US $ 55.5 billion ) in 2015 , comprising 22.6% of the country 's GDP . It is the most developed state in Malaysia ; it has good infrastructure such as highways and transport , and has the largest population in Malaysia , a high standard of living and the lowest poverty rate in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Petaling Jaya , Selangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petaling_Jaya', 'summary': 'Petaling Jaya ( commonly called PJ by locals ) is a major Malaysian city originally developed as a satellite township for Kuala Lumpur . It is located in the Petaling District of Selangor with an area of approximately 97.2 square kilometres ( 37.5 sq mi ) . Petaling Jaya was granted city status on 20 June 2006 . Petaling Jaya is surrounded by the Malaysian capital , Kuala Lumpur to the east , Sungai Buloh to the north , Shah Alam , the capital of Selangor and Subang Jaya to the west and Bandar Kinrara ( Puchong ) to the south .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Selangor', 'summary': "Selangor ( /səˈlæŋər/ ; Malay : [ s ( ə ) laŋo ( r ) ] ) , also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan , or Abode of Sincerity , is one of the 13 states of Malaysia . It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north , Pahang to the east , Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west . Selangor surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya , both of which were previously part of it . The state capital of Selangor is Shah Alam and its royal capital is Klang . Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya received city status in 2006 and 2019 , respectively . Selangor is one of four Malaysian states that contain more than one city with official city status ; the others are Sarawak , Johor , and Penang . The state of Selangor has the largest economy in Malaysia in terms of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , with RM 239.968 billion ( roughly US $ 55.5 billion ) in 2015 , comprising 22.6% of the country 's GDP . It is the most developed state in Malaysia ; it has good infrastructure such as highways and transport , and has the largest population in Malaysia , a high standard of living and the lowest poverty rate in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Petaling Jaya Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petaling_Jaya_Stadium', 'summary': "The Petaling Jaya Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in the suburb of Kelana Jaya in Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia . The stadium was opened in 1996 and has a capacity of 25,000 . It was built in time for the 1998 Commonwealth Games , and hosted the Games ' rugby union matches . Currently , the stadium mostly being used for football matches . Current tenant for the stadium are Petaling Jaya Rangers and MISC-MIFA ."}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Betaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Betaria_F.C.', 'summary': "Betaria FC is a Malaysian football club , based in Tampin Negeri Sembilan . They promoted to Premier League having won the 2011 Malaysia FAM League . In their debut season in Premier League , they placed 10th out of 12 teams . They were to relegate to FAM League after losing 3-0 to Muar Municipal Council FC in their relegation playoff match ; this was delayed when MP Muar FC pulled out of the league . A play-off match was set with UiTM FC , the third-placed team in 2012 Malaysia FAM League . Betaria remained in the premier League when they won 3-0 . Their U-23 youth team also made headlines in the 2012 Malaysia President Cup tournament , finishing as runners-up to Perak FA in the final . Betaria finished last in the 2013 Malaysia Premier League , were to relegate to FAM League , but the club 's management decided to withdraw from the 2014 Malaysia FAM League ."}]}, {'value': 'Tampin , Negeri Sembilan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampin', 'summary': 'The Tampin ( Jawi script : تمڤين ; Chinese : 淡边 ) is a town in Tampin District , Negeri Sembilan , Malaysia , however part of the town spills over into the neighbouring state of Malacca , as it is located along the Malacca-Negeri Sembilan border .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan', 'summary': 'Negeri Sembilan ( Malay pronunciation : [ ˈnəgəri səmbiˈlan ] ) is a state in Malaysia which lies on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia . It borders Selangor on the north , Pahang in the east , and Melaka and Johor to the south . The name is believed to derive from the nine ( sembilan ) villages or nagari in the Minangkabau language ( now known as luak ) settled by the Minangkabau , a people originally from West Sumatra ( in present-day Indonesia ) . Minangkabau features are still visible today in traditional architecture and the dialect of Malay spoken . Unlike the hereditary monarchs of the other royal Malay states , the ruler of Negeri Sembilan is known as Yang di-Pertuan Besar instead of Sultan . The election of the Ruler is also unique . He is selected by the council of Undangs who lead the four biggest territories of Sungai Ujong , Jelebu , Johol , and Rembau , making it one of the more democratic monarchies . The capital of Negeri Sembilan is Seremban . The royal capital is Seri Menanti in Kuala Pilah District . Other important towns are Port Dickson , Bahau and Nilai . The Arabic honorific title of the state is Darul Khusus ( the Special Abode ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Malacca , Malacca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malacca', 'summary': "Malacca ( Malay : Melaka ; Tamil : மலாக்கா , simplified Chinese : 马六甲 ; traditional Chinese : 馬六甲 ; pinyin : Mǎliùjiǎ ) , dubbed The Historic State , is a state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula , next to the Strait of Malacca . The state is bordered by Negeri Sembilan to the north and west and Johor to the south . The exclave of Cape Rachado also borders Negeri Sembilan to the north . Its capital is Malacca City , which is 148 kilometres ( 92 miles ) southeast of Malaysia 's capital city Kuala Lumpur , 235 kilometres ( 146 miles ) northwest of Johor 's largest city Johor Bahru , and 95 km ( 59 miles ) northwest of Johor 's second largest city , Batu Pahat . This historical city centre has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008 . Although it was the location of one of the earliest Malay sultanates , the local monarchy was abolished when the Portuguese conquered it in 1511 . The head of state is the Yang di-Pertua Negeri or Governor , rather than a Sultan . Melaka is famous for its unique history and is one of the major tourist destinations in Malaysia . With a highly strategic state position for international trade routes , Malacca was once a well-known international trade center in the East . Many traders anchored in Malacca , especially traders from Arabia , China and India , traded at the port of Malacca and from there were born many of the descendants and tribes that exist in Malacca to this day . The harmonious life and ambience of the people of Malacca is attributed to the life of various races and ethnicities that have long existed among the local community . Malays , Malaysian Chinese , Malaysian Indians , Baba Nyonya , Kristang , Chitty and Eurasians are important ethnic groups living in the State of Malacca up to the present day ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Malacca', 'summary': "Malacca ( Malay : Melaka ; Tamil : மலாக்கா , simplified Chinese : 马六甲 ; traditional Chinese : 馬六甲 ; pinyin : Mǎliùjiǎ ) , dubbed The Historic State , is a state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula , next to the Strait of Malacca . The state is bordered by Negeri Sembilan to the north and west and Johor to the south . The exclave of Cape Rachado also borders Negeri Sembilan to the north . Its capital is Malacca City , which is 148 kilometres ( 92 miles ) southeast of Malaysia 's capital city Kuala Lumpur , 235 kilometres ( 146 miles ) northwest of Johor 's largest city Johor Bahru , and 95 km ( 59 miles ) northwest of Johor 's second largest city , Batu Pahat . This historical city centre has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008 . Although it was the location of one of the earliest Malay sultanates , the local monarchy was abolished when the Portuguese conquered it in 1511 . The head of state is the Yang di-Pertua Negeri or Governor , rather than a Sultan . Melaka is famous for its unique history and is one of the major tourist destinations in Malaysia . With a highly strategic state position for international trade routes , Malacca was once a well-known international trade center in the East . Many traders anchored in Malacca , especially traders from Arabia , China and India , traded at the port of Malacca and from there were born many of the descendants and tribes that exist in Malacca to this day . The harmonious life and ambience of the people of Malacca is attributed to the life of various races and ethnicities that have long existed among the local community . Malays , Malaysian Chinese , Malaysian Indians , Baba Nyonya , Kristang , Chitty and Eurasians are important ethnic groups living in the State of Malacca up to the present day ."}]}, {'value': 'Mini Tampin Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harimau Muda B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harimau_Muda_B', 'summary': "Harimau Muda B was the club name for the former Malaysia Under-21 National Football Team and was managed by the Football Association of Malaysia . The national team played as a club under the name Harimau Muda B which took part in Malaysia Premier League from the 2007-08 season and also FA Cup Malaysia . In 2015 , Harimau Muda once again became a single team composed of former Harimau Muda A & B players . Harimau Muda B last competed in Singapore 's 2014 S. League . The team was aimed at developing Malaysian youth players and does not recruit any foreign nationals in its squad . On 25 November 2015 , it was confirmed that the Harimau Muda has disbanded by FAM which means all the player from Harimau Muda A , Harimau Muda B and Harimau Muda C will be returned to their own state . The name Harimau Muda means Young Tigers in English ."}]}, {'value': 'Bukit Jalil , Kuala Lumpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bukit_Jalil', 'summary': 'Bukit Jalil is an affluent suburb in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is bounded by the National Sports Complex on the east , the Shah Alam Expressway on the north , city boundaries to the west , and the Puchong-Sungai Besi Highway as well as city boundaries to the south . It was known as the Bukit Jalil Estate until 1992 , when the National Sports Complex was developed for the 1998 Commonwealth Games . The suburb was used as a filming location for the 1999 movie Entrapment , although the sign was changed to that of Pudu .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur', 'summary': 'Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysian pronunciation : [ ˈkualə , -a ˈlumpo ( r ) , -ʊ ( r ) ] ) , officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur ( Malay : Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur ) and commonly known as KL , is the national capital and largest city in Malaysia . As the global city of Malaysia , it covers an area of 243 km2 ( 94 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016 [ update ] . Greater Kuala Lumpur , also known as the Klang Valley , is an urban agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in Southeast Asia , in both population and economic development . Kuala Lumpur is the cultural , financial and economic centre of Malaysia . It is also home to the Parliament of Malaysia and the official residence of the Malaysian King ( Yang di-Pertuan Agong ) , the Istana Negara . The city once held the headquarters of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government , but these were relocated to Putrajaya in early 1999 . However , some sections of the political bodies still remain in Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur is one of the three federal territories of Malaysia , enclaved within the state of Selangor , on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia . Since the 1990s , the city has played host to many international sporting , political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games and the 2017 Southeast Asian Games . Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades and is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world , the Petronas Towers , which have since become an iconic symbol of Malaysian development . Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road system supported by an extensive range of public transport networks , such as the Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) , Light Metro ( LRT ) , Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) , monorail , commuter rail and an airport rail link .'}]}, {'value': 'Bukit Jalil , Kuala Lumpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bukit_Jalil', 'summary': 'Bukit Jalil is an affluent suburb in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is bounded by the National Sports Complex on the east , the Shah Alam Expressway on the north , city boundaries to the west , and the Puchong-Sungai Besi Highway as well as city boundaries to the south . It was known as the Bukit Jalil Estate until 1992 , when the National Sports Complex was developed for the 1998 Commonwealth Games . The suburb was used as a filming location for the 1999 movie Entrapment , although the sign was changed to that of Pudu .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur', 'summary': 'Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysian pronunciation : [ ˈkualə , -a ˈlumpo ( r ) , -ʊ ( r ) ] ) , officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur ( Malay : Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur ) and commonly known as KL , is the national capital and largest city in Malaysia . As the global city of Malaysia , it covers an area of 243 km2 ( 94 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016 [ update ] . Greater Kuala Lumpur , also known as the Klang Valley , is an urban agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in Southeast Asia , in both population and economic development . Kuala Lumpur is the cultural , financial and economic centre of Malaysia . It is also home to the Parliament of Malaysia and the official residence of the Malaysian King ( Yang di-Pertuan Agong ) , the Istana Negara . The city once held the headquarters of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government , but these were relocated to Putrajaya in early 1999 . However , some sections of the political bodies still remain in Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur is one of the three federal territories of Malaysia , enclaved within the state of Selangor , on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia . Since the 1990s , the city has played host to many international sporting , political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games and the 2017 Southeast Asian Games . Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades and is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world , the Petronas Towers , which have since become an iconic symbol of Malaysian development . Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road system supported by an extensive range of public transport networks , such as the Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) , Light Metro ( LRT ) , Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) , monorail , commuter rail and an airport rail link .'}]}, {'value': 'National Stadium , Bukit Jalil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Stadium,_Bukit_Jalil', 'summary': "The Bukit Jalil National Stadium ( Malay : Stadium Nasional Bukit Jalil ) in Bukit Jalil , located in the National Sports Complex to the south of the city centre of Malaysia 's capital city , Kuala Lumpur , all-seater multi-purpose stadium and the home ground of the Malaysian national football team . With a capacity of 87,411 , it is the largest in Southeast Asia and the eighth largest football stadium in the world . It was officially inaugurated by the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia , Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad , on 11 July 1998 ahead of the 1998 Commonwealth Games and staged the opening ceremony . Since then , it has also became the main venue for other international multi-sport events such as the 2001 Southeast Asian Games and the 2017 Southeast Asian Games , and nowadays host most Malaysian international football matches , national level football competition finals such as the Malaysia FA Cup , Malaysia Cup , athletic events and music concerts . It was built alongside other sport venues in the National Sports Complex by United Engineers Malaysia , and designed by Arkitek FAA , Weidleplan Consulting GMBH and Schlaich Bergermann Partner . A membrane structure is used for the roof , and the most of the materials used were reinforced concrete . Before the stadium was opened , Stadium Merdeka was the national stadium of Malaysia . The stadium , along with the National Sports Complex , is currently undergoing a major renovation at a combined cost of RM1.34 billion as a part of KL Sports City project in 2 phases . Project 1 ( Phase 1 ) has been completed ahead and for the 2017 SEA Games in Kuala Lumpur , with a new Populous-designed facade that covers the exterior of the stadium with twisted vertical louvres which are also LED-lighted , as well as recolouring the seats to a yellow-black design and upgraded facilities . After the 2017 ASEAN Para Games , Project 2 ( Phase 2 ) will commence , and will add a retractable roof , retractable seats , comfort ventilation and new sports and lifestyle facilities ."}]}, {'value': '100,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johor_FA', 'summary': "Johor Darul Ta'zim Football Club II ( /jəˈhɔːr/ ; Malay : Kelab Bolasepak Johor Darul Ta'zim II ) or simply JDT II is a Malaysian football club based in Johor Bahru , Johor . The club currently plays in the Malaysia Premier League , the second division professional football league in Malaysia . Johor Darul Ta'zim II is a reserve team for Johor Darul Ta'zim ."}]}, {'value': 'Johor Bahru , Johor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johor_Bahru', 'summary': "Johor Bahru ( Malaysian pronunciation : [ ˈdʒohor ˈbahru ] ) is the capital of the state of Johor , Malaysia . It is situated along the Straits of Johor at the southern end of Peninsular Malaysia . The city has a population of 497,097 within an area of 220 km2 . Johor Bahru is adjacent to the city of Iskandar Puteri , both anchoring Malaysia 's third largest urban agglomeration , Iskandar Malaysia , with a population of 1,638,219 . Johor Bahru was founded in 1855 as Tanjung Puteri when the Sultanate of Johor came under the influence of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim . The area was renamed Johore Bahru in 1862 and became the capital of the Sultanate when the Sultanate administration centre was moved there from Telok Blangah . During the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar , there was development and modernisation within the city ; with the construction of administrative buildings , schools , religious buildings , and railways connecting to Woodlands in Singapore . Johor Bahru was occupied by the Japanese forces from 1942 to 1945 . Johor Bahru became the cradle of Malay nationalism after the war and gave birth to a political party named United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) in 1946 . After the formation of Malaysia in 1963 , Johor Bahru retained its status as state capital and was granted city status in 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Johor', 'summary': "Johor ( /dʒəˈhɔːr/ ) , formerly known as Johore , is a state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula . Johor has land borders with the Malaysian states of Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest . Johor shares maritime borders with Singapore to the south and Indonesia to both the west and east . Johor Bahru is the capital city and the economic centre of the state , Kota Iskandar is the seat of the state government , and Muar serves as the royal town of the state . The old state capital is Johor Lama . As of 2017 , the state 's population is 3,700,000 . Johor has highly diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate . The state 's mountain ranges form part of the Titiwangsa Range , which is part of the larger Tenasserim Range connected to Thailand and Myanmar , with Mount Ophir being the highest point in Johor . An early Johor-centred kingdom had early contact with Funan based on the exchange of gifts . After the demise of the kingdom , much of the Malay coast fell under the jurisdiction of Siam and later Majapahit . Several decades later , with the emergence of the Malaccan Empire , Islam spread throughout the Malay Archipelago . After the fall of the empire to the Portuguese , remnants of the Malaccan royal family moved to a river in the southern Malay Peninsula known to the locals as the Johor River and establishing a new sultanate , which became the Johor Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Johor Bahru , Johor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johor_Bahru', 'summary': "Johor Bahru ( Malaysian pronunciation : [ ˈdʒohor ˈbahru ] ) is the capital of the state of Johor , Malaysia . It is situated along the Straits of Johor at the southern end of Peninsular Malaysia . The city has a population of 497,097 within an area of 220 km2 . Johor Bahru is adjacent to the city of Iskandar Puteri , both anchoring Malaysia 's third largest urban agglomeration , Iskandar Malaysia , with a population of 1,638,219 . Johor Bahru was founded in 1855 as Tanjung Puteri when the Sultanate of Johor came under the influence of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim . The area was renamed Johore Bahru in 1862 and became the capital of the Sultanate when the Sultanate administration centre was moved there from Telok Blangah . During the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar , there was development and modernisation within the city ; with the construction of administrative buildings , schools , religious buildings , and railways connecting to Woodlands in Singapore . Johor Bahru was occupied by the Japanese forces from 1942 to 1945 . Johor Bahru became the cradle of Malay nationalism after the war and gave birth to a political party named United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) in 1946 . After the formation of Malaysia in 1963 , Johor Bahru retained its status as state capital and was granted city status in 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Johor', 'summary': "Johor ( /dʒəˈhɔːr/ ) , formerly known as Johore , is a state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula . Johor has land borders with the Malaysian states of Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest . Johor shares maritime borders with Singapore to the south and Indonesia to both the west and east . Johor Bahru is the capital city and the economic centre of the state , Kota Iskandar is the seat of the state government , and Muar serves as the royal town of the state . The old state capital is Johor Lama . As of 2017 , the state 's population is 3,700,000 . Johor has highly diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate . The state 's mountain ranges form part of the Titiwangsa Range , which is part of the larger Tenasserim Range connected to Thailand and Myanmar , with Mount Ophir being the highest point in Johor . An early Johor-centred kingdom had early contact with Funan based on the exchange of gifts . After the demise of the kingdom , much of the Malay coast fell under the jurisdiction of Siam and later Majapahit . Several decades later , with the emergence of the Malaccan Empire , Islam spread throughout the Malay Archipelago . After the fall of the empire to the Portuguese , remnants of the Malaccan royal family moved to a river in the southern Malay Peninsula known to the locals as the Johor River and establishing a new sultanate , which became the Johor Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Tan Sri Dato Hj Hassan Yunos Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tan_Sri_Dato_Hj_Hassan_Yunos_Stadium', 'summary': "The Tan Sri Dato ' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Larkin , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 30,000 people and opened in 1964 . It was named after former Menteri Besar of Johor , Hassan Yunos ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MB Johor Bahru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MBJB_F.C.', 'summary': 'Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru Football Club or simply known as MBJB FC is a Malaysian football club based in Johor Bahru , Johor . The club represents Johor Bahru City Council in Malaysia football . In 2009 , the club was booted out from Malaysia Premier League after only playing five matches citing its failure to settle insurance dues before the given date . The team were promoted back to Premier League for the second time in 2012 , having finished 2011 Malaysia FAM League as runners-up . This time , their campaign lasted only a season when they finished last in the 12-team league and relegated straight back to FAM League , garnering only 5 points , scoring only 18 goals while conceding 79 goals . After the 2012 season , the Johor Football Association made a re-structuring plan to allow only two teams to represent the state of Johor in the Malaysia Football League . Thus , MBJB FC and MP Muar FC were to be playing in the PBNJ State League .'}]}, {'value': 'Johor Bahru , Johor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johor_Bahru', 'summary': "Johor Bahru ( Malaysian pronunciation : [ ˈdʒohor ˈbahru ] ) is the capital of the state of Johor , Malaysia . It is situated along the Straits of Johor at the southern end of Peninsular Malaysia . The city has a population of 497,097 within an area of 220 km2 . Johor Bahru is adjacent to the city of Iskandar Puteri , both anchoring Malaysia 's third largest urban agglomeration , Iskandar Malaysia , with a population of 1,638,219 . Johor Bahru was founded in 1855 as Tanjung Puteri when the Sultanate of Johor came under the influence of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim . The area was renamed Johore Bahru in 1862 and became the capital of the Sultanate when the Sultanate administration centre was moved there from Telok Blangah . During the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar , there was development and modernisation within the city ; with the construction of administrative buildings , schools , religious buildings , and railways connecting to Woodlands in Singapore . Johor Bahru was occupied by the Japanese forces from 1942 to 1945 . Johor Bahru became the cradle of Malay nationalism after the war and gave birth to a political party named United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) in 1946 . After the formation of Malaysia in 1963 , Johor Bahru retained its status as state capital and was granted city status in 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Johor', 'summary': "Johor ( /dʒəˈhɔːr/ ) , formerly known as Johore , is a state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula . Johor has land borders with the Malaysian states of Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest . Johor shares maritime borders with Singapore to the south and Indonesia to both the west and east . Johor Bahru is the capital city and the economic centre of the state , Kota Iskandar is the seat of the state government , and Muar serves as the royal town of the state . The old state capital is Johor Lama . As of 2017 , the state 's population is 3,700,000 . Johor has highly diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate . The state 's mountain ranges form part of the Titiwangsa Range , which is part of the larger Tenasserim Range connected to Thailand and Myanmar , with Mount Ophir being the highest point in Johor . An early Johor-centred kingdom had early contact with Funan based on the exchange of gifts . After the demise of the kingdom , much of the Malay coast fell under the jurisdiction of Siam and later Majapahit . Several decades later , with the emergence of the Malaccan Empire , Islam spread throughout the Malay Archipelago . After the fall of the empire to the Portuguese , remnants of the Malaccan royal family moved to a river in the southern Malay Peninsula known to the locals as the Johor River and establishing a new sultanate , which became the Johor Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Johor Bahru , Johor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johor_Bahru', 'summary': "Johor Bahru ( Malaysian pronunciation : [ ˈdʒohor ˈbahru ] ) is the capital of the state of Johor , Malaysia . It is situated along the Straits of Johor at the southern end of Peninsular Malaysia . The city has a population of 497,097 within an area of 220 km2 . Johor Bahru is adjacent to the city of Iskandar Puteri , both anchoring Malaysia 's third largest urban agglomeration , Iskandar Malaysia , with a population of 1,638,219 . Johor Bahru was founded in 1855 as Tanjung Puteri when the Sultanate of Johor came under the influence of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim . The area was renamed Johore Bahru in 1862 and became the capital of the Sultanate when the Sultanate administration centre was moved there from Telok Blangah . During the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar , there was development and modernisation within the city ; with the construction of administrative buildings , schools , religious buildings , and railways connecting to Woodlands in Singapore . Johor Bahru was occupied by the Japanese forces from 1942 to 1945 . Johor Bahru became the cradle of Malay nationalism after the war and gave birth to a political party named United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) in 1946 . After the formation of Malaysia in 1963 , Johor Bahru retained its status as state capital and was granted city status in 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Johor', 'summary': "Johor ( /dʒəˈhɔːr/ ) , formerly known as Johore , is a state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula . Johor has land borders with the Malaysian states of Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest . Johor shares maritime borders with Singapore to the south and Indonesia to both the west and east . Johor Bahru is the capital city and the economic centre of the state , Kota Iskandar is the seat of the state government , and Muar serves as the royal town of the state . The old state capital is Johor Lama . As of 2017 , the state 's population is 3,700,000 . Johor has highly diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate . The state 's mountain ranges form part of the Titiwangsa Range , which is part of the larger Tenasserim Range connected to Thailand and Myanmar , with Mount Ophir being the highest point in Johor . An early Johor-centred kingdom had early contact with Funan based on the exchange of gifts . After the demise of the kingdom , much of the Malay coast fell under the jurisdiction of Siam and later Majapahit . Several decades later , with the emergence of the Malaccan Empire , Islam spread throughout the Malay Archipelago . After the fall of the empire to the Portuguese , remnants of the Malaccan royal family moved to a river in the southern Malay Peninsula known to the locals as the Johor River and establishing a new sultanate , which became the Johor Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Tan Sri Dato Hj Hassan Yunos Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tan_Sri_Dato_Hj_Hassan_Yunos_Stadium', 'summary': "The Tan Sri Dato ' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Larkin , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 30,000 people and opened in 1964 . It was named after former Menteri Besar of Johor , Hassan Yunos ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MP Muar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MP_Muar_F.C.', 'summary': 'Majlis Perbandaran Muar Football Club or MP Muar was a Malaysian football club based in Muar , Johor . The club home ground is the Sultan Ibrahim Mini Stadium in Muar . The club formerly played in the Malaysia Premier League , the second tier of the Malaysian League from 2010 to 2012 . Under new direction of Johor Football Association ( JFA ) , all clubs from Johor including MP Muar has pulled from Malaysian League at the end of 2012 season and later joining State League , the PBNJ State League .'}]}, {'value': 'Muar , Johor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muar_(town)', 'summary': 'Muar ( Jawi : موار ) or Bandar Maharani is a historical town and the capital of Muar District , Johor , Malaysia . It is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Malaysia to be visited and explored for its food , coffee and historical prewar buildings . It was recently declared as the royal town of Johor by Sultan Ibrahim Sultan Iskandar and is the fourth largest city ( after Johor Bahru , Batu Pahat and Kluang ) in Johor . It is the main and biggest town of the bigger entity region or area of the same name , Muar which is sub-divided into the Muar district and the new Tangkak district , which was upgraded into a full-fledged district from the Tangkak sub-district earlier . Muar district as the only district covering the whole area formerly borders Malacca in the northern part . Upon the upgrading of Tangkak ( formerly Ledang ) district , the Muar district now covers only the area south of Sungai Muar , whilst the northern area beyond the river is in within Tangkak district . However , both divided administrative districts are still collectively and fondly called and referred to as the region or area of Muar as a whole by their residents and outsiders . Currently , the new township of Muar is located in the Bakri area . Muar is one of the cleanest city in South East Asia , being awarded with Asean Clean Tourist City Standard Award 2017 recently .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johor', 'summary': "Johor ( /dʒəˈhɔːr/ ) , formerly known as Johore , is a state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula . Johor has land borders with the Malaysian states of Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest . Johor shares maritime borders with Singapore to the south and Indonesia to both the west and east . Johor Bahru is the capital city and the economic centre of the state , Kota Iskandar is the seat of the state government , and Muar serves as the royal town of the state . The old state capital is Johor Lama . As of 2017 , the state 's population is 3,700,000 . Johor has highly diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate . The state 's mountain ranges form part of the Titiwangsa Range , which is part of the larger Tenasserim Range connected to Thailand and Myanmar , with Mount Ophir being the highest point in Johor . An early Johor-centred kingdom had early contact with Funan based on the exchange of gifts . After the demise of the kingdom , much of the Malay coast fell under the jurisdiction of Siam and later Majapahit . Several decades later , with the emergence of the Malaccan Empire , Islam spread throughout the Malay Archipelago . After the fall of the empire to the Portuguese , remnants of the Malaccan royal family moved to a river in the southern Malay Peninsula known to the locals as the Johor River and establishing a new sultanate , which became the Johor Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Muar , Johor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muar_(town)', 'summary': 'Muar ( Jawi : موار ) or Bandar Maharani is a historical town and the capital of Muar District , Johor , Malaysia . It is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Malaysia to be visited and explored for its food , coffee and historical prewar buildings . It was recently declared as the royal town of Johor by Sultan Ibrahim Sultan Iskandar and is the fourth largest city ( after Johor Bahru , Batu Pahat and Kluang ) in Johor . It is the main and biggest town of the bigger entity region or area of the same name , Muar which is sub-divided into the Muar district and the new Tangkak district , which was upgraded into a full-fledged district from the Tangkak sub-district earlier . Muar district as the only district covering the whole area formerly borders Malacca in the northern part . Upon the upgrading of Tangkak ( formerly Ledang ) district , the Muar district now covers only the area south of Sungai Muar , whilst the northern area beyond the river is in within Tangkak district . However , both divided administrative districts are still collectively and fondly called and referred to as the region or area of Muar as a whole by their residents and outsiders . Currently , the new township of Muar is located in the Bakri area . Muar is one of the cleanest city in South East Asia , being awarded with Asean Clean Tourist City Standard Award 2017 recently .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johor', 'summary': "Johor ( /dʒəˈhɔːr/ ) , formerly known as Johore , is a state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula . Johor has land borders with the Malaysian states of Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest . Johor shares maritime borders with Singapore to the south and Indonesia to both the west and east . Johor Bahru is the capital city and the economic centre of the state , Kota Iskandar is the seat of the state government , and Muar serves as the royal town of the state . The old state capital is Johor Lama . As of 2017 , the state 's population is 3,700,000 . Johor has highly diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate . The state 's mountain ranges form part of the Titiwangsa Range , which is part of the larger Tenasserim Range connected to Thailand and Myanmar , with Mount Ophir being the highest point in Johor . An early Johor-centred kingdom had early contact with Funan based on the exchange of gifts . After the demise of the kingdom , much of the Malay coast fell under the jurisdiction of Siam and later Majapahit . Several decades later , with the emergence of the Malaccan Empire , Islam spread throughout the Malay Archipelago . After the fall of the empire to the Portuguese , remnants of the Malaccan royal family moved to a river in the southern Malay Peninsula known to the locals as the Johor River and establishing a new sultanate , which became the Johor Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Sultan Ibrahim Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Stadium', 'summary': "Sultan Ibrahim Larkin Stadium is a football stadium in Iskandar Puteri , Johor , Malaysia . It is named in honor of the state 's current ruler , Sultan Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar . As the new home of Johor Darul Ta'zim of the Malaysia Super League since 2020 , the stadium replaced Larkin Stadium which has housed the current team and all previous Johor football teams since 1964 . The total cost of the construction was estimated at MYR200 million . The stadium has a capacity for 40,000 spectators and opened on 22 February 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pahang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pahang_FA', 'summary': 'Pahang Football Club ( Malay : Kelab Bolasepak Pahang ) is a Malaysian professional football club based in Kuantan , Pahang . The association was found in 1959 to represent the state itself and has traditionally worn a yellow home kit since . In the beginning , their early home matches were held around the city public fields and outside Kuantan , predominantly around districts of Pahang . The lowest point of the club was in 2012 , as they association had been relegated to the Liga Premier . With the collective morale support from the players and the fans , Pahang FA came back from the abyss to the Liga Super in 2013 after winning the play-off match against Kedah FA , just one season after being relegated . Pahang FA nominated Abdul Azim to challenge Hamidin Amin for the FAM Presidency , as reported in a FOX Sports Asia article .'}]}, {'value': 'Kuantan , Pahang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuantan', 'summary': "Kuantan is the state capital of Pahang , Malaysia . It is located near the mouth of the Kuantan River and faces the South China Sea . Kuantan is the 18th largest city in Malaysia based on 2010 population , and the largest city in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia . It has been expected that Kuantan will be officially declared as a city in 2020 . The administrative centre of the state of Pahang was officially relocated to Kuantan on 27 August 1955 from Kuala Lipis and was officiated by HRH Sultan Abu Bakar Ri'ayatuddin Al Muadzam Shah , the Sultan of Pahang ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pahang', 'summary': "Pahang ( Malay pronunciation : [ paˈhaŋ ] ; Jawi : ڤهڠ ) , officially Pahang Darul Makmur with the Arabic honorific Darul Makmur ( Jawi : دار المعمور , The Abode of Tranquility ) is a sultanate and a federal state of Malaysia . It is the third largest Malaysian state by area and ninth largest by population . The state occupies the basin of the Pahang River , and a stretch of the east coast as far south as Endau . Geographically located in the East Coast region of the Peninsular Malaysia , the state shares borders with the Malaysian states of Kelantan and Terengganu to the north , Perak , Selangor and Negeri Sembilan to the west , Johor to the south , while South China Sea is to the east . The Titiwangsa mountain range that forms a natural divider between the Peninsula 's east and west coasts is spread along the north and south of the state , peaking at Mount Tahan , which is 2,187m high . Although two thirds of the state is covered by dense rain forest , its central plains are intersected by numerous rivers , and along the coast there is a 32-kilometre wide expanse of alluvial soil that includes the deltas and estuarine plains of the Kuantan , Pahang , Rompin , Endau , and Mersing rivers . The state is divided into 11 administrative divisions called daerah ( districts ) - Pekan , Rompin , Maran , Temerloh , Jerantut , Bentong , Raub , Lipis , Cameron Highlands and Bera . The largest district is Jerantut , which is the main gateway to the Taman Negara national park . Pahang 's capital and largest city , Kuantan , is the eighth largest urban agglomerations by population in Malaysia . The royal capital and the official seat of the Sultan of Pahang is located at Pekan . Pekan was also the old state capital which its name translates literally into 'the town ' , it was known historically as 'Inderapura ' . Other major towns include Temerloh , Bentong and its hills resorts of Genting Highlands and Bukit Tinggi ."}]}, {'value': 'Temerloh , Pahang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Temerloh', 'summary': 'Temerloh is a municipality in Central Pahang , Malaysia . Temerloh has been proved that it is The Centre Of Peninsular Malaysia ( Malay : Temerloh Titik Tengah Semenanjung Malaysia ) T3S which actually situated at Kampung Paya Siput , Lanchang . Located about 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) from Kuala Lumpur along the Kuantan-Kuala Lumpur trunk road , Temerloh is the second largest town in Pahang after Kuantan , the state capital . It is situated at the junction of the Pahang River and the Semantan River . Today , Temerloh usually refers to the territory under the administration of Temerloh Municipal Council which includes Mentakab , Lanchang , Kuala Krau and Kerdau . An old town with some colonial buildings and shop houses , the town has prospered in recent years as a transport hub and new industrial centre . There have been many new commercial and industrial hub built in Temerloh in recent years . Cutting travel time in half , the newly completed East Coast Expressway links the town to Kuala Lumpur and Kuantan and adds to the growth of Temerloh . Temerloh has been proved that it is The Centre Of Peninsular Malaysia ( Malay : Titik Tengah Semenanjung Malaysia ) which actually situated at Kampung Paya Siput , Lanchang .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pahang', 'summary': "Pahang ( Malay pronunciation : [ paˈhaŋ ] ; Jawi : ڤهڠ ) , officially Pahang Darul Makmur with the Arabic honorific Darul Makmur ( Jawi : دار المعمور , The Abode of Tranquility ) is a sultanate and a federal state of Malaysia . It is the third largest Malaysian state by area and ninth largest by population . The state occupies the basin of the Pahang River , and a stretch of the east coast as far south as Endau . Geographically located in the East Coast region of the Peninsular Malaysia , the state shares borders with the Malaysian states of Kelantan and Terengganu to the north , Perak , Selangor and Negeri Sembilan to the west , Johor to the south , while South China Sea is to the east . The Titiwangsa mountain range that forms a natural divider between the Peninsula 's east and west coasts is spread along the north and south of the state , peaking at Mount Tahan , which is 2,187m high . Although two thirds of the state is covered by dense rain forest , its central plains are intersected by numerous rivers , and along the coast there is a 32-kilometre wide expanse of alluvial soil that includes the deltas and estuarine plains of the Kuantan , Pahang , Rompin , Endau , and Mersing rivers . The state is divided into 11 administrative divisions called daerah ( districts ) - Pekan , Rompin , Maran , Temerloh , Jerantut , Bentong , Raub , Lipis , Cameron Highlands and Bera . The largest district is Jerantut , which is the main gateway to the Taman Negara national park . Pahang 's capital and largest city , Kuantan , is the eighth largest urban agglomerations by population in Malaysia . The royal capital and the official seat of the Sultan of Pahang is located at Pekan . Pekan was also the old state capital which its name translates literally into 'the town ' , it was known historically as 'Inderapura ' . Other major towns include Temerloh , Bentong and its hills resorts of Genting Highlands and Bukit Tinggi ."}]}, {'value': 'Temerloh Mini Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Temerloh_Mini_Stadium', 'summary': 'Stadium Majlis Perbandaran Temerloh or well known as Stadium Temerloh is a multi-purpose stadium located in Temerloh , Pahang , Malaysia . It is currently used mostly for football matches , with a capacity of 10,000 people . The stadium has a running track , in addition to the football field . For the 2012 season , it is also the home for Pahang FA and Shahzan Muda FC football teams as Darulmakmur Stadium are currently unavailable due to major renovations .'}]}, {'value': '35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perlis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perlis_FA', 'summary': 'Perlis Football Association ( Malay : Persatuan Bolasepak Perlis ) , also known as Perlis FA , is a football team based in Kangar , Perlis , Malaysia . The team was founded in 1963 and currently suspended from FIFA by playing in the second division of Malaysian football , the 2019 Malaysia Premier League . Year 2019 is the first ever Perlis did not enter any tournament in Malaysian League since 1963 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kangar , Perlis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kangar', 'summary': 'Kangar is the state capital of Perlis , Malaysia . It has a population of 48,898 and an area of 2,619.4 ha . It is located in the northernmost point of Peninsular Malaysia and is situated by the Perlis River . The centre of Kangar is Sena Province . The town is the smallest state capital in Malaysia and its inhabitants are mostly farmers and civil servants . The name Kangar was derived from a type of tree .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Perlis', 'summary': 'Perlis , also known by its honorific title Perlis Indera Kayangan , [ n 1 ] is the smallest state in Malaysia . It lies at the northern part of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and has the Satun and Songkhla Provinces of Thailand on its northern border . It is bordered by the state of Kedah to the south . It was called Palit ( Thai : ปะลิส ) by the Siamese when it was under their influence . Perlis had a population of 227,025 as of 2010 . The capital of Perlis is Kangar , and the royal capital is Arau . Another important town is Padang Besar , at the Malaysia-Thailand border and Kuala Perlis , the ferry town to Langkawi . The main port and ferry terminal is at the small village of Kuala Perlis , linking mostly to Langkawi Island . Another important lately developed area is Pauh Putra within subdistrict of Kurong Anai which houses the main campus of Malaysia University of Perlis and Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin . Perlis has a famous snake farm and research centre at Sungai Batu Pahat . Among the main tourist attractions are Perlis State Park and Gua Kelam . Perlis currently has an island within its waters , Pulau Batu Layang near Perlis Power Plant , Kuala Sungai Bharu .'}]}, {'value': 'Kangar , Perlis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kangar', 'summary': 'Kangar is the state capital of Perlis , Malaysia . It has a population of 48,898 and an area of 2,619.4 ha . It is located in the northernmost point of Peninsular Malaysia and is situated by the Perlis River . The centre of Kangar is Sena Province . The town is the smallest state capital in Malaysia and its inhabitants are mostly farmers and civil servants . The name Kangar was derived from a type of tree .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Perlis', 'summary': 'Perlis , also known by its honorific title Perlis Indera Kayangan , [ n 1 ] is the smallest state in Malaysia . It lies at the northern part of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and has the Satun and Songkhla Provinces of Thailand on its northern border . It is bordered by the state of Kedah to the south . It was called Palit ( Thai : ปะลิส ) by the Siamese when it was under their influence . Perlis had a population of 227,025 as of 2010 . The capital of Perlis is Kangar , and the royal capital is Arau . Another important town is Padang Besar , at the Malaysia-Thailand border and Kuala Perlis , the ferry town to Langkawi . The main port and ferry terminal is at the small village of Kuala Perlis , linking mostly to Langkawi Island . Another important lately developed area is Pauh Putra within subdistrict of Kurong Anai which houses the main campus of Malaysia University of Perlis and Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin . Perlis has a famous snake farm and research centre at Sungai Batu Pahat . Among the main tourist attractions are Perlis State Park and Gua Kelam . Perlis currently has an island within its waters , Pulau Batu Layang near Perlis Power Plant , Kuala Sungai Bharu .'}]}, {'value': 'Utama Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utama_Stadium', 'summary': 'Tuanku Syed Putra Stadium or Stadium Utama Kangar is a multi-purpose stadium in Kangar , Perlis , Malaysia . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 20,000 people and opened in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PDRM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PDRM_FA', 'summary': 'Royal Malaysia Police Football Association or simply known as Royal Police is an association football club associated with the entity of the Royal Malaysia Police , who play in the Malaysia Premier League , the second division of Malaysian football . The team is based in Kuala Lumpur . Domestically , Royal Police has won the Malaysia Premier League , the second tier of Malaysian football in 2006-07 and 2014 . They also won the People of Maldives Invitational Cup in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Selayang , Selangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selayang', 'summary': 'Selayang is a town in Gombak District , Selangor , Malaysia . A new township , Bandar Baru Selayang is sited just 2 km away and was named after the town , where Majlis Perbandaran Selayang ( MPS , English : Selayang Municipal Council ) is located .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Selangor', 'summary': "Selangor ( /səˈlæŋər/ ; Malay : [ s ( ə ) laŋo ( r ) ] ) , also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan , or Abode of Sincerity , is one of the 13 states of Malaysia . It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north , Pahang to the east , Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west . Selangor surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya , both of which were previously part of it . The state capital of Selangor is Shah Alam and its royal capital is Klang . Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya received city status in 2006 and 2019 , respectively . Selangor is one of four Malaysian states that contain more than one city with official city status ; the others are Sarawak , Johor , and Penang . The state of Selangor has the largest economy in Malaysia in terms of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , with RM 239.968 billion ( roughly US $ 55.5 billion ) in 2015 , comprising 22.6% of the country 's GDP . It is the most developed state in Malaysia ; it has good infrastructure such as highways and transport , and has the largest population in Malaysia , a high standard of living and the lowest poverty rate in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Paroi , Negeri Sembilan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paroi', 'summary': 'Paroi is an area in Seremban District , Negeri Sembilan , Malaysia . There are many housing estates and villages . There are many sport facilities built in Paroi especially the state stadium which is Tuanku Abdul Rahman Stadium . Opposite of the stadium , there is a community aquatic centre .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan', 'summary': 'Negeri Sembilan ( Malay pronunciation : [ ˈnəgəri səmbiˈlan ] ) is a state in Malaysia which lies on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia . It borders Selangor on the north , Pahang in the east , and Melaka and Johor to the south . The name is believed to derive from the nine ( sembilan ) villages or nagari in the Minangkabau language ( now known as luak ) settled by the Minangkabau , a people originally from West Sumatra ( in present-day Indonesia ) . Minangkabau features are still visible today in traditional architecture and the dialect of Malay spoken . Unlike the hereditary monarchs of the other royal Malay states , the ruler of Negeri Sembilan is known as Yang di-Pertuan Besar instead of Sultan . The election of the Ruler is also unique . He is selected by the council of Undangs who lead the four biggest territories of Sungai Ujong , Jelebu , Johol , and Rembau , making it one of the more democratic monarchies . The capital of Negeri Sembilan is Seremban . The royal capital is Seri Menanti in Kuala Pilah District . Other important towns are Port Dickson , Bahau and Nilai . The Arabic honorific title of the state is Darul Khusus ( the Special Abode ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Majlis Perbandaran Selayang Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majlis_Perbandaran_Selayang_Stadium', 'summary': 'Selayang Municipal Council Stadium ( Malay : Stadium Majlis Perbandaran Selayang ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Selayang , Selangor , Malaysia . The stadium is owned by the Majlis Perbandaran Selayang ( MPS ) . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity of 16,000 . The tenants of the stadium is Selangor United .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pos Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pos_Malaysia_F.C.', 'summary': "DRB-HICOM Football Club is a football club established to compete in Malaysia football league . The team played in the Malaysia Premier League ( the second tier of the country 's professional league - Liga M ) since 2010 until 2016 before they withdrew from the league . It was simultaneously decided that the club 's 2nd team ( previously known as DRB-HICOM 2 ) to remain competing in an amateur league . Therefore , DRB-HICOM FC remained competing in the Kuala Lumpur Football Association ( KLFA ) League , where they have played since 2014 . This team is composed of employees of DRB-HICOM Group of Companies and experienced local players . The club is commonly known as The Great Bees ( D'GreatBees ) , and previously used Proton City Stadium in Tanjung Malim as their official home ground . The well-facilitated stadium currently has a capacity for 3,000 fans . However , since it now plays in a league in the Klang Valley , DRB-HICOM FC is now based in Glenmarie , Shah Alam ; the PROTON Casting Plant field is about 3 km away from the headquarters of DRB-HICOM Berhad . The conglomerate owns 50.1% of national carmaker PROTON ."}]}, {'value': 'Selayang , Selangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selayang', 'summary': 'Selayang is a town in Gombak District , Selangor , Malaysia . A new township , Bandar Baru Selayang is sited just 2 km away and was named after the town , where Majlis Perbandaran Selayang ( MPS , English : Selayang Municipal Council ) is located .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Selangor', 'summary': "Selangor ( /səˈlæŋər/ ; Malay : [ s ( ə ) laŋo ( r ) ] ) , also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan , or Abode of Sincerity , is one of the 13 states of Malaysia . It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north , Pahang to the east , Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west . Selangor surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya , both of which were previously part of it . The state capital of Selangor is Shah Alam and its royal capital is Klang . Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya received city status in 2006 and 2019 , respectively . Selangor is one of four Malaysian states that contain more than one city with official city status ; the others are Sarawak , Johor , and Penang . The state of Selangor has the largest economy in Malaysia in terms of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , with RM 239.968 billion ( roughly US $ 55.5 billion ) in 2015 , comprising 22.6% of the country 's GDP . It is the most developed state in Malaysia ; it has good infrastructure such as highways and transport , and has the largest population in Malaysia , a high standard of living and the lowest poverty rate in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Selayang , Selangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selayang', 'summary': 'Selayang is a town in Gombak District , Selangor , Malaysia . A new township , Bandar Baru Selayang is sited just 2 km away and was named after the town , where Majlis Perbandaran Selayang ( MPS , English : Selayang Municipal Council ) is located .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Selangor', 'summary': "Selangor ( /səˈlæŋər/ ; Malay : [ s ( ə ) laŋo ( r ) ] ) , also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan , or Abode of Sincerity , is one of the 13 states of Malaysia . It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north , Pahang to the east , Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west . Selangor surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya , both of which were previously part of it . The state capital of Selangor is Shah Alam and its royal capital is Klang . Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya received city status in 2006 and 2019 , respectively . Selangor is one of four Malaysian states that contain more than one city with official city status ; the others are Sarawak , Johor , and Penang . The state of Selangor has the largest economy in Malaysia in terms of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , with RM 239.968 billion ( roughly US $ 55.5 billion ) in 2015 , comprising 22.6% of the country 's GDP . It is the most developed state in Malaysia ; it has good infrastructure such as highways and transport , and has the largest population in Malaysia , a high standard of living and the lowest poverty rate in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Majlis Perbandaran Selayang Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majlis_Perbandaran_Selayang_Stadium', 'summary': 'Selayang Municipal Council Stadium ( Malay : Stadium Majlis Perbandaran Selayang ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Selayang , Selangor , Malaysia . The stadium is owned by the Majlis Perbandaran Selayang ( MPS ) . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity of 16,000 . The tenants of the stadium is Selangor United .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sime Darby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sime_Darby_F.C.', 'summary': "Sime Darby Football Club is a Malaysian football club which represents and are backed by Sime Darby Berhad , one of Malaysia 's largest conglomerates . The team has some pedigree having won the FAM Cup twice , the most recent being the 2017 Malaysia FAM League . Their previous win was in 2010 , in the same year of its incorporation ."}]}, {'value': 'Selayang , Selangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selayang', 'summary': 'Selayang is a town in Gombak District , Selangor , Malaysia . A new township , Bandar Baru Selayang is sited just 2 km away and was named after the town , where Majlis Perbandaran Selayang ( MPS , English : Selayang Municipal Council ) is located .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Selangor', 'summary': "Selangor ( /səˈlæŋər/ ; Malay : [ s ( ə ) laŋo ( r ) ] ) , also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan , or Abode of Sincerity , is one of the 13 states of Malaysia . It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north , Pahang to the east , Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west . Selangor surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya , both of which were previously part of it . The state capital of Selangor is Shah Alam and its royal capital is Klang . Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya received city status in 2006 and 2019 , respectively . Selangor is one of four Malaysian states that contain more than one city with official city status ; the others are Sarawak , Johor , and Penang . The state of Selangor has the largest economy in Malaysia in terms of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , with RM 239.968 billion ( roughly US $ 55.5 billion ) in 2015 , comprising 22.6% of the country 's GDP . It is the most developed state in Malaysia ; it has good infrastructure such as highways and transport , and has the largest population in Malaysia , a high standard of living and the lowest poverty rate in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Selayang , Selangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selayang', 'summary': 'Selayang is a town in Gombak District , Selangor , Malaysia . A new township , Bandar Baru Selayang is sited just 2 km away and was named after the town , where Majlis Perbandaran Selayang ( MPS , English : Selayang Municipal Council ) is located .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Selangor', 'summary': "Selangor ( /səˈlæŋər/ ; Malay : [ s ( ə ) laŋo ( r ) ] ) , also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan , or Abode of Sincerity , is one of the 13 states of Malaysia . It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north , Pahang to the east , Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west . Selangor surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya , both of which were previously part of it . The state capital of Selangor is Shah Alam and its royal capital is Klang . Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya received city status in 2006 and 2019 , respectively . Selangor is one of four Malaysian states that contain more than one city with official city status ; the others are Sarawak , Johor , and Penang . The state of Selangor has the largest economy in Malaysia in terms of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , with RM 239.968 billion ( roughly US $ 55.5 billion ) in 2015 , comprising 22.6% of the country 's GDP . It is the most developed state in Malaysia ; it has good infrastructure such as highways and transport , and has the largest population in Malaysia , a high standard of living and the lowest poverty rate in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Majlis Perbandaran Selayang Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majlis_Perbandaran_Selayang_Stadium', 'summary': 'Selayang Municipal Council Stadium ( Malay : Stadium Majlis Perbandaran Selayang ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Selayang , Selangor , Malaysia . The stadium is owned by the Majlis Perbandaran Selayang ( MPS ) . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity of 16,000 . The tenants of the stadium is Selangor United .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USM_F.C.', 'summary': 'Kelab Bolasepak Staff Universiti Sains Malaysia ( KBSUSM ) or USM Staff FC or USM FC was a Malaysia football club team , formerly competing in Malaysia Premier League . The team was under the jurisdiction of Universiti Sains Malaysia , a Malaysian public university based in Georgetown , Penang .'}]}, {'value': 'George Town , Penang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Town,_Penang', 'summary': "George Town , officially the City of Penang Island ( Malay : Bandaraya Pulau Pinang ) , is the capital city of the Malaysian state of Penang . The city comprises of Penang Island and its surrounding smaller islands . George Town is Malaysia 's third most populous city with 708,127 inhabitants as of 2010 [ update ] , while Greater Penang is the nation 's second largest conurbation with a population of 2,412,616 . The historical core of George Town has been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2008 . Established as an entrepôt by Francis Light of the British East India Company in 1786 , George Town was the first British settlement in Southeast Asia . Together with Singapore and Malacca , George Town formed part of the Straits Settlements , which became a British crown colony in 1867 . It was subjugated by Japan during World War II , before being recaptured by the British at war 's end . Shortly before Malaya attained independence from the British in 1957 , George Town was declared a city by Queen Elizabeth II , making it the first city in the country 's modern history . Due to the intermingling of the various ethnicities and religions that arrived on its shores , George Town acquired a large eclectic assortment of colonial and Asian architectural styles . It also gained a reputation as Malaysia 's gastronomic capital for its distinct and ubiquitous street food . Moreover , the city hosts unique cultural heritage , such as the Peranakans whose legacies are still visible on Penang 's architecture and cuisine . The city of George Town includes the Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone , a high-tech manufacturing hub regarded as the Silicon Valley of the East ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Penang', 'summary': "Penang is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia , by the Malacca Strait . It has two parts : Penang Island , where the capital city , George Town , is located , and Seberang Perai on the Malay Peninsula . They are connected by Malaysia 's two longest road bridges , the Penang Bridge and the Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge ; the latter is also as of May 2019 the longest oversea bridge in Southeast Asia . The second smallest Malaysian state by land mass , Penang is bordered by Kedah to the north and the east , and Perak to the south . Penang 's population stood at nearly 1.767 million as of 2018 [ update ] , while its population density rose to 1,684/km2 ( 4,360/sq mi ) . It has among the nation 's highest population densities and is one of the country 's most urbanised states . Seberang Perai is Malaysia 's second largest city by population . Its heterogeneous population is highly diverse in ethnicity , culture , language and religion . Aside from the three main races , the Malays , Chinese , and Indians , Penang is home to significant Eurasian , Siamese and expatriate communities . George Town is also home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site . A resident of Penang is colloquially known as a Penangite or Penang Lâng ( in Penang Hokkien ) . Penang 's modern history began in 1786 , upon the establishment of George Town by Francis Light ."}]}, {'value': 'George Town , Penang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Town,_Penang', 'summary': "George Town , officially the City of Penang Island ( Malay : Bandaraya Pulau Pinang ) , is the capital city of the Malaysian state of Penang . The city comprises of Penang Island and its surrounding smaller islands . George Town is Malaysia 's third most populous city with 708,127 inhabitants as of 2010 [ update ] , while Greater Penang is the nation 's second largest conurbation with a population of 2,412,616 . The historical core of George Town has been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2008 . Established as an entrepôt by Francis Light of the British East India Company in 1786 , George Town was the first British settlement in Southeast Asia . Together with Singapore and Malacca , George Town formed part of the Straits Settlements , which became a British crown colony in 1867 . It was subjugated by Japan during World War II , before being recaptured by the British at war 's end . Shortly before Malaya attained independence from the British in 1957 , George Town was declared a city by Queen Elizabeth II , making it the first city in the country 's modern history . Due to the intermingling of the various ethnicities and religions that arrived on its shores , George Town acquired a large eclectic assortment of colonial and Asian architectural styles . It also gained a reputation as Malaysia 's gastronomic capital for its distinct and ubiquitous street food . Moreover , the city hosts unique cultural heritage , such as the Peranakans whose legacies are still visible on Penang 's architecture and cuisine . The city of George Town includes the Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone , a high-tech manufacturing hub regarded as the Silicon Valley of the East ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Penang', 'summary': "Penang is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia , by the Malacca Strait . It has two parts : Penang Island , where the capital city , George Town , is located , and Seberang Perai on the Malay Peninsula . They are connected by Malaysia 's two longest road bridges , the Penang Bridge and the Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge ; the latter is also as of May 2019 the longest oversea bridge in Southeast Asia . The second smallest Malaysian state by land mass , Penang is bordered by Kedah to the north and the east , and Perak to the south . Penang 's population stood at nearly 1.767 million as of 2018 [ update ] , while its population density rose to 1,684/km2 ( 4,360/sq mi ) . It has among the nation 's highest population densities and is one of the country 's most urbanised states . Seberang Perai is Malaysia 's second largest city by population . Its heterogeneous population is highly diverse in ethnicity , culture , language and religion . Aside from the three main races , the Malays , Chinese , and Indians , Penang is home to significant Eurasian , Siamese and expatriate communities . George Town is also home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site . A resident of Penang is colloquially known as a Penangite or Penang Lâng ( in Penang Hokkien ) . Penang 's modern history began in 1786 , upon the establishment of George Town by Francis Light ."}]}, {'value': 'USM Athletics Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USM_Athletics_Stadium', 'summary': 'USM Stadium or fully as Stadium Olahraga Universiti Sains Malaysia ( English : Universiti Sains Malaysia Athletics Stadium ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Penang , Malaysia . The stadium is under the jurisdiction of Universiti Sains Malaysia . The stadium formerly hosts football matches for USM from 2009 until 2012 , when the team was playing in Liga FAM and Liga Premier .'}]}, {'value': '800', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Team summaries', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2012_Malaysia_Premier_League_0', 'intro': 'The 2012 Liga Premier (English: 2012 Premier League) also known as the Astro Liga Premier for sponsorship reasons is the ninth season of the Liga Premier, the second-tier professional football league in Malaysia. The season was held from 11 January and concluded in 23 July 2012. The Liga Premier champions for 2012 season was ATM. The champions and runners-up were both promoted to 2013 Liga Super.'}
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Which location is a new township where Majlis Perbandaran is located ?
Selayang
0846d0d8941230ef
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries', 'title': 'Endorsements in the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries', 'header': ['Statesmen , former politicians , and celebrities', 'Party', 'Endorsement', 'Date', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jeb Bush Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.10.2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Son of former Florida Governor Jeb Bush and nephew of former President George W. Bush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Florida', 'summary': "The governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Florida 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Florida Legislature , to convene the legislature , and to grant pardons , except in cases of impeachment . When Florida was first acquired by the United States , future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor . Florida Territory was established in 1822 , and five people served as governor over 6 distinct terms . The first territorial governor , William Pope Duval , served 12 years , the longest of any Florida governor to date . Since statehood in 1845 , there have been 45 people who have served as governor , one of whom served two distinct terms . Four state governors have served two full four-year terms : William D. Bloxham , in two stints ; and Reubin Askew , Jeb Bush , and Rick Scott who each served their terms consecutively . Bob Graham almost served two terms , as he resigned with only three days left . The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson , who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor , Bob Graham . The current governor is Ron DeSantis , a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 8 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Bush', 'summary': "John Ellis Jeb Bush ( born February 11 , 1953 ) is an American politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007 . Bush , who grew up in Houston , is the second son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush , and a younger brother of former President George W. Bush . He graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover , Massachusetts , and attended the University of Texas , where he earned a degree in Latin American affairs . In 1980 , he moved to Florida and pursued a career in real estate development , and in 1986 became Florida 's Secretary of Commerce until 1988 . At that time , he joined his father 's successful campaign for the Presidency . In 1994 , Bush made his first run for office , losing the election for governor by less than two percentage points to the incumbent Lawton Chiles . Bush ran again in 1998 and defeated Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay with 55 percent of the vote . He ran for reelection in 2002 , defeating Bill McBride and winning with 56 percent , to become Florida 's first two-term Republican governor . During his eight years as governor , Bush pushed an ambitious Everglades conservation plan , supported caps for medical malpractice litigation , launched a Medicaid privatization pilot program , and instituted reforms to the state education system , including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice . Bush announced his presidential candidacy on June 15 , 2015 . He suspended his campaign on February 20 , 2016 , shortly after the South Carolina primary and endorsed Senator Ted Cruz on March 23 , 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_W._Bush', 'summary': 'George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , he had previously served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . Bush is frequently referred to as George W. Bush , Bush Junior , or Bush 43 to distinguish him from his father , George H. W. Bush , who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . Bush is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , and the second son to become the American president after his father , the first being John Quincy Adams . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president of the United States in 2000 when he defeated Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore after a narrow and contested win that involved a Supreme Court decision to stop a recount in Florida . He became the fourth person to be elected president while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent . In response to the September 11 terrorist attacks , Bush launched a War on Terror that began with the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and later expanded to the Iraq War in 2003 . Signature legislation passed during his presidency included broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , the Medicare Modernization Act , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . In the 2004 presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in a close election .'}]}, {'value': 'Mike Campbell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 16 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': "South Carolina campaign chair for Mike Huckabee 's Campaign in 2008 , and son of late Governor Carroll Campbell", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Huckabee_presidential_campaign,_2008', 'summary': "The Mike Huckabee 2008 presidential campaign began on January 28 , 2007 , when former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for President of the United States for the 2008 election . Huckabee ultimately ended his bid for the nomination after losing the Texas Republican primary on March 4 , 2008 . Huckabee 's campaign began with a first-quarter fundraising total lower than many of the front-running Republican candidates , raising $ 544,880 . Huckabee said that he found it difficult to move forward in a race ruled by candidates with the biggest names . Nonetheless , Huckabee placed second in the August 11 Iowa Straw Poll with 18.1 percent . He came in second at the onsite polling of the Family Research Council Values Voters Summit on October 21 , 2007 , with 28% of the vote , and garnered a celebrity endorsement from actor Chuck Norris . In December 2007 , Huckabee began challenging other candidates for first place in national polls among Republicans . On January 3 , 2008 , Huckabee won the Iowa Republican Caucuses with 34% of the electorate . On Super Tuesday , Huckabee won an additional six states , including most of the Deep South . After losing the Texas primary in March , however , Huckabee officially ended his campaign and conceded the race to U.S. senator John McCain ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.', 'summary': "Carroll Ashmore Campbell Jr. ( July 24 , 1940 - December 7 , 2005 ) , was an American Republican Party politician who served as the 112th Governor of South Carolina from 1987 to 1995 . Prior to this , he served as a member of the South Carolina Senate representing the 2nd district from 1977 to 1978 and as a congressman representing South Carolina 's 4th district from 1979 to 1987 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Cason', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 17 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Coral Gables , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida', 'summary': 'Coral Gables , officially the City of Coral Gables , is a city in Miami-Dade County , Florida , United States , located southwest of Downtown Miami . The United States Census Bureau estimates conducted in 2017 yielded the city had a population of 51,095 . Coral Gables is home to the University of Miami .'}]}, {'value': 'Lew Cramer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of Utah World Trade Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Currier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 26 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former New Hampshire State Senator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Max Eden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.3.2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-founder of Students for Daniels which had encouraged Mitch Daniels to run for president in 2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitch_Daniels', 'summary': "Mitchell Elias Daniels Jr. ( born April 7 , 1949 ) is an American academic administrator , businessman , author , and retired politician who served as the 49th Governor of Indiana , from 2005 to 2013 , as a Republican . Since 2013 , Daniels has been president of Purdue University . Born in Monongahela , Pennsylvania , Daniels is a graduate of Princeton University , and received his Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center after studying briefly at the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law . Daniels began his career working as an assistant to Richard Lugar , working as his chief of staff in the Senate from 1977 to 1982 , and was appointed executive director of the National Republican Senatorial Committee when Lugar was chairman from 1983 to 1984 . He worked as a chief political adviser and as a liaison to President Ronald Reagan in 1985 , before he was appointed president of the conservative think tank , the Hudson Institute . Daniels moved back to Indiana , joining Eli Lilly and Company , working as president of North American Pharmaceutical Operations from 1993 to 1997 , and senior vice president of corporate strategy and policy from 1997 to 2001 . In January 2001 , Daniels was appointed by President George W. Bush as the director of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget , where he served until June 2003 . Daniels announced his intention to run in Indiana 's 2004 gubernatorial election after leaving the Bush administration . He won the Republican primary with 67% of the vote , and defeated Democratic incumbent Governor Joe Kernan in the general election . Daniels was reelected to a second term , defeating former U.S. Representative and US Department of Agriculture undersecretary Jill Long Thompson , on November 4 , 2008 . During his tenure as governor , Daniels cut the state government workforce by 18% , cut and capped state property taxes , balanced the state budget through budget austerity measures and increasing spending by less than the inflation rate , and despite running on a platform of improving income , Indiana 's per capita income dropped from 33rd to 38th among states , and the percentage of people living in poverty in Indiana rose from 10.2% to 14.9% . In his second term , Daniels saw protest by labor unions and Democrats in the state legislature over his policies regarding Indiana 's school voucher program and the Indiana House of Representatives attempt to pass right to work legislation , leading to the 2011 Indiana legislative walkouts ."}]}, {'value': 'Craig Haffner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broadway and television producer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Knowles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.3.2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'co-founder of Students for Daniels', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stewart Lamprey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 26 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former New Hampshire state Senate President and former state House Speaker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John J. Mack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_J._Mack', 'summary': 'John J. Mack ( born November 17 , 1944 ) is a Senior Advisor to the investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and the former CEO & Chairman of the Board at Morgan Stanley , the New York-based investment bank and brokerage firm .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former CEO & Chairman of Morgan Stanley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morgan_Stanley', 'summary': "Morgan Stanley is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered at 1585 Broadway in the Morgan Stanley Building , Midtown Manhattan , New York City . With offices in more than 42 countries and more than 60,000 employees , the firm 's clients include corporations , governments , institutions , and individuals . Morgan Stanley ranked No . 67 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The original Morgan Stanley , formed by J.P. Morgan & Co. partners Henry Sturgis Morgan ( grandson of J.P. Morgan ) , Harold Stanley , and others , came into existence on September 16 , 1935 , in response to the Glass-Steagall Act that required the splitting of commercial and investment banking businesses . In its first year , the company operated with a 24% market share ( US $ 1.1 billion ) in public offerings and private placements . The current Morgan Stanley is the result of merger of the original Morgan Stanley with Dean Witter Discover & Co. in 1997 . Dean Witter 's Chairman and CEO , Philip J. Purcell , became the Chairman and CEO of the newly merged Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Discover & Co . The new firm changed its name back to Morgan Stanley in 2001 . The main areas of business for the firm today are institutional securities , wealth management and investment management ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry McMaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_McMaster', 'summary': "Henry Dargan McMaster ( born May 27 , 1947 ) is an American politician , attorney and member of the Republican Party , who is the 117th Governor of South Carolina , in office since January 24 , 2017 . Born in Columbia , South Carolina , McMaster graduated from the University of South Carolina with a bachelor 's in history in 1969 and graduated from the University of South Carolina School of Law in 1973 . He then worked for U.S . Senator Strom Thurmond , in private practice and as a federal prosecutor . Appointed United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina by President Ronald Reagan in 1981 , he came to attention for investigating South Carolina marijuana smugglers in Operation Jackpot . McMaster was the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1986 , losing to incumbent Democrat Fritz Hollings . He was then defeated for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina by Democrat Nick Theodore in 1990 . In 1991 , McMaster was appointed to the South Carolina Commission on Higher Education and joined the Board of Directors of the non-profit South Carolina Policy Council . He chaired the South Carolina Republican Party from 1993 to 2002 . McMaster resigned as Chairman in 2002 to successfully run for Attorney General of South Carolina . He was re-elected in 2006 and ran for governor in 2010 , but was defeated by Nikki Haley in the Republican primary . In 2011 , McMaster was appointed to the South Carolina Ports Authority by Governor Haley ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Attorney General of South Carolina ( 2003-2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ana Navarro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ana_Navarro', 'summary': 'Ana Violeta Navarro-Cárdenas ( née Navarro Flores ; born December 28 , 1971 ) is an American Republican strategist and political commentator for various news outlets , including CNN , CNN en Español , ABC News , Telemundo , and The View .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.10.2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Director of Immigration policy for Former Florida Gov . Jeb Bush and Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Bush', 'summary': "John Ellis Jeb Bush ( born February 11 , 1953 ) is an American politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007 . Bush , who grew up in Houston , is the second son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush , and a younger brother of former President George W. Bush . He graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover , Massachusetts , and attended the University of Texas , where he earned a degree in Latin American affairs . In 1980 , he moved to Florida and pursued a career in real estate development , and in 1986 became Florida 's Secretary of Commerce until 1988 . At that time , he joined his father 's successful campaign for the Presidency . In 1994 , Bush made his first run for office , losing the election for governor by less than two percentage points to the incumbent Lawton Chiles . Bush ran again in 1998 and defeated Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay with 55 percent of the vote . He ran for reelection in 2002 , defeating Bill McBride and winning with 56 percent , to become Florida 's first two-term Republican governor . During his eight years as governor , Bush pushed an ambitious Everglades conservation plan , supported caps for medical malpractice litigation , launched a Medicaid privatization pilot program , and instituted reforms to the state education system , including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice . Bush announced his presidential candidacy on June 15 , 2015 . He suspended his campaign on February 20 , 2016 , shortly after the South Carolina primary and endorsed Senator Ted Cruz on March 23 , 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Commission', 'summary': "The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( UNCHR ) was a functional commission within the overall framework of the United Nations from 1946 until it was replaced by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2006 . It was a subsidiary body of the UN Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) , and was also assisted in its work by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( UNOHCHR ) . It was the UN 's principal mechanism and international forum concerned with the promotion and protection of human rights . On 15 March 2006 , the UN General Assembly voted overwhelmingly to replace UNCHR with the UN Human Rights Council ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Ridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Ridge', 'summary': "Thomas Joseph Ridge ( born August 26 , 1945 ) is an American politician and author who served as the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security from 2001 to 2003 , and the first United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2003 to 2005 . Prior to this , Ridge was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995 and the 43rd Governor of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2001 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Ridge was born in Munhall , Pennsylvania and raised in veterans ' public housing in Erie , Pennsylvania . After graduating from Harvard University with honors , Ridge served in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War where he was awarded the Bronze Star . He then returned to Pennsylvania and completed his Juris Doctor ( J.D . ) degree at the Dickinson School of Law , graduating in 1972 , and entered private practice . As assistant district attorney in Erie , Ridge ran for Congress in his district , where he served six terms . He then ran for governor in 1994 , despite being little-known outside of northwest Pennsylvania . He won the election , and was reelected in 1998 with the most votes for a Republican governor in Pennsylvania ( where Democrats outnumber Republicans by almost 500,000 ) in more than half a century . As Governor of Pennsylvania , Ridge is credited for statewide advances in economic development , education , health care and the environment . As of 2019 [ update ] , Ridge is the last Republican to win reelection as Pennsylvania 's governor ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 16 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former United States Secretary of Homeland Security under George W. Bush ( 2001-2005 ) , former Governor of Pennsylvania , and former Congressman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Secretary_of_Homeland_Security', 'summary': "The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security , the body concerned with protecting the United States and the safety of U.S. citizens . The secretary is a member of the President 's Cabinet . The position was created by the Homeland Security Act following the attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The new department consisted primarily of components transferred from other cabinet departments because of their role in homeland security , such as the Coast Guard , the Federal Protective Service , U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( which includes the Border Patrol ) , U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( which includes Homeland Security Investigations ) , the Secret Service , and the Federal Emergency Management Agency . It did not include either the Federal Bureau of Investigation or , the Central Intelligence Agency . The current Acting Secretary of Homeland Security is Chad Wolf , who began in that role on November 13 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_W._Bush', 'summary': 'George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , he had previously served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . Bush is frequently referred to as George W. Bush , Bush Junior , or Bush 43 to distinguish him from his father , George H. W. Bush , who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . Bush is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , and the second son to become the American president after his father , the first being John Quincy Adams . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president of the United States in 2000 when he defeated Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore after a narrow and contested win that involved a Supreme Court decision to stop a recount in Florida . He became the fourth person to be elected president while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent . In response to the September 11 terrorist attacks , Bush launched a War on Terror that began with the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and later expanded to the Iraq War in 2003 . Signature legislation passed during his presidency included broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , the Medicare Modernization Act , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . In the 2004 presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in a close election .'}]}, {'value': 'Rob Wasinger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Campaign Manager for Sam Brownback 's Campaign in 2008", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Brownback_presidential_campaign,_2008', 'summary': "Samuel Dale Brownback ( born September 12 , 1956 ) is an American attorney , politician , diplomat and member of the Republican Party who has served as the United States Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom since February 2018 . Brownback previously served as the Secretary of Agriculture of Kansas ( 1986-93 ) , as the U.S. Representative for Kansas 's 2nd congressional district ( 1995-96 ) , as a United States Senator from Kansas ( 1996-2011 ) and the 46th Governor of Kansas ( 2011-18 ) . He also ran for the Republican nomination for President in 2008 . Born in Garnett , Kansas , Brownback grew up on the family farm in Parker , Kansas . He graduated from Kansas State University with a degree in agricultural economics in 1978 and received a J.D . from the University of Kansas in 1982 . He worked as an attorney in Manhattan , Kansas , before being appointed Secretary of Agriculture of Kansas in 1986 by Democratic Governor John W. Carlin . Brownback ran for Congress in 1994 and defeated Carlin in the general election in a landslide . He represented Kansas 's 2nd congressional district for a single term before running in a 1996 special election for the U.S. Senate seat previously held by Bob Dole . He won the special election and was reelected by large margins in 1998 and 2004 . Brownback ran for president in 2008 , but withdrew before the primaries began and endorsed eventual Republican nominee John McCain . Brownback declined to run for reelection in 2010 , instead running for governor ."}]}, {'value': 'Alan Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Wilson_(South_Carolina_politician)', 'summary': 'Alan McCrory Wilson ( born July 16 , 1973 ) is an American lawyer and politician , currently serving his third term as the 51st Attorney General of South Carolina . He is a member of the Republican Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 29 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attorney General of South Carolina and son of United States Representative Joe Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joe_Wilson_(U.S._politician)', 'summary': "Addison Graves Joe Wilson Sr. ( born July 31 , 1947 ) is the U.S. Representative for South Carolina 's 2nd congressional district , serving since 2001 . The district stretches from the state capital , Columbia , to the Georgia-South Carolina border . From 1985 to 2001 , he served in the South Carolina Senate . He is a member of the Republican Party . He is a member of the House Republican Policy Committee and is an Assistant Republican Whip . In September 2009 , Wilson interrupted a speech by U.S. President Barack Obama to the joint session of Congress by shouting You lie ! The incident resulted in a reprimand by the House of Representatives ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Tier 3 ( Statesmen , former politicians , and celebrities ) -- Jon Huntsman ( withdrawn )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Endorsements_for_the_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012_17', 'intro': 'This article is a list of endorsements made by members of the 112th United States Congress and other elected officials during the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries. Endorsements of statesmen and celebrities are also important to candidates. Late in the Republican race cycle, Romney toured Israel and Poland after a visit to the London 2012 Olympics. He received the endorsement of former President of Poland Lech Wałęsa, and soon after, the endorsement of actor and Second Amendment proponent Clint Eastwood. The winning of endorsements, also known as the Endorsement Race or Endorsement Derby, is argued to be a vital feature of the United States presidential race and the political party system. [by whom?]'}
null
null
The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is is what ?
American conservatism
084732aaeb049395
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NABC_Player_of_the_Year', 'title': 'NABC Player of the Year', 'header': ['Season', 'Player', 'School', 'State', 'Position', 'Class'], 'data': [{'value': '2008-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Walker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bethel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethel_College_(Indiana)', 'summary': 'Bethel University is a private Christian liberal arts university in Mishawaka , Indiana . It was established in 1947 and is affiliated with the evangelical Christian Missionary Church .'}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Briggs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma Wesleyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Oklahoma Wesleyan University ( OKWU ) is a private Wesleyan university in Bartlesville , Oklahoma . In 2018 , the school had 1006 undergraduate students , with approximately 600 of those on its main campus in Bartlesville .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sadiel Rojas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sadiel_Rojas', 'summary': 'Sadiel Rojas ( born July 16 , 1989 ) is a Dominican-American professional basketball player who plays for UCAM Murcia in the Spanish league . Rojas played college basketball at Oklahoma Wesleyan University where he was the NAIA Division II Player of the Year as a senior in 2010-11 .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma Wesleyan ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Oklahoma Wesleyan University ( OKWU ) is a private Wesleyan university in Bartlesville , Oklahoma . In 2018 , the school had 1006 undergraduate students , with approximately 600 of those on its main campus in Bartlesville .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonathan Dunn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keiser_University', 'summary': 'Keiser University is a private non-profit university based in Florida . Keiser provides educational programs at the undergraduate , graduate , and doctorate levels in both traditional and online delivery formats . The school is regionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and is also a member of the Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida . The main campus is in West Palm Beach , with additional branches located in other parts of Florida and internationally .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ra'Shad James", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ra'Shad_James", 'summary': "Ra'Shad James ( born January 26 , 1990 ) is an American professional basketball player for Ormanspor for the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi . He played college basketball for St. Thomas Aquinas , Iona and Northwood Seahawks ."}]}, {'value': 'Northwood ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keiser_University', 'summary': 'Keiser University is a private non-profit university based in Florida . Keiser provides educational programs at the undergraduate , graduate , and doctorate levels in both traditional and online delivery formats . The school is regionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and is also a member of the Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida . The main campus is in West Palm Beach , with additional branches located in other parts of Florida and internationally .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Mitchell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friends_University', 'summary': 'Friends University is a private non-denominational Christian university in Wichita , Kansas . Friends was founded in 1898 . The main building was originally built in 1886 for Garfield University , but was donated in 1898 to the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) by James Davis , a St. Louis business man . In the 1930s the leadership of the school was turned over to an independent Board of Trustees , with some representation of the Mid-America Yearly Meeting of Friends on the board . It operates today with an amicable but independent relationship with the evangelical branch of the Society of Friends .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominez Burnett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominez_Burnett', 'summary': 'Dominez Burnett ( born October 28 , 1992 ) is an American professional basketball player from Flint , Michigan . Burnett currently plays for Tsmoki-Minsk of the VTB United League . In 2016 , Burnett was named the Bevo Francis National Small College Basketball Player of the Year . Prior to that , in 2015 , Burnett was named the NABC NAIA Division II Player of the Year , while playing for Davenport University .'}]}, {'value': 'Davenport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport_University', 'summary': "Davenport University is a private , not for profit , university with campuses throughout Michigan and online . It was founded in 1866 by Conrad Swensburg and currently offers associate 's , bachelor 's , and master 's degrees ; diplomas ; and post-grad certification programs in business , technology , health professions , and graduate studies ( MBA ) . Davenport 's W.A . Lettinga Main Campus is in Grand Rapids , Michigan . The main campus includes student organizations , residence halls , and athletic programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Junior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominez Burnett ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominez_Burnett', 'summary': 'Dominez Burnett ( born October 28 , 1992 ) is an American professional basketball player from Flint , Michigan . Burnett currently plays for Tsmoki-Minsk of the VTB United League . In 2016 , Burnett was named the Bevo Francis National Small College Basketball Player of the Year . Prior to that , in 2015 , Burnett was named the NABC NAIA Division II Player of the Year , while playing for Davenport University .'}]}, {'value': 'Davenport ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport_University', 'summary': "Davenport University is a private , not for profit , university with campuses throughout Michigan and online . It was founded in 1866 by Conrad Swensburg and currently offers associate 's , bachelor 's , and master 's degrees ; diplomas ; and post-grad certification programs in business , technology , health professions , and graduate studies ( MBA ) . Davenport 's W.A . Lettinga Main Campus is in Grand Rapids , Michigan . The main campus includes student organizations , residence halls , and athletic programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warren Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warner', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Warner_Royals_men's_basketball", 'summary': 'Warner University is a private Christian university in Lake Wales , Florida . It is affiliated with the Church of God .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'PG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_guard', 'summary': "The point guard ( PG ) , also called the one or point , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . A point guard has perhaps the most specialized role of any position . Point guards are expected to run the team 's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time . Above all , the point guard must understand and accept their coach 's game plan ; in this way , the position can be compared to a quarterback in American football , a catcher in baseball or a playmaker in soccer ( association football ) . They must also be able to adapt to what the defense is allowing and must control the pace of the game . A point guard , like other player positions in basketball , specializes in certain skills . Their primary job is to facilitate scoring opportunities for their team , or sometimes for themselves . Lee Rose has described a point guard as a coach on the floor , who can handle and distribute the ball to teammates . This involves setting up plays on the court , getting the ball to the teammate in the best position to score , and controlling the tempo of the game . A point guard should know when and how to instigate a fast break and when and how to initiate the more deliberate sets . Point guards are expected to be vocal floor leaders . A point guard needs always to have in mind the times on the shot clock and the game clock , the score , the numbers of remaining timeouts for both teams , etc ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyle Steigenga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cornerstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerstone_College', 'summary': "Cornerstone College is an independent , Lutheran , co-educational , secondary , day school , located at Mount Barker in the Adelaide Hills south-east of Adelaide , South Australia . The College is a non-selective school , currently catering for approximately 900 students from Years 7 to 12 . Since 2014 , the College has also catered for Year 7 students . Facilities include a library , a basketball court , gymnasium , a canteen , an oval and a theatre . The school has a tradition of naming new facilities in a foreign language , the canteen is called Cibo Bello ( Italian for 'beautiful food ' ) , the gym is called Inbarendi ( aboriginal for 'meet one another ' ) , the library is called Anakalypsi ( Greek for 'discovery ' ) and the arts building is called Atelier . The houses are Battunga ( green ) , Naturi ( yellow ) , Moorak ( red ) and Aroona ( blue ) . The house names are derived from local aboriginal words . Cornerstone is affiliated with the Association of Independent Schools of South Australia ( AISSA ) , the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia ( AHISA ) , and Lutheran Education Australia ( LEA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameron Hunt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwestern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Moundbuilders', 'summary': 'The Southwestern Moundbuilders are the athletic teams that represent Southwestern College in Winfield , Kansas . They are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , competing in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference ( KCAC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'PG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_guard', 'summary': "The point guard ( PG ) , also called the one or point , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . A point guard has perhaps the most specialized role of any position . Point guards are expected to run the team 's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time . Above all , the point guard must understand and accept their coach 's game plan ; in this way , the position can be compared to a quarterback in American football , a catcher in baseball or a playmaker in soccer ( association football ) . They must also be able to adapt to what the defense is allowing and must control the pace of the game . A point guard , like other player positions in basketball , specializes in certain skills . Their primary job is to facilitate scoring opportunities for their team , or sometimes for themselves . Lee Rose has described a point guard as a coach on the floor , who can handle and distribute the ball to teammates . This involves setting up plays on the court , getting the ball to the teammate in the best position to score , and controlling the tempo of the game . A point guard should know when and how to instigate a fast break and when and how to initiate the more deliberate sets . Point guards are expected to be vocal floor leaders . A point guard needs always to have in mind the times on the shot clock and the game clock , the score , the numbers of remaining timeouts for both teams , etc ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'NABC_Player_of_the_Year_4', 'intro': "The NABC Player of the Year is an award given annually by the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) to recognize the top player in men's college basketball. The award has been given since the 1974-75 season to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I basketball players. The association added awards for Division II and Division III players in 1983, and for National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and junior college players in 2008. The awards have previously been sponsored by State Farm Insurance. In Division I, Duke has the most all-time winners with six. Their rival, North Carolina, as well as Kansas are tied for second with four winners. There have been three ties for NABC Player of the Year (2002, 2004, 2006), and only two players have won the award multiple times (Jay Williams and Ralph Sampson). In Division II, Virginia Union has four winners, the most all-time, and is followed by Kentucky Wesleyan which has three. Only one tie has occurred (2006), while three players have won the award more than once (Stan Gouard, Earl Jones, John Smith). In Division III, Potsdam State has the most all-time winners with three, while six other schools are tied for second with two winners apiece. There have been two ties (2007, 2010) and four repeat winners (Leroy Witherspoon, Andrew Olson, Aaron Walton-Moss and Joey Flannery). At the NAIA level, there is a distinction between NAIA Division I and NAIA Division II winners."}
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Who established the university attended by Dominez Burnett ?
Conrad Swensburg
08478da444206bae
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books', 'title': 'List of best-selling books', 'header': ['Book series', 'Author ( s )', 'Original language', 'No . of installments', 'First published', 'Approximate sales'], 'data': [{'value': 'Harry Potter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter', 'summary': "Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling . The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard , Harry Potter , and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . The main story arc concerns Harry 's struggle against Lord Voldemort , a dark wizard who intends to become immortal , overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic and subjugate all wizards and Muggles ( non-magical people ) . Since the release of the first novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , on 26 June 1997 , the books have found immense popularity , critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide . They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature . As of February 2018 [ update ] , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , making them the best-selling book series in history , and have been translated into eighty languages . The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history , with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release . The series was originally published in English by two major publishers , Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States . A play , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , based on a story co-written by Rowling , premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , and its script was published by Little , Brown . The original seven books were adapted into an eight-part namesake film series by Warner Bros. Pictures , which is the third highest-grossing film series of all time as of February 2018 [ update ] . In 2016 , the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $ 25 billion , making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time . A series of many genres , including fantasy , drama , coming of age , and the British school story ( which includes elements of mystery , thriller , adventure , horror , and romance ) , the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references ."}]}, {'value': 'J. K. Rowling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._K._Rowling', 'summary': "Joanne Rowling CH , OBE , HonFRSE , FRCPE , FRSL ( /ˈroʊlɪŋ/ ROH-ling ; born 31 July 1965 ) , better known by her pen name J. K. Rowling , is a British author , film producer , television producer , screenwriter , and philanthropist . She is best known for writing the Harry Potter fantasy series , which has won multiple awards and sold more than 500 million copies , becoming the best-selling book series in history . The books are the basis of a popular film series , over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and was a producer on the final films . She also writes crime fiction under the name Robert Galbraith . Born in Yate , Gloucestershire , Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London in 1990 . The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother , birth of her first child , divorce from her first husband , and relative poverty until the first novel in the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was published in 1997 . There were six sequels , of which the last , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was released in 2007 . Since then , Rowling has written five books for adult readers : The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) and - under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith - the crime fiction Cormoran Strike series , which consists of The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) , The Silkworm ( 2014 ) , Career of Evil ( 2015 ) , and Lethal White ( 2018 ) . Rowling has lived a rags to riches life in which she progressed from living on benefits to being the world 's first billionaire author . She lost her billionaire status after giving away much of her earnings to charity but remains one of the wealthiest people in the world . She is the UK 's best-selling living author , with sales in excess of £238 million . The 2016 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling 's fortune at £600 million , ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 + 8 supplements', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goosebumps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goosebumps', 'summary': "Goosebumps is a series of children 's horror fiction novels by American author R. L. Stine , published by Scholastic Publishing . The stories follow child characters , who find themselves in scary situations , usually involving monsters and other supernatural elements . From 1992 to 1997 , sixty-two books were published under the Goosebumps umbrella title . Various spin-off series were written by Stine : Goosebumps Series 2000 , Give Yourself Goosebumps , Tales to Give You Goosebumps , Goosebumps Triple Header , Goosebumps HorrorLand , Goosebumps Most Wanted and Goosebumps SlappyWorld . Another series , Goosebumps Gold , was never released . Goosebumps has spawned a television series and merchandise , as well as a series of feature films , starring Jack Black as Stine . Since the release of its first novel , Welcome to Dead House , in July 1992 , the series has sold over 400 million books worldwide in thirty-two languages , becoming the second-best-selling book series in history , after J. K. Rowling 's Harry Potter . Individual books in the series have been listed in several bestseller lists , including the New York Times Best Seller list for children ."}]}, {'value': 'R. L. Stine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._L._Stine', 'summary': "Robert Lawrence Stine ( /staɪn/ ; born October 8 , 1943 ) , sometimes known as Jovial Bob Stine and Eric Affabee , is an American novelist , short story writer , television producer , screenwriter , and executive editor . Stine has been referred to as the Stephen King of children 's literature and is the author of hundreds of horror fiction novels , including the books in the Fear Street , Goosebumps , Rotten School , Mostly Ghostly , and The Nightmare Room series . Some of his other works include a Space Cadets trilogy , two Hark gamebooks , and dozens of joke books . As of 2008 , Stine 's books have sold over 400 million copies ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62 + spin-off series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '350 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perry Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perry_Mason_bibliography', 'summary': "The following is a list of the Perry Mason novels and short stories by Erle Stanley Gardner , published from 1933 to 1973 . Many Perry Mason novels were first published in magazines , most often The Saturday Evening Post , some with different titles . Sixteen appeared in the Toronto Star Weekly in condensed form . All books were first published by William Morrow and Company , New York . Most were published simultaneously in Toronto . Six of the novels were adapted for a series of Perry Mason films produced in the 1930s . Many of the novels and short stories were adapted for the CBS television series Perry Mason ( 1957-66 ) ; details are available at the list of episodes for the TV series . The Perry Mason series ranks third in the top ten best selling book series , with sales of 300 million . R. L. Stine 's Goosebumps series is ranked second , with 350 million ; J. K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series is first , with 450 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Erle Stanley Gardner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erle_Stanley_Gardner', 'summary': 'Erle Stanley Gardner ( July 17 , 1889 - March 11 , 1970 ) was an American lawyer and author . He is best known for the Perry Mason series of detective stories , but he wrote numerous other novels and shorter pieces and also a series of nonfiction books , mostly narrations of his travels through Baja California and other regions in Mexico . The best-selling American author of the 20th century at the time of his death , Gardner also published under numerous pseudonyms , including A.A. Fair , Kyle Corning , Charles M. Green , Carleton Kendrake , Charles J. Kenny , Les Tillray and Robert Parr .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82 + 4 short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933-1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berenstain Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berenstain_Bears', 'summary': "The Berenstain Bears is a children 's literature franchise created by Stan and Jan Berenstain and continued by their son , Mike Berenstain , who assumed partial authorship in 2002 , and full authorship in 2012 following Jan 's death . The books feature a family of anthropomorphic grizzly bears who generally learn a moral or safety-related lesson in the course of each story . Since the 1962 debut of the first Berenstain Bears book , The Big Honey Hunt , the series has grown to over 300 titles , which have sold approximately 260 million copies in 23 languages . The Berenstain Bears franchise has also expanded well beyond the books , encompassing two television series and a wide variety of other products and licenses . While enjoying decades of popularity and receiving numerous awards , the series has been criticized for its perceived saccharine tone and formulaic storytelling ."}]}, {'value': 'Stan and Jan Berenstain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stan_and_Jan_Berenstain', 'summary': "Stanley Melvin Berenstain ( September 29 , 1923 - November 26 , 2005 ) and Janice Marian Berenstain ( née Grant ; July 26 , 1923 - February 24 , 2012 ) were American writers and illustrators best known for creating the children 's book series The Berenstain Bears . Both Stan and Jan were born and raised in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Jan attended Radnor High School in Radnor , Pennsylvania . Stan was Jewish and Jan was Episcopalian . They were married for 59 years until Stan 's death in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'over 300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '260 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Choose Your Own Adventure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Choose_Your_Own_Adventure', 'summary': "Choose Your Own Adventure , or Secret Path Books is a series of children 's gamebooks where each story is written from a second-person point of view , with the reader assuming the role of the protagonist and making choices that determine the main character 's actions and the plot 's outcome . The series was based upon a concept created by Edward Packard and originally published by Constance Cappel 's and R. A. Montgomery 's Vermont Crossroads Press as the Adventures of You series , starting with Packard 's Sugarcane Island in 1976 . Choose Your Own Adventure , as published by Bantam Books , was one of the most popular children 's series during the 1980s and 1990s , selling more than 250 million copies between 1979 and 1998 . When Bantam , now owned by Random House , allowed the Choose Your Own Adventure trademark to lapse , the series was relaunched by Chooseco , which now owns the trademark . Chooseco does not reissue titles by Packard , who has started his own imprint , U-Ventures . In June 2018 , Z-Man Games issued a licensed co-operative board game called Choose Your Own Adventure : House of Danger inspired by R. A. Montgomery 's book in the series . On January 11 , 2019 , Chooseco initiated a trademark infringement legal challenge against Netflix for the film Black Mirror : Bandersnatch ."}]}, {'value': 'Various authors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '185', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979-1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweet Valley High', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweet_Valley_High', 'summary': "Sweet Valley High is a series of young adult novels attributed to American author Francine Pascal , who presided over a team of ghostwriters to produce the series . The books chronicle the lives of identical twins Jessica and Elizabeth Wakefield , who live in the fictional Sweet Valley , California , a suburb near Los Angeles . The twins and their friends attend Sweet Valley High . The series began in 1983 and was ended twenty years after publication of 181 books . The books are generally classified as young adult or children 's fiction and belong mostly to the genre of soap opera , romance novel or fantasy-adventure . The series quickly gained popularity and spawned several spin-off series , including Sweet Valley Senior Year and Sweet Valley University , as well as a television adaptation . In July 2017 , a film adaptation was also announced . The novels Sweet Valley Confidential and The Sweet Life , which follow the characters as adults , were published in 2011 and 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Francine Pascal and ghostwriters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francine_Pascal', 'summary': 'Francine Pascal ( née Rubin , born May 13 , 1938 ) is an American author best known for creating the Sweet Valley series of young adult novels . Sweet Valley High was the backbone of the collection , and was made into a popular television series . There were also several spin-offs , including The Unicorn Club and Sweet Valley University . Although most of these books were published in the 1980s and 1990s , they remained so popular that several titles have been re-released in recent years .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983-2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noddy_(character)', 'summary': "Noddy is a fictional character created by English children 's author Enid Blyton , originally published between 1949 and 1963 . Noddy was illustrated by the Dutch artist Eelco Martinus ten Harmsen van der Beek from 1949 until his death in 1953 , after which the work was continued by Peter Wienk . Television shows based on the character have run on British television since 1955 and continue to appear to this day ."}]}, {'value': 'Enid Blyton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enid_Blyton', 'summary': "Enid Mary Blyton ( 11 August 1897 - 28 November 1968 ) was an English children 's writer whose books have been among the world 's best-sellers since the 1930s , selling more than 600 million copies . Blyton 's books are still enormously popular , and have been translated into 90 languages . She wrote on a wide range of topics including education , natural history , fantasy , mystery , and biblical narratives and is best remembered today for her Noddy , Famous Five and Secret Seven series . Her first book , Child Whispers , a 24-page collection of poems , was published in 1922 . Following the commercial success of her early novels such as Adventures of the Wishing-Chair ( 1937 ) and The Enchanted Wood ( 1939 ) , Blyton went on to build a literary empire , sometimes producing fifty books a year in addition to her prolific magazine and newspaper contributions . Her writing was unplanned and sprang largely from her unconscious mind : she typed her stories as events unfolded before her . The sheer volume of her work and the speed with which it was produced led to rumours that Blyton employed an army of ghost writers , a charge she vigorously denied . Blyton 's work became increasingly controversial among literary critics , teachers and parents from the 1950s onwards , because of the alleged unchallenging nature of her writing and the themes of her books , particularly the Noddy series . Some libraries and schools banned her works , which the BBC had refused to broadcast from the 1930s until the 1950s because they were perceived to lack literary merit . Her books have been criticised as being elitist , sexist , racist , xenophobic and at odds with the more liberal environment emerging in post-war Britain , but they have continued to be best-sellers since her death in 1968 . Blyton felt she had a responsibility to provide her readers with a strong moral framework , so she encouraged them to support worthy causes . In particular , through the clubs she set up or supported , she encouraged and organised them to raise funds for animal and paediatric charities ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1949-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nancy Drew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Drew', 'summary': "Nancy Drew is a fictional character , a sleuth in an American mystery series created by publisher Edward Stratemeyer as the female counterpart to his Hardy Boys series . The character first appeared in 1930 . The books are ghostwritten by a number of authors and published under the collective pseudonym Carolyn Keene . Over the decades , the character evolved in response to changes in US culture and tastes . The books were extensively revised and shortened , beginning in 1959 , in part to lower printing costs with arguable success . In the revision process , the heroine 's original character was changed to be less unruly and violent . In the 1980s , an older and more professional Nancy emerged in a new series , The Nancy Drew Files , that included romantic subplots for the sleuth . The original Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series started in 1930 and ended in 2003 . Launched in 2004 , the Girl Detective series features Nancy driving a hybrid electric vehicle and using a cell phone . In 2012 , the Girl Detective series ended , and a new series , Nancy Drew Diaries , was launched in 2013 . Illustrations of the character evolved over time to reflect contemporary styles . The character proves continuously popular worldwide : at least 80 million copies of the books have been sold , and the books have been translated into over 45 languages ."}]}, {'value': 'Various authors as Carolyn Keene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carolyn_Keene', 'summary': "Carolyn Keene is the pseudonym of the authors of the Nancy Drew mystery stories and The Dana Girls mystery stories , both produced by the Stratemeyer Syndicate . In addition , the Keene pen name is credited with the Nancy Drew spin-off , River Heights , and the Nancy Drew Notebooks . Edward Stratemeyer , the founder of the Syndicate , hired writers , beginning with Mildred Wirt , later Mildred Wirt Benson , to write the manuscripts for the Nancy Drew books . The writers initially were paid $ 125 for each book and were required by their contract to give up all rights to the work and to maintain confidentiality . Benson is credited as the primary writer of Nancy Drew books under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene . Harriet Adams ( Stratemeyer 's daughter ) rewrote the original books and added new titles after the withdrawal of Benson . Other ghostwriters who used this name to write Nancy Drew mysteries included Leslie McFarlane , James Duncan Lawrence , Walter Karig , Nancy Axelrad , Patricia Doll , Charles S. Strong , Alma Sasse , Wilhelmina Rankin , George Waller Jr. , Margaret Fischer , and Susan Wittig Albert . Also involved in the Nancy Drew writing process were Harriet Stratemeyer Adams 's daughters , who gave input on the series and sometimes helped to choose book titles ; ( p158 ) the Syndicate 's secretary , Harriet Otis Smith , who invented the characters of Nancy 's friends Bess and George ; ( p140 ) and the editors at Grosset & Dunlap . ( p228 ) In 1979 , the Stratemeyer Syndicate changed publishers to Simon & Schuster , a move that the former publishers , Grosset and Dunlap , went to court to prevent , claiming a breach of contract . The decision was made in favor of the Syndicate , stating that they could choose which publisher they would like to use for subsequent entries in the series . In 1985 , the Syndicate was bought by publishers Simon & Schuster ; the Drew books are now handled by Mega-Books , a New York book packager ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Railway Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Railway_Series', 'summary': "The Railway Series is a set of British story books about a railway system located on the fictional Island of Sodor . There are 42 books in the series , the first being published in 1945 . Twenty-six were written by the Rev . Wilbert Awdry , up to 1972 . A further 16 were written by his son , Christopher Awdry ; 14 between 1983 and 1996 , and two more in 2007 and 2011 . Nearly all of The Railway Series stories were based upon real-life events . As a lifelong railway enthusiast , Awdry was keen that his stories should be as realistic as possible . The engine characters were almost all based upon real classes of locomotive , and some of the railways themselves were directly based upon real lines in the British Isles . Characters and stories from the books formed the basis of the children 's television series Thomas & Friends . Audio adaptations of The Railway Series have been recorded at various times under the title The Railway Stories ."}]}, {'value': 'Rev . W. Awdry , Christopher Awdry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilbert_Awdry', 'summary': "Wilbert Vere Awdry , OBE ( 15 June 1911 - 21 March 1997 ) was an English Anglican cleric , railway enthusiast , and children 's author . Better known as the Reverend W. Awdry , he was the creator of Thomas the Tank Engine , the central figure in his Railway Series ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Awdry', 'summary': "Christopher Vere Awdry ( born 2 July 1940 ) is an English author known for his contributions to The Railway Series of books featuring Thomas the Tank Engine , which was started by his father , the Rev . W. Awdry ( 1911-1997 ) . He has also produced children 's books based on a number of other railways , as well as non-fiction articles and books on heritage railways . He was born at Devizes , the family moving to Kings Norton , Birmingham when he was aged 5 months . Awdry was educated at Worksop College , a public school in North Nottinghamshire ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1945-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San-Antonio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San-Antonio', 'summary': 'Frédéric Dard ( Frédéric Charles Antoine Dard , 29 June 1921 in Bourgoin-Jallieu , Isère , France - 6 June 2000 in Bonnefontaine , Fribourg , Switzerland ) was one of the best known and loved French crime writers of the 20th century . Astonishingly prolific , he wrote more than three hundred novels , plays and screenplays , under his own name and a variety of pseudonyms which makes it very difficult to determine his exact output . He has earned his iconic status in France due to the wildly popular San-Antonio book series .'}]}, {'value': 'Frédéric Dard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frédéric_Dard', 'summary': 'Frédéric Dard ( Frédéric Charles Antoine Dard , 29 June 1921 in Bourgoin-Jallieu , Isère , France - 6 June 2000 in Bonnefontaine , Fribourg , Switzerland ) was one of the best known and loved French crime writers of the 20th century . Astonishingly prolific , he wrote more than three hundred novels , plays and screenplays , under his own name and a variety of pseudonyms which makes it very difficult to determine his exact output . He has earned his iconic status in France due to the wildly popular San-Antonio book series .'}]}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': '173', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1949-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Langdon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Langdon_(book_series)', 'summary': "The Robert Langdon book series is named after Robert Langdon , the protagonist of the novels by American author Dan Brown . Langdon is portrayed as a Harvard University professor of religious iconology and symbology , a fictional field related to the study of historic symbols , which is not methodologically connected to the actual discipline of semiotics . Brown 's novels that feature the lead character also include historical themes and Christianity as motifs , and as a result have generated controversy . Brown states on his website that his books are not anti-Christian , and that he is on a constant spiritual journey himself . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Dan Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Brown', 'summary': 'Daniel Gerhard Brown ( born June 22 , 1964 ) is an American author best known for his thriller novels , including the Robert Langdon novels Angels & Demons ( 2000 ) , The Da Vinci Code ( 2003 ) , The Lost Symbol ( 2009 ) , Inferno ( 2013 ) and Origin ( 2017 ) . His novels are treasure hunts that usually take place over a period of 24 hours . They feature recurring themes of cryptography , art , and conspiracy theories . His books have been translated into 57 languages and , as of 2012 , have sold over 200 million copies . Three of them , Angels & Demons , The Da Vinci Code , and Inferno , have been adapted into films . The Robert Langdon novels are deeply engaged with Christian themes and historical fact , and have generated controversy as a result . Brown states on his website that his books are not anti-Christian , though he is on a constant spiritual journey himself . He claims that his book The Da Vinci Code is simply an entertaining story that promotes spiritual discussion and debate and suggests that the book may be used as a positive catalyst for introspection and exploration of our faith .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diary of a Wimpy Kid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_(series)', 'summary': "Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of fiction books written by the American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney . All the main books are the journals of the main character , Greg Heffley . Befitting a teen 's diary , the books are filled with hand-written notes and simple drawings of Greg 's daily adventures . Since the release of the online version in May 2004 , most of the books have garnered positive reviews and commercial success . as of January 2019 [ update ] , more than 200 million copies have been sold globally . The first , second , fourth and ninth installments have been adapted into films by 20th Century Fox . The game Poptropica has released two islands themed after Diary of a Wimpy Kid , called Wimpy Wonderland and Wimpy Boardwalk . Diary of a Wimpy Kid officially began when Kinney brought up an idea about a middle-school weakling named Greg Heffley , who wrote about his personal life . In May 2004 , FunBrain and Kinney released an online version of Diary of a Wimpy Kid . The website made daily entries until June 2005 . He worked on his book for almost eight years , before showing it to a publisher in New York . In February 2006 , during the New York Comic Con , Jeff signed a multi-book deal with publisher Harry N. Abrams , Inc. , to turn Diary of a Wimpy Kid into a print series ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Kinney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Kinney_(writer)', 'summary': "Jeffrey Patrick Kinney ( born February 19 , 1971 ) Is an American author and cartoonist , best known for the children 's book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid . He also created the child-oriented website Poptropica ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 + 4 Spin-offs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Baby-sitters Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Baby-sitters_Club', 'summary': 'The Baby-Sitters Club ( also known as BSC ) is a series of novels written by Ann M. Martin and published by Scholastic between 1986 and 2000 , that sold 176 million copies . Martin wrote the first 35 novels in the series , but the subsequent novels were written by ghostwriters , such as Peter Lerangis . The Baby-Sitters Club is about a group of friends who live in the fictional , suburban town of Stoneybrook , Connecticut . These friends run a local babysitting service called The Baby-Sitters Club . The original four members were Kristy Thomas ( founder and president ) , Mary Anne Spier ( secretary ) , Claudia Kishi ( vice-president ) , and Stacey McGill ( treasurer ) , but the number of members varies throughout the series . The novels are told in first-person narrative and deal with issues such as illness , moving , and divorce .'}]}, {'value': 'Ann Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_M._Martin', 'summary': "Ann Matthews Martin ( born August 12 , 1955 ) is an American children 's fiction writer , known best for The Baby-Sitters Club series ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '335', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '172 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Wars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_books', 'summary': "Star Wars is an American epic space-opera media franchise , centered on a film series created by George Lucas that includes Star Wars ( 1977 ) , The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) . The series depicts the adventures of various characters a long time ago in a galaxy far , far away . Many derivative Star Wars works have been produced in conjunction with , between , and after the original trilogy of films , and later installments . This body of work was collectively known as the Star Wars Expanded Universe for decades . In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $ 4.06 billion . In April 2014 , Lucasfilm rebranded the Expanded Universe material as Star Wars Legends and declared it non-canon to the franchise . The company 's focus would be shifted towards a restructured Star Wars canon based on new material . The first new canon adult novel was Star Wars : A New Dawn by John Jackson Miller , published in September 2014 . This is a list of original novels , novel adaptations , original junior novels , junior novel adaptations , young readers , and short stories in the Star Wars franchise . This list does not include journals , graphic novels or comic books , which can be found in the list of Star Wars comic books . Reference books and roleplaying gamebooks can be found at the list of Star Wars reference books ."}]}, {'value': 'Various authors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'over 300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '160 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Critter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Critter', 'summary': 'This is a list of the works of Mercer Mayer . The following is a partial list of books that Mercer Mayer has written and/or illustrated . It also includes books and items that are related to Mercer Mayer and his creations ( like coloring books , sticker books , lacing cards , toys , etc . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Mercer Mayer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercer_Mayer', 'summary': "Mercer Mayer ( born December 30 , 1943 ) is an American children 's author and illustrator . He has published over 300 books , using a wide range of illustrative styles . Mayer is best known for his Little Critter and Little Monster series of books ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'over 200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '150 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Rabbit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Rabbit', 'summary': "Peter Rabbit is a fictional animal character in various children 's stories by Beatrix Potter . He first appeared in The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902 and subsequently in five more books between 1904 and 1912 . Spinoff merchandise includes dishes , wallpaper , and dolls . He appears as a character in several adaptations ."}]}, {'value': 'Beatrix Potter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatrix_Potter', 'summary': "Beatrix Potter ( /ˈbiːətrɪks/ , US /ˈbiːtrɪks/ , 28 July 1866 - 22 December 1943 ) was an English writer , illustrator , natural scientist , and conservationist best known for her children 's books featuring animals , such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Born into an upper-middle-class household , Potter was educated by governesses and grew up isolated from other children . She had numerous pets and spent holidays in Scotland and the Lake District , developing a love of landscape , flora , and fauna , all of which she closely observed and painted . Potters study and watercolours of fungi led to her being widely respected in the field of mycology . In her thirties , Potter self-published the highly successful children 's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit . Following this , Potter began writing and illustrating children 's books full-time . In all , Potter wrote thirty books ; the best known being her twenty-three children 's tales . With the proceeds from the books and a legacy from an aunt , in 1905 Potter bought Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey , a village in the Lake District which at that time was in Lancashire . Over the following decades , she purchased additional farms to preserve the unique hill country landscape . In 1913 , at the age of 47 , she married William Heelis , a respected local solicitor from Hawkshead . Potter was also a prize-winning breeder of Herdwick sheep and a prosperous farmer keenly interested in land preservation . She continued to write and illustrate , and to design spin-off merchandise based on her children 's books for British publisher Warne until the duties of land management and her diminishing eyesight made it difficult to continue ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1902-1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '150 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fifty Shades', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fifty_Shades_(novel_series)', 'summary': "Fifty Shades is a series of erotic novels by E. L. James , initially a trilogy consisting of Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2011 ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2012 ) and Fifty Shades Freed ( 2012 ) . The series traces the deepening relationship between college graduate , Anastasia Steele , and young business man , Christian Grey . Grey introduces Ana to the world of BDSM . The author has spoken of her shock at the success of the book : The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise . James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as my midlife crisis , writ large . All my fantasies in there , and that 's it . She did not start to write until January 2009 , as she revealed while still active on FanFiction.Net : I started writing in January 2009 after I finished reading the Twilight saga , and I have n't stopped since . I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009 . Since then I have written two fics and plan on doing at least one more . After that . who knows ? In August 2013 , sales of the trilogy saw James top the Forbes ' list of the highest-earning authors with earnings of $ 95 million which included $ 5 million for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey ."}]}, {'value': 'E. L. James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E._L._James', 'summary': "Erika Leonard ( née Mitchell ; born 7 March 1963 ) , known by her pen name E. L. James , is a British author . She wrote the bestselling erotic romance trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey , Fifty Shades Darker , and Fifty Shades Freed , along with the companion novels Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian and Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian ; and under the name Snowqueen 's Icedragon the Twilight fan fiction Master of the Universe that was the basis for the Fifty Shades trilogy . In 2019 her first book to not be a part of the Fifty Shades trilogy , The Mister , was published , to negative critical reception . The Fifty Shades novels have sold over 125 million copies worldwide , over 35 million copies in the United States and set the record in the United Kingdom as the fastest selling paperback of all time . In 2012 , Time magazine named her one of The World 's 100 Most Influential People . The novels were subsequently adapted into the films Fifty Shades of Grey , Fifty Shades Darker , and Fifty Shades Freed ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '150 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Girl_(book_series)', 'summary': "The American Girl series , by various authors , is a collection of novels set within toy line 's fictional universe . Since its inception , American Girl has published books based on the dolls , with novels and other media to tie in with their dolls . The books follow various American girls throughout both historical eras and contemporary settings . The historical novels that have corresponding dolls are referred to as the Central Series . There is also the Girl of the Year line of characters from contemporary settings . A related series entitled History Mysteries , also known as Mysteries Through Time and/or Mysteries through History was released by American Girl in 1999 and discontinued in 2004 . The series comprises a total of 22 books by various authors and forms a companion series to the popular American Girl books ; unlike Girl of the Year and other lines , they do not come with any doll or toy and acts as a stand-alone novel set in a particular period in American history . The characters were generally older , ranging from ages ten to fourteen , and the books were marketed as for ages ten and up . Many of the authors from this series later moved on to write for the Central Series . Several books from the series were later re-released in digital form by Open Road Integrated Media ."}]}, {'value': 'Various authors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '141 + spin-off series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '140 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geronimo Stilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geronimo_Stilton', 'summary': "Geronimo Stilton is an Italian children 's book series . Although the series credits its title character as the author , the true author is Elisabetta Dami . On older novels , the copyright is issued to a pseudonym Geronimo Stilton ; this was changed on newer books . The books are intended for readers in the 6-12-year-old age range . Scholastic Corporation has published the English version of the series in the US since February 2004 , and the books are published by Sweet Cherry Publishing in the UK . The series has sold over 140 million copies worldwide , and with 249 editions it is one of the best-selling book series ever written . The books have been translated into 38 languages ."}]}, {'value': 'Elisabetta Dami and ghostwriters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elisabetta_Dami', 'summary': "Elisabetta Dami ( born 1958 ) is an Italian children 's books author who is famous as the creator of the character Geronimo Stilton ."}]}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'over 200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '140 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicken Soup for the Soul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicken_Soup_for_the_Soul', 'summary': "Chicken Soup for the Soul is a self-help , consumer good and media company based in Cos Cob , Connecticut . It is known for the Chicken Soup for the Soul book series . The first book , like most subsequent titles in the series , consisted of inspirational true stories about ordinary people 's lives . The book became a major best-seller and something of a social phenomenon because of its ability to change others ' perspective of certain topics . The books are widely varied , each with a different theme . Today Chicken Soup for the Soul Publishing , LLC continues to publish about a dozen new books per year . The company has branched out into other categories such as food , pet food , and television programming ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Canfield , Mark Victor Hansen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Canfield', 'summary': 'Jack Canfield ( born August 19 , 1944 ) is an American author , motivational speaker , corporate trainer , and entrepreneur . :453 He is the co-author of the Chicken Soup for the Soul series , which has more than 250 titles and 500 million copies in print in over 40 languages . In 2005 Canfield co-authored with Janet Switzer The Success Principles : How to Get From Where You Are to Where You Want to Be .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Victor_Hansen', 'summary': 'Mark Victor Hansen ( born January 8 , 1948 ) is an American inspirational and motivational speaker , trainer and author . He is best known as the founder and co-creator of the Chicken Soup for the Soul book series .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '130 million', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of best-selling book series -- More than 100 million copies', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_best-selling_books_5', 'intro': "This page provides lists of best-selling individual books and book series to date and in any language. Best selling refers to the estimated number of copies sold of each book, rather than the number of books printed or currently owned. Comics and textbooks are not included in this list. The books are listed according to the highest sales estimate as reported in reliable, independent sources. This list is incomplete because there are many books, such as The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, or A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, that are commonly cited as best-selling books yet have no reliable sales figures. Similarly, many notable book series that sold very widely are poorly documented (Land of Oz) or consist of multiple sub-series (Tom Swift). According to Guinness World Records as of 1995, the Bible is the best-selling book of all time, with an estimated 5 billion copies sold and distributed. The Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung, also known as the Little Red Book, has produced a wide array of sales and distribution figures - with estimates ranging from 800 million to over 6.5 billion printed volumes, with some claiming the distribution ran into the billions and some citing over a billion official volumes between 1966 and 1969 alone as well as untold numbers of unofficial local reprints and unofficial translations. Exact print figures for these and other books may also be missing or unreliable since these kinds of books may be produced by many different and unrelated publishers, in some cases over many centuries. All books of a religious, ideological, philosophical or political nature have thus been excluded from the below lists of best-selling books for these reasons. Having sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, Harry Potter by J. K. Rowling is the best-selling book series in history. The first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, has sold in excess of 120 million copies, making it one of the best-selling books of all time."}
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When was the writer born who series is published by Sweet Cherry Publishing in the UK ?
1958
0848e4c762bdda7a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Imperial_German_cavalry_regiments', 'title': 'List of Imperial German cavalry regiments', 'header': ['Regiment', 'Raised', 'Garrison', 'Corps'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gardes du Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garde_du_Corps_(Prussia)', 'summary': "The Gardes du Corps ( Regiment der Gardes du Corps ) was the personal bodyguard of the king of Prussia and , after 1871 , of the German emperor ( in German , the Kaiser ) . The unit was founded in 1740 by Frederick the Great . Its first commander was Friedrich von Blumenthal , who died unexpectedly in 1745 ; his brother Hans von Blumenthal , who , with the other officers of the regiment had won the Pour le Mérite in its first action at the battle of Hohenfriedberg , assumed command in 1747 . Hans von Blumenthal was badly wounded leading the regiment in a successful cavalry charge in the battle of Lobositz and had to retire from the military . Initially , the Regiment was used in part as a training unit for officers as part of a programme of expansion of the cavalry . Early officers included the rake and memoirist Friedrich von der Trenck , who described the arduous life of sleep deprivation and physical stress endured by officers , as well as the huge cost of belonging to the unit ( the cuirasses , for example , were silverplated at a time when the precious metal was exceptionally expensive ) . Unlike the rest of the Imperial German Army after German unification in 1871 , the Garde du Corps was recruited nationally and was part of the 1st Guards Cavalry Division . The Regiment wore a white cuirassier uniform with certain special distinctions in full dress . These included a red tunic for officers in court dress and a white metal eagle poised as if about to rise from the bronze helmet on which it sat . Other unique features of the regiment 's full dress worn until 1914 included a red sleeveless Supraweste ( vest ) with the star of the Order of the Black Eagle on front and back and the retention of black iron cuirasses edged with red which had been presented by the Russian Tsar in 1814 . These last replaced the normal white metal breastplates on certain special occasions ."}]}, {'value': '23 June 1740', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Potsdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potsdam', 'summary': "Potsdam ( German pronunciation : [ ˈpɔt͡sdam ] ( listen ) ; Lower Sorbian : Podstupim ) is the capital and largest city of the German federal state of Brandenburg . It directly borders the German capital , Berlin , and is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region . It is situated on the River Havel some 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) southwest of Berlin 's city centre . Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918 . Its planning embodied ideas of the Age of Enlightenment : through a careful balance of architecture and landscape , Potsdam was intended as a picturesque , pastoral dream which would remind its residents of their relationship with nature and reason . The city lies in an area of interconnected lakes and is distinguished by a series of cultural landmarks , in particular the parks and palaces of Sanssouci , the largest World Heritage Site in Germany . The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at Cecilienhof Palace . Babelsberg , in the south-eastern part of Potsdam , was already by the 1930s the home of a major film production studio and it has enjoyed success as an important center of European film production since the fall of the Berlin Wall . The Filmstudio Babelsberg is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world . Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century . Today , there are three public colleges , the University of Potsdam , and more than 30 research institutes in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Guards Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guards_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The Guards Corps / GK ( German : Gardekorps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . The Corps was headquartered in Berlin , with its units garrisoned in the city and nearby towns ( Potsdam , Jüterbog , Döberitz ) . Unlike all other Corps of the Imperial German Army , the Guards Corps did not recruit from a specific area , but from throughout Prussia and the Imperial Lands of Alsace-Lorraine . The Corps served in the Austro-Prussian War . During the Franco-Prussian War it was assigned to the 2nd Army . In peacetime the Corps was assigned to the II Army Inspectorate but joined the 2nd Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 4th Army , Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht on the Western Front . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'Guards Cuirassiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guards_Cuirassiers', 'summary': 'The Guards Cuirassiers ( German : Garde-Kürassier-Regiment ) were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army . Formed in 1815 as an Uhlans regiment , it was reorganized as a cuirassiers unit in 1821 . The regiment was part of the Guards Cavalry Division and fought in the Second Schleswig War , the Austro-Prussian War , the Franco-Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in September 1919 .'}]}, {'value': '21 February 1815', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Guards Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guards_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The Guards Corps / GK ( German : Gardekorps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . The Corps was headquartered in Berlin , with its units garrisoned in the city and nearby towns ( Potsdam , Jüterbog , Döberitz ) . Unlike all other Corps of the Imperial German Army , the Guards Corps did not recruit from a specific area , but from throughout Prussia and the Imperial Lands of Alsace-Lorraine . The Corps served in the Austro-Prussian War . During the Franco-Prussian War it was assigned to the 2nd Army . In peacetime the Corps was assigned to the II Army Inspectorate but joined the 2nd Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 4th Army , Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht on the Western Front . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': '1st Royal Saxon Guards Heavy Cavalry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Royal_Saxon_Guards_Heavy_Cavalry', 'summary': "The 1st Royal Saxon Guards Heavy Cavalry ( Garde-Reiter-Regiment ( 1 . Schweres Regiment ) ) was a heavy cavalry of the Royal Saxon Army . Established in 1680 as a cuirassiers unit , the regiment fought in the Battle of Vienna ( 1683 ) , the Nine Years ' War , the War of the Spanish Succession , the Silesian Wars , the Napoleonic Wars , the Austro-Prussian War , the Franco-Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in 1919 ."}]}, {'value': '31 October 1849', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dresden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dresden', 'summary': "Dresden ( /ˈdrɛzdən/ , German : [ ˈdʁeːsdn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Drježdźany ; Czech : Drážďany ; Polish : Drezno ) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city , following only Leipzig . It is the 12th most populous city of Germany , the third largest by area ( following only Berlin , Hamburg and Cologne ) , and the third most populous city in the area of former East Germany , following only ( East ) Berlin and Leipzig . Dresden is contiguous with Freital , Pirna , Radebeul , Meissen and Coswig , and its urban area has around 780,000 inhabitants , making it the largest in Saxony . Dresden is the largest city on the River Elbe after Hamburg . [ a ] Most of Dresden 's population lives in the Elbe Valley , but a large , albeit very sparsely populated area of the city east of the Elbe lies in the West Lusatian Hill Country and Uplands ( the westernmost part of the Sudetes ) and thus in Lusatia , while many boroughs west of the Elbe lie in the foreland of the Ore Mountains as well as in the valleys of the rivers rising there and flowing through Dresden , the longest of which are the Weißeritz and the Lockwitzbach . The name of the city as well as the names of most of its boroughs and rivers are of Slavic origin . Dresden is the second largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area , following only Leipzig . The Sorbian language area begins east of the city , in Lusatia . Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the Electors and Kings of Saxony , who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendor , and was once by personal union the family seat of Polish monarchs . The city was known as the Jewel Box , because of its baroque and rococo city centre . The controversial American and British bombing of Dresden in World War II towards the end of the war killed approximately 25,000 people , many of whom were civilians , and destroyed the entire city centre . After the war restoration work has helped to reconstruct parts of the historic inner city , including the Katholische Hofkirche , the Zwinger and the Semper Oper ."}]}, {'value': 'XII Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/XII_(1st_Royal_Saxon)_Corps', 'summary': 'The XII ( 1st Royal Saxon ) Army Corps / XII AK ( German : XII . ( I. Königlich Sächsisches ) Armee-Korps ) was a Saxon corps level command of the Saxon and German Armies before and during World War I . The Corps was formed as the Royal Saxon Corps on 1 April 1867 and headquartered in Dresden . Initially , it commanded the 1st Royal Saxon Infantry Division in Dresden and the 2nd Royal Saxon Infantry Division in Leipzig . After the XIX ( 2nd Royal Saxon ) Corps was set up on 1 April 1899 as the headquarters for the western part of the Kingdom of Saxony , XII Corps was made responsible for the eastern part of the Kingdom . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'Carabiniers ( 2nd Royal Saxon Heavy Cavalry )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 November 1849', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borna,_Germany', 'summary': 'Borna ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbɔɐ̯naː ] ) is a town in the Free State of Saxony , Germany , capital of the Leipzig district . It is situated approximately 30 km southeast of Leipzig city . It has approx . 22,000 inhabitants . The town is the county seat of Leipzig County .'}]}, {'value': 'XIX Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/XIX_(2nd_Royal_Saxon)_Corps', 'summary': 'The XIX ( 2nd Royal Saxon ) Army Corps / XIX AK ( German : XIX . ( II . Königlich Sächsisches ) Armee-Korps ) was a Saxon corps level command of the German Army , before and during World War I . As the German Army expanded in the latter part of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century , the XIX Army Corps was set up on 1 April 1899 in Leipzig as the Generalkommando ( headquarters ) for the western part of the Kingdom of Saxony ( districts of Leipzig , Chemnitz and Zwickau ) . It took over command of 24th ( 2nd Royal Saxon ) Division from XII ( 1st Royal Saxon ) Corps and the newly formed 40th ( 4th Royal Saxon ) Division . It was assigned to the II Army Inspectorate which formed the predominantly Saxon 3rd Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 19th Army , Heeresgruppe Herzog Albrecht von Württemberg on the Western Front .'}]}, {'value': '1st Royal Bavarian Heavy Cavalry Prince Charles of Bavaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Royal_Bavarian_Heavy_Cavalry_"Prince_Charles_of_Bavaria"', 'summary': 'The 1st Royal Bavarian Heavy Cavalry Prince Charles of Bavaria ( Königlich Bayerisches Schwere-Reiter-Regiment „ Prinz Karl von Bayern Nr . 1 ) were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Bavarian Army . The regiment was formed in 1814 as Garde du Corps to the King of Bavaria . The normal peacetime location of the regiment was Munich . The regiment fought in the War of the Sixth Coalition , the Austro-Prussian War , the Franco-Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in 1919 .'}]}, {'value': '16 July 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}]}, {'value': 'I Royal Bavarian Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Royal_Bavarian_Corps', 'summary': 'The I Royal Bavarian Army Corps / I Bavarian AK ( German : I. Königlich Bayerisches Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Royal Bavarian Army , part of the German Army , before and during World War I . [ a ] As part of the 1868 army reform , the I Royal Bavarian Army Corps of the Bavarian Army was set up in 1869 in Munich as the Generalkommando ( headquarters ) for the southern part of the Kingdom . With the formation of the III Royal Bavarian Corps in 1900 , it was made responsible for Swabia and most of Upper and Lower Bavaria . Like all Bavarian formations , it was assigned to the IV Army Inspectorate . This became the 6th Army at the start of the First World War . The Corps was disbanded at the end of the war along with the Kingdom of Bavaria .'}]}, {'value': '2nd Royal Bavarian Heavy Cavalry Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2nd_Royal_Bavarian_Heavy_Cavalry_"Archduke_Francis_Ferdinand_of_Austria"', 'summary': 'The 2nd Royal Bavarian Heavy Cavalry Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria ( Königlich Bayerisches Schwere-Reiter-Regiment „ Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este Nr . 2 ) were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Bavarian Army . The normal peacetime location of the regiment was Landshut . The regiment was formed in 1815 as a cuirassiers unit and fought in the Austro-Prussian War , the Franco-Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in 1919 .'}]}, {'value': '24 September 1815', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Landshut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Landshut', 'summary': "Landshut ( Austro-Bavarian : Landshuad ) is a town in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany . Situated on the banks of the River Isar , Landshut is the capital of Lower Bavaria , one of the seven administrative regions of the Free State of Bavaria . It is also the seat of the surrounding district , and has a population of more than 70,000 . Landshut is the largest city in Lower Bavaria , followed by Passau and Straubing , and Eastern Bavaria 's second biggest city . Owing to its characteristic coat of arms , the town is also often called City of the three Helmets ( German : Dreihelmenstadt ) . Furthermore , the town is popularly known for the Landshuter Hochzeit ( Landshut Wedding ) , a full-tilt medieval festival . Due to its proximity and easy access to Munich and the Franz Josef Strauss International Airport , Landshut became a powerful and future-oriented investment area . The town is one of the richest industrialized towns in Bavaria and has East Bavaria 's lowest unemployment rate ."}]}, {'value': 'I Royal Bavarian Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Royal_Bavarian_Corps', 'summary': 'The I Royal Bavarian Army Corps / I Bavarian AK ( German : I. Königlich Bayerisches Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Royal Bavarian Army , part of the German Army , before and during World War I . [ a ] As part of the 1868 army reform , the I Royal Bavarian Army Corps of the Bavarian Army was set up in 1869 in Munich as the Generalkommando ( headquarters ) for the southern part of the Kingdom . With the formation of the III Royal Bavarian Corps in 1900 , it was made responsible for Swabia and most of Upper and Lower Bavaria . Like all Bavarian formations , it was assigned to the IV Army Inspectorate . This became the 6th Army at the start of the First World War . The Corps was disbanded at the end of the war along with the Kingdom of Bavaria .'}]}, {'value': '1st ( Silesian ) Life Cuirassiers Great Elector', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_(Silesian)_Life_Cuirassiers_"Great_Elector"', 'summary': 'The 1st ( Silesian ) Life Cuirassiers were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army . The regiment was originally formed as Dragoon Guards in 1674 and reorganized as a cuirassiers unit in 1718 . The regiment fought in the Silesian Wars and the War of the Sixth Coalition 1813-15 , the Austro-Prussian War , the Franco-Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in 1919 . Between 1815 and 1863 , its commander was Prince Frederick of Prussia ( 1794-1863 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1 July 1674', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breslau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breslau', 'summary': 'Wrocław ( UK : /ˈvrɒtswɑːf/ , US : /ˈvrɔːts-wɑːf , -lɑːf , -lɑːv/ , Polish : [ ˈvrɔtswaf ] ( listen ) ; German : Breslau [ ˈbʁɛslaʊ ] ( listen ) ; Czech : Vratislav ; Latin : Vratislavia ) is a city in western Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia . It lies on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe , roughly 350 kilometres ( 220 mi ) from the Baltic Sea to the north and 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from the Sudeten Mountains to the south . The population of Wrocław in 2019 was 641,607 , making it the fourth-largest city in Poland and the main city of the Wrocław agglomeration . Wrocław is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia . Today , it is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship . The history of the city dates back over a thousand years , and its long heritage combines almost all the religions and cultures of Europe . At various times , it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland , the Kingdom of Bohemia , the Kingdom of Hungary , the Habsburg Monarchy , Prussia and Germany . Wrocław became part of Poland again in 1945 as part of the so-called Recovered Territories as a result of the border changes after the Second World War . This included the flight and expulsion of the mostly German population of the city . Wrocław is a university city with a student population of over 130,000 , making it arguably one of the most youth-oriented cities in the country . Since the beginning of the 20th century , the University of Wrocław , previously Breslau University , has produced 9 Nobel Prize laureates and is renowned for its high quality of teaching . Wrocław is classified as a Gamma- global city by GaWC .'}]}, {'value': 'VI Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VI_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The VI Army Corps / VI AK ( German : VI . Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . Originating in 1815 as the General Command for the Province of Silesia with headquarters in Breslau ( now Wrocław in Poland ) . The Corps served in the Austro-Prussian War . During the Franco-Prussian War it was assigned to the 3rd Army . In peacetime the Corps was assigned to the VIII Army Inspectorate but joined the 4th Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': '2nd ( Pomeranian ) Cuirassiers Queen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2nd_(Pomeranian)_Cuirassiers_“Queen”', 'summary': 'The Cuirassier Regiment Queen ( Pomeranian ) No . 2 ( German : Kürassier-Regiment Königin ( Pommersches ) Nr . 2 ) was a Prussian cavalry regiment . Formed in 1717 as Dragoner-Regiment Nr.5 Bayreuth Dragoner it was originally a dragoon regiment and was part of the Prussian order of battle until 1918 . The Bayreuth Dragoons achieved fame for their role in winning the Battle of Hohenfriedberg in 1745 . In 1819 it was transformed into a cuirassier regiment . Apart from short interruptions , the regimental garrison was Pasewalk in Western Pomerania from 1721 to 1919 .'}]}, {'value': '2 April 1717', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pasewalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasewalk', 'summary': 'Pasewalk ( German pronunciation : [ ˈpaːzəvalk ] ) is a town in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district , in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany . Located on the Uecker river , it is the capital of the former Uecker-Randow district , and the seat of the Uecker-Randow-Tal Amt , of which it is not part .'}]}, {'value': 'II Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/II_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The II Army Corps / II AK ( German : II . Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . It was established on 3 April 1820 with headquarters initially in Berlin . From 1837 , the headquarters moved to Stettin ( now Szczecin , Poland ) , back to Berlin in 1863 , before finally settling in Stettin from 1870 . The Corps catchment area included the Province of Pomerania , the district ( Regierungsbezirk ) of Bromberg from the Province of Posen and the Province of West Prussia . Later , the West Prussian districts were transferred to the new XVII Corps District . In peacetime , the Corps was assigned to the VIII Army Inspectorate , which became the 1st Army at the start of the First World War . The Corps headquarters was upgraded to form the headquarters of the South Army on 10 January 1915 . The Corps was reformed post-war , before being finally disbanded in 1919 .'}]}, {'value': '3rd ( East Prussian ) Cuirassiers Count Wrangel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3rd_(East_Prussian)_Cuirassiers_"Count_Wrangel"', 'summary': 'The 3rd ( East Prussian ) Cuirassiers Count Wrangel were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army . Formed in 1717 as a dragoons unit , the regiment was reorganized as cuirassiers in 1818 . The regiment fought in the Silesian Wars , the War of the Sixth Coalition , the Austro-Prussian War , the Franco-Prussian War and World War I .'}]}, {'value': '19 April 1717', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Königsberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Königsberg', 'summary': "Königsberg ( UK : /ˈkɜːnɪɡzbɜːrɡ/ , US : /ˈkeɪnɪɡzbɜːrɡ , ˈkʌn-/ , German : [ ˈkøːnɪçsˌbɛʁk ] ( listen ) ) is the name for the historic Prussian city that is now Kaliningrad , Russia . Originally a Sambian or Old Prussian settlement , it then belonged to the State of the Teutonic Order , the Duchy of Prussia , the Kingdom of Prussia , the German Empire , the Weimar Republic , and Nazi Germany . After being largely destroyed in World War II by Allied bombing and the Red Army , it was annexed by the Soviet Union and its surviving inhabitants forcibly expelled . Thereafter , the city was renamed Kaliningrad . Few traces of the former Königsberg remain today . The literal meaning of Königsberg is 'Kings Hill ' . In the local Low German dialect , spoken by many of its former German inhabitants , the name was Kenigsbarg ( pronounced [ ˈkʰeːnɪçsbarç ] ) . Further names included Russian : Кёнигсберг , Королевец , tr . Kyonigsberg , Korolevets , Old Prussian : Kunnegsgarbs , Knigsberg , Lithuanian : Karaliaučius , Polish : Królewiec and Yiddish : קעניגסבערג Kenigsberg . Königsberg was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement Twangste by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades , and was named in honour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia . A Baltic port city , it successively became the capital of their monastic state , the Duchy of Prussia ( 1525-1701 ) and East Prussia . Königsberg remained the coronation city of the Prussian monarchy , though the capital was moved to Berlin in 1701 ."}]}, {'value': 'I Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The I Army Corps / I AK ( German : I. Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . It was established with headquarters in Königsberg ( now Kaliningrad , Russia ) . Initially , the Corps catchment area comprised the entire Province of East Prussia , but from 1 October 1912 the southern part of the Province was transferred to the newly formed XX Corps District . In peacetime , the Corps was assigned to the VIII Army Inspectorate , which became the 1st Army at the start of the First World War . The corps was still in existence at the end of the war , and was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': '4th ( Westphalian ) Cuirassiers von Driesen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4th_(Westphalian)_Cuirassiers_"von_Driesen"', 'summary': 'The 4th ( Westphalian ) Cuirassiers von Driesen was a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army . The regiment was formed in 1717 . The regiment fought in the Silesian Wars , the War of the Sixth Coalition , the Austro-Prussian War , the Franco-Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in 1919 .'}]}, {'value': '19 April 1717', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Münster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Münster', 'summary': "Münster ( /ˈmʊnstər/ , also US : /ˈmʌnstər/ , German : [ ˈmʏnstɐ ] ( listen ) ; Low Franconian and Low German : Mönster ; Latin : Monasterium , from the Greek μοναστήριον monastērion , monastery ) is an independent city ( Kreisfreie Stadt ) in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region . It is also capital of the local government region Münsterland . Münster was the location of the Anabaptist rebellion during the Protestant Reformation and the site of the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years ' War in 1648 . Today it is known as the bicycle capital of Germany . Münster gained the status of a Großstadt ( major city ) with more than 100,000 inhabitants in 1915 . As of 2014 [ update ] , there are 300,000 people living in the city , with about 61,500 students , only some of whom are recorded in the official population statistics as having their primary residence in Münster ."}]}, {'value': 'VII Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VII_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The VII Army Corps / VII AK ( German : VII . Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . Originating in 1815 as the General Command for the Province of Westphalia , the headquarters was in Münster and its catchment area was the Province of Westphalia and the Principalities of Lippe and Schaumburg-Lippe . The Corps served in the Austro-Prussian War . During the Franco-Prussian War it was assigned to the 1st Army . In peacetime the Corps was assigned to the III Army Inspectorate which became the 2nd Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 7th Army , Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz on the Western Front . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': '5th ( West Prussian ) Cuirassiers Duke Frederick Eugene of Württemberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5th_(West_Prussian)_Cuirassiers_"Duke_Frederick_Eugene_of_Württemberg"', 'summary': 'The 5th ( West Prussian ) Cuirassiers Duke Frederick Eugene of Württemberg were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army . The regiment was formed in 1717 . The regiment fought in the Silesian Wars , the War of the Sixth Coalition , the Austro-Prussian War , the Franco-Prussian War and World War I . It was disbanded in 1919 .'}]}, {'value': '19 April 1717', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riesenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riesenburg', 'summary': 'Prabuty [ praˈbutɨ ] ( German : Riesenburg ) is a town in Kwidzyn County within the Pomeranian Voivodeship of northern Poland . Between 1975 and 1998 , Prabuty were part of the Elbląg Voivodeship .'}]}, {'value': 'XX Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/XX_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The XX Army Corps / XX AK ( German : XX . Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the German Army before and during World War I . As the German Army expanded in the latter part of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century , the XX Army Corps was set up on 1 October 1912 in Allenstein as the Generalkommando ( headquarters ) for the southern part of East Prussia . It took over command of 37th Division from I Corps and the newly formed 41st Division . General der Artillerie Friedrich von Scholtz , former commander of 21st Division , took command . It was assigned to the I Army Inspectorate . which became the 8th Army at the start of the First World War . XX Corps served on the Eastern Front from the start of the war . In September 1915 , the corps was upgraded to form Armee-Gruppe Scholtz , later Armee-Abteilung Scholtz , as part of the Army of the Niemen . It was reformed from Armee-Abteilung D in September 1918 . It was dissolved after the war .'}]}, {'value': '6th ( Brandenburg ) Cuirassiers Emperor Nicholas I of Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/6th_(Brandenburg)_Cuirassiers_"Emperor_Nicholas_I_of_Russia"', 'summary': 'The 6th ( Brandenburg ) Cuirassiers Emperor Nicholas I of Russia were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army . The regiment was formed in 1807 . The regiment fought in the War of the Sixth Coalition , the Second Schleswig War , the Austro-Prussian War , the Franco-Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in 1919 .'}]}, {'value': '20 December 1691', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandenburg', 'summary': "Brandenburg ( /ˈbrændənbɜːrɡ/ , also US : /ˈbrɑːndənbʊərk/ , German : [ ˈbʁandn̩bʊʁk ] ( listen ) ; Low German : Brannenborg ; Lower Sorbian : Bramborska ; Upper Sorbian : Braniborsko ; Polish : Brandenburgia ) is a state of Germany . Brandenburg is located in the northeast of Germany covering an area of 29,478 square kilometres ( 11,382 sq mi ) and has a population of 2.5 million residents , the fifth-largest German state by area and tenth-most populous . Potsdam is the state capital and largest city , while other major cities include Brandenburg an der Havel , Cottbus , and Frankfurt ( Oder ) . Brandenburg surrounds the national capital and city-state of Berlin , which together form the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region , the third-largest metropolitan area in Germany . Brandenburg borders the states of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Lower Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , and Saxony , and the country of Poland . Brandenburg originated in the Northern March in the 900s AD from areas conquered from the Wends , and later became the Margraviate of Brandenburg , a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire , with Albert the Bear as prince-elector . In the 15th century Brandenburg came under the rule of the House of Hohenzollern , who later also became the rulers of the Duchy of Prussia , who established Brandenburg-Prussia to become the core of the later Kingdom of Prussia . Brandenburg became the Province of Brandenburg in 1815 , a province within the kingdom and later within the Free State of Prussia . Brandenburg was established as a state in 1945 after World War II by the Soviet army administration in Allied-occupied Germany , and became part of the German Democratic Republic in 1947 . Brandenburg was dissolved in 1952 during administrative reforms and its territory divided into the districts of Potsdam , Cottbus , Frankfurt , Neubrandenburg , and Schwerin , but was re-established in 1990 following German reunification , and became one of the Federal Republic of Germany 's new states ."}]}, {'value': 'III Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/III_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The III Army Corps / III AK ( German : III . Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th century to World War I . It was established in 1814 as the General Headquarters in Berlin ( Generalkommando in Berlin ) and became the III Army Corps on 3 April 1820 . Its headquarters was in Berlin and its catchment area was the Province of Brandenburg . In peacetime , the Corps was assigned to the IV Army Inspectorate , joining the 1st Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 7th Army , Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz on the Western Front . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': '7th ( Magdeburg ) Cuirassiers von Seydlitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7th_(Magdeburg)_Cuirassiers_"von_Seydlitz"', 'summary': 'The 7th ( Magdeburg ) Cuirassiers von Seydlitz were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army . The regiment was formed in 1815 . The regiment fought in the War of the Sixth Coalition , the Austro-Prussian War , the Franco-Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in 1919 .'}]}, {'value': '7 March 1815', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halberstadt , Quedlinburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halberstadt', 'summary': 'Halberstadt is a town in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt , the capital of Harz district . Located north of the Harz mountain range , it is known for its old town centre that was severely damaged in World War II and rebuilt in the following decades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Quedlinburg', 'summary': 'Quedlinburg ( German pronunciation : [ ˈkveːdlɪnbʊʁk ] ) is a town situated just north of the Harz mountains , in the district of Harz in the west of Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . In 1994 , the castle , church and old town were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List . Quedlinburg has a population of more than 24,000 . The town was the capital of the district of Quedlinburg until 2007 , when the district was dissolved . Several locations in the town are designated stops along a scenic holiday route , the Romanesque Road .'}]}, {'value': 'IV Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IV_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The IV Army Corps / IV AK ( German : IV . Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . It was established on 3 October 1815 as the General Command in the Duchy of Saxony ( Generalkommando im Herzogtum Sachsen ) and became the IV Army Corps on August 30 , 1818 . Its headquarters was in Magdeburg and its catchment area included the Prussian Province of Saxony and the adjacent Saxon Duchies ( Saxe-Altenburg , Anhalt ) and Principalities ( Schwarzburg-Sondershausen , Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt , Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Junior Line ) . In peacetime , the Corps was assigned to the VI Army Inspectorate but joined the 1st Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 6th Army , Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht on the Western Front . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': '8th ( Rhenish ) Cuirassiers Count Geßler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/8th_(Rhenish)_Cuirassiers_"Count_Geßler"', 'summary': 'The 8th ( Rhenish ) Cuirassiers Count Geßler were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army . The regiment was formed in 1815 . The regiment fought in the Austro-Prussian War , the Franco-Prussian War and World War I . The regiment was disbanded in 1919 . The British King George V was appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the Regiment in January 1902 , during a visit to Berlin when he was still Prince of Wales . He served as such until the two countries declared war in 1914 .'}]}, {'value': '7 March 1815', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deutz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deutz,_Cologne', 'summary': "The Cologne borough of Deutz ( German : Köln-Deutz [ ˈkœln ˈdɔʏts ] ; Kölsch : Düx [ dʏks ] ) , is a part of central Cologne , Germany , and was once an independent town . Lufthansa 's headquarters are in Deutz ."}]}, {'value': 'VIII Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VIII_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The VIII Army Corps / VIII AK ( German : VIII . Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . Originating on 21 June 1815 as the General Command for the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine and established on 3 April 1820 as VIII Corps . The headquarters was in Koblenz and its catchment area was the Rhine Province and the Principality of Birkenfeld of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg . The Corps served in the Austro-Prussian War . During the Franco-Prussian War it was assigned to the 1st Army . In peacetime the Corps was assigned to the V Army Inspectorate but joined the 4th Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': '1st Guards Dragoons Queen of Great Britain and Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 February 1815', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Guards Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guards_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The Guards Corps / GK ( German : Gardekorps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . The Corps was headquartered in Berlin , with its units garrisoned in the city and nearby towns ( Potsdam , Jüterbog , Döberitz ) . Unlike all other Corps of the Imperial German Army , the Guards Corps did not recruit from a specific area , but from throughout Prussia and the Imperial Lands of Alsace-Lorraine . The Corps served in the Austro-Prussian War . During the Franco-Prussian War it was assigned to the 2nd Army . In peacetime the Corps was assigned to the II Army Inspectorate but joined the 2nd Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 4th Army , Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht on the Western Front . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': '2nd Guards Dragoons Empress Alexandra of Russia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Guards Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guards_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The Guards Corps / GK ( German : Gardekorps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . The Corps was headquartered in Berlin , with its units garrisoned in the city and nearby towns ( Potsdam , Jüterbog , Döberitz ) . Unlike all other Corps of the Imperial German Army , the Guards Corps did not recruit from a specific area , but from throughout Prussia and the Imperial Lands of Alsace-Lorraine . The Corps served in the Austro-Prussian War . During the Franco-Prussian War it was assigned to the 2nd Army . In peacetime the Corps was assigned to the II Army Inspectorate but joined the 2nd Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 4th Army , Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht on the Western Front . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': '1st ( Lithuanian ) Dragoons Prince Albrecht of Prussia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 April 1717', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tilsit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tilsit', 'summary': 'Sovetsk ( Russian : Сове́тск ) , before 1946 known as Tilsit in German ( Lithuanian : Tilžė ; Polish : Tylża ) in East Prussia , is a town in Kaliningrad Oblast , Russia , located on the south bank of the Neman River .'}]}, {'value': 'I Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The I Army Corps / I AK ( German : I. Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . It was established with headquarters in Königsberg ( now Kaliningrad , Russia ) . Initially , the Corps catchment area comprised the entire Province of East Prussia , but from 1 October 1912 the southern part of the Province was transferred to the newly formed XX Corps District . In peacetime , the Corps was assigned to the VIII Army Inspectorate , which became the 1st Army at the start of the First World War . The corps was still in existence at the end of the war , and was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': '2nd ( 1st Brandenburg ) Dragoons', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 April 1689', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schwedt /O', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schwedt', 'summary': 'Schwedt ( or Schwedt/Oder ; German pronunciation : [ ˈʃveːt ] ) is a town in northeastern Brandenburg , Germany . With the official status of a Große kreisangehörige Stadt ( major district town ) , it is the largest town of the Uckermark district , located near the Oder River close to the border with Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'III Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/III_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The III Army Corps / III AK ( German : III . Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th century to World War I . It was established in 1814 as the General Headquarters in Berlin ( Generalkommando in Berlin ) and became the III Army Corps on 3 April 1820 . Its headquarters was in Berlin and its catchment area was the Province of Brandenburg . In peacetime , the Corps was assigned to the IV Army Inspectorate , joining the 1st Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 7th Army , Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz on the Western Front . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}, {'value': '3rd ( Neumark ) Mounted Grenadiers Baron Derfflinger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 December 1704', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bromberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bromberg', 'summary': 'Bydgoszcz ( UK : /ˈbɪdɡɒʃtʃ/ BID-goshtch , US : /-ɡɔːʃ ( tʃ ) / -\u2060gawsh ( tch ) , Polish : [ ˈbɨdɡɔʂtʂ ] ( listen ) ; German : Bromberg [ ˈbʁɔmbɛɐ̯k ] ; Latin : Bydgostia , Brombergum ) is a city in northern Poland , on the Brda and Vistula rivers . With a city population of 350,178 ( December 2018 ) , and an urban agglomeration with more than 470,000 inhabitants , Bydgoszcz is the eighth-largest city in Poland . It has been the seat of Bydgoszcz County and the co-capital , with Toruń , of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999 . Prior to this , between 1947 and 1998 , it was the capital of the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship , and before that , of the Pomeranian Voivodeship between 1945 and 1947 . Located in the historical region of Kuyavia , it is its largest city . The city is part of the Bydgoszcz-Toruń metropolitan area , which totals over 850,000 inhabitants . Bydgoszcz is the seat of Casimir the Great University , University of Technology and Life Sciences and a conservatory , as well as the Medical College of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń . It also hosts the Pomeranian Philharmonic concert hall , the Opera Nova opera house , and Bydgoszcz Airport . Due to its location between the Vistula and Oder rivers , and the water course of the Bydgoszcz Canal , the city forms part of a water system connected via the Noteć , Warta and Elbe with the Rhine and Rotterdam . Bydgoszcz is an architecturally rich city , with neo-gothic , neo-baroque , neoclassicist , modernist and Art Nouveau styles present , for which it earned a nickname Little Berlin . The notable granaries on Mill Island and along the riverside belong to one of the most recognized timber-framed landmarks in Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'II Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/II_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The II Army Corps / II AK ( German : II . Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I . It was established on 3 April 1820 with headquarters initially in Berlin . From 1837 , the headquarters moved to Stettin ( now Szczecin , Poland ) , back to Berlin in 1863 , before finally settling in Stettin from 1870 . The Corps catchment area included the Province of Pomerania , the district ( Regierungsbezirk ) of Bromberg from the Province of Posen and the Province of West Prussia . Later , the West Prussian districts were transferred to the new XVII Corps District . In peacetime , the Corps was assigned to the VIII Army Inspectorate , which became the 1st Army at the start of the First World War . The Corps headquarters was upgraded to form the headquarters of the South Army on 10 January 1915 . The Corps was reformed post-war , before being finally disbanded in 1919 .'}]}, {'value': '4th ( 1st Silesian ) Dragoons von Bredow', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 March 1815', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lüben', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lüben', 'summary': 'Lubin , [ ˈlubʲin ] ( German : Lüben ) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in south-western Poland . From 1975-1998 it belonged to the former Legnica Voivodeship . Lubin is the administrative seat of Lubin County , and also of the rural district called Gmina Lubin , although it is not part of the territory of the latter , as the town forms a separate urban gmina . As of 2018 , the town had a total population of 72,581 .'}]}, {'value': 'V Army Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/V_Corps_(German_Empire)', 'summary': 'The V Army Corps / V AK ( German : V. Armee-Korps ) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th century to World War I . Originating in 1815 as the General Command for the Grand Duchy of Posen ( later called the Province of Posen ) with headquarters in Posen . Its catchment area included the Regierungsbezirk ( administrative district ) Posen and Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz from the Province of Silesia . The Corps served in the Austro-Prussian War . During the Franco-Prussian War it was assigned to the 3rd Army . In peacetime the Corps was assigned to the VIII Army Inspectorate but joined the 5th Army at the start of the First World War . It was still in existence at the end of the war in Armee-Abteilung C , Heeresgruppe Gallwitz on the Western Front . The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Pre-war regiments', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Imperial_German_cavalry_regiments_0', 'intro': 'This is a List of Imperial German cavalry regiments before and during World War I. In peacetime, the Imperial German Army included 110 regiments of cavalry. Some of these regiments had a history stretching back to the 17th century but others were only formed as late as October 1913. On mobilisation, they were joined by 33 reserve cavalry regiments, 2 landwehr cavalry regiments and 1 ersatz cavalry regiment was also formed. Also on mobilisation, there were 38 landwehr squadrons (assigned to the mixed landwehr brigades) and 19 ersatz detachments (assigned to the mixed ersatz brigades).'}
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What is the name of the regiment whose garrison is the largest city on the River Elbe after Hamburg ?
1st Royal Saxon Guards Heavy Cavalry
0849fee1035a3695
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long_tunnels_by_type', 'title': 'List of long tunnels by type', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Length in m ( ft )', 'Trail'], 'data': [{'value': 'Snoqualmie Tunnel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snoqualmie_Tunnel', 'summary': 'The Snoqualmie Tunnel is a former railroad tunnel near Snoqualmie Pass in the U.S. state of Washington , located east of Seattle . The tunnel crosses the Cascade Range about three miles ( 5 km ) south of pass , which is used by Interstate 90 , on the border between King County and Kittitas County . It is 11,894 feet ( 2.253 mi ; 3.625 km ) long and is at an approximate elevation of 2,600 feet ( 790 m ) above sea level , just north of Keechelus Lake . Its east portal is at Hyak . The tunnel was originally constructed for the Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Railroad in the early 1910s and was abandoned in 1980 . It now serves as part of a rail trail in Iron Horse State Park , known officially as the Palouse to Cascades State Park Trail . The trail was formerly known as the John Wayne Pioneer Trail or the commonly called the Iron Horse Trail . A major renovation to the walls , ceiling , and path were completed in July 2011 after a two-year closure .'}]}, {'value': 'King and Kittitas Counties , WA , United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,625 m ( 11,893 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Wayne Pioneer Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Wayne_Pioneer_Trail', 'summary': 'The Palouse to Cascades State Park Trail , formerly known as the John Wayne Pioneer Trail , is a rail trail that spans most of the U.S. state of Washington . It follows the former railway roadbed of the Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul & Pacific Railroad ( Milwaukee Road ) for 300 miles ( 480 km ) across two-thirds of the state , from the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains to the Idaho border . The former Milwaukee Road roadbed was acquired by the state of Washington via a quitclaim deed , and is used as a non-motorized recreational trail managed by the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission and by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources . State legislation railbanked the corridor with provisions that allow for the reversion to railroad usage in the future . The trail was originally named the John Wayne Pioneer Trail in honor of the John Wayne Pioneer Wagons and Riders Association for their assistance in creating the trail . The 100-mile ( 160 km ) portion from Cedar Falls ( near North Bend ) to the Columbia River south of Vantage has been developed and is managed as the Iron Horse State Park . In 2002 , it was designated a National Recreation Trail . In 2018 , the trail was renamed to the Palouse to Cascades State Park Trail by the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Paul Pass Tunnel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul_Pass_Tunnel', 'summary': 'The St. Paul Pass Tunnel was a railway tunnel in the northwest United States at St. Paul Pass , on the Montana-Idaho border . The tunnel was on the main line of the Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul & Pacific Railroad , commonly known as The Milwaukee Road . The pass is on the Bitterroot Range of northwestern Montana and the Idaho Panhandle . The Milwaukee Road crossed under it in the St. Paul Pass Tunnel , also known as the Taft Tunnel , completed in 1908 ; its length is 8,771 feet ( 1.66 mi ; 2.67 km ) at 4,150 feet ( 1,265 m ) above sea level at East Portal in Montana . The pass above the tunnel is at an elevation of 5,162 feet ( 1,573 m ) . The East Portal is two miles ( 3 km ) southwest of exit 5 of Interstate 90 . With ongoing financial problems which worsened in the 1970s , the Milwaukee line abandoned its right-of-way in the West in 1980 , but the tunnel and its approach grades have been revived as a rail trail route for hikers and bicyclists , the Route of the Hiawatha Trail .'}]}, {'value': 'Montana and Idaho , United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,736 m ( 8,976 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Route of the Hiawatha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lookout_Pass_Ski_and_Recreation_Area', 'summary': "Lookout Pass Ski and Recreation Area is a ski area in the western United States . It is at Lookout Pass on Interstate 90 , on the border of Idaho and Montana , five miles ( 8 km ) east of Mullan , Idaho . It has a summit elevation of 5,650 ft ( 1,720 m ) on Runt Mountain with a vertical drop of 1,150 ft ( 350 m ) on the northeast-facing slopes . Lookout Pass operates five days per week ( closed Tuesday & Wednesday ) during the ski season , and daily during the Christmas vacation break . The area has tripled in size since 2003 ; new terrain was opened to the southeast-facing slopes on the Montana side of the border in December 2003 , and on the northwest-facing North Side ( in Idaho ) in 2006 . There are three double chairlifts and one triple chairlift at Lookout Pass , whose average annual snowfall exceeds 350 inches ( 890 cm ) . The elevation of the highway pass on I-90 is a moderate 4,720 feet ( 1,440 m ) . The historic Mullan Pass , constructed as a wagon road by the U.S. Army in 1860 , is about three miles ( 5 km ) east-northeast as the crow flies , at 5,168 feet ( 1,575 m ) . Lookout Pass is considered the eastern boundary of Idaho 's Silver Valley mining region . Opened 85 years ago in 1935 , the Lookout Pass ski area operates under a special-use permit of the U.S. Forest Service , in the Idaho Panhandle National Forests ( formerly the Coeur d'Alene National Forest ) . Gradual enhancement of the area has occurred over the decades , and the first chairlift was installed in the summer of 1982 . The community ski hill , run by the nonprofit Idaho Ski Club , was sold in 1992 to Lookout Recreation , Inc. , a company formed by two 27-year-old former college roommates , Don Walde of Wallace and Jim Fowler ."}]}, {'value': 'Slavošovský tunel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Košický kraj , Slovakia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,400 m ( 7,874 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slavošovce to Revúca blue Trail number 2589', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gihon Tunnel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerusalem , Israel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,100 m ( 6,890 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerusalem Bicycle Trails', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sideling Hill Tunnel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sideling_Hill_Tunnel', 'summary': "Sideling Hill Tunnel is one of three original Pennsylvania Turnpike tunnels abandoned ( this one in 1968 ) after two massive realignment projects . The others are nearby Rays Hill Tunnel , and farther west , the Laurel Hill Tunnel . It was less expensive to realign the Turnpike than to bore a second tube for four lane traffic . Sideling Hill Tunnel is 6,782 feet ( 2,067 m ) long . It was the longest of the original tunnels on the Pennsylvania Turnpike . The Ray 's Hill Tunnel and Sideling Hill Tunnel are now part of the Pike2Bike Trail . Together , the two tunnels as well as the roadway are commonly known as the Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike . From the Turnpike 's opening in 1940 until the realignment projects , the tunnels were bottlenecks ; opposing traffic in the same tubes reduced speeds . Four other tunnels on the Turnpike - Allegheny Mountain , Tuscarora Mountain , Kittatinny Mountain , and Blue Mountain - each had a second tube bored , the least expensive option . All of the original tunnels except for the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel were part of Vanderbilt 's Folly , the never-completed South Pennsylvania Railroad ."}]}, {'value': 'Fulton County , PA , United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,067 m ( 6,781 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pike 2 Bike Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abandoned_Pennsylvania_Turnpike', 'summary': "The Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike is the common name of a 13-mile ( 21 km ) stretch of the Pennsylvania Turnpike that was bypassed in 1968 when a modern stretch opened to ease traffic congestion in the tunnels . In this case , the Sideling Hill Tunnel and Rays Hill Tunnel were bypassed , as was one of the Turnpike 's travel plazas . The bypass is located just east of the heavily congested Breezewood interchange for Interstate 70 ( I-70 ) eastbound at what is now I-76 exit 161 ."}]}, {'value': 'Combe Down Tunnel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Combe_Down_Tunnel', 'summary': 'Combe Down Tunnel is on the now-closed Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway main line , between Midford and Bath Green Park railway station , below high ground and the southern suburbs of Bath , England , emerging below the southern slopes of Combe Down village . Opened in 1874 , this 1,829-yard ( 1,672 m ) long disused railway tunnel was once the UKs longest without intermediate ventilation . The tunnel now forms part of the £1.8 million Two Tunnels Greenway walking and cycling path opened on 6 April 2013 and is the longest cycling tunnel in Britain . Its custodian is Wessex Water .'}]}, {'value': 'Bath , England , United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,672 m ( 5,486 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Tunnels Greenway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Tunnels_Greenway', 'summary': 'The Two Tunnels Greenway is a shared use path for walking and cycling in Bath , Somerset , England . The route is National Cycle Route 244 . The route joins National Cycle Route 24 south of Bath , with National Cycle Route 4 which runs through Bath .'}]}, {'value': 'Niwärch Stollen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ausserberg , Valais , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ausserberg', 'summary': 'Ausserberg is a municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Valais', 'summary': 'The canton of Valais ( UK : /ˈvæleɪ/ VAL-ay , US : /væˈleɪ/ val-AY , French : [ valɛ ] ( listen ) ; German : ( Kanton ) Wallis [ ˈvalɪs ] ( listen ) ; Italian : ( Canton ) Vallese [ valˈleːze , -eːse ] ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland , situated in the southwestern part of the country , around the valley of the Rhône from its headwaters to Lake Geneva , separating the Pennine Alps from the Bernese Alps . The canton is simultaneously one of the driest regions of Switzerland in its central Rhône valley and among the wettest , having large amounts of snow and rain up on the highest peaks found in Switzerland . The canton of Valais is widely known for the Matterhorn and resort towns such as Crans-Montana , Saas Fee , Verbier and Zermatt . It is composed of 13 districts ( hence the 13 stars on the flag ) and its capital is Sion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '1,379 m ( 4,524 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niwärch Bisse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norwalk Tunnel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elroy , Sparta , Wisconsin , United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,161 m ( 3,809 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elroy-Sparta State Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elroy-Sparta_State_Trail', 'summary': 'The Elroy-Sparta State Trail is a 32.5-mile ( 52.3 km ) Wisconsin State rail trail between Elroy and Sparta , Wisconsin . Considered to be the first rail trail when it opened in 1967 , it was designed for foot , bicycle , equestrian and light motorized traffic . Designated a multi-use trail , it offers recreational access to the routes and is open to the public . The trail is part of the larger Wisconsin bike trail system operated by the state of Wisconsin . It passes through rural scenery and three tunnels . It is one of six connecting trails in west-central Wisconsin . It was added to the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy hall of Fame in September 2008 . It is one of the most popular trails in Wisconsin'}]}, {'value': 'Wassertunnel Gredetschtal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mund , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mund', 'summary': 'Mund is a former municipality in the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland . On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Mund and Birgisch merged into the municipality of Naters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '1,120 m ( 3,675 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wyssa Suonen Trail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karangahake Tunnel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waihi , New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,086 m ( 3,563 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hauraki Rail Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hauraki_Rail_Trail', 'summary': "The Hauraki Rail Trail is one of the Great Rides of the New Zealand Cycle Trail system , using parts of the abandoned ECMT and Thames Branch railways in the Hauraki Gulf plains and the Coromandel Peninsula . It runs from Thames , New Zealand south via Paeroa to then branch either east towards Waihi ( via the Karangahake Gorge ) or south to Te Aroha . In the Karangahake Gorge , the rail trail passes through a 1,100 metres ( 3,609 ft ) long tunnel , which has been fitted with electrical lighting . The trail takes around three days to complete for most fitness levels . It is one of the easiest cycle trails in New Zealand and offers a diverse range of scenery , from pohutukawa trees , through lush farm land , and onto some of New Zealand 's pioneering past ."}]}, {'value': 'Rays Hill Tunnel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rays_Hill_Tunnel', 'summary': 'Rays Hill Tunnel is one of three original Pennsylvania Turnpike tunnels which were abandoned ( this one in 1968 ) after two massive realignment projects . The others included the Sideling Hill Tunnel , and farther west , the Laurel Hill Tunnel . Rays Hill Tunnel is 3,532 feet ( 1,077 m ) long . It was the shortest of the seven original tunnels on Pennsylvania Turnpike . Due to its short length , it only contains ventilation fans at its western portal . Its eastern portal is the only one of the 14 tunnel portals on the original turnpike that has no ventilation fan housing . It can be seen by westbound traffic on the Turnpike . The tunnel connects Bedford and Fulton Counties in South Central Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Bedford & Fulton Counties , PA , United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,076 m ( 3,530 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pike 2 Bike Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abandoned_Pennsylvania_Turnpike', 'summary': "The Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike is the common name of a 13-mile ( 21 km ) stretch of the Pennsylvania Turnpike that was bypassed in 1968 when a modern stretch opened to ease traffic congestion in the tunnels . In this case , the Sideling Hill Tunnel and Rays Hill Tunnel were bypassed , as was one of the Turnpike 's travel plazas . The bypass is located just east of the heavily congested Breezewood interchange for Interstate 70 ( I-70 ) eastbound at what is now I-76 exit 161 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kennerdell Tunnel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venango County , PA , United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,021 m ( 3,350 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erie to Pittsburgh Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erie_to_Pittsburgh_Trail', 'summary': 'The Erie to Pittsburgh Trail is a rail trail currently [ when ? ] in development in Western Pennsylvania and Western New York . When completed the trail will stretch approximately 270 miles from Erie , Pennsylvania , to Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . It will connect to the Great Allegheny Passage and the C & O Canal to create 605 miles of continuous off-road trail from Erie , Pennsylvania , to Washington , D.C . It will also connect to the Erie Canal trail via the flat New York Bike Route 517 along Lake Erie . The trail features two old railroad tunnels : the 2868-foot-long ( 874 m ) Rockland Tunnel and the 3350-foot-long ( 1021 m ) Kennerdell Tunnel . The Kennerdell Tunnel is one of the longest rail-to-trail converted tunnels in the United States , and the 10th longest bicycle/pedestrian tunnel in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Savage Tunnel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Savage_Tunnel', 'summary': 'The Big Savage Tunnel is a formerly abandoned railway tunnel located about 9 miles ( 14 km ) southeast of Meyersdale , Pennsylvania . The Pinkerton Tunnel , Big Savage Tunnel , Borden Tunnel , and Brush Tunnel are part of the Great Allegheny Passage rail trail . It was originally built for the Connellsville subdivision of the Western Maryland Railway .'}]}, {'value': 'Somerset County , PA , United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,004 m ( 3,294 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Allegheny Passage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Allegheny_Passage', 'summary': "The Great Allegheny Passage ( GAP ) is a rail trail system in Maryland and Pennsylvania - the central trail of a network of long-distance hiker-biker trails throughout the Allegheny region of the Appalachian Mountains , connecting Washington , D.C. to Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . It consists of several smaller trails including the Allegheny Highlands Trail of Maryland , the Allegheny Highlands Trail of Pennsylvania and the Youghiogheny River Trail . The GAP 's first 9-mile ( 14 km ) section near Ohiopyle , Pennsylvania , opened in 1986 . The 9-mile ( 14 km ) section between Woodcock Hollow and Cumberland opened on December 13 , 2006 . In June 2013 , thirty-five years after construction first began , the final GAP section was completed ( from West Homestead to Pittsburgh ) at an overall cost of $ 80 million and gave Pennsylvania the most open trail miles in the nation ( 900 miles , with 1,110 miles under development ) . The completion project was titled The Point Made , because it was now possible to reach Point State Park in Pittsburgh from Washington , D.C. Celebrations took place on June 15 , 2013 . The multi-use trail , suitable for biking and walking , uses defunct corridors of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad , Union Railroad and the Western Maryland Railway - extending 150 miles ( 240 km ) from Cumberland , Maryland to Point State Park in downtown Pittsburgh , and includes the 52-mile ( 84 km ) branch ( Montour Trail ) to the Pittsburgh International Airport . Completing a continuous , non-motorized corridor from Point State Park 335 miles ( 539 km ) to Washington , D.C. , the GAP connects with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal towpath trail , which runs 184.5 miles ( 296.9 km ) between Cumberland and Washington , D.C . The Allegheny Trail Alliance ( ATA ) - a coalition of seven trail organizations related to the GAP ( Friends of the Riverfront , Steel Valley Trail , Regional Trail Corporation , Ohiopyle State Park , and Mountains Maryland ) maintains the 150-mile GAP , which is also a segment of the Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail , one of eight nationally designated scenic trails . The trail 's formal name , the Great Allegheny Passage , was selected in 2001 by the ATA after six years and more than 100 proposals as a name evocative of the geography and historical heritage of the trail , having been suggested by Bill Metzger , editor of the ATA newsletter . The trail used a temporary name , the Cumberland and Pittsburgh Trail , before its official name was adopted . The second runner-up title for the trail was the Allegheny Frontier Trail ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Bicycle and Pedestrian', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_long_tunnels_by_type_7', 'intro': 'This page presents the same tunnels as in list of tunnels by length in separate lists according to the different tunnel types.'}
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Which trail has the largest length in m ? Is it the trail which covers most of the state of Washington , or the path that has a summit elevation of 5,650 ft ?
The Route of the Hiawatha
084c29741ba21ee0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Championship', 'title': 'NCAA Division I Baseball Championship', 'header': ['School', 'Titles', 'Years'], 'data': [{'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans_baseball', 'summary': "The USC Trojans baseball program represents the University of Southern California in college baseball . Established in 1888 , the team is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Pac-12 Conference . USC home 's field is Dedeaux Field , which is named in honor of former head coach and National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Rod Dedeaux . The USC Trojans are one of the most successful programs in the history of college baseball . The Trojans have won more baseball national championships than any other program across all divisions of college baseball . With 12 national championships , USC is far and away the leader in that category ; no other Division I school has more than six . As of June 30 , 2018 , USC also ranked fifth in all-time College World Series ( CWS ) appearances with 21 , trailing only Texas ( 36 ) , Miami ( FL ) ( 25 ) , and Arizona State ( 22 ) , and Florida State ( 22 ) . The Trojans have won more individual CWS games ( 74 ) than any program but Texas ( 85 ) . USC also ranked fourth in all-time NCAA Tournament wins with 173 - trailing only Texas ( 240 ) , Miami ( 192 ) , and Florida State ( 192 ) - and eighth in total NCAA Tournament appearances with 37 . The Trojans have compiled an all-time record of 2,884-1,685-28 ( .630 ) - ranking fifth in all-time wins and 18th in all-time win percentage - and have captured outright or tied for 38 conference championships , as of the end of the 2018 season . USC 's most notable baseball coach was Rod Dedeaux , who coached from 1942 from 1986 and led the school to 11 of its NCAA championships , including five straight from 1970 to 1974 . The first Trojan national championship came in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans', 'summary': "The USC Trojans are the athletic teams that represent the University of Southern California ( USC ) , located in Los Angeles , California . While the men 's teams are nicknamed the Trojans , the women 's athletic teams are referred to as either the Trojans or Women of Troy ( the university officially approves both terms ) . The program participates in the Pac-12 Conference and has won 130 team national championships , 107 of which are National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) national championships . USC 's official colors are cardinal and gold . The Trojans have a cross-town rivalry with UCLA . However , USC 's rivalry with Notre Dame predates the UCLA rivalry by three years . The Notre Dame rivalry stems mainly from the annual football game played between these two universities and is considered the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football ."}]}, {'value': '1948 , 1958 , 1961 , 1963 , 1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LSU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LSU_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': "The LSU Tigers baseball team represents Louisiana State University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the West Division of the Southeastern Conference . It is one of the elite college baseball programs in the nation , ranking seventh all-time with 18 College World Series appearances and second all-time with six national championships ( 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , and 2009 ) . The Tigers play home games on LSU 's campus at Alex Box Stadium , Skip Bertman Field , and they are currently coached by Paul Mainieri ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LSU_Tigers', 'summary': "The LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers are the athletic teams representing Louisiana State University ( LSU ) , a public four-year coeducational university located in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . LSU competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . Based on winning percentage , the university 's athletics program is consistently one of the best in the nation ."}]}, {'value': '1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball', 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns baseball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's baseball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in baseball in 1894 . Texas is the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in terms of win percentage , with an all-time win-loss record of 3585-1354-32 ( .724 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . The Longhorns rank second in all-time wins as of June 11 , 2018 , behind the Fordham Rams . As of the end of the 2018 conference season , Texas has won 78 regular season conference championships and 16 conference tournament championships in baseball . The Longhorns have won six NCAA baseball national championships ( 1949 , 1950 , 1975 , 1983 , 2002 , 2005 ) - tied with LSU and second to Southern California 's total of 12 - and have been the runner-up in the College World Series ( CWS ) Championship Games on six other occasions ( 1953 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 ) . Texas holds the records for most appearances in the College World Series ( 36 ) , most individual CWS games won ( 85 ) , most overall NCAA Tournament games won ( 240 ) , and most NCAA Tournament appearances ( 59 ) ; the second-place programs in these categories have 25 CWS appearances ( Miami ) , wins in 74 CWS games ( Southern California ) , 192 overall NCAA Tournament wins ( Florida State and Miami ) , and 56 NCAA Tournament appearances ( Florida State ) , as of June 11 , 2018 . Former Longhorns who have gone on to success in Major League Baseball include Roger Clemens , Calvin Schiraldi , Burt Hooton , Keith Moreland , Spike Owen , Mark Petkovsek , Greg Swindell , Brandon Belt , and Huston Street . From 1997 to 2016 , the Longhorns were led by head coach Augie Garrido , who holds the record for most wins in NCAA baseball history . The team is currently led by third-year head coach David Pierce . Texas plays its home games at UFCU-Disch-Falk Field ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorns', 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns are the athletic teams that represent The University of Texas at Austin . The teams are sometimes referred to as the 'Horns and take their name from Longhorn cattle that were an important part of the development of Texas , and are now the official large animal of the U.S. state of Texas . The women 's teams are sometimes called the Lady Longhorns , but generally both the men 's and women 's teams are referred to as the Longhorns , and the mascot is a Texas Longhorn steer named Bevo . The Longhorn nickname appeared in Texas newspapers by 1900 . The University of Texas at Austin is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . It offers a wide variety of varsity and intramural sports programs , and was selected as America 's Best Sports College in a 2002 analysis by Sports Illustrated . Texas was also listed as the number one Collegiate Licensing Company client from 2005-2013 in regards to the amount of annual trademark royalties received from the sales of its fan merchandise . Until Athletic Director Chris Del Conte altered the organizational structure of the athletic department in 2017 , Texas was the only remaining NCAA Division I school to operate separate men 's and women 's athletic departments , after the other remaining holdout , the University of Tennessee , merged its men 's and women 's athletic departments at the end of the 2011-12 academic year ."}]}, {'value': '1949 , 1950 , 1975 , 1983 , 2002 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils baseball program at the Arizona State University ( ASU ) is part of the Pac-12 Conference . Since it became a member of the Pac-12 , it had the highest winning percentage , at .681 , of all schools that participate in Division I baseball within the conference . ASU 's NCAA leading 54 consecutive 30 win seasons was the longest streak in the nation . The Sun Devils ' only losing seasons occurred in 1963 , 2017 , & 2018 The Sun Devils had been nationally ranked during at least a part of every season of their 58-year history until 2017 . The Sun Devils have finished 27 times in the Top 10 , 22 times in the Top 5 , and 5 times as the No . 1 team in the nation . ASU is one of the most successful college baseball programs in the country . The Sun Devils have won five national championships , the fourth-most by any school , and are 1st in total number of alumni to ever play in Major League Baseball . Notable Sun Devil baseball alumni include Barry Bonds , Reggie Jackson , Sal Bando , Dustin Pedroia , Andre Ethier , Bob Horner , Paul Lo Duca , and Rick Monday ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils are the athletic teams that represent Arizona State University . ASU has nine men 's and eleven women 's varsity teams competing at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . The mascot was adopted in 1946 ; earlier nicknames were the Normals and later , the Bulldogs . The Sun Devil mascot , Sparky , was designed by former Disney illustrator Bert Anthony . ASU 's chief rival is the University of Arizona Wildcats , and both universities ' athletics departments compete against each other in the Territorial Cup Series ."}]}, {'value': '1965 , 1967 , 1969 , 1977 , 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats baseball team is the intercollegiate men 's baseball program representing the University of Arizona in Tucson , Arizona , United States . They compete in the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) of NCAA Division I . The baseball team had its first season in 1904 . The baseball team has captured four national championship titles in 1976 , 1980 , 1986 and 2012 , with the first three coached by Jerry Kindall and the most recent by Andy Lopez . The team has appeared in the NCAA National Championship title series eight times ( 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , and 2016 ) . They have appeared in 34 baseball tournaments in their rich history . Arizona is ranked seventh in all-time regular season game wins with 2,347 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats are the athletic teams that represent the University of Arizona , located in Tucson . The Wildcats compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . Arizona 's chief intercollegiate rival is the Arizona State Sun Devils , and the two universities ' athletic departments compete against each other in multiple sports via the State Farm Territorial Cup Series ."}]}, {'value': '1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cal State Fullerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans_baseball', 'summary': "The Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball team represents California State University , Fullerton in NCAA Division I college baseball . Since beginning Division I play in 1975 , the Titans have never had a losing season . They are supplied by Easton . Along with the other CSUF athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big West Conference . Since its early days , Titan Baseball has been considered an elite program in college baseball , making 18 College World Series appearances and winning 4 national championships ( 1979 , 1984 , 1995 , and 2004 ) . The Titans have made an appearance in every NCAA Tournament since 1992 . The Titans play their home games on Fullerton 's campus at Goodwin Field and are currently coached by Rick Vanderhook ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans', 'summary': 'The Cal State Fullerton Titans ( also known as CSUF or Fullerton Titans ) are the athletic teams that represent California State University , Fullerton . The Titans are a member of the NCAA Division I level . The Titans compete within the Big West Conference ( BWC ) for most sports , wrestling competes as a member of the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) and gymnastics competes as a member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) .'}]}, {'value': '1979 , 1984 , 1995 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami ( FL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_baseball', 'summary': "The Miami Hurricanes baseball team is the college baseball program that represents the University of Miami . Since 1973 , the program has been one of college baseball 's elite with 25 College World Series appearances , winning four national championships ( 1982 , 1985 , 1999 , 2001 ) and advancing to the NCAA regionals a record 44 consecutive years . Miami has won 29 NCAA Regional Titles , hosted 27 NCAA Regionals , and in each of their four national championship runs they were a NCAA Regional Host . Along with the university 's other athletic teams , the baseball team became a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference during the 2004-05 academic year . Previously , the baseball program competed as an NCAA independent , even during the school 's Big East affiliation in other sports . Miami won its first ever conference championship in baseball when it captured the 2008 ACC Baseball Championship . The Hurricanes play in Mark Light Field at Alex Rodriguez Park , on the UM campus , in Coral Gables , Florida . Gino DiMare will serve as the team 's head coach in 2019 after the retirement of longtime head coach Jim Morris following the 2018 season ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes', 'summary': "The Miami Hurricanes ( known informally as UM , UMiami , or The U ) are the intercollegiate varsity sports teams that represent the University of Miami , located in the Coral Gables suburb of Miami , Florida . In box scores for sporting events , the Hurricanes sports teams are usually referred to as Miami ( FL ) to differentiate from the Miami RedHawks , an NCAA Division I school located in Oxford , Ohio . They compete in the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The university fields 15 athletic teams for 17 varsity sports . Men 's teams compete in baseball , basketball , cross-country , diving , football , tennis , and track and field . Women 's teams compete in basketball , cross-country , swimming and diving , golf , rowing , soccer , tennis , track and field , and volleyball . UM has approximately equal participation by male and female varsity athletes in these sports . The athletic department 's colors are orange , green , and white . The school mascot is Sebastian the Ibis . The ibis was selected as the school 's mascot because , according to university legend , it is the last animal to flee an approaching hurricane and the first to reappear after the storm , making it a symbol of leadership and courage . The school 's athletics logo is a simple green and orange , color of an orange tree , letter U . The school 's marching band is the Band of the Hour ."}]}, {'value': '1982 , 1985 , 1999 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_baseball', 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers', 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers ( commonly shortened to Gophers ) are the college sports teams of the University of Minnesota . The university fields a total of 23 ( 11 men 's , 12 women 's ) teams in both men 's and women 's sports and competes in the Big Ten Conference . The Gophers women 's ice hockey team is a six-time NCAA champion and seven-time national champion . In women 's ice hockey , the Gophers belong to the Western Collegiate Hockey Association . In all other sports , they belong to the Big Ten Conference . Most of the facilities that the teams use for training and competitive play are located on the East Bank of the Minneapolis campus . There are arenas for men 's and women 's basketball ( Williams Arena ) as well as ice hockey ( Mariucci Arena and Ridder Arena ) . The Gopher football team began playing at TCF Bank Stadium in September 2009 . The women 's soccer team plays on the St. Paul campus in Elizabeth Lyle Robbie Stadium . The Cheerleaders and the Dance Team are also part of the university 's athletic department ; they are present at events for basketball , ice hockey , and football , and compete for UCA/UDA national titles in the winter . The University of Minnesota spirit squad was the first as sideline cheerleading was invented at the U of M , and it currently prides itself in being one of the largest spirit squads in the country . The U of M spirit squad currently consists of three cheerleading teams ( all girl , coed , and small coed ) , a dance team , Goldy Gopher , and a unique ice hockey cheerleading team ."}]}, {'value': '1956 , 1960 , 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oregon State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Oregon State Beavers baseball team represents Oregon State University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the Pac-12 Conference . They are currently coached by Mitch Canham and assistant coaches Pat Bailey and Rich Dorman . They play home games in Goss Stadium at Coleman Field . The Beavers won the 2006 and 2007 College World Series to become only the fifth team in history to win back-to-back national championships , and the first since the super regional format has been implemented . In 2018 , the program won its third national title . In addition , the program has won 26 conference championships , qualified for 20 NCAA tournaments , and appeared in seven College World Series .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers', 'summary': "The Oregon State Beavers are the athletic teams that represent Oregon State University , located in Corvallis , Oregon . The Beavers compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . Oregon State 's mascot is Benny the Beaver . Both the men 's and women 's teams share the name , competing in 7 NCAA Division I men 's sports and 10 NCAA Division I women 's sports respectively . The official colors for the athletics department are Beaver Orange ( Pantone 165 ) , black , and white . The primary rivals of the Beavers are the Oregon Ducks of the University of Oregon , located 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of the Oregon State campus in Eugene , Oregon . The football rivalry between the Beavers and Ducks , known as the Civil War , is one of the longest-running in the country , having been contested 121 times as of the end of the 2017 season . Other regional rivals include the Washington Huskies and Washington State Cougars . As of June 2018 , the Beavers have won one pre-NCAA team national championship and four NCAA team national championships . The 1926 wrestling team won the Amateur Athletic Association national championship , the 1961 men 's Cross-country team won the NCAA title , and most recently the baseball team won the 2006 , 2007 College World Series and 2018 College World Series . Other notable performances include a second-place finish in the 1973 and 1995 NCAA wrestling finals , two Final Four appearances by the men 's basketball team , one Final Four appearance by the women 's basketball team , the football team defeating Notre Dame by a 32-point margin in the 2001 Fiesta Bowl ( and finishing the season ranked # 4 in the polls ) , seven appearances in the College World Series by the baseball program , and several individual NCAA championship titles in gymnastics , wrestling , and track & field ."}]}, {'value': '2006 , 2007 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_baseball', 'summary': 'The California Golden Bears baseball team represents the University of California in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other California athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Pac-12 Conference . The Bears play their home games at Evans Diamond .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Berkeley . Referred to in athletic competition as California or Cal , the university fields 30 varsity athletic programs and various club teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I primarily as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , and for a limited number of sports as a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . Over the course of the school 's history , California has won team national titles in 13 men 's and 3 women 's sports and 107 team titles overall . Cal athletes have also competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries . Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium ( football ) and Haas Pavilion ( basketball and other indoor sports ) . Cal finished the 2010-11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points , earning third place in the Director 's Cup standings , the Golden Bears ' highest finish ever . Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby and men 's crew because those sports are not governed by the NCAA . Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings . In 2014 , Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete 's admission to the university . By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes were required to comply with the University of California general student requirement of having a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average . California 's nickname originated in 1895 during California 's dominant track and field team 's tour of Midwest and Eastern universities . A blue silk banner with the golden grizzly bear , the state symbol , was displayed by the team during that tour ."}]}, {'value': '1947 , 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Michigan athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference . They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium . The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times , winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962 . Michigan is the fourth winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Fordham , Texas and USC . Prior to the 2013 season , former Maryland head coach Erik Bakich replaced Rich Maloney as the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines comprise 27 varsity sports teams at the University of Michigan . These teams compete in the NCAA 's Division I and in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except women 's water polo , which competes in the NCAA inter-divisional Collegiate Water Polo Association . Team colors are maize and blue , though these are different shades of maize and blue than those used by the university at large . The winged helmet is a recognized icon of Michigan Athletics . The Wolverines are an athletic powerhouse nationally . In the past 13 of 20 years ( through 2016-17 ) , Michigan has finished in the top five of the NACDA Directors ' Cup , a list compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics that charts institutions ' overall success in college sports . Just as impressive , UM has finished in the top ten of the Directors ' Cup standings in twenty of the award 's twenty-six seasons ( through 2019 ) good for 5th best nationally ."}]}, {'value': '1953 , 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_baseball', 'summary': 'Oklahoma Sooners baseball is the NCAA Division I collegiate baseball team of the University of Oklahoma based in Norman , Oklahoma . The Oklahoma Baseball tradition is long and storied , with two National Championships in 1951 and 1994 , along with numerous All-Americans . Dale Mitchell , Bobby Jack , Jackson Todd , Glen Castle , and Keith Drumright all include two-time All-Americans to play baseball for the University of Oklahoma Sooners baseball team . Their home field is L. Dale Mitchell Baseball Park , named after famed player Dale Mitchell . The baseball program was a source of recent controversy when the head coach , Larry Cochell , resigned after making racially insensitive remarks about one of the players on the team . Prior to 2006 , the Sooners hosted regionals at minor league parks in Oklahoma City , first All Sports Stadium and then AT & T Bricktown Ballpark . Scheduling conflicts with the Oklahoma Redhawks , the Class AAA affiliate of the Texas Rangers , led OU to bid for future regionals at its on-campus stadium .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners', 'summary': "The Oklahoma Sooners are the athletic teams that represent the University of Oklahoma , located in Norman . The 19 men 's and women 's varsity teams are called the Sooners , a reference to a nickname given to the early participants in the Land Run of 1889 , which initially opened the Unassigned Lands in the future state of Oklahoma to non-native settlement . The university 's athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I in the Big 12 Conference . The university 's current athletic director is Joe Castiglione . In 2002 , the University of Oklahoma was ranked as the third best college sports program in America by Sports Illustrated ."}]}, {'value': '1951 , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_baseball', 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks baseball team represents the University of South Carolina in NCAA Division I college baseball . South Carolina has perennially been one of the best teams in college baseball since 1970 , posting 32 NCAA Tournament appearances , 11 College World Series berths , 6 CWS Finals appearances and 2 National Championships : 2010 and 2011 . Carolina is one of six schools in NCAA history to win back-to-back titles . Since joining the Southeastern Conference in 1992 , the team has competed in the Eastern division . South Carolina owns a stellar 32-18 record at the CWS , holds the NCAA record for consecutive wins ( 22 ) in the national tournament and the longest win streak ever at the CWS ( 12 in a row from 2010 to 2012 ) in which the Gamecocks played for national titles all three years . The current head coach is Mark Kingston , with Chad Holbrook resigning on June 6 , 2017 . Holbrook took over for Ray Tanner , who was named athletics director at USC after the 2012 season . This follows a string of three consecutive appearances in the national championship series , including two consecutive national championships . During Tanner 's stint as head coach , the Gamecocks also captured three SEC titles , one SEC tournament title , six division titles , six College World Series appearances , and thirteen of their fifteen straight NCAA Tournaments ( longest streak in the SEC at the time ) . Between 2010 and 2012 the Gamecocks set two NCAA records for postseason success : the most consecutive NCAA tournament wins ( 22 ) and the most consecutive wins in the College World Series ( 12 ) . In 2013 , Carolina set the record for consecutive home NCAA tournament wins , with 29 . The team plays its home games at Founders Park , which opened on February 21 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks', 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks represent the University of South Carolina in the NCAA Division I . This moniker is in honor of Thomas Sumter , a Revolutionary War hero from South Carolina who was nicknamed the Carolina Gamecock after British General Banastre Tarleton said Sumter fought like a gamecock . While the men 's teams were traditionally known as the Fighting Gamecocks and the women 's teams were previously known as the Lady Gamecocks , this distinction was discontinued in part to eliminate any gender bias in the athletic department and in part to counter misconceptions about the gamecock mascot endorsing bloodsport . All of the University 's varsity teams compete at the Division I level of the NCAA , and all but men 's soccer and women 's beach volleyball compete in the Southeastern Conference . Men 's soccer competes in Conference USA and women 's beach volleyball competes in the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association because the SEC does not sponsor those sports . The athletic department is supported with private money from the Gamecock Club . It was originally formed as the B.A.M . ( Buck-A-Month ) Club in 1939 and 1940 to benefit the athletic programs from privately raised funds . The university 's athletic programs have earned ten national team titles and produced many Olympians . Tim Brando ( formerly of CBS Sports ) was quoted as saying , You wo n't find any more loyal fans in the country than those who follow the South Carolina Gamecocks ."}]}, {'value': '2010 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_baseball', 'summary': 'The Stanford Cardinal baseball team represents Stanford University in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Stanford athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Pac-12 Conference . The Cardinal play their home games on campus at Klein Field at Sunken Diamond , and they are currently coached by David Esquer .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal', 'summary': "The Stanford Cardinal are the athletic teams that represent Stanford University . As of December 22 , 2019 , Stanford 's program has won 126 NCAA team championships , as well as 25 consecutive NACDA Directors ' Cups , awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation . As of February 15 , 2019 , Stanford-affiliated athletes have won 270 Olympic medals . Stanford 's teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , along with other schools from the western third of the United States ."}]}, {'value': '1987 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanderbilt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball', 'summary': 'The Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team is an American National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) college baseball team , and the reigning Division I national champion . From Vanderbilt University in Nashville , Tennessee , the team participates in the Eastern division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) and plays its home games on campus at Hawkins Field . The Commodores are coached by three-time National Coach of the Year and three-time SEC Coach of the Year , Tim Corbin .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores', 'summary': "The Vanderbilt Commodores are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Vanderbilt University , located in Nashville , Tennessee . Vanderbilt fields 16 varsity teams ( 6 men 's teams and 10 women 's teams ) , 14 of which compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . Vanderbilt 's women 's lacrosse team plays in the American Athletic Conference . The bowling team plays in the Southland Bowling League . The University of Tennessee Volunteers are Vanderbilt 's primary athletic rival , and the only other SEC team in Tennessee ."}]}, {'value': '2014 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coastal Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_Chanticleers_baseball', 'summary': "The Coastal Carolina Chanticleers baseball program has been the university 's most consistent program in terms of success . Head Coach Gary Gilmore ( 903-464-1 at CCU , 1,156-566-3 overall ) has led the Chanticleers to 16 NCAA Regional appearances and three Super Regional appearances since being hired in 1996 . The program has received # 1 regional seeds on five occasions ( 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2018 ) and won 50+ games in 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , and 2016 . In addition , the Chanticleers hosted NCAA Regionals in 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , and 2018 . The program hosted a Super Regional in 2010 . Future Chicago White Sox major league pitcher Brad Goldberg played for the team in 2009-10 , making 18 appearances ( 17 in relief ) in those two seasons . In 2010 Coastal went 29-0 in Big South play , winning both the regular season Big South Championship and the Big South Tournament Championship plus the Regional , but lost in the Super Regionals 2-0 to the University of South Carolina . In 2016 , Coastal went 21-3 in Big South play , winning the regular season Conference Championship and the Conference Tournament . In the 2016 post-season , Coastal won the Raleigh Regional by beating the NC State Wolfpack 2-0 . The Chanticleers went on to beat the LSU Tigers 2-0 in the Baton Rouge Super Regionals , and ultimately got to the 2016 CWS Final and defeated Arizona two games to one to win the National Championship . The title game finished mere hours before Coastal officially left the Big South Conference , the school 's home since 1983 ( 1984 baseball season ) , for the Sun Belt Conference . The state 's governor Nikki Haley proclaimed July 1 , 2016 , the day after the title game and also Coastal 's first official day as a Sun Belt member , Chanticleer Baseball National Championship Day throughout South Carolina ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_Chanticleers', 'summary': "The Coastal Carolina Chanticleers ( /ˈʃɒntɪklɪər/ , SHON-ti-klirr ) are the athletic teams that represent Coastal Carolina University . They participate in Division I of the NCAA as a member of the Sun Belt Conference in most sports , having joined that conference as a full but non-football member on July 1 , 2016 . At that time , the football team began a transition from the second-level Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) to the top-level Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . The team played the 2016 season as an FCS independent , joined Sun Belt football for the 2017 season , and became full FBS members for 2018 and beyond . A Chanticleer is a proud and fierce rooster . Prior to joining the Sun Belt , the Chanticleers had been members of the Big South Conference since that league 's formation in 1983 . Coastal fields varsity teams in 20 sports , 9 for men and 11 for women . The university regularly competed for the Sasser Cup , the Big South 's trophy for the university with the best sports program among the member institutions , winning the trophy nine times , tied with rival Liberty University . Until the early 1960s Coastal 's teams were known as the Trojans . Upon its affiliation with the university of South Carolina , the push was made for a mascot more in line with the parent 's mascot ( the Gamecock ) ; the ultimate choice was the Chanticleer , the proud , witty rooster made famous in The Nun 's Priest 's Tale of Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales ( the mascot itself would be named Zachary ) . When Coastal became an independent university in 1993 , despite some calls for a complete split from USC ( i.e. , change the mascot ) , the Chanticleer remained the school 's mascot . Coastal has developed in-state rivalries with Charleston Southern , Clemson , College of Charleston , Furman , Presbyterian , South Carolina , South Carolina State , The Citadel , USC Upstate , Winthrop , and Wofford ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Gators_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida Gators baseball team represents the University of Florida in the sport of baseball . Florida competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games in Alfred A. McKethan Stadium on the university 's Gainesville , Florida campus , and are currently led by head coach Kevin O'Sullivan . In the 105-season history of the Florida baseball program , the team has won 15 SEC championships and has appeared in 12 College World Series tournaments . The Gators won their first national championship in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Gators', 'summary': "The Florida Gators are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Florida , located in Gainesville . The University of Florida , its athletic program , its alumni and its sports fans are often collectively referred to as the Gator Nation . The Gators compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) and are consistently ranked among the top college sports programs in the United States . The University of Florida currently fields teams in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports . All Florida Gators sports teams compete in NCAA Division I , and 20 of the 21 Gators teams compete in the SEC . The sole University of Florida sports team that does not play in the SEC is the women 's lacrosse team , which joined the American Athletic Conference after the 2018 lacrosse season . The University of Florida was one of the thirteen charter members who joined together to form the new Southeastern Conference in 1932 . Previously , the university was a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association from 1912 to 1921 and the Southern Conference from 1922 until the SEC began play in the fall of 1933 . All Florida Gators sports teams have on-campus facilities , and most are located on or near Stadium Road on the north side of campus , including Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium for football , the Exactech Arena at the Stephen C. O'Connell Center for basketball , gymnastics , swimming and diving , indoor track and field , and volleyball , Alfred A. McKethan Stadium for baseball and James G. Pressly Stadium for soccer and outdoor track and field . The Katie Seashole Pressly Softball Stadium and the Florida Lacrosse Facility are located on Hull Road on the southwestern side of the campus . The Mark Bostick Golf Course and Scott Linder Stadium for tennis are located on S.W . Second Avenue on the northwestern side of the campus ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fresno State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fresno_State_Bulldogs_baseball', 'summary': 'The Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team represents Fresno State in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Fresno State athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Mountain West Conference . The Bulldogs play their home games on campus at Pete Beiden Field , and they are currently coached by Mike Batesole .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fresno_State_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Fresno State Bulldogs are the athletic teams that represent California State University , Fresno ( commonly referred to as Fresno State ) . The university is a member of NCAA Division I 's Mountain West Conference ( MW ) . It was a member of the Western Athletic Conference from 1992 until 2012 , when it left for the Mountain West alongside fellow WAC member Nevada . Fresno State had also been a member of the Big West Conference since the 1969-70 ( the conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association at that time until 1988 ) , and a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association from its beginning in the 1939-40 season ( when Fresno State was in NCAA Division II ) . The university has won two NCAA Division I Championships , in softball ( 1998 ) and baseball ( 2008 ) . Fresno State currently sponsors nine men 's and thirteen women 's sports at the varsity level ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_baseball', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs baseball team represents the University of Georgia in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Georgia athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Eastern division of the Southeastern Conference . Georgia won the College World Series in 1990 . The Bulldogs play their home games on UGA 's campus in Foley Field , and are coached by head coach Scott Stricklin ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs are the athletic teams that represent the University of Georgia . The female athletic teams are sometimes referred to as Lady Bulldogs . The Bulldogs compete in NCAA Division I and are members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The official mascot is an English Bulldog named Uga , ( derived from an abbreviation of the University of Georgia ) , while the costumed character version of Uga is Hairy Dawg . The university sponsors nineteen sports - baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , men 's and women 's cross country , women 's equestrian , football , men 's and women 's golf , women 's gymnastics , women 's soccer , softball , men 's and women 's swimming and diving , men 's and women 's tennis , men 's and women 's track , and women 's volleyball . Those 19 teams have won a combined 890 national championships ( including 28 NCAA championships ) and 151 Southeastern Conference championships through the end of the 2013-14 school year . In 2006 , the Bulldogs recorded the highest profit margin of any athletic program in the country ( according to the EADA report ) , pulling in $ 23.9 million ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_baseball', 'summary': "The Holy Cross Crusaders baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts , United States . The team is a member of the Patriot League , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The team plays its home games at Hanover Insurance Park at Hanover Insurance Park at Fitton Field in Worcester , Massachusetts . The Crusaders are coached by Greg DiCenzo . Holy Cross has participated in the NCAA Tournament 11 times and has advanced to the College World Series on four occasions , capturing the title in 1952 . The team earned its first Patriot League regular season title in 2013 before falling in the Patriot League Championship Series for the third time in four years . The team also boasts recent wins over top 10 teams , defeating # 4 Texas A & M in 2012 and # 7 Mississippi State in 2014 . In 2017 , the team won its first Patriot League Tournament Championship by sweeping Army and Bucknell . It was the fifth PLCS appearance for the Crusaders in eight years . The Crusaders have had 32 players selected by Major League teams in the MLB Draft , most recently Nick Lovullo ( Boston Red Sox , 2016 ) , Brendan King ( Chicago Cubs , 2017 ) , and Declan Cronin ( Chicago White Sox , 2019 ) . In 2018 , the Crusaders hired former Holy Cross pitcher , and all-time appearance record holder ( 99 ) , George Capen as the team 's pitching coach ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders', 'summary': "The Holy Cross Crusaders are the athletic teams representing the College of the Holy Cross . They primarily compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Patriot League . In ice hockey , a sport not sponsored by the Patriot League for either sex , the Crusaders are members of two other leagues , with men competing in the Atlantic Hockey Association and women in Hockey East . The men 's rowing team is part of the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges . Of its 25 varsity teams , Holy Cross supports 12 men 's and 13 women 's sports , giving Holy Cross the largest ratio of teams-per-enrollment in the country . Holy Cross 's athletic teams for both men and women are known as the Crusaders . Holy Cross is a founding member of the Patriot League , and boasts that one-quarter of its student body participates in its varsity athletic programs . Principal facilities include Fitton Field for football ( capacity : 23,500 ) and baseball ( 3,000 ) , the Hart Center at the Luth Athletic Complex for basketball ( 3,600 ) and ice hockey ( 1,400 ) , the Linda Johnson Smith Soccer Stadium ( 1,320 ) , and the Smith Wellness Center , located inside the Luth Athletic Complex . The College is one of nine schools to have won an NCAA championship in both baseball ( 1952 ) and basketball ( 1947 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Team titles', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Championship_0', 'intro': 'The NCAA Division I Baseball Championship is held each year from May through June and features 64 college baseball teams in the United States, culminating in the eight-team College World Series at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska. Vanderbilt is the 2019 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament champion, defeating runner-up Michigan 8-2 in Game 3 to win the 2019 College World Series championship finals.'}
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How many regular season championships have been won by the team that has the same number of titles as the team that Paul Mainieri coaches ?
78
084e4daeaeec5794
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award_for_Breakthrough_Group_of_the_Year', 'title': 'Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1994', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1994 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 20 March 1994 in Toronto at a ceremony in the O'Keefe Centre . Roch Voisine was the host for the ceremonies , which were taped that afternoon for broadcast that evening on CBC Television . Nominations were announced 8 February 1994 . Starting in 1994 , the Best New Solo Artist combined the former Most Promising Male and Female Vocalist categories . Reggae also received its own category , after years of being included under banners such as world beat or mixed with calypso . A new category for aboriginal music was also introduced and was awarded by Robbie Robertson . The award faced controversy after nominee Sazacha Red Sky was accused of cultural appropriation by Leonard George son of Chief Dan George , the alleged writer of the song that has since been registered as Public Domain , because she was not personally a member of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation and according to Leonard George did not have the right to record it under their cultural traditions . His son Leonard George sought a legal injunction to prevent the award from being presented at the Juno Awards ceremony at all , and a final compromise revising Red Sky 's nomination to reflect the album instead of the song was announced on the morning of the ceremony . Around the time of the 1994 ceremonies , there were plans to host the 1995 ceremonies in Winnipeg . However , Juno organisers CARAS was demanding substantial funding from the Winnipeg committee attempting to host the awards . Atlantic group The Rankin Family was the major winner in 1994 , winning awards in four categories including Entertainer of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'The Waltons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Waltons_(Canadian_band)', 'summary': 'Waltons were a Canadian folk rock band , active primarily in the 1990s . The band released three studio albums during their career , and won a Juno Award for Best New Group at the Juno Awards of 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Junkhouse Sloan The Odds The Tea Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junkhouse', 'summary': 'Junkhouse are a Canadian alternative rock band formed in 1989 in Hamilton , Ontario .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sloan_(band)', 'summary': 'Sloan is a Canadian , Toronto-based rock band originally from Halifax , Nova Scotia . Sloan has released twelve full-length albums and has received nine Juno Award nominations , winning one . Between 1996 and 2016 , Sloan was among the top 75 best-selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 25 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada . The band is known for their sharing of songwriting and lead vocals from each member of the group and their unaltered line-up throughout their career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Odds', 'summary': 'Odds are a Canadian alternative rock band based in Vancouver , British Columbia . They perform music with a power pop style . They were nominated for six Juno Awards in the 1990s , winning zero . As of 2014 , they are on their fifth record label .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Tea_Party', 'summary': "The Tea Party is a Canadian rock music band with industrial rock , blues , progressive rock and Middle Eastern music influences , dubbed Moroccan roll by the media . Active throughout the 1990s and up until 2005 , the band re-formed in 2011 . The Tea Party released eight albums on EMI Music Canada , selling over 2 million records worldwide , including 4 double-platinum awards , 1 platinum and 4 gold albums in Canada . Between 1996 and 2016 , The Tea Party was the 35th best-selling Canadian artist in Canada . The Tea Party toured Canada on twenty-one occasions and Australia on twelve . In November 2002 , the band toured Canada with symphony orchestras reinterpreting a decade 's worth of shared songwriting . Breaking up in 2005 due to creative differences , band members nevertheless re-united in 2011 to play several Canadian tour dates during the summer . The band decided to continue after the tour and has now re-formed . The band has since released a double live album , recorded on their 2012 tour of Australia . Video shot during this tour was released as a Live DVD/Blu-ray , The Tea Party : Live From Australia in 2013 . In September 2014 , The Tea Party released their album , The Ocean at the End , and the following year a deluxe version of their album , The Edges Of Twilight . Their newest EP release , Black River , is the band 's first record since 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1995', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1995 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 26 March 1995 in Hamilton , Ontario at a ceremony in the Copps Coliseum . Mary Walsh , Rick Mercer and other regulars of the television series This Hour Has 22 Minutes were the hosts for the ceremonies , which were broadcast on CBC Television . Almost 10,000 people were in attendance , and over 6,500 public tickets were sold . Nominees were announced on 1 February 1995 . Susan Aglukark and Jann Arden were among the prominent nominees this year . Vancouver rock band 54-40 's album Smilin ' Buddha Cabaret was accidentally left off the nomination list for Best Alternative Album ; after realizing the error , the Academy decided to add them to the category , and rather than remove another band 's album simply widened the category to six nominees . Leonard Rambeau , the long-time manager of Anne Murray , received a special lifetime achievement award ; Rambeau died later that year of cancer ."}]}, {'value': 'Moist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moist_(Canadian_band)', 'summary': 'Moist is a Canadian rock band that originally formed in 1992 . It consists of David Usher as lead vocalist , Mark Makoway on lead guitars , Jonathan Gallivan on guitars , Kevin Young on keyboards , Francis Fillion on drums , and Jeff Pearce on bass . Drummer Paul Wilcox left the band just before its hiatus in 2000 . Moist was signed by EMI Music in 1994 and released three studio albums in the 1990s , becoming a staple of Canadian music culture . Shortly after releasing a compilation album in 2001 , the band underwent an unplanned hiatus for over a decade , and then became officially reestablished in June 2013 . Shortly after reuniting , the band began work on their fourth studio album , entitled Glory Under Dangerous Skies , which was released on October 7 , 2014 . The band has received 10 Juno Award nominations , winning two . Between 1996 and 2016 , Moist was among the top 50 best-selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 20 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada .'}]}, {'value': "Big Sugar Farmer 's Daughter The Gandharvas Wild Strawberries", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Sugar', 'summary': "Big Sugar is a band formed in Toronto in 1988 by Gordie Johnson , who serves as the band 's lead singer , lead guitarist and main songwriter . Between 1996 and 2016 , Big Sugar was among the top 80 best-selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 25 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Farmer's_Daughter_(band)", 'summary': "Farmer 's Daughter is a Canadian country music group . Farmer 's Daughter recorded three studio albums and charted sixteen singles on the Canadian country music charts . Their highest charting single was the Number One song Cornfields or Cadillacs . Although sometimes referred to as a band , they do not play musical instruments as part of their act ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Gandharvas', 'summary': 'The Gandharvas was a Canadian alternative rock band formed in 1989 in London , Ontario .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wild_Strawberries_(band)', 'summary': 'Wild Strawberries is a Canadian pop rock band consisting of married couple Roberta Carter-Harrison ( vocals ) and Ken Harrison . They have released a number of albums , their latest being Vesper 50 ( 2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1996', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1996 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 10 March 1996 in Hamilton , Ontario at a ceremony in the Copps Coliseum . Anne Murray was the host for the ceremonies , which were broadcast on CBC Television . Quebec-based independent classical label Analekta Records boycotted the Junos after failing to receive a Juno nomination after attempts for five years . Analekta claimed its sales were twice that of CBC Records . Several record stores such as CD Plus , HMV , Sunrise and Music World also intended to boycott the Junos because competing music retailer Columbia House had signed on as a Juno advertiser . Nominations were announced 31 January 1996 . Prominent nominees were Alanis Morissette and Shania Twain who had recent internationally successful albums who both won Grammy Awards on 28 February 1996 . Alanis Morissette won in five Juno categories , becoming this year 's major winner ."}]}, {'value': 'Philosopher Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philosopher_Kings', 'summary': 'The Philosopher Kings are a Canadian band . The band was most commercially successful in the late 1990s and have been nominated for five Juno Awards , winning one in 1996 for Best New Group . Most of the band members , current and former , have also had successful careers as songwriters and producers for several artists and performers . Between 1996 and 2016 , The Philosopher Kings were among the top 150 selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 50 selling Canadian bands in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Hemingway Corner Rainbow Butt Monkeys Rymes with Orange Sandbox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hemingway_Corner', 'summary': 'Hemingway Corner was a Canadian-American folk pop group , active in the 1990s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rainbow_Butt_Monkeys', 'summary': "Finger Eleven is a Canadian alternative rock band from Burlington , Ontario , formed in 1990 . They have released seven studio albums ( six as Finger Eleven and one as Rainbow Butt Monkeys ) , with their album The Greyest of Blue Skies bringing them into the mainstream . Their 2003 self-titled album achieved Gold status in the United States and Platinum in Canada , largely from the success of the single One Thing , which marked the band 's first placing on the US Hot 100 Chart at number 16 . Their 2007 album , Them vs. You vs. Me launched the single Paralyzer , which went on to top the Canadian Hot 100 and both US rock charts , as well as reaching No . 6 on the US Hot 100 and No . 12 on the Australian Singles Chart . They won the Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year in 2008 . The same album was later certified gold in the US and multi-platinum in Canada . They released their sixth studio album , Life Turns Electric , on October 5 , 2010 ; it was nominated for a Juno Award for Best Rock Album of the Year . The first single off the album , Living in a Dream , added a little bit of funk rock and dance rock , just like their hit song Paralyzer . Five Crooked Lines , their 7th studio album , was released in 2015 . Between 1995 and 2016 , Finger Eleven was among the top 75 best-selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 25 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rymes_with_Orange', 'summary': 'Rymes with Orange is a Canadian alternative rock band which formed in 1991 in Vancouver . This independent band have released four albums : Peel ( 1992 ) , Trapped in the Machine ( 1994 ) , Crash ( 1999 ) and One More Mile ( 2003 ) . They have had three Top 10 singles on Canadian Rock Radio , with sales of over 70,000 units worldwide , and have toured Canada , New Zealand , the U.S. and the U.K. , all while maintaining independent status .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sandbox_(band)', 'summary': 'Sandbox was a Canadian alternative rock band active in the 1990s . The band consisted of Paul Murray on lead vocals , Mike Smith and Jason Archibald on guitar , Scott MacFarlane on bass and Troy Shanks on drums .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1997', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 1997 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 9 March 1997 in Hamilton , Ontario at a ceremony in the Copps Coliseum . Jann Arden was host for the major ceremonies which were broadcast on CBC Television . Nominations were announced on 29 January 1997 . Major winners were Celine Dion and The Tragically Hip .'}]}, {'value': 'The Killjoys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Killjoys_(Canadian_band)', 'summary': 'The Killjoys were a Canadian alternative rock band who formed in 1992 in Hamilton , Ontario . The group enjoyed moderate success in Canada during the grunge/alternative rock heyday of the 1990s before disbanding in 1999 , reforming in 2015 , and once again disbanding in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Limblifter Pluto Starkicker Victor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limblifter', 'summary': 'Limblifter is a Canadian alternative rock group from Vancouver , formed in 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pluto_(Canadian_band)', 'summary': 'Pluto was a Canadian alternative rock band from Vancouver , British Columbia . They were nominated for a 1997 Juno Award . The band consisted of vocalist and guitarist Ian Jones , guitarist Rolf Hetherington , bassist John Ounpuu , and drummer Justin Leigh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Starkicker', 'summary': 'Dunk , also previously known as Starkicker and blue.bottle.fly. , was a Canadian power pop band from St. Catharines , Ontario , who were active from the mid 1990s to early 2000s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alex_Lifeson', 'summary': "Alexandar Živojinović , OC ( born 27 August 1953 ) , better known by his stage name Alex Lifeson , is a Canadian musician , singer , songwriter , and record producer , best known as the guitarist of the progressive rock band Rush . In 1968 , Lifeson co-founded the band that would become Rush , with drummer John Rutsey and bassist and singer Jeff Jones . Jones was replaced by Geddy Lee a month later , and Rutsey was replaced by Neil Peart in 1974 , making Lifeson the only constant member . With Rush , Lifeson plays electric and acoustic guitars , as well as other string instruments such as mandola , mandolin , and bouzouki . He also performs backing vocals in live performances , and occasionally plays keyboards and bass pedal synthesizers . Like the other members of Rush , Lifeson performs real-time on-stage triggering of sampled instruments , concurrently with his guitar playing . The bulk of Lifeson 's work in music has been with Rush , although Lifeson has contributed to a body of work outside the band as well . Aside from music , Lifeson is part-owner of The Orbit Room , a bar and restaurant in Toronto , a painter and a licensed aircraft pilot . Along with his bandmates Geddy Lee and Neil Peart , Lifeson was made an Officer of the Order of Canada on 9 May 1996 . The trio was the first rock band to be so honoured , as a group . In 2013 , he was inducted with Rush into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Lifeson was ranked 98th on Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time , and third ( after Eddie Van Halen and Brian May ) in a Guitar World readers poll also listing the 100 greatest guitarists ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1998', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 1998 were presented in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The primary ceremonies at GM Place before an audience of 10 000 on 22 March 1998 . Actor Jason Priestley of the television series Beverly Hills , 90210 hosted these ceremonies which were televised by CBC . A backstage internet telecast was also introduced for this year . Performers included Jann Arden , Econoline Crush , Leahy , Sarah McLachlan , Ron Sexsmith , and Shania Twain . Nominations were announced on 11 February 1998 . The previously combined Blues/Gospel category became separate Best Blues Album and Best Gospel Album categories as of this year . The Canadian Music Hall of Fame welcomed David Foster as its 1998 inductee .'}]}, {'value': 'Leahy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leahy', 'summary': "Leahy is a Canadian folk music group . The eight band members , all from the Leahy family of 11 siblings , are from Lakefield , Ontario and have been touring Canada and internationally since the early 1980s , when they were known as The Leahy Family . In 1985 , they were the subject of a short film entitled Leahy : Music Most of All which received an Academy Award in the category of Best Foreign Student Film . The members of Leahy take significant pride in their Irish roots and Canadian upbringing . The line-up of the group varies depending upon the availability of its members , who are present or absent due to marriage , childrearing and other obligations . During the 1980s and early 1990s , the band recorded a number of privately released LPs and cassettes ( most of which used the same title , The Leahy Family ) which were sold at their concerts and they were frequent guests at the Big Valley Jamboree concerts in Saskatchewan and Alberta . In 1997 , the band resumed recording with their relaunch album , Leahy which also introduced the group 's new branding . Leahy was an instrumental album , but the band also includes vocal performances in their live performances and subsequent albums have included both vocals and instrumentals . Despite their established history , they were awarded two Juno awards in 1998 , for Best New Group and Best Instrumental Artist . The following year , Leahy took a third Juno Award , for Best Country Group or Duo . Also in 1998 , Leahy were added as the opening act for Canadian country singer Shania Twain 's 1998 Come on Over Tour and were featured in two television specials from the tour , Live and The Specials , performing with Twain on the song Do n't Be Stupid ( You Know I Love You ) . The group 's members are both instrumentalists and dancers , with several members skilled in fiddle-playing ( most notably the band 's most famous member , Donnell ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bran Van 3000 Matthew Good Band The Age of Electric Wide Mouth Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bran_Van_3000', 'summary': 'Bran Van 3000 ( also known as BV3 ) is a Canadian alternative rock and hip hop collective from Montreal , Quebec . Founded by DJ James Di Salvio and E.P . Bergen , they collaborated on a number of songs with Stéphane Moraille , Sara Johnston , Steve Liquid Hawley , Jayne Hill , Jean Leloup , Kim Bingham , Pierre-Luc Cerat and other musicians . The name of the group is derived etymologically from Swedish liquor Brännvin , a general term referring to any type of distilled spirit . The name originated as a joke associated with the taupe-coloured Volkswagen Camper Van owned by Bergen in the mid-1990s which was said to run solely on bran flakes , brännvin and brand recognition when carrying the artists on tour around Canada . Between 1996 and 2016 , Bran Van 3000 was among the Top 150 selling Canadian artists in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Good_Band', 'summary': 'Matthew Good Band was a Canadian alternative rock band formed in Coquitlam , British Columbia in 1995 . The band consisted of singer-songwriter/guitarist Matthew Good , guitarist/keyboardist Dave Genn , drummer Ian Browne and bassist Geoff Lloyd . Lloyd was replaced by Rich Priske in 1998 . They became one of the most successful rock bands in Canada during the late 1990s and early 2000s , being nominated for 14 Juno Awards and winning the awards for Best Group and Best Rock Album ( Beautiful Midnight ) in 2000 . The band broke up after the release of their 2001 album , The Audio of Being .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Age_of_Electric', 'summary': 'The Age of Electric is a Canadian hard rock band founded in 1989 with members from Lanigan and Regina , Saskatchewan . The members are Todd Kerns ( vocals/guitar ) , Ryan Dahle ( guitar/backing vocals ) , John Kerns ( bass ) , and Kurt Dahle ( drums/backing vocals ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wide_Mouth_Mason', 'summary': 'Wide Mouth Mason is a Canadian blues-based rock band , consisting of Shaun Verreault ( Lead Vocals , Guitar ) and Safwan Javed ( Percussion , Backing Vocals ) . Former bassist Earl Pereira was also co-founder of Wide Mouth Mason . The band hails from Saskatoon , Saskatchewan and has been active since 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1999', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 1999 honouring Canadian music industry achievements were held in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . The primary ceremonies at Copps Coliseum on 7 March 1999 were broadcast by CBC Television and hosted by Mike Bullard . Nominations were announced 27 January 1999 from the Glenn Gould Studio in Toronto . CBC technicians under the Communications , Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada were on strike in early 1999 . However , the union chose not to picket the Juno Awards broadcast . Luc Plamondon was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Favourite Swing Orchestra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Favourite_Swing_Orchestra', 'summary': "Johnny Favourite Swing Orchestra was a Canadian swing revival band , active in the late 1990s . Formed in Halifax , Nova Scotia by jazz singer Stuart Johnny Favourite Bastow , the band released its debut album The Life Desire independently in 1997 . Other band members included John Wesley Chisholm , Wes Mackey Jr. , Colin Hudson , Pete Johnston , Matt Myer , Craig Sheppard , Hound Dog Dave Fitzgerald , Eric Landry , David Christensen , Dawn Hatfield and Andrew Killawee . They won an East Coast Music Award for Best Jazz Group in 1998 , and signed to Universal Records that year . Soon afterward , however , Chisholm left the band after the birth of his second child ; he subsequently received two Genie Award nominations , for both Best Original Song and Best Original Score , for his work composing music for the film Beefcake . The band 's second album , Holiday Romance , was released in fall 1998 . By this time the band was a popular touring act , whose live show included original material , jazz standards and covers of classic and hard rock songs by bands such as Led Zeppelin and The Band . They garnered radio and MuchMusic airplay for singles such as Rootbeer & Licorice and We Still Talk . Rootbeer & Licorice charted on the Adult Contemporary charts in RPM , peaking at # 32 the week of January 11 , 1999 . The band won the Juno Award for Best New Group at the Juno Awards of 1999 . Because the band had up to 14 members at various times , it underwent frequent personnel changes and internal tensions . The band broke up following a show in Halifax in early 2000 ; Bastow continued to use the name Johnny Favourite as a solo artist , and released his first solo album The Tonight Album in fall 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Love Inc. New Meanies The Moffats The Wilkinsons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Inc._(band)', 'summary': 'Love Inc. were a Canadian Eurodance music group from Toronto , Ontario . The group was formed by DJ/remixer/producers Chris Sheppard and Brad Daymond , with Simone Denny on vocals . The Sheppard and Denny combination previously worked together in the Quality Records dance outfit BKS , an acronym using the surname initials of Zambian born Hennie Bekker , Greg Kavanagh and Sheppard .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Meanies', 'summary': 'The New Meanies , originally called the Blue Meanies , are a Canadian four piece rock band from Winnipeg .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Moffats', 'summary': "The Moffats is a children 's novel by the American author Eleanor Estes , the first in a series of four books about the Moffat family . The Moffats tells about four young children and their mother who live in a small town in Connecticut . Their adventures are based on Estes ' memories of her childhood and focus on a working-class , single-parent American family during World War I ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Wilkinsons', 'summary': "The Wilkinsons was a Canadian country music trio from Trenton , Ontario . Founded in 1997 , the group consisted of lead singer Amanda Wilkinson , her brother Tyler Wilkinson , and their father , Steve Wilkinson . The Wilkinsons achieved success late in 1998 with the hit single 26 Cents , a Number One on the Canadian country music charts and Top 5 hit on the U.S . Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts . It was followed by Fly ( The Angel Song ) , also a No . 1 in Canada . A second album , Here and Now , produced the group 's last American top 40 hit in Jimmy 's Got a Girlfriend . Afterward , the trio recorded three more albums , one of which was not released , and a Greatest Hits package ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2000', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2000 were held in Toronto , Ontario , Canada during the weekend of 11-12 March 2000 . The primary ceremonies were hosted by The Moffatts at the SkyDome ( now Rogers Centre ) on 12 March 2000 and broadcast on CBC Television . This marked the first year that the award ceremonies were divided over two days , with non-televised award categories presented on 11 March . The following award categories were nationally televised :'}]}, {'value': 'Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sky_(Canadian_band)', 'summary': 'Sky was a Canadian R & B-influenced pop rock group from Montreal , Quebec . The duo originally consisted of James Renald and Antoine Sicotte , son of actor Gilbert Sicotte . Both were songwriters , producers and multi-instrumentalists , who met in 1992 at a music engineering school in Montreal . Anastasia ( 2000-2003 ) replaced James as the lead singer after he left , and Karl Wolf ( 2003-2005 ) was the last lead singer of the group .'}]}, {'value': 'Gob Len Prozzäk Serial Joe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gob_(band)', 'summary': "Gob is a Canadian punk rock band from Langley , British Columbia , formed in 1993 . The band consists of Tom Thacker , Theo Goutzinakis , Gabe Mantle and Steven Fairweather . Juno nominated for best new group in 2000 , and another Juno nomination for best video in 2002 . Gob 's most successful album is World According to Gob . Their best-selling songs to date are I Hear You Calling , Soda , and Banshee Song . They have been featured in movies , TV shows and many sporting video games such as NHL 2002 , NHL 2003 , NHL 2004 and Madden NFL 2004 with songs such as Oh ! Ellin , I 've Been Up These Steps , Sick With You ( both re-mixed for the game ) , I Hear You Calling and Give Up The Grudge . The band has appeared at several music festivals , the most well-known being the Vans Warped Tour . Thacker is also a lead guitarist for fellow Canadian rock band Sum 41 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Len_(band)', 'summary': 'Len is a Canadian alternative rock duo based in Toronto , Ontario . The band consists of siblings Marc Costanzo ( vocals , guitar ) and Sharon Costanzo ( vocals , bass ) and a revolving lineup of touring and studio musicians .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prozzäk', 'summary': 'Prozzäk ( also known as Simon and Milo ) were a Canadian pop music duo that consisted of Jay Levine and James Bryan McCollum . Their recordings and animated music videos told the tale of two friends , Simon ( Levine ) and Milo ( McCollum ) , who are in search of their true love . The band received four Juno Award nominations during their tenure . From their formation to 2016 , Prozzäk was among the top 80 best-selling Canadian artists in Canada . In 2019 , Prozzäk announced that they were disbanding . They played their final show on November 30 , 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Serial_Joe', 'summary': "Serial Joe was a Canadian band from Newmarket , Ontario which consisted of high school students Ryan Dennis ( vocals , guitar ) , Ryan Stever ( guitar ) , John Davidson ( bass guitar ) and Dan Stadnicki ( drums ) . The group released four studio albums . Dennis stated that the band 's name came from a girl with a speech disorder who would mispronounce the name Sergio as Serial-Joe ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2001', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2001 were held in Hamilton , Ontario Canada during the weekend of 3-4 March 2001 . The primary ceremonies were hosted by Rick Mercer at Copps Coliseum on 4 March 2001 and broadcast on CBC Television . Performers during the telecast included : Deborah Cox , Nelly Furtado , The Guess Who , Jacksoul , Michie Mee , The Moffatts and Treble Charger . Nominations were announced 24 January 2001 . Nelly Furtado received five nominations and won four of these . The 2001 awards were the last Junos broadcast on CBC Television until 2018 . From 2002 to 2017 , the awards would move to CTV . Up to 2001 , every primary Juno ceremony had been aired on the CBC since the first Juno telecast in 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nickelback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelback', 'summary': "Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in 1995 in Hanna , Alberta , Canada . The band is composed of guitarist and lead vocalist Chad Kroeger , guitarist , keyboardist and backing vocalist Ryan Peake , bassist Mike Kroeger , and drummer Daniel Adair . The band went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005 , achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced drummer Ryan Vikedal . Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands , having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide . In 2009 , Billboard ranked them the most successful rock group of that decade ; their song How You Remind Me was listed as the best-selling rock song and the fourth best-selling song of the decade overall . They were listed number seven on the Billboard top artist of the decade , with four albums listed on the Billboard top albums of the decade . The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released their once-independent album The State . The band achieved significant commercial success with this album , as well as with its follow-up , Silver Side Up , in 2001 . Following the release of Silver Side Up the band released their biggest and most well-known hit today , How You Remind Me , which peaked number 1 on both the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts . The band 's fourth album The Long Road , was released in 2003 and spawned five singles including Canadian number one Someday , which also peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Afterwards , the band put out their biggest-selling album to date , All The Right Reasons ( 2005 ) which produced three top 10 singles and five top 20 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 including Photograph , Far Away , and Rockstar . The band 's album Dark Horse ( 2008 ) was another commercial success , producing eight singles , one of which peaked on the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and two of which peaked on the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': 'b4-4 Kittie Sum 41 Templar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B4-4', 'summary': 'b4-4 later on Before Four ( stylized as before four ) was a Canadian boy band from Toronto , Ontario . The band was composed of the twins Ryan and Dan Kowarsky , and Ohad Einbinder . They were signed to Sony Records and achieved commercial success in Canada and later toured as Before Four in Germany . After the band split up , Ryan and Dan Kowarsky went on to form the vocal , musical , songwriting and producing duo RyanDan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kittie', 'summary': "Kittie is a Canadian metal band formed in London , Ontario in 1996 . All of their material has been released through independent record labels , which to date includes six studio albums , one video album , four extended plays , thirteen singles , and thirteen music videos . Kittie was chosen as the band name because the name seemed contradictory . Kittie formed in 1996 when Fallon Bowman and Mercedes Lander met in gym class . Morgan Lander became the lead vocalist and one of Kittie 's guitarists and Tanya Candler completed the band 's lineup on bass . After signing to NG Records , Kittie released their debut album Spit , which was certified gold by the RIAA and sold at least 600,000 copies in the United States . The band released Oracle in 2001 and Until the End in 2004 . In 2005 , Kittie parted ways with Artemis Records and created their own label . The band released Funeral for Yesterday in 2007 and signed to E1 Music in 2009 . The band released In the Black in 2009 and I 've Failed You in 2011 . In 2014 , Kittie made a documentary as a 20th anniversary of the band . Kittie has been categorized under multiple heavy metal subgenres , including death metal , nu metal , and alternative metal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sum_41', 'summary': "Sum 41 is a Canadian rock band from Ajax , Ontario . Originally called Kaspir , the band was formed in 1996 and currently consists of Deryck Whibley ( lead vocals , guitars , keyboards ) , Dave Baksh ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , Tom Thacker ( guitars , keyboards , backing vocals ) , Jason Cone McCaslin ( bass , backing vocals ) , and Frank Zummo ( drums , occasional backing vocals ) . In 1999 , Sum 41 signed an international record deal with Island Records and released its first EP , Half Hour of Power , in 2000 . The band released its debut album , All Killer No Filler , in 2001 . The album achieved mainstream success with its first single , Fat Lip , which reached number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and remains the band 's most successful single to date . The album 's next singles In Too Deep and Motivation also achieved commercial success . All Killer No Filler was certified platinum in both the United States and the United Kingdom and triple platinum in Canada . In 2002 , the band released Does This Look Infected ? , which was also a commercial and critical success . The singles The Hell Song and Still Waiting both charted highly on the modern rock charts . The band released its next album , Chuck , in 2004 , led by singles We 're All to Blame and Pieces . The album proved successful , peaking at number 10 on the Billboard 200 . In 2007 , the band released Underclass Hero , which was met with a mixed reception , but gained some commercial success , becoming the band 's highest charting album to date ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Templar_(band)', 'summary': 'Templar were a Canadian alternative rock band from Vancouver , British Columbia , most noted for garnering a Juno Award nomination for Best New Group at the Juno Awards of 2001 . The band was formed in 1998 by vocalist Murray Yates and guitarist Will C. , and fused hard rock and electronica influences in a manner commonly compared by critics to Econoline Crush . The band took its name from Simon Templar , the lead character in the crime novel and film series The Saint . They released their debut album , Under the Sun , on EMI Records in 2000 ; the album featured the singles The Need and Here We Go . The band performed in Toronto in October that year with Limblifter and Edwin . Due to creative tensions , the band broke up in late 2001 while working on their second album . Yates went on to form Forty Foot Echo .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2002', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 2002 were presented in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada during the weekend of 13-14 April 2002 . Nominations were announced 11 February 2002 at a news conference hosted by Mike Bullard . Awards for the secondary categories were presented in a non-televised gala on 13 April . The primary ceremonies were conducted on 14 April at Mile One Stadium and televised by CTV , the first time for the private broadcaster . CBC Television had previously held the broadcast rights for the primary Juno ceremonies . The telecast was hosted by members of Barenaked Ladies and attracted the highest ratings in several years ( approximately 1.4 million viewers ) . Diana Krall won awards three categories based on her album The Look of Love . Nickelback also won three Junos on the strength of their album Silver Side Up , whose recording engineer won an additional Juno . Daniel Lanois was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Default', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Default_(band)', 'summary': 'Default is a Canadian rock band formed in Vancouver , British Columbia in 1999 . Since forming , the band has released four albums , and has sold more than a million records . The majority of their fan base is in Canada , but they had brief mainstream success in the United States with the release of their hit single Wasting My Time . The group disbanded in 2013 after a hiatus following the release of their fourth album , and lead singer Dallas Smith pursued a country music solo career . In 2018 , Default announced that they were back together . The band also announced a tour in support of Stone Temple Pilots and Seether , and a co-headline tour with Ages of Days . Between 1995 and 2016 , Default was among the top 150 selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 50 selling Canadian bands in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Joydrop Smoother Sugar Jones Wave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joydrop', 'summary': 'Joydrop is a Canadian alternative rock band originally active in the late 1990s and early 2000s from Toronto , Ontario . The band reunited in 2017 . The band consists of vocalist Tara Slone , guitarist Thomas Payne , bassist Tom McKay , and drummer Tony Rabalao .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Smoother_(band)', 'summary': 'Smoother was a Canadian rock band from Hamilton , Ontario , headed by lead vocalist , guitarist , and songwriter Andrew Franey . Members included Beau Cook on bass and vocals , keyboardist James Fleming , drummer Adam Benning and Todd Knight on guitar and vocals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sugar_Jones', 'summary': "Sugar Jones was a Canadian all-female pop group created on the first season of the Canadian version of Popstars in 2001 . It consisted of five members chosen from thousands contestants who auditioned all over Canada in hopes of gaining a spot in the group . In 2001 , they released their debut and only album , which was self-titled , in the summer of 2001 , that featured the singles Days Like That ( a cover of the Fierce song ) and How Much Longer , both gaining fair amount of airplay on Canadian Radio throughout 2001 . Sugar Jones studio album was recorded at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga , Ontario . After mostly local Canadian success , the band eventually disbanded just the following year , in the Spring of 2002 . Members were as follows : Sahara MacDonald ( b. Jun . 19 , 1977 ) Andrea Henry ( b. Dec. 14 , 1978 ) Julie Crochetière ( b. Jul . 10 , 1980 ) Maiko Watson ( b. Apr . 29 , 1981 ) Mirella Dell'Aquila ( b. Nov. 26 , 1981 ) After disbanding , each member stayed active in music and started families with Julie and Andrea both releasing solo albums in 2008 respectively . Sahara MacDonald released an album independently and starred in several theatre productions , such as Toronto 's We Will Rock You . She is now as yoga instructor . Maiko Watson went on to marry fellow Canadian R & B/Soul singer , Remy Shand , in 2002 before divorcing in 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wave_(band)', 'summary': 'Wave was a Canadian pop rock duo composed of Dave Thomson and Paul Gigliotti . They formed in 1999 in Niagara Falls , Ontario and are best known for their 2001 singles , California and Think It Over , both which were Top 10 radio hits in Canada .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients -- Best New Group ( 1994–2002 )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Juno_Award_for_Breakthrough_Group_of_the_Year_1', 'intro': 'The Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year is presented by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences to the best new musical group in Canada. The award has been given annually since 1974, and was previously called Most Promising Group of the Year (1974-1993), Best New Group (1994-2002), and New Group of the Year (2003-2012).'}
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What is the fourth album of the 1995 winner of the Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year ?
Glory Under Dangerous Skies
084ef664002fa3fa
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1965 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Country', 'Team', 'Points'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Dumon Albien van Holsbeek Erik Gijselinck', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'David Walker Philip Romaine John Caine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Larbi Oukada Bouabib Chaoui Miloud Lhouceine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Francesco Sabatino Luigi Carnicelli Giuseppe Cindolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Cindolo', 'summary': 'Giuseppe Cindolo ( born 5 August 1945 ) is an Italian former long-distance runner , third at the 1974 European Athletics Championships on 10000 metres . He was born in Avellino .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Eddie Knox Ian Young Walter Eadie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'José Morera Manuel Porta Juan Angel Garay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tunisia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunisia', 'summary': "Tunisia [ a ] , officially the Republic of Tunisia [ b ] , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa , covering 163,610 square kilometres ( 63,170 square miles ) . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is also the northernmost point on the African continent . Tunisia is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was 11.5 million in 2017 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis ( Berber native name : Tunest ) , which is located on its northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains , and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 kilometres ( 810 miles ) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , feature the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only fully democratic sovereign state in the Arab world . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohamed Ben Slimane Hamdouni Sghaier Tahar Abassi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerry Williams Will Francis Bernie Plain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Algeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algeria', 'summary': 'Algeria ( /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) al-JEER-ee-ə ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast . With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres ( 919,595 sq mi ) , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in the African Union and Arab World . With an estimated population of over 42 million , it is among the ten most populous states in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . It is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Zayyanids , Spaniards , Ottomans and , finally , the French colonial empire . Algeria is a regional and middle power . It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent , based largely on energy exports . Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa , supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Abdelhamid Aït Yahia Abderrahmane Krideche Yahia Megdout', 'urls': []}, {'value': '111', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Team Results -- Junior Men 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1965_International_Cross_Country_Championships_3', 'intro': 'The 1965 International Cross Country Championships was held in Oostende, Belgium, at the Hippodrome Wellington on March 20, 1965. The competition saw first appearances of athletes from Algeria, New Zealand and West Germany. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results for men, junior men, medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published.'}
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What mountain range delimits the country of International Cross Country Championships competitor Giuseppe Cindolo ?
Alps
08507c07fca4e994
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment', 'title': 'Semi-Automatic Ground Environment', 'header': ['Sector', 'DC # and site', 'AFB , etc', 'ST'], 'data': [{'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': "The Eastern Air Defense Sector ( EADS ) is a United States Air Force Air Combat Command ( ACC ) unit permanently assigned to the North American Aerospace Defense Command . A joint , bi-national military organization , EADS is composed of U.S. and Canadian military forces , federal civilians and contractors . It is located at the Griffiss Business and Technology Park in Rome , New York , the former Griffiss Air Force Base . EADS is a subordinate command of the Continental NORAD Region-1st Air Force , headquartered at Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida . Its mission is to counter all air threats to EADS ' assigned Area of Operations through vigilant detection , rapid warning and precise tactical control of NORAD and NORTHCOM forces ."}]}, {'value': 'DC-01 40°01′51″N 074°34′32″W / 40.03083°N 74.57556°W / 40.03083 ; -74.57556 ( SAGE DC-01 ( NY sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McGuire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McGuire_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'McGuire AFB/McGuire , the common name of the McGuire unit of Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst , is a United States Air Force base located in Burlington County , New Jersey , United States , approximately 16.1 miles ( 25.9 km ) south-southeast of Trenton . McGuire is under the jurisdiction of the Air Mobility Command . It was consolidated with two adjoining US Army and Navy facilities to become part of Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst ( JB MDL ) on 1 October 2009 . The McGuire Air Force Base census-designated place ( CDP ) is located in portions of both New Hanover Township and North Hanover Township . As of the 2010 United States Census , the McGuire Air Force Base CDP had a total population of 3,710 , of which 737 were in New Hanover Township and 2,973 were in North Hanover Township .'}]}, {'value': 'NJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Boston Air Defense Sector ( BADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force Air Defense Command ( ADC ) organization . Its last assignment was with the ADC 26th Air Division at Hancock Field , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-02 41°30′01″N 074°06′22″W / 41.50028°N 74.10611°W / 41.50028 ; -74.10611 ( SAGE DC-02 ( Boston sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Stewart Air National Guard Base , located in Orange County , New York , is the base of the 105th Airlift Wing ( 105 AW ) , an Air Mobility Command ( AMC ) -gained unit of the New York Air National Guard and host wing for the installation . The former Stewart Air Force Base is also known as Newburgh-Stewart IAP and Stewart International Airport , while the military portion of this now-joint civil-military airport is known as Stewart Air National Guard Base ( Stewart ANGB ) . The base is named in honor of 19th-century Scottish-born sea captain , Lachlan Stewart , and his son , who donated the land it now occupies .'}]}, {'value': 'NY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syracuse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syracuse_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Syracuse Air Defense Sector ( SADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command ( ADC ) 26th Air Division at Hancock Field , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-03 43°07′19″N 076°06′01″W / 43.12194°N 76.10028°W / 43.12194 ; -76.10028 ( SAGE DC-02 ( Syracuse sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hancock Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hancock_Field_Air_National_Guard_Base', 'summary': "Hancock Field Air National Guard Base is a United States Air Force base , co-located with Syracuse Hancock International Airport . It is located 4.6 miles ( 7.4 km ) north-northeast of Syracuse , New York , at 6001 East Molloy Road , Mattydale , NY 13211 . The installation consists of approximately 350 acres ( 1.4 km2 ) of flight line , aircraft ramp and support facilities on the south side of the airport . Hancock Field is the home station of the New York Air National Guard 's 174th Attack Wing ( 174 ATW ) , and the 274th Air Support Operations Squadron ( 274 ASOS ) . Both units are operationally gained by Air Combat Command ( ACC ) . The base employs approximately 2,000 personnel consisting of full-time Active Guard and Reserve ( AGR ) , Air Reserve Technicians ( ART ) and traditional part-time Air National Guardsmen . ANG personnel maintains the BAK-14 arresting gear on the airport 's primary runway for emergency use by military tactical jet aircraft . They also operates an Air Force crash fire station that augments the airport 's civilian Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting ( ARFF ) department . On 11 August 2008 , it was reported that the 174th Fighter Wing would replace all F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft with MQ-9 Reaper unmanned combat aircraft . On 6 March 2010 , the last 2 F-16Cs departed Hancock Field marking the end of F-16 aircraft operations at the base . Aircraft 85-1570 and 85-1561 made three low passes for the assembled crowd gathered to commemorate the end of manned aviation for the Wing . The unit then transitioned to the remotely piloted MQ-9 Reaper , and was re-designated as an Attack Wing with the new aircraft ."}]}, {'value': 'NY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Washington Air Defense Sector ( WaADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command ( ADC ) 26th Air Division , being stationed at Fort Lee Air Force Station ( AFS ) , Virginia . It was inactivated on 1 April 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-04 37°15′09″N 077°19′21″W / 37.25250°N 77.32250°W / 37.25250 ; -77.32250 ( SAGE DC-04 ( Washington sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Lee AFS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Lee_Air_Force_Station', 'summary': 'Fort Lee Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force station . It is located 2.9 miles ( 4.7 km ) northwest of Prince George , Virginia . It was closed in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'VA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangor_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Bangor Air Defense Sector ( BaADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command 26th Air Division , being stationed at Topsham Air Force Station , Maine . It was inactivated on 1 April 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-05 43°56′42″N 069°57′46″W / 43.94500°N 69.96278°W / 43.94500 ; -69.96278 ( SAGE DC-05 ( Bangor sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Topsham AFS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Topsham_Air_Force_Station', 'summary': 'Topsham Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force station . It is located 2.1 miles ( 3.4 km ) north of Brunswick , Maine . It was closed in 1969 .'}]}, {'value': 'ME', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Detroit Air Defense Sector ( DEADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command ( ADC ) 26th Air Division at Custer Air Force Station ( AFS ) , Michigan . It was inactivated on 1 April 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-06 42°19′18″N 085°16′00″W / 42.32167°N 85.26667°W / 42.32167 ; -85.26667 ( SAGE DC-06 ( Detroit sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Custer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Custer_Air_Force_Station', 'summary': 'Custer Air Force Station ( ADC ID : P-67 DC-6 , NORAD ID : Z-67 , DC-6 ) is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar and Direction Center station . It is located 5.3 miles ( 8.5 km ) west-northwest of Battle Creek , Michigan . It was closed in 1969 .'}]}, {'value': 'MI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Chicago Air Defense Sector ( CADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command ( ADC ) 30th Air Division at Truax Field Wisconsin . It was inactivated on 1 April 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-07 43°07′36″N 089°20′06″W / 43.12667°N 89.33500°W / 43.12667 ; -89.33500 ( SAGE DC-07 ( Chicago sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Truax Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truax_Field_Air_National_Guard_Base', 'summary': 'Truax Field Air National Guard Base ( IATA : MSN , ICAO : KMSN , FAA LID : MSN ) , also known as Truax Field , is a military facility located at Dane County Regional Airport . It is located five miles ( 8 km ) northeast of the center of Madison , a city in Dane County , Wisconsin , United States . Truax Field was named in honor of Wisconsin native Lieutenant Thomas L. Truax , who was killed in a P-40 training accident in November 1941 . The airport is home to both the Wisconsin Army National Guard and the Wisconsin Air National Guard .'}]}, {'value': 'WI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Kansas City Air Defense Sector ( KCADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command 29th Air Division , being stationed at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base , Missouri . It was inactivated on 1 January 1962 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-08 38°50′47″N 094°32′50″W / 38.84639°N 94.54722°W / 38.84639 ; -94.54722 ( SAGE DC-08 ( KC sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richards-Gebaur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richards-Gebaur_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': "Richards-Gebaur Memorial Airport is a former airport that operated alongside Richards-Gebaur Air Reserve Station until the base 's closure in 1994 , and until it was closed in 1999 . Formerly , it was operated as Grandview Airport from 1941 until it was purchased by the United States Army in 1944 ."}]}, {'value': 'MO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montgomery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montgomery_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Southeast Air Defense Sector ( SEADS ) , was a unit of the US Air Force located at Tyndall Air Force Base near Panama City , Florida . It provided air defense and surveillance of the southeastern region of the US . SEADS closed in winter 2005 , giving up surveillance and control of their airspace to the Eastern Air Defense Sector ( EADS ) and the former Northeast Air Defense Sector ( NEADS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-09 32°24′13″N 086°14′28″W / 32.40361°N 86.24111°W / 32.40361 ; -86.24111 ( SAGE DC-09 ( Montgomery sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gunter_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Gunter Annex is a United States Air Force installation located in the North-northeast suburbs of Montgomery , Alabama . The base is named after former Montgomery mayor William Adams Gunter . Until 1992 it was known as Gunter Air Force Base or Gunter Air Force Station . It has been a military training base since its opening in 1940 . Gunter Annex is a subordinate installation under the administration of the 42d Air Base Wing at nearby Maxwell Air Force Base .'}]}, {'value': 'AL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duluth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duluth_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Duluth Air Defense Sector ( DUADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command 30th Air Division , being stationed at Duluth Airport , Minnesota . It was inactivated on 1 April 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-10 46°50′10″N 092°12′26″W / 46.83611°N 92.20722°W / 46.83611 ; -92.20722 ( Sage DCC-10 ( Duluth sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duluth AFB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Forks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Forks_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Grand Forks Air Defense Sector ( GFADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command 29th Air Division , being stationed at Grand Forks Air Force Base , North Dakota . It was inactivated on 1 December 1963'}]}, {'value': 'DC-11 47°56′47″N 097°22′55″W / 47.94639°N 97.38194°W / 47.94639 ; -97.38194 ( SAGE DC-11 ( Grand Forks sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Forks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Forks_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': "Grand Forks Air Force Base ( AFB ) ( IATA : RDR , ICAO : KRDR , FAA LID : RDR ) is a United States Air Force installation in northeastern North Dakota , located north of Emerado and 16 miles ( 26 km ) west of Grand Forks . In the 2010 census , the base was counted as a census-designated place with a total population of 2,367 , down from 4,832 in 2000 . Opened 63 years ago in early 1957 , the base 's current host unit is the 319th Reconnaissance Wing ( 319 RW ) assigned to the Air Combat Command ( ACC ) . The 319th Reconnaissance Wing is commanded by Colonel Benjamin W. Spencer and the wing Command Chief Master Sergeant is CMSgt Brian C. Thomas . Schools on base : Nathan Twining Elementary School . During the Cold War , GFAFB was a major installation of the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) , with B-52 bombers , KC-135 tankers , and Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missiles ."}]}, {'value': 'ND', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Western Air Defense Sector ( WADS ) is a unit of the Washington Air National Guard located at Joint Base Lewis-McChord , Tacoma , Washington . As a state militia unit , the Western Air Defense Sector is not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command . It is under the jurisdiction of the Washington Air National Guard unless it is federalized by order of the President of the United States . It is operationally gained by Air Combat Command . The WADS is one of two Sectors responsible to the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) and the Continental NORAD Region for peacetime air sovereignty , strategic air defense , and airborne counter-drug operations in the continental United States . The other sector is the Eastern Air Defense Sector ( EADS ) . There was a third Sector , the Southeast Air Defense Sector , located at Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida ; but it was closed in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-12 47°07′18″N 122°30′14″W / 47.12167°N 122.50389°W / 47.12167 ; -122.50389 ( SAGE DC-12 ( Seattle sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McChord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McChord_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': "McChord Field ( IATA : TCM , ICAO : KTCM , FAA LID : TCM ) is a United States Air Force base in the northwest United States , in Pierce County , Washington . South of Tacoma , McChord Field is the home of the 62d Airlift Wing , Air Mobility Command , the field 's primary mission being worldwide strategic airlift . The McChord facility was consolidated with the U.S. Army 's Fort Lewis on 1 February 2010 to become part of the Joint Base Lewis-McChord complex . This initiative was driven by the Base Realignment and Closure Round in 2005 and is designed to combine current infrastructure into one maximizing war fighting capability and efficiency , while saving taxpayer dollars ."}]}, {'value': 'WA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Portland Air Defense Sector ( PADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the 25th Air Division , being stationed at Adair Air Force Station , Oregon . It was inactivated on 1 April 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-13 44°40′15″N 123°12′58″W / 44.67083°N 123.21611°W / 44.67083 ; -123.21611 ( SAGE DC-13 ( Portland sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adair AFS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sault Ste Marie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sault_Sainte_Marie_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Sault Sainte Marie Air Defense Sector ( SsmADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the 30th Air Division , being stationed at K.I . Sawyer Air Force Base , Michigan .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-14 46°20′47″N 087°23′00″W / 46.34639°N 87.38333°W / 46.34639 ; -87.38333 ( SAGE DC-14 ( Sault Ste Marie sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K. I. Sawyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K._I._Sawyer_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': "K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base is a decommissioned U.S. Air Force installation in Marquette County , Michigan , south of the city of Marquette . Near the center of Michigan 's Upper Peninsula , the base operated for nearly forty years and closed in 1995 . The county airport , Sawyer International , now occupies a portion of the base and has scheduled airline flights and some general aviation activity . The area of the former base is now an unincorporated community and a census-designated place for statistical purposes known as K. I. Sawyer AFB ."}]}, {'value': 'MI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spokane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spokane_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Spokane Air Defense Sector ( SPADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command 25th Air Division ( 25th AD ) at Larson Air Force Base , Washington .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-15 47°10′53″N 119°19′16″W / 47.18139°N 119.32111°W / 47.18139 ; -119.32111 ( SAGE DC-15 ( Spokane sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larson_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Larson Air Force Base is a former United States Air Force base located five miles ( 8 km ) northwest of the central business district ( CBD ) of Moses Lake , in Grant County , Washington . After its closure in 1966 , the airport facility became Grant County International Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'WA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Southwest Air Defense Sector ( SWADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the First Air Force , being stationed at March Air Force Base , California . It was inactivated on 31 December 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-16 34°06′19″N 117°13′05″W / 34.10528°N 117.21806°W / 34.10528 ; -117.21806 ( SAGE DC-16 ( LA sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norton_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Norton Air Force Base ( IATA : SBD ) ( 1942-1994 ) was a United States Air Force facility 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) east of downtown San Bernardino , California , in San Bernardino County .'}]}, {'value': 'CA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reno_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Reno Air Defense Sector ( ReADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the 28th Air Division , being stationed at Stead Air Force Base , Nevada .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-17 39°39′04″N 119°53′00″W / 39.65111°N 119.88333°W / 39.65111 ; -119.88333 ( SAGE DC-17 ( Reno sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stead_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': "Reno/Stead Airport is a large public and military general aviation airport located in the North Valleys area , 10 nautical miles ( 19 km ) northwest of the central business district of Reno , in Washoe County , Nevada , United States . A former military installation until 1966 , when it was known as Stead Air Force Base , the airport 's sole remaining military presence consists of an Army Aviation Support Facility and the 189th General Support Aviation Battalion of the Nevada Army National Guard , flying CH-47 Chinook helicopters . The airport is owned by the Reno Tahoe Airport Authority . The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011-2015 categorized it as a general aviation reliever airport . Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA , this airport is assigned RTS by the FAA , but has no designation from the IATA ( which assigned RTS to Rottnest Island Airport in Rottnest Island , Western Australia ) . Reno/Stead Airport does not have regularly scheduled service , but functions as a general aviation reliever for the nearby Reno/Tahoe International Airport . The airport is used by the Bureau of Land Management as a base for fire fighting aircraft ."}]}, {'value': 'NV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The San Francisco Air Defense Sector ( SFADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the 28th Air Division , being stationed at Beale Air Force Base , California .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-18 39°06′35″N 121°23′49″W / 39.10972°N 121.39694°W / 39.10972 ; -121.39694 ( SAGE DC-18 ( San Francisco sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beale_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': "Beale Air Force Base ( AFB ) ( IATA : BAB , ICAO : KBAB , FAA LID : BAB ) is a United States Air Force base located approximately 8 miles ( 13 km ) east of Marysville , California . The host unit at Beale is the 9th Reconnaissance Wing ( 9 RW ) assigned to the Air Combat Command and part of Sixteenth Air Force . The 9 RW collects intelligence essential for Presidential and Congressional decisions critical to the national defense . To accomplish this mission , the wing is equipped with the nation 's fleet of U-2 Dragon Lady and RQ-4 Global Hawk unmanned aircraft and associated support equipment . The wing also maintains a high state of readiness in its combat support and combat service support forces for potential deployment in response to theater contingencies . The 940th Air Refueling Wing ( 940 ARW ) is a tenant Air Force Reserve Command wing at Beale AFB flying the KC-135 Stratotanker and operationally-gained by the Air Mobility Command ( AMC ) . Beale AFB was established in 1942 as Camp Beale and is named for Edward Fitzgerald Beale ( 1822-1893 ) , a former Lieutenant in the U.S. Navy and a Brigadier General in the California Militia who was an explorer and frontiersman in California . Camp Beale became a United States Air Force installation on 1 April 1951 and was renamed Beale Air Force Base ."}]}, {'value': 'CA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minot_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Minot Air Defense Sector ( MADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command 29th Air Division , being stationed at Minot Air Force Base , North Dakota . It was inactivated on 1 December 1963'}]}, {'value': 'DC-19 ( not completed )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minot_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Minot Air Force Base ( IATA : MIB , ICAO : KMIB , FAA LID : MIB ) is a U.S. Air Force installation in Ward County , North Dakota , 13 miles ( 20 km ) north of the city of Minot via U.S. 83 . In the 2010 census , the base was counted as a CDP with a total population of 5,521 , down from 7,599 in 2000 . Minot AFB is the home of two major wings : the 5th Bomb Wing and 91st Missile Wing , both of the Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) . Originally opened in 1957 as an Air Defense Command ( ADC ) base , Minot AFB became a major Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) base in the early 1960s , with both nuclear-tipped intercontinental ballistic missiles and manned bombers and aerial refueling aircraft . When SAC was inactivated in 1992 , the nuclear mission of the base was divided between two commands , with missiles going to the Air Force Space Command ( AFSPC ) and manned bombers to the Air Combat Command ( ACC ) . With the establishment of the Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) in 2009 , missiles and manned bombers ( excluding the B-1 Lancer ) were transferred from AFSPC and ACC to AFGSC in late 2009 and early 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'ND', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Falls_Air_Defense_Sector', 'summary': 'The Great Falls Air Defense Sector ( GFADS ) is an inactive United States Air Force organization . Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command 29th Air Division , being stationed at Malmstrom Air Force Base , Montana . It was inactivated on 1 April 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC-20 47°30′59″N 111°10′55″W / 47.51639°N 111.18194°W / 47.51639 ; -111.18194 ( SAGE DC-20 ( Great Falls sector ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malmstrom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malmstrom_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Malmstrom Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Cascade County , Montana , United States , adjacent to the city of Great Falls . It was named in honor of World War II POW Colonel Einar Axel Malmstrom . It is the home of the 341st Missile Wing ( 341 MW ) of the Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) . As a census-designated place , it had a population of 3,472 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'MT', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Direction Centers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment_0', 'intro': "The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) was a system of large computers and associated networking equipment that coordinated data from many radar sites and processed it to produce a single unified image of the airspace over a wide area. SAGE directed and controlled the NORAD response to a Soviet air attack, operating in this role from the late 1950s into the 1980s. Its enormous computers and huge displays remain a part of cold war lore, and a common prop in movies such as Dr. Strangelove and Colossus. The processing power behind SAGE was supplied by the largest computer ever built, the IBM-manufactured AN/FSQ-7. Each SAGE Direction Center (DC) housed an FSQ-7 which occupied an entire floor, approximately 22,000 square feet (2,000 m2) not including supporting equipment. Information was fed to the DCs from a network of radar stations as well as readiness information from various defence sites. The computers, based on the raw radar data, developed tracks for the reported targets, and automatically calculated which defences were within range. Operators used light guns to select targets on-screen for further information, select one of the available defences, and issue commands to attack. These commands would then be automatically sent to the defence site via teleprinter. Connecting the various sites was an enormous network of telephones, modems and teleprinters. Later additions to the system allowed SAGE's tracking data to be sent directly to CIM-10 Bomarc missiles and some of the US Air Force's interceptor aircraft in-flight, directly updating their autopilots to maintain an intercept course without operator intervention. Each DC also forwarded data to a Combat Center (CC) for supervision of the several sectors within the division (each combat center [had] the capability to coordinate defense for the whole nation)."}
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What is the name of the sector whose AFB is the home of the 341st Missile Wing ( 341 MW ) of the Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) ?
Great Falls
0850c3515c662006
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lasse Kjus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lasse_Kjus', 'summary': 'Lasse Kjus ( born 14 January 1971 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Norway . He won the overall World Cup title twice , an Olympic gold medal , and several World Championships . His combined career total of 16 Olympic and World Championship medals ranks second all-time behind fellow Norwegian Kjetil André Aamodt .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's combined", 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bjørn Dæhlie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjørn_Dæhlie', 'summary': "Bjørn Erlend Dæhlie ( born 19 June 1967 ) is a Norwegian businessman and retired cross-country skier . In the years from 1992 to 1999 , Dæhlie won the Nordic World Cup six times , finishing second in 1994 and 1998 . Dæhlie won a total of 29 medals in the Olympics and World Championships in the period between 1991 and 1999 , making Dæhlie the most successful male cross-country skier in history . During his career , Dæhlie measured a VO2 max of 96 ml/kg/min . Dæhlie 's result was achieved out of season , and physiologist Erlend Hem who was responsible for the testing stated that he would not discount the possibility of the skier passing 100 ml/kg/min at his absolute peak . [ citation needed ] In addition to being an athletic figurehead , Dæhlie is a cultural icon in Norway . Since retiring , Dæhlie has become a successful businessman in real estate and fashion . His real estate investments have produced a fortune of more than half a billion kroner . Dæhlie has been featured in advertising campaigns , he started a brand of signature ski apparel , and he co-hosted a television show called Gutta på tur . Dæhlie also invented the Salomon Nordic System Pilot Bindings . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10 km ( classical )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bjørn Dæhlie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjørn_Dæhlie', 'summary': "Bjørn Erlend Dæhlie ( born 19 June 1967 ) is a Norwegian businessman and retired cross-country skier . In the years from 1992 to 1999 , Dæhlie won the Nordic World Cup six times , finishing second in 1994 and 1998 . Dæhlie won a total of 29 medals in the Olympics and World Championships in the period between 1991 and 1999 , making Dæhlie the most successful male cross-country skier in history . During his career , Dæhlie measured a VO2 max of 96 ml/kg/min . Dæhlie 's result was achieved out of season , and physiologist Erlend Hem who was responsible for the testing stated that he would not discount the possibility of the skier passing 100 ml/kg/min at his absolute peak . [ citation needed ] In addition to being an athletic figurehead , Dæhlie is a cultural icon in Norway . Since retiring , Dæhlie has become a successful businessman in real estate and fashion . His real estate investments have produced a fortune of more than half a billion kroner . Dæhlie has been featured in advertising campaigns , he started a brand of signature ski apparel , and he co-hosted a television show called Gutta på tur . Dæhlie also invented the Salomon Nordic System Pilot Bindings . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 15 km pursuit ( freestyle )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Alsgaard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Alsgaard', 'summary': "Thomas Alsgaard ( born 10 January 1972 ) is a Norwegian former professional cross-country skier . Alsgaard is regarded by many as the best performer of the freestyle technique ( skating ) in cross-country skiing and many of today 's best skiers have studied his technique . In total , Alsgaard won 15 medals in the Winter Olympics and FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , making him one of the most successful skiers of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 30 km ( freestyle )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stine Lise Hattestad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stine_Lise_Hattestad', 'summary': 'Stine Lise Hattestad Bratsberg ( born 30 April 1966 ) is a former Norwegian freestyle skier . She won an Olympic gold medal in the 1994 Olympics on Lillehammer and bronze from the Albertville Olympics . She also won the overall World Cup in 1988 and 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The freestyle skiing competition of the 1994 Winter Olympics was held at Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena . There were four events , taking place between 15 and 24 February 1994 . The freestyle program was expanded at this Olympics , with aerials , previously a demonstration event , added as a full medal event .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's moguls", 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred Børre Lundberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Børre_Lundberg', 'summary': 'Fred Børre Lundberg ( born 25 December 1969 in Hammerfest and raised in Bardufoss ) is a former Nordic combined skier from Bardu , Norway . He dominated the sport in the 1990s , winning both at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and at the Winter Olympics . Lundberg won six medals at the Nordic skiing world championships , including three golds ( 15 km individual : 1991 , 1995 ; 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) and three silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1993 , 4 x 5 km team : 1995 , and 1999 ) . At the Winter Olympics , he won four medals , including two golds ( 15 km individual : 1994 , 4 x 5 km team 1998 ) and two silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) . He won the Holmenkollen medal in 1998 ( shared with Larissa Lazutina , Alexey Prokurorov , and Harri Kirvesniemi ) . Lundberg lives with Marit Bjørgen , an Olympic champion in cross-country skiing , in Holmenkollen , Oslo .'}]}, {'value': 'Nordic combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Nordic combined at the 1994 Winter Olympics , consisted of two events , held from 18 February to 24 February . The ski jumping portion took place at Lysgårdsbakken , while the cross-country portion took place at Birkebeineren Ski Stadium .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual", 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Espen Bredesen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Espen_Bredesen', 'summary': 'Espen Bredesen ( born 2 February 1968 ) is a Norwegian former ski jumper .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 20 February to 25 February , taking place at Lysgårdsbakken .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's normal hill", 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johann Olav Koss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Olav_Koss', 'summary': 'Johann Olav Koss , CM OLY ( born 29 October 1968 ) is a former speed skater from Norway . He won four Olympic gold medals , including three at the 1994 Winter Olympics in his home country . He resides in Toronto , Ontario , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics , was held from 13 to 25 February . Ten events were contested at Hamar Olympic Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500 m", 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johann Olav Koss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Olav_Koss', 'summary': 'Johann Olav Koss , CM OLY ( born 29 October 1968 ) is a former speed skater from Norway . He won four Olympic gold medals , including three at the 1994 Winter Olympics in his home country . He resides in Toronto , Ontario , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics , was held from 13 to 25 February . Ten events were contested at Hamar Olympic Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 5000 m", 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johann Olav Koss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Olav_Koss', 'summary': 'Johann Olav Koss , CM OLY ( born 29 October 1968 ) is a former speed skater from Norway . He won four Olympic gold medals , including three at the 1994 Winter Olympics in his home country . He resides in Toronto , Ontario , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics , was held from 13 to 25 February . Ten events were contested at Hamar Olympic Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10,000 m", 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kjetil André Aamodt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjetil_André_Aamodt', 'summary': 'Kjetil André Aamodt ( born 2 September 1971 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Norway , a champion in the Olympics , World Championships , and World Cup . He is the most decorated ski racer from Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's downhill", 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kjetil André Aamodt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjetil_André_Aamodt', 'summary': 'Kjetil André Aamodt ( born 2 September 1971 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Norway , a champion in the Olympics , World Championships , and World Cup . He is the most decorated ski racer from Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's combined", 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bjørn Dæhlie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjørn_Dæhlie', 'summary': "Bjørn Erlend Dæhlie ( born 19 June 1967 ) is a Norwegian businessman and retired cross-country skier . In the years from 1992 to 1999 , Dæhlie won the Nordic World Cup six times , finishing second in 1994 and 1998 . Dæhlie won a total of 29 medals in the Olympics and World Championships in the period between 1991 and 1999 , making Dæhlie the most successful male cross-country skier in history . During his career , Dæhlie measured a VO2 max of 96 ml/kg/min . Dæhlie 's result was achieved out of season , and physiologist Erlend Hem who was responsible for the testing stated that he would not discount the possibility of the skier passing 100 ml/kg/min at his absolute peak . [ citation needed ] In addition to being an athletic figurehead , Dæhlie is a cultural icon in Norway . Since retiring , Dæhlie has become a successful businessman in real estate and fashion . His real estate investments have produced a fortune of more than half a billion kroner . Dæhlie has been featured in advertising campaigns , he started a brand of signature ski apparel , and he co-hosted a television show called Gutta på tur . Dæhlie also invented the Salomon Nordic System Pilot Bindings . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 30 km ( freestyle )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sture Sivertsen Vegard Ulvang Thomas Alsgaard Bjørn Dæhlie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sture_Sivertsen', 'summary': 'Sture Sivertsen ( born 16 April 1966 ) is a retired Norwegian cross-country skier who competed during the 1990s . He represented Leirådal IL . He made his world cup debut in Örnsköldsvik in 1990 , finishing eight . His first World Cup podium came at Oslo in 1991 where he came third in the 50 km while his final world cup podium came at Val di Fiemme in 1997 , where he finished third in the 10 km . He became world champion in 10 km and in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1993 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , he finished third in the 50 km . He also has one gold and one silver medal from the olympics in relay , silver from 1994 and gold from 1998 . He has two additional world championship relay gold medals from 1995 and 1997'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vegard_Ulvang', 'summary': "Vegard Ulvang ( born 10 October 1963 , in Kirkenes ) is a Norwegian cross-country skier who won three Olympic gold medals , two silver , and one bronze . He has retired from international and Olympic competition . At the opening ceremony of the 1994 Winter Olympic Games , he took the ceremonial Olympic Oath on part of all the athletes . In addition to his Olympic achievements , he received the Holmenkollen medal in 1991 ( shared with Trond Einar Elden , Ernst Vettori , and Jens Weißflog ) , and won the World Cup in 1990 . He has also won nine gold , six silver , and two bronze medals in the Norwegian Championships . He earned nine World Cup race victories . Ulvang also won the 50 km at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1989 , 1991 and 1992 . After retiring from professional skiing , he started his own clothing line which has made him a multimillionaire . On 25 May 2006 Ulvang was named chairman of the executive board of the International Ski Federation 's ( FIS ) cross-country committee , taking over from Peter Petriček of Slovenia , who decided to step down after four years in the job . Ulvang was given the position without election after the board of the FIS decided unanimously that Ulvang was the best man for the job . Ulvang is also a part of Norwegian TV 2 's television travel-series Gutta på tur , together with fellow skier Bjørn Dæhlie , TV personality Arne Hjeltnes and chef Arne Brimi . He is also the creator and organizer of the Tour de Ski ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Alsgaard', 'summary': "Thomas Alsgaard ( born 10 January 1972 ) is a Norwegian former professional cross-country skier . Alsgaard is regarded by many as the best performer of the freestyle technique ( skating ) in cross-country skiing and many of today 's best skiers have studied his technique . In total , Alsgaard won 15 medals in the Winter Olympics and FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , making him one of the most successful skiers of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bjørn_Dæhlie', 'summary': "Bjørn Erlend Dæhlie ( born 19 June 1967 ) is a Norwegian businessman and retired cross-country skier . In the years from 1992 to 1999 , Dæhlie won the Nordic World Cup six times , finishing second in 1994 and 1998 . Dæhlie won a total of 29 medals in the Olympics and World Championships in the period between 1991 and 1999 , making Dæhlie the most successful male cross-country skier in history . During his career , Dæhlie measured a VO2 max of 96 ml/kg/min . Dæhlie 's result was achieved out of season , and physiologist Erlend Hem who was responsible for the testing stated that he would not discount the possibility of the skier passing 100 ml/kg/min at his absolute peak . [ citation needed ] In addition to being an athletic figurehead , Dæhlie is a cultural icon in Norway . Since retiring , Dæhlie has become a successful businessman in real estate and fashion . His real estate investments have produced a fortune of more than half a billion kroner . Dæhlie has been featured in advertising campaigns , he started a brand of signature ski apparel , and he co-hosted a television show called Gutta på tur . Dæhlie also invented the Salomon Nordic System Pilot Bindings . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 10 km relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marit Wold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marit_Mikkelsplass', 'summary': 'Marit Elisabeth Mikkelsplass ( born Marit Wold on 22 February 1965 ) is a former Norwegian cross-country skier who competed from 1985 to 1998 . She represented Kjelsås IL in Oslo . Today she is married to former Norwegian cross-country skier Pål Gunnar Mikkelsplass . Mikkelsplass has three silver medals from the Winter Olympics , earning them in the 30 km ( 1994 ) and the 4 × 5 km relay ( 1988 , 1998 ) . She also has three medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two silvers ( 4 × 5 km relay : 1995 , 1997 ) and a bronze ( 30 km : 1997 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 30 km ( classical )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trude Dybendahl Inger Helene Nybråten Elin Nilsen Anita Moen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trude_Dybendahl', 'summary': 'Trude Dybendahl ( born 8 January 1966 ) , sometimes listed as Trude Dybendahl-Hartz or Trude Dybendahl Hartz , is a former Norwegian cross-country skier who competed from 1986 to 1998 . She won three silver medals in the 4 × 5 km relay at the Winter Olympics ( 1988 , 1992 , 1994 ) . Her best individual Olympic finish was fourth in the 30 km event in 1994 . Dybendahl also won six medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one gold ( 5 km : 1991 ) , two silvers ( 15 km : 1991 , 4 × 5 km relay : 1997 ) , and three bronzes ( 4 × 5 km relay : 1991 , 1993 ; 5 km : 1993 ) . She also won the 20 km double pursuit event at the 1990 Holmenkollen ski festival . During her career , Dybendahl represented Kjelsås IL in Oslo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Inger_Helene_Nybråten', 'summary': "Inger Helene Nybråten ( born 8 December 1960 in Fagernes , Oppland ) is a former Norwegian cross-country skier who competed in the 1980s and 1990s . She won three relay medals at the Winter Olympics with a gold ( 1984 ) and two silvers ( 1992 , 1994 ) . Nybråten 's biggest successes were at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , where she earned one gold ( 4 × 5 km relay : 1982 ) , one silver ( 4 × 5 km relay : 1995 ) , and four bronzes ( 15 km : 1995 , 4 × 5 km relay : 1989 , 1991 , and 1993 ) . She also won six World Cup events from 1984 to 1995 . She represented the club Skrautvål IL , in Skrautvål ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elin_Nilsen', 'summary': 'Elin Nilsen ( born 12 August 1968 ) is a former Norwegian cross-country skier who competed from 1990 to 2004 . She won three silver medals in the 4 × 5 km relay at the Winter Olympics ( 1992 , 1994 , 1998 ) . Her best individual Olympic finish was fourth in the 30 km event in both in 1992 and 1998 . Nilsen also won five 4 × 5 km relay medals at the Nordic skiing World Championships with three silvers ( 1995 , 1997 , 2001 ) and two bronzes ( 1991 , 1993 ) . Her best individual finish at the World Championships was fourth in the 15 km event in 1999 . Nilsen won four races in career at all levels from 1994 to 2002 She represented Bossmo & Ytteren IL .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anita_Moen', 'summary': 'Anita Moen ( born 31 August 1967 ) , sometimes credited as Anita Moen-Guidon , is a Norwegian former cross-country skier who competed from 1987 to 2003 . She won five medals at the Winter Olympics with three silvers ( 4 × 5 km relay : 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) and two bronzes ( 15 km : 1998 , Individual sprint : 2002 ) . Moen also won four 4 × 5 km relay medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with three silvers ( 1995 , 2001 , 2003 ) and one bronze ( 1993 ) . Her best individual finish at the World Championships was fifth in the 30 km event in 1997 . Moen won eighteen races in her career at all levels from 1992 to 2002 . In 2001 , she won the Tjejvasan . Moen now has a ski academy , where she teaches skiing .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 4 × 5 km relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knut Tore Apeland Bjarte Engen Vik Fred Børre Lundberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knut_Tore_Apeland', 'summary': 'Knut Tore Apeland ( born 11 December 1968 in Vinje ) is a former Norwegian Nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s , winning at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Winter Olympics in the team events . Apeland won two medals at the Winter Olympics , both silvers in the 3 x 10 km team event ( 1992 , 1994 ) and four medals at the Nordic skiing world championships ( one individual and three in the team event ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bjarte_Engen_Vik', 'summary': "Bjarte Engen Vik ( born March 3 , 1971 in Tromsø ) is a former Norwegian nordic combined athlete . He won the FIS World Cup overall twice , in 1997/98 and 1998/99 with a total of 24 wins . He also has eight medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with five golds ( 1997 : 4 x 5 km team , 1999 : 15 km individual , 7.5 km sprint , 2001 : 15 km individual , 4 x 5 km team ) , and three silvers ( 1995 : 4 x 5 km team , 1997 : 15 km individual , 1999 : 4 x 5 km team ) . He also won a bronze medal in the Norwegian championship in ski jumping . His consecutive wins in the Individual Gundersen at the Nordic skiing World Championships in 1999 and 2001 were the first since Oddbjørn Hagen did it in 1934 and 1935 . Vik also found great success at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined individual event five times ( 1996-2000 ) , becoming one of only four athletes to do so ( Lauritz Bergendahl , Johan Grøttumsbråten , and Rauno Miettinen are the others. ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the festival twice ( 1997 , 2000 ) . Vik 's seven career wins at the Holmenkollen are the most among any competitor in Nordic combined . Vik received the Holmenkollen medal in 1997 ( shared with Stefania Belmondo and Bjørn Dæhlie ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Børre_Lundberg', 'summary': 'Fred Børre Lundberg ( born 25 December 1969 in Hammerfest and raised in Bardufoss ) is a former Nordic combined skier from Bardu , Norway . He dominated the sport in the 1990s , winning both at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and at the Winter Olympics . Lundberg won six medals at the Nordic skiing world championships , including three golds ( 15 km individual : 1991 , 1995 ; 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) and three silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1993 , 4 x 5 km team : 1995 , and 1999 ) . At the Winter Olympics , he won four medals , including two golds ( 15 km individual : 1994 , 4 x 5 km team 1998 ) and two silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) . He won the Holmenkollen medal in 1998 ( shared with Larissa Lazutina , Alexey Prokurorov , and Harri Kirvesniemi ) . Lundberg lives with Marit Bjørgen , an Olympic champion in cross-country skiing , in Holmenkollen , Oslo .'}]}, {'value': 'Nordic combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Nordic combined at the 1994 Winter Olympics , consisted of two events , held from 18 February to 24 February . The ski jumping portion took place at Lysgårdsbakken , while the cross-country portion took place at Birkebeineren Ski Stadium .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team", 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lasse Ottesen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lasse_Ottesen', 'summary': 'Lasse Ottesen ( born 8 April 1974 ) is a Norwegian former ski jumper who competed from 1991 to 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 20 February to 25 February , taking place at Lysgårdsbakken .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's normal hill", 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Espen Bredesen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Espen_Bredesen', 'summary': 'Espen Bredesen ( born 2 February 1968 ) is a Norwegian former ski jumper .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 20 February to 25 February , taking place at Lysgårdsbakken .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's large hill", 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kjell Storelid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjell_Storelid', 'summary': "Kjell Storelid ( born 24 October 1970 ) is a former speed skater from Norway . Storelid 's best achievement on the ice was two silver medals on 5,000 m and 10,000 m at the Winter Olympics 1994 in Lillehammer - behind Johann Olav Koss . In the two next Olympic games Storelid came 5th and 8th on 10,000 m. Even though Storelid was a typical long distance racer , he has a 6th place in the World Championships and a 5th place from the European Championships . He has won one Norwegian championship - 5,000 m in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics , was held from 13 to 25 February . Ten events were contested at Hamar Olympic Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 5000 m", 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 February', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Norway was the host nation for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer. It was the second time that Norway had hosted the Winter Olympic Games, after the 1952 Games in Oslo. In 1994, Norway finished second in the medal ranking to Russia, with strong results in the skiing events. During the games, Norway set a record: most gold medals won by a host nation, with 10. The United States tied it when they hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, but Canada broke it during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.'}
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How many times was the gold medalist in men 's combined alpine skiing at the Olympics of 1994 overall champion of the World Cup ?
twice
08520a737e6c0540
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Ferries', 'title': 'BC Ferries', 'header': ['Film', 'Year', 'Vessel or Class'], 'data': [{'value': 'Five Easy Pieces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Five_Easy_Pieces', 'summary': 'Five Easy Pieces is a 1970 American drama film written by Carole Eastman ( as Adrien Joyce ) and Bob Rafelson , and directed by Rafelson . The film stars Jack Nicholson , with Karen Black , Susan Anspach , Ralph Waite , and Sally Struthers in supporting roles . The film tells the story of surly oil rig worker Bobby Dupea , whose rootless blue-collar existence belies his privileged youth as a piano prodigy . When Bobby learns that his father is dying , he goes home to see him , taking along his waitress girlfriend . The film was nominated for four Academy Awards and five Golden Globe Awards , and , in 2000 , was selected to be preserved by the Library of Congress in the National Film Registry .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mill Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MV_Mill_Bay', 'summary': "MV Mill Bay was a Canadian ferry . At 37.49 metres ( 123 ft ) long , it was BC Ferries ' second smallest ship . It holds 16 vehicles ( tied with the MV Nimpkish ) , 138 passengers and crew , and its maximum speed is 9 knots ( 17 km/h ) . The Mill Bay operated in the Brentwood Bay-Mill Bay route across Saanich Inlet on Vancouver Island ."}]}, {'value': 'Food of the Gods', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Food_of_the_Gods_(film)', 'summary': 'The Food of the Gods is a 1976 science fiction thriller film released by American International Pictures and was written , produced and directed by Bert I. Gordon . The Food of the Gods starred Marjoe Gortner , Pamela Franklin , Ralph Meeker , Jon Cypher , John McLiam , and Ida Lupino . This film was loosely based on a portion of the H. G. Wells novel The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth . Michael Medved gave it the Golden Turkey Award for Worst Rodent Movie of All Time .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Howe Sound Queen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Other Side of the Mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_the_Mountain', 'summary': "The Other Side of the Mountain is a 1975 American film based on a true story of ski racing champion Jill Kinmont . The UK title of the film was A Window to the Sky . In early 1955 , Kinmont was the national champion in slalom , and was a top U.S. prospect for a medal in the 1956 Winter Olympics , a year away . She was paralyzed in a near-fatal downhill accident at the Snow Cup in Alta , Utah , weeks before her 19th birthday , leaving her quadriplegic . Jill Kinmont Boothe died in Carson City , Nevada , on Feb. 9 , 2012 . The film was directed by Larry Peerce , and stars Marilyn Hassett and Beau Bridges . It features the Oscar-nominated theme song Richard 's Window ( composed by Charles Fox , lyrics by Norman Gimbel ) , sung by Olivia Newton-John . A sequel , The Other Side of the Mountain Part 2 , was made in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen of Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/V_class_ferry', 'summary': 'The V-class ferries , also known as Victoria class , originally included seven BC Ferries built between 1962 and 1965 . These vessels were the backbone of service on the Tsawwassen - Swartz Bay route prior to the arrival of MV Spirit of British Columbia in 1993 . Some of these vessels underwent vehicle capacity increases three times . The vessels began to be retired in 2000 . Four vessels were slated to be retired and sold in 2008 . The transfer of Queen of Esquimalt was halted and she was broken up in Ensenada , Mexico . Queen of Nanaimo was retired in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shoot To Kill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoot_to_Kill_(1988_film)', 'summary': 'Shoot to Kill ( known outside North America as Deadly Pursuit ) is a 1988 American action thriller film directed by Roger Spottiswoode and starring Sidney Poitier ( in his first role in ten years ) , Tom Berenger , Clancy Brown , Andrew Robinson and Kirstie Alley .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen of Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/V_class_ferry', 'summary': 'The V-class ferries , also known as Victoria class , originally included seven BC Ferries built between 1962 and 1965 . These vessels were the backbone of service on the Tsawwassen - Swartz Bay route prior to the arrival of MV Spirit of British Columbia in 1993 . Some of these vessels underwent vehicle capacity increases three times . The vessels began to be retired in 2000 . Four vessels were slated to be retired and sold in 2008 . The transfer of Queen of Esquimalt was halted and she was broken up in Ensenada , Mexico . Queen of Nanaimo was retired in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bird On A Wire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bird_on_a_Wire_(film)', 'summary': "Bird on a Wire is a 1990 American action comedy film directed by John Badham and starring Mel Gibson and Goldie Hawn . It was shot mainly in British Columbia , Canada . The title refers to the Leonard Cohen song Bird on the Wire . The alley motorcycle chase scene was filmed in Victoria 's Chinatown , in Fan Tan Alley ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen of Burnaby or Queen of Nanaimo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burnaby_class_ferry', 'summary': "The Burnaby class is a ship class of ferries in the BC Ferries ' fleet , built between 1964 and 1965 . There are two ships in this class : MV Queen of Burnaby and MV Queen of Nanaimo . Both are propelled by controllable-pitch propellers . Both were built with two Mirrlees National KVSSM , V-16 , 4 stroke-cycle , diesel engines , each producing 3,000 brake horsepower ( 2,200 kW ) at 320 revolutions per minute ."}]}, {'value': 'Another Stakeout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Another_Stakeout', 'summary': "Another Stakeout is a 1993 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by John Badham and starring Richard Dreyfuss , Emilio Estevez and Rosie O'Donnell . It is a sequel to the 1987 film , Stakeout . Unlike its predecessor , the film was neither a critical nor a commercial success ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Powell River Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powell_River_class_ferry', 'summary': 'The Powell River-class ferry is a class of ships operated by BC Ferries . The open deck vessels are mostly used on low-to-moderate volume routes , with Mayne Queen permanently on Route 5 , connecting the Outer Gulf Islands with Swartz Bay , Powell River Queen on Route 23 , Campbell River to Quadra Island , and Bowen Queen on relief duty , typically Routes 4,5 , and 9 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mr. Magoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mr._Magoo_(film)', 'summary': "Mr. Magoo is a 1997 American comedy film directed by Hong Kong film veteran Stanley Tong ( his sole English language film ) and written by Pat Proft and Tom Sherohman . A live-action film adaptation of UPA 's cartoon of the same name , it was produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and starred Leslie Nielsen as the title character , alongside Kelly Lynch , Matt Keeslar , Nick Chinlund , Stephen Tobolowsky , Ernie Hudson , Jennifer Garner and Malcolm McDowell . The film was a critical and commercial failure , grossing $ 28 million , falling short of its $ 30 million budget . Criticism singled out the seemingly mocking portrayal of people with disabilities [ citation needed ] although The Walt Disney Company placed a disclaimer right before the closing credits ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen of Esquimalt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/V_class_ferry', 'summary': 'The V-class ferries , also known as Victoria class , originally included seven BC Ferries built between 1962 and 1965 . These vessels were the backbone of service on the Tsawwassen - Swartz Bay route prior to the arrival of MV Spirit of British Columbia in 1993 . Some of these vessels underwent vehicle capacity increases three times . The vessels began to be retired in 2000 . Four vessels were slated to be retired and sold in 2008 . The transfer of Queen of Esquimalt was halted and she was broken up in Ensenada , Mexico . Queen of Nanaimo was retired in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Disturbing Behavior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disturbing_Behavior', 'summary': 'Disturbing Behavior is a 1998 American teen science fiction psychological horror film starring James Marsden , Katie Holmes , and Nick Stahl . The screenplay , written by Scott Rosenberg , follows a group of high school outcasts who are horrified by their Blue Ribbon classmates , and was compared unfavorably by most critics to the 1975 thriller , The Stepford Wives . The film was directed by David Nutter , who was a director and producer of The X-Files as well as a director and co-executive producer of Millennium .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen of Capilano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_class_ferry', 'summary': 'BC Ferries operates three Intermediate-class ferries : MV Queen of Capilano ( 1991 )'}]}, {'value': 'Double Jeopardy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_(1999_film)', 'summary': 'Double Jeopardy is a 1999 American neo noir adventure crime thriller film directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Tommy Lee Jones , Ashley Judd , and Bruce Greenwood . The film is about a woman wrongfully imprisoned for murder who , while eluding her parole officer , tracks down her husband who had framed her .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quadra Queen II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MV_Quadra_Queen_II', 'summary': "BC Ferries operates two T-class ferries for use on small inter-island routes . They have raised bows , which make it easier for the ships to travel in the rough seas often found on British Columbia 's central coast . The ferries carry 30 cars and 150 passengers . Both were built in 1969 . They were originally owned and operated by BC 's Ministry of Transportation and Highways until 1985 , when the Ministry 's saltwater ferries and routes were transferred to BC Ferries , including the T class . The two T-class ferries are Tachek and Quadra Queen II ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Point_(film)', 'summary': 'Black Point is a 2001 film directed by David Mackay and starring David Caruso as an innocent man caught up in a bad situation when criminals go looking for lost money . It is named after the American town of the same name . It was shot in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mill Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MV_Mill_Bay', 'summary': "MV Mill Bay was a Canadian ferry . At 37.49 metres ( 123 ft ) long , it was BC Ferries ' second smallest ship . It holds 16 vehicles ( tied with the MV Nimpkish ) , 138 passengers and crew , and its maximum speed is 9 knots ( 17 km/h ) . The Mill Bay operated in the Brentwood Bay-Mill Bay route across Saanich Inlet on Vancouver Island ."}]}, {'value': 'Scary Movie 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scary_Movie_3', 'summary': "Scary Movie 3 is a 2003 American science fantasy horror comedy film , which parodies the horror , sci-fi , and mystery genres . It is the third film in the Scary Movie franchise , and the first to be directed by David Zucker . The film stars Anna Faris and Regina Hall reprising their roles as Cindy Campbell and Brenda Meeks , respectively . New cast members include Charlie Sheen , Simon Rex , Anthony Anderson , Kevin Hart , and Leslie Nielsen . It is the first film in the series to feature no involvement from the Wayans family . The characters of Shorty Meeks and Ray Wilkins , previously played by Shawn and Marlon Wayans , do not appear , nor are they referenced . The film 's plot significantly parodies the films The Ring , Signs , The Matrix Reloaded and 8 Mile . The film grossed $ 220.7 million worldwide . It is the last film in the series to be released by The Walt Disney Company 's subsidiary Miramax Films , under the brand Dimension Films . It was named the 2004 Teen Choice Awards in the category of Choice Movie : Your Parents Did n't Want You to See ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Powell River Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powell_River_class_ferry', 'summary': 'The Powell River-class ferry is a class of ships operated by BC Ferries . The open deck vessels are mostly used on low-to-moderate volume routes , with Mayne Queen permanently on Route 5 , connecting the Outer Gulf Islands with Swartz Bay , Powell River Queen on Route 23 , Campbell River to Quadra Island , and Bowen Queen on relief duty , typically Routes 4,5 , and 9 .'}]}, {'value': 'Battlestar Galactica miniseries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(miniseries)', 'summary': 'Battlestar Galactica is a three-hour miniseries ( comprising four broadcast hours ) starring Edward James Olmos and Mary McDonnell , written and produced by Ronald D. Moore and directed by Michael Rymer . It was the first part of the Battlestar Galactica remake based on the 1978 Battlestar Galactica television series , and served as a backdoor pilot for the 2004 television series . The miniseries aired originally on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States starting on December 8 , 2003 . The two parts of the miniseries attracted 3.9 and 4.5 million viewers , making the miniseries the third-most-watched program on Syfy .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'V-Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/V_class_ferry', 'summary': 'The V-class ferries , also known as Victoria class , originally included seven BC Ferries built between 1962 and 1965 . These vessels were the backbone of service on the Tsawwassen - Swartz Bay route prior to the arrival of MV Spirit of British Columbia in 1993 . Some of these vessels underwent vehicle capacity increases three times . The vessels began to be retired in 2000 . Four vessels were slated to be retired and sold in 2008 . The transfer of Queen of Esquimalt was halted and she was broken up in Ensenada , Mexico . Queen of Nanaimo was retired in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Walking Tall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walking_Tall_(2004_film)', 'summary': "Walking Tall is a 2004 American action film directed by Kevin Bray . A remake of the 1973 film of the same name , it stars The Rock and Johnny Knoxville . It can be said to be loosely based on the real-life story of Sheriff Buford Pusser and utilized many elements from his life . A number of aspects were changed , including the main character 's name ( to Chris Vaughn ) , the character returning to his hometown as a war veteran , and the setting was moved from McNairy County , Tennessee to Kitsap County , Washington , United States ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albert J Savoie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/N_class_ferry', 'summary': "N-class ferries are a class of RORO ferries , of which two remaining examples are owned by BC Ferries . These ferries have the distinction of being the smallest vessels owned by BC Ferries . The N class consists of three vessels : MV Nimpkish , owned and operated by BC Ferries . Built : Vancouver BC Launched : 1973 Vehicle capacity : 16 Passenger Capacity : 133 Length : 33.53 metres ( 110.0 ft ) Gross Tons : 371 Service Speed : 11 knots Horsepower : 680 MV Nicola , ( also known as Spirit of Lax Kw ' Alaams ) owned by BC Ferries , but operated by Lax Kw'alaams First Nations . Built : Vancouver BC Launched : 1960 Vehicle capacity : 16 Passenger Capacity : 133 Length : 34.8 metres ( 114 ft ) Gross Tons : 256.34 Service Speed : 10 knots Horsepower : 680 MV Albert J Savoie , sold to Rainy Day Logging in 2002 . Built : Vancouver BC Launched : 1961 Vehicle capacity : 16 Passenger Capacity : 133 Length : 34.8 metres ( 114 ft ) Gross Tons : 256.34 Service Speed : 10 knots Horsepower : 680"}]}, {'value': 'Elektra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elektra_(2005_film)', 'summary': "Elektra is a 2005 Canadian-American superhero film directed by Rob Bowman . It is a spin-off from the 2003 film Daredevil , starring the Marvel Comics character Elektra Natchios ( portrayed by Jennifer Garner ) . The story follows Elektra , an assassin who must protect a man and his prodigy daughter from another assassin who was hired by The Hand . For the screenplay , Zak Penn , Stuart Zicherman , and Raven Metzner received written by credit . Mark Steven Johnson received credit for motion picture characters and Frank Miller for comic book characters . Filming started around May 2004 in Vancouver . The film was released on January 14 , 2005 . Upon its release , Elektra was a commercial and critical failure , grossing $ 56 million against a production budget of $ 43-65 million . It received negative reviews from critics , who found the script and storyline lacking , but many praised Garner 's acting as well as the action sequences ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albert J Savoie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/N_class_ferry', 'summary': "N-class ferries are a class of RORO ferries , of which two remaining examples are owned by BC Ferries . These ferries have the distinction of being the smallest vessels owned by BC Ferries . The N class consists of three vessels : MV Nimpkish , owned and operated by BC Ferries . Built : Vancouver BC Launched : 1973 Vehicle capacity : 16 Passenger Capacity : 133 Length : 33.53 metres ( 110.0 ft ) Gross Tons : 371 Service Speed : 11 knots Horsepower : 680 MV Nicola , ( also known as Spirit of Lax Kw ' Alaams ) owned by BC Ferries , but operated by Lax Kw'alaams First Nations . Built : Vancouver BC Launched : 1960 Vehicle capacity : 16 Passenger Capacity : 133 Length : 34.8 metres ( 114 ft ) Gross Tons : 256.34 Service Speed : 10 knots Horsepower : 680 MV Albert J Savoie , sold to Rainy Day Logging in 2002 . Built : Vancouver BC Launched : 1961 Vehicle capacity : 16 Passenger Capacity : 133 Length : 34.8 metres ( 114 ft ) Gross Tons : 256.34 Service Speed : 10 knots Horsepower : 680"}]}, {'value': 'The Mermaid Chair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mermaid_Chair_(film)', 'summary': 'The Mermaid Chair is a 2006 television film adapted from the book written by Sue Monk Kidd . It was directed by Steven Schachter and stars Kim Basinger , Alex Carter , and Bruce Greenwood . The movie was filmed in British Columbia Canada . In particular Cowichan Bay , Telegraph Cove , and Brentwood Bay near Victoria , British Columbia . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mill Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MV_Mill_Bay', 'summary': "MV Mill Bay was a Canadian ferry . At 37.49 metres ( 123 ft ) long , it was BC Ferries ' second smallest ship . It holds 16 vehicles ( tied with the MV Nimpkish ) , 138 passengers and crew , and its maximum speed is 9 knots ( 17 km/h ) . The Mill Bay operated in the Brentwood Bay-Mill Bay route across Saanich Inlet on Vancouver Island ."}]}, {'value': 'The Suite Life Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Suite_Life_Movie', 'summary': "The Suite Life Movie is a 2011 science fiction comedy-drama film directed by Sean McNamara , written by Michael Saltzman , and starring Dylan and Cole Sprouse , Brenda Song , Debby Ryan , Matthew Timmons , John Ducey , Matthew Glave , and Phill Lewis . The Disney Channel Original Movie is based on the pair of Disney Channel sitcoms The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and The Suite Life on Deck created by Danny Kallis and Jim Geoghan . Dylan and Cole Sprouse were also executive producers for the movie . The film premiered on March 25 , 2011 on the Disney Channel . A sneak peek was shown during the Disney Channel Shake It Up New Year 's event ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Expedition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MV_Northern_Expedition', 'summary': 'M/V Northern Expedition is a roll-on/roll-off ( RORO ) ferry operated by BC Ferries in British Columbia , Canada . She sails daily on the Inside Passage route connecting Prince Rupert and Port Hardy .'}]}, {'value': 'The Killing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Killing_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "The Killing is an American crime drama television series that premiered on April 3 , 2011 , on AMC , based on the Danish television series Forbrydelsen ( The Crime ) . The American version was developed by Veena Sud and produced by Fox Television Studios and Fuse Entertainment . Set in Seattle , Washington , the series follows the various murder investigations by homicide detectives Sarah Linden ( Mireille Enos ) and Stephen Holder ( Joel Kinnaman ) . AMC announced the series ' cancellation in July 2012 , but picked it up for a third season after a renegotiation with Fox Television Studios and Netflix . The Killing was again cancelled by AMC in September 2013 , but Netflix announced in November 2013 that it had ordered a fourth season consisting of six episodes to conclude the series . The complete fourth season was released on Netflix on August 1 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen of Capilano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_class_ferry', 'summary': 'BC Ferries operates three Intermediate-class ferries : MV Queen of Capilano ( 1991 )'}]}], 'section_title': 'In film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'BC_Ferries_1', 'intro': "British Columbia Ferry Services Inc., operating as BC Ferries (BCF), is a former provincial Crown corporation, now operating as an independently managed, publicly owned company. BC Ferries provides all major passenger and vehicle ferry services for coastal and island communities in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Set up in 1960 to provide a similar service to that provided by the Black Ball Line and the Canadian Pacific Railway, which were affected by job action at the time, BC Ferries has become the largest passenger ferry line in North America and the second largest in the world, operating a fleet of 36 vessels with a total passenger and crew capacity of over 27,000, serving 47 locations on the B.C. coast. As BC Ferries provides an essential link from mainland British Columbia to the various islands, and parts of the mainland without road access, on its routes, it is subsidized by the Government of British Columbia ($151 million in the 2011 fiscal year) and the Government of Canada ($27 million in the 2011 fiscal year). The inland ferries operating on British Columbia's rivers and lakes are not run by BC Ferries. The responsibility for their provision rests with the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation, which contracts operation to various private sector companies."}
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Who wrote the screenplay of 1998 movie that featured the vessel Queen of Capilano ?
Scott Rosenberg
0852d91b7122f75b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffire_Corporation', 'title': 'Saffire Corporation', 'header': ['Title', 'Publisher ( s )', 'Platform ( s )', 'Release date'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Suit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SoftKey Multimedia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SoftKey_Multimedia', 'summary': "SoftKey International was a publisher and distributor of CD-ROM based personal computer software for Windows and Macintosh computers during the late 1980s and 1990s . Their products typically consisted of software intended for home audiences , especially shovelware discs containing various freeware or shareware game software . SoftKey enjoyed great success by offering jewel-case only products , which they dubbed their 'Platinum ' line . [ citation needed ] Canadian businessman and investor Kevin O'Leary started Softkey International in 1986 in his basement on a $ 10,000 investment from his mother . By 1994 , Softkey was a billion-dollar consolidator in the educational software market , acquiring no fewer than sixty rivals , such as WordStar , Brøderbund and Spinnaker Software . It then moved to Boston and took the name of one of its acquisitions , The Learning Company ( TLC ) . In 1995 , SoftKey introduced a number of new children 's educational software titles , branded under the KeyKids line ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows , MS-DOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MS-DOS', 'summary': "MS-DOS ( /ˌɛmˌɛsˈdɒs/ em-es-DOSS ; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System ) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft . Collectively , MS-DOS , its rebranding as IBM PC DOS , and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS , are sometimes referred to as DOS ( which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system ) . MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s , from which point it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface ( GUI ) , in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system . IBM licensed and re-released it in 1981 , as PC DOS 1.0 for use in its PCs . Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM , the two products diverged after twelve years , in 1993 , with recognizable differences in compatibility , syntax , and capabilities . During its lifetime , several competing products were released for the x86 platform , and MS-DOS went through eight versions , until development ceased in 2000 . Initially , MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system , but application software and user data as well . Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats , along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures . Ultimately , it was the key product in Microsoft 's development from a programming language company to a diverse software development firm , providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources . It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI . It is a flexible operating system , and consumes negligible installation space ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'They Call Me ... The Skul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SoftKey Multimedia , The Learning Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SoftKey_Multimedia', 'summary': "SoftKey International was a publisher and distributor of CD-ROM based personal computer software for Windows and Macintosh computers during the late 1980s and 1990s . Their products typically consisted of software intended for home audiences , especially shovelware discs containing various freeware or shareware game software . SoftKey enjoyed great success by offering jewel-case only products , which they dubbed their 'Platinum ' line . [ citation needed ] Canadian businessman and investor Kevin O'Leary started Softkey International in 1986 in his basement on a $ 10,000 investment from his mother . By 1994 , Softkey was a billion-dollar consolidator in the educational software market , acquiring no fewer than sixty rivals , such as WordStar , Brøderbund and Spinnaker Software . It then moved to Boston and took the name of one of its acquisitions , The Learning Company ( TLC ) . In 1995 , SoftKey introduced a number of new children 's educational software titles , branded under the KeyKids line ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Learning_Company', 'summary': 'The Learning Company ( TLC ) was an American educational software company owned by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . The company produced a grade-based system of learning software and tools to improve productivity . Products for preschoolers through second graders included Reader Rabbit , and software for more advanced students included The ClueFinders . The company was also known for publishing licensed educational titles featuring characters such as Arthur , Scooby-Doo , Zoboomafoo , and Caillou .'}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows , MS-DOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MS-DOS', 'summary': "MS-DOS ( /ˌɛmˌɛsˈdɒs/ em-es-DOSS ; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System ) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft . Collectively , MS-DOS , its rebranding as IBM PC DOS , and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS , are sometimes referred to as DOS ( which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system ) . MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s , from which point it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface ( GUI ) , in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system . IBM licensed and re-released it in 1981 , as PC DOS 1.0 for use in its PCs . Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM , the two products diverged after twelve years , in 1993 , with recognizable differences in compatibility , syntax , and capabilities . During its lifetime , several competing products were released for the x86 platform , and MS-DOS went through eight versions , until development ceased in 2000 . Initially , MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system , but application software and user data as well . Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats , along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures . Ultimately , it was the key product in Microsoft 's development from a programming language company to a diverse software development firm , providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources . It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI . It is a flexible operating system , and consumes negligible installation space ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': "NFL Legends Football '98", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Accolade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Accolade_(company)', 'summary': "Infogrames North America , Inc. ( formerly Accolade , Inc. ) was an American video game developer and publisher based in San Jose , California . The company was founded as Accolade in November 1984 by Alan Miller and Bob Whitehead , who had previously co-founded Activision in October 1979 . In April 1999 , Accolade was acquired by French video game company Infogrames Entertainment for a combined sum of US $ 60 million , US $ 50 million of which in cash and US $ 10 million in growth capital , and was renamed Infogrames North America , Inc . The company chief executive officer , Jim Barnett , was named head of Infogrames Entertainment 's American distribution subsidiary . In December 1999 , Infogrames additionally acquired a controlling stake in GT Interactive for a total investment of US $ 135 million , and renamed it Infogrames , Inc. On September 11 , 2000 , Infogrames North America was acquired by Infogrames , Inc. for 28 million market shares transitioned to Infogrames Entertainment , effectively merging Infogrames North America into a newly founded , wholly owned subsidiary of Infogrames , Inc . In June 2017 , Hong Kong-based holding company Billionsoft announced that they had acquired the Accolade label , and announced Bubsy : The Woolies Strike Back , in cooperation with developer Black Forest Games and publisher Tommo , to be the first game released under it ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'August 31 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Bond 007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Bond_007_(1998_video_game)', 'summary': 'James Bond 007 is an action-adventure game featuring James Bond . The game was developed by Saffire Corporation and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy . Released on February 9 , 1998 , the game features a story that includes characters from multiple James Bond films , such as Oddjob and Jaws .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Game Boy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_Boy', 'summary': "The Game Boy [ a ] is an 8-bit handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo . The first handheld in the Game Boy family , it was first released in Japan on April 21 , 1989 ( 1989-04-21 ) , then North America , three months later , and lastly in Europe , over a year later . It was designed by the same team that developed the Game & Watch and several Nintendo Entertainment System games : Satoru Okada , Gunpei Yokoi , and Nintendo Research & Development 1 . Nintendo 's second handheld game console , the Game Boy combines features from both the NES home system and Game & Watch hardware . The console features a dull green dot-matrix screen with adjustable contrast dial , five control buttons ( a directional pad , two game buttons , and start and select ) , a single speaker with adjustable volume dial , and , like its rivals , uses cartridges as physical media for games . The color scheme is made from two tones of grey with accents of black , blue , and dark magenta . All the corners of the portrait-oriented rectangular unit are softly rounded , save for the bottom right , which is curved . At launch , it was sold either as a standalone unit , or bundled with one of several games , namely Super Mario Land or Tetris . Several accessories were also developed , including a carrying pouch and printer . Despite being technologically inferior to its fourth-generation competitors ( Sega 's Game Gear , Atari 's Lynx , and NEC 's TurboExpress ) , the Game Boy received praise for its battery life and durability in its construction . It quickly outsold the competition , selling one million units in the United States within a few weeks . The Game Boy and its successor , the Game Boy Color , have sold an estimated 118 million units worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'January 29 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rampage World Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rampage_World_Tour', 'summary': 'Rampage World Tour is a video game released in 1997 and is the second game in the Rampage series . The game was developed as an arcade game for Midway Games by Game Refuge Inc. designers Brian Colin and Jeff Nauman , who conceived and designed the original in 1986 . It was ported to the Sega Saturn , Nintendo 64 , Game Boy Color , PlayStation , Microsoft Windows and has been re-released on Midway Arcade Treasures 2 as well as being included in Rampage : Total Destruction .'}]}, {'value': 'Midway Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midway_Games', 'summary': "Midway Games Inc. ( formerly Midway Manufacturing and commonly known as simply Midway ) was an American video game developer and publisher . Midway 's franchises included Mortal Kombat , Rampage , Spy Hunter , NBA Jam , Cruis ' n , and NFL Blitz . Midway also acquired the rights to video games that were originally developed by Williams Electronics and Atari Games , such as Defender , Joust , Robotron 2084 , Gauntlet , and the Rush series . The company 's predecessor Midway Manufacturing was founded in 1958 , as an amusement game manufacturer . In 1973 it moved into the interactive entertainment industry , developing and publishing arcade video games . The company scored its first mainstream hit with the U.S. distribution of Space Invaders in 1978 . Midway was purchased and re-incorporated in 1988 by WMS Industries Inc. After years as a leader in the arcade segment , Midway moved into the growing home video game market beginning in 1996 , the same year that it made its initial public offering of stock . In 1998 , WMS spun off its remaining shares of Midway . Midway was ranked the fourth largest-selling video game publisher in 2000 . After 2000 , Midway continued to develop and publish video games for home and handheld video game machines , but it experienced large annual net losses and engaged in a series of stock and debt offerings and other financings and borrowings . Sumner Redstone , the head of Viacom/CBS Corporation , increased his stake in Midway from about 15% , in 1998 , to about 87% by the end of 2007 . In December 2008 , Redstone sold all his stock and $ 70 million of Midway debt to Mark Thomas , a private investor , for $ 100,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo 64', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_64', 'summary': 'The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'March 30 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bio F.R.E.A.K.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bio_F.R.E.A.K.S.', 'summary': 'Bio F.R.E.A.K.S . is a 3D fighting video game released by Midway in 1998 . It was originally planned for arcades . Prototypes of the game were tested at arcades , but the final arcade release was canceled ( although a ROM image of the prototype was eventually dumped and works in MAME ) and the game was later released for the PlayStation , Nintendo 64 and PC .'}]}, {'value': 'Midway Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midway_Games', 'summary': "Midway Games Inc. ( formerly Midway Manufacturing and commonly known as simply Midway ) was an American video game developer and publisher . Midway 's franchises included Mortal Kombat , Rampage , Spy Hunter , NBA Jam , Cruis ' n , and NFL Blitz . Midway also acquired the rights to video games that were originally developed by Williams Electronics and Atari Games , such as Defender , Joust , Robotron 2084 , Gauntlet , and the Rush series . The company 's predecessor Midway Manufacturing was founded in 1958 , as an amusement game manufacturer . In 1973 it moved into the interactive entertainment industry , developing and publishing arcade video games . The company scored its first mainstream hit with the U.S. distribution of Space Invaders in 1978 . Midway was purchased and re-incorporated in 1988 by WMS Industries Inc. After years as a leader in the arcade segment , Midway moved into the growing home video game market beginning in 1996 , the same year that it made its initial public offering of stock . In 1998 , WMS spun off its remaining shares of Midway . Midway was ranked the fourth largest-selling video game publisher in 2000 . After 2000 , Midway continued to develop and publish video games for home and handheld video game machines , but it experienced large annual net losses and engaged in a series of stock and debt offerings and other financings and borrowings . Sumner Redstone , the head of Viacom/CBS Corporation , increased his stake in Midway from about 15% , in 1998 , to about 87% by the end of 2007 . In December 2008 , Redstone sold all his stock and $ 70 million of Midway debt to Mark Thomas , a private investor , for $ 100,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo 64 , PlayStation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_64', 'summary': 'The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation', 'summary': "PlayStation ( Japanese : プレイステーション , Hepburn : Pureisutēshon , officially abbreviated as PS ) is a video game brand that consists of four home video game consoles , as well as a media center , an online service , a line of controllers , two handhelds and a phone , as well as multiple magazines . The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment , a division of Sony , with the first console releasing as the PlayStation in Japan released in December 1994 , and worldwide the following year . The original console in the series was the first console of any type to ship over 100 million units , doing so in under a decade . Its successor , the PlayStation 2 , was released in 2000 . The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling home console to date , having reached over 155 million units sold by the end of 2012 . Sony 's next console , the PlayStation 3 , was released in 2006 , selling over 87.4 million units by March 2017 . Sony 's latest console , the PlayStation 4 , was released in 2013 , selling a million units within a day , becoming the fastest selling console in history . The next console in the series , the PlayStation 5 , is expected to be released by the end of 2020 . The first handheld game console in the series , the PlayStation Portable or PSP , sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November 2013 . Its successor , the PlayStation Vita , which launched in Japan in December 2011 and in most other major territories in February 2012 , selling over four million units by January 2013 . PlayStation TV is a microconsole and a non-portable variant of the PlayStation Vita handheld game console . Other hardware released as part of the PlayStation series includes the PSX , a digital video recorder which was integrated with the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 , though it was short lived due to its high price and was never released outside Japan , as well as a Sony Bravia television set which has an integrated PlayStation 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 31 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oddworld Adventures', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Oddworld:_Abe's_Oddysee", 'summary': "Oddworld : Abe 's Oddysee is a platform video game developed by Oddworld Inhabitants and published by GT Interactive . It was released in 1997 for the PlayStation game console , and computers running DOS and Microsoft Windows in North America , Australia , New Zealand , and Europe . The Game Boy version of Abe 's Oddysee , retitled as Oddworld Adventures , was developed by Saffire Corporation and published by GT Interactive in 1998 . An Onlive version was released in 2011 . Emulated versions for the PlayStation 3 via PlayStation Network were released in 2009 , 2010 , and 2013 . The game centers on the titular Abe , a meek Mudokon slave at the RuptureFarms meat processing factory . When he discovers that he and his fellow Mudokons are to be slaughtered , Abe decides to escape and liberate as many enslaved Mudokons as he can . The player assumes the role of Abe as he attempts a perilous quest to emancipate his downtrodden people . Oddworld : Abe 's Oddysee was widely acclaimed for having innovative gameplay , good art direction and engaging cutscenes ; however , its steep learning curve and system of only saving at checkpoints sometimes received criticism . It was the first game in the planned five-part Oddworld series , which includes the direct sequels Abe 's Exoddus ( 1998 ) , Munch 's Oddysee ( 2001 ) and Stranger 's Wrath ( 2005 ) . A remake of the game , titled Oddworld : New ' n ' Tasty ! , was developed by Just Add Water and released via digital distribution in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'GT Interactive Software', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GT_Interactive_Software', 'summary': "Atari , Inc. was founded in 1993 as GT Interactive Software Corp . In 1999 , Infogrames Entertainment , SA acquired a controlling interest in GT Interactive , renaming it Infogrames , Inc. As part of Infogrames Entertainment 's company-wide re-branding in May 2003 , Infogrames , Inc. finally became known as Atari , Inc. On October 11 , 2008 , Infogrames completed its acquisition of Atari , Inc. , making it a wholly owned subsidiary . On January 21 , 2013 , Atari , Inc. filed for bankruptcy , with President Jim Wilson stating plans to split off from parent Atari , SA ."}]}, {'value': 'Game Boy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_Boy', 'summary': "The Game Boy [ a ] is an 8-bit handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo . The first handheld in the Game Boy family , it was first released in Japan on April 21 , 1989 ( 1989-04-21 ) , then North America , three months later , and lastly in Europe , over a year later . It was designed by the same team that developed the Game & Watch and several Nintendo Entertainment System games : Satoru Okada , Gunpei Yokoi , and Nintendo Research & Development 1 . Nintendo 's second handheld game console , the Game Boy combines features from both the NES home system and Game & Watch hardware . The console features a dull green dot-matrix screen with adjustable contrast dial , five control buttons ( a directional pad , two game buttons , and start and select ) , a single speaker with adjustable volume dial , and , like its rivals , uses cartridges as physical media for games . The color scheme is made from two tones of grey with accents of black , blue , and dark magenta . All the corners of the portrait-oriented rectangular unit are softly rounded , save for the bottom right , which is curved . At launch , it was sold either as a standalone unit , or bundled with one of several games , namely Super Mario Land or Tetris . Several accessories were also developed , including a carrying pouch and printer . Despite being technologically inferior to its fourth-generation competitors ( Sega 's Game Gear , Atari 's Lynx , and NEC 's TurboExpress ) , the Game Boy received praise for its battery life and durability in its construction . It quickly outsold the competition , selling one million units in the United States within a few weeks . The Game Boy and its successor , the Game Boy Color , have sold an estimated 118 million units worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'December 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Animaniacs : Ten Pin Alley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animaniacs:_Ten_Pin_Alley', 'summary': 'Animaniacs : Ten Pin Alley is a bowling video game released for the PlayStation in 1998 . It is based on the 1996 video game Ten Pin Alley on the same system . A Nintendo 64 version was planned , but was cancelled because of the limitations of the N64 texture cache .'}]}, {'value': 'ASC Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ASC_Games', 'summary': 'ASC Games ( abbreviated from American Softworks Corporation ) was an American video game publisher founded in 1992 . Formerly based in Darien , Connecticut , the company quickly became a major publisher for games on the Nintendo Entertainment System , Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis . The company eventually shut down on January 7 , 2000 due to the financial issues that came with the ongoing delay of their upcoming game , Werewolf : The Apocalypse - The Heart of Gaia , which was in development by BetaSoft Games .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation', 'summary': "PlayStation ( Japanese : プレイステーション , Hepburn : Pureisutēshon , officially abbreviated as PS ) is a video game brand that consists of four home video game consoles , as well as a media center , an online service , a line of controllers , two handhelds and a phone , as well as multiple magazines . The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment , a division of Sony , with the first console releasing as the PlayStation in Japan released in December 1994 , and worldwide the following year . The original console in the series was the first console of any type to ship over 100 million units , doing so in under a decade . Its successor , the PlayStation 2 , was released in 2000 . The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling home console to date , having reached over 155 million units sold by the end of 2012 . Sony 's next console , the PlayStation 3 , was released in 2006 , selling over 87.4 million units by March 2017 . Sony 's latest console , the PlayStation 4 , was released in 2013 , selling a million units within a day , becoming the fastest selling console in history . The next console in the series , the PlayStation 5 , is expected to be released by the end of 2020 . The first handheld game console in the series , the PlayStation Portable or PSP , sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November 2013 . Its successor , the PlayStation Vita , which launched in Japan in December 2011 and in most other major territories in February 2012 , selling over four million units by January 2013 . PlayStation TV is a microconsole and a non-portable variant of the PlayStation Vita handheld game console . Other hardware released as part of the PlayStation series includes the PSX , a digital video recorder which was integrated with the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 , though it was short lived due to its high price and was never released outside Japan , as well as a Sony Bravia television set which has an integrated PlayStation 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'StarCraft : Brood War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/StarCraft:_Brood_War', 'summary': "StarCraft : Brood War is the expansion pack for the military science fiction real-time strategy video game StarCraft . Released in December 1998 for Microsoft Windows and June 1999 for Mac OS , it was co-developed by Saffire Corporation and Blizzard Entertainment . The expansion pack introduces new campaigns , map tilesets , music , extra units for each race , and upgrade advancements . The campaigns continue the story from where the original StarCraft ended , with the sequel , StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty , continuing from the conclusion of Brood War . The expansion was released first in the United States on December 18 , 1998 . Brood War was critically well received , with reviewers praising it for being developed with the care of a full game rather than as an uninspired extra . As of May 31 , 2007 , StarCraft and Brood War have sold almost ten million copies combined . The game is especially popular in South Korea , where professional players and teams have participated in matches , earned sponsorships , and competed in televised matches . As of April 19 , 2017 , StarCraft and its Brood War expansion , aka the Anthology , are free to download and play from Blizzard 's website . A remastered edition of StarCraft and its expansion was released on August 14 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Blizzard Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment', 'summary': "Blizzard Entertainment , Inc. is an American video game developer and publisher based in Irvine , California , and is a subsidiary of Activision Blizzard . The company was founded on February 8 , 1991 , under the name Silicon & Synapse , Inc. by three graduates of the University of California , Los Angeles : Michael Morhaime , Frank Pearce and Allen Adham . The company originally concentrated on the creation of game ports for other studios ' games before beginning development of their own software in 1993 with games like Rock n ' Roll Racing and The Lost Vikings . In 1994 , the company became Chaos Studios , Inc. , then Blizzard Entertainment after being acquired by distributor Davidson & Associates . Shortly thereafter , Blizzard released Warcraft : Orcs & Humans . Blizzard created several other video games , including Warcraft sequels , the Diablo series , the StarCraft series , and in 2004 , the massively multiplayer online role-playing game World of Warcraft . Their most recent projects include the first expansion for Diablo III , Reaper of Souls , the online collectible card game Hearthstone , the seventh expansion for World of Warcraft , Battle for Azeroth , the multiplayer online battle arena Heroes of the Storm , the third and final expansion for StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty , Legacy of the Void , and the multiplayer first-person hero shooter Overwatch . On July 9 , 2008 , Activision merged with Vivendi Games , culminating in the inclusion of the Blizzard brand name in the title of the resulting holding company . On July 25 , 2013 , Activision Blizzard announced the purchase of 429 million shares from majority owner Vivendi . As a result , Activision Blizzard became a completely independent company . Blizzard Entertainment hosts conventions for fans to meet and to promote their games : the BlizzCon in California , United States , and the Blizzard Worldwide Invitational in other countries , including South Korea and France ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows , Mac OS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mac_OS', 'summary': "The family of Macintosh operating systems developed by Apple Inc. includes the graphical user interface-based operating systems it has designed for use with its Macintosh series of personal computers since 1984 , as well as the related system software it once created for compatible third-party systems . In 1984 , Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the Classic Mac OS with its release of the original Macintosh System Software . The system , rebranded Mac OS in 1996 , was preinstalled on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on Macintosh clones for a short time in the 1990s . Noted for its ease of use , it was also criticized for its lack of modern technologies compared to its competitors . The current Mac operating system is macOS , originally named Mac OS X until 2012 and then OS X until 2016 . Developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple 's purchase of NeXT , Mac OS X brought an entirely new architecture based on NeXTSTEP , a Unix system , that eliminated many of the technical challenges that the classic Mac OS faced . The current macOS is preinstalled with every Mac and is updated annually . It is the basis of Apple 's current system software for its other devices - iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS . Prior to the introduction of Mac OS X , Apple experimented with several other concepts , releasing different products designed to bring the Macintosh interface or applications to Unix-like systems or vice versa , A/UX , MAE , and MkLinux . Apple 's effort to expand upon and develop a replacement for its classic Mac OS in the 1990s led to a few cancelled projects , code named Star Trek , Taligent , and Copland . Although they have different architectures , the Macintosh operating systems share a common set of GUI principles , including a menu bar across the top of the screen ; the Finder shell , featuring a desktop metaphor that represents files and applications using icons and relates concepts like directories and file deletion to real-world objects like folders and a trash can ; and overlapping windows for multitasking ."}]}, {'value': 'December 18 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Top Gear Rally 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Top_Gear_Rally_2', 'summary': 'Top Gear Rally 2 is a racing video game developed by Saffire Corporation and released for the Nintendo 64 in 1999 . It is a sequel to Top Gear Rally .'}]}, {'value': 'Kemco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kemco', 'summary': 'Kemco ( abbreviated from Kotobuki Engineering & Manufacturing Co. , Ltd. ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher established in 1984 . It is headquartered in Kure , Hiroshima . One of its best known franchises is the Top Gear series , developed by Sheffield-based English developers Gremlin Graphics .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo 64', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_64', 'summary': 'The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'October 31 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tom_Clancy's_Rainbow_Six_(video_game)", 'summary': "Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six is a tactical shooter video game and the first in the Rainbow Six series . It was developed and published by Red Storm Entertainment in 1998 for the PC . It was ported to Mac OS , Nintendo 64 , PlayStation , Dreamcast , and Game Boy Color . An expansion pack , Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Mission Pack : Eagle Watch , was released on January 31 , 1999 . On October 29 , 2018 , Sony revealed that the PAL version of the game would be one of 20 games pre-loaded on the PlayStation Classic ( excluding Japan , Taiwan and Hong Kong ) , which was released on December 3 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Red Storm Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Storm_Entertainment', 'summary': "Red Storm Entertainment , Inc. is an American video game developer and studio of Ubisoft based in Cary , North Carolina . Founded in November 1996 between author Tom Clancy , manager Doug Littlejohns , and software development company Virtus Corporation , Red Storm develops games in the Tom Clancy 's franchise . Ubisoft ( then known as Ubi Soft ) acquired the studio in August 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo 64', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_64', 'summary': 'The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Billy Bob 's Huntin'-n-Fishin '", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midway Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midway_Games', 'summary': "Midway Games Inc. ( formerly Midway Manufacturing and commonly known as simply Midway ) was an American video game developer and publisher . Midway 's franchises included Mortal Kombat , Rampage , Spy Hunter , NBA Jam , Cruis ' n , and NFL Blitz . Midway also acquired the rights to video games that were originally developed by Williams Electronics and Atari Games , such as Defender , Joust , Robotron 2084 , Gauntlet , and the Rush series . The company 's predecessor Midway Manufacturing was founded in 1958 , as an amusement game manufacturer . In 1973 it moved into the interactive entertainment industry , developing and publishing arcade video games . The company scored its first mainstream hit with the U.S. distribution of Space Invaders in 1978 . Midway was purchased and re-incorporated in 1988 by WMS Industries Inc. After years as a leader in the arcade segment , Midway moved into the growing home video game market beginning in 1996 , the same year that it made its initial public offering of stock . In 1998 , WMS spun off its remaining shares of Midway . Midway was ranked the fourth largest-selling video game publisher in 2000 . After 2000 , Midway continued to develop and publish video games for home and handheld video game machines , but it experienced large annual net losses and engaged in a series of stock and debt offerings and other financings and borrowings . Sumner Redstone , the head of Viacom/CBS Corporation , increased his stake in Midway from about 15% , in 1998 , to about 87% by the end of 2007 . In December 2008 , Redstone sold all his stock and $ 70 million of Midway debt to Mark Thomas , a private investor , for $ 100,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Game Boy Color', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_Boy_Color', 'summary': "The Game Boy Color [ a ] ( commonly abbreviated as GBC ) is a handheld game console manufactured by Nintendo , which was released in Japan on October 21 , 1998 , and later released in November of the same year to international markets . It is the successor to the original Game Boy and is part of the Game Boy family . The GBC features a color screen rather than monochrome , but it is not backlit . It is slightly thicker and taller and features a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket , its immediate predecessor in the Game Boy line . As with the original Game Boy , it has a custom 8-bit processor made by Sharp that is considered a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80 . The spelling of the system 's name , Game Boy Color , remains consistent throughout the world , with its American English spelling of color . The Game Boy Color is part of the fifth generation of video game consoles . The GBC 's primary competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16-bit handhelds , Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan , though the Game Boy Color outsold them by a wide margin . SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color , respectively , but this did little to change Nintendo 's sales dominance . With Sega discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997 , the Game Boy Color 's only competitor in the United States was its predecessor , the Game Boy , until the short-lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was released in August 1999 . The Game Boy and the Game Boy Color combined have sold 118.69 million units worldwide making it the third-best-selling system of all time , It was discontinued on March 23 , 2003 , shortly after the release of the Game Boy Advance SP . Its best-selling game was Pokémon Gold and Silver , which shipped 23 million units worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xena : Warrior Princess : The Talisman of Fate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xena:_Warrior_Princess:_The_Talisman_of_Fate', 'summary': 'Xena : Warrior Princess : The Talisman of Fate is a 1999 fighting video game developed by Saffire Corporation and published by Titus Interactive for the Nintendo 64 . It is based on the television series , Xena : Warrior Princess , which aired from 1995 to 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Titus Software', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Titus_Software', 'summary': "Titus Interactive SA , previously Titus France SA , was a French software publisher that produced and published video games for various platforms . Its head office was located in Parc de l'Esplanade in Lagny sur Marne in Greater Paris . At one time , it was instead located in Montfermeil , also in Greater Paris ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo 64', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_64', 'summary': 'The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'December 14 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oddworld Adventures 2', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Oddworld:_Abe's_Exoddus", 'summary': "Oddworld : Abe 's Exoddus is a platform video game developed by Oddworld Inhabitants and published by GT Interactive . Although the game is a sequel to the video game Oddworld : Abe 's Oddysee , it is considered a spin-off title in the Oddworld series , and not part of the main Oddworld Quintology . It was released in November 1998 for the PlayStation video game console and in December 1998 for Microsoft Windows . It was re-released on the PlayStation Network in October 2009 . The game continues the story of Abe , charting his efforts to save his fellow Mudokons from another plot by the Glukkons to exploit them . Abe discovers that the Glukkons are enslaving Mudokons , this time to produce a drink called Soulstorm Brew , which uses Mudokon bones and tears as its ingredients . The player assumes the role of Abe , embarking on a quest to halt production of SoulStorm Brew . The game was released to similar critical acclaim as the first title . Reviews praised the game 's ability to allow the player to quick save anywhere they liked , a feature that was not present in Abe 's Oddysee , while noting that it was very similar to that title . The game won multiple awards upon release . On March 14 , 2016 , it was announced that Oddworld Inhabitants are working on a follow-up to Oddworld : New ' n ' Tasty ! ( a 2014 Abe 's Oddysee remake ) titled Oddworld : Soulstorm ."}]}, {'value': 'GT Interactive Software', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GT_Interactive_Software', 'summary': "Atari , Inc. was founded in 1993 as GT Interactive Software Corp . In 1999 , Infogrames Entertainment , SA acquired a controlling interest in GT Interactive , renaming it Infogrames , Inc. As part of Infogrames Entertainment 's company-wide re-branding in May 2003 , Infogrames , Inc. finally became known as Atari , Inc. On October 11 , 2008 , Infogrames completed its acquisition of Atari , Inc. , making it a wholly owned subsidiary . On January 21 , 2013 , Atari , Inc. filed for bankruptcy , with President Jim Wilson stating plans to split off from parent Atari , SA ."}]}, {'value': 'Game Boy Color', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_Boy_Color', 'summary': "The Game Boy Color [ a ] ( commonly abbreviated as GBC ) is a handheld game console manufactured by Nintendo , which was released in Japan on October 21 , 1998 , and later released in November of the same year to international markets . It is the successor to the original Game Boy and is part of the Game Boy family . The GBC features a color screen rather than monochrome , but it is not backlit . It is slightly thicker and taller and features a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket , its immediate predecessor in the Game Boy line . As with the original Game Boy , it has a custom 8-bit processor made by Sharp that is considered a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80 . The spelling of the system 's name , Game Boy Color , remains consistent throughout the world , with its American English spelling of color . The Game Boy Color is part of the fifth generation of video game consoles . The GBC 's primary competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16-bit handhelds , Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan , though the Game Boy Color outsold them by a wide margin . SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color , respectively , but this did little to change Nintendo 's sales dominance . With Sega discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997 , the Game Boy Color 's only competitor in the United States was its predecessor , the Game Boy , until the short-lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was released in August 1999 . The Game Boy and the Game Boy Color combined have sold 118.69 million units worldwide making it the third-best-selling system of all time , It was discontinued on March 23 , 2003 , shortly after the release of the Game Boy Advance SP . Its best-selling game was Pokémon Gold and Silver , which shipped 23 million units worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'January 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mask of Zorro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mask_of_Zorro_(video_game)', 'summary': "Zorro ( Spanish for Fox ) is a fictional character created in 1919 by American pulp writer Johnston McCulley , and appearing in works set in the Pueblo of Los Angeles during the era of Spanish California ( 1769-1821 ) . He is typically portrayed as a dashing masked vigilante who defends the commoners and indigenous peoples of California against corrupt and tyrannical officials and other villains . His signature all-black costume includes a cape , a hat known as a sombrero cordobés , and a mask covering the upper half of his face . In the stories , Zorro has a high bounty on his head , but is too skilled and cunning for the bumbling authorities to catch , and he also delights in publicly humiliating them . Zorro is an acrobat and an expert in various weapons , but the one he employs most frequently is his rapier , which he uses often to carve the initial Z on his defeated foes , and other objects . He is also an accomplished rider , his trusty steed being a black horse called Tornado . Zorro is the secret identity of Don Diego de la Vega ( originally Don Diego Vega ) , a young man who is the only son of Don Alejandro de la Vega ( originally Don Alejandro Vega ) , the richest landowner in California , while Diego 's mother is dead . In most versions , Diego learned his swordsmanship while at university in Spain , and created his masked alter ego after he was unexpectedly summoned home by his father because California had fallen into the hands of an oppressive dictator . Diego is usually shown living with his father in a huge hacienda , which contains a number of secret passages and tunnels , leading to a secret cave that serves as headquarters for Zorro 's operations and as Tornado 's hiding place . In order to divert suspicion about his identity , Diego hides his fighting abilities while also pretending to be a coward and a fop . Zorro made his debut in the 1919 novel The Curse of Capistrano , originally meant as a stand-alone story . However , the success of the 1920 film adaptation The Mark of Zorro starring Douglas Fairbanks convinced McCulley to write more Zorro stories for about four decades : the character was featured in a total of five serialized stories and 57 short stories , the last one appearing in print posthumously in 1959 , the year after his death ."}]}, {'value': 'Sunsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunsoft', 'summary': 'Sunsoft ( サンソフト , Sansofuto ) , stylized as SUNSOFT , is a Japanese video game developer and publisher . Sunsoft in itself is not a company , but instead the brand name of Japanese electronic manufacturer Sun Corporation for its video games operations . Its U.S. subsidiary operated under the name Sun Corporation of America , though , as in Japan , games published there showed a logo that read only Sunsoft .'}]}, {'value': 'Game Boy Color', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_Boy_Color', 'summary': "The Game Boy Color [ a ] ( commonly abbreviated as GBC ) is a handheld game console manufactured by Nintendo , which was released in Japan on October 21 , 1998 , and later released in November of the same year to international markets . It is the successor to the original Game Boy and is part of the Game Boy family . The GBC features a color screen rather than monochrome , but it is not backlit . It is slightly thicker and taller and features a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket , its immediate predecessor in the Game Boy line . As with the original Game Boy , it has a custom 8-bit processor made by Sharp that is considered a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80 . The spelling of the system 's name , Game Boy Color , remains consistent throughout the world , with its American English spelling of color . The Game Boy Color is part of the fifth generation of video game consoles . The GBC 's primary competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16-bit handhelds , Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan , though the Game Boy Color outsold them by a wide margin . SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color , respectively , but this did little to change Nintendo 's sales dominance . With Sega discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997 , the Game Boy Color 's only competitor in the United States was its predecessor , the Game Boy , until the short-lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was released in August 1999 . The Game Boy and the Game Boy Color combined have sold 118.69 million units worldwide making it the third-best-selling system of all time , It was discontinued on March 23 , 2003 , shortly after the release of the Game Boy Advance SP . Its best-selling game was Pokémon Gold and Silver , which shipped 23 million units worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'February 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CyberTiger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CyberTiger', 'summary': 'CyberTiger ( also known as Cyber Tiger Woods Golf ) is a 1999 golf video game featuring Tiger Woods , for PlayStation , Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color . Woods is the main opponent in the game and is the best rated player in the game .'}]}, {'value': 'Electronic Arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electronic_Arts', 'summary': "Electronic Arts Inc. ( EA ) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City , California . It is the second-largest gaming company in the Americas and Europe by revenue and market capitalization after Activision Blizzard and ahead of Take-Two Interactive and Ubisoft as of March 2018 . Founded and incorporated on May 27 , 1982 , by Apple employee Trip Hawkins , the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games . EA published numerous games and productivity software for personal computers and later experimented on techniques to internally develop games , leading to the 1987 release of Skate or Die ! . The company would later decide in favor of abandoning their original principles and acquiring smaller companies that they see profitable , as well as annually releasing franchises to stay profitable . Currently , EA develops and publishes games of established franchises , including Battlefield , Need for Speed , The Sims , Medal of Honor , Command & Conquer , Dead Space , Mass Effect , Dragon Age , Army of Two , Titanfall , and Star Wars , as well as the EA Sports titles FIFA , Madden NFL , NBA Live , NHL , and EA Sports UFC . Their desktop titles appear on self-developed Origin , an online gaming digital distribution platform for PCs and a direct competitor to Valve 's Steam and Epic Games ' Store . EA also owns and operates major gaming studios such as EA Tiburon in Orlando , EA Vancouver in Burnaby , DICE in Sweden and Los Angeles , BioWare in Edmonton and Austin , and Respawn Entertainment in Los Angeles ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo 64', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_64', 'summary': 'The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'February 29 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ESPN MLS GameNight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ESPN_MLS_GameNight', 'summary': 'ESPN MLS GameNight is a video game of the sports genre released in 2000 by Konami and Saffire Corporation . The game is considered to be an enhanced remake of ISS Pro Evolution , also published by Konami . It is the only MLS game to have been released on the PlayStation . The sequel , ESPN MLS ExtraTime 2002 , was released on the PlayStation 2 seven months later . The game also featured the option of choosing either English commentary ( provided by Bob Ley ) and Spanish commentary ( provided by Luis Omar Tapia ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation', 'summary': "PlayStation ( Japanese : プレイステーション , Hepburn : Pureisutēshon , officially abbreviated as PS ) is a video game brand that consists of four home video game consoles , as well as a media center , an online service , a line of controllers , two handhelds and a phone , as well as multiple magazines . The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment , a division of Sony , with the first console releasing as the PlayStation in Japan released in December 1994 , and worldwide the following year . The original console in the series was the first console of any type to ship over 100 million units , doing so in under a decade . Its successor , the PlayStation 2 , was released in 2000 . The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling home console to date , having reached over 155 million units sold by the end of 2012 . Sony 's next console , the PlayStation 3 , was released in 2006 , selling over 87.4 million units by March 2017 . Sony 's latest console , the PlayStation 4 , was released in 2013 , selling a million units within a day , becoming the fastest selling console in history . The next console in the series , the PlayStation 5 , is expected to be released by the end of 2020 . The first handheld game console in the series , the PlayStation Portable or PSP , sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November 2013 . Its successor , the PlayStation Vita , which launched in Japan in December 2011 and in most other major territories in February 2012 , selling over four million units by January 2013 . PlayStation TV is a microconsole and a non-portable variant of the PlayStation Vita handheld game console . Other hardware released as part of the PlayStation series includes the PSX , a digital video recorder which was integrated with the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 , though it was short lived due to its high price and was never released outside Japan , as well as a Sony Bravia television set which has an integrated PlayStation 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 19 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Army Men : Sarge 's Heroes", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Army_Men:_Sarge's_Heroes", 'summary': "Army Men : Sarge 's Heroes is a third-person shooter video game developed and published by The 3DO Company for Nintendo 64 , PlayStation , Dreamcast and Microsoft Windows . The player normally controls Sarge , a Sergeant in the Green Army and fights evil General Plastro and the members of the Tan Army . Both armies are named after the usual colours of toy army men . The game 's storyline is somewhat dark , partly because of General Plastro 's killings ."}]}, {'value': 'Midway Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midway_Games', 'summary': "Midway Games Inc. ( formerly Midway Manufacturing and commonly known as simply Midway ) was an American video game developer and publisher . Midway 's franchises included Mortal Kombat , Rampage , Spy Hunter , NBA Jam , Cruis ' n , and NFL Blitz . Midway also acquired the rights to video games that were originally developed by Williams Electronics and Atari Games , such as Defender , Joust , Robotron 2084 , Gauntlet , and the Rush series . The company 's predecessor Midway Manufacturing was founded in 1958 , as an amusement game manufacturer . In 1973 it moved into the interactive entertainment industry , developing and publishing arcade video games . The company scored its first mainstream hit with the U.S. distribution of Space Invaders in 1978 . Midway was purchased and re-incorporated in 1988 by WMS Industries Inc. After years as a leader in the arcade segment , Midway moved into the growing home video game market beginning in 1996 , the same year that it made its initial public offering of stock . In 1998 , WMS spun off its remaining shares of Midway . Midway was ranked the fourth largest-selling video game publisher in 2000 . After 2000 , Midway continued to develop and publish video games for home and handheld video game machines , but it experienced large annual net losses and engaged in a series of stock and debt offerings and other financings and borrowings . Sumner Redstone , the head of Viacom/CBS Corporation , increased his stake in Midway from about 15% , in 1998 , to about 87% by the end of 2007 . In December 2008 , Redstone sold all his stock and $ 70 million of Midway debt to Mark Thomas , a private investor , for $ 100,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dreamcast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dreamcast', 'summary': "The Dreamcast [ a ] is a home video game console released by Sega on November 27 , 1998 in Japan , September 9 , 1999 in North America , and October 14 , 1999 in Europe . It was the first in the sixth generation of video game consoles , preceding Sony 's PlayStation 2 , Nintendo 's GameCube and Microsoft 's Xbox . The Dreamcast was Sega 's final home console , marking the end of the company 's 18 years in the console market . In contrast to the expensive hardware of the unsuccessful Sega Saturn , the Dreamcast was designed to reduce costs with off-the-shelf components , including a Hitachi SH-4 CPU and an NEC PowerVR2 GPU . Released in Japan to a subdued reception , the Dreamcast enjoyed a successful U.S. launch backed by a large marketing campaign , but interest in the system steadily declined as Sony built hype for the upcoming PlayStation 2 . Sales did not meet Sega 's expectations despite several price cuts , and the company continued to incur significant financial losses . After a change in leadership , Sega discontinued the Dreamcast on March 31 , 2001 , withdrawing from the console business and restructuring itself as a third-party publisher . 9.13 million Dreamcast units were sold worldwide . Although the Dreamcast had a short lifespan and limited third-party support , reviewers have considered the console ahead of its time . Its library contains many games considered creative and innovative , including Crazy Taxi , Jet Set Radio and Shenmue , as well as high-quality ports from Sega 's NAOMI arcade system board . The Dreamcast was also the first console to include a built-in modem for internet support and online play ."}]}, {'value': 'October 30 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Microsoft Pinball Arcade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Pinball_Arcade', 'summary': 'Microsoft Pinball Arcade is a pinball video game from Microsoft . It was released on December 15 , 1998 for Microsoft Windows and in 2001 for the Game Boy Color . The game is a collection of seven real pinball tables licensed by Gottlieb . These include : Baffle Ball ( 1931 ) , Humpty Dumpty ( 1947 ) , Knock Out ( 1950 ) , Slick Chick ( 1963 ) , Spirit of 76 ( 1975 ) , Haunted House ( 1982 ) , and Cue Ball Wizard ( 1992 ) . The Game Boy Color version features scaled-down graphics , due to hardware limitations . It also excludes the Humpty Dumpty and Cue Ball Wizard tables . A free trial version of the computer game is also available , with Haunted House as the only playable table . This game was designed for Windows 9x and Windows NT 4.0 but it can also natively run on Windows Vista , Windows 7 and Windows 10 without the need to apply compatibility mode .'}]}, {'value': 'Classified Games ( U.S. ) , Cryo Interactive ( PAL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cryo_Interactive', 'summary': 'Cryo Interactive Entertainment was a French video game development and publishing company founded in 1990 , but existing unofficially since 1989 as a developer group under the name Cryo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/PAL_region', 'summary': 'The PAL region is a television publication territory that covers most of Asia , Africa , Europe , South America and Oceania . It is so named because of the PAL ( Phase Alternating Line ) television standard traditionally used in those regions , as opposed to the NTSC standard traditionally used in Japan and most of North America .'}]}, {'value': 'Game Boy Color', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_Boy_Color', 'summary': "The Game Boy Color [ a ] ( commonly abbreviated as GBC ) is a handheld game console manufactured by Nintendo , which was released in Japan on October 21 , 1998 , and later released in November of the same year to international markets . It is the successor to the original Game Boy and is part of the Game Boy family . The GBC features a color screen rather than monochrome , but it is not backlit . It is slightly thicker and taller and features a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket , its immediate predecessor in the Game Boy line . As with the original Game Boy , it has a custom 8-bit processor made by Sharp that is considered a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80 . The spelling of the system 's name , Game Boy Color , remains consistent throughout the world , with its American English spelling of color . The Game Boy Color is part of the fifth generation of video game consoles . The GBC 's primary competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16-bit handhelds , Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan , though the Game Boy Color outsold them by a wide margin . SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color , respectively , but this did little to change Nintendo 's sales dominance . With Sega discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997 , the Game Boy Color 's only competitor in the United States was its predecessor , the Game Boy , until the short-lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was released in August 1999 . The Game Boy and the Game Boy Color combined have sold 118.69 million units worldwide making it the third-best-selling system of all time , It was discontinued on March 23 , 2003 , shortly after the release of the Game Boy Advance SP . Its best-selling game was Pokémon Gold and Silver , which shipped 23 million units worldwide ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Rogue Spear", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tom_Clancy's_Rainbow_Six:_Rogue_Spear", 'summary': "Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Rogue Spear is a tactical first-person shooter video game developed and published in 1999 by Ubi Soft Milan and Red Storm Entertainment . It is the sequel to 1998 's Rainbow Six game based on the Tom Clancy novel of the same name . Rogue Spear is based on the same game engine and features gameplay and presentation similar to that of the original Rainbow Six . The game pits the counter-terrorist unit , Rainbow , against global terrorist organizations that in some cases have taken hostages or have armed themselves with weapons of mass destruction . Rogue Spear focuses on realism , planning , strategy and teamwork . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Rogue Spear was released for Microsoft Windows on August 31 , 1999 , with versions for the Mac OS ( 2000 ) , Dreamcast ( 2000 ) , PlayStation ( 2001 ) , and Game Boy Advance ( 2002 ) released later . A PlayStation 2 port was also announced at the time , but it was later canceled ."}]}, {'value': 'Red Storm Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Storm_Entertainment', 'summary': "Red Storm Entertainment , Inc. is an American video game developer and studio of Ubisoft based in Cary , North Carolina . Founded in November 1996 between author Tom Clancy , manager Doug Littlejohns , and software development company Virtus Corporation , Red Storm develops games in the Tom Clancy 's franchise . Ubisoft ( then known as Ubi Soft ) acquired the studio in August 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation', 'summary': "PlayStation ( Japanese : プレイステーション , Hepburn : Pureisutēshon , officially abbreviated as PS ) is a video game brand that consists of four home video game consoles , as well as a media center , an online service , a line of controllers , two handhelds and a phone , as well as multiple magazines . The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment , a division of Sony , with the first console releasing as the PlayStation in Japan released in December 1994 , and worldwide the following year . The original console in the series was the first console of any type to ship over 100 million units , doing so in under a decade . Its successor , the PlayStation 2 , was released in 2000 . The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling home console to date , having reached over 155 million units sold by the end of 2012 . Sony 's next console , the PlayStation 3 , was released in 2006 , selling over 87.4 million units by March 2017 . Sony 's latest console , the PlayStation 4 , was released in 2013 , selling a million units within a day , becoming the fastest selling console in history . The next console in the series , the PlayStation 5 , is expected to be released by the end of 2020 . The first handheld game console in the series , the PlayStation Portable or PSP , sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November 2013 . Its successor , the PlayStation Vita , which launched in Japan in December 2011 and in most other major territories in February 2012 , selling over four million units by January 2013 . PlayStation TV is a microconsole and a non-portable variant of the PlayStation Vita handheld game console . Other hardware released as part of the PlayStation series includes the PSX , a digital video recorder which was integrated with the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 , though it was short lived due to its high price and was never released outside Japan , as well as a Sony Bravia television set which has an integrated PlayStation 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 27 , 2001', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Saffire_(video_game_developer)_0', 'intro': 'Saffire, Inc., doing business as Saffire Corporation, is an American video game developer located in Salt Lake City, Utah. It is known for both porting games and creating original titles. The company was founded as Cygnus Multimedia Productions, Inc. by Les Pardew in his basement in 1993, employing six people in total. In 1994, it changed its name to Saffire Corporation and was later headed up by Sculptured Software co-founder Hal Rushton. They released their last title, Thunderbirds, in 2004.'}
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What was the release date for the game based on a TV series that aired from 1995 to 2001 ?
December 14 , 1999
0852f34dad9a81a8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_version-control_software', 'title': 'Comparison of version-control software', 'header': ['Software', 'Web interfaces', 'Stand-alone GUIs', 'Integration and/or Plug-ins for IDEs'], 'data': [{'value': 'AccuRev SCM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AccuRev_SCM', 'summary': 'AccuRev is a software configuration management application developed by AccuRev , Inc. and was first released in 1999 . In December 2013 AccuRev was acquired by Micro Focus .'}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows ( incl . Explorer integration ) , Linux , Unix , OS X , BeOS available', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Unix', 'summary': 'Unix ( /ˈjuːnɪks/ ; trademarked as UNIX ) is a family of multitasking , multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT & T Unix , development starting in the 1970s at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson , Dennis Ritchie , and others . Initially intended for use inside the Bell System , AT & T licensed Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s , leading to a variety of both academic and commercial Unix variants from vendors including University of California , Berkeley ( BSD ) , Microsoft ( Xenix ) , IBM ( AIX ) , and Sun Microsystems ( Solaris ) . In the early 1990s , AT & T sold its rights in Unix to Novell , which then sold its Unix business to the Santa Cruz Operation ( SCO ) in 1995 . The UNIX trademark passed to The Open Group , a neutral industry consortium , which allows the use of the mark for certified operating systems that comply with the Single UNIX Specification ( SUS ) . Unix systems are characterized by a modular design that is sometimes called the Unix philosophy : the operating system provides a set of simple tools that each performs a limited , well-defined function , with a unified filesystem ( the Unix filesystem ) as the main means of communication , and a shell scripting and command language ( the Unix shell ) to combine the tools to perform complex workflows . Unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system : almost the entire operating system is written in the C programming language , thus allowing Unix to reach numerous platforms .'}, {'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BeOS', 'summary': 'BeOS is an operating system for personal computers first developed by Be Inc. in 1991 . It was first written to run on BeBox hardware . BeOS was built for digital media work and was written to take advantage of modern hardware facilities such as symmetric multiprocessing by utilizing modular I/O bandwidth , pervasive multithreading , preemptive multitasking and a 64-bit journaling file system known as BFS . The BeOS GUI was developed on the principles of clarity and a clean , uncluttered design . The API was written in C++ for ease of programming . It has partial POSIX compatibility and access to a command-line interface through Bash , although internally it is not a Unix-derived operating system . BeOS used Unicode as the default encoding in the GUI , though support for input methods such as bidirectional text input was never realized . BeOS was positioned as a multimedia platform that could be used by a substantial population of desktop users and a competitor to Classic Mac OS and Microsoft Windows . It was ultimately unable to achieve a significant market share , however , and proved commercially unviable for Be Inc . The company was acquired by Palm Inc. and today BeOS is mainly used and developed by a small population of enthusiasts . The open-source OS Haiku , a complete reimplementation of BeOS , is designed to start up where BeOS left off . Beta 1 of Haiku was released in September 2018 , six years after Alpha 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'IntelliJ IDEA , Eclipse , Visual Studio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA', 'summary': 'IntelliJ IDEA is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) written in Java for developing computer software . It is developed by JetBrains ( formerly known as IntelliJ ) , and is available as an Apache 2 Licensed community edition , and in a proprietary commercial edition . Both can be used for commercial development .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_(software)', 'summary': 'Eclipse is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) used in computer programming . It contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment . Eclipse is written mostly in Java and its primary use is for developing Java applications , but it may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages via plug-ins , including Ada , ABAP , C , C++ , C # , Clojure , COBOL , D , Erlang , Fortran , Groovy , Haskell , JavaScript , Julia , Lasso , Lua , NATURAL , Perl , PHP , Prolog , Python , R , Ruby ( including Ruby on Rails framework ) , Rust , Scala , and Scheme . It can also be used to develop documents with LaTeX ( via a TeXlipse plug-in ) and packages for the software Mathematica . Development environments include the Eclipse Java development tools ( JDT ) for Java and Scala , Eclipse CDT for C/C++ , and Eclipse PDT for PHP , among others . The initial codebase originated from IBM VisualAge . The Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) , which includes the Java development tools , is meant for Java developers . Users can extend its abilities by installing plug-ins written for the Eclipse Platform , such as development toolkits for other programming languages , and can write and contribute their own plug-in modules . Since the introduction of the OSGi implementation ( Equinox ) in version 3 of Eclipse , plug-ins can be plugged-stopped dynamically and are termed ( OSGI ) bundles Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) is free and open-source software , released under the terms of the Eclipse Public License , although it is incompatible with the GNU General Public License . It was one of the first IDEs to run under GNU Classpath and it runs without problems under IcedTea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio', 'summary': 'Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) from Microsoft . It is used to develop computer programs , as well as websites , web apps , web services and mobile apps . Visual Studio uses Microsoft software development platforms such as Windows API , Windows Forms , Windows Presentation Foundation , Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight . It can produce both native code and managed code . Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense ( the code completion component ) as well as code refactoring . The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger . Other built-in tools include a code profiler , designer for building GUI applications , web designer , class designer , and database schema designer . It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every level - including adding support for source control systems ( like Subversion and Git ) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle ( like the Azure DevOps client : Team Explorer ) . Visual Studio supports 36 different programming languages and allows the code editor and debugger to support ( to varying degrees ) nearly any programming language , provided a language-specific service exists . Built-in languages include C , C++ , C++/CLI , Visual Basic .NET , C # , F # , JavaScript , TypeScript , XML , XSLT , HTML , and CSS . Support for other languages such as Python , Ruby , Node.js , and M among others is available via plug-ins . Java ( and J # ) were supported in the past .'}]}, {'value': 'Azure DevOps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Foundation_Server', 'summary': 'Azure DevOps Server ( formerly Team Foundation Server ( TFS ) and Visual Studio Team System ) is a Microsoft product that provides version control ( either with Team Foundation Version Control ( TFVC ) or Git ) , reporting , requirements management , project management ( for both agile software development and waterfall teams ) , automated builds , lab management , testing and release management capabilities . It covers the entire application lifecycle , and enables DevOps capabilities . Azure DevOps can be used as a back-end to numerous integrated development environments ( IDEs ) but is tailored for Microsoft Visual Studio and Eclipse on all platforms .'}]}, {'value': 'included ( Sharepoint Server used for web services )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows included ; OS X , Unix available', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Visual Studio . Java client for Eclipse IDE and IntelliJ IDEA ( standard in Ultimate Edition )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GNU Bazaar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_Bazaar', 'summary': 'GNU Bazaar ( formerly Bazaar-NG , command line tool bzr ) is a distributed and client-server revision control system sponsored by Canonical . Bazaar can be used by a single developer working on multiple branches of local content , or by teams collaborating across a network . Bazaar is written in the Python programming language , with packages for major Linux distributions , Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows . Bazaar is free software and part of the GNU Project .'}]}, {'value': 'can use a plain webserver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olive , bzr-gtk ( GTK+ ) , Bazaar Explorer ( Qt ) , QBzr ( Qt ) , TortoiseBzr ( Windows )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GTK+', 'summary': 'GTK ( formerly GTK+ , GIMP Toolkit ) is a free and open-source cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License , allowing both free and proprietary software to use it . Along with Qt , it is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)', 'summary': 'Qt ( pronounced cute ) is a free and open-source widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces as well as cross-platform applications that run on various software and hardware platforms such as Linux , Windows , macOS , Android or embedded systems with little or no change in the underlying codebase while still being a native application with native capabilities and speed . Qt is currently being developed by The Qt Company , a publicly listed company , and the Qt Project under open-source governance , involving individual developers and organizations working to advance Qt . Qt is available under both commercial licenses and open source GPL 2.0 , GPL 3.0 , and LGPL 3.0 licenses .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)', 'summary': 'Qt ( pronounced cute ) is a free and open-source widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces as well as cross-platform applications that run on various software and hardware platforms such as Linux , Windows , macOS , Android or embedded systems with little or no change in the underlying codebase while still being a native application with native capabilities and speed . Qt is currently being developed by The Qt Company , a publicly listed company , and the Qt Project under open-source governance , involving individual developers and organizations working to advance Qt . Qt is available under both commercial licenses and open source GPL 2.0 , GPL 3.0 , and LGPL 3.0 licenses .'}, {'url': '/wiki/TortoiseBzr', 'summary': 'GNU Bazaar ( formerly Bazaar-NG , command line tool bzr ) is a distributed and client-server revision control system sponsored by Canonical . Bazaar can be used by a single developer working on multiple branches of local content , or by teams collaborating across a network . Bazaar is written in the Python programming language , with packages for major Linux distributions , Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows . Bazaar is free software and part of the GNU Project .'}]}, {'value': 'Eclipse ( BzrEclipse , QBzrEclipse ) , Visual Studio ( bzr-visualstudio ) , TextMate ( TextMateBundle ) , Komodo IDE , WingIDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ActiveState_Komodo', 'summary': "Komodo Edit is a free and open source text editor for dynamic programming languages . It was introduced in January 2007 to complement ActiveState 's commercial Komodo IDE . As of version 4.3 , Komodo Edit is built atop the Open Komodo project ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wing_IDE', 'summary': 'Wing Pro provides local and remote debugging , editing ( with multiple key bindings , auto-completion , and auto-editing ) , code intelligence , multi-selection , source browser and code navigation , code refactoring , unit testing , version control , Pylint integration , project management , search abilities , fine-grained customization , extension through Python scripting , and comprehensive documentation . Wing Personal and Wing 101 omit some of these features . For details on features provided in each product see the product overview . All three versions of Wing run on Windows , Mac OS X and Linux . Free licenses for Wing Pro are available on application for some educational uses and for unpaid open-source software developers , ( see here ) .'}]}, {'value': 'BitKeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BitKeeper', 'summary': 'BitKeeper is a software tool for distributed revision control of computer source code . Originally proprietary software , it was released as open-source software under the Apache License 2.0 on 9 May 2016 . BitKeeper is produced by BitMover Inc. , a privately held company based in Los Gatos , California and owned by its CEO , Larry McVoy , who had previously designed TeamWare .'}]}, {'value': 'included', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'included ( bkd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CA Software Change Manager', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CA_Software_Change_Manager', 'summary': 'CA Harvest Software Change Manager ( originally known as CCC/Harvest ) is a software tool for the configuration management ( revision control , SCM , etc . ) of source code and other software development assets .'}]}, {'value': 'included', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eclipse-based GUI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eclipse , MS Visual Studio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_(software)', 'summary': 'Eclipse is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) used in computer programming . It contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment . Eclipse is written mostly in Java and its primary use is for developing Java applications , but it may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages via plug-ins , including Ada , ABAP , C , C++ , C # , Clojure , COBOL , D , Erlang , Fortran , Groovy , Haskell , JavaScript , Julia , Lasso , Lua , NATURAL , Perl , PHP , Prolog , Python , R , Ruby ( including Ruby on Rails framework ) , Rust , Scala , and Scheme . It can also be used to develop documents with LaTeX ( via a TeXlipse plug-in ) and packages for the software Mathematica . Development environments include the Eclipse Java development tools ( JDT ) for Java and Scala , Eclipse CDT for C/C++ , and Eclipse PDT for PHP , among others . The initial codebase originated from IBM VisualAge . The Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) , which includes the Java development tools , is meant for Java developers . Users can extend its abilities by installing plug-ins written for the Eclipse Platform , such as development toolkits for other programming languages , and can write and contribute their own plug-in modules . Since the introduction of the OSGi implementation ( Equinox ) in version 3 of Eclipse , plug-ins can be plugged-stopped dynamically and are termed ( OSGI ) bundles Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) is free and open-source software , released under the terms of the Eclipse Public License , although it is incompatible with the GNU General Public License . It was one of the first IDEs to run under GNU Classpath and it runs without problems under IcedTea .'}]}, {'value': 'ClearCase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rational_ClearCase', 'summary': 'Rational ClearCase is a family of computer software tools that supports software configuration management ( SCM ) of source code and other software development assets . It also supports design-data management of electronic design artifacts , thus enabling hardware and software co-development . ClearCase includes revision control and forms the basis for configuration management at large and medium-sized businesses , accommodating projects with hundreds or thousands of developers . It is developed by IBM . ClearCase supports two configuration management models : UCM ( Unified Change Management ) and base ClearCase . UCM provides an out-of-the-box model while base ClearCase provides a basic infrastructure ( UCM is built on base ClearCase ) . Both can be configured to support a wide variety of needs . ClearCase can accommodate large binary files , large numbers of files , and large repository sizes . It supports branching , labeling , and versioning of directories . It uses the MultiVersion File System ( MVFS ) which is a virtual file system that displays specific versions of data stored . In particular , it supports dynamic views which can show an arbitrary combination of local and remote files .'}]}, {'value': 'included , Clearcase Web Interface', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'older : MS Windows native , Motif-based GUI for Unix-like systems , TSO client for z/OS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unix-like', 'summary': "A Unix-like ( sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix ) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system , while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification . A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell . There is no standard for defining the term , and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is Unix-like . The term can include free and open-source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs ' Unix or designed to emulate its features , commercial and proprietary work-alikes , and even versions based on the licensed UNIX source code ( which may be sufficiently Unix-like to pass certification and bear the UNIX trademark ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Time_Sharing_Option', 'summary': 'Time Sharing Option ( TSO ) is an interactive time-sharing environment for IBM mainframe operating systems , including OS/360 MVT , OS/VS2 ( SVS ) , MVS , OS/390 , and z/OS .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Z/OS', 'summary': "z/OS is a 64-bit operating system for IBM mainframes , produced by IBM . It derives from and is the successor to OS/390 , which in turn followed a string of MVS versions . [ NB 1 ] Like OS/390 , z/OS combines a number of formerly separate , related products , some of which are still optional . z/OS offers the attributes of modern operating systems but also retains much of the functionality originating in the 1960s and each subsequent decade that is still found in daily use ( backward compatibility is one of z/OS 's central design philosophies ) . z/OS was first introduced in October 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Emacs , Eclipse ( IBM Proprietary , Eclipse-CCase ) , Visual Studio ( IBM proprietary ) , KDevelop ( standard ? ) , IntelliJ IDEA ( standard in Ultimate Edition )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emacs', 'summary': "Emacs /ˈiːmæks/ or EMACS ( Editor MACroS ) is a family of text editors that are characterized by their extensibility . The manual for the most widely used variant , GNU Emacs , describes it as the extensible , customizable , self-documenting , real-time display editor . Development of the first Emacs began in the mid-1970s , and work on its direct descendant , GNU Emacs , continues actively as of 2020 [ update ] . Emacs has over 10,000 built-in commands and its user interface allows the user to combine these commands into macros to automate work . Implementations of Emacs typically feature a dialect of the Lisp programming language that provides a deep extension capability , allowing users and developers to write new commands and applications for the editor . Extensions have been written to manage email , files , outlines , and RSS feeds , as well as clones of ELIZA , Pong , Conway 's Life , Snake and Tetris . The original EMACS was written in 1976 by Carl Mikkelsen , David A . Moon and Guy L. Steele Jr. as a set of Editor MACroS for the TECO editor . It was inspired by the ideas of the TECO-macro editors TECMAC and TMACS . The most popular , and most ported , version of Emacs is GNU Emacs , which was created by Richard Stallman for the GNU Project . XEmacs is a variant that branched from GNU Emacs in 1991 . GNU Emacs and XEmacs use similar Lisp dialects and are for the most part compatible with each other ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KDevelop', 'summary': 'KDevelop is a free and open-source integrated development environment ( IDE ) for Unix-like computer operating systems and Windows . It provides editing , navigation and debugging features for several programming languages , and integration with build automation and version-control systems , using a plugin-based architecture . KDevelop 5 has parser backends for C , C++ , Objective-C , OpenCL and JavaScript/QML , with plugins supporting PHP , Python 3 and Ruby . Basic syntax highlighting and code folding are available for dozens of other source-code and markup formats , but without semantic analysis . KDevelop is part of the KDE project , and is based on KDE Frameworks and Qt . The C/C++ backend uses Clang to provide accurate information even for very complex codebases .'}]}, {'value': 'Code Co-op', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Code_Co-op', 'summary': 'Code Co-op is the peer-to-peer revision control system made by Reliable Software .'}]}, {'value': 'Not necessary since entire project is replicated locally', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CVS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System', 'summary': 'The Concurrent Versions System ( CVS ) , also known as the Concurrent Versioning System , is a free client-server revision control system in the field of software development . A version control system keeps track of all work and all changes in a set of files , and allows several developers ( potentially widely separated in space and time ) to collaborate . Dick Grune developed CVS as a series of shell scripts in July 1986 . In addition to proprietary software developers , CVS became popular with the open-source software world and was released under the GNU General Public License . While there was regular development to add features and fix bugs in the past , including regular builds and test results , there have been no new releases since 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'cvsweb , ViewVC , others', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ViewVC', 'summary': 'ViewVC ( formerly ViewCVS ) is an open-source tool for viewing the contents of CVS and SVN repositories using a web browser . It allows looking at specific revisions of files as well as side-by-side diffs of different revisions . It is written in Python and the view parameters can be modified directly in a URL using a REST style interface .'}]}, {'value': 'TortoiseCVS , TkCVS ( Tcl / Tk ) , ( Windows Explorer ) , WinCVS , OS X , GTK , Qt available', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TortoiseCVS', 'summary': "TortoiseCVS is a CVS client for Microsoft Windows released under the GNU General Public License . Unlike most CVS tools , it includes itself in Windows ' shell by adding entries in the contextual menu of the file explorer , therefore it does not run in its own window . Moreover , it adds icons onto files and directories controlled by CVS , giving additional information to the user without having to run a full-scale stand-alone application . The name is a pun on the word shell ( computing , turtle ) . The tortoise in the logo is called Charlie Vernon Smythe ( CVS ) . The project was started by Francis Irving when he was employed by Creature Labs to provide a better interface to CVS for his colleagues . Some of the code was derived from WinCVS and CVSNT . The first release was 4 August 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tcl', 'summary': 'Tcl ( pronounced tickle or tee cee ell /ˈtiː siː ɛl/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose , interpreted , dynamic programming language . It was designed with the goal of being very simple but powerful . Tcl casts everything into the mold of a command , even programming constructs like variable assignment and procedure definition . Tcl supports multiple programming paradigms , including object-oriented , imperative and functional programming or procedural styles . It is commonly used embedded into C applications , for rapid prototyping , scripted applications , GUIs , and testing . Tcl interpreters are available for many operating systems , allowing Tcl code to run on a wide variety of systems . Because Tcl is a very compact language , it is used on embedded systems platforms , both in its full form and in several other small-footprint versions . The popular combination of Tcl with the Tk extension is referred to as Tcl/Tk , and enables building a graphical user interface ( GUI ) natively in Tcl . Tcl/Tk is included in the standard Python installation in the form of Tkinter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tk_(computing)', 'summary': 'Tk is a free and open-source , cross-platform widget toolkit that provides a library of basic elements of GUI widgets for building a graphical user interface ( GUI ) in many programming languages . Tk provides a number of widgets commonly needed to develop desktop applications , such as button , menu , canvas , text , frame , label , etc . Tk has been ported to run on most flavors of Linux , Mac OS , Unix , and Microsoft Windows . Like Tcl , Tk supports Unicode within the Basic Multilingual Plane but it has not yet been extended to handle the current extended full Unicode ( e.g . UTF-16 from UCS-2 , that Tk supports ) . Tk was designed to be extended , and a wide range of extensions are available that offer new widgets or other capabilities . Since Tcl/Tk 8 , it offers native look and feel ( for instance , menus and buttons are displayed in the manner of native software for any given platform ) . Highlights of version 8.5 include a new theming engine , originally called Tk Tile , but now generally referred to as themed Tk , as well as improved font rendering . Highlights of version 8.6 include PNG support and angled text .'}, {'url': '/wiki/WinCVS', 'summary': 'The CVSNT Versioning System implements a version control system : it keeps track of all changes in a set of files , typically the implementation of a software project , and allows several ( potentially geographically separated ) developers to collaborate . It is compatible with and originally based on Concurrent Versions System ( CVS ) , which has become popular in the open-source world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GTK+', 'summary': 'GTK ( formerly GTK+ , GIMP Toolkit ) is a free and open-source cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License , allowing both free and proprietary software to use it . Along with Qt , it is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems .'}]}, {'value': 'Eclipse ( Team ) , KDevelop ( standard ) , IntelliJ IDEA ( standard in Community and Ultimate Editions ) , Emacs ( standard VC ) , Komodo IDE , BBEdit , WingIDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_(software)', 'summary': 'Eclipse is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) used in computer programming . It contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment . Eclipse is written mostly in Java and its primary use is for developing Java applications , but it may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages via plug-ins , including Ada , ABAP , C , C++ , C # , Clojure , COBOL , D , Erlang , Fortran , Groovy , Haskell , JavaScript , Julia , Lasso , Lua , NATURAL , Perl , PHP , Prolog , Python , R , Ruby ( including Ruby on Rails framework ) , Rust , Scala , and Scheme . It can also be used to develop documents with LaTeX ( via a TeXlipse plug-in ) and packages for the software Mathematica . Development environments include the Eclipse Java development tools ( JDT ) for Java and Scala , Eclipse CDT for C/C++ , and Eclipse PDT for PHP , among others . The initial codebase originated from IBM VisualAge . The Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) , which includes the Java development tools , is meant for Java developers . Users can extend its abilities by installing plug-ins written for the Eclipse Platform , such as development toolkits for other programming languages , and can write and contribute their own plug-in modules . Since the introduction of the OSGi implementation ( Equinox ) in version 3 of Eclipse , plug-ins can be plugged-stopped dynamically and are termed ( OSGI ) bundles Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) is free and open-source software , released under the terms of the Eclipse Public License , although it is incompatible with the GNU General Public License . It was one of the first IDEs to run under GNU Classpath and it runs without problems under IcedTea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emacs', 'summary': "Emacs /ˈiːmæks/ or EMACS ( Editor MACroS ) is a family of text editors that are characterized by their extensibility . The manual for the most widely used variant , GNU Emacs , describes it as the extensible , customizable , self-documenting , real-time display editor . Development of the first Emacs began in the mid-1970s , and work on its direct descendant , GNU Emacs , continues actively as of 2020 [ update ] . Emacs has over 10,000 built-in commands and its user interface allows the user to combine these commands into macros to automate work . Implementations of Emacs typically feature a dialect of the Lisp programming language that provides a deep extension capability , allowing users and developers to write new commands and applications for the editor . Extensions have been written to manage email , files , outlines , and RSS feeds , as well as clones of ELIZA , Pong , Conway 's Life , Snake and Tetris . The original EMACS was written in 1976 by Carl Mikkelsen , David A . Moon and Guy L. Steele Jr. as a set of Editor MACroS for the TECO editor . It was inspired by the ideas of the TECO-macro editors TECMAC and TMACS . The most popular , and most ported , version of Emacs is GNU Emacs , which was created by Richard Stallman for the GNU Project . XEmacs is a variant that branched from GNU Emacs in 1991 . GNU Emacs and XEmacs use similar Lisp dialects and are for the most part compatible with each other ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ActiveState_Komodo', 'summary': "Komodo Edit is a free and open source text editor for dynamic programming languages . It was introduced in January 2007 to complement ActiveState 's commercial Komodo IDE . As of version 4.3 , Komodo Edit is built atop the Open Komodo project ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BBEdit', 'summary': 'BBEdit is a proprietary text editor made by Bare Bones Software , originally developed for Macintosh System Software 6 , and currently supporting macOS .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wing_IDE', 'summary': 'Wing Pro provides local and remote debugging , editing ( with multiple key bindings , auto-completion , and auto-editing ) , code intelligence , multi-selection , source browser and code navigation , code refactoring , unit testing , version control , Pylint integration , project management , search abilities , fine-grained customization , extension through Python scripting , and comprehensive documentation . Wing Personal and Wing 101 omit some of these features . For details on features provided in each product see the product overview . All three versions of Wing run on Windows , Mac OS X and Linux . Free licenses for Wing Pro are available on application for some educational uses and for unpaid open-source software developers , ( see here ) .'}]}, {'value': 'CVSNT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CVSNT', 'summary': 'The CVSNT Versioning System implements a version control system : it keeps track of all changes in a set of files , typically the implementation of a software project , and allows several ( potentially geographically separated ) developers to collaborate . It is compatible with and originally based on Concurrent Versions System ( CVS ) , which has become popular in the open-source world .'}]}, {'value': 'cvsweb , ViewVC , others', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ViewVC', 'summary': 'ViewVC ( formerly ViewCVS ) is an open-source tool for viewing the contents of CVS and SVN repositories using a web browser . It allows looking at specific revisions of files as well as side-by-side diffs of different revisions . It is written in Python and the view parameters can be modified directly in a URL using a REST style interface .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows , OS X , OS/400 , GTK , Qt available', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OS/400', 'summary': 'IBM i is an operating system that runs on IBM Power Systems and IBM PureSystems . It was named OS/400 when it was introduced with the AS/400 line of computer systems in 1988 , was later renamed i5/OS , and was renamed IBM i in 2008 when IBM Power Systems was introduced . It is one of the operating systems supported on IBM Power Systems alongside AIX and Linux as well as on IBM PureSystems alongside AIX , Linux and Windows .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GTK+', 'summary': 'GTK ( formerly GTK+ , GIMP Toolkit ) is a free and open-source cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License , allowing both free and proprietary software to use it . Along with Qt , it is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems .'}]}, {'value': 'All those that support CVS , plus commercial plugins for SCCI , Bugzilla , Build', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'darcs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darcs', 'summary': 'Darcs is a distributed version control system created by David Roundy . Key features include the ability to choose which changes to accept from other repositories , interaction with either other local ( on-disk ) repositories or remote repositories via SSH , HTTP , or email , and an unusually interactive interface . The developers also emphasize the use of advanced software tools for verifying correctness : the expressive type system of the functional programming language Haskell enforces some properties , and randomized testing via QuickCheck verifies many others . The name is a recursive acronym for Darcs Advanced Revision Control System .'}]}, {'value': 'darcs.cgi included ; darcsweb , Trac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trac', 'summary': 'Trac is an open-source , web-based project management and bug tracking system . It has been adopted by a variety of organizations for use as a bug tracking system for both free and open-source software and proprietary projects and products . Trac integrates with major version control systems including ( out of the box ) Subversion and Git . Trac is used , among others , by the Internet Research Task Force , Django , FFmpeg , jQuery UI , WebKit , 0 A.D. , and WordPress . Trac is available on all major operating systems including Windows via Installer or Bitnami , OS X via MacPorts or pkgsrc , Debian , Ubuntu , Arch Linux or FreeBSD , as well as on various cloud hosting services .'}]}, {'value': 'under development ; TortoiseDarcs ( Windows Explorer ) , OS X ( alpha ) ,', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eclipse ( eclipsedarcs ) , Emacs ( vc-darcs.el )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_(software)', 'summary': 'Eclipse is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) used in computer programming . It contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment . Eclipse is written mostly in Java and its primary use is for developing Java applications , but it may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages via plug-ins , including Ada , ABAP , C , C++ , C # , Clojure , COBOL , D , Erlang , Fortran , Groovy , Haskell , JavaScript , Julia , Lasso , Lua , NATURAL , Perl , PHP , Prolog , Python , R , Ruby ( including Ruby on Rails framework ) , Rust , Scala , and Scheme . It can also be used to develop documents with LaTeX ( via a TeXlipse plug-in ) and packages for the software Mathematica . Development environments include the Eclipse Java development tools ( JDT ) for Java and Scala , Eclipse CDT for C/C++ , and Eclipse PDT for PHP , among others . The initial codebase originated from IBM VisualAge . The Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) , which includes the Java development tools , is meant for Java developers . Users can extend its abilities by installing plug-ins written for the Eclipse Platform , such as development toolkits for other programming languages , and can write and contribute their own plug-in modules . Since the introduction of the OSGi implementation ( Equinox ) in version 3 of Eclipse , plug-ins can be plugged-stopped dynamically and are termed ( OSGI ) bundles Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) is free and open-source software , released under the terms of the Eclipse Public License , although it is incompatible with the GNU General Public License . It was one of the first IDEs to run under GNU Classpath and it runs without problems under IcedTea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emacs', 'summary': "Emacs /ˈiːmæks/ or EMACS ( Editor MACroS ) is a family of text editors that are characterized by their extensibility . The manual for the most widely used variant , GNU Emacs , describes it as the extensible , customizable , self-documenting , real-time display editor . Development of the first Emacs began in the mid-1970s , and work on its direct descendant , GNU Emacs , continues actively as of 2020 [ update ] . Emacs has over 10,000 built-in commands and its user interface allows the user to combine these commands into macros to automate work . Implementations of Emacs typically feature a dialect of the Lisp programming language that provides a deep extension capability , allowing users and developers to write new commands and applications for the editor . Extensions have been written to manage email , files , outlines , and RSS feeds , as well as clones of ELIZA , Pong , Conway 's Life , Snake and Tetris . The original EMACS was written in 1976 by Carl Mikkelsen , David A . Moon and Guy L. Steele Jr. as a set of Editor MACroS for the TECO editor . It was inspired by the ideas of the TECO-macro editors TECMAC and TMACS . The most popular , and most ported , version of Emacs is GNU Emacs , which was created by Richard Stallman for the GNU Project . XEmacs is a variant that branched from GNU Emacs in 1991 . GNU Emacs and XEmacs use similar Lisp dialects and are for the most part compatible with each other ."}]}, {'value': 'Dimensions CM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dimensions_CM', 'summary': 'Dimensions CM is a software change and configuration management product developed by Micro Focus . It includes revision control , change , build and release management capabilities .'}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows ( incl . explorer integration )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Eclipse , Visual Studio , IntelliJ IDEA , XCode , Powerbuilder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_(software)', 'summary': 'Eclipse is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) used in computer programming . It contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment . Eclipse is written mostly in Java and its primary use is for developing Java applications , but it may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages via plug-ins , including Ada , ABAP , C , C++ , C # , Clojure , COBOL , D , Erlang , Fortran , Groovy , Haskell , JavaScript , Julia , Lasso , Lua , NATURAL , Perl , PHP , Prolog , Python , R , Ruby ( including Ruby on Rails framework ) , Rust , Scala , and Scheme . It can also be used to develop documents with LaTeX ( via a TeXlipse plug-in ) and packages for the software Mathematica . Development environments include the Eclipse Java development tools ( JDT ) for Java and Scala , Eclipse CDT for C/C++ , and Eclipse PDT for PHP , among others . The initial codebase originated from IBM VisualAge . The Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) , which includes the Java development tools , is meant for Java developers . Users can extend its abilities by installing plug-ins written for the Eclipse Platform , such as development toolkits for other programming languages , and can write and contribute their own plug-in modules . Since the introduction of the OSGi implementation ( Equinox ) in version 3 of Eclipse , plug-ins can be plugged-stopped dynamically and are termed ( OSGI ) bundles Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) is free and open-source software , released under the terms of the Eclipse Public License , although it is incompatible with the GNU General Public License . It was one of the first IDEs to run under GNU Classpath and it runs without problems under IcedTea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio', 'summary': 'Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) from Microsoft . It is used to develop computer programs , as well as websites , web apps , web services and mobile apps . Visual Studio uses Microsoft software development platforms such as Windows API , Windows Forms , Windows Presentation Foundation , Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight . It can produce both native code and managed code . Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense ( the code completion component ) as well as code refactoring . The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger . Other built-in tools include a code profiler , designer for building GUI applications , web designer , class designer , and database schema designer . It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every level - including adding support for source control systems ( like Subversion and Git ) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle ( like the Azure DevOps client : Team Explorer ) . Visual Studio supports 36 different programming languages and allows the code editor and debugger to support ( to varying degrees ) nearly any programming language , provided a language-specific service exists . Built-in languages include C , C++ , C++/CLI , Visual Basic .NET , C # , F # , JavaScript , TypeScript , XML , XSLT , HTML , and CSS . Support for other languages such as Python , Ruby , Node.js , and M among others is available via plug-ins . Java ( and J # ) were supported in the past .'}, {'url': '/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA', 'summary': 'IntelliJ IDEA is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) written in Java for developing computer software . It is developed by JetBrains ( formerly known as IntelliJ ) , and is available as an Apache 2 Licensed community edition , and in a proprietary commercial edition . Both can be used for commercial development .'}, {'url': '/wiki/XCode', 'summary': 'Xcode is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) for macOS containing a suite of software development tools developed by Apple for developing software for macOS , iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS . First released in 2003 , the latest stable release is version 11.3 and is available via the Mac App Store free of charge for macOS Catalina users . Registered developers can download preview releases and prior versions of the suite through the Apple Developer website .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Powerbuilder', 'summary': 'PowerBuilder is an integrated development environment owned by SAP since the acquisition of Sybase in 2010 . On July 5 , 2016 , SAP and Appeon entered into an agreement whereby Appeon would be responsible for developing , selling , and supporting PowerBuilder . Over the years , PowerBuilder has been updated with new standards . In 2010 , a major upgrade of PowerBuilder was released to provide support for the Microsoft .NET Framework . In 2014 , support was added for OData , dockable windows , and 64-bit native applications . In 2017 , support was added for iOS and Android app development . PowerBuilder 2019 provides new targets to enable developers to rapidly create RESTful Web APIs and non-visual .NET assemblies , in a test-driven manner , using the C # language and the .NET Core framework . And PowerScript client app development was revamped with new UI technologies and cloud architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'Fossil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fossil_(software)', 'summary': 'Fossil is a distributed version control system , bug tracking system and wiki software server for use in software development created by D. Richard Hipp .'}]}, {'value': 'Embedded webserver included ( ui/server mode ) , ability to run multiple repositories via CGI mode', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'fuel-scm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Git', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Git_(software)', 'summary': 'Git ( /ɡɪt/ ) is a distributed version-control system for tracking changes in source code during software development . It is designed for coordinating work among programmers , but it can be used to track changes in any set of files . Its goals include speed , data integrity , and support for distributed , non-linear workflows . Git was created by Linus Torvalds in 2005 for development of the Linux kernel , with other kernel developers contributing to its initial development . Its current maintainer since 2005 is Junio Hamano . As with most other distributed version-control systems , and unlike most client-server systems , every Git directory on every computer is a full-fledged repository with complete history and full version-tracking abilities , independent of network access or a central server . Git is free and open-source software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gitweb , wit , cgit , GitLab , GitHub , gitorious , Trac , Kallithea , Bitbucket , Stash , Springloops , Bonobo Git Server , Gitea , Gogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GitLab', 'summary': "GitLab is a web-based DevOps lifecycle tool that provides a Git-repository manager providing wiki , issue-tracking and CI/CD pipeline features , using an open-source license , developed by GitLab Inc . The software was created by Ukrainians Dmitriy Zaporozhets and Valery Sizov , and is used by several large tech companies including IBM , Sony , Jülich Research Center , NASA , Alibaba , Oracle , Invincea , O'Reilly Media , Leibniz-Rechenzentrum ( LRZ ) , CERN , European XFEL , GNOME Foundation , Boeing , Autodata , NVIDIA , and SpaceX . The code was originally written in Ruby , with some parts later rewritten in Go , initially as a source code management solution to collaborate with his team on software development . It later evolved to an integrated solution covering the software development life cycle , and then to the whole DevOps life cycle . The current technology stack includes Go , Ruby on Rails and Vue.js . It follows an open-core development model where the core functionality is released under an open-source ( MIT ) license while the additional functionality is under a proprietary license . GitLab is considered the first Ukrainian unicorn valued more than $ 1 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/GitHub', 'summary': 'GitHub is a US-based global company that provides hosting for software development version control using Git . It is a subsidiary of Microsoft , which acquired the company in 2018 for US $ 7.5 billion . It offers the distributed version control and source code management ( SCM ) functionality of Git , plus its own features . It provides access control and several collaboration features such as bug tracking , feature requests , task management , and wikis for every project . GitHub offers plans free of charge , and professional and enterprise accounts . Free GitHub accounts are commonly used to host open source projects . As of January 2019 , GitHub offers unlimited private repositories to all plans , including free accounts . As of January 2020 , GitHub reports having over 40 million users and more than 100 million repositories ( including at least 28 million public repositories ) , making it the largest host of source code in the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gitorious', 'summary': "Gitorious was a shared web hosting service for collaborative free and open-source software development projects that use the Git revision control system . The name also refers to the free and open-source server software that the Web site is developed and hosted on . According to the Git User 's Survey in 2011 , Gitorious was the second most popular hosting service for Git , with 11.7% of respondents indicating they use it , behind 87.5% using GitHub . On 3 March 2015 , Gitorious was acquired by GitLab , who announced service through gitorious.org would be discontinued on 1 June 2015 and encouraged Gitorious users to make use of its import tools to migrate projects to GitLab ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Trac', 'summary': 'Trac is an open-source , web-based project management and bug tracking system . It has been adopted by a variety of organizations for use as a bug tracking system for both free and open-source software and proprietary projects and products . Trac integrates with major version control systems including ( out of the box ) Subversion and Git . Trac is used , among others , by the Internet Research Task Force , Django , FFmpeg , jQuery UI , WebKit , 0 A.D. , and WordPress . Trac is available on all major operating systems including Windows via Installer or Bitnami , OS X via MacPorts or pkgsrc , Debian , Ubuntu , Arch Linux or FreeBSD , as well as on various cloud hosting services .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kallithea_(software)', 'summary': 'Kallithea is a cross-platform free software source code management system , the primary goal of which is to provide a repository hosting service with features for collaboration , such as forking , pull requests , code review , issue tracking etc . Kallithea is a fork of RhodeCode , created after the original developer had changed the license terms . While earlier versions of RhodeCode were licensed entirely under the GNU General Public License version 3 , RhodeCode version 2.0 ( released in August 2013 ) introduced exceptions for parts of the software distribution . According to Bradley M. Kuhn of Software Freedom Conservancy , this exception statement is ambiguous and leaves the redistributor feeling unclear about their rights . Kallithea is a member project of Software Freedom Conservancy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bitbucket', 'summary': 'Bitbucket is a web-based version control repository hosting service owned by Atlassian , for source code and development projects that use either Mercurial ( since launch till June 1 , 2020 ) or Git ( since October 2011 ) revision control systems . Bitbucket offers both commercial plans and free accounts . It offers free accounts with an unlimited number of private repositories ( which can have up to five users in the case of free accounts ) as of September 2010 [ update ] . Bitbucket integrates with other Atlassian software like Jira , HipChat , Confluence and Bamboo . It is similar to GitHub , which primarily uses Git . Bitbucket has traditionally marketed its services to professional developers with private proprietary software code , especially since being acquired by Atlassian in 2010 . In February 2017 , Bitbucket announced it had reached 6 million developers and 1 million teams on its platform . In April 2019 Atlassian announced that Bitbucket reached 10 million registered users and over 28 million repositories . Bitbucket has three deployment models : Cloud , Bitbucket Server , and Data Center .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Springloops', 'summary': 'Springloops is a web-based Git and Subversion version control and hosting service with integrated deploy and code collaboration features for web and software developers . Springloops was also the name of the company behind the service until it rebranded to 84kids in May 2013 . Springloops can be used both from the command line and through a web-based graphical interface shared with BamBam ! , Chime and Anchor apps from 84kids . Springloops offers two kinds of paid plans : Personal , with 3-6GB of disk space and 10-25 repositories , and Business , with 12-60GB of space and 50 to unlimited repositories and a range of extra features . The service also provides a free plan for teachers available upon direct request via email ( presumably with no limits on the account ) , as well as a free plan with 1 repository and 100MB of space . All plans start with a 14-day free trial .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gitea', 'summary': 'Gitea is an open-source forge software package for hosting software development version control using Git as well as other collaborative features like bug tracking , wikis and code review . It supports self-hosting but also provides a free public first-party instance . It is a fork of Gogs and is written in Go . Gitea can be hosted on all platforms supported by Go including Linux , macOS , and Windows . The project is funded on Open Collective .'}]}, {'value': 'gitk , git-gui ( Tcl / Tk ) , tig , Gitbox ( OS X ) , TortoiseGit , qgit , gitg ( GNOME/GTK ) , ( h ) gct ( Qt ) , git-cola ( Qt ) , Git Extensions ( Windows ) , GitEye , SmartGit/Hg , Tower , SourceTree ( OS X/Windows ) , Sprout ( OS X ) , GitX ( OS X ) , GitUp ( OS X ) , GitKraken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tcl', 'summary': 'Tcl ( pronounced tickle or tee cee ell /ˈtiː siː ɛl/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose , interpreted , dynamic programming language . It was designed with the goal of being very simple but powerful . Tcl casts everything into the mold of a command , even programming constructs like variable assignment and procedure definition . Tcl supports multiple programming paradigms , including object-oriented , imperative and functional programming or procedural styles . It is commonly used embedded into C applications , for rapid prototyping , scripted applications , GUIs , and testing . Tcl interpreters are available for many operating systems , allowing Tcl code to run on a wide variety of systems . Because Tcl is a very compact language , it is used on embedded systems platforms , both in its full form and in several other small-footprint versions . The popular combination of Tcl with the Tk extension is referred to as Tcl/Tk , and enables building a graphical user interface ( GUI ) natively in Tcl . Tcl/Tk is included in the standard Python installation in the form of Tkinter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tk_(computing)', 'summary': 'Tk is a free and open-source , cross-platform widget toolkit that provides a library of basic elements of GUI widgets for building a graphical user interface ( GUI ) in many programming languages . Tk provides a number of widgets commonly needed to develop desktop applications , such as button , menu , canvas , text , frame , label , etc . Tk has been ported to run on most flavors of Linux , Mac OS , Unix , and Microsoft Windows . Like Tcl , Tk supports Unicode within the Basic Multilingual Plane but it has not yet been extended to handle the current extended full Unicode ( e.g . UTF-16 from UCS-2 , that Tk supports ) . Tk was designed to be extended , and a wide range of extensions are available that offer new widgets or other capabilities . Since Tcl/Tk 8 , it offers native look and feel ( for instance , menus and buttons are displayed in the manner of native software for any given platform ) . Highlights of version 8.5 include a new theming engine , originally called Tk Tile , but now generally referred to as themed Tk , as well as improved font rendering . Highlights of version 8.6 include PNG support and angled text .'}, {'url': '/wiki/TortoiseGit', 'summary': 'TortoiseGit is a Git revision control client , implemented as a Windows shell extension and based on TortoiseSVN . It is free software released under the GNU General Public License . In Windows Explorer , besides showing context menu items for Git commands , TortoiseGit provides icon overlays that indicate the status of Git working trees and files . It also comes with the TortoiseGitMerge utility to visually compare two files and resolve conflicts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GitKraken', 'summary': 'The company Axosoft features two products : Axosoft , agile project management software , and GitKraken , a cross-platform Git client . The Axosoft ( formerly OnTime ) product is a proprietary project management and bug tracking system developed by Axosoft , LLC . The system is available as hosted or on-premises software . Project managers and developers are able to visually see each task , requirement , defect and incident in the system on individual filing cards through the Scrum planning board . Axosoft operates as a web application and has the capabilities to integrate with Microsoft Visual Studio and TortoiseSVN . GitKraken is an application for working with Git developed by Axosoft , LLC . GitKraken includes two tools : the Git Client and Glo Boards . Developers can track code changes , switch between branches and projects , and visualize workflow through the application . Users can track tasks from inside the GitKraken Git Client , VS Code , Atom , or a browser using Glo Boards . This application is available on Mac , Windows , and Linux . Axosoft , LLC was founded by Hamid Shojaee on August 1 , 2000 , and is headquartered in Scottsdale , Arizona .'}]}, {'value': 'Aptana 3 Beta ( Aptana Studio 3 with Git Integration ) ; Atom ; Eclipse ( JGit/EGit ) ; Helix TeamHub ; Netbeans ( NbGit ) ; KDevelop ; Visual Studio ( Git Extensions ) ; Emacs ( extension for standard VC ) ; SAP Web IDE ; TextMate ( Git TextMate Bundle ) ; Vim ( VCSCommand plugin and fugitive plugin ) ; IntelliJ IDEA > 8.1 ( standard in Community and Ultimate Editions ) ; Komodo IDE ; Anjuta ; XCode , WingIDE ; PyCharm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)', 'summary': 'Atom is a free and open-source text and source code editor for macOS , Linux , and Microsoft Windows with support for plug-ins written in Node.js , and embedded Git Control , developed by GitHub . Atom is a desktop application built using web technologies . Most of the extending packages have free software licenses and are community-built and maintained . Atom is based on Electron ( formerly known as Atom Shell ) , a framework that enables cross-platform desktop applications using Chromium and Node.js . It is written in CoffeeScript and Less . Atom was released from beta , as version 1.0 , on 25 June 2015 . Its developers call it a hackable text editor for the 21st Century . It is fully customizable in HTML , CSS , and JavaScript .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Perforce_Software', 'summary': 'Perforce , legally Perforce Software , Inc. , is a Minneapolis , Minnesota-based developer of software used for application development , including version control software , web-based repository management , developer collaboration , application lifecycle management and Agile planning software . The software is sold under the Helix and Hansoft brand names . The company is equally owned by private equity firms Clearlake Capital and Francisco Partners .'}, {'url': '/wiki/KDevelop', 'summary': 'KDevelop is a free and open-source integrated development environment ( IDE ) for Unix-like computer operating systems and Windows . It provides editing , navigation and debugging features for several programming languages , and integration with build automation and version-control systems , using a plugin-based architecture . KDevelop 5 has parser backends for C , C++ , Objective-C , OpenCL and JavaScript/QML , with plugins supporting PHP , Python 3 and Ruby . Basic syntax highlighting and code folding are available for dozens of other source-code and markup formats , but without semantic analysis . KDevelop is part of the KDE project , and is based on KDE Frameworks and Qt . The C/C++ backend uses Clang to provide accurate information even for very complex codebases .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emacs', 'summary': "Emacs /ˈiːmæks/ or EMACS ( Editor MACroS ) is a family of text editors that are characterized by their extensibility . The manual for the most widely used variant , GNU Emacs , describes it as the extensible , customizable , self-documenting , real-time display editor . Development of the first Emacs began in the mid-1970s , and work on its direct descendant , GNU Emacs , continues actively as of 2020 [ update ] . Emacs has over 10,000 built-in commands and its user interface allows the user to combine these commands into macros to automate work . Implementations of Emacs typically feature a dialect of the Lisp programming language that provides a deep extension capability , allowing users and developers to write new commands and applications for the editor . Extensions have been written to manage email , files , outlines , and RSS feeds , as well as clones of ELIZA , Pong , Conway 's Life , Snake and Tetris . The original EMACS was written in 1976 by Carl Mikkelsen , David A . Moon and Guy L. Steele Jr. as a set of Editor MACroS for the TECO editor . It was inspired by the ideas of the TECO-macro editors TECMAC and TMACS . The most popular , and most ported , version of Emacs is GNU Emacs , which was created by Richard Stallman for the GNU Project . XEmacs is a variant that branched from GNU Emacs in 1991 . GNU Emacs and XEmacs use similar Lisp dialects and are for the most part compatible with each other ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ActiveState_Komodo', 'summary': "Komodo Edit is a free and open source text editor for dynamic programming languages . It was introduced in January 2007 to complement ActiveState 's commercial Komodo IDE . As of version 4.3 , Komodo Edit is built atop the Open Komodo project ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anjuta', 'summary': 'Anjuta is an integrated development environment written for the GNOME project . It has support for C , C++ , Java , JavaScript , Python and Vala programming language .'}, {'url': '/wiki/XCode', 'summary': 'Xcode is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) for macOS containing a suite of software development tools developed by Apple for developing software for macOS , iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS . First released in 2003 , the latest stable release is version 11.3 and is available via the Mac App Store free of charge for macOS Catalina users . Registered developers can download preview releases and prior versions of the suite through the Apple Developer website .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wing_IDE', 'summary': 'Wing Pro provides local and remote debugging , editing ( with multiple key bindings , auto-completion , and auto-editing ) , code intelligence , multi-selection , source browser and code navigation , code refactoring , unit testing , version control , Pylint integration , project management , search abilities , fine-grained customization , extension through Python scripting , and comprehensive documentation . Wing Personal and Wing 101 omit some of these features . For details on features provided in each product see the product overview . All three versions of Wing run on Windows , Mac OS X and Linux . Free licenses for Wing Pro are available on application for some educational uses and for unpaid open-source software developers , ( see here ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/PyCharm', 'summary': 'PyCharm is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) used in computer programming , specifically for the Python language . It is developed by the Czech company JetBrains . It provides code analysis , a graphical debugger , an integrated unit tester , integration with version control systems ( VCSes ) , and supports web development with Django as well as Data Science with Anaconda . PyCharm is cross-platform , with Windows , macOS and Linux versions . The Community Edition is released under the Apache License , and there is also Professional Edition with extra features - released under a proprietary license .'}]}, {'value': 'GNU arch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_arch', 'summary': "GNU arch software is a distributed revision control system that is part of the GNU Project and licensed under the GNU General Public License . It is used to keep track of the changes made to a source tree and to help programmers combine and otherwise manipulate changes made by multiple people or at different times . As of 2009 , GNU arch 's official status is deprecation , and only security fixes are applied . Bazaar ( or 'bzr ' ) has since also been made an official GNU project and can thus be considered the replacement for GNU arch . It is not a fork of arch ."}]}, {'value': 'ArchZoom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ArchWay ( GTK2 ) , TlaLog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GTK+', 'summary': 'GTK ( formerly GTK+ , GIMP Toolkit ) is a free and open-source cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License , allowing both free and proprietary software to use it . Along with Qt , it is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems .'}]}, {'value': 'Emacs ( standard VC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emacs', 'summary': "Emacs /ˈiːmæks/ or EMACS ( Editor MACroS ) is a family of text editors that are characterized by their extensibility . The manual for the most widely used variant , GNU Emacs , describes it as the extensible , customizable , self-documenting , real-time display editor . Development of the first Emacs began in the mid-1970s , and work on its direct descendant , GNU Emacs , continues actively as of 2020 [ update ] . Emacs has over 10,000 built-in commands and its user interface allows the user to combine these commands into macros to automate work . Implementations of Emacs typically feature a dialect of the Lisp programming language that provides a deep extension capability , allowing users and developers to write new commands and applications for the editor . Extensions have been written to manage email , files , outlines , and RSS feeds , as well as clones of ELIZA , Pong , Conway 's Life , Snake and Tetris . The original EMACS was written in 1976 by Carl Mikkelsen , David A . Moon and Guy L. Steele Jr. as a set of Editor MACroS for the TECO editor . It was inspired by the ideas of the TECO-macro editors TECMAC and TMACS . The most popular , and most ported , version of Emacs is GNU Emacs , which was created by Richard Stallman for the GNU Project . XEmacs is a variant that branched from GNU Emacs in 1991 . GNU Emacs and XEmacs use similar Lisp dialects and are for the most part compatible with each other ."}]}, {'value': 'IC Manage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IC_Manage', 'summary': 'IC Manage is a company that provides design data and IP management , Big Data Analytics , Hybrid Cloud Bursting , and High-Performance Computing software to semiconductors , systems , Internet of Things and artificial intelligence IC companies .'}]}, {'value': 'included', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , Linux , Unix , OS X', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emacs , Cadence Design Framework , Synopsys Custom Designer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MKS Integrity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MKS_Integrity', 'summary': 'PTC Integrity Lifecycle Manager ( formerly MKS Integrity ) is a software system lifecycle management ( SSLM ) and application lifecycle management ( ALM ) platform developed by MKS Inc. and was first released in 2001 . The software is client/server , with both desktop ( java/swing ) and web client interfaces . It provides software development organizations with a collaborative environment in which they can manage the end-to-end processes of development , from requirements management , engineering change management , revision control , and build management to test management and software deployment as well as associated reports & metrics .'}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , Linux , Unix , Solaris , AIX ,', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eclipse , Microsoft Visual Studio , Perforce and others . Also provides support for the industry standard Source Code Control ( SCC ) interface', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mercurial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercurial', 'summary': "Mercurial is a distributed revision-control tool for software developers . It is supported on Microsoft Windows and Unix-like systems , such as FreeBSD , macOS and Linux . Mercurial 's major design goals include high performance and scalability , decentralization , fully distributed collaborative development , robust handling of both plain text and binary files , and advanced branching and merging capabilities , while remaining conceptually simple . It includes an integrated web-interface . Mercurial has also taken steps to ease the transition for users of other version control systems , particularly Subversion . Mercurial is primarily a command-line driven program , but graphical user interface extensions are available , e.g . TortoiseHg , and several IDEs offer support for version control with Mercurial . All of Mercurial 's operations are invoked as arguments to its driver program hg ( a reference to Hg - the chemical symbol of the element mercury ) . Matt Mackall originated Mercurial and served as its lead developer until late 2016 . Mercurial is released as free software under the terms of the GNU GPL v2 ( or any later version ) . It is mainly implemented using the Python programming language , but includes a binary diff implementation written in C ."}]}, {'value': 'included , Bitbucket , Trac , Kallithea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bitbucket', 'summary': 'Bitbucket is a web-based version control repository hosting service owned by Atlassian , for source code and development projects that use either Mercurial ( since launch till June 1 , 2020 ) or Git ( since October 2011 ) revision control systems . Bitbucket offers both commercial plans and free accounts . It offers free accounts with an unlimited number of private repositories ( which can have up to five users in the case of free accounts ) as of September 2010 [ update ] . Bitbucket integrates with other Atlassian software like Jira , HipChat , Confluence and Bamboo . It is similar to GitHub , which primarily uses Git . Bitbucket has traditionally marketed its services to professional developers with private proprietary software code , especially since being acquired by Atlassian in 2010 . In February 2017 , Bitbucket announced it had reached 6 million developers and 1 million teams on its platform . In April 2019 Atlassian announced that Bitbucket reached 10 million registered users and over 28 million repositories . Bitbucket has three deployment models : Cloud , Bitbucket Server , and Data Center .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Trac', 'summary': 'Trac is an open-source , web-based project management and bug tracking system . It has been adopted by a variety of organizations for use as a bug tracking system for both free and open-source software and proprietary projects and products . Trac integrates with major version control systems including ( out of the box ) Subversion and Git . Trac is used , among others , by the Internet Research Task Force , Django , FFmpeg , jQuery UI , WebKit , 0 A.D. , and WordPress . Trac is available on all major operating systems including Windows via Installer or Bitnami , OS X via MacPorts or pkgsrc , Debian , Ubuntu , Arch Linux or FreeBSD , as well as on various cloud hosting services .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kallithea_(software)', 'summary': 'Kallithea is a cross-platform free software source code management system , the primary goal of which is to provide a repository hosting service with features for collaboration , such as forking , pull requests , code review , issue tracking etc . Kallithea is a fork of RhodeCode , created after the original developer had changed the license terms . While earlier versions of RhodeCode were licensed entirely under the GNU General Public License version 3 , RhodeCode version 2.0 ( released in August 2013 ) introduced exceptions for parts of the software distribution . According to Bradley M. Kuhn of Software Freedom Conservancy , this exception statement is ambiguous and leaves the redistributor feeling unclear about their rights . Kallithea is a member project of Software Freedom Conservancy .'}]}, {'value': 'Hgk ( Tcl/Tk ) , ( h ) gct ( Qt ) , TortoiseHg ( Windows Explorer , Nautilus ) , MacHg , MacMercurial , Murky , SourceTree ( Windows/OS X ) , TortoiseHg , SmartGit/Hg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IntelliJ IDEA ( hg4idea 3rd party plugin ) , Eclipse ( Mercurial Eclipse ) , NetBeans , Visual Studio 2008 , Emacs , Vim ( VCSCommand plugin ) , Komodo IDE , Eric Python IDE , WingIDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emacs', 'summary': "Emacs /ˈiːmæks/ or EMACS ( Editor MACroS ) is a family of text editors that are characterized by their extensibility . The manual for the most widely used variant , GNU Emacs , describes it as the extensible , customizable , self-documenting , real-time display editor . Development of the first Emacs began in the mid-1970s , and work on its direct descendant , GNU Emacs , continues actively as of 2020 [ update ] . Emacs has over 10,000 built-in commands and its user interface allows the user to combine these commands into macros to automate work . Implementations of Emacs typically feature a dialect of the Lisp programming language that provides a deep extension capability , allowing users and developers to write new commands and applications for the editor . Extensions have been written to manage email , files , outlines , and RSS feeds , as well as clones of ELIZA , Pong , Conway 's Life , Snake and Tetris . The original EMACS was written in 1976 by Carl Mikkelsen , David A . Moon and Guy L. Steele Jr. as a set of Editor MACroS for the TECO editor . It was inspired by the ideas of the TECO-macro editors TECMAC and TMACS . The most popular , and most ported , version of Emacs is GNU Emacs , which was created by Richard Stallman for the GNU Project . XEmacs is a variant that branched from GNU Emacs in 1991 . GNU Emacs and XEmacs use similar Lisp dialects and are for the most part compatible with each other ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ActiveState_Komodo', 'summary': "Komodo Edit is a free and open source text editor for dynamic programming languages . It was introduced in January 2007 to complement ActiveState 's commercial Komodo IDE . As of version 4.3 , Komodo Edit is built atop the Open Komodo project ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eric_Python_IDE', 'summary': 'eric is a free integrated development environment ( IDE ) used for computer programming . Since it is a full featured IDE , it provides by default all necessary tools needed for the writing of code and for the professional management of a software project . eric is written in the programming language Python and its primary use is for developing software written in Python . It is usable for development of any combination of Python 3 or Python 2 , Qt 5 or Qt 4 and PyQt 5 or PyQt 4 projects , on Linux , macOS and Microsoft Windows platforms .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wing_IDE', 'summary': 'Wing Pro provides local and remote debugging , editing ( with multiple key bindings , auto-completion , and auto-editing ) , code intelligence , multi-selection , source browser and code navigation , code refactoring , unit testing , version control , Pylint integration , project management , search abilities , fine-grained customization , extension through Python scripting , and comprehensive documentation . Wing Personal and Wing 101 omit some of these features . For details on features provided in each product see the product overview . All three versions of Wing run on Windows , Mac OS X and Linux . Free licenses for Wing Pro are available on application for some educational uses and for unpaid open-source software developers , ( see here ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Monotone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monotone_(software)', 'summary': 'Monotone is an open source software tool for distributed revision control . Monotone tracks revisions to files , groups sets of revisions into changesets , and tracks history across renames . The focus of the project is on integrity over performance . Monotone is designed for distributed operation , and makes heavy use of cryptographic primitives to track file revisions ( via the SHA-1 secure hash ) and to authenticate user actions ( via RSA cryptographic signatures ) .'}]}, {'value': 'ViewMTN , TracMonotone ,', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monotone-Viz ( GTK+ ) , Guitone ( Qt ) , Monotone Browser ( GTK+ , Perl )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GTK+', 'summary': 'GTK ( formerly GTK+ , GIMP Toolkit ) is a free and open-source cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License , allowing both free and proprietary software to use it . Along with Qt , it is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Qt_toolkit', 'summary': 'Qt ( pronounced cute ) is a free and open-source widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces as well as cross-platform applications that run on various software and hardware platforms such as Linux , Windows , macOS , Android or embedded systems with little or no change in the underlying codebase while still being a native application with native capabilities and speed . Qt is currently being developed by The Qt Company , a publicly listed company , and the Qt Project under open-source governance , involving individual developers and organizations working to advance Qt . Qt is available under both commercial licenses and open source GPL 2.0 , GPL 3.0 , and LGPL 3.0 licenses .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GTK+', 'summary': 'GTK ( formerly GTK+ , GIMP Toolkit ) is a free and open-source cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License , allowing both free and proprietary software to use it . Along with Qt , it is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Perl', 'summary': "Perl is a family of two high-level , general-purpose , interpreted , dynamic programming languages . Perl refers to Perl 5 , but from 2000 to 2019 it also referred to its redesigned sister language , Perl 6 , before the latter 's name was officially changed to Raku in October 2019 . Though Perl is not officially an acronym , there are various backronyms in use , including Practical Extraction and Reporting Language . Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier . Since then , it has undergone many changes and revisions . Raku , which began as a redesign of Perl 5 in 2000 , eventually evolved into a separate language . Both languages continue to be developed independently by different development teams and liberally borrow ideas from one another . The Perl languages borrow features from other programming languages including C , shell script ( sh ) , AWK , and sed ; Wall also alludes to BASIC and Lisp in the introduction to Learning Perl ( Schwartz & Christiansen ) and so on . They provide text processing facilities without the arbitrary data-length limits of many contemporary Unix command line tools , facilitating manipulation of text files . Perl 5 gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language , in part due to its unsurpassed regular expression and string parsing abilities . In addition to CGI , Perl 5 is used for system administration , network programming , finance , bioinformatics , and other applications , such as for GUIs . It has been nicknamed the Swiss Army chainsaw of scripting languages because of its flexibility and power , and also its ugliness ."}]}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perforce Helix Core', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perforce_Software', 'summary': 'Perforce , legally Perforce Software , Inc. , is a Minneapolis , Minnesota-based developer of software used for application development , including version control software , web-based repository management , developer collaboration , application lifecycle management and Agile planning software . The software is sold under the Helix and Hansoft brand names . The company is equally owned by private equity firms Clearlake Capital and Francisco Partners .'}]}, {'value': 'included , P4Web , P4FTP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , Linux , Mac OS X', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eclipse , Visual Studio , Matlab ; Game Engines : Unity , Unreal , Amazon Lumberyard ; Graphics : Autodesk Maya , 3ds max , Adobe PS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Eclipse is a mod for the video game Half-Life 2 . It is a fantasy-themed action-adventure viewed in third-person . Eclipse was developed by CelTech Studios , a group of students from The Guildhall at SMU and released June 17 , 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Visual_Studio', 'summary': 'Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) from Microsoft . It is used to develop computer programs , as well as websites , web apps , web services and mobile apps . Visual Studio uses Microsoft software development platforms such as Windows API , Windows Forms , Windows Presentation Foundation , Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight . It can produce both native code and managed code . Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense ( the code completion component ) as well as code refactoring . The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger . Other built-in tools include a code profiler , designer for building GUI applications , web designer , class designer , and database schema designer . It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every level - including adding support for source control systems ( like Subversion and Git ) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle ( like the Azure DevOps client : Team Explorer ) . Visual Studio supports 36 different programming languages and allows the code editor and debugger to support ( to varying degrees ) nearly any programming language , provided a language-specific service exists . Built-in languages include C , C++ , C++/CLI , Visual Basic .NET , C # , F # , JavaScript , TypeScript , XML , XSLT , HTML , and CSS . Support for other languages such as Python , Ruby , Node.js , and M among others is available via plug-ins . Java ( and J # ) were supported in the past .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matlab', 'summary': 'MATLAB ( matrix laboratory ) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and proprietary programming language developed by MathWorks . MATLAB allows matrix manipulations , plotting of functions and data , implementation of algorithms , creation of user interfaces , and interfacing with programs written in other languages . Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing , an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine allowing access to symbolic computing abilities . An additional package , Simulink , adds graphical multi-domain simulation and model-based design for dynamic and embedded systems . As of 2018 , MATLAB has more than 3 million users worldwide . MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering , science , and economics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Unity_(game_engine)', 'summary': "Unity is a cross-platform game engine developed by Unity Technologies , first announced and released in June 2005 at Apple Inc. 's Worldwide Developers Conference as a Mac OS X-exclusive game engine . As of 2018 , the engine had been extended to support more than 25 platforms . The engine can be used to create three-dimensional , two-dimensional , virtual reality , and augmented reality games , as well as simulations and other experiences . The engine has been adopted by industries outside video gaming , such as film , automotive , architecture , engineering and construction . Several major versions of Unity have been released since its launch . The latest stable version , 2019.3.2 , was released in February 2020 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Unreal_engine', 'summary': 'The Unreal Engine is a game engine developed by Epic Games , first showcased in the 1998 first-person shooter game Unreal . Although initially developed for first-person shooters , it has been successfully used in a variety of other genres , including platformers , fighting games , MMORPGs , and other RPGs . With its code written in C++ , the Unreal Engine features a high degree of portability and is a tool used by many game developers today , with it being source-available . The most recent version is Unreal Engine 4 , which was released in 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amazon_Lumberyard', 'summary': "Amazon Lumberyard is a free cross-platform game engine developed by Amazon and based on CryEngine ( init . released 2002 ) , which was licensed from Crytek in 2015 . The engine features integration with Amazon Web Services to allow developers to build or host their games on Amazon 's servers , as well as support for livestreaming via Twitch . Additionally , the engine includes Twitch ChatPlay , allowing viewers of the Twitch stream to influence the game through the associated chat , a method of play inspired by the Twitch Plays Pokémon phenomenon . The source code is available to end users with limitations : Users may not publicly release the Lumberyard engine source code or use it to release their own game engine . Lumberyard launched on February 9 , 2016 alongside GameLift , a fee-based managed service for deploying and hosting multiplayer games , intended to allow developers the easy development of games that attract large and vibrant communities of fans . As of March 2018 [ update ] , the software is currently in beta status and can be used to build games for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , with limited support for iOS and Android and the support of Linux and Mac being planned for future releases . Virtual reality integration was added in Beta 1.3 , allowing developers to build games supporting devices like Oculus Rift and HTC Vive . Despite being based on the architecture of Crytek 's CryEngine , the engine has been developed to use many of its own custom developed systems , some of which are in a preview mode . A few of these systems include : The Component Entity System , Fur Shader , Modular Gems ( which allows developers to either create their own assets or add existing assets to their games ) , Script Canvas and many others The audio solution Audiokinetic Wwise , which is used in many popular games , was added in Beta 1.0 released in February 2016 . The first update to Lumberyard was released on March 14 , 2016 and included support for certain mobile devices , such as A8-powered iOS devices and Nvidia Shield , an FBX importer and integration with Allegorithmic 's texturing software Substance . On August 16 , 2017 the source code of the engine was made freely available under proprietary license terms via GitHub ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Autodesk_Maya', 'summary': 'Autodesk Maya , commonly shortened to just Maya ( /ˈmaɪə/ MY-ə ) , is a 3D computer graphics application that runs on Windows , macOS and Linux , originally developed by Alias Systems Corporation ( formerly Alias|Wavefront ) and currently owned and developed by Autodesk . It is used to create assets for interactive 3D applications ( including video games ) , animated films , TV series , and visual effects .'}, {'url': '/wiki/3ds_max', 'summary': 'Autodesk 3ds Max , formerly 3D Studio and 3D Studio Max , is a professional 3D computer graphics program for making 3D animations , models , games and images . It is developed and produced by Autodesk Media and Entertainment . It has modeling capabilities and a flexible plugin architecture and must be used on the Microsoft Windows platform . It is frequently used by video game developers , many TV commercial studios , and architectural visualization studios . It is also used for movie effects and movie pre-visualization . For its modeling and animation tools , the latest version [ which ? ] of 3ds Max also features shaders ( such as ambient occlusion and subsurface scattering ) , dynamic simulation , particle systems , radiosity , normal map creation and rendering , global illumination , a customizable user interface , new icons , and its own scripting language .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adobe_PS', 'summary': "Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Inc. for Windows and macOS . It was originally created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll . Since then , the software has become the industry standard not only in raster graphics editing , but in digital art as a whole . The software 's name has thus become a generic trademark , leading to its usage as a verb ( e.g . to photoshop an image , photoshopping , and photoshop contest ) although Adobe discourages such use . Photoshop can edit and compose raster images in multiple layers and supports masks , alpha compositing and several color models including RGB , CMYK , CIELAB , spot color , and duotone . Photoshop uses its own PSD and PSB file formats to support these features . In addition to raster graphics , this software has limited abilities to edit or render text and vector graphics ( especially through clipping path for the latter ) , as well as 3D graphics and video . Its feature set can be expanded by plug-ins ; programs developed and distributed independently of Photoshop that run inside it and offer new or enhanced features . Photoshop 's naming scheme was initially based on version numbers . However , in October 2002 ( following the introduction of Creative Suite branding ) , each new version of Photoshop was designated with CS plus a number ; e.g. , the eighth major version of Photoshop was Photoshop CS and the ninth was Photoshop CS2 . Photoshop CS3 through CS6 were also distributed in two different editions : Standard and Extended ."}]}, {'value': 'Rational Team Concert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IBM_Rational_Team_Concert', 'summary': 'Rational Team Concert is a software development team collaboration tool , developed by the Rational Software brand of IBM and first released in 2008 . The software is available in both client versions , a web version , and on Cloud . It provides a collaborative environment that software development teams use to manage all aspects of their work - such as plans , tasks , revision control , build management , and reports .'}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eclipse-based GUI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eclipse integration ; MS Visual Studio integration ( Limited )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'User interfaces', 'section_text': 'Table explanation Software : The name of the application that is described . Web Interface : Describes whether the software application contains a web interface . A web interface could allow the software to post diagnostics data to a website , or could even allow remote control of the software application . GUIs : A GUI is a graphical user interface . If a software product features a GUI its functionality can be accessed through application windows as opposed to accessing functionality based upon typing commands at the command prompt such as a DOS interface . Plug-ins : functionality is available through an Integrated Development Environment . Minimum functionality should be to list the revision state of a file and check in/check out files .', 'uid': 'Comparison_of_revision_control_software_6', 'intro': 'The following is a comparison of version-control software. The following tables include general and technical information on notable version control and software configuration management (SCM) software. For SCM software not suitable for source code, see Comparison of open-source configuration-management software.'}
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What two programs is the software that uses a SharePoint server suited for ?
Microsoft Visual Studio and Eclipse
0853c064b699f702
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Parker', 'title': 'Angel Parker', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Voice Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Shellshock : Nam '67", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shellshock:_Nam_'67", 'summary': "Shellshock : Nam '67 is a third-person shooter video game developed by Guerrilla Games and published by Eidos Interactive for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 and Xbox ."}]}, {'value': 'Nurses # 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EverQuest II : Desert of Flames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EverQuest_II:_Desert_of_Flames', 'summary': 'Fifteen full expansions for the MMORPG EverQuest II have been released , as well as three Adventure Packs . With EverQuest II , Sony Online Entertainment introduced the concept of Adventure Packs . Adventure Packs are meant to be smaller mini-expansions to the game , adding a plot line with several zones , new creatures and items to the game via digital download with a smaller fee . As time went on , however , the development team has decided to release free zones and content instead of including them in Adventure Packs . Some recent releases include a new starting city , Neriak , with a new starting race , Arasai ; and new high level dungeons The Throne of New Tunaria and the Estate of Unrest . Until 2011 , expansions were available in both DVD and digital formats , but can now be downloaded through a digital service . The digital versions often come with a bonus features such as a creature that the player can put in their in-game house . Expansions generally introduce many new zones with many plot lines , new features , many new creatures and items , new cities , and often come with a boost in the level cap or a new player race . While it may be easier to download the expansions digitally , traditional retail offers more content .'}]}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Condemned 2 : Bloodshot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Condemned_2:_Bloodshot', 'summary': 'Condemned 2 : Bloodshot ( titled Condemned 2 in Australia , Europe and Asia ) is a psychological survival horror video game , developed by Monolith Productions and published by Sega for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles . It is the sequel to the 2005 game Condemned : Criminal Origins . Due to its violent content , the game was indexed in Germany by the BPjM in April 2008 and subsequently banned in October 2008 . Greg Grunberg does not reprise his role as Ethan Thomas in Condemned 2 . Instead , Ethan is voiced by André Sogliuzzo .'}]}, {'value': 'Agent Rosa Angel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White Knight Chronicles : International Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Knight_Chronicles', 'summary': "White Knight Chronicles is a fantasy role-playing video game developed by Level-5 and SCE Japan Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 . It is Level-5 's first project for the system . As of August 8 , 2009 it has sold 350,000 copies in Japan . A sequel titled White Knight Chronicles II was released in Japan in 2010 . A related game for the PlayStation Portable , titled White Knight Chronicles : Origins was released in Japan , Europe and , Australia in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Where the Wild Things Are', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Where_the_Wild_Things_Are_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Where the Wild Things Are is a video game released in 2009 . It is based on the film of the same name , released the same day . The game is available for PlayStation 3 , Wii and Xbox 360 as well as Nintendo DS . It was developed by Griptonite Games , except for the Nintendo DS , which was developed by WayForward Technologies . All versions were published by Warner Bros. Games .'}]}, {'value': 'K.W', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saints Row : The Third', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saints_Row:_The_Third', 'summary': "Saints Row : The Third is a 2011 action-adventure game developed by Volition and published by THQ . It is the third title in the Saints Row series . As in the previous games , the player-character leads the Third Street Saints gang in a turf war against three rival gangs using a variety of weapons and vehicles in single-player and cooperative play . It was released on November 15 , 2011 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . A Nintendo Switch port was announced by Deep Silver and was released on May 10 , 2019 . Game development began by late 2008 . There was high staff turnover from the previous Saints Row team , with only one-fifth of the final 100-person staff having worked on a previous title in the series . They aimed to improve on the series by giving the game a coherent tone , and found it in films such as Hot Fuzz and the game 's signature sex toy bat . Saints Row : The Third was built using a proprietary engine known as Core Technology Group and the Havok physics engine . The game received positive reviews , reviewers noted its general zaniness and praised its customization options . Critics thought the setting was insipid and that its humor occasionally fell flat , and others thought the game perfected the Saints Row formula . It was a nominee for Best Narrative at the 2012 Game Developers Conference , an IGN Editor 's Choice , and a recipient of perfect scores from GamesRadar and G4 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pedestrian and Character Voices', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Wars : The Old Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Old_Republic', 'summary': "Star Wars : The Old Republic is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG ) based in the Star Wars universe . Developed by BioWare Austin and a supplemental team at BioWare Edmonton , the game was announced on October 21 , 2008 . The video game was released for the Microsoft Windows platform on December 20 , 2011 in North America and part of Europe . This story takes place in the Star Wars universe shortly after the establishment of a tenuous peace between the re-emergent Sith Empire and the Galactic Republic . The game features eight different classes . Each of the eight classes has a three act storyline that progresses as the character levels up . Players join either the Republic or the Sith , but players may possess a morality at any point along the light/dark spectrum . Different classes favor different styles of gameplay , and the game features extensive customization options , fully voiced dialogue , companion characters , and dialogue options similar to BioWare 's other role-playing games . Although not officially disclosed , based on estimates , it is one of the most developmentally expensive games made . The game had one million subscribers within three days of its launch , making it the world 's fastest-growing MMO ever , however , in the following months the game lost a fair share of its subscriptions , but has remained profitable . The game has since adopted the hybrid free-to-play business model with remaining subscription option . The game was met with positive reception upon release and has received several updates and expansion packs ."}]}, {'value': 'Additional Voices', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saints Row IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saints_Row_IV', 'summary': "Saints Row IV is a 2013 action-adventure game developed by Volition and published by Deep Silver . It is the fourth title in the Saints Row series . In the game , the playable character is the leader of the 3rd Street Saints , a street gang that has become the world 's most powerful and popular organization , and must fend off an alien invasion after becoming President of the United States and receiving superpowers . The player is free to explore their environment while completing main and side missions at their leisure . The game incorporates elements from science fiction video games and films , and continues the series ' reputation for over-the-top parody . It was released in August 2013 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 , and was later ported to PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Linux in 2015 . A Nintendo Switch port is planned for release in March 2020 . The game was Volition 's first after its sale to Koch Media in early 2013 . The supernatural and superpower concept for the game started in Enter the Dominatrix , a cancelled expansion planned for Saints Row : The Third , which the team expanded into Saints Row IV . Volition later released a director 's cut of Enter the Dominatrix as downloadable content for Saints Row IV alongside How the Saints Saved Christmas , other weapons , costumes , and vehicle packs , and a standalone expansion , Saints Row : Gat out of Hell ( which serves as the epilogue to the story ) . Saints Row IV received several limited and summative edition releases , and was briefly banned in Australia . Critics praised Saints Row IV 's humor and character customization options , but criticized its lack of challenge ."}]}, {'value': 'The Voices of Virtual Steelport', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Theft Auto V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V', 'summary': "Grand Theft Auto V is a 2013 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games . It is the first main entry in the Grand Theft Auto series since 2008 's Grand Theft Auto IV . Set within the fictional state of San Andreas , based on Southern California , the single-player story follows three criminals and their efforts to commit heists while under pressure from a government agency and powerful crime figures . The open world design lets players freely roam San Andreas ' open countryside and the fictional city of Los Santos , based on Los Angeles . The game is played from either a third-person or first-person perspective , and its world is navigated on foot or by vehicle . Players control the three lead protagonists throughout single-player and switch among them , both during and outside missions . The story is centred on the heist sequences , and many missions involve shooting and driving gameplay . A wanted system governs the aggression of law enforcement response to players who commit crimes . Grand Theft Auto Online , the game 's online multiplayer mode , lets up to 30 players engage in a variety of different cooperative and competitive game modes . The game 's development began soon after Grand Theft Auto IV 's release and was shared between many of Rockstar 's studios worldwide . The development team drew influence from many of their previous projects such as Red Dead Redemption and Max Payne 3 and designed the game around three lead protagonists to innovate on the core structure of its predecessors . Much of the development work constituted the open world 's creation , and several team members conducted field research around California to capture footage for the design team ."}]}, {'value': 'Various', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Angel_Parker_2', 'intro': 'Angel Parker (born October 17, 1980) is an American actress. She is best known for her recurring role as Tasha Davenport on the Disney XD sitcom Lab Rats. She has guest starred in the television series Angel, Criminal Minds, ER, Eli Stone, The Closer, Castle, Days of Our Lives, The Soul Man and had a recurring role as attorney Shawn Chapman on the FX series American Crime Story. She has also done voice work for numerous video games. She is married to actor Eric Nenninger, they have two children together, a son and a daughter.'}
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Who was the developer of the 2005 game in which Angel Parker had a role ?
Sony Online Entertainment
085403f16c3ccba7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1992 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Place', 'Nation', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '38.650', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '38.550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Korea', 'summary': "North Korea ( Korean : 조선 ; MR : Chosŏn or literally 북조선 ; MR : Pukchosŏn ) , officially the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK or DPR Korea ; Korean : 조선민주주의인민공화국 , Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk ) , is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula , with Pyongyang as its capital and the largest city in the country . To the north and northwest , the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok ( known as the Yalu in Chinese ) and Tumen rivers , and to the south , it is bordered by South Korea , with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) separating the two . Nevertheless , North Korea , like its southern counterpart , claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands . In 1910 , Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan . At the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945 , Korea was divided into two zones , with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States . Negotiations on reunification failed , and in 1948 , separate governments were formed : the socialist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in the north , and the capitalist Republic of Korea in the south . An invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War ( 1950-1953 ) . The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire , but no peace treaty was signed . North Korea officially describes itself as a self-reliant socialist state , and formally holds elections , though they have been described by outside observers as sham elections . Outside observers also generally view North Korea as a Stalinist dictatorship , particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around the Kim dynasty . The Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) , led by a member of the ruling family , holds absolute power in the state and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland of which all political officers are required to be members . Juche , an ideology of national self-reliance , was introduced into the constitution in 1972 ."}]}, {'value': '38.550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '38.450', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '38.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '37.900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '37.900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '37.900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '37.850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '37.800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': '37.700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': '37.400', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Group -- All-Around', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1992_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships_5', 'intro': 'The XVI World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships were held in Brussels, Belgium, on November 20-22, 1992.'}
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How many points did the country with 146.7 million inhabitants score at the 1992 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships ?
38.650
0854b3b041776689
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Cricket_World_Cup_statistics', 'title': '1983 Cricket World Cup statistics', 'header': ['Player', 'Team', 'Overs', 'Figures', 'Opponent', 'Ground'], 'data': [{'value': 'Winston Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winston_Davis', 'summary': 'Winston Walter Davis ( born 18 September 1958 ) is a West Indian former cricketer .'}]}, {'value': 'West Indies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team', 'summary': "The West Indies cricket team , nicknamed the Windies , is a multi-national men 's cricket team representing the mainly English-speaking nations and territories in the Caribbean region and administered by Cricket West Indies . The players on this composite team are selected from a chain of fifteen Caribbean territories , which are parts of several different countries and dependencies . As of 29 December 2019 [ update ] , the West Indies cricket team is ranked eighth in the world in Tests , ninth in One-Day Internationals ( ODIs ) and tenth in Twenty20 Internationals ( T20Is ) in the official International Cricket Council ( ICC ) rankings . From the mid-late 1970s to the early 1990s , the West Indies team was the strongest in the world in both Test and One Day International cricket . A number of cricketers who were considered among the best in the world have hailed from the West Indies : Sir Garfield Sobers , Lance Gibbs , George Headley , Brian Lara , Clive Lloyd , Malcolm Marshall , Alvin Kalicharan , Sir Andy Roberts , Rohan Kanhai , Sir Frank Worrell , Sir Clyde Walcott , Sir Everton Weekes , Sir Curtly Ambrose , Michael Holding , Courtney Walsh , Joel Garner , Sir Viv Richards and Sir Wes Hall have all been inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame . The West Indies have won the ICC Cricket World Cup twice ( 1975 and 1979 ) , the ICC World Twenty20 twice ( 2012 and 2016 ) , the ICC Champions Trophy once ( 2004 ) , the ICC Under 19 Cricket World Cup once ( 2016 ) , and have also finished as runners-up in the Cricket World Cup ( 1983 ) , the Under 19 Cricket World Cup ( 2004 ) , and the ICC Champions Trophy ( 2006 ) . The West Indies appeared in three consecutive World Cup finals ( 1975 , 1979 and 1983 ) , and were the first team to win back-to-back World Cups ( 1975 and 1979 ) . The West Indies has hosted the 2007 Cricket World Cup and the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 . In June 2019 , during the 2019 Cricket World Cup , the West Indies played their 800th ODI match ."}]}, {'value': '10.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7/51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Australian men 's national cricket team represents Australia in men 's international cricket . As one of the oldest teams in Test cricket history , playing in the first ever Test match in 1877 , the team also plays One-Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) cricket , participating in both the first ODI , against England in the 1970-71 season and the first T20I , against New Zealand in the 2004-05 season , winning both games . The team draws its players from teams playing in the Australian domestic competitions - the Sheffield Shield , the Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament and the Big Bash League . The national team has played 830 Test matches , winning 393 , losing 224 , drawing 211 and tying 2 . As of February 2020 [ update ] , Australia is ranked second in the ICC Test Championship on 108 rating points . Australia is the most successful team in Test cricket history , in terms of overall wins , win-loss ratio and wins percentage . The Australian cricket team has played 942 ODI matches , winning 573 , losing 326 , tying 9 and with 34 ending in a no-result . As of January 2020 [ update ] , Australia is ranked fifth in the ICC ODI Championship on 110 rating points , though have been ranked first for 141 of 185 months since its introduction in 2002 . Australia is the most successful team in ODI cricket history , winning more than 60 per cent of their matches . Australia have made a record seven World Cup final appearances ( 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and 2015 ) and have won the World Cup a record five times : 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and 2015 . Australia is the first team to appear in four consecutive World Cup finals ( 1996 , 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) , surpassing the old record of three consecutive World Cup appearances by the West Indies ( 1975 , 1979 and 1983 ) and the first team to win 3 consecutive World Cups ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) . The team was undefeated in 34 consecutive World Cup matches until the 2011 Cricket World Cup where Pakistan beat them by 4 wickets in the Quarter-final ."}]}, {'value': 'Headingley Stadium , Leeds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Headingley_Stadium', 'summary': 'Headingley Stadium is a stadium complex in Headingley , Leeds , West Yorkshire , England , comprising two separate grounds , Headingley Cricket Ground and Headingley Rugby Stadium , linked by a two-sided stand housing common facilities . The grounds are the respective homes of Yorkshire County Cricket Club ( CCC ) and both Leeds Rhinos rugby league and Yorkshire Carnegie rugby union clubs . Initially owned by the Leeds Cricket , Football and Athletic Company , the complex is now owned by Yorkshire CCC , which jointly manages it with Leeds Rugby Limited , a joint venture of the two rugby clubs . From 2006 until 2017 , the stadium was officially known as the Headingley Carnegie Stadium as a result of sponsorship from Leeds Metropolitan University , whose sports faculty is known as the Carnegie School of Sport Exercise and Physical Education . Since 1 November 2017 , the stadium is known as the Emerald Headingley Stadium due to the purchase of the naming rights by Emerald Group Publishing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leeds', 'summary': "Leeds is the largest city in the county of West Yorkshire in Northern England , approximately 170 miles north of central London . Leeds has one of the most diverse economies of all the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private-sector jobs growth of any UK city . It also has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities , with 77% of its workforce working in the private sector . Leeds has the third-largest jobs total by local authority area , with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015 . Leeds is ranked as a High Sufficiency level city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Leeds is the cultural , financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . Leeds is served by five universities , and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country 's fourth largest urban economy . Leeds was a small manorial borough in the 13th century , and in the 17th and 18th centuries it became a major centre for the production and trading of wool , and in the Industrial Revolution a major mill town ; wool was still the dominant industry , but flax , engineering , iron foundries , printing , and other industries were also important . From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century , Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century . It now lies within the West Yorkshire Urban Area , the United Kingdom 's fourth-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.6 million . Today , Leeds has become the largest legal and financial centre outside London with the financial and insurance services industry worth £13 billion to the city 's economy . The finance and business service sector account for 38% of total output with more than 30 national and international banks located in the city , including an office of the Bank of England ."}]}, {'value': 'Ken MacLeay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_MacLeay', 'summary': 'Kenneth Hervey MacLeay ( born 2 April 1959 ) is a former English-born Australian cricketer . He was an all-rounder who played 16 One Day Internationals for Australia between 1983 and 1987 . MacLeay played in the 1983 Cricket World Cup in England taking 6 for 39 against India . MacLeay played in 129 first-class matches for Western Australia between 1981 and 1991 . He was a regular in a strong WA side appearing in Sheffield Shield final winning team four times . MacLeay also played county cricket in England for Somerset in 1991 and 1992 . In 2001 , MacLeay was named as a life member of the WACA Ground in Perth for his contributions to cricket .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Australian men 's national cricket team represents Australia in men 's international cricket . As one of the oldest teams in Test cricket history , playing in the first ever Test match in 1877 , the team also plays One-Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) cricket , participating in both the first ODI , against England in the 1970-71 season and the first T20I , against New Zealand in the 2004-05 season , winning both games . The team draws its players from teams playing in the Australian domestic competitions - the Sheffield Shield , the Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament and the Big Bash League . The national team has played 830 Test matches , winning 393 , losing 224 , drawing 211 and tying 2 . As of February 2020 [ update ] , Australia is ranked second in the ICC Test Championship on 108 rating points . Australia is the most successful team in Test cricket history , in terms of overall wins , win-loss ratio and wins percentage . The Australian cricket team has played 942 ODI matches , winning 573 , losing 326 , tying 9 and with 34 ending in a no-result . As of January 2020 [ update ] , Australia is ranked fifth in the ICC ODI Championship on 110 rating points , though have been ranked first for 141 of 185 months since its introduction in 2002 . Australia is the most successful team in ODI cricket history , winning more than 60 per cent of their matches . Australia have made a record seven World Cup final appearances ( 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and 2015 ) and have won the World Cup a record five times : 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and 2015 . Australia is the first team to appear in four consecutive World Cup finals ( 1996 , 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) , surpassing the old record of three consecutive World Cup appearances by the West Indies ( 1975 , 1979 and 1983 ) and the first team to win 3 consecutive World Cups ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) . The team was undefeated in 34 consecutive World Cup matches until the 2011 Cricket World Cup where Pakistan beat them by 4 wickets in the Quarter-final ."}]}, {'value': '11.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6/39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The India men 's national cricket team , also known as Team India and Men in Blue , is governed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) , and is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One-Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status . Cricket was introduced to India by European merchant sailors in the 18th century , and the first cricket club was established in 1792 . India 's national cricket team did not play its first Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord 's , becoming the sixth team to be granted test cricket status . From 1932 India had to wait until 1952 , almost 20 years for its first Test victory . In its first fifty years of international cricket , India was one of the weaker teams , winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played . The team , however , gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Gavaskar , Viswanath , Kapil Dev , and the Indian spin quartet . Traditionally much stronger at home than abroad , the Indian team has improved its overseas form , especially in limited-overs cricket , since the start of the 21st century , winning Test matches in Australia , England and South Africa . It has won the Cricket World Cup twice - in 1983 under the captaincy of Kapil Dev and in 2011 under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni . After winning the 2011 World Cup , India became only the third team after West Indies and Australia to have won the World Cup more than once , and the first cricket team to win the World Cup at home . It also won the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and 2013 ICC Champions Trophy , under the captaincy of MS Dhoni . It was also the joint champions of 2002 ICC Champions Trophy , along with Sri Lanka . The Indian cricket team has rivalries with other Test-playing nations , most notably with Pakistan , the political arch-rival of India ."}]}, {'value': 'Trent Bridge , Nottingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trent_Bridge', 'summary': "Trent Bridge is a cricket ground mostly used for Test , One-Day International and county cricket located in West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire , England , just across the River Trent from the city of Nottingham . Trent Bridge is also the headquarters of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club . As well as international cricket and Nottinghamshire 's home games , the ground has hosted the Finals Day of the Twenty20 Cup twice and will host the final of the One-Day Cup between 2020 and 2024 . In 2009 , the ground was used for the ICC World Twenty20 and hosted the semi-final between South Africa and Pakistan . The site takes its name from the nearby main bridge over the Trent , and is also close to Meadow Lane and the City Ground , the football stadia of Notts County and Nottingham Forest respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nottingham', 'summary': "Nottingham ( /ˈnɒtɪŋəm/ ( listen ) NOT-ing-əm ) is a city and unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire , England . Part of the East Midlands region , it is 128 miles ( 206 km ) north of London and 45 miles ( 72 km ) northeast of Birmingham . To the west lies Derby , separated by the M1 motorway . Nottingham has links to the legend of Robin Hood and to the lace-making , bicycle ( notably Raleigh bikes ) , and tobacco industries . It was granted its city charter in 1897 as part of Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee celebrations . Nottingham is a tourist destination ; in 2018 , the city received the second highest amount of overnight visitors in the Midlands and the highest amount in the East Midlands . In 2017 , Nottingham had an estimated population of 329,200 . The population of the city proper , compared to its regional counterparts , has been attributed to its historical and tightly-drawn city boundaries . The wider conurbation , which includes many of the city 's suburbs , has a population of 768,638 . It is the largest urban area in the East Midlands and the second-largest in the Midlands . Its Functional Urban Area , also the largest in the East Midlands , has a population of 919,484 . The population of the Nottingham/Derby metropolitan area is estimated to be 1,610,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sir Richard Hadlee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hadlee', 'summary': 'Sir Richard John Hadlee MBE ( born 3 July 1951 ) is a New Zealand former cricketer , regarded as one of the greatest fast bowlers and all-rounders in cricketing history . Hadlee was appointed MBE in 1980 and knighted in 1990 for services to cricket . He is a former chairman of the New Zealand board of selectors . In December 2002 , he was chosen by Wisden as the second greatest Test bowler of all time . In March 2009 , Hadlee was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes , and a bronze bust of him was unveiled outside the Christchurch Arts Centre . On 3 April 2009 , Sir Richard Hadlee was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame . Sir Richard is the most prominent member of the Hadlee cricket playing family .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national cricket team represents New Zealand in men 's international cricket . Nicknamed the Black Caps , they played their first Test in 1930 against England in Christchurch , becoming the fifth country to play Test cricket . From 1930 New Zealand had to wait until 1956 , more than 26 years , for its first Test victory , against the West Indies at Eden Park in Auckland . They played their first ODI in the 1972-73 season against Pakistan in Christchurch . The current captain in all formats of the game is Kane Williamson , who replaced Brendon McCullum after the latter 's retirement in December 2015 . The national team is organised by New Zealand Cricket . The New Zealand cricket team became known as the Black Caps in January 1998 , after its sponsor at the time , Clear Communications , held a competition to choose a name for the team . This is one of many national team nicknames related to the All Blacks . As of 8 September 2019 , New Zealand have played 1324 international matches , winning 505 , losing 599 , tying 12 and drawing 165 matches while 43 matches ended as no result . The team is ranked 2nd in Tests , 3rd in ODIs and 6th in T20Is by the ICC . New Zealand defeated South Africa in the semi final of the 2015 World Cup , which was their first win in the a world cup semi final and hence they made their maiden appearance in a World Cup Final , but they ultimately lost to Trans-Tasman rivals Australia . In the next World Cup in 2019 , New Zealand again reached the final which they lost to the hosts England on boundary count after the match and the subsequent Super Over both ended as ties ."}]}, {'value': '10.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sri Lanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Sri Lanka national men 's cricket team , ( Sinhala : ශ්\u200dරී ලංකා ජාතික ක්\u200dරිකට් කණ්ඩායම , Tamil : இலங்கை தேசிய கிரிக்கெட் அணி ) nicknamed The Lions , represents Sri Lanka in men 's international cricket . It is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One-Day International ( ODI ) and T20 International ( T20I ) status . The team first played international cricket ( as Ceylon ) in 1926-27 , and were later awarded Test status in 1982 , which made Sri Lanka the eighth Test cricket playing nation . The team is administered by Sri Lanka Cricket . Sri Lanka 's national cricket team achieved considerable success beginning in the 1990s , rising from underdog status to winning the Cricket World Cup in 1996 . Since then , the team has continued to be a force in international cricket . The Sri Lankan cricket team reached the finals of the 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups consecutively . They ended up being runners up on both occasions . Sri Lanka won the Cricket World Cup in 1996 , the ICC Champions Trophy in 2002 ( co-champions with India ) , and the ICC T20 World Cup in 2014 . They have been consecutive runners up in the 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups , and have been runners up in the ICC T20 World Cup in 2009 and 2012 . The Sri Lankan cricket team currently holds several world records , including the world record for the highest team total in Test cricket ."}]}, {'value': 'County Cricket Ground , Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Bristol', 'summary': 'The Bristol County Ground ( also known as Nevil Road ) is a senior cricket venue in Bristol , England . It is in the district of Ashley Down . The ground is home to Gloucestershire County Cricket Club .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashantha de Mel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashantha_de_Mel', 'summary': "Ashantha Lakdasa Francis de Mel ( born 9 May 1959 in Colombo ) is a former Sri Lankan Test and ODI cricketer and selector for the national team . He bowled Sri Lanka 's first ball in a Test match . He was one of few Sri Lanka bowlers in the 1980s above medium pace , and he was also said to have the ability to get the ball to swing out . In November 2018 , he was named as the chairman of Sri Lanka Cricket 's National Selection Panel . He previously served in the role in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sri Lanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Sri Lanka national men 's cricket team , ( Sinhala : ශ්\u200dරී ලංකා ජාතික ක්\u200dරිකට් කණ්ඩායම , Tamil : இலங்கை தேசிய கிரிக்கெட் அணி ) nicknamed The Lions , represents Sri Lanka in men 's international cricket . It is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One-Day International ( ODI ) and T20 International ( T20I ) status . The team first played international cricket ( as Ceylon ) in 1926-27 , and were later awarded Test status in 1982 , which made Sri Lanka the eighth Test cricket playing nation . The team is administered by Sri Lanka Cricket . Sri Lanka 's national cricket team achieved considerable success beginning in the 1990s , rising from underdog status to winning the Cricket World Cup in 1996 . Since then , the team has continued to be a force in international cricket . The Sri Lankan cricket team reached the finals of the 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups consecutively . They ended up being runners up on both occasions . Sri Lanka won the Cricket World Cup in 1996 , the ICC Champions Trophy in 2002 ( co-champions with India ) , and the ICC T20 World Cup in 2014 . They have been consecutive runners up in the 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups , and have been runners up in the ICC T20 World Cup in 2009 and 2012 . The Sri Lankan cricket team currently holds several world records , including the world record for the highest team total in Test cricket ."}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national cricket team represents New Zealand in men 's international cricket . Nicknamed the Black Caps , they played their first Test in 1930 against England in Christchurch , becoming the fifth country to play Test cricket . From 1930 New Zealand had to wait until 1956 , more than 26 years , for its first Test victory , against the West Indies at Eden Park in Auckland . They played their first ODI in the 1972-73 season against Pakistan in Christchurch . The current captain in all formats of the game is Kane Williamson , who replaced Brendon McCullum after the latter 's retirement in December 2015 . The national team is organised by New Zealand Cricket . The New Zealand cricket team became known as the Black Caps in January 1998 , after its sponsor at the time , Clear Communications , held a competition to choose a name for the team . This is one of many national team nicknames related to the All Blacks . As of 8 September 2019 , New Zealand have played 1324 international matches , winning 505 , losing 599 , tying 12 and drawing 165 matches while 43 matches ended as no result . The team is ranked 2nd in Tests , 3rd in ODIs and 6th in T20Is by the ICC . New Zealand defeated South Africa in the semi final of the 2015 World Cup , which was their first win in the a world cup semi final and hence they made their maiden appearance in a World Cup Final , but they ultimately lost to Trans-Tasman rivals Australia . In the next World Cup in 2019 , New Zealand again reached the final which they lost to the hosts England on boundary count after the match and the subsequent Super Over both ended as ties ."}]}, {'value': 'County Cricket Ground , Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Derby', 'summary': "The County Cricket Ground ( usually shortened to the County Ground , also known as the Racecourse Ground ; currently the Pattonair County Ground due to sponsorship ) is a cricket ground in Derby , England . It has been the home of Derbyshire County Cricket Club since 1871 . The ground was first used by South Derbyshire Cricket Club in 1863 and was initially located within Derby Racecourse , although racing ceased after 1939 . The ground has staged two One-Day Internationals : New Zealand against Sri Lanka during the 1983 ICC Cricket World Cup and New Zealand against Pakistan during the 1999 ICC Cricket World Cup . It was one of the venues for the 2017 ICC Women 's Cricket World Cup , hosting one of the semi-finals . The ground was also formerly used for football , and was the home of Derby County F.C . between 1884 and 1895 . It staged the first ever FA Cup Final match played outside London , a replay of the 1886 Final , and hosted an international match between England and Ireland in 1895 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vic Marks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vic_Marks', 'summary': "Victor James Marks ( born 25 June 1955 ) is a sport journalist and former professional cricketer . An off spin bowler , Marks played in six Test matches and thirty four One Day Internationals for England . His entire county cricket career was spent with Somerset , spanning the period between 1975 and 1989 . Marks also played for Oxford University whilst a student and had one season playing in Western Australia , winning the Sheffield Shield 1986-87 . After retiring as a player , Marks became a cricket journalist . He writes match reports and opinion pieces for The Guardian and The Observer newspapers , and frequently appears on BBC Radio 's Test Match Special as a summariser ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_cricket_team', 'summary': "The England cricket team represents England and Wales in international cricket . Since 1997 , it has been governed by the England and Wales Cricket Board ( ECB ) , having been previously governed by Marylebone Cricket Club ( the MCC ) since 1903 . England , as a founding nation , is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status . Until the 1990s , Scottish and Irish players also played for England as those countries were not yet ICC members in their own right . England and Australia were the first teams to play a Test match ( 15-19 March 1877 ) , and along with South Africa , these nations formed the Imperial Cricket Conference ( the predecessor to today 's International Cricket Council ) on 15 June 1909 . England and Australia also played the first ODI on 5 January 1971 . England 's first T20I was played on 13 June 2005 , once more against Australia . As of 16 February 2020 [ update ] , England have played 1,022 Test matches , winning 371 and losing 304 ( with 347 draws ) . In Test series against Australia , England play for The Ashes , one of the most famous trophies in all of sport , and they have won the urn on 32 occasions . England have also played 746 ODIs , winning 375 . They have appeared in the final of the Cricket World Cup four times , winning once in 2019 ; they have also finished as runners-up in two ICC Champions Trophies ( 2004 and 2013 ) . England have played 117 T20Is , winning 58 ."}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sri Lanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Sri Lanka national men 's cricket team , ( Sinhala : ශ්\u200dරී ලංකා ජාතික ක්\u200dරිකට් කණ්ඩායම , Tamil : இலங்கை தேசிய கிரிக்கெட் அணி ) nicknamed The Lions , represents Sri Lanka in men 's international cricket . It is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One-Day International ( ODI ) and T20 International ( T20I ) status . The team first played international cricket ( as Ceylon ) in 1926-27 , and were later awarded Test status in 1982 , which made Sri Lanka the eighth Test cricket playing nation . The team is administered by Sri Lanka Cricket . Sri Lanka 's national cricket team achieved considerable success beginning in the 1990s , rising from underdog status to winning the Cricket World Cup in 1996 . Since then , the team has continued to be a force in international cricket . The Sri Lankan cricket team reached the finals of the 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups consecutively . They ended up being runners up on both occasions . Sri Lanka won the Cricket World Cup in 1996 , the ICC Champions Trophy in 2002 ( co-champions with India ) , and the ICC T20 World Cup in 2014 . They have been consecutive runners up in the 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups , and have been runners up in the ICC T20 World Cup in 2009 and 2012 . The Sri Lankan cricket team currently holds several world records , including the world record for the highest team total in Test cricket ."}]}, {'value': 'County Ground , Taunton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Ground,_Taunton', 'summary': "The County Ground , known for sponsorship reasons as Cooper Associates County Ground , and nicknamed Ciderabad , is a cricket ground in Taunton , Somerset . It is the home of Somerset County Cricket Club , who have played there since 1882 . The ground , which is located between Priory Bridge Road and St James Street , has a capacity of 8,500 . The ground was originally built as part of a sports centre by Taunton Athletic Club in 1881 , and became the home of the previously nomadic Somerset County Cricket Club soon after . Having leased the ground for ten years , the club bought the ground in 1896 , under the guidance of club secretary Henry Murray-Anderdon . The ground ends are the River End to the north and the Somerset Pavilion End to the south . Somerset played their first match of first-class cricket on the ground over 8-10 August 1882 , beating Hampshire County Cricket Club by five wickets . Later in the same month , the touring Australia national cricket team played a match against Somerset , becoming the first international side to play at the ground . The first international cricket to be played on the ground was in the 1983 Cricket World Cup , for a group-stage match between England and Sri Lanka . The ground also hosted two group-stage matches during the 1999 Cricket World Cup and venue for the tournament in 2019 . Since 1997 , women 's international cricket has been played at the ground , and in 2006 it became the home of the England women 's cricket team . The ground saw ( men 's ) international cricket in 2017 , with a Twenty20 International ( T20I ) tie between England and South Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Ashantha de Mel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashantha_de_Mel', 'summary': "Ashantha Lakdasa Francis de Mel ( born 9 May 1959 in Colombo ) is a former Sri Lankan Test and ODI cricketer and selector for the national team . He bowled Sri Lanka 's first ball in a Test match . He was one of few Sri Lanka bowlers in the 1980s above medium pace , and he was also said to have the ability to get the ball to swing out . In November 2018 , he was named as the chairman of Sri Lanka Cricket 's National Selection Panel . He previously served in the role in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sri Lanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Sri Lanka national men 's cricket team , ( Sinhala : ශ්\u200dරී ලංකා ජාතික ක්\u200dරිකට් කණ්ඩායම , Tamil : இலங்கை தேசிய கிரிக்கெட் அணி ) nicknamed The Lions , represents Sri Lanka in men 's international cricket . It is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One-Day International ( ODI ) and T20 International ( T20I ) status . The team first played international cricket ( as Ceylon ) in 1926-27 , and were later awarded Test status in 1982 , which made Sri Lanka the eighth Test cricket playing nation . The team is administered by Sri Lanka Cricket . Sri Lanka 's national cricket team achieved considerable success beginning in the 1990s , rising from underdog status to winning the Cricket World Cup in 1996 . Since then , the team has continued to be a force in international cricket . The Sri Lankan cricket team reached the finals of the 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups consecutively . They ended up being runners up on both occasions . Sri Lanka won the Cricket World Cup in 1996 , the ICC Champions Trophy in 2002 ( co-champions with India ) , and the ICC T20 World Cup in 2014 . They have been consecutive runners up in the 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups , and have been runners up in the ICC T20 World Cup in 2009 and 2012 . The Sri Lankan cricket team currently holds several world records , including the world record for the highest team total in Test cricket ."}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pakistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Pakistan national cricket team ( Urdu : پاکستان قومی کرکٹ ٹیم ) , popularly referred to as the Shaheens ( Urdu : شاہین , lit . Falcons ) , Green Shirts and Men in Green , is administered by the Pakistan Cricket Board ( PCB ) . The team is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council , and participates in Test , One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International cricket matches . Pakistan has played 428 Test matches , winning 138 , losing 130 and drawing 160 . Pakistan was given Test status on 28 July 1952 , following a recommendation by India , and made its Test debut against India at Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi , in October 1952 , with India winning by an innings and 70 runs . In the 1930s and 40s , several Pakistani Test players had played Test cricket for the Indian cricket team before the creation of Pakistan in 1947 . The team has played 927 ODIs , winning 486 , losing 413 , tying 8 with 20 ending in no-result . Pakistan was the 1992 World Cup champion , and was the runner-up in the 1999 tournament . Pakistan , in conjunction with other countries in South Asia , has hosted the 1987 and 1996 World Cups , with the 1996 final being hosted at Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore . The team has also played 151 Twenty20 Internationals , the most of any team , winning 92 losing 55 and tying 3 . Pakistan won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and were runners-up in the inaugural tournament in 2007 . Pakistan also won the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy for the first time , defeating India .'}]}, {'value': 'Headingley Stadium , Leeds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Headingley_Stadium', 'summary': 'Headingley Stadium is a stadium complex in Headingley , Leeds , West Yorkshire , England , comprising two separate grounds , Headingley Cricket Ground and Headingley Rugby Stadium , linked by a two-sided stand housing common facilities . The grounds are the respective homes of Yorkshire County Cricket Club ( CCC ) and both Leeds Rhinos rugby league and Yorkshire Carnegie rugby union clubs . Initially owned by the Leeds Cricket , Football and Athletic Company , the complex is now owned by Yorkshire CCC , which jointly manages it with Leeds Rugby Limited , a joint venture of the two rugby clubs . From 2006 until 2017 , the stadium was officially known as the Headingley Carnegie Stadium as a result of sponsorship from Leeds Metropolitan University , whose sports faculty is known as the Carnegie School of Sport Exercise and Physical Education . Since 1 November 2017 , the stadium is known as the Emerald Headingley Stadium due to the purchase of the naming rights by Emerald Group Publishing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leeds', 'summary': "Leeds is the largest city in the county of West Yorkshire in Northern England , approximately 170 miles north of central London . Leeds has one of the most diverse economies of all the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private-sector jobs growth of any UK city . It also has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities , with 77% of its workforce working in the private sector . Leeds has the third-largest jobs total by local authority area , with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015 . Leeds is ranked as a High Sufficiency level city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Leeds is the cultural , financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . Leeds is served by five universities , and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country 's fourth largest urban economy . Leeds was a small manorial borough in the 13th century , and in the 17th and 18th centuries it became a major centre for the production and trading of wool , and in the Industrial Revolution a major mill town ; wool was still the dominant industry , but flax , engineering , iron foundries , printing , and other industries were also important . From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century , Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century . It now lies within the West Yorkshire Urban Area , the United Kingdom 's fourth-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.6 million . Today , Leeds has become the largest legal and financial centre outside London with the financial and insurance services industry worth £13 billion to the city 's economy . The finance and business service sector account for 38% of total output with more than 30 national and international banks located in the city , including an office of the Bank of England ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapil Dev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapil_Dev', 'summary': "Kapil Dev Ram Lal Nikhanj ( born 6 January 1959 ) is a former Indian cricketer . He was a fast bowler and a hard hitting middle order batsman . Regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to play the game , he is also regarded as one of the greatest captains in the history of cricket . He was named by Wisden as the Indian Cricketer of the Century in 2002 . Dev captained the Indian cricket team that won the 1983 Cricket World Cup . He was India 's national cricket coach between October 1999 and August 2000 . He retired in 1994 , holding the world record for the greatest number of wickets taken in Test cricket , a record subsequently broken by Courtney Walsh in 2000 . At the time , he was also India 's highest wicket taker in both major forms of cricket , Tests and ODIs . He is the first player to take 200 ODI wickets . He is the only player in the history of cricket to have taken more than 400 wickets ( 434 wickets ) and scored more than 5000 runs in Tests , making him one of the greatest all-rounders to have played the game . On 11 March 2010 , Dev was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The India men 's national cricket team , also known as Team India and Men in Blue , is governed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) , and is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One-Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status . Cricket was introduced to India by European merchant sailors in the 18th century , and the first cricket club was established in 1792 . India 's national cricket team did not play its first Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord 's , becoming the sixth team to be granted test cricket status . From 1932 India had to wait until 1952 , almost 20 years for its first Test victory . In its first fifty years of international cricket , India was one of the weaker teams , winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played . The team , however , gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Gavaskar , Viswanath , Kapil Dev , and the Indian spin quartet . Traditionally much stronger at home than abroad , the Indian team has improved its overseas form , especially in limited-overs cricket , since the start of the 21st century , winning Test matches in Australia , England and South Africa . It has won the Cricket World Cup twice - in 1983 under the captaincy of Kapil Dev and in 2011 under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni . After winning the 2011 World Cup , India became only the third team after West Indies and Australia to have won the World Cup more than once , and the first cricket team to win the World Cup at home . It also won the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and 2013 ICC Champions Trophy , under the captaincy of MS Dhoni . It was also the joint champions of 2002 ICC Champions Trophy , along with Sri Lanka . The Indian cricket team has rivalries with other Test-playing nations , most notably with Pakistan , the political arch-rival of India ."}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Australian men 's national cricket team represents Australia in men 's international cricket . As one of the oldest teams in Test cricket history , playing in the first ever Test match in 1877 , the team also plays One-Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) cricket , participating in both the first ODI , against England in the 1970-71 season and the first T20I , against New Zealand in the 2004-05 season , winning both games . The team draws its players from teams playing in the Australian domestic competitions - the Sheffield Shield , the Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament and the Big Bash League . The national team has played 830 Test matches , winning 393 , losing 224 , drawing 211 and tying 2 . As of February 2020 [ update ] , Australia is ranked second in the ICC Test Championship on 108 rating points . Australia is the most successful team in Test cricket history , in terms of overall wins , win-loss ratio and wins percentage . The Australian cricket team has played 942 ODI matches , winning 573 , losing 326 , tying 9 and with 34 ending in a no-result . As of January 2020 [ update ] , Australia is ranked fifth in the ICC ODI Championship on 110 rating points , though have been ranked first for 141 of 185 months since its introduction in 2002 . Australia is the most successful team in ODI cricket history , winning more than 60 per cent of their matches . Australia have made a record seven World Cup final appearances ( 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and 2015 ) and have won the World Cup a record five times : 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and 2015 . Australia is the first team to appear in four consecutive World Cup finals ( 1996 , 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) , surpassing the old record of three consecutive World Cup appearances by the West Indies ( 1975 , 1979 and 1983 ) and the first team to win 3 consecutive World Cups ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) . The team was undefeated in 34 consecutive World Cup matches until the 2011 Cricket World Cup where Pakistan beat them by 4 wickets in the Quarter-final ."}]}, {'value': 'Trent Bridge , Nottingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trent_Bridge', 'summary': "Trent Bridge is a cricket ground mostly used for Test , One-Day International and county cricket located in West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire , England , just across the River Trent from the city of Nottingham . Trent Bridge is also the headquarters of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club . As well as international cricket and Nottinghamshire 's home games , the ground has hosted the Finals Day of the Twenty20 Cup twice and will host the final of the One-Day Cup between 2020 and 2024 . In 2009 , the ground was used for the ICC World Twenty20 and hosted the semi-final between South Africa and Pakistan . The site takes its name from the nearby main bridge over the Trent , and is also close to Meadow Lane and the City Ground , the football stadia of Notts County and Nottingham Forest respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nottingham', 'summary': "Nottingham ( /ˈnɒtɪŋəm/ ( listen ) NOT-ing-əm ) is a city and unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire , England . Part of the East Midlands region , it is 128 miles ( 206 km ) north of London and 45 miles ( 72 km ) northeast of Birmingham . To the west lies Derby , separated by the M1 motorway . Nottingham has links to the legend of Robin Hood and to the lace-making , bicycle ( notably Raleigh bikes ) , and tobacco industries . It was granted its city charter in 1897 as part of Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee celebrations . Nottingham is a tourist destination ; in 2018 , the city received the second highest amount of overnight visitors in the Midlands and the highest amount in the East Midlands . In 2017 , Nottingham had an estimated population of 329,200 . The population of the city proper , compared to its regional counterparts , has been attributed to its historical and tightly-drawn city boundaries . The wider conurbation , which includes many of the city 's suburbs , has a population of 768,638 . It is the largest urban area in the East Midlands and the second-largest in the Midlands . Its Functional Urban Area , also the largest in the East Midlands , has a population of 919,484 . The population of the Nottingham/Derby metropolitan area is estimated to be 1,610,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Abdul Qadir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdul_Qadir', 'summary': "Abdul Qadir , Abd al-Qadir or Abdulkadir ( Arabic : عبد القادر ) is a male Muslim given name . It is formed from the Arabic words Abd , al- and Qadir . The name means servant of the powerful , Al-Qādir being one of the names of God in the Qur'an , which give rise to the Muslim theophoric names . The letter a of the al- is unstressed , and can be transliterated by almost any vowel , often by u . So the first part can appear as Abdel , Abdul or Abdal . The second part can be transliterated Qader , Kadir , Qadir , Kader , Gadir or in other ways , and the whole name subject to variable spacing and hyphenation . There is a related but much less common name , Abdul Qadeer ( Arabic : عبد القدیر ) , with a similar meaning . The two may become confused when transliterated , and a few of the names below may be instances of the latter name . Notable people with the name include :"}]}, {'value': 'Pakistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Pakistan national cricket team ( Urdu : پاکستان قومی کرکٹ ٹیم ) , popularly referred to as the Shaheens ( Urdu : شاہین , lit . Falcons ) , Green Shirts and Men in Green , is administered by the Pakistan Cricket Board ( PCB ) . The team is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council , and participates in Test , One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International cricket matches . Pakistan has played 428 Test matches , winning 138 , losing 130 and drawing 160 . Pakistan was given Test status on 28 July 1952 , following a recommendation by India , and made its Test debut against India at Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi , in October 1952 , with India winning by an innings and 70 runs . In the 1930s and 40s , several Pakistani Test players had played Test cricket for the Indian cricket team before the creation of Pakistan in 1947 . The team has played 927 ODIs , winning 486 , losing 413 , tying 8 with 20 ending in no-result . Pakistan was the 1992 World Cup champion , and was the runner-up in the 1999 tournament . Pakistan , in conjunction with other countries in South Asia , has hosted the 1987 and 1996 World Cups , with the 1996 final being hosted at Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore . The team has also played 151 Twenty20 Internationals , the most of any team , winning 92 losing 55 and tying 3 . Pakistan won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and were runners-up in the inaugural tournament in 2007 . Pakistan also won the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy for the first time , defeating India .'}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sri Lanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Sri Lanka national men 's cricket team , ( Sinhala : ශ්\u200dරී ලංකා ජාතික ක්\u200dරිකට් කණ්ඩායම , Tamil : இலங்கை தேசிய கிரிக்கெட் அணி ) nicknamed The Lions , represents Sri Lanka in men 's international cricket . It is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One-Day International ( ODI ) and T20 International ( T20I ) status . The team first played international cricket ( as Ceylon ) in 1926-27 , and were later awarded Test status in 1982 , which made Sri Lanka the eighth Test cricket playing nation . The team is administered by Sri Lanka Cricket . Sri Lanka 's national cricket team achieved considerable success beginning in the 1990s , rising from underdog status to winning the Cricket World Cup in 1996 . Since then , the team has continued to be a force in international cricket . The Sri Lankan cricket team reached the finals of the 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups consecutively . They ended up being runners up on both occasions . Sri Lanka won the Cricket World Cup in 1996 , the ICC Champions Trophy in 2002 ( co-champions with India ) , and the ICC T20 World Cup in 2014 . They have been consecutive runners up in the 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups , and have been runners up in the ICC T20 World Cup in 2009 and 2012 . The Sri Lankan cricket team currently holds several world records , including the world record for the highest team total in Test cricket ."}]}, {'value': 'Headingley Stadium , Leeds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Headingley_Stadium', 'summary': 'Headingley Stadium is a stadium complex in Headingley , Leeds , West Yorkshire , England , comprising two separate grounds , Headingley Cricket Ground and Headingley Rugby Stadium , linked by a two-sided stand housing common facilities . The grounds are the respective homes of Yorkshire County Cricket Club ( CCC ) and both Leeds Rhinos rugby league and Yorkshire Carnegie rugby union clubs . Initially owned by the Leeds Cricket , Football and Athletic Company , the complex is now owned by Yorkshire CCC , which jointly manages it with Leeds Rugby Limited , a joint venture of the two rugby clubs . From 2006 until 2017 , the stadium was officially known as the Headingley Carnegie Stadium as a result of sponsorship from Leeds Metropolitan University , whose sports faculty is known as the Carnegie School of Sport Exercise and Physical Education . Since 1 November 2017 , the stadium is known as the Emerald Headingley Stadium due to the purchase of the naming rights by Emerald Group Publishing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leeds', 'summary': "Leeds is the largest city in the county of West Yorkshire in Northern England , approximately 170 miles north of central London . Leeds has one of the most diverse economies of all the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private-sector jobs growth of any UK city . It also has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities , with 77% of its workforce working in the private sector . Leeds has the third-largest jobs total by local authority area , with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015 . Leeds is ranked as a High Sufficiency level city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Leeds is the cultural , financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . Leeds is served by five universities , and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country 's fourth largest urban economy . Leeds was a small manorial borough in the 13th century , and in the 17th and 18th centuries it became a major centre for the production and trading of wool , and in the Industrial Revolution a major mill town ; wool was still the dominant industry , but flax , engineering , iron foundries , printing , and other industries were also important . From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century , Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century . It now lies within the West Yorkshire Urban Area , the United Kingdom 's fourth-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.6 million . Today , Leeds has become the largest legal and financial centre outside London with the financial and insurance services industry worth £13 billion to the city 's economy . The finance and business service sector account for 38% of total output with more than 30 national and international banks located in the city , including an office of the Bank of England ."}]}, {'value': 'Madan Lal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madan_Lal', 'summary': 'Madan Lal Udhouram Sharma pronunciation ( help·info ) ( Punjabi ਮਦਨ ਲਾਲ , Hindi मदन लाल born 20 March 1951 ) is a former Indian cricketer ( 1974-1987 ) and Indian national cricket coach . He was also a member of the World Cup winning India squad of 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The India men 's national cricket team , also known as Team India and Men in Blue , is governed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) , and is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One-Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status . Cricket was introduced to India by European merchant sailors in the 18th century , and the first cricket club was established in 1792 . India 's national cricket team did not play its first Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord 's , becoming the sixth team to be granted test cricket status . From 1932 India had to wait until 1952 , almost 20 years for its first Test victory . In its first fifty years of international cricket , India was one of the weaker teams , winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played . The team , however , gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Gavaskar , Viswanath , Kapil Dev , and the Indian spin quartet . Traditionally much stronger at home than abroad , the Indian team has improved its overseas form , especially in limited-overs cricket , since the start of the 21st century , winning Test matches in Australia , England and South Africa . It has won the Cricket World Cup twice - in 1983 under the captaincy of Kapil Dev and in 2011 under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni . After winning the 2011 World Cup , India became only the third team after West Indies and Australia to have won the World Cup more than once , and the first cricket team to win the World Cup at home . It also won the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and 2013 ICC Champions Trophy , under the captaincy of MS Dhoni . It was also the joint champions of 2002 ICC Champions Trophy , along with Sri Lanka . The Indian cricket team has rivalries with other Test-playing nations , most notably with Pakistan , the political arch-rival of India ."}]}, {'value': '8.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4/20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Australian men 's national cricket team represents Australia in men 's international cricket . As one of the oldest teams in Test cricket history , playing in the first ever Test match in 1877 , the team also plays One-Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) cricket , participating in both the first ODI , against England in the 1970-71 season and the first T20I , against New Zealand in the 2004-05 season , winning both games . The team draws its players from teams playing in the Australian domestic competitions - the Sheffield Shield , the Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament and the Big Bash League . The national team has played 830 Test matches , winning 393 , losing 224 , drawing 211 and tying 2 . As of February 2020 [ update ] , Australia is ranked second in the ICC Test Championship on 108 rating points . Australia is the most successful team in Test cricket history , in terms of overall wins , win-loss ratio and wins percentage . The Australian cricket team has played 942 ODI matches , winning 573 , losing 326 , tying 9 and with 34 ending in a no-result . As of January 2020 [ update ] , Australia is ranked fifth in the ICC ODI Championship on 110 rating points , though have been ranked first for 141 of 185 months since its introduction in 2002 . Australia is the most successful team in ODI cricket history , winning more than 60 per cent of their matches . Australia have made a record seven World Cup final appearances ( 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and 2015 ) and have won the World Cup a record five times : 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and 2015 . Australia is the first team to appear in four consecutive World Cup finals ( 1996 , 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) , surpassing the old record of three consecutive World Cup appearances by the West Indies ( 1975 , 1979 and 1983 ) and the first team to win 3 consecutive World Cups ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) . The team was undefeated in 34 consecutive World Cup matches until the 2011 Cricket World Cup where Pakistan beat them by 4 wickets in the Quarter-final ."}]}, {'value': 'County Cricket Ground , Chelmsford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Chelmsford', 'summary': 'The Essex County Ground ( ECG ) is a cricket venue in Chelmsford , Essex , England . It has been home to Essex County Cricket Club since 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'Abdul Qadir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdul_Qadir', 'summary': "Abdul Qadir , Abd al-Qadir or Abdulkadir ( Arabic : عبد القادر ) is a male Muslim given name . It is formed from the Arabic words Abd , al- and Qadir . The name means servant of the powerful , Al-Qādir being one of the names of God in the Qur'an , which give rise to the Muslim theophoric names . The letter a of the al- is unstressed , and can be transliterated by almost any vowel , often by u . So the first part can appear as Abdel , Abdul or Abdal . The second part can be transliterated Qader , Kadir , Qadir , Kader , Gadir or in other ways , and the whole name subject to variable spacing and hyphenation . There is a related but much less common name , Abdul Qadeer ( Arabic : عبد القدیر ) , with a similar meaning . The two may become confused when transliterated , and a few of the names below may be instances of the latter name . Notable people with the name include :"}]}, {'value': 'Pakistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Pakistan national cricket team ( Urdu : پاکستان قومی کرکٹ ٹیم ) , popularly referred to as the Shaheens ( Urdu : شاہین , lit . Falcons ) , Green Shirts and Men in Green , is administered by the Pakistan Cricket Board ( PCB ) . The team is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council , and participates in Test , One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International cricket matches . Pakistan has played 428 Test matches , winning 138 , losing 130 and drawing 160 . Pakistan was given Test status on 28 July 1952 , following a recommendation by India , and made its Test debut against India at Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi , in October 1952 , with India winning by an innings and 70 runs . In the 1930s and 40s , several Pakistani Test players had played Test cricket for the Indian cricket team before the creation of Pakistan in 1947 . The team has played 927 ODIs , winning 486 , losing 413 , tying 8 with 20 ending in no-result . Pakistan was the 1992 World Cup champion , and was the runner-up in the 1999 tournament . Pakistan , in conjunction with other countries in South Asia , has hosted the 1987 and 1996 World Cups , with the 1996 final being hosted at Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore . The team has also played 151 Twenty20 Internationals , the most of any team , winning 92 losing 55 and tying 3 . Pakistan won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and were runners-up in the inaugural tournament in 2007 . Pakistan also won the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy for the first time , defeating India .'}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4/21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national cricket team represents New Zealand in men 's international cricket . Nicknamed the Black Caps , they played their first Test in 1930 against England in Christchurch , becoming the fifth country to play Test cricket . From 1930 New Zealand had to wait until 1956 , more than 26 years , for its first Test victory , against the West Indies at Eden Park in Auckland . They played their first ODI in the 1972-73 season against Pakistan in Christchurch . The current captain in all formats of the game is Kane Williamson , who replaced Brendon McCullum after the latter 's retirement in December 2015 . The national team is organised by New Zealand Cricket . The New Zealand cricket team became known as the Black Caps in January 1998 , after its sponsor at the time , Clear Communications , held a competition to choose a name for the team . This is one of many national team nicknames related to the All Blacks . As of 8 September 2019 , New Zealand have played 1324 international matches , winning 505 , losing 599 , tying 12 and drawing 165 matches while 43 matches ended as no result . The team is ranked 2nd in Tests , 3rd in ODIs and 6th in T20Is by the ICC . New Zealand defeated South Africa in the semi final of the 2015 World Cup , which was their first win in the a world cup semi final and hence they made their maiden appearance in a World Cup Final , but they ultimately lost to Trans-Tasman rivals Australia . In the next World Cup in 2019 , New Zealand again reached the final which they lost to the hosts England on boundary count after the match and the subsequent Super Over both ended as ties ."}]}, {'value': 'Edgbaston Cricket Ground , Birmingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground', 'summary': "Edgbaston Cricket Ground , also known as the County Ground or Edgbaston Stadium , is a cricket ground in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham , England . It is home to Warwickshire County Cricket Club and its T20 team Birmingham Bears . Edgbaston has also been the venue for Test matches , One-Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals . Edgbaston has hosted the T20 Finals Day more than any other cricket ground . Edgbaston is the main home ground for the Birmingham Phoenix men 's team in The Hundred competition from 2020 . Edgbaston was the first English ground outside Lord 's to host a major international one-day tournament final when it hosted the ICC Champions Trophy final in 2013 . With permanent seating for approximately 25,000 spectators , it is the fourth-largest cricketing venue in England , after Lord 's , Old Trafford and The Oval . Edgbaston was the venue of the first senior game under floodlights in English cricket in July 1997 between Warwickshire and Somerset in the then AXA Life Sunday League and hosted the first day/night Test match in England in August 2017 when England played the West Indies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Birmingham', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Bowling statistics -- Best bowling figures', 'section_text': 'This table lists the top ten players with the best bowling figures in the tournament . [ 7 ]', 'uid': '1983_Cricket_World_Cup_statistics_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of statistics for the 1983 Cricket World Cup.'}
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In what year was the player with 10.1 overs knighted ?
1990
08551e38c20f1927
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni', 'title': 'List of University of Oregon alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Degree ( s )', 'Year ( s )', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Howard Backen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Backen', 'summary': 'Howard Backen ( born 1936 ) is an American architect . He co-founded Backen , Arrigoni & Ross , now BAR Architects , following college and later founded Backen , Gillam & Kroeger in Napa , California . At the latter firm , he primarily focuses on residential and winery projects . Eschewing narcissistic styles as fads , Backen opts for architectural design that mesh with the landscape and its occupants . He is credited for being a large influence on the architectural aesthetic of Napa .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of BAR Architects and Backen , Gillam & Kroeger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brad Cloepfil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Cloepfil', 'summary': 'Brad Cloepfil ( born 1956 ) is an American architect , educator and principal of Allied Works Architecture of Portland , Oregon and New York City . His first major project was an adaptive reuse of a Portland warehouse for the advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy . Since 2000 , Cloepfil and Allied Works have completed cultural , commercial and residential projects including the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis , the University of Michigan Museum of Art , the Dutchess County Residence Guest House and the Museum of Arts and Design . Recent and notable works include the Clyfford Still Museum in Denver , Colorado , completed in November 2011 , and the National Music Centre of Canada in Calgary , Alberta , which opened in July 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of Allied Works Architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allied_Works_Architecture', 'summary': 'Brad Cloepfil ( born 1956 ) is an American architect , educator and principal of Allied Works Architecture of Portland , Oregon and New York City . His first major project was an adaptive reuse of a Portland warehouse for the advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy . Since 2000 , Cloepfil and Allied Works have completed cultural , commercial and residential projects including the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis , the University of Michigan Museum of Art , the Dutchess County Residence Guest House and the Museum of Arts and Design . Recent and notable works include the Clyfford Still Museum in Denver , Colorado , completed in November 2011 , and the National Music Centre of Canada in Calgary , Alberta , which opened in July 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tinker Hatfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinker_Hatfield', 'summary': "Tinker Linn Hatfield , Jr. , ( born April 30 , 1952 , Hillsboro , Oregon ) is an American designer of numerous Nike athletic shoe models , including the Air Jordan 3 through Air Jordan 15 , the twentieth anniversary Air Jordan XX , the Air Jordan XXIII , the 2010 ( XXV ) , the 2015 Air Jordan XX9 ( XXIX ) , and other athletic sneakers including the world 's first cross training shoes , the Nike Air Trainer . Hatfield oversees Nike 's Innovation Kitchen . He is Nike 's Vice President for Design and Special Projects . For his many innovative designs and numerous creations over more than three decades , Hatfield is considered a legend of design ."}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VP , designer and architect for Nike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike,_Inc.', 'summary': "Nike , Inc. ( /ˈnaɪki/ ) [ note 1 ] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $ 29.6 billion . Nike ranked No . 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 to 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro ."}]}, {'value': 'Mazharul Islam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mazharul_Islam', 'summary': "Muzharul Islam ( 25 December 1923 - 15 July 2012 ) was a Bangladeshi architect , urban planner , educator and activist . He is considered as the Grand Master of regional modernism in South Asia . [ by whom ? ] Islam is the pioneer of modern architecture in Bangladesh and the father of Bengali modernism . Islam 's style and influence dominated the architectural scene in the country during the 1960s and 70s , along with major US architects he brought to work in Dhaka . As a teacher , architect , social and political activist , Islam set the course of architectural practice in the country not only through his own many varied works but also through being instrumental in inviting architects like Louis Kahn , Richard Neutra , Stanley Tigerman , Paul Rudolph , Robert Boughey and Konstantinos Doxiadis to work in Bangladesh ."}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Architect credited with bringing modernist architecture to Bangladesh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnpaul Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnpaul_Jones', 'summary': "Johnpaul Jones ( born July 24 , 1941 ) is an American architect and landscape architect , partner in Seattle-based architecture firm Jones & Jones Architects and Landscape Architects , best known for innovative habitat immersion method design of zoo exhibits . A Native American himself , he has also executed many projects for various Native American organizations , and was lead design consultant for the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of the American Indian , completed 2004 in Washington , D.C . He was the first architect ever to receive the National Humanities Medal ."}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First architect to win the National Humanities Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal', 'summary': "The National Humanities Medal is an American award that annually recognizes several individuals , groups , or institutions for work that has deepened the nation 's understanding of the humanities , broadened our citizens ' engagement with the humanities , or helped preserve and expand Americans ' access to important resources in the humanities . The annual Charles Frankel Prize in the Humanities was established in 1988 and succeeded by the National Humanities Medal in 1997 . The initial design for the National Humanities Medal was created by a 1995 Frankel Prize winner , David Macaulay , and was used for all recipients through 2012 . During 2013 , The National Endowment for the Humanities ran a public competition for a new medal design , judged by metalsmith Chunghi Choo , coin engraver Don Everhart of the U.S. Mint and sculptor George Anthonisen . In June 2013 , the agency announced that a design by Paul C. Balan of Illinois had been selected as the winner . The final medal will be unveiled in Washington D.C. in November 2013 . The new design was used for the first time for the 2013 National Humanities Medals , which were presented in mid-2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rick Mather', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Mather', 'summary': 'Rick Mather ( May 30 , 1937 - April 20 , 2013 ) was an American-born architect working in England . Born in Portland , Oregon and awarded a B.arch . at the University of Oregon in 1961 , he came to London in 1963 and worked at the architectural firm Lyons Israel Ellis for two years . He became a leading figure [ citation needed ] at the Architectural Association in the 1970s , and in 1973 founded his own practice , Rick Mather Architects .'}]}, {'value': 'B.IArch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RIBA ; founder of Rick Mather Architects ; trustee of Victoria and Albert Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum', 'summary': "The Victoria and Albert Museum ( often abbreviated as the V & A ) in London is the world 's largest museum of applied and decorative arts and design , as well as sculpture , housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects . It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert . The V & A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , in an area that has become known as Albertopolis because of its association with Prince Albert , the Albert Memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . These include the Natural History Museum , the Science Museum , the Royal Albert Hall and Imperial College London . The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . As with other national British museums , entrance is free . The V & A covers 12.5 acres ( 5.1 ha ) and 145 galleries . Its collection spans 5,000 years of art , from ancient times to the present day , from the cultures of Europe , North America , Asia and North Africa . However , the art of antiquity in most areas is not collected . The holdings of ceramics , glass , textiles , costumes , silver , ironwork , jewellery , furniture , medieval objects , sculpture , prints and printmaking , drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world . The museum owns the world 's largest collection of post-classical sculpture , with the holdings of Italian Renaissance items being the largest outside Italy . The departments of Asia include art from South Asia , China , Japan , Korea and the Islamic world ."}]}, {'value': 'Mel Streeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mel_Streeter', 'summary': 'Mel Streeter ( 1931 - June 12 , 2006 ) was an American architect and college basketball player . A native of Riverside , California , he was the second African-American basketball player at the University of Oregon for the Ducks in the early 1950s . After serving as an officer in the U.S. Army , he moved to Seattle and worked as an architect .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second African-American to play basketball for the Ducks ; founded architecture firm in Seattle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarah Susanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Susanka', 'summary': 'Sarah Susanka FAIA ( born March 21 , 1957 ) is an English-born American-based architect , an author of nine best-selling books , and a public speaker . Susanka is the originator of the Not So Big philosophy of residential architecture , which aims to build better , not bigger . Susanka has been credited with initiating the small house movement .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Architect , author of The Not so Big House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eugene Tsui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Tsui', 'summary': 'Eugene Tssui ( /tsweɪ/ born Eugene Tsui , September 14 , 1954 ) is an American architect noted for his use of ecological principles and biologic design , a term coined by Tssui himself in the 2010 issue of World Architecture Review . He has proposed a number of projects such as a bridge across the Strait of Gibraltar to connect the continents of Africa and Europe as well as a 2-mile-high tower capable of housing 1 million residents . He has been called the Seminal Architect of the 21st Century . In May of 2013 , Tssui was also listed as one of one hundred Guardian Angels of the Planet by Project Coyote .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Controversial architect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DeNorval Unthank Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeNorval_Unthank_Jr.', 'summary': 'DeNorval Unthank Jr. ( October 27 , 1929 - November 2 , 2000 ) was an American architect . In 1951 he was the first black man to earn an architecture degree from the University of Oregon ( UO ) . Unthank worked on the courthouse in Lane County , Oregon ; McKenzie Hall ( formerly the UO School of Law building ) ; and Kennedy Junior Middle School in Eugene , Oregon . He is the eponym of Unthank Hall at UO .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prolific architect in Oregon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margo Grant Walsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margo_Grant_Walsh', 'summary': "Marjolaine ( Margo ) Grant Walsh was born in 1936 to Alfred and Ann Grant on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation in Fort Peck , Montana . Her father was a Chippewa , and her mother of Scottish origin . Shortly after her birth , the Grants moved to the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation in Belcourt , North Dakota , a Chippewa Indian reservation near the Canadian border where Grant spent her childhood . After the start of World War Two , the Grant family moved to the Portland , Oregon area , to assist in the war effort at the Kaiser Shipyards . After high school , Grant took courses at the Portland Art Museum , which she later credited as sparking her interest in making a career in interior design . She graduated from the University of Oregon Summa Cum Laude with a Bachelor of Science in 1959 and a Bachelor of Interior Architecture in 1960 . On 20 February 1994 , Margo Grant married John Perry Walsh , becoming Margo Grant Walsh , at St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan , NY . Walsh was a class of 1950 Yale graduate with an MBA from New York University , who worked as a private investor and former president of Florence Walsh Fashions Inc. , his late mother 's company . He died of cancer in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'B.IArch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice Chairman emeritus of Gensler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gensler', 'summary': 'Gensler is a global design and architecture firm . Organized into 16 diverse practice areas covering a broad spectrum of industry sectors , Gensler delivers a range of project types for clients around the world . In 2017 , Gensler generated $ 1.197 billion in revenue , the most of any architecture firm in the United States . As of 2018 , Gensler operated offices in 48 cities in 16 countries worldwide , working for clients in over 100 countries .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Architecture and design', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni_1', 'intro': 'This List of University of Oregon alumni includes graduates and current students of the University of Oregon as well as former students who studied at the university but did not obtain a formal degree. The university opened in 1876 and the first class contained only five members, graduating in 1878. The university has over 195,000 alumni, 10 of whom are Pulitzer Prize winners, and 2 of whom are Nobel laureates.'}
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What rank was the company in the 2018 Fortune 500 list whose designer came up with the Air Jordan XX ?
89
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_named_after_people', 'title': 'List of awards named after people', 'header': ['Award', 'Named after', 'Field', 'Achievement'], 'data': [{'value': 'James P. McCaffrey Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_P._McCaffrey_Trophy', 'summary': "The James P. McCaffrey Trophy is a Canadian Football League trophy , awarded to the outstanding defensive player in the East Division . Each team in the East division nominates a candidate , from which the winner is chosen . Either the winner of this trophy or the winner of the Norm Fieldgate Trophy will also win the Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Defensive Player award . In 1995 , as part of the failed American expansion , the McCaffrey trophy was given to the most outstanding defensive player in the South Division . Prior to 1974 the CFL 's Most Outstanding Lineman Award was awarded to both outstanding defensive players and outstanding linemen in the East Division ."}]}, {'value': 'James P. McCaffrey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian football', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Most outstanding defensive player in the CFL East Division . This individual becomes one of the two finalists for the CFL 's Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Football_League_East_Division', 'summary': 'The East Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League , their counterpart being the West Division . Although the CFL was not founded until 1958 , the East Division and its clubs are descended from earlier leagues .'}, {'url': "/wiki/CFL's_Most_Outstanding_Defensive_Player_Award", 'summary': "The Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award is annually awarded to the best defensive player in the Canadian football League . The winner of the award is selected by members of the Football Reporters of Canada along with the head coaches in the CFL . The two nominees for the award are the James P. McCaffrey Trophy winner from the East Division , and the Norm Fieldgate Trophy winner from the West Division . Between the years of 1955 to 1973 , both defensive players and offensive lineman had to compete for the CFL 's Most Outstanding Lineman Award . By the 1974 season , the league decided to make two separate awards for both defensive players and offensive lineman ."}]}, {'value': 'Dick McCann Memorial Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_McCann_Memorial_Award', 'summary': "The Dick McCann Memorial Award is bestowed annually by the Professional Football Writers of America ( PFWA ) for long and distinguished reporting on professional football . The award was created in 1969 and is named for Dick McCann , who was the first director of the Hall of Fame . Presentation of the award is made annually at the Pro Football Hall Enshrinement Ceremony . Prior to 2014 , the presentation was made at the Enshrinees Dinner . The list of McCann Award honorees is sometimes referred to as the writer 's wing of the Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Dick McCann', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sports journalism', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded by the Pro Football Hall of Fame for long and distinguished reporting on professional [ American ] football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football , located in Canton , Ohio . Opened in 1963 , the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football , including players , coaches , franchise owners , and front-office personnel , almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League ( NFL ) ; the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year . The Hall of Fame 's Mission is to Honor the Heroes of the Game , Preserve its History , Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE . As of 2020 [ update ] , there are a total of 346 members of the Hall of Fame , 189 of whom are living . Members are referred to as Gold Jackets due to the distinctive gold jackets they receive during the induction ceremony . Between four and eight new inductees are normally enshrined every year . In 2020 , an additional 15 members , known as the Centennial Slate , were inducted into the Hall of Fame to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the NFL ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'Liam MacCarthy Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liam_MacCarthy_Cup', 'summary': 'The Liam MacCarthy Cup ( commonly referred to - and incorrectly spelled - as the Liam McCarthy Cup ) is a trophy awarded annually by the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) to the team that wins the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , the main competition in the prehistoric sport of hurling . Based on the design of a medieval drinking vessel , the trophy was first awarded in 1923 to the winners of the ( delayed ) 1921 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final . The original 1920s trophy was retired in the 1990s , with a new identical trophy awarded annually since 1992 . The original trophy is on permanent display in the GAA Museum at Croke Park in Dublin . The GAA organises the series of games , which are played during the summer months . The All-Ireland Hurling Final was traditionally played on the first or second Sunday in September at Croke Park in Dublin . In 2018 , the GAA rescheduled its calendar and since then the fixture has been played in August .'}]}, {'value': 'Liam MacCarthy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liam_MacCarthy', 'summary': 'Liam MacCarthy ( 1853-1928 ) was an Irish nationalist , businessman and activist in London ; best known for his donation to the Gaelic Athletic Association of a trophy for the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which is called the Liam MacCarthy Cup in his honour .'}]}, {'value': 'Hurling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship , known simply as the All-Ireland Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in Ireland , and has been contested every year except one since 1887 . The final , currently held on the third Sunday in August , is the culmination of a series of games played during July and August , with the winning team receiving the Liam MacCarthy Cup . The All-Ireland Championship has always been played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team loses they are eliminated from the championship . The qualification procedures for the championship have changed several times throughout its history . Currently , qualification is limited to teams competing in the Leinster Championship , the Munster Championship and the two finalists in the Joe McDonagh Cup . Twelve teams currently participate in the All-Ireland Championship , with the most successful teams coming from the provinces of Leinster and Munster . Kilkenny , Cork and Tipperary are considered the big three of hurling . They have won 94 championships between them . The title has been won by 13 different teams , 10 of whom have won the title more than once . The all-time record-holders are Kilkenny , who have won the championship on 36 occasions . Tipperary are the current champions .'}]}, {'value': 'McClelland Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McClelland_Trophy', 'summary': 'The McClelland Trophy is an Australian rules football trophy , which has been awarded each year since 1951 by the Australian Football League ( known prior to 1990 as the Victorian Football League ) to the best-performing club in a regular season , calculated using varying and evolving criteria . Between 1951 and 1990 it was presented to the club that performed the best across the three levels of competition ; seniors , reserves and under 19s . Since 1991 , the honour has been bestowed upon the team that finishes the home-and-away season on top of the AFL ladder .'}]}, {'value': 'William C. McClelland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_C._McClelland', 'summary': "William Caldwell McClelland CBE ( 9 February 1875 - 30 May 1957 ) was a medical doctor and an Australian rules football player and administrator . Born at Buninyong , on Victoria 's goldfields , to an Irish-born father ( David ) and his Victorian-born wife ( Mary ) , McClelland went to Brighton Grammar School and then to the University of Melbourne , where he was awarded a BA in 1899 , MA in 1901 and MB , BS in 1905 ."}]}, {'value': 'Australian rules football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Football League minor premiership trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Australian Football League ( AFL ) is the pre-eminent and only fully professional men 's competition of Australian rules football . Through the AFL Commission , the AFL also serves as the sport 's governing body , and is responsible for controlling the laws of the game . Originally known as the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , it was founded in 1896 as a breakaway competition from the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , with its inaugural season commencing the following year . The VFL , aiming to become a national competition , began expanding beyond Victoria to other Australian states in the 1980s , and changed its name to the AFL in 1990 . The league currently consists of 18 teams spread over five of Australia 's six states ( Tasmania being the exception ) . Matches have been played in all states and mainland territories of Australia , as well as in New Zealand and China to promote the sport abroad . The AFL season currently consists of a 23-round regular ( or home-and-away ) season , which runs during the Australian winter ( March to September ) . The team with the best record after the home-and-away series is awarded the minor premiership . The top eight teams then play off in a four-round finals series , culminating in the AFL Grand Final , which is held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground each year . The grand final winner is termed the premiers , and is awarded the premiership cup . The current premiers are Richmond ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minor_premiership', 'summary': "A minor premiership is the name of the title given to the team which finishes a sporting competition first in the league standings after the regular season but prior to commencement of the playoffs in several Australian sports leagues . The etymology of the term was based on terminology in Australia from the end of the 19th century , where the regular season was referred to as the minor rounds , and the playoffs or finals were referred to as the major rounds ( this terminology is still used in South Australia , but has fallen into disuse in other parts of the country ) . Emerging from this terminology came the minor premiership , for the top-ranked team in the minor rounds , and the major premiership , often shortened simply to premiership , for the winner of the finals series . The term was important in the early finals systems of the Victorian Football League , an Australian rules football league , where the minor premier had the right to a challenge match for the major premiership if it were eliminated at any stage during the finals . The term is used widely throughout Australian sports , and there is often a separate trophy presented for it . The National Rugby League awards the J. J. Giltinan Shield , the Australian Ice Hockey League awards the H. Newman Reid Trophy and the Australian Football League has ( since 1991 ) awarded the Dr Wm . C. McClelland Trophy . The National Basketball League recognises the minor premiers but no official trophy or award is given . Australia 's premier association football competition , the A-League , officially refers to the minor premiership as the premiership , and the major premiership as the championship , which is more common with other association football competitions , but minor premiership is still used colloquially in the sports media even though it is incorrect terminology with regard to the A-League . Although the concept of a minor premiership exists in North America , and a separate award is often presented for the best record in the regular season , the term minor premiership is not used . The Presidents ' Trophy is awarded by the National Hockey League to the team which finishes first in the standings at the end of the season , as are the Supporters ' Shield in Major League Soccer and the NWSL Shield in the National Women 's Soccer League ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark H. McCormack Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_H._McCormack_Award', 'summary': "The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of male professional golfers . It was started in 1986 . The rankings are based on a player 's position in individual tournaments ( i.e . not pairs or team events ) over a rolling two-year period . New rankings are produced each week . During 2018 , nearly 400 tournaments on 20 tours were covered by the ranking system . All players competing in these tournaments are included in the rankings . In 2019 , 23 tours will factor into the world rankings . As well as being of general interest , the rankings have an additional importance , in that they are used as one of the qualifying criteria for entry into a number of leading tournaments ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark McCormack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_McCormack', 'summary': 'Mark Hume McCormack ( November 6 , 1930 - May 16 , 2003 ) was an American lawyer , sports agent and writer . He was the founder and chairman of International Management Group , now IMG , an international management organization serving sports figures and celebrities .'}]}, {'value': 'Golf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leading of the Official World Golf Ranking for most weeks in a year', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Official_World_Golf_Ranking', 'summary': "The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of male professional golfers . It was started in 1986 . The rankings are based on a player 's position in individual tournaments ( i.e . not pairs or team events ) over a rolling two-year period . New rankings are produced each week . During 2018 , nearly 400 tournaments on 20 tours were covered by the ranking system . All players competing in these tournaments are included in the rankings . In 2019 , 23 tours will factor into the world rankings . As well as being of general interest , the rankings have an additional importance , in that they are used as one of the qualifying criteria for entry into a number of leading tournaments ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark H. McCormack Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_H._McCormack_Medal', 'summary': "The Mark H. McCormack Medal is presented annually by The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews to the leading player in the World Amateur Golf Ranking after the last 'elite ' event of the season . The award is named after World Golf Hall of Famer Mark McCormack , who was an avid supporter of golf and the founder of IMG . In 2011 , New Zealand 's Lydia Ko was awarded the first ever women 's Mark H. McCormack Medal , a trophy she retained in 2012 and 2013 . Beginning in 2012 , the previous year 's men 's winner receives an invitation to both the U.S. Open and The Open Championship provided he remains an amateur ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark McCormack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_McCormack', 'summary': 'Mark Hume McCormack ( November 6 , 1930 - May 16 , 2003 ) was an American lawyer , sports agent and writer . He was the founder and chairman of International Management Group , now IMG , an international management organization serving sports figures and celebrities .'}]}, {'value': 'Golf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leading player of the World Amateur Golf Ranking', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Amateur_Golf_Ranking', 'summary': "The World Amateur Golf Ranking for men was introduced by the R & A , the governing body of the sport of golf outside the United States and Mexico , on 23 January 2007 . It is based on the results of over 2,600 amateur tournaments per year ( and amateurs participating in certain professional events ) and is updated each Wednesday . Rankings are based on the players ' average performances in counting events over a rolling period . This period was 52 weeks initially but was gradually expanded during 2016 to 104 weeks , similar to those of the Official World Golf Ranking . Like the Official World Golf Ranking for male professional golfers , the amateur ranking was initiated by the R & A to provide a more reliable means of selecting an appropriate field for one of its tournaments . The professional ranking was initially used to help set the field for The Open Championship and the amateur ranking plays a role in selecting the field for The Amateur Championship , which was previously selected mainly on the basis of national handicap systems . Other tournament organisers will be able to use the rankings to select players if they so wish . The first set of rankings featured over 1,000 players from 46 different countries and was headed by the 2006 U.S . Amateur champion , Richie Ramsay of Scotland . In February 2011 , the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) endorsed the rankings and announced it would use them for an exemption category in all their men 's amateur championships , including the U.S . Amateur , beginning in 2011 . The women 's rankings were started in February 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'W. P. McGee Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W._P._McGee_Trophy', 'summary': "The W. P. McGee Trophy is a national collegiate sports award , presented annually to the winner of the U Sports championship in men 's basketball . The trophy is named after W. P. McGee , who served as a teacher and coach at Assumption College , with the trophy itself being donated by the University of Windsor Alumni Association in 1963 . The Men 's Basketball Final 8 features eight teams and 10 to 11 games played over four days at one site , which rotates year-to-year . The most recent and defending champions are the Carleton Ravens . The Ravens have the most championship wins with 14 ."}]}, {'value': 'W. P. McGee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': []}, {'value': "U Sports ( Canada ) men 's basketball championship trophy", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U_Sports', 'summary': "U Sports ( stylized as U SPORTS ) is the national sport governing body of university sport in Canada , comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country . Its equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . Some institutions are members of both bodies for different sports . Its name until October 20 , 2016 , was Canadian Interuniversity Sport ( CIS ; French : Sport interuniversitaire canadien , SIC ) . On that date , the organization rebranded as U Sports in both official languages . The original Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union ( CIAU ) Central was founded in 1906 and existed until 1955 , composed only of universities from Ontario and Quebec . With the collapse of the CIAU Central in the mid-1950s , calls for a new , national governing body for university sport accelerated . Once the Royal Military College of Canada became a degree granting institution , Major W.J . ( Danny ) McLeod , athletic director at the RMC directed the establishment of the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union ( CIAU ) in 1961 . Major McLeod ran the CIAU from his office at RMC as the first CIAU Secretary-Treasurer . In the 1960s the CIAU functioned as a voluntary , autonomous , educational sport organization which represented by the various universities from coast to coast . In 1978 , the Canadian Women 's Interuniversity Athletic Union ( CWIAU ) , which had formed in 1970 , merged with the CIAU ; the expanded CIAU reinforced its university focus by adjusting its name to the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Mackay Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mackay_Trophy', 'summary': "The Mackay Trophy is awarded yearly by the United States Air Force for the most meritorious flight of the year by an Air Force person , persons , or organization . The trophy is housed in the Smithsonian Institution 's National Air and Space Museum . The award is administered by the U.S. National Aeronautic Association . The award was established on 27 January 1911 by Clarence Mackay , who was then head of the Postal Telegraph-Cable Company and the Commercial Cable Company . Originally , aviators could compete for the trophy annually under rules made each year or the War Department could award the trophy for the most meritorious flight of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'Clarence Mackay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_Mackay', 'summary': 'Clarence Hungerford Mackay ( /ˈmæki/ ; April 17 , 1874 - November 12 , 1938 ) was an American financier . He was chairman of the board of the Postal Telegraph and Cable Corporation and president of the Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company .'}]}, {'value': 'Aviation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Most meritorious flight of the year by one or more individuals , or an organization , within the United States Air Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}]}, {'value': 'John Mackey Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Mackey_Award', 'summary': "The John Mackey Award is presented annually to college football 's most outstanding tight end . Established in 2000 by the Nassau County Sports Commission , the award is given annually to the tight end who best exemplifies the play , sportsmanship , academics , and community values of Pro Football Hall of Fame tight end John Mackey . The winner is chosen by a selection committee comprising sportswriters and former players , including Lee Corso , Phil Steele , Charles Arbuckle , and former John Mackey Award winners Tim Stratton , Dallas Clark , and D. J. Williams , among others . The award is a member of the National College Football Awards Association , which encompasses college football 's most prestigious awards . Former Florida State tight end Nick O'Leary called the award one which all tight ends dream of winning ."}]}, {'value': 'John Mackey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Mackey_(American_football)', 'summary': 'John Mackey ( September 24 , 1941 - July 6 , 2011 ) was an American professional football player who was a tight end for the Baltimore Colts and the San Diego Chargers . He was born in Roosevelt , New York and attended Syracuse University . He was the first president of the National Football League Players Association following the AFL-NFL merger , serving from 1970 to 1973 . Mackey was also a big reason for the NFLPA to create the 88 Plan which would financially support ex-players who required living assistance in later years . A five-time Pro Bowler , Mackey was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1992 , the second pure tight end elected .'}]}, {'value': 'American football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding tight end in U.S. college football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/College_football', 'summary': "College football is gridiron football consisting of American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities , colleges , and military academies , or Canadian football played by teams of student athletes fielded by Canadian universities . It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States . Unlike most other sports in North America , no minor league farm organizations exist in American or Canadian football . Therefore , college football is generally considered to be the second tier of American football in the United States and Canadian football in Canada ; one step ahead of high school competition , and one step below professional competition . However , in some areas of the country , college football is more popular than professional football , and for much of the early 20th century , college football was seen as more prestigious than professional football . It is in college football where a player 's performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football . The best collegiate players will typically declare for the professional draft after three to four years of collegiate competition , with the NFL holding its annual draft every spring in which 256 players are selected annually . Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as an undrafted free agent ."}]}, {'value': 'MacTavish Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MacTavish_Cup', 'summary': 'The MacTavish Cup is a knock-out cup competition in the sport of shinty . It is competed for by senior teams from the North of Scotland district . It is one of the five trophies considered to be part of the Grand Slam in the sport of shinty . The current holders are Newtonmore . The competition is currently sponsored by cottages.com . The final is habitually played at the Bught Park , Inverness .'}]}, {'value': 'Duncan MacTavish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sports coaching', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramon Magsaysay Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award', 'summary': "The Ramon Magsaysay Award is an annual award established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay 's example of integrity in governance , courageous service to the people , and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society . The prize was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund based in New York City with the concurrence of the Philippine government . The award is internationally-recognized as the Nobel Prize counterpart of Asia and is the highest award given to Asian individuals and organizations ."}]}, {'value': 'Ramon Magsaysay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay', 'summary': 'Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay KGE GCC QSC MGH ( August 31 , 1907 - March 17 , 1957 ) was a Filipino statesman who served as the seventh President of the Philippines , from December 30 , 1953 until his death in an aircraft disaster . An automobile mechanic by profession , Magsaysay was appointed military governor of Zambales after his outstanding service as a guerilla leader during the Pacific War . He then served two terms as Liberal Party congressman for Zambales before being appointed as Secretary of National Defense by President Elpidio Quirino . He was elected president under the banner of the Nacionalista Party . He was the first Philippine president born during the 20th century and the first to be born after the Spanish colonial era .'}]}, {'value': 'Six different fields - see award article', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding achievement by an Asian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Maguire Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Maguire_Cup', 'summary': 'The Sam Maguire Cup , often referred to as Sam or The Sam ( Irish : Corn Sam Mhic Uidhir ) , is a trophy awarded annually by the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) to the team that wins the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , the main competition in the medieval sport of Gaelic football . The Sam Maguire Cup was first presented to the winners of the 1928 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final . The original 1920s trophy was retired in the 1980s , with a new identical trophy awarded annually since 1988 . The GAA organises the series of games , which are played during the summer months . The All-Ireland Football Final was traditionally played on the third or fourth Sunday in September at Croke Park in Dublin . In 2018 , the GAA rescheduled its calendar and since then the fixture has been played in early September .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Maguire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Maguire', 'summary': 'Samuel Maguire ( 1877 - 6 February 1927 ) , an Irish republican and Gaelic footballer , is chiefly remembered as the eponym of the Sam Maguire Cup , given to the All-Ireland Senior Champions of Gaelic football .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaelic football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All-Ireland Senior Football Championship trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship', 'summary': 'The All-Ireland Senior Football Championship ( SFC ) ( Irish : Craobhchomórtas Sinsear na hÉireann sa Pheil ) is the premier competition in Gaelic football . An annual tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) , it is contested by the inter-county teams in All Ireland . The first tournament was held in 1887 ; it has been held every year since 1889 . Each tournament ends with a final , played by the 35th Sunday of the year at Croke Park in Dublin , with the winning team receiving the Sam Maguire Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Majorana Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majorana_Prize', 'summary': 'The Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that was established in 2003 . It covers all aspects of theoretical physics . The editors-in-chief are Ammar Sakaji ( International Institute for Theoretical Physics and Mathematics , Prato , Italy ) and Ignazio Licata ( Institute for Scientific Methodology , Palermo , Italy ) and the printed version is published by Aracne Editrice . The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus .'}]}, {'value': 'Ettore Majorana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ettore_Majorana', 'summary': 'Ettore Majorana ( /maɪəˈrɑːnə/ , /ˌmædʒəˈrænə/ , [ citation needed ] Italian : [ ˈɛttore majoˈraːna ] ; born on 5 August 1906 - probably died after 1959 ) was an Italian theoretical physicist who worked on neutrino masses . On 25 March 1938 , he disappeared under mysterious circumstances while going by ship from Palermo to Naples . The Majorana equation and Majorana fermions are named after him . In 2006 , the Majorana Prize was established in his memory .'}]}, {'value': 'Mathematics or Physics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding contributions to theoretical and mathematical physics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mandela Challenge Plate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandela_Challenge_Plate', 'summary': "The Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate is a rugby union trophy contested between Australia and South Africa . It is named after South Africa 's first post-apartheid president , Nelson Mandela . Initially designed to be held every two years , the trophy was first contested as a one-off match in 2000 , with Australia winning the game 44-23 at Melbourne 's Docklands Stadium . The second , played in Ellis Park , Johannesburg in 2002 , was also South Africa 's home game in the Tri Nations , and was won 33-31 by South Africa . The 2004 event , delayed until 2005 , was played over two legs , and was not part of the Tri Nations . Since South Africa were the holders , Australia needed to win both games to reclaim the trophy . Australia won the first game 30-12 , but lost the return leg at Ellis Park , 33-20 . Between 2006 and 2011 , with the expansion of the Tri Nations series so that each country plays each other three times , the plate was contested over three Tests , akin to the Bledisloe Cup , with the exception of 2007 and 2011 , when teams only played 4 games each , to accommodate for the Rugby World Cups in those years . In 2012 , the Tri Nations was expanded to include Argentina and the competition was renamed The Rugby Championship . The teams now play each other twice , and the challengers are required to beat the holders in both games to win the plate . The trophy is a leather-clad silver plate containing a 24 carat ( 100% ) rim , and a central gold disk showing a Wallaby and a Springbok ( the icons of the two teams ) . It was designed by Flynn Silver , an Australian family company from Kyneton , Victoria ."}]}, {'value': 'Nelson Mandela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Mandela', 'summary': "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( /mænˈdɛlə/ ; Xhosa : [ xolíɬaɬa mandɛ̂ːla ] ; 18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013 ) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary , political leader , and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999 . He was the country 's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election . His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation . Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist , he served as the president of the African National Congress ( ANC ) party from 1991 to 1997 . A Xhosa , Mandela was born to the Thembu royal family in Mvezo , British South Africa . He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg . There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics , joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944 . After the National Party 's white-only government established apartheid , a system of racial segregation that privileged whites , he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow . Mandela was appointed President of the ANC 's Transvaal branch , rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People . He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial . Influenced by Marxism , he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . Although initially committed to non-violent protest , in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government ."}]}, {'value': 'Rugby union', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Challenge trophy between South Africa and Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The South African national rugby union team , commonly known as the Springboks ( colloquially the Boks or Bokke , and Amabokoboko ) is the country 's national team governed by the South African Rugby Union . The Springboks play in green and gold jerseys with white shorts , and their emblem is the native antelope springbok . The team has been representing South Africa in international rugby union since 30 July 1891 , when they played their first test match against a British Isles touring team . Although South Africa was instrumental in the creation of the Rugby World Cup competition , the Springboks did not compete in the first two World Cups in 1987 and 1991 because of international anti-apartheid sporting boycotts . The team made its World Cup debut in 1995 , when the newly democratic South Africa hosted the tournament . The Springboks defeated the All Blacks 15-12 in the final , which is now remembered as one of the greatest moments in South Africa 's sporting history , and a watershed moment in the post-Apartheid nation-building process . South Africa regained the title as champions 12 years later , when they defeated England 15-6 in the 2007 final . As a result of the 2007 World Cup tournament the Springboks were promoted to first place in the IRB World Rankings , a position they held until July the following year when New Zealand regained the top spot . They were named 2008 World Team of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards . South Africa then won a third World Cup title in 2019 , defeating England 32-12 in the final . As a result of this , the South African National Rugby Union Team were named 2020 World Team of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards for a second time . The Springboks also compete in the annual Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern-hemisphere counterparts Argentina , Australia and New Zealand ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Manning Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manning_Award', 'summary': "The Manning Award has been presented annually since 2004 to the collegiate American football quarterback as judged by the Sugar Bowl Committee to be the best in the United States . It is the only quarterback award that includes each candidate 's postseason-bowl performance in its balloting . The award is named in honor of former University of Mississippi ( Ole Miss ) quarterback Archie Manning and his quarterback sons Peyton and Eli . Archie was also the quarterback for the NFL New Orleans Saints , Houston Oilers , and Minnesota Vikings . Peyton was a star quarterback at the University of Tennessee as well as with the Indianapolis Colts , and the Denver Broncos . Eli was also a star quarterback at Ole Miss and was the quarterback of the NFL 's New York Giants . Both Peyton and Eli were All-America selections during their college careers and both have led their respective professional teams to Super Bowl championships ( Peyton with the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLI and with the Broncos in Super Bowl 50 , and Eli with the New York Giants in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI ) . Both have won the Super Bowl MVP award , Eli twice . Archie was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1989 . All the award winners have gone on to be drafted in the first round of the NFL Draft except Colt McCoy , who was drafted in the third round . As of 2019 , Deshaun Watson is the only player to win the award twice , being in 2015 and 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Archie Manning and his sons Peyton and Eli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archie_Manning', 'summary': 'Elisha Archibald Manning III ( born May 19 , 1949 ) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally for 13 seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played in the NFL for the New Orleans Saints from 1971 to 1982 , and for short stints with the Houston Oilers and Minnesota Vikings . In college , he played for the Ole Miss Rebels football team at the University of Mississippi , and was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . Manning is the father of Cooper Manning , and former NFL quarterbacks Peyton Manning and Eli Manning . Peyton and Eli have each won two Super Bowls .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peyton_Manning', 'summary': "Peyton Williams Manning ( born March 24 , 1976 ) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for 18 seasons . Considered to be one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time , he spent 14 seasons with the Indianapolis Colts and was a member of the Denver Broncos in his last four seasons . Manning played college football for the University of Tennessee , leading the Tennessee Volunteers to the 1997 SEC Championship Game in his senior season . He is the second son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and older brother of former NFL quarterback Eli Manning . Manning was selected by the Colts as the first overall pick in the 1998 NFL Draft . From 1998 to 2010 , he improved the fortunes of the struggling Colts franchise and helped transform them into consistent playoff contenders . During his tenure as starting quarterback , Manning led the team to eight division championships , two AFC championships , and one Super Bowl title , the franchise 's first in over three decades , as well as their first since relocating to Indianapolis . After undergoing neck surgery that forced him to miss the entire 2011 season , Manning was released by the Colts and signed with the Broncos . Serving as the team 's starting quarterback from 2012 to 2015 , he contributed to the Broncos clinching their division each year and his playing career concluded with a victory in Super Bowl 50 . Manning holds many NFL records , including AP MVP awards ( 5 ) , Pro Bowl appearances ( 14 ) , 4,000-yard passing seasons ( 14 ) , single-season passing yards ( 5,477 in 2013 ) , single-season passing touchdowns ( 55 in 2013 ) . He is also tied with Otto Graham for the most First-Team All Pros for a quarterback ( 7 ) , and is second in career passing yards ( 71,940 ) and passing touchdowns ( 539 ) . A two-time Super Bowl winner and the most valuable player of Super Bowl XLI , Manning is also the only quarterback to have multiple starts in the Super Bowl for two franchises and the only starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl with two franchises ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eli_Manning', 'summary': "Elisha Nelson Manning IV ( born January 3 , 1981 ) is a former American football quarterback who played his entire 16-year career for the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at the University of Mississippi from 2000 to 2003 . He was drafted as the first overall pick in the 2004 NFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers and was immediately traded to the Giants who in return gave up a package , highlighted by fourth overall selection Philip Rivers . Manning is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and the younger brother of former NFL quarterback Peyton Manning . Manning holds Giants franchise records for most passing yards , touchdown passes , and completed passes in a career . In 2012 , in a 41-34 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , he threw for 510 yards , three yards short of Phil Simms ' franchise record of 513 . Manning showed durability throughout his career . He started 210 straight games from 2004 to 2017 , the third-longest consecutive starts streak by a quarterback in NFL history , and never missed a game due to an injury . He is the seventh all-time leader in passing yards and eighth in touchdowns . Though lacking his brother 's regular season consistency and high-caliber performances , Manning is known for his two improbable Super Bowl-winning postseason runs in 2007 and 2011 , in which he led underdog Giants squads to Super Bowl victories against the New England Patriots in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI . Manning was named Most Valuable Player in both Super Bowls , becoming one of five players to have multiple Super Bowl MVP awards ( Bart Starr and Terry Bradshaw also have two , Joe Montana - three , and Tom Brady - four ) ."}]}, {'value': 'American football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding quarterback in U.S. college football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/College_football', 'summary': "College football is gridiron football consisting of American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities , colleges , and military academies , or Canadian football played by teams of student athletes fielded by Canadian universities . It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States . Unlike most other sports in North America , no minor league farm organizations exist in American or Canadian football . Therefore , college football is generally considered to be the second tier of American football in the United States and Canadian football in Canada ; one step ahead of high school competition , and one step below professional competition . However , in some areas of the country , college football is more popular than professional football , and for much of the early 20th century , college football was seen as more prestigious than professional football . It is in college football where a player 's performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football . The best collegiate players will typically declare for the professional draft after three to four years of collegiate competition , with the NFL holding its annual draft every spring in which 256 players are selected annually . Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as an undrafted free agent ."}]}, {'value': 'Marconi Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marconi_Prize', 'summary': 'The Marconi Prize is an annual award recognizing achievements and advancements made in field of communications ( radio , mobile , wireless , telecommunications , data communications , networks , and Internet ) . The prize is awarded by the Marconi Foundation . and it includes a $ 100,000 honorarium and a work of sculpture .'}]}, {'value': 'Guglielmo Marconi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi', 'summary': "Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi , 1st Marquis of Marconi FRSA ( Italian : [ ɡuʎˈʎɛlmo marˈkoːni ] ; 25 April 1874 - 20 July 1937 ) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer , known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission , development of Marconi 's law , and a radio telegraph system . He is credited as the inventor of radio , and he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy . Marconi was also an entrepreneur , businessman , and founder of The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in the United Kingdom in 1897 ( which became the Marconi Company ) . He succeeded in making an engineering and commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists . In 1929 , Marconi was ennobled as a Marchese ( marquis ) by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy , and , in 1931 , he set up the Vatican Radio for Pope Pius XI ."}]}, {'value': 'Communications', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Annual award for advancements in the field', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lou Marsh Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Marsh_Trophy', 'summary': "The Lou Marsh Trophy , also known as the Lou Marsh Memorial Trophy and Lou Marsh Award , is a trophy that is awarded annually to Canada 's top athlete , professional or amateur . It is awarded by a panel of journalists , with the vote taking place in December . It was first awarded in 1936 . It is named in honour of Lou Marsh , a prominent Canadian athlete , referee , and former sports editor of the Toronto Star . Marsh died in 1936 and the trophy was named in his honour . The trophy is made of black marble and stands around 75 centimetres high . The words With Pick and Shovel appear above the engraved names of the winners . The voting panel consists of sports media voters from across the country including representatives from the Toronto Star , The Canadian Press , FAN590 , The Globe and Mail , CBC , Rogers Sportsnet , CTV/TSN , La Presse and the National Post . The Trophy has been awarded 79 times and won by 62 individual athletes and three pairs ; in the voting for the 2018 Lou Marsh Trophy , it was decided that in the future pairs should not be eligible for the trophy , thereby disqualifying Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir from consideration . Wayne Gretzky has won the trophy four times , more than any other athlete , while Barbara Ann Scott has won the trophy three times , more than any other woman . It was not awarded from 1942 to 1944 due to World War II . There were ties between different athletes in 1978 and 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lou Marsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Marsh', 'summary': 'Lewis Edwin Lou Marsh ( February 17 , 1879 - March 4 , 1936 ) was a Canadian athlete and referee , and one of the pioneers of sports journalism in Canada , working at the Toronto Star for 43 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian athlete of the year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Marston Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Marston_Medal', 'summary': 'The Joe Marston Medal is an A-League award given to the player of the match in the A-League Grand Final each year . Introduced in 1990 , previously the award was also given to the best player in the National Soccer League grand final . The medal is named after Joe Marston , who played for Australia national association football team in the 1950s and was a member of the Preston North End side that played in the 1954 FA Cup Final .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Marston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Marston', 'summary': 'James Edward Joe Marston MBE ( 7 January 1926 - 29 November 2015 ) was an Australian association football player who became the first Australian to appear in a FA Cup Final when he turned out for Preston North End in their 1954 defeat to West Bromwich Albion .'}]}, {'value': 'Football ( soccer )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding player in the Australasian A-League Grand Final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A-League_Grand_Final', 'summary': 'The A-League is the premier professional association football league in Australia . It is currently consists of ten teams ; nine based in Australia and one based in New Zealand . The league has been contested since 2005 . In its most recent form , the league includes a 27-round regular season and an end-of-season finals series playoff tournament involving the highest-placed teams , culminating in the Grand Final match . The winner of the A-League Grand Final is crowned champions , where as the regular season winners is dubbed premiers .'}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Beattie_Martin_Trophy', 'summary': "The Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy is a Canadian Football League award , given to the most outstanding Canadian player in the West Division . Each team nominates a player for this award , from which the winner is chosen . Either the winner of this trophy or the winner of the Lew Hayman Trophy will also win the Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Canadian award . The Martin trophy is named after former Saskatchewan Roughriders president Beattie Martin . Originally presented in 1949 , it served as the Western Interprovincial Football Union 's award for the outstanding Canadian rookie until 1974 . As part of the failed American expansion , the Martin trophy was awarded in 1995 to the North Division 's outstanding Canadian ."}]}, {'value': 'Beattie Martin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian football', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Most outstanding Canadian player in the CFL West Division . This individual becomes one of the two finalists for the CFL 's Most Outstanding Canadian Award", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Football_League_West_Division', 'summary': 'The West Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , their counterpart being the East Division . Although the CFL was not founded until 1958 , the West Division and its clubs are descended from earlier leagues .'}, {'url': "/wiki/CFL's_Most_Outstanding_Canadian_Award", 'summary': 'The Most Outstanding Canadian Award is annually awarded to the best Canadian player in the Canadian Football League . The two nominees for the award are the Lew Hayman Trophy winner from the East Division , and the Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy winner from the West Division . The winner of the award is chosen by the Football Reporters of Canada since 1954 . Players born outside Canada may win the award if they have non-import status .'}]}, {'value': 'Edgar Martínez Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgar_Martínez_Award', 'summary': "The Edgar Martínez Outstanding Designated Hitter Award , commonly referred to as the Edgar Martínez Award and originally known as the Outstanding Designated Hitter Award , has been presented annually to the most outstanding designated hitter ( DH ) in the American League ( AL ) in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) since 1973 . The award is voted on by club beat reporters , broadcasters and AL public relations departments . All players with a minimum of 100 at bats at DH are eligible . It was given annually by members of the Associated Press who are beat writers , broadcasters , and public relations directors . The Associated Press discontinued the award in 2000 , but it was picked up by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America , which has administered it since . In September 2004 , at Safeco Field ceremonies in honor of Edgar Martínez , Commissioner Bud Selig announced that the award would be renamed for the five-time recipient ( 1995 , 1997-98 , 2000-01 ) . In an 18-year career with the Seattle Mariners , primarily as a designated hitter , Martínez batted .312 , with 309 career home runs and 1,261 runs batted in . David Ortiz has won the award eight times , more than any other player ( 2003-2007 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) . Other repeat winners of the award include Martinez himself ( five times ) , three-time winner Hal McRae ( 1976 , 1980 , and 1982 ) and two-time winners Willie Horton ( 1975 and 1979 ) , Greg Luzinski ( 1981 and 1983 ) , Don Baylor ( 1985 and 1986 ) , Harold Baines ( 1987 and 1988 ) , Dave Parker ( 1989 and 1990 ) , Paul Molitor ( 1993 and 1996 ) , and Nelson Cruz ( 2017 and 2019 ) . Boston Red Sox players have won the most Edgar Martínez Awards with eleven ."}]}, {'value': 'Edgar Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgar_Martínez', 'summary': "Edgar Martínez ( born January 2 , 1963 ) , nicknamed Gar and Papi , is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball player and coach . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a designated hitter and third baseman for the Seattle Mariners from 1987 through 2004 . He served as the Mariners ' hitting coach from 2015 through 2018 . Martínez grew up in Dorado , Puerto Rico . Not highly regarded as a prospect , he signed with the Mariners as a free agent in 1982 , and was given a small signing bonus . He made his major league debut in 1987 , but did not establish himself as a full-time player until 1990 . In the 1995 American League Division Series , he hit The Double , which won the series and increased public support for Mariners baseball as they attempted to fund a new stadium . He continued to play until 2004 , when injuries forced him to retire . Martínez was a seven-time MLB All-Star , five-time Silver Slugger , and two-time batting champion . He is one of 18 MLB players to record a batting average of .300 , an on-base percentage of .400 , and a slugging percentage of .500 in 5,000 or more plate appearances . The Mariners retired his uniform number and inducted him into the Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame . Martínez was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding designated hitter in the American League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Designated_hitter', 'summary': "In baseball , the designated hitter rule is the common name for Major League Baseball Rule 5.11 , adopted by the American League in 1973 . The rule allows teams to have one player , known as the designated hitter ( or DH ) , to bat in place of the pitcher . Since 1973 , most collegiate , amateur , and professional leagues have adopted the rule or some variant . MLB 's National League and Nippon Professional Baseball 's Central League are the most prominent professional leagues that do not use a designated hitter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_League', 'summary': "The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs , or simply the American League ( AL ) , is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the United States and Canada . It developed from the Western League , a minor league based in the Great Lakes states , which eventually aspired to major league status . It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season , 25 years after the formation of the National League ( the Senior Circuit ) . At the end of every season , the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion ; two seasons did not end in playing a World Series ( 1904 , when the National League champion New York Giants refused to play their AL counterpart , and 1994 , when a players ' strike prevented the Series ) . Through 2019 , American League teams have won 66 of the 116 World Series played since 1903 , with 27 of those coming from the New York Yankees alone . The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles , the most in the league 's history , followed by the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics ( 15 ) and the Boston Red Sox ( 14 ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'M', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_prizes_named_after_people_11', 'intro': 'This is a list of awards that are named after people.'}
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The award that was first given out by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1923 is named after an Irishman who lived from when to when ?
1853-1928
085b108d49075daa
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_England', 'title': 'List of Speakers of the House of Commons of England', 'header': ['Parliament', 'Presiding Officer', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'First English Parliament , 11 June 1258', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1258)', 'summary': 'The Oxford Parliament ( 1258 ) , also known as the Mad Parliament and the First English Parliament , assembled during the reign of Henry III of England . It was established by Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester . The parlour or prolocutor ( Speaker ) was Peter de Montfort under the direction of Simon de Montfort . Simon de Montfort led the Parliament and the entire country of England for 18 months , from 1264 until his death at the Battle of Evesham .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter de Montfort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_de_Montfort', 'summary': 'Peter de Montfort ( or Piers de Montfort ) ( c. 1205 - 4 August 1265 ) of Beaudesert Castle was an English magnate , soldier and diplomat . He is the first person recorded as having presided over Parliament as a parlour or prolocutor , an office now known as Speaker of the House of Commons . He was one of those elected by the barons to represent them during the constitutional crisis with Henry III in 1258 . He was later a leading supporter of Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester , against the King . Both he and Simon de Montfort were slain at the Battle of Evesham on 4 August 1265 .'}]}, {'value': 'first identified presiding officer of the English House of Commons , styled prolocutor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27th of Edward II , 7 January 1327', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Trussell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Trussell', 'summary': "Sir William Trussell was an English politician and leading rebel in Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer , 1st Earl of March 's rebellion against Edward II . William acted as Speaker of the House of Commons and renounced the allegiance of England to Edward II , forcing his abdication , and became King Edward III 's Secretary ."}]}, {'value': 'joint spokesman of Lords and Commons , styled procurator', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th of Edward III , 16 March 1332', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Beaumont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_de_Beaumont', 'summary': "Henry de Beaumont ( before 1280 - 10 March 1340 ) , jure uxoris 4th Earl of Buchan and suo jure 1st Baron Beaumont , was a key figure in the Anglo-Scots wars of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries , known as the Wars of Scottish Independence . Henry de Beaumont was a veteran campaigner who participated in every major engagement , from the Battle of Falkirk in 1298 to the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 . Although not now a widely known figure , he was , nevertheless , of considerable military and political importance . His long experience of the Scottish wars led him to develop a battle technique later used to great effect at Crécy and Agincourt . As one of a group of Anglo-Scots nobles known as the 'disinherited ' - those who had fought against King Robert Bruce - he was to do much to overturn the peace between England and Scotland established by the Treaty of Northampton and bring about a Second War of Scottish Independence . By his marriage shortly before 14 July 1310 to Alice Comyn , Countess of Buchan ( died 3 July 1349 ) , the niece and heir of John Comyn , Earl of Buchan , he was recognised as Earl in right of his wife ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th of Edward III , 9 September 1332', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geoffrey le Scrope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geoffrey_le_Scrope', 'summary': "Sir Geoffrey le Scrope ( 1285 - 2 December 1340 ) was an English lawyer , and Chief Justice of the King 's Bench for four periods between 1324 and 1338 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26th of Edward III , 29 March 1340', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Trussell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Trussell', 'summary': "Sir William Trussell was an English politician and leading rebel in Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer , 1st Earl of March 's rebellion against Edward II . William acted as Speaker of the House of Commons and renounced the allegiance of England to Edward II , forcing his abdication , and became King Edward III 's Secretary ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30th of Edward III , 28 April 1343', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Trussell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Trussell', 'summary': "Sir William Trussell was an English politician and leading rebel in Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer , 1st Earl of March 's rebellion against Edward II . William acted as Speaker of the House of Commons and renounced the allegiance of England to Edward II , forcing his abdication , and became King Edward III 's Secretary ."}]}, {'value': 'spokesman for the Commons alone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33rd of Edward III , 1347', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William de Thorpe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_de_Thorpe', 'summary': "Sir William de Thorpe ( died 27 May 1361 ) was an English lawyer , and Chief Justice of the King 's Bench from 26 November 1346 to 26 October 1350 . As a clerk of this court he was assaulted on one occasion in 1318 , when his enemies allegedly even urinated on him . He was knighted in 1345 , at the same time as he was made justice of the King 's Bench . Thorpe accumulated great estates , particularly in Lincolnshire , and his wealth must have derived primarily from bribes and maintenance . In 1350 he was imprisoned and condemned to hanging and confiscation of all property . By 1351 , however , he had been pardoned and had his property restored . The next year he was made baron of the exchequer , and also held various other commissions . In 1357 he was excommunicated for non-appearance at the trial of Thomas de Lisle , bishop of Ely , in Avignon . He appears to have had a son by the same name ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34th of Edward III , 1348', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William de Thorpe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_de_Thorpe', 'summary': "Sir William de Thorpe ( died 27 May 1361 ) was an English lawyer , and Chief Justice of the King 's Bench from 26 November 1346 to 26 October 1350 . As a clerk of this court he was assaulted on one occasion in 1318 , when his enemies allegedly even urinated on him . He was knighted in 1345 , at the same time as he was made justice of the King 's Bench . Thorpe accumulated great estates , particularly in Lincolnshire , and his wealth must have derived primarily from bribes and maintenance . In 1350 he was imprisoned and condemned to hanging and confiscation of all property . By 1351 , however , he had been pardoned and had his property restored . The next year he was made baron of the exchequer , and also held various other commissions . In 1357 he was excommunicated for non-appearance at the trial of Thomas de Lisle , bishop of Ely , in Avignon . He appears to have had a son by the same name ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36th of Edward III , 9 February 1351', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William de Shareshull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_de_Shareshull', 'summary': "Sir William de Shareshull KB ( 1289/1290-1370 ) was an English lawyer and Chief Justice of the King 's Bench from 26 October 1350 to 5 July 1361 . He achieved prominence under the administration of Edward III of England . He was responsible for the 1351 Statute of Labourers and Statute of Treasons . He is briefly mentioned in the poem Wynnere and Wastoure , dating from the 1350s ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55th of Edward III , 28 April 1376', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir Peter de la Mare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_de_la_Mare', 'summary': 'Sir Peter de la Mare ( died after 1387 ) was an English politician and Speaker of the House of Commons during the Good Parliament of 1376 .'}]}, {'value': 'First term ( second after 1377 )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of Parlours or Prolocutors before 1377', 'section_text': 'Before 1377 , the Speaker was referred to by terms such as the parlour and the prolocutor . Some of them presided , and Peter de Montfort and Peter de la Mare were certainly presiding officers of the Commons . The others named in this section were spokesmen . Some of them held judicial offices . It is not certain that they presided over the Commons . The date given is that of the first meeting of the Parliament in question . Only Parliaments for which a presiding officer is known or supposed are included in the table .', 'uid': 'List_of_Speakers_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_England_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the Speakers of the House of Commons of England, up to 1707. For Speakers of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801, see List of Speakers of the British House of Commons.'}
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What was the Parliament of the presiding officer who died after 1387 ?
55th of Edward III , 28 April 1376
085b7833ada3f52c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships', 'title': '2002 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnasts', 'Country', 'Point'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tatiana Soloviova , Vladislav Oskner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '18.700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanna Lecis , Wilkie Satti Sanchez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '18.350', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Izabela Lăcătuș , Remus Nicolai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Izabela_Lăcătuș', 'summary': 'Izabela Daniela Lăcătuş ( born October 2 , 1976 , in Bucharest , Romania ) is a retired Romanian artistic and aerobic gymnast . She was an alternate to the artistic gymnastics team at the 1992 Olympics . After retiring from artistic gymnastics she had a career in aerobic gymnastics , winning 16 world and continental medals including the 2000 individual world title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Remus_Nicolai', 'summary': "Remus Nicolai ( born 10 June 1977 in Bistriţa , Romania ) is a retired Romanian aerobic gymnast . He had a successful career winning six world championships medals ( one gold , two silver and three bronze ) and five European championships medals ( two gold , two silver and one bronze ) . After retiring from aerobic gymnastics he opened together with his wife ( Daniela Mărănducă ) a private gymnastics club in Constanţa . As of 2013 he trains , together with his wife , the junior artistic women 's National Team of Romania at the National Olympic Center in Onesti ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '17.850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galina Lazarova , Marian Kolev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '17.450', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekaterina Cherepanova , Sergei Konstantinov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '17.100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ana Macanita , Joan Barreira', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '16.550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irene Gutierrez , Israel Carrasco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '16.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina Matos Lopez , Lucas Barbugiani', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '15.850', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Mixed Pair', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2002_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships_2', 'intro': 'The 7th Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Žvejų rūmai hall, Klaipėda, Lithuania from July 29 to July 31, 2002.'}
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Which body of water contains a marine enclave of the homeland of Giovanna Lecis ?
Tunisian Sea
085cd673a828d43d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_First_Division', 'title': 'Norwegian First Division', 'header': ['Club', 'Finishing position last season', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aalesund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aalesunds_FK', 'summary': 'Aalesunds Fotballklubb is a Norwegian football club from the city of Ålesund , currently playing in the 1. divisjon , the second tier of the Norwegian football league system . The club was founded on 25 June 1914 . As of 2004 , the football club had 835 members and several teams on both professional and amateur levels . These teams are the 1st and 2nd teams , junior team , and also several age-specific teams .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ålesund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ålesund', 'summary': "Ålesund ( Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈôːləsʉn ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal County , Norway . It is part of the traditional district of Sunnmøre and the centre of the Ålesund Region . The town of Ålesund is the administrative centre of Ålesund Municipality , as well as the principle shipping town of the Sunnmøre district . The town is a sea port and is noted for its concentration of Art Nouveau architecture . Although sometimes internationally spelled by its older name Aalesund , this spelling is obsolete in Norwegian . However , the local football club Aalesunds FK still carries that spelling , having been founded before the official change . The 99-square-kilometre ( 38 sq mi ) municipality is the 382nd largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Ålesund is the 17th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 47,199 . The municipality 's population density is 506.6 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 1,312/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 14% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Color Line Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Color_Line_Stadion', 'summary': "Color Line Stadion is an association football stadium in Ålesund , Norway , and the home of 1. divisjon side Aalesunds FK . It was inaugurated in April 2005 and cost NOK 160 million to build . It is referred to as Aalesund Stadion by UEFA . It was the first top-level stadium in Norway to feature artificial turf , which was at the time a highly debated issue . When Aalesund opened the stadium , businessman Olav Nils Sunde donated a statue to the club , which was erected in front of the stadium . Whilst Sunde denied it , the statue bore a very strong resemblance to former Aalesund player John Arne Riise . In 2007 , when Riise played in the Champions League Final , a Norwegian commentator demanded the statue officially carry his name . Riise himself has said , [ The name change ] is not for me to decide . Everyone sees who it is , and I know that it was made for me . It was officially named John Arne Riise in April 2018 . Since 2009 it has also hosted the home games of the women 's Toppserien side Fortuna Ålesund . The venue has hosted one Norway national under-21 football team match , playing 1-3 against Cyprus on 3 September 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '10,778', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HamKam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamarkameratene', 'summary': 'Hamarkameratene ( literally the Hamar Comrades ) , often abbreviated to HamKam or Ham-Kam , is a Norwegian football club based in the town of Hamar . The club was founded in 1918 , originally under the name Freidig . HamKam were most recently promoted to the Eliteserien in 2007 . A third-place finish in 1970 is the highest position that the team has held in the top division ; the club has never progressed beyond the semifinals of the Norwegian Cup , last reaching the semifinals in 1989 . Briskeby gressbane has been the home ground of Hamarkameratene since 1936 . The construction of a completely modernized stadium began in 2007 . Upon completion , expected in 2009 , Briskeby will have a capacity of 10,200 spectators , whereas the capacity prior to the modernization was approximately 8,000 .'}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamar', 'summary': "Hamar [ ˈhɑ̂ːmɑr ] ( listen ) is a town in Hamar Municipality in Innlandet county , Norway . It is part of the traditional region of Hedmarken . The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Hamar . The municipality of Hamar was separated from Vang as a town and municipality of its own in 1849 . Vang was merged back into Hamar on 1 January 1992 . The town is located on the shores of Mjøsa , Norway 's largest lake , and is the principal city of Hedmark county . It is bordered to the northwest by the municipality of Ringsaker , to the north by Åmot , to the east by Løten , and to the south by Stange ."}]}, {'value': 'Briskeby Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Briskeby_Arena', 'summary': "Briskeby Arena , previously known as Briskeby gressbane , is an all-seater football stadium located at Briskebyen in Hamar , Norway . It is home to the Norwegian First Division side Hamarkameratene ( Ham-Kam ) and is owned by Hamar Municipality . The venue has artificial turf , three stands and a capacity for 8,068 spectators . It was used for the 1938 Norwegian Football Cup Final - which saw the venue 's record 14,500 spectators - and has also hosted five Norway national under-21 football team matches between 1984 and 2011 . Construction started in 1934 and the venue opened on 28 June 1936 as the first home venue for Briskebyen FL . The club merged with Hamar AIL in 1946 to form Ham-Kam . The new club has played since 1970 played 22 seasons in the top tier , having been relegated eight times , most recently in 2008 . Ham-Kam 's record home attendance is 11,500 , dating from a 1976 match against Lillestrøm . In 1984 , the club house was rebuilt with luxury boxes and a new 2,400-seat East Stand was built . The investments lead the club into financial distress , and in 1993 the municipality had to purchase the venue to save the club . Planning of a new or upgraded venue started in 2001 , construction started in 2007 and the first stage was completed the following year . It cost 111 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , having suffered large cost overruns ."}]}, {'value': '7,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Jerv', 'summary': "FK Jerv is a Norwegian football club from Grimstad . Jerv is the Norwegian name for wolverine . They currently play in 1. divisjon . The club was founded in 1921 , as Vestergatens FK , named after the street in which the foundation took place , but later changed name to Djerv and then Jerv . In the 1970s and 1980s the team had a number of foreign coaches , including Bo Johansson who managed the team in 1984 and 1985 and went on to coach several clubs and national teams . In November 2007 Jerv signed another well-known ex-footballer Tore André Dahlum as coach . FK Jerv has no women 's section , as this split away in 1999 to form a new club Amazon Grimstad FK ."}]}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grimstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grimstad', 'summary': "Grimstad ( listen ( help·info ) ) is a municipality in Agder county , Norway . It belongs to the geographical region of Sørlandet . The administrative center of the municipality is the town of Grimstad . Some of the villages in Grimstad include Eide , Espenes , Fevik , Fjære , Håbbestad , Hesnes , Homborsund , Jortveit , Kroken , Landvik , Nygrenda , Prestegårdskogen , Reddal , Roresand , Rønnes , Skiftenes , Tjore , Vik , and Østerhus . The municipality is centered around the little maritime town of Grimstad which is surrounded by many small islands ( Skjærgård ) . There is a harbor , a long pedestrian shopping street , a small market square , Grimstad Church , and a museum dedicated to the early life of Henrik Ibsen , who served as an apprentice to Grimstads local pharmacist Reimann , from 1844 to 1847 , before leaving Grimstad in 1850 . Ibsen 's intimate knowledge of the local people and surroundings can be seen in his poem Terje Vigen . The majority of the inhabitants live in and around the town , while the rest of the municipality is rural and heavily forested . The 304-square-kilometre ( 117 sq mi ) municipality is the 276th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Grimstad is the 50th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 22,692 . The municipality 's population density is 83.3 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 216/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 16.2% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Levermyr Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J.J._Ugland_Stadion_–_Levermyr', 'summary': "J.J. Ugland Stadion - Levermyr , more commonly ( and formerly ) known as Levermyr stadion , is a multi-purpose stadium in Grimstad , Norway and home of the OBOS-ligaen team FK Jerv ( men 's football ) , the 1 . Division team Amazon Grimstad ( women 's football ) , and Sørild FIK ( athletics/track and field ) . The stadium itself is owned by the local municipality , and it located just a few hundred meters from the town centre , in the Levermyr area . Though opening as a multi-purpose arena in 1983 , football have been played here for much longer . The capacity of the stadium is currently 1,750 ( 1,150 seats ) . The record attendance is around 8,000 , from a national B-team men 's football match between Norway and Finland in 1963 , while Jerv 's record is around 7,000 from a cup match against Viking in 1976 . Amazon Grimstad 's record is 5,000 from a show match against BUL Oslo in the summer of 1970 . The more recent record attendance is some 3,000 in a cup clash between Jerv and rivals Start in 2010 . Even though the stadium could hold well over 3,000 spectators fairly recently , the official current capacity is much lower . This is due to regulations from the Norwegian Football Association when Jerv was promoted to OBOS-ligaen before the 2015 season , and parts of the stadium had to be rebuilt to meet requirements . The stadium ran into problems in 2005 , after being evaluated as inadequate by the Norwegian Athletics Association . This led to the licence for track and field being withdrawn ."}]}, {'value': '3,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KFUM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KFUM-Kameratene_Oslo', 'summary': 'KFUM-Kameratene Oslo is the sports branch of the local YMCA in Oslo , Norway . It has sections for association football , futsal , volleyball and track and field . The football team currently plays in 1. divisjon , the second tier of the Norwegian football league system . The club was founded on 1 January 1939 . Its traditional base is in downtown Oslo , but it now plays its matches at KFUM Arena at Ekebergsletta .'}]}, {'value': '2nd in 2. divisjon gr . 2 ( promoted via play-offs )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_2._divisjon', 'summary': 'The 2018 2. divisjon ( referred to as PostNord-ligaen for sponsorship reasons ) was a Norwegian football third-tier league season . The league consisted of 28 teams divided into 2 groups of 14 teams . The league was played as a double round-robin tournament , where all teams played 26 matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Oslo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'KFUM Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KFUM_Arena', 'summary': 'KFUM Arena is a football stadium located at Ekeberg in Oslo , Norway , and is the home of Norwegian 1. divisjon club KFUM Oslo . The stadium has a current capacity of approximately 1,500 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kongsvinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kongsvinger_IL_Toppfotball', 'summary': 'Kongsvinger IL Toppfotball is a Norwegian football club from the town of Kongsvinger in Hedmark , founded in 1892 . Its home ground is Gjemselund Stadion . It is part of sporting association , Kongsvinger IL .'}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kongsvinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kongsvinger', 'summary': "The first element Kongs- ( the King 's ) was added after the fortress was built in 1690 . It was first applied only to the fortress ( written as Königs Winger in old documents ) , then to the city that grew up around it and finally the modern municipality . The second element Vinger ( Old Norse : Vingr ) is an old district name which is still in use ."}]}, {'value': 'Gjemselund Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gjemselund_Stadion', 'summary': 'Gjemselund Stadion is a football stadium in Kongsvinger , Norway and the home ground of Norwegian second tier club Kongsvinger Idrettslag . Until 2008 , it was also used for track and field meets , having got rubber track in 1986 . The venue hosted the Norwegian Athletics Championships in 1968 . The stadium received artificial turf with under-soil heating ahead of the 2009 season .'}]}, {'value': '5,824', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nest-Sotra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nest-Sotra_Fotball', 'summary': 'Nest-Sotra Fotball is a Norwegian association football club from Sotra , Hordaland . In 2020 , their elite lisence will be taken over by the new club Øygarden FK , which is a cooperation between Øygarden clubs Nordre Fjell , Sund SK , Skogsvåg IL , Telavåg IL , Skjergard IL and Nest-Sotra . The club was founded in on 1 January 1968 , and its team colors are green and white . Its traditional base is in Skålvik , but it now plays its matches at Ågotnes Stadion in Ågotnes .'}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sotra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sotra', 'summary': "Sotra or Store Sotra is the name of a large island in Hordaland county , Norway , located just west of the city of Bergen . It is part of a pair of islands called 'Sotra ' and 'Litlesotra ' ( 'small Sotra ' ) that are part of a large archipelago stretching from Fedje southwards along the coast of Norway . The larger island of the two is Store Sotra ( also called Sotra ) , and the smaller ( and least populated ) of the two is Litlesotra . Roughly 28,700 ( 2017 ) people live on the two islands of Sotra , with the larger island having a population of about 19,100 ( 2017 ) and 9,589 ( 2017 ) living on the smaller island ."}]}, {'value': 'Ågotnes Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ågotnes_Stadion', 'summary': 'Ågotnes Stadion is a multi-purpose stadium located at Ågotnes in Fjell , Norway , and is the home of Norwegian 1. divisjon club Øygarden and 4. divisjon ( fifth tier ) club Nordre Fjell . The stadium has a current capacity of 1,200 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '1,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raufoss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raufoss_Fotball', 'summary': 'Raufoss IL is a sports club from Raufoss , Norway . The club was formed in 1918 . The football section played in the Norwegian top flight between 1937-1948 , between 1957-1960 , in 1964 and between 1973-1974 . The club currently plays in 1. divisjon , the second tier of the Norwegian football league system . Since 2015 , they have played their home games at Nammo Stadion . In 2007 Raufoss returned to the 1. divisjon and were able to finish in eleventh place , after being relegated from the second tier in 2004 . However , due to financial problems and failure to meet demands on infrastructure , the Football Association of Norway decided not to award Raufoss the required license for play in the top two divisions . Raufoss were demoted to the 2. divisjon and their place given to Sparta Sarpsborg , who finished in thirteenth place .'}]}, {'value': '1st in 2. divisjon gr . 1 ( promoted )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_2._divisjon', 'summary': 'The 2018 2. divisjon ( referred to as PostNord-ligaen for sponsorship reasons ) was a Norwegian football third-tier league season . The league consisted of 28 teams divided into 2 groups of 14 teams . The league was played as a double round-robin tournament , where all teams played 26 matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Raufoss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raufoss', 'summary': 'Raufoss is the municipal centre of Vestre Toten , a municipality in the county of Innlandet , Norway , 10 kilometers south of the larger town Gjøvik . It has approximately 7,000 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': 'Nammo Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nammo_Stadion', 'summary': 'Nammo Stadion is a football stadium located at Raufoss , Norway , and is the home of Norwegian 1. divisjon club Raufoss . The stadium has a current capacity of 1,800 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '2,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandefjord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandefjord_Fotball', 'summary': 'Sandefjord Fotball , commonly known simply as Sandefjord , is a Norwegian professional football club , founded on 10 September 1998 . The club has played in First Division , the second tier of the Norwegian football league system . Their home ground is the Sandefjord Arena , located in Sandefjord , Vestfold . The club reached 1. divisjon in 1999 , where they made quick progress and soon settled as strong competitors for promotion to the top division . Finishing third in 1. divisjon both in 2002 and 2003 they qualified for play-off matches , but lost both times . In 2004 they finished fourth . In 2005 season they placed second and earned automatic promotion to highest division . The club in their first Tippeligaen season , finishing ninth in the table and reached the cup final . In 2007 season they finished last and relegated to 1. divisjon . In the 2008 season in 1. divisjon , Sandefjord recovered a poor start strongly to finish second and qualify for automatic promotion to Tippeligaen . In the 2009 season Sandefjord finished eighth , their strongest performance in the top flight to date . In 2010 Sandefjord relegated to 1. divisjon .'}]}, {'value': '16th in Eliteserien ( relegated )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Eliteserien', 'summary': 'The 2018 Eliteserien was the 73rd completed season of top-tier football in Norway . The season began on 11 March and ended 24 November 2018 , not including play-off matches . Fixtures for the 2018 season were announced on 19 December 2017 . Rosenborg were the defending champions , while Bodø/Glimt , Start and Ranheim entered as the promoted teams from the 2017 1. divisjon . Rosenborg won their fourth consecutive title , their 26th top-flight title overall , with one match to spare following a 1-0 away win against Start on 11 November 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sandefjord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandefjord', 'summary': "The name Sandefjord , which dates to 1200 A.D. , originates from the ancient farm name Sandar . The first element is the genitive case of the name of the parish and former municipality of Sandar . The name Sandar derives from the Old Norse term sandar , which is the plural form of sandr , translating to 'stretch of sand ' ( sandstrekning ) . The name Sandefjord was first mentioned in chapter 169 of Sverris saga from the year 1200 . It was then referring to the fjord which is now known as Sandefjordsfjord ."}]}, {'value': 'Komplett Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Komplett_Arena', 'summary': 'Sandefjord Arena ( previously called Komplett Arena for sponsorship reasons ) is the current stadium of Sandefjord Fotball . It was opened on 21 July 2007 , when Lyn visited Sandefjord , and is still the match with the highest attendance of 8,103 . In 2007 , the stadium was named after a club sponsor , the local e-commerce company Komplett . It was named Komplett.no Arena and later Komplett Arena until the company withdrew their naming sponsorship in November 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '6,582', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandnes Ulf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandnes_Ulf', 'summary': "Sandnes Ulf is a Norwegian association football club from Sandnes , Rogaland , currently playing in the 1. divisjon , the second highest division in the Norwegian football league system . The club play their home matches at Sandnes Stadion in Sandnes idrettspark , but are working on plans for a new modern football stadium . The club was founded on 1 June 1911 as SK Ulf , and today has over 80 registered teams , making it the largest football club in Rogaland . Sandnes Ulf play in light blue jerseys , white shorts and light blue socks . Sandnes Ulf is an open member association and the annual general meeting is the highest policy-making body . The meeting approves the accounts and elects the chairman and board . Stig Ravndal is the current chairman , elected in 2012 . Daily operations are run by a managing director who liaises with the chairman . The main rivals of the club are Viking FK and Bryne FK . Sandnes Ulf 's official fan club is known as Gaukereiret ( The Cuckoo 's Nest ) , reflecting on the nickname for people from Sandnes ; Sandnes-cuckoos ."}]}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandnes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandnes', 'summary': 'The small port village of Sandnes was granted ladested ( small seaport city ) status in 1860 . On 6 April 1861 , the small city was separated from the municipality of Høyland to form a separate self-governing municipality of its own . Initially , the municipality had 440 residents . On 1 July 1957 , a small part of Høyland municipality ( population : 18 ) was transferred to the city of Sandnes . During the 1960s , there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1965 , the city of Sandnes ( population : 3,961 ) was merged with the municipality of Høyland ( population : 20,353 ) and parts of the municipalities of Høle ( population : 926 ) and Hetland ( population : 2,077 ) . On 1 January 2017 , a small 350-decare ( 86-acre ) area on the southwestern edge of the village of Solakrossen was transferred from Sandnes municipality to the neighboring municipality of Sola . On 1 January 2020 , the neighboring municipalities of Sandnes and Forsand are scheduled to merge into one large municipality called Sandnes .'}]}, {'value': 'Sandnes Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandnes_Stadion', 'summary': "Sandnes Stadion is a multi-purpose stadium located in Sandnes , Rogaland , Norway . It is a part of Sandnes Idrettspark and is currently used mostly for track and field meets and football matches , and is the home ground of Sandnes Ulf . The stadium 's capacity is 4,969 ( 4,109 seats ) . The venue hosted the Norwegian Athletics Championships in 1986 , 2002 , 2010 and 2017 . In August 2009 , a new floodlight system with a capacity of 1,400 lux was installed . In a 2012 survey carried out by the Norwegian Players ' Association among away-team captains , Sandnes Idrettspark was ranked fourth-worst amongst league stadiums , with a score of 2.40 on a scale from one to five . The seats currently mounted on the stadium 's north stand were donated from the old Stavanger Stadion main stand , which was renovated in 2004 . Sandnes Ulf are currently building a new home ground , Øster Hus Arena , which are located next to their current stadium . The stadium will be an all-seater with a capacity of 7,582 spectators . The new stadium are planned to be opened in the beginning of the 2019 season ."}]}, {'value': '4,969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skeid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skeid_Fotball', 'summary': "Skeid is a Norwegian football club from Oslo that currently plays in 2. divisjon , the third tier of the Norwegian football league system . Its current home field is Nordre Åsen , after the club stopped playing at Bislett after the 2012 season . In past decades it has gained a reputation as a talent factory for the larger clubs in Norwegian football , and it has produced several players for the national team such as Daniel Braaten , Daniel Fredheim Holm , Omar Elabdellaoui and Mohammed Abdellaoue . Other notable players include Paul Miller . Skeid played in 1. divisjon in 2009 after a short stint in the 2. divisjon . They finished champions of the Second Group of 2. divisjon in 2008 . However , Skeid relegated again to 2. divisjon at end of 2009 season in 16th and last position despite a good start . In 2018 , Skeid won 2. divisjon group 1 and was promoted to the 1. divisjon . They played in the Norwegian top flight between 1938-1970 ( Norwegian League did n't play between 1940-1947 due to World War II ) , 1972-1975 ( 4 seasons ) , 1978-1980 ( 3 seasons ) , 1996-1997 ( 2 seasons ) . Their recent season in the top division was in the 1999 Tippeligaen ."}]}, {'value': '1st in 2. divisjon gr . 2 ( promoted )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_2._divisjon', 'summary': 'The 2018 2. divisjon ( referred to as PostNord-ligaen for sponsorship reasons ) was a Norwegian football third-tier league season . The league consisted of 28 teams divided into 2 groups of 14 teams . The league was played as a double round-robin tournament , where all teams played 26 matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Oslo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'Nordre Åsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordre_Åsen', 'summary': "Åsen is a neighborhood divided between the boroughs of Sagene and Nordre Aker in Oslo , Norway . The neighbourhood is named after the old farm Åsen ( Norse Ósin , from originally *Ásvin ) . The first element is áss m 'mountain ridge ' [ dubious - discuss ] ( here referring to Grefsenåsen ) , the last element is vin f 'meadow ' . The name is often misunderstood as åsen , the finite form of ås ( the modern Norwegian form of áss ) , and is then wrongly pronounced with accent 1 - but the correct pronunciation is with accent 2 . Åsen farm was owned by the Catholic Church until the Reformation , when it came on private hands . It was split in three in 1810 . When the Gjøvik Line was constructed to run through Åsen 's farmlands , and it was parceled out to residencies . The municipality erected residential complexes there in the 1920s and 1930s , supplemented by blocks in the late 1940s . At Nordre Åsen there is a sports field , which is a home field of Skeid Fotball and Skeid Bandy ."}]}, {'value': '264', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sogndal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sogndal_Fotball', 'summary': "Sogndal Fotball is the association football department of Norwegian sports club Sogndal IL from Sogndal in Vestland . The club was founded in 1926 . The men 's team currently plays in 1. divisjon , the second tier of the Norwegian football league system . The club 's home matches are played at the 5,622 capacity Fosshaugane Campus . In 1976 , the men 's team were runners-up in the Norwegian Cup , losing 2-1 against SK Brann . Sogndal became the first third tier side to play a Norwegian Cup final . The 2017 season is Sogndal 's most recent in Eliteserien , the top division . Eirik Bakke is the current head coach of the club since taking over on 1 January 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sogndal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sogndal', 'summary': "Sogndal is a municipality in Vestland county , Norway . It is located on the northern shore of the Sognefjorden in the traditional district of Sogn . The village of Sogndalsfjøra is the administrative center of Sogndal municipality . Other villages include Kaupanger , Kjørnes , Fimreite , Nornes , and Fjærland . Sogndal Airport , Haukåsen is located 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) southwest of Kaupanger . The Norwegian dialect spoken in Sogndal is called sognamål . In 1917 , a farmer in Sogndal plowed up the Eggja stone , a gravestone with runic inscriptions important for the history of the Old Norse language . The 746-square-kilometre ( 288 sq mi ) municipality is the 148th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Sogndal is the 135th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 8,191 . The municipality 's population density is 11.1 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 29/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 17.6% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Fosshaugane Campus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fosshaugane_Campus', 'summary': "Fosshaugane Campus is the current home ground for the football team , Sogndal Fotball . It is also a combined with a school 's campus , from where it got its name . The stadium was inaugurated on 7 July 2006 when Sogndal beat Bryne 2-0 . In a 2012 survey carried out by the Norwegian Players ' Association among away-team captains , Fosshaugane was ranked lowest amongst league stadiums , with a score of 1.93 on a scale from one to five ."}]}, {'value': '5,622', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Start', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IK_Start', 'summary': "IK Start is a Norwegian football club from the town of Kristiansand that currently plays in Eliteserien , the top division of the Norwegian football league system . The club was founded on 19 September 1905 . The club 's current head coach is Jóhannes Harðarson . The team plays in yellow jerseys , black shorts and socks at home , and black jerseys , yellow shorts and socks away . They play their home matches at Sør Arena , the club 's own football stadium , opened in 2007 . Before moving to Sør Arena , IK Start played their games at Kristiansand Stadion . The team 's official supporter club was called Tigerberget , until 2017 , when the IK Start board decided to no longer have an official supporter club . Start 's style of playing is often described as 'makrellfotball ' ( mackerel football ) , meaning the whole team is in constant , coordinated motion . Another feature of their playing style is the so-called 'Start-vippen ' ( Start-tip ) , where the ball at a free-kick is tipped up by one player before hit by another ."}]}, {'value': '15th in Eliteserien ( relegated )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Eliteserien', 'summary': 'The 2018 Eliteserien was the 73rd completed season of top-tier football in Norway . The season began on 11 March and ended 24 November 2018 , not including play-off matches . Fixtures for the 2018 season were announced on 19 December 2017 . Rosenborg were the defending champions , while Bodø/Glimt , Start and Ranheim entered as the promoted teams from the 2017 1. divisjon . Rosenborg won their fourth consecutive title , their 26th top-flight title overall , with one match to spare following a 1-0 away win against Start on 11 November 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kristiansand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristiansand', 'summary': 'Kristiansand [ a ] ( /ˈkrɪstʃənsænd/ , also US : /ˈkrɪstiənsɑːn/ , Norwegian : [ krɪstjɑnˈsɑnː ] ( listen ) ) , historically spelled Christianssand and Christiansand , is a city and municipality Agder county , Norway . It is the fifth largest city in Norway and the municipality is the sixth largest in Norway , with a population of around 112,000 as of January 2020 , following the incorporation of the municipalities of Søgne and Songdalen into the new and revised municipality of greater Kristiansand . In addition to the city itself , Statistics Norway counts four other densely populated areas in the municipality : Skålevik in Flekkerøy with a population of 3,526 in the Vågsbygd borough , Strai with a population of 1,636 in the Grim borough , Justvik with a population of 1,803 in the Lund borough , and Tveit with a population of 1,396 ( as of January 2012 [ update ] ) in the Oddernes borough . Kristiansand is divided into five boroughs : Grim , which is located northwest in Kristiansand with a population of 15,000 ; Kvadraturen , which is the centre and downtown Kristiansand with a population of 5,200 ; Lund , the second largest borough ; Søgne , with a population of around 12,000 and incorporated into the municipality of Kristiansand as of January 2020 ; Oddernes , a borough located in the west ; and Vågsbygd , the largest borough with a population of 36,000 , located in the southwest . Kristiansand is connected by four main roads : European Route E18 from Oslo , Aust-Agder and covers the eastern part of Kristiansand ; European route E39 from Stavanger , Flekkefjord and the coast towns and villages in Vest-Agder ; Norwegian National Road 9 from Evje , Setesdal and Grim ; and Norwegian National Road 41 from Telemark , northern Aust-Agder , Birkeland , Tveit and the airport Kristiansand Airport , Kjevik . Varodd Bridge is a large bridge and a part of E18 , which stretches over Topdalsfjorden . Tourism is important in Kristiansand , and the summer season is the most popular for tourists . Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement park is the largest zoo in Norway . It receives over 900,000 visitors every year . Markens Street is the main pedestrian street in downtown Kristiansand . Bystranda is a city beach located in Kvadraturen ; in addition , Hamresanden beach is the longest beach in Kristiansand . Hamresanden Camping is a popular family camp during the summer season .'}]}, {'value': 'Sør Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sør_Arena', 'summary': "Sør Arena ( South Arena ) is a football stadium located at Torsvika in Kristiansand , Norway . The all-seater has a capacity of 14,563 people , and serves as the home ground of Tippeligaen side IK Start . It was designed by Kjell Kosberg , and is architecturally similar to Aker Stadion . The venue has seen concerts by Elton John , Dolly Parton and A-ha , among others . UEFA refers to the stadium as Kristiansand Arena . Construction started in 2006 , and the stadium opened on 15 April 2007 , replacing Kristiansand Stadion as Start 's home ground . The venue cost 400 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , of which the stadium itself cost NOK 250 million , after significant cost overruns . While originally planned with artificial turf , the venue was ultimately built with a natural grass pitch . The venue and the holding company Start Stadion were taken over by Sparebanken Sør , the main creditor , in 2008 . They subsequently also took over Start Toppfotball , the company running the club . Both companies were sold to Ernst Ravnaas in 2009 . Following decreased attendance , ahead of the 2011 season the seating on the corners was sold as advertisement space and the maximum capacity has artificially been reduced to 11,700 ."}]}, {'value': '14,563', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strømmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strømmen_IF', 'summary': 'Strømmen Idrettsforening is a Norwegian sports club from Strømmen . It has sections for football , athletics and gymnastics , and formerly had sections for bandy , orienteering , skiing , speed skating , swimming among other sports .'}]}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strømmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strømmen', 'summary': "Strømmen is a town in Lillestrøm , Viken , Norway . It is about twenty kilometers east of Oslo , and considered part of Greater Oslo . It has around 11,400 residents . The town has its origins from floating lumber and sawmills along Sagelva . Later there has been heavy industry at Strømmen , including the railway stock manufacturer Strømmens Værksted . It currently hosts one of Norway 's largest shopping centre , Strømmen Storsenter . Strømmen had a top-level women 's football team , Team Strømmen until 2009 , while Strømmen IF will play in second top-level from the 2010 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Strømmen Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strømmen_Stadion', 'summary': "Strømmen Stadion is a sports stadium in Strømmen , Skedsmo , Norway . It is currently used mostly for football matches , and is the home ground of Strømmen IF and women 's Premier League team Team Strømmen . The record attendance is about 14,000 , from a 1957 cup match where Strømmen played Larvik Turn . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1,850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tromsdalen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tromsdalen_UIL', 'summary': "Tromsdalen UIL is a Norwegian sports club founded in 1938 , from Tromsdalen in the municipality of Tromsø . It has sections for football , athletics , skiing and gymnastics . The men 's football team plays in 2. divisjon , the third level in Norwegian football . Their home games are played at Tromsdalen Stadion , which seats 3,000 spectators . Their colors are red and blue ."}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tromsdalen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tromsdalen', 'summary': 'Tromsdalen is an urban neighborhood in the city of Tromsø which is in Tromsø Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county , Norway . It is located just to the east of the city centre on the mainland along the coast of the Tromsøysundet strait . The 5.01-square-kilometre ( 1,240-acre ) urban area has a population ( 2017 ) of 16,787 which gives it a population density of 3,351 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 8,680/sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfheim Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfheim_Stadion', 'summary': 'Alfheim Stadion is football stadium located in Tromsø , Norway and home of Eliteserien side Tromsø IL . Alfheim has a seating capacity of 6,801 and artificial turf . It is the second northern-most stadium to have been used in European football , after the Finnmarkshallen , which is located 107 miles to the northeast in Alta , Norway , and is home to Alta IF .'}]}, {'value': '1,695', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ullensaker/Kisa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ullensaker/Kisa_IL', 'summary': 'Ullensaker/Kisa IL , commonly referred to as Ull/Kisa , is a Norwegian sports club from Jessheim in Ullensaker . Founded in 1894 , it has sections for association football , team handball and athletics .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessheim', 'summary': 'Jessheim is a town in the Ullensaker municipality in Akershus of Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Jessheim Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessheim_Stadion', 'summary': "Jessheim Stadion ( previously called UKI Arena for sponsorship reasons ) is a football stadium located at Jessheim in Ullensaker , Norway . Opened in August 2011 , it is home of the First Division side Ullensaker/Kisa IL ( Ull/Kisa ) . The venue consists of an all-seater grandstand with 1,130 under-roof seats on the one long side and a media center on the other side . One of the stands on the short sides has a roof , the other has not . The pitch has artificial turf and the dimensions 105 by 68 meters ( 115 by 74 yd ) . 17 November 2015 , Ull/Kisa 's board decided that the arena would change its name from UKI Arena to Jessheim Stadion ahead of the 2016 season ."}]}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Clubs -- Current members', 'section_text': 'AalesundHamKamJervKongsvingerNestNotoddenRaufossSandefjordSandnes UlfSogndalStartStrømmenTromsdalen Ull/KisaOsloOslo teams : SkeidKFUM Locations of the teams in the 2019 1. divisjon The following 16 clubs are competing in the 2019 1. divisjon , nine of which are located in Eastern Norway , four are from Western Norway , two are from Southern Norway and one is from north of the Arctic Circle :', 'uid': 'Adeccoligaen_1', 'intro': '1. divisjon (often referred to as OBOS-ligaen for sponsorship reasons) is the second-highest level of the Norwegian football league system. Each year, the top finishing teams in the 1. divisjon are promoted to the Eliteserien, and the lowest finishing teams are relegated to 2. divisjon. 1. divisjon was previously known as 2. divisjon (1963-1990) and replaced regional league Landsdelsserien (1951-1962) after the latter was dissolved after the 1961-62 season. The second tier was also prior to Landsdelsserien known as 1. divisjon (1948-1951). Formally, it was a semi-professional league. The tier has been restructured many times and consists of 16 teams at present.'}
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What is the stadium capacity of the norwegian football club that has 835 members and several teams on both professional and amateur levels ?
10,778
085cf2a335fba874
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India', 'title': 'List of metropolitan areas in India', 'header': ['Rank', 'Metropolitan area', 'State/Territory', 'Population', 'Area ( in km /sq mi )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central National Capital Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_National_Capital_Region', 'summary': 'The National Capital Region ( NCR ) is a central planning region centred upon the National Capital Territory in India . It encompasses the entire NCT of Delhi and several districts surrounding it from the states of Haryana , Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan . The NCR and the associated National Capital Region Planning Board were created in 1985 to plan the development of the region and to evolve harmonized policies for the control of land-uses and development of infrastructure in the region . Prominent cities of NCR include Delhi , Ghaziabad , Faridabad , Meerut , Gurugram , Noida , Bulandshahr , Karnal and Panipat . The NCR is a rural-urban region , with a population of over 46,069,000 and an urbanization level of 62.6% . As well as the cities and towns the NCR contains ecologically sensitive areas like the Aravalli ridge , forests , wildlife and bird sanctuaries . The Delhi Extended Urban Agglomeration , a part of the NCR , had an estimated GDP of $ 370 billion ( measured in terms of GDP PPP ) in 2015-16 .'}]}, {'value': 'Delhi , Haryana , Uttar Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delhi', 'summary': "Delhi ( English : /ˈdɛli/ ; Hindi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Punjabi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Urdu : [ ˈdeɦli ] Dēhlī ) , officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi ( NCT ) , is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi , the capital of India . It is bordered by the state of Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east . The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the 2011 census , Delhi 's city proper population was over 11 million , the second-highest in India after Mumbai , while the whole NCT 's population was about 16.8 million . Delhi 's urban area is now considered to extend beyond the NCT boundaries , and include the neighbouring satellite cities of Ghaziabad , Faridabad , Gurgaon and Noida in an area now called National Capital Region ( NCR ) and had an estimated 2016 population of over 26 million people , making it the world 's second-largest urban area according to the United Nations . As of 2016 [ update ] , recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area have ranked Delhi either the most or second-most productive metro area of India . Delhi is the second-wealthiest city in India after Mumbai and is home to 18 billionaires and 23,000 millionaires . Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index . Delhi has the second-highest GDP per capita in India . Furthermore , it is considered one of the world 's most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration . Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BCE . Through most of its history , Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and empires , most notably the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Haryana', 'summary': "Haryana ( Hindi pronunciation : [ ɦərɪˈjaːɳaː ] ) is one of the 28 states in India , located in northern part of the country . It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on linguistic as well as on cultural basis . It is ranked 22nd in terms of area with less than 1.4% ( 44,212 km2 ( 17,070 sq mi ) ) of India 's land area . Chandigarh is the state capital , Faridabad in National Capital Region is the most populous city of the state and Gurugram is a leading financial hub of NCR with major Fortune 500 companies located in it . Haryana has 6 administrative divisions , 22 districts , 72 sub-divisions , 93 revenue tehsils , 50 sub-tehsils , 140 community development blocks , 154 cities and towns , 6,848 villages and 6222 villages panchayats . As the largest recipient of investment per capita since 2000 in India , and among one of the wealthiest and most economically developed regions in South Asia , Haryana has the fifth highest per capita income among Indian states and UTs at ₹226,644 ( US $ 3,200 ) against the national average of ₹125,397 ( US $ 1,800 ) for year 2018-19 . Haryana 's 2019-20 estimated state GSDP of US $ 110 billion ( 52% services , 34% industries and 14% agriculture ) is growing at 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR and placed on the 13th position behind only much bigger states , is also boosted by 30 SEZs ( mainly along DMIC , ADKIC and DWPE in NCR ) , 7% national agricultural exports , 65% of national Basmati rice export , 67% cars , 60% motorbikes , 50% tractors and 50% refrigerators produced in India . Faridabad has been described as eighth fastest growing city in the world and third most in India by City Mayors Foundation survey . In services , Gurugram ranks number 1 in India in IT growth rate and existing technology infrastructure , and number 2 in startup ecosystem , innovation and livability ( Nov 2016 ) . Haryana has the seventh highest ranking among Indian states in human development index . Among the world 's oldest and largest ancient civilisations , the Indus Valley Civilization sites at Rakhigarhi village in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are 9,000 years old . Rich in history , monuments , heritage , flora and fauna , human resources and tourism with well developed economy , national highways and state roads , it is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the north-east , by river Yamuna along its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh , by Rajasthan to the west and south , and Ghaggar-Hakra River flows along its northern border with Punjab ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': "Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) ."}]}, {'value': '25,735,000 ( 2016 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,163 ( 835 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mumbai Metropolitan Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': 'Mumbai Metropolitan Region ( MMR ) is a metropolitan area consisting of Mumbai and its satellite towns in Maharashtra , India . The region has an area of 6,355 square kilometers and with a population of over 26 million it is among the most populous metropolitan areas in the world . Developing over a period of about 20 years , it consists of nine municipal corporations and fifteen smaller municipal councils . The entire area is overseen by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority ( MMRDA ) , a Maharashtra State Government organisation in charge of town planning , development , transportation and housing in the region . The MMRDA was formed to address the challenges in planning and development of integrated infrastructure for the metropolitan region . The areas outside Brihan Mumbai ( Greater Mumbai ) and Navi Mumbai have lacked organised development . Navi Mumbai , developed as one of the largest planned cities in the world , was promoted by a Maharashtra Government-owned company , City and Industrial Development Corporation ( CIDCO ) . The region has had problems related to haphazard and illegal development as a result of rapid urbanisation . Villages along the NH3 in Bhiwandi Taluka are examples of haphazard developments in the MMR , with some of the largest warehousing areas in India . Government agencies such as the Town Planner and Collector of Thane have had challenges in addressing unorganised development .'}]}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': '20,800,000 ( 2005 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,354 ( 1,681 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kolkata metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area', 'summary': 'Kolkata Metropolitan Area , also known as the Calcutta Metropolitan Area and Greater Kolkata , is the urban agglomeration of the city of Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal . It is the third most populous metropolitan area in India after Delhi and Mumbai . The area is administered by the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority . The area covers 72 cities , and 527 towns and villages .'}]}, {'value': 'West Bengal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bengal', 'summary': "West Bengal ( /bɛnˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : Paschim Banga ) is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal . With over 91 million inhabitants ( as of 2011 ) , it is India 's fourth-most populous state . West Bengal is the thirteenth-largest Indian state , with an area of 88,752 km2 ( 34,267 sq mi ) . Part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent , it borders Bangladesh in the east , and Nepal and Bhutan in the north . It also borders the Indian states of Odisha , Jharkhand , Bihar , Sikkim , and Assam . The state capital is Kolkata ( Calcutta ) the seventh-largest city in India , and center of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country . West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region , the Ganges delta , the Rarh region , and the coastal Sundarbans . The main ethnic group is the Bengalis , with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority . The area 's early history featured a succession of Indian empires , internal squabbling , and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance . Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas ( kingdoms ) , while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period . The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires , including the Mauryans and Guptas . It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms ."}]}, {'value': '14,112,536 ( 2001 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,851 ( 715 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chennai metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area', 'summary': 'Metropolitan area includes a city and its suburbs . For the city , visit Chennai district The Chennai Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) is the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in India , the 22nd-most in Asia , and the 40th-most in the world . The CMA consists of the central city of Chennai and its suburbs distributed in Kanchipuram , Chengpattu and Thiruvallur districts . The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority ( CMDA ) is the nodal agency that handles town planning and development within the metro area . Since 1974 , an area encompassing 1189 km2 around the city has been designated as the CMA and the CMDA has been designated as the authority to plan the growth of the city and the area around it .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': '13,300,253 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,189 ( 459 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangalore Metropolitan Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangalore_Metropolitan_Region_Development_Authority', 'summary': "Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority ( BMRDA ) is an autonomous body created by the Government of Karnataka under the BMRDA Act 1985 for the purpose of planning , co-ordinating and supervising the proper and orderly development of the areas within the Bangalore Metropolitan Region ( BMR ) which comprises Bangalore Urban district , Bangalore Rural district and Ramanagara District . Since 2007 , BMRDA covers an area of 8,005 km ( 4,974 mi ) , the second largest metropolitan area in India , after the National Capital Region . Bangalore has also emerged as India 's fifth largest metropolitan city by population ( also the third largest city proper by population ) . Unlike the Bangalore Development Authority ( BDA ) , the BMRDA does not have the power to acquire land ."}]}, {'value': 'Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '10,576,167 ( 2013 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,005 ( 3,091 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hyderabad Metropolitan Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': 'Hyderabad Metropolitan Region is the metropolitan area covered by the city of Hyderabad in the Indian state of Telangana . The entire region is spread over the districts of Hyderabad District , Medchal , Ranga Reddy , Sangareddy , Medak , Siddipet and Yadadri Bhuvanagiri . Under the jurisdiction of Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority , it covers an area of 7,257 km2 ( 2,802 sq mi ) and has a population of 9.58 million people .'}]}, {'value': 'Telangana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telangana', 'summary': 'Telangana ( /tɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in India situated on the centre-south stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau . It is the twelfth largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 ( 43,273 sq mi ) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census . On 2 June 2014 , the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed 29th state with Hyderabad as its historic permanent capital . Its other major cities include Warangal , Nizamabad , Khammam and Karimnagar . Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north , Chhattisgarh to the east , Karnataka to the west , and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south . The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly of hills , mountain ranges , and thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 ( 10,538 sq mi ) . As of 2019 , the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts . Throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages , the region now known as Telangana was ruled by multiple major Indian powers such as the Cholas , Mauryans , Satavahanas , Chalukyas , Kakatiyas , Delhi Sultanate , Bahmani Sultanate , Golconda Sultanate . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the region was ruled by the Mughals . The region is known for its Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb . During the 18th century and the British Raj , Telangana was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad . In 1823 , the Nizams lost control over Northern Circars ( Coastal Andhra ) and Ceded Districts ( Rayalseema ) , which were handed over to the East India Company .'}]}, {'value': '9,700,000 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,257 ( 2,802 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmedabad Metropolitan Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': '8,345,326 ( 2019 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,866 ( 720 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pune Metropolitan Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pune_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': 'Pune Metropolitan Region ( PMR ) is the metropolitan region around the city of Pune . According to practical purposes , PMR comprises of two Municipal Corporations of Pune and Pimpri Chinchwad and three Cantonment Boards , spread over an area of 7,256.46 km2 . The population of the region as per 2011 census was 7,541,946 . The Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority ( PMRDA ) is the planning and development authority of the region formed . PMRDA is headed by the Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis as the chairman . Kiran Gitte , IAS is the chief executive officer . The authority is responsible for various town planning schemes , Pune Ring Road as well as Pune Metro ( Line 3 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': '7,276,000 ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,256 ( 2,802 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': 'Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region is the metropolitan area covered by the city of Visakhapatnam in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . The entire region is spread over the districts of Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram . Under the jurisdiction of Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority , it covers an area of 4,873 km2 ( 1,881 sq mi ) and has a population of 50.18 lakhs .'}]}, {'value': 'Andhra Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema .'}]}, {'value': '5,018,000 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,873 ( 1,881 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surat metropolitan Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surat', 'summary': "Surat is a city in the Indian state of Gujarat . It used to be a large seaport and is now the commercial and economic center in South Gujarat , which is famous for its diamonds and textile Industries and as a shopping centre for apparels and accessories . It is the eighth largest city and ninth largest urban agglomeration in India . It is the administrative capital of the Surat district . The city is located 284 kilometres ( 176 mi ) south of the state capital , Gandhinagar ; 265 kilometres ( 165 mi ) south of Ahmedabad ; and 289 kilometres ( 180 mi ) north of Mumbai . The city centre is located on the Tapti River , close to Arabian Sea . Surat will be the world 's fastest growing city from 2019 to 2035 , according to a study conducted by Economic Times . The city registered an annualised GDP growth rate of 11.5% over the seven fiscal years between 2001 and 2008 . Surat was awarded best city by the Annual Survey of India 's City-Systems ( ASICS ) in 2013 . Surat is selected as the first smart IT city in India which is being constituted by the Microsoft CityNext Initiative tied up with IT services majors Tata Consultancy Services and Wipro . The city has 2.97 million internet users , about 65% of total population . Surat was selected in 2015 for an IBM Smarter Cities Challenge grant ."}]}, {'value': 'Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': '4,467,797 ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,261 ( 1,259 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaipur Metropolitan Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajastan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajastan', 'summary': "Rajasthan ( /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ Hindustani pronunciation : [ raːdʒəsˈtʰaːn ] ( listen ) ; literally , Land of Kings ) is a state in northern India . The state covers an area of 342,239 square kilometres ( 132,139 sq mi ) or 10.4 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population . Rajasthan is located on the northwestern side of India , where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert ( also known as the Great Indian Desert ) and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west , along the Sutlej-Indus river valley . Elsewhere it is bordered by five other Indian states : Punjab to the north ; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast ; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast ; and Gujarat to the southwest . Major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilisation at Kalibanga and Balathal , the Dilwara Temples , a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan 's only hill station , Mount Abu , in the ancient Aravalli mountain range and in eastern Rajasthan , the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur , a World Heritage Site known for its bird life . Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves , the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur , Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar and Mukundra Hill Tiger Reserve in Kota . The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana - the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region - was merged into the Dominion of India . Its capital and largest city is Jaipur . Other important cities are Jodhpur , Kota , Bikaner , Ajmer and Udaipur . The economy of Rajasthan is the ninth-largest state economy in India with ₹9.24 lakh crore ( US $ 130 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹108,000 ( US $ 1,500 ) . Rajasthan ranks 22nd among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': '3,812,262 ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,873 ( 1,881 )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_most_populous_metropolitan_areas_in_India_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of metropolitan areas by population in India. The Constitution (seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992 defines a metropolitan area in India as, an area having a population of ten lakhs or more, comprised in one or more districts and consisting of two or more Municipalities or Panchayats or other contiguous areas, specified by the Governor by public notification to be a Metropolitan area.'}
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What is the population of the metropolitan area that is the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in India ?
13,300,253 ( 2011 )
0862e04fc94c00e0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy', 'title': 'Metropolitan cities of Italy', 'header': ['Metropolitan city', 'Area ( km² )', 'Population', 'Population Density ( /km² )', 'Date', 'Mayor'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rome Roma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital', 'summary': 'Metropolitan City of Rome Capital ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Roma Capitale ) is an area of local government at the level of metropolitan city in the Lazio region of the Republic of Italy . It comprises the territory of the city of Rome and 121 other municipalities ( comuni ) in the suburbs of the city . With more than 4.3 million inhabitants , it is the largest metropolitan city in Italy . It was established on 1 January 2015 by the terms of Law 142/1990 ( Reform of local authorities ) and by Law 56/2014 . It superseded the Province of Rome . The Metropolitan City of Rome Capital is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and governed by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Virginia Raggi has been the incumbent mayor since 20 June 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '5,352', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,336,915', 'urls': []}, {'value': '810', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 April 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Raggi ( M5S )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Raggi', 'summary': 'Virginia Elena Raggi ( Italian pronunciation : [ virˈdʒiːnja ˈraddʒi ] ; born 18 July 1978 ) is an Italian lawyer and politician serving as Mayor of Rome since 2016 . She represents the anti-establishment Five Star Movement ( M5S ) ; Raggi is both the first candidate from her party and first woman to be elected as Rome Mayor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Five_Star_Movement', 'summary': "The Five Star Movement ( Italian : Movimento 5 Stelle [ moviˈmento ˈtʃiŋkwe ˈstelle ] , M5S ) is a political party in Italy . The M5S was founded on 4 October 2009 by Beppe Grillo , a comedian and blogger , and Gianroberto Casaleggio , a web strategist . In 2014 Grillo appointed a directorate composed of five leading MPs ( Alessandro Di Battista , Luigi Di Maio , Roberto Fico , Carla Ruocco and Carlo Sibilia ) , which lasted until the following October when he dissolved it and proclaimed himself the political head of the M5S . Grillo is also formally president of the association named the Five Star Movement ; his nephew , Enrico Grillo , serves as vice president ; and his accountant , Enrico Maria Nadasi , as secretary . Davide Casaleggio , Gianroberto 's son , has an increasingly important albeit unofficial role . The M5S is variously considered populist , anti-establishment , environmentalist , anti-globalist , and Eurosceptic . The party has also been described as New Right and described by some as being right-wing due to its anti-immigration stance despite its promotion of policies usually advocated by the Italian left-wing , such as citizen 's income and green-inspired policies . Grillo himself once provocatively referred to the movement as populist . Its members stress that the M5S is not a party but a movement , and it may not be included in the traditional left-right paradigm . The five stars are a reference to five key issues for the party : public water , sustainable transport , sustainable development , right to Internet access , and environmentalism . The party also advocates e-democracy , direct democracy , the principle of zero-cost politics , degrowth and nonviolence . In the 2013 general election , the M5S won the most votes of all parties ( excluding votes from Italians abroad ) for the Chamber of Deputies ."}]}, {'value': 'Milan Milano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Milan ( Italian : città metropolitana di Milano ; Milanese : cittaa metropolitana de Milan [ tʃiˈtɑː metrupuliˈtana de miˈlãː ] ) is a metropolitan city in the Lombardy region , Italy . Its capital is the city of Milan . It replaced the Province of Milan and includes the city of Milan and other 133 municipalities or communes ( comuni ) . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . It has been operative since January 1 , 2015 . The Metropolitan City of Milan is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Since June 2016 Giuseppe Sala , as mayor of the capital city , has been the mayor of the Metropolitan City .'}]}, {'value': '1,575', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,190,340', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,026', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 April 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giuseppe Sala ( PD )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Sala', 'summary': 'Giuseppe Beppe Sala ( born 28 May 1958 ) is an Italian manager and politician . He was CEO of the 2015 Universal Exposition in Milan from June 2010 to December 2015 . Sala was also a candidate for the Democratic Party to become Mayor of Milan in the 2016 municipal election , which he won , becoming mayor on 21 June 2016 . Sala is often nicknamed Mr. Expo , for his position as CEO of the Universal Exposition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party ( Italian : Partito Democratico , PD ) is a social-democratic political party in Italy . The party 's secretary is Nicola Zingaretti , who was elected in March 2019 , while its president is Paolo Gentiloni . The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list and The Union coalition in the 2006 general election . They notably included the social-democratic Democrats of the Left ( DS ) , successors of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left which was folded with several social-democratic parties ( Labour Federation and Social Christians , among others ) in 1998 ; and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy ( DL ) , merger of the Italian People 's Party ( heir of the Christian Democracy party 's left-wing ) , The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002 . Thus , the party 's main ideological trends are social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition . The PD has been also influenced by social liberalism which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL and more generally by a Third Way progressivism . The PD was the second-largest party in Italy in the 2018 general election , the third-largest in the Chamber of Deputies and the fourth-largest in the Senate . Between 2013 and 2018 , the Italian government was led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers , namely Enrico Letta ( 2013-2014 ) , Matteo Renzi ( 2014-2016 ) and Gentiloni ( 2016-2018 ) . Since September 2019 the party has been part of the Conte II Cabinet , in a coalition with the Five Star Movement . The party also heads seven regional governments . Prominent Democrats include Walter Veltroni ( secretary , 2007-2009 ) , Dario Franceschini ( secretary , 2009 ) , Maurizio Martina ( secretary , 2018 ) , David Sassoli , Piero Fassino , Marco Minniti , Graziano Delrio , Pier Carlo Padoan , Federica Mogherini , Debora Serracchiani , Lorenzo Guerini , Matteo Orfini , Luigi Zanda , Stefano Bonaccini , Sergio Chiamparino , Vincenzo De Luca , Michele Emiliano , Giuseppe Sala , Leoluca Orlando , Virginio Merola and Dario Nardella . Former members include Giorgio Napolitano ( President of Italy , 2006-2015 ) , Sergio Mattarella ( President of Italy , 2015-present ) , Romano Prodi , Giuliano Amato , Massimo D'Alema , Pier Luigi Bersani ( secretary , 2009-2013 ) , Guglielmo Epifani ( secretary , 2013 ) , Francesco Rutelli , Pietro Grasso , Carlo Calenda and Matteo Renzi ( secretary , 2013-2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Naples Napoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Naples ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Napoli ) is an Italian Metropolitan City in Campania region , established on January 1 , 2015 . Its capital city is Naples ; within the city there are 92 comune ( municipalities ) . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and established by the Law 56/2014 , thus replacing the Province of Naples in 2015 . The Metropolitan City of Naples is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Since 1 January 2015 its head is Luigi de Magistris , as mayor of the capital city .'}]}, {'value': '1,171', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,128,702', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,672', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 April 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luigi De Magistris ( DemA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luigi_de_Magistris_(politician)', 'summary': 'Luigi de Magistris ( born 20 June 1967 ) is an Italian politician and a former prosecutor , currently the mayor of Naples .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democracy_and_Autonomy', 'summary': 'Democracy and Autonomy ( Italian : Democrazia e Autonomia , DemA ) is a political party in Italy , based in Campania . Its founder and leader is Luigi de Magistris , current mayor of Naples and former MEP for Italy of Values .'}]}, {'value': 'Turin Torino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Turin', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Turin ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Torino ) is a metropolitan city in the Piedmont region , Italy . Its capital is the city of Turin . It replaced the Province of Turin and comprises the city of Turin and 315 other municipalities ( comuni ) . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . It has been officially operative since 1 January 2015 . The Metropolitan City of Turin is headed by the metropolitan mayor ( sindaco metropolitano ) and by the metropolitan council ( consiglio metropolitano ) . Since 5 June 2016 , Chiara Appendino has served as the mayor of the capital city , succeeding Piero Fassino . It is the largest Metropolitan City of Italy and the only one to border a foreign state .'}]}, {'value': '6,829', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,293,340', 'urls': []}, {'value': '336', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 April 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiara Appendino ( M5S )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiara_Appendino', 'summary': 'Chiara Appendino ( born 12 June 1984 ) is an Italian politician who is the 39th and current mayor of Turin . A member of the Five Star Movement , she was elected on 20 June 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Five_Star_Movement', 'summary': "The Five Star Movement ( Italian : Movimento 5 Stelle [ moviˈmento ˈtʃiŋkwe ˈstelle ] , M5S ) is a political party in Italy . The M5S was founded on 4 October 2009 by Beppe Grillo , a comedian and blogger , and Gianroberto Casaleggio , a web strategist . In 2014 Grillo appointed a directorate composed of five leading MPs ( Alessandro Di Battista , Luigi Di Maio , Roberto Fico , Carla Ruocco and Carlo Sibilia ) , which lasted until the following October when he dissolved it and proclaimed himself the political head of the M5S . Grillo is also formally president of the association named the Five Star Movement ; his nephew , Enrico Grillo , serves as vice president ; and his accountant , Enrico Maria Nadasi , as secretary . Davide Casaleggio , Gianroberto 's son , has an increasingly important albeit unofficial role . The M5S is variously considered populist , anti-establishment , environmentalist , anti-globalist , and Eurosceptic . The party has also been described as New Right and described by some as being right-wing due to its anti-immigration stance despite its promotion of policies usually advocated by the Italian left-wing , such as citizen 's income and green-inspired policies . Grillo himself once provocatively referred to the movement as populist . Its members stress that the M5S is not a party but a movement , and it may not be included in the traditional left-right paradigm . The five stars are a reference to five key issues for the party : public water , sustainable transport , sustainable development , right to Internet access , and environmentalism . The party also advocates e-democracy , direct democracy , the principle of zero-cost politics , degrowth and nonviolence . In the 2013 general election , the M5S won the most votes of all parties ( excluding votes from Italians abroad ) for the Chamber of Deputies ."}]}, {'value': 'Palermo Palermo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Palermo', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Palermo ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Palermo ) is a metropolitan city in Sicily , Italy . Its capital is the city of Palermo . It replaced the Province of Palermo and comprises the city of Palermo and other 82 municipalities ( comuni ) .'}]}, {'value': '5,009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,276,525', 'urls': []}, {'value': '255', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 August 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leoluca Orlando ( Independent )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leoluca_Orlando', 'summary': 'Leoluca Orlando ( born 1 August 1947 ) , is an Italian politician , current Mayor of Palermo . He was also mayor of the city in 1985-1990 and 1993-2000 and President of Italian Federation of American Football ( FIDAF ) . He is best known for his strong opposition to the Sicilian Mafia during his mayoralty in the 1980s , which was publicly referenced in the media as the Palermo Spring ( Italian : Primavera di Palermo ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Independent_politician', 'summary': 'An independent or nonpartisan politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party . There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent .'}]}, {'value': 'Bari Bari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Bari', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Bari ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Bari ) is a metropolitan city in the Apulia region of Italy . Its capital is the city of Bari . It replaced the Province of Bari and includes the city of Bari and some forty other municipalities ( comuni ) . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . It has been operative since January 1 , 2015 . The Metropolitan City of Bari is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Since 1 January 2015 Antonio Decaro , as mayor of the capital city , has been the first mayor of the Metropolitan City . It has an area of 3.825 km2 ( 1.477 sq mi ) , and a total population of 1,261,152 ( 2014 ) .'}]}, {'value': '3,821', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,251,004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '327', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 April 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Decaro ( PD )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Decaro', 'summary': 'Antonio Decaro ( born 17 July 1970 ) is an Italian politician , current Mayor of Bari .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party ( Italian : Partito Democratico , PD ) is a social-democratic political party in Italy . The party 's secretary is Nicola Zingaretti , who was elected in March 2019 , while its president is Paolo Gentiloni . The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list and The Union coalition in the 2006 general election . They notably included the social-democratic Democrats of the Left ( DS ) , successors of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left which was folded with several social-democratic parties ( Labour Federation and Social Christians , among others ) in 1998 ; and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy ( DL ) , merger of the Italian People 's Party ( heir of the Christian Democracy party 's left-wing ) , The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002 . Thus , the party 's main ideological trends are social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition . The PD has been also influenced by social liberalism which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL and more generally by a Third Way progressivism . The PD was the second-largest party in Italy in the 2018 general election , the third-largest in the Chamber of Deputies and the fourth-largest in the Senate . Between 2013 and 2018 , the Italian government was led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers , namely Enrico Letta ( 2013-2014 ) , Matteo Renzi ( 2014-2016 ) and Gentiloni ( 2016-2018 ) . Since September 2019 the party has been part of the Conte II Cabinet , in a coalition with the Five Star Movement . The party also heads seven regional governments . Prominent Democrats include Walter Veltroni ( secretary , 2007-2009 ) , Dario Franceschini ( secretary , 2009 ) , Maurizio Martina ( secretary , 2018 ) , David Sassoli , Piero Fassino , Marco Minniti , Graziano Delrio , Pier Carlo Padoan , Federica Mogherini , Debora Serracchiani , Lorenzo Guerini , Matteo Orfini , Luigi Zanda , Stefano Bonaccini , Sergio Chiamparino , Vincenzo De Luca , Michele Emiliano , Giuseppe Sala , Leoluca Orlando , Virginio Merola and Dario Nardella . Former members include Giorgio Napolitano ( President of Italy , 2006-2015 ) , Sergio Mattarella ( President of Italy , 2015-present ) , Romano Prodi , Giuliano Amato , Massimo D'Alema , Pier Luigi Bersani ( secretary , 2009-2013 ) , Guglielmo Epifani ( secretary , 2013 ) , Francesco Rutelli , Pietro Grasso , Carlo Calenda and Matteo Renzi ( secretary , 2013-2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Catania Catania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Catania', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Catania ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Catania ) is a metropolitan city in Sicily , southern Italy . Its capital is the city of Catania . It replaced the Province of Catania and comprises the city of Catania and other 57 municipalities ( comuni ) .'}]}, {'value': '3,574', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,116,168', 'urls': []}, {'value': '312', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 August 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salvo Pogliese ( FI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salvo_Pogliese', 'summary': 'Salvatore Domenico Antonio Pogliese ( born 3 March 1972 ) is an Italian politician and current Mayor of Catania .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)', 'summary': "Forza Italia [ nb 1 ] ( translated to Forward Italy or Let 's Go Italy , known also by its acronym FI ) is a centre-right political party in Italy whose ideology includes elements of liberal conservatism , Christian democracy , and liberalism . Its leader is Silvio Berlusconi , former Prime Minister of Italy ( 1994-1995 , 2001-2006 , 2008-2011 ) . The party , formed out of the former People of Freedom ( PdL ) , is a revival of the defunct Forza Italia ( FI ) , active from 1994 to 2009 , when it was merged with National Alliance ( AN ) and several minor parties to form the PdL . Forza Italia 's leading members include Antonio Tajani ( President of the European Parliament ) , Elisabetta Casellati ( President of the Senate ) , Donato Toma ( President of Molise ) , Mara Carfagna , Renato Brunetta , Paolo Romani , Mariastella Gelmini , Anna Maria Bernini , Maurizio Gasparri , Renato Schifani and Stefania Prestigiacomo . On 11 September 2014 FI was admitted into the European People 's Party ( EPP ) , inheriting the PdL 's membership . FI is a much smaller party than the original FI and the early PdL , due to the splits of Future and Freedom ( 2010 ) , the Brothers of Italy ( 2012 ) , the New Centre-Right ( 2013 ) , the Conservative and Reformists ( 2015 ) and the Liberal Popular Alliance ( 2015 ) . In the 2018 general election FI was overtaken by Lega Nord as the largest party of the centre-right coalition ."}]}, {'value': 'Florence Firenze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Florence', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Florence ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Firenze ) is a metropolitan city in the Tuscany region , Italy . Its capital is the city of Florence . It replaced the Province of Florence . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . It has been operative since January 1 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '3,514', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,007,435', 'urls': []}, {'value': '287', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 April 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dario Nardella ( PD )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dario_Nardella', 'summary': 'Dario Nardella ( born 20 November 1975 , Torre del Greco ) is an Italian politician who has been the Mayor of Florence since 26 May 2014 and the first Metropolitan Mayor of Florence since 1 January 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party ( Italian : Partito Democratico , PD ) is a social-democratic political party in Italy . The party 's secretary is Nicola Zingaretti , who was elected in March 2019 , while its president is Paolo Gentiloni . The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list and The Union coalition in the 2006 general election . They notably included the social-democratic Democrats of the Left ( DS ) , successors of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left which was folded with several social-democratic parties ( Labour Federation and Social Christians , among others ) in 1998 ; and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy ( DL ) , merger of the Italian People 's Party ( heir of the Christian Democracy party 's left-wing ) , The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002 . Thus , the party 's main ideological trends are social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition . The PD has been also influenced by social liberalism which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL and more generally by a Third Way progressivism . The PD was the second-largest party in Italy in the 2018 general election , the third-largest in the Chamber of Deputies and the fourth-largest in the Senate . Between 2013 and 2018 , the Italian government was led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers , namely Enrico Letta ( 2013-2014 ) , Matteo Renzi ( 2014-2016 ) and Gentiloni ( 2016-2018 ) . Since September 2019 the party has been part of the Conte II Cabinet , in a coalition with the Five Star Movement . The party also heads seven regional governments . Prominent Democrats include Walter Veltroni ( secretary , 2007-2009 ) , Dario Franceschini ( secretary , 2009 ) , Maurizio Martina ( secretary , 2018 ) , David Sassoli , Piero Fassino , Marco Minniti , Graziano Delrio , Pier Carlo Padoan , Federica Mogherini , Debora Serracchiani , Lorenzo Guerini , Matteo Orfini , Luigi Zanda , Stefano Bonaccini , Sergio Chiamparino , Vincenzo De Luca , Michele Emiliano , Giuseppe Sala , Leoluca Orlando , Virginio Merola and Dario Nardella . Former members include Giorgio Napolitano ( President of Italy , 2006-2015 ) , Sergio Mattarella ( President of Italy , 2015-present ) , Romano Prodi , Giuliano Amato , Massimo D'Alema , Pier Luigi Bersani ( secretary , 2009-2013 ) , Guglielmo Epifani ( secretary , 2013 ) , Francesco Rutelli , Pietro Grasso , Carlo Calenda and Matteo Renzi ( secretary , 2013-2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bologna Bologna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Bologna', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Bologna ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Bologna ) is a metropolitan city in the Emilia Romagna region , Italy . Its capital is the city of Bologna . Replacing the Province of Bologna , it was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . It has been operative since January 1 , 2015 . The Metropolitan City is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) .'}]}, {'value': '3,702', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,005,831', 'urls': []}, {'value': '271', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 April 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginio Merola ( PD )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginio_Merola', 'summary': 'Virginio Merola ( born 14 February 1955 in Santa Maria Capua Vetere , Campania ) is an Italian politician . Merola is a member of the Democratic Party and the current mayor of Bologna .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party ( Italian : Partito Democratico , PD ) is a social-democratic political party in Italy . The party 's secretary is Nicola Zingaretti , who was elected in March 2019 , while its president is Paolo Gentiloni . The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list and The Union coalition in the 2006 general election . They notably included the social-democratic Democrats of the Left ( DS ) , successors of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left which was folded with several social-democratic parties ( Labour Federation and Social Christians , among others ) in 1998 ; and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy ( DL ) , merger of the Italian People 's Party ( heir of the Christian Democracy party 's left-wing ) , The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002 . Thus , the party 's main ideological trends are social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition . The PD has been also influenced by social liberalism which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL and more generally by a Third Way progressivism . The PD was the second-largest party in Italy in the 2018 general election , the third-largest in the Chamber of Deputies and the fourth-largest in the Senate . Between 2013 and 2018 , the Italian government was led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers , namely Enrico Letta ( 2013-2014 ) , Matteo Renzi ( 2014-2016 ) and Gentiloni ( 2016-2018 ) . Since September 2019 the party has been part of the Conte II Cabinet , in a coalition with the Five Star Movement . The party also heads seven regional governments . Prominent Democrats include Walter Veltroni ( secretary , 2007-2009 ) , Dario Franceschini ( secretary , 2009 ) , Maurizio Martina ( secretary , 2018 ) , David Sassoli , Piero Fassino , Marco Minniti , Graziano Delrio , Pier Carlo Padoan , Federica Mogherini , Debora Serracchiani , Lorenzo Guerini , Matteo Orfini , Luigi Zanda , Stefano Bonaccini , Sergio Chiamparino , Vincenzo De Luca , Michele Emiliano , Giuseppe Sala , Leoluca Orlando , Virginio Merola and Dario Nardella . Former members include Giorgio Napolitano ( President of Italy , 2006-2015 ) , Sergio Mattarella ( President of Italy , 2015-present ) , Romano Prodi , Giuliano Amato , Massimo D'Alema , Pier Luigi Bersani ( secretary , 2009-2013 ) , Guglielmo Epifani ( secretary , 2013 ) , Francesco Rutelli , Pietro Grasso , Carlo Calenda and Matteo Renzi ( secretary , 2013-2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Genoa Genova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Genoa', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Genoa ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Genova ) is one of the fourteen Metropolitan cities of Italy , located in the region of Liguria . Its capital is the city of Genoa . It replaced the Province of Genoa .'}]}, {'value': '1,839', 'urls': []}, {'value': '864,008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '470', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 April 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marco Bucci ( FI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Bucci_(politician)', 'summary': 'Marco Bucci is an Italian politician and former pharmaceutical manager from Genoa . He is the mayor and the first right-wing mayor since 1975 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)', 'summary': "Forza Italia [ nb 1 ] ( translated to Forward Italy or Let 's Go Italy , known also by its acronym FI ) is a centre-right political party in Italy whose ideology includes elements of liberal conservatism , Christian democracy , and liberalism . Its leader is Silvio Berlusconi , former Prime Minister of Italy ( 1994-1995 , 2001-2006 , 2008-2011 ) . The party , formed out of the former People of Freedom ( PdL ) , is a revival of the defunct Forza Italia ( FI ) , active from 1994 to 2009 , when it was merged with National Alliance ( AN ) and several minor parties to form the PdL . Forza Italia 's leading members include Antonio Tajani ( President of the European Parliament ) , Elisabetta Casellati ( President of the Senate ) , Donato Toma ( President of Molise ) , Mara Carfagna , Renato Brunetta , Paolo Romani , Mariastella Gelmini , Anna Maria Bernini , Maurizio Gasparri , Renato Schifani and Stefania Prestigiacomo . On 11 September 2014 FI was admitted into the European People 's Party ( EPP ) , inheriting the PdL 's membership . FI is a much smaller party than the original FI and the early PdL , due to the splits of Future and Freedom ( 2010 ) , the Brothers of Italy ( 2012 ) , the New Centre-Right ( 2013 ) , the Conservative and Reformists ( 2015 ) and the Liberal Popular Alliance ( 2015 ) . In the 2018 general election FI was overtaken by Lega Nord as the largest party of the centre-right coalition ."}]}, {'value': 'Venice Venezia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Venice', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Venice ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Venezia ) is a metropolitan city in the Veneto region , Italy . Its capital is the city of Venice . It replaced the Province of Venice and includes the city of Venice and 43 other municipalities ( comuni ) . It was first created by the reform of local authorities ( Law 142/1990 ) and then established by the Law 56/2014 . The Metropolitan City of Venice is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Since 15 June 2015 , as new mayor of the capital city , Luigi Brugnaro is the first mayor of the Metropolitan City .'}]}, {'value': '2,462', 'urls': []}, {'value': '858,455', 'urls': []}, {'value': '349', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 April 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luigi Brugnaro ( Independent )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luigi_Brugnaro', 'summary': 'Luigi Brugnaro ( 13 September 1961 ) is an Italian conservative politician and entrepreneur who has been the Mayor of Venice , since taking office on 15 June 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Independent_politician', 'summary': 'An independent or nonpartisan politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party . There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent .'}]}, {'value': 'Messina Messina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Messina', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Messina ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Messina ) is a metropolitan city in Sicily , Italy . Its capital is the city of Messina . It replaced the Province of Messina and comprises the city of Messina and other 107 municipalities ( comuni ) . According to Eurostat in 2014 , the FUA of the metropolitan area of Messina had 277,584 inhabitants . The nearby archipelago of Aeolian Islands also is administratively a part of Metropolitan City of Messina .'}]}, {'value': '3,266', 'urls': []}, {'value': '647,477', 'urls': []}, {'value': '198', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 August 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cateno De Luca ( UdC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cateno_De_Luca', 'summary': 'Cateno Roberto De Luca ( born 18 March 1972 ) is an Italian politician who became mayor of Messina on 26 June 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)', 'summary': "The Union of the Centre ( Italian : Unione di Centro , UdC ) , whose complete name is Union of Christian and Centre Democrats ( Unione dei Democratici Cristiani e Democratici di Centro , UDC ) , is a Christian-democratic political party in Italy . Lorenzo Cesa is the party 's current secretary ; Pier Ferdinando Casini was for years the most recognisable figure and de facto leader of the party , before eventually distancing from it in 2016 . The UdC is a member of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) , of which Casini was president from 2004 to 2015 . The party was formed as Union of Christian and Centre Democrats in December 2002 upon the merger of the Christian Democratic Centre ( CCD ) , the United Christian Democrats ( CDU ) and European Democracy ( DE ) . In 2008 the party was the driving force behind the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) , an alliance comprising , among others , The Rose for Italy , the Populars for the Constituent Assembly of the Centre , the Liberal Clubs , the Party of Christian Democracy , the Christian Democratic Party , Veneto for the European People 's Party , the Democratic Populars and the Autonomist Democrats . Since then , the party 's official name was neglected in favour of the alliance 's and , since most of the UdC member parties have joined the UDC too , the UDC and the UdC started to overlap almost completely to the point that they are now undistinguishable . The CCD was an early ally of Silvio Berlusconi 's Forza Italia in 1994 and was part of the centre-right Pole/House of Freedoms since its establishment . Consequently , the UDC was consistently part of the centre-right until 2006 . Later , it was affiliated neither to the centre-right nor the centre-left at the national level . Despite this , the party continued to take part in several regional , provincial and municipal governments with the old and the new Forza Italia , while forming alliances also with the centre-left Democratic Party in some regions and cities . In the 2013 general election the UdC was part of With Monti for Italy , the coalition formed around Mario Monti 's Civic Choice , and obtained a mere 1.8% of the vote , down from 5.6% in 2008 and 6.8% in 2006 . In December 2014 the party , which sat in Enrico Letta 's government and Matteo Renzi 's government ( 2013-2016 ) , formed Popular Area with Angelino Alfano 's New Centre-Right ."}]}, {'value': 'Reggio Calabria Reggio Calabria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Reggio_Calabria', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria ( Italian : Città Metropolitana di Reggio Calabria ) is a metropolitan city in the Calabria region of southern Italy . Its capital is Reggio di Calabria . It eplaced the Province of Reggio Calabria in 2017 . The Aspromonte massif dominates the western part , and with its long coastline , the metropolitan city is a popular tourist destination during the summer .'}]}, {'value': '3,183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '558,959', 'urls': []}, {'value': '176', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 April 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giuseppe Falcomatà ( PD )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Falcomatà', 'summary': 'Giuseppe Falcomatà ( born 18 September 1983 in Reggio Calabria ) is a lawyer and an Italian politician . He has served as the mayor of Reggio Calabria since October 29 , 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party ( Italian : Partito Democratico , PD ) is a social-democratic political party in Italy . The party 's secretary is Nicola Zingaretti , who was elected in March 2019 , while its president is Paolo Gentiloni . The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list and The Union coalition in the 2006 general election . They notably included the social-democratic Democrats of the Left ( DS ) , successors of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left which was folded with several social-democratic parties ( Labour Federation and Social Christians , among others ) in 1998 ; and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy ( DL ) , merger of the Italian People 's Party ( heir of the Christian Democracy party 's left-wing ) , The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002 . Thus , the party 's main ideological trends are social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition . The PD has been also influenced by social liberalism which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL and more generally by a Third Way progressivism . The PD was the second-largest party in Italy in the 2018 general election , the third-largest in the Chamber of Deputies and the fourth-largest in the Senate . Between 2013 and 2018 , the Italian government was led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers , namely Enrico Letta ( 2013-2014 ) , Matteo Renzi ( 2014-2016 ) and Gentiloni ( 2016-2018 ) . Since September 2019 the party has been part of the Conte II Cabinet , in a coalition with the Five Star Movement . The party also heads seven regional governments . Prominent Democrats include Walter Veltroni ( secretary , 2007-2009 ) , Dario Franceschini ( secretary , 2009 ) , Maurizio Martina ( secretary , 2018 ) , David Sassoli , Piero Fassino , Marco Minniti , Graziano Delrio , Pier Carlo Padoan , Federica Mogherini , Debora Serracchiani , Lorenzo Guerini , Matteo Orfini , Luigi Zanda , Stefano Bonaccini , Sergio Chiamparino , Vincenzo De Luca , Michele Emiliano , Giuseppe Sala , Leoluca Orlando , Virginio Merola and Dario Nardella . Former members include Giorgio Napolitano ( President of Italy , 2006-2015 ) , Sergio Mattarella ( President of Italy , 2015-present ) , Romano Prodi , Giuliano Amato , Massimo D'Alema , Pier Luigi Bersani ( secretary , 2009-2013 ) , Guglielmo Epifani ( secretary , 2013 ) , Francesco Rutelli , Pietro Grasso , Carlo Calenda and Matteo Renzi ( secretary , 2013-2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Cagliari Cagliari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan City of Cagliari ( Italian : Città metropolitana di Cagliari ) is a metropolitan city in Sardinia , Italy . Its capital is the city of Cagliari and includes 17 comuni . It was established by law in 2016 and replaced the Province of Cagliari . The current president is the mayor of Cagliari , Paolo Truzzu . The resident population is approximately 432,000 . This figure can rise due to commuting into the functional urban area to approximately 477,000'}]}, {'value': '1,248', 'urls': []}, {'value': '431,302', 'urls': []}, {'value': '346', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 February 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Massimo Zedda ( Independent )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massimo_Zedda', 'summary': 'Massimo Zedda ( born 6 January 1976 ) is an Italian politician , Mayor of Cagliari from 2011 to 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Independent_politician', 'summary': 'An independent or nonpartisan politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party . There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Metropolitan cities', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy_0', 'intro': "The metropolitan cities of Italy (Italian: città metropolitane d'Italia) are administrative divisions of Italy, operative since 2015, which are a special type of province. The metropolitan city, as defined by law, includes a large core city and the smaller surrounding towns that are closely related to it with regard to economic activities and essential public services, as well as to cultural relations and to territorial features."}
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Which islands are included in the area that has a mayor born 18 March 1972 ?
Aeolian Islands
08645328833b7088
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1996 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dina Kochetkova ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dina_Kochetkova', 'summary': 'Dina Anatolyevna Kochetkova ( Russian : Дина Анатольевна Кочеткова , born 27 July 1977 in Moscow , Russian SFSR ) is a Russian gymnast who competed at the 1996 Olympics . Stylistically , she was considered by many [ who ? ] to be the last of the Soviets , performing difficult skills with elegant , clean technique . An element she pioneered , a full-twisting back handspring on beam , remains in the Code of Points as the Kochetkova .'}]}, {'value': '9.887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandra Marinescu ( ROU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra_Marinescu', 'summary': 'Alexandra Marinescu ( born 19 March 1982 ) is a retired Romanian Olympic artistic gymnast . She is an Olympic bronze medalist with the team and a two-time world champion with the team . Individually , she is a world silver medalist on beam and a seven-time Junior European medalist . She currently works as a minimal electro DJ based in Bucharest .'}]}, {'value': '9.812', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominique Dawes ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominique_Dawes', 'summary': "Dominique Margaux Dawes ( born November 20 , 1976 ) is a retired American artistic gymnast . Known in the gymnastics community as 'Awesome Dawesome , ' she was a 10-year member of the U.S. national gymnastics team , the 1994 U.S. all-around senior National Champion , a three-time Olympian , a World Championship silver and bronze medalist , and a member of the gold-medal-winning team Magnificent Seven at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . Dawes is also notable as being the first African-American woman to win an individual Olympic medal in artistic gymnastics , and the first black person of any nationality or gender to win an Olympic-gold-medal in gymnastics . She is also one of only three female American gymnasts , along with Muriel Grossfeld and Linda Metheny-Mulvihill , to compete in three Olympics and was part of their medal-winning teams : Barcelona 1992 ( bronze ) , Atlanta 1996 ( gold ) , and Sydney 2000 ( bronze ) . She is also the Olympic bronze medalist on floor exercise from the Atlanta games . Dawes is the first female gymnast to be a part of three Olympic-medal-winning teams since Ludmilla Tourischeva won gold in Mexico City ( 1968 ) , Munich ( 1972 ) , and Montreal ( 1976 ) . Since Dawes , Svetlana Khorkina is the only gymnast to accomplish this feat , winning silver in Atlanta ( 1996 ) and Sydney ( 2000 ) , and bronze in Athens ( 2004 ) ."}]}, {'value': '9.800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liu Xuan ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liu_Xuan_(gymnast)', 'summary': 'Liu Xuan ( simplified Chinese : 刘璇 ; traditional Chinese : 劉璇 ; pinyin : Liú Xuán ; born August 12 , 1979 ) is a former artistic gymnast from China . She competed in the 1996 and 2000 Olympic Games and won two Olympic medals , including gold on the balance beam in 2000 . She was born in Changsha , Hunan .'}]}, {'value': '9.800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vasiliki Tsavdaridou ( GRE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vasiliki_Tsavdaridou', 'summary': 'Vasiliki Tsavdaridou ( born October 29 , 1980 ) is a Greek artistic gymnast . She represented Greece at the 1996 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '9.675', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mercedes Pacheco ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_Pacheco', 'summary': 'Mercedes Pacheco del Barrio ( born May 29 , 1978 ) is a Spanish former artistic gymnast . She competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '9.637', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaycie Phelps ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaycie_Phelps', 'summary': "Jaycie Lynn Phelps ( born September 26 , 1979 in Greenfield , Indiana , United States ) is a retired American Olympic gymnast and member of the 1996 Olympic gold medal U.S. women 's gymnastics team , the Magnificent Seven . She is known for her consistency and clean lines in her gymnastics ."}]}, {'value': '9.187', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gina Gogean ( ROU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gina_Gogean', 'summary': 'Gina Elena Gogean ( born 9 September 1978 ) is a retired artistic gymnast from Romania who competed internationally in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s . During her career she won an impressive number of 30 medals at Olympic Games , world championships or continental championships . Her best events were the floor exercise ( three-time world champion ) , the vault ( two-time world champion ) and the balance beam ( 1997 world champion ) . She was also an excellent all around gymnast winning several medals on this event , the European title in 1994 , a silver Olympic medal ( 1996 ) and a silver medal at the 1993 World Championships . She helped the Romanian team win three consecutive world titles ( 1994 , 1995 and 1997 ) and two Olympic team medals , a silver and a bronze ( 1992 and 1996 ) . Gogean was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2013 . Criticized for her lack of artistry and expression , Gogean nonetheless had nearly unmatched consistency , longevity and efficiency that made her a backbone of the Romanian team in the 1990s .'}]}, {'value': '9.075', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Women -- Balance Beam', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1996_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_8', 'intro': 'The Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1996. The team and all around events were not contested at the 1996 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships. The format was similar to that of the 1992 and 2002 Worlds, with medals being awarded for the individual WAG and MAG apparatus. There were three rounds of competition: the preliminary round open to everyone; the semi-finals open to the top sixteen qualifiers; and the finals for the top eight gymnasts. The 1996 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were also the last be held in the same year as a Summer Olympics.'}
null
null
In the Code of Points , what is the name for the full-twisting back handspring on beam attributed to the gymnast born in 1977 whose total at the 1996 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships was 9.887 ?
the Kochetkova
08651e34bbb90762
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stevens', 'title': 'George Stevens', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Production Co', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ladies Last', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hal Roach Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Roach', 'summary': 'Harry Eugene Roach Sr. ( January 14 , 1892 - November 2 , 1992 ) was an American film and television producer , director , and actor who was active from the 1910s to the 1990s . He is remembered today for producing the Laurel and Hardy and Our Gang film comedy series .'}]}, {'value': '3rd episode from the Boy Friends series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blood and Thunder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hal Roach Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Roach', 'summary': 'Harry Eugene Roach Sr. ( January 14 , 1892 - November 2 , 1992 ) was an American film and television producer , director , and actor who was active from the 1910s to the 1990s . He is remembered today for producing the Laurel and Hardy and Our Gang film comedy series .'}]}, {'value': '4th episode from the Boy Friends series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High Gear', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hal Roach Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Roach', 'summary': 'Harry Eugene Roach Sr. ( January 14 , 1892 - November 2 , 1992 ) was an American film and television producer , director , and actor who was active from the 1910s to the 1990s . He is remembered today for producing the Laurel and Hardy and Our Gang film comedy series .'}]}, {'value': '5th episode from the Boy Friends series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Air-Tight', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hal Roach Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Roach', 'summary': 'Harry Eugene Roach Sr. ( January 14 , 1892 - November 2 , 1992 ) was an American film and television producer , director , and actor who was active from the 1910s to the 1990s . He is remembered today for producing the Laurel and Hardy and Our Gang film comedy series .'}]}, {'value': '7th episode from the Boy Friends series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Call a Cop !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hal Roach Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Roach', 'summary': 'Harry Eugene Roach Sr. ( January 14 , 1892 - November 2 , 1992 ) was an American film and television producer , director , and actor who was active from the 1910s to the 1990s . He is remembered today for producing the Laurel and Hardy and Our Gang film comedy series .'}]}, {'value': '8th episode from the Boy Friends series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mama Loves Papa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hal Roach Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Roach', 'summary': 'Harry Eugene Roach Sr. ( January 14 , 1892 - November 2 , 1992 ) was an American film and television producer , director , and actor who was active from the 1910s to the 1990s . He is remembered today for producing the Laurel and Hardy and Our Gang film comedy series .'}]}, {'value': '9th episode from the Boy Friends series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Kick-Off !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hal Roach Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Roach', 'summary': 'Harry Eugene Roach Sr. ( January 14 , 1892 - November 2 , 1992 ) was an American film and television producer , director , and actor who was active from the 1910s to the 1990s . He is remembered today for producing the Laurel and Hardy and Our Gang film comedy series .'}]}, {'value': '10th episode from the Boy Friends series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Who , Me ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Pictures', 'summary': "Universal Pictures ( also known as Universal Studios , and formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company ) is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal . Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour , it is the oldest surviving film studio in the United States ; the world 's fifth oldest after Gaumont , Pathé , Titanus , and Nordisk Film ; and the oldest member of Hollywood 's Big Five studios in terms of the overall film market . Its studios are located in Universal City , California , and its corporate offices are located in New York City . Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) , and was one of the Little Three majors during Hollywood 's golden age ."}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Finishing Touch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Pictures', 'summary': "Universal Pictures ( also known as Universal Studios , and formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company ) is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal . Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour , it is the oldest surviving film studio in the United States ; the world 's fifth oldest after Gaumont , Pathé , Titanus , and Nordisk Film ; and the oldest member of Hollywood 's Big Five studios in terms of the overall film market . Its studios are located in Universal City , California , and its corporate offices are located in New York City . Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) , and was one of the Little Three majors during Hollywood 's golden age ."}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boys Will Be Boys', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Pictures', 'summary': "Universal Pictures ( also known as Universal Studios , and formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company ) is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal . Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour , it is the oldest surviving film studio in the United States ; the world 's fifth oldest after Gaumont , Pathé , Titanus , and Nordisk Film ; and the oldest member of Hollywood 's Big Five studios in terms of the overall film market . Its studios are located in Universal City , California , and its corporate offices are located in New York City . Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) , and was one of the Little Three majors during Hollywood 's golden age ."}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Divorce Courtship', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Pictures', 'summary': "Universal Pictures ( also known as Universal Studios , and formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company ) is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal . Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour , it is the oldest surviving film studio in the United States ; the world 's fifth oldest after Gaumont , Pathé , Titanus , and Nordisk Film ; and the oldest member of Hollywood 's Big Five studios in terms of the overall film market . Its studios are located in Universal City , California , and its corporate offices are located in New York City . Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) , and was one of the Little Three majors during Hollywood 's golden age ."}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family Troubles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Pictures', 'summary': "Universal Pictures ( also known as Universal Studios , and formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company ) is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal . Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour , it is the oldest surviving film studio in the United States ; the world 's fifth oldest after Gaumont , Pathé , Titanus , and Nordisk Film ; and the oldest member of Hollywood 's Big Five studios in terms of the overall film market . Its studios are located in Universal City , California , and its corporate offices are located in New York City . Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) , and was one of the Little Three majors during Hollywood 's golden age ."}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock-a-Bye Cowboy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Pictures', 'summary': "Universal Pictures ( also known as Universal Studios , and formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company ) is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal . Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour , it is the oldest surviving film studio in the United States ; the world 's fifth oldest after Gaumont , Pathé , Titanus , and Nordisk Film ; and the oldest member of Hollywood 's Big Five studios in terms of the overall film market . Its studios are located in Universal City , California , and its corporate offices are located in New York City . Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) , and was one of the Little Three majors during Hollywood 's golden age ."}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Should Crooners Marry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Pictures', 'summary': "Universal Pictures ( also known as Universal Studios , and formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company ) is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal . Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour , it is the oldest surviving film studio in the United States ; the world 's fifth oldest after Gaumont , Pathé , Titanus , and Nordisk Film ; and the oldest member of Hollywood 's Big Five studios in terms of the overall film market . Its studios are located in Universal City , California , and its corporate offices are located in New York City . Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) , and was one of the Little Three majors during Hollywood 's golden age ."}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cohens_and_Kellys_in_Trouble', 'summary': "The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble is a 1933 American pre-Code comedy film starring Charlie Murray , Andy Devine , and Maureen O'Sullivan . It is the last film in the Cohens and Kellys series and the first director credit for George Stevens ."}]}, {'value': 'Universal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Pictures', 'summary': "Universal Pictures ( also known as Universal Studios , and formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company ) is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal . Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour , it is the oldest surviving film studio in the United States ; the world 's fifth oldest after Gaumont , Pathé , Titanus , and Nordisk Film ; and the oldest member of Hollywood 's Big Five studios in terms of the overall film market . Its studios are located in Universal City , California , and its corporate offices are located in New York City . Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) , and was one of the Little Three majors during Hollywood 's golden age ."}]}, {'value': 'Part of The Cohens and Kellys comedy series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Room Mates', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Pictures', 'summary': "Universal Pictures ( also known as Universal Studios , and formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company ) is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal . Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour , it is the oldest surviving film studio in the United States ; the world 's fifth oldest after Gaumont , Pathé , Titanus , and Nordisk Film ; and the oldest member of Hollywood 's Big Five studios in terms of the overall film market . Its studios are located in Universal City , California , and its corporate offices are located in New York City . Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) , and was one of the Little Three majors during Hollywood 's golden age ."}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quiet Please !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RKO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures', 'summary': "RKO Pictures is an American film production and distribution company . In its original incarnation , as RKO Radio Pictures , Inc. ( a subsidiary of Radio-Keith-Orpheum , aka : RKO ) it was one of the Big Five studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age . The business was formed after the Keith-Albee-Orpheum ( KAO ) theater chain and Joseph P. Kennedy 's Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) studio were brought together under the control of the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) in October 1928 . [ a ] RCA chief David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the company 's sound-on-film technology , RCA Photophone . By the mid-1940s , the studio was under the control of investor Floyd Odlum . RKO has long been renowned for its cycle of musicals starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in the mid-to-late 1930s . Actors Katharine Hepburn and , later , Robert Mitchum had their first major successes at the studio . Cary Grant was a mainstay for years . The work of producer Val Lewton 's low-budget horror unit and RKO 's many ventures into the field now known as film noir have been acclaimed , largely after the fact , by film critics and historians . The studio produced two of the most famous films in motion picture history : King Kong and Citizen Kane . RKO was also responsible for notable co-productions such as It 's a Wonderful Life and Notorious , and it also distributed many celebrated films by animation producer Walt Disney ( from 1937 to the mid-1950s ) and leading independent producer Samuel Goldwyn . Maverick industrialist Howard Hughes took over RKO in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flirting in the Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RKO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures', 'summary': "RKO Pictures is an American film production and distribution company . In its original incarnation , as RKO Radio Pictures , Inc. ( a subsidiary of Radio-Keith-Orpheum , aka : RKO ) it was one of the Big Five studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age . The business was formed after the Keith-Albee-Orpheum ( KAO ) theater chain and Joseph P. Kennedy 's Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) studio were brought together under the control of the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) in October 1928 . [ a ] RCA chief David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the company 's sound-on-film technology , RCA Photophone . By the mid-1940s , the studio was under the control of investor Floyd Odlum . RKO has long been renowned for its cycle of musicals starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in the mid-to-late 1930s . Actors Katharine Hepburn and , later , Robert Mitchum had their first major successes at the studio . Cary Grant was a mainstay for years . The work of producer Val Lewton 's low-budget horror unit and RKO 's many ventures into the field now known as film noir have been acclaimed , largely after the fact , by film critics and historians . The studio produced two of the most famous films in motion picture history : King Kong and Citizen Kane . RKO was also responsible for notable co-productions such as It 's a Wonderful Life and Notorious , and it also distributed many celebrated films by animation producer Walt Disney ( from 1937 to the mid-1950s ) and leading independent producer Samuel Goldwyn . Maverick industrialist Howard Hughes took over RKO in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Part of The Blonde and The Redhead comedy series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'What Fur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RKO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures', 'summary': "RKO Pictures is an American film production and distribution company . In its original incarnation , as RKO Radio Pictures , Inc. ( a subsidiary of Radio-Keith-Orpheum , aka : RKO ) it was one of the Big Five studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age . The business was formed after the Keith-Albee-Orpheum ( KAO ) theater chain and Joseph P. Kennedy 's Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) studio were brought together under the control of the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) in October 1928 . [ a ] RCA chief David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the company 's sound-on-film technology , RCA Photophone . By the mid-1940s , the studio was under the control of investor Floyd Odlum . RKO has long been renowned for its cycle of musicals starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in the mid-to-late 1930s . Actors Katharine Hepburn and , later , Robert Mitchum had their first major successes at the studio . Cary Grant was a mainstay for years . The work of producer Val Lewton 's low-budget horror unit and RKO 's many ventures into the field now known as film noir have been acclaimed , largely after the fact , by film critics and historians . The studio produced two of the most famous films in motion picture history : King Kong and Citizen Kane . RKO was also responsible for notable co-productions such as It 's a Wonderful Life and Notorious , and it also distributed many celebrated films by animation producer Walt Disney ( from 1937 to the mid-1950s ) and leading independent producer Samuel Goldwyn . Maverick industrialist Howard Hughes took over RKO in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grin and Bear It', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grin_and_Bear_It_(film)', 'summary': "Grin and Bear It is a 1954 Disney animated short featuring Donald Duck , who appears as a visitor to a park , and Humphrey 's third appearance ."}]}, {'value': 'RKO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures', 'summary': "RKO Pictures is an American film production and distribution company . In its original incarnation , as RKO Radio Pictures , Inc. ( a subsidiary of Radio-Keith-Orpheum , aka : RKO ) it was one of the Big Five studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age . The business was formed after the Keith-Albee-Orpheum ( KAO ) theater chain and Joseph P. Kennedy 's Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) studio were brought together under the control of the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) in October 1928 . [ a ] RCA chief David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the company 's sound-on-film technology , RCA Photophone . By the mid-1940s , the studio was under the control of investor Floyd Odlum . RKO has long been renowned for its cycle of musicals starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in the mid-to-late 1930s . Actors Katharine Hepburn and , later , Robert Mitchum had their first major successes at the studio . Cary Grant was a mainstay for years . The work of producer Val Lewton 's low-budget horror unit and RKO 's many ventures into the field now known as film noir have been acclaimed , largely after the fact , by film critics and historians . The studio produced two of the most famous films in motion picture history : King Kong and Citizen Kane . RKO was also responsible for notable co-productions such as It 's a Wonderful Life and Notorious , and it also distributed many celebrated films by animation producer Walt Disney ( from 1937 to the mid-1950s ) and leading independent producer Samuel Goldwyn . Maverick industrialist Howard Hughes took over RKO in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_film', 'summary': 'A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less , including all credits . In the United States , short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less , and featurettes for a film of three or four reels . Short was an abbreviation for either term . The increasingly rare industry term short subject carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film . Short films are often screened at local , national , or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either a low budget or no budget at all . They are usually funded by film grants , nonprofit organizations , sponsor , or personal funds . Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors , a production company , or film studios .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'George_Stevens_0', 'intro': 'George Cooper Stevens (December 18, 1904 - March 8, 1975) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter and cinematographer. Among his most notable films are A Place in the Sun (1951; winner of six Academy Awards including Best Director), Shane (1953; Oscar nominated), Giant (1956; Oscar for Best Director), and The Diary of Anne Frank (1959; nominated for Best Director).'}
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For the type of film of `` What Fur '' , how many minutues or less must a motion picture run for to qualify as this kind ?
40
0865556c6adc7f9b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Queen_Victoria', 'title': 'List of statues of Queen Victoria', 'header': ['Location', 'Date', 'Sculptor'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bradford Morley Street / Little Horton Lane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradford', 'summary': "Bradford /ˈbrædfərd/ ( listen ) is a city in West Yorkshire , England , in the foothills of the Pennines , 8.6 miles ( 14 km ) west of Leeds , and 16 miles ( 26 km ) north-west of Wakefield . Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847 , and received its charter as a city in 1897 . Following local government reform in 1974 , city status was bestowed upon the City of Bradford metropolitan borough . Bradford forms part of the West Yorkshire Urban Area , which in 2001 had a population of 1.5 million and is the fourth largest in the United Kingdom . Bradford itself has a population of 529,870 , which makes it the seventh-largest city in the United Kingdom and the third-largest city in Yorkshire and the Humber after Leeds and Sheffield . Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire , Bradford rose to prominence in the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture , particularly wool . It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution , and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements , rapidly becoming the wool capital of the world . The area 's access to a supply of coal , iron ore and soft water facilitated the growth of Bradford 's manufacturing base , which , as textile manufacture grew , led to an explosion in population and was a stimulus to civic investment ; Bradford has a large amount of listed Victorian architecture including the grand Italianate City Hall . The textile sector in Bradford fell into decline from the mid-20th century . Bradford has since emerged as a tourist destination , becoming the first UNESCO City of Film with attractions such as the National Science and Media Museum , Bradford City Park , the Alhambra theatre and Cartwright Hall . Bradford has faced similar challenges to the rest of post-industrial Northern England , including deindustrialisation , social unrest and economic deprivation ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred Drury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Drury', 'summary': "( Edward ) Alfred Briscoe Drury RA ( 11 November 1856 - 24 December 1944 ) was an English architectural sculptor and figure in the New Sculpture movement . Drury is best represented at the Victoria and Albert Museum , where he contributed the figure of Prince Albert immediately above the main entrance , nine lunettes with Drury 's characteristic allegorical girls each bearing a portion of the museum 's motto , allegorical figures of Inspiration and Knowledge , and Queen Victoria above it all , carrying a staff and flanked by a knight and angel . ( The spandrel figures of Truth and Beauty are by George Frampton . )"}]}, {'value': 'Harrogate Victoria Gardens , Station Square', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrogate', 'summary': "Harrogate ( /ˈhærəɡət/ HARR-ə-gət ) is a spa town in North Yorkshire , England . Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire , the town is a tourist destination and its visitor attractions include its spa waters and RHS Harlow Carr gardens . 13 miles ( 21 km ) away from the town centre is the Yorkshire Dales national park and the Nidderdale AONB . Harrogate grew out of two smaller settlements , High Harrogate and Low Harrogate , in the 17th century . For three consecutive years ( 2013-2015 ) , polls voted the town as the happiest place to live in Britain . Harrogate spa water contains iron , sulphur and common salt . The town became known as 'The English Spa ' in the Georgian era , after its waters were discovered in the 16th century . In the 17th and 18th centuries its 'chalybeate ' waters ( containing iron ) were a popular health treatment , and the influx of wealthy but sickly visitors contributed significantly to the wealth of the town . Harrogate railway station and Harrogate bus station in the town centre provide transport connections . Leeds Bradford International Airport is 10 miles ( 16 km ) southwest of Harrogate . The main roads through the town are the A61 , connecting Harrogate to Leeds and Ripon , and the A59 , connecting the town to York and Skipton . Harrogate is also connected to Wetherby and the A1 ( M ) , by the A661 ."}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingston upon Hull Queen Victoria Square', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull', 'summary': "Kingston upon Hull , usually abbreviated to Hull , is a port city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber Estuary , 25 miles ( 40 km ) inland from the North Sea , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Leeds , 34 miles ( 55 km ) south-east of York and 54 miles ( 87 km ) north-east of Sheffield . With a population of 260,645 ( mid-2018 est . ) , Hull is the fourth-largest city in Yorkshire and the Humber . The town of Wyke on Hull was founded late in the 12th century by the monks of Meaux Abbey as a port from which to export their wool . Renamed Kings-town upon Hull in 1299 , Hull has been a market town , military supply port , trading hub , fishing and whaling centre and industrial metropolis . Hull was an early theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars . Its 18th-century Member of Parliament , William Wilberforce , took a prominent part in the abolition of the slave trade in Britain . After suffering heavy damage in the Second World War ( the Hull Blitz ) , Hull weathered a period of post-industrial decline , gaining unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation , education and policing . In the early 21st century spending boom before the late 2000s recession the city saw large amounts of new retail , commercial , housing and public service construction spending . Tourist attractions include The Hull People 's Memorial , the historic Old Town and Museum Quarter , Hull Marina and The Deep aquarium . Sports teams include EFL Championship football club Hull City and rugby league clubs Hull F.C ."}]}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J.S . Gibson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeds Woodhouse Moor Park ( Originally outside Town Hall )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leeds', 'summary': "Leeds is the largest city in the county of West Yorkshire in Northern England , approximately 170 miles north of central London . Leeds has one of the most diverse economies of all the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private-sector jobs growth of any UK city . It also has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities , with 77% of its workforce working in the private sector . Leeds has the third-largest jobs total by local authority area , with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015 . Leeds is ranked as a High Sufficiency level city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Leeds is the cultural , financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . Leeds is served by five universities , and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country 's fourth largest urban economy . Leeds was a small manorial borough in the 13th century , and in the 17th and 18th centuries it became a major centre for the production and trading of wool , and in the Industrial Revolution a major mill town ; wool was still the dominant industry , but flax , engineering , iron foundries , printing , and other industries were also important . From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century , Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century . It now lies within the West Yorkshire Urban Area , the United Kingdom 's fourth-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.6 million . Today , Leeds has become the largest legal and financial centre outside London with the financial and insurance services industry worth £13 billion to the city 's economy . The finance and business service sector account for 38% of total output with more than 30 national and international banks located in the city , including an office of the Bank of England ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Woodhouse_Moor', 'summary': 'Woodhouse Moor is an open space approximately one mile ( 1.6 km ) from Leeds city centre , West Yorkshire , England . Today it consists of 3 parts : a formal park , Woodhouse Moor ( often referred to as Hyde Park - see below ) , of around 26 hectares in area on the west of Woodhouse Lane ( the A660 ) , and two other open areas on the east of it . These are known as the Monument ( or Upper ) and Cinder ( or Gravel , or Lower ) Moors which are used for events such as circuses and sporting matches , and sometimes car parking . Woodhouse Moor is north-west of Leeds city centre and is bounded by Woodhouse , the University of Leeds , Burley , Hyde Park , and Headingley . As of 2005 the park had just under 3 million visits a year and is the second most popular urban park in Leeds . The park has five main paths which meet in the centre , each is tree-lined and they divide the park into different areas of usage . In the New Year Honours 2009 , Head Gardener John Egan was awarded an MBE for services to the community .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir George Frampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Frampton', 'summary': 'Sir George James Frampton , RA ( 18 June 1860 - 21 May 1928 ) was a notable British sculptor and leading member of the New Sculpture movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Sheffield Endcliffe Park ( Originally outside Town Hall )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheffield', 'summary': "Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire , England . Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire , its name derives from the River Sheaf , which runs through the city . With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire , the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base . The population of the City of Sheffield is 582,506 ( mid-2018 est . ) and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the Core Cities Group . Sheffield is the third-largest English district by population . The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000 . The city is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines , and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries , the Loxley , the Porter Brook , the Rivelin and the Sheaf . Sixty-one per cent of Sheffield 's entire area is green space , and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park . There are more than 250 parks , woodlands and gardens in the city , which is estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees . Sheffield played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution , with many significant inventions and technologies developed in the city . In the 19th century , the city saw a huge expansion of its traditional cutlery trade , when stainless steel and crucible steel were developed locally , fuelling an almost tenfold increase in the population ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Endcliffe_Park', 'summary': "Endcliffe Park is a large park in the city of Sheffield , South Yorkshire , England . The park was opened in 1887 to commemorate the Jubilee of Queen Victoria . When travelling West from the city centre it is the first in a series of parks and green spaces , known collectively as Porter Valley Parks , all of which lie along the course of the Porter Brook . The next park in the sequence is Bingham Park , separated from Endcliffe Park by the A625 , Rustlings Road . In 1924 Patrick Abercrombie said of the parks , The Porter Brook Parkway , consisting as it does of a string of contiguous open spaces , is the finest example to be found in this country of a radial park strip , an elongated open space , leading from a built-up part of the city direct into the country , the land occupied being a river valley and so for the greater part unsuitable for building . Endcliffe Park comprises parkland as well as woodland . The portion along Rustlings Road is grassy and used as a recreation ground whilst the Northern border , separated from the recreation grounds by the Porter Brook is woodland , and is traversed by many paths . The entrance to the park was a toll bar on the Hathersage Road . Next to the entrance is a Grade II listed pavilion . To the left of the park 's entrance is the Hallamshire Tennis & Squash Club ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wakefield Castrop Rauxel Square ( Originally placed in Bull Ring , moved to Clarence Park in 1950 , returned to city centre in 1985 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakefield', 'summary': 'Wakefield is a cathedral city in the Wakefield district of West Yorkshire , England , on the River Calder and the eastern edge of the Pennines , which had a population of 99,251 at the 2011 census . The Battle of Wakefield took place in the Wars of the Roses and it was a Royalist stronghold in the Civil War . Wakefield became an important market town and centre for wool , exploiting its position on the navigable River Calder to become an inland port . In the 18th century , Wakefield traded in corn , coal mining and textiles and in 1888 its parish church acquired cathedral status . It became the county town of the West Riding of Yorkshire and was the seat of the West Riding County Council from 1889 until 1974 , when the county and council were abolished , and of the West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council from 1974 until its dissolution in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis John Williamson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'York West Bank Park , York ( Originally Guildhall )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/York', 'summary': 'York is a city and unitary authority area in North Yorkshire , England . The population of the council area which includes nearby villages was 208,200 as of 2017 [ citation needed ] and the population of the urban area was 153,717 at the 2011 census . Located at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss , it is the county town of the historic county of Yorkshire . The city is known for its famous historical landmarks such as York Minster and the city walls , as well as a variety of cultural and sporting activities , which makes it a popular tourist destination in England . The local authority is the City of York Council , a single tier governing body responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout the city . The City of York local government district includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries . It is about 25 miles north-east of Leeds and 34 miles north-west of Kingston upon Hull . York is the largest settlement in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire . The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD . It became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior , and later of the kingdoms of Deira , Northumbria and Jórvík . In the Middle Ages , York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England , a role it has retained . In the 19th century , York became a major hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre , a status it maintained well into the 20th century .'}]}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Walker Milburn , 1844-1941', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'United Kingdom -- Yorkshire and the Humber', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_statues_of_Queen_Victoria_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of statues of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, in locations worldwide.'}
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What damaged the city with the statue of Queen Victoria carved by J.S . Gibson in 1903 in WWII ?
Hull Blitz
08669764ea35c74d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_18)', 'title': 'Live with Regis and Kelly (season 18)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-hosts', 'Guests/segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'August 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Will Ferrell , Paula DeAnda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will_Ferrell', 'summary': "John William Ferrell ( /ˈfɛrəl/ ; born July 16 , 1967 ) is an American actor , comedian , producer , writer and businessman . He first established himself in the mid-1990s as a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live , and has subsequently starred in comedy films such as Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) , Talladega Nights ( 2006 ) , Step Brothers ( 2008 ) , The Other Guys ( 2010 ) and Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) , all but one of which he co-wrote with his comedy partner Adam McKay . The two also founded the comedy website Funny or Die in 2007 . Other film roles include Elf , Old School ( both 2003 ) , Blades of Glory ( 2007 ) , Daddy 's Home ( 2015 ) , and the animated films Megamind ( 2010 ) and The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) . Ferrell is considered a member of the Frat Pack , a generation of leading Hollywood comic actors who emerged in the late 1990s and the 2000s , including Jack Black , Ben Stiller , Steve Carell , Vince Vaughn , and brothers Owen and Luke Wilson . He received an Emmy Award nomination for his work on Saturday Night Live , and three Golden Globe Award nominations for acting in The Producers ( 2005 ) and Stranger than Fiction ( 2006 ) and for producing Vice ( 2018 ) . He was also named the best comedian of 2015 in the British GQ Men of the Year awards . Ferrell received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 24 , 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paula_DeAnda', 'summary': 'Paula Dacia DeAnda ( born November 3 , 1989 ) is an American singer and songwriter . She first came to prominence with her first single , Doing Too Much , which became a hit in the Southwest . She then got the opportunity to audition for Clive Davis , who signed her to Arista Records on the spot . Her debut album , Paula DeAnda , was released in 2006 and contained the US Billboard Hot 100 top twenty song Walk Away ( Remember Me ) .'}]}, {'value': 'August 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'John C. Reilly , Stephon Marbury , Cherish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_C._Reilly', 'summary': "John Christopher Reilly ( born May 24 , 1965 ) is an American actor , comedian , singer , voice actor , screenwriter , and producer who made his film debut in Brian De Palma 's war film Casualties of War ( 1989 ) . Reilly gained exposure through his supporting roles in Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) , What 's Eating Gilbert Grape ( 1993 ) , and The River Wild ( 1994 ) . He also starred in Paul Thomas Anderson 's films Hard Eight ( 1996 ) , Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) , and Magnolia ( 1999 ) . For his performance in Chicago ( 2002 ) , Reilly was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the corresponding Golden Globe Award . He worked with director Martin Scorsese on both Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) and The Aviator ( 2004 ) . In 2007 , he starred in the comedy Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story , garnering him a Grammy Award nomination and a second Golden Globe Award nomination for the song performed in the film , Walk Hard . Reilly starred with Will Ferrell and Sacha Baron Cohen in the Adam McKay-directed comedies Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2006 ) and Step Brothers ( 2008 ) . He voiced the title character in the commercially successful Wreck It Ralph film series ( 2012-2018 ) , and appeared in the superhero film Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , as well as Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) . Since 2010 , Reilly has been starring in the television series Check It Out ! with Dr. Steve Brule , playing the titular character that originated on Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! . In 2018 he starred as the comedian Oliver Hardy in the biopic Stan and Ollie . The role won him the Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephon_Marbury', 'summary': 'Stephon Xavier Marbury ( born February 20 , 1977 ) is an American former basketball player . He was selected out of Georgia Tech by the Milwaukee Bucks with the 4th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft , but was traded shortly thereafter to the Minnesota Timberwolves . He played in the NBA from 1996 to 2009 , also as a member of the New Jersey Nets , Phoenix Suns , New York Knicks and Boston Celtics . He was an NBA All-Star with the Suns in 2001 and 2003 , and was voted into the All-NBA Third Team in 2000 and 2003 . Marbury then played in the Chinese Basketball Association ( CBA ) from 2010 to 2018 , winning three CBA championships with the Beijing Ducks in 2012 , 2014 and 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cherish_(group)', 'summary': "Cherish is an American R & B , soul , and hip hop duo consisting of twins Felisha and Fallon King ( born ( 1988-06-05 ) June 5 , 1988 ) . The group originally included their older sisters Farrah and Neosha King but both have since departed the group . Originally from Maywood , Illinois , the four sisters moved to Atlanta , Georgia to begin their musical career . Both their parents are musicians , their father having been in the band Professions of Sounds , who frequently toured across the South West with classic acts like The Emotions and Earth , Wind & Fire . The group is signed to Capitol Records and Sho'nuff Records . They were a big success with the hit song Do It to It . The group first rose to fame in 2003 , when they were featured on the single In Love wit Chu , by Da Brat . They quickly followed up with their official debut single , Miss P. , which had minor success on the Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in the US . After the failure of the single , their initial debut album was cancelled . However , they continued recording music , and lent their vocals to the soundtrack for The Powerpuff Girls Movie . In 2006 , they released their second official single , Do It to It . The single was met with critical and commercial success , and was followed up with their debut album , Unappreciated , which reached number 4 on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the US ."}]}, {'value': 'August 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Danny DeVito , Five for Fighting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_DeVito', 'summary': "Daniel Michael DeVito Jr. ( born November 17 , 1944 ) is an American actor , director , producer , and screenwriter . He gained prominence for his portrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in the television series Taxi ( 1978-1983 ) , which won him a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award . He plays Frank Reynolds on the FX and FXX sitcom It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2006-present ) . He is known for his film roles in One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) , Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Throw Momma from the Train ( 1987 ) , Twins ( 1988 ) , The War of the Roses ( 1989 ) , Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , Get Shorty ( 1995 ) , Matilda ( 1996 ) , Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) , L.A . Confidential ( 1997 ) , Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) , Wiener-Dog ( 2016 ) , and most recently Dumbo ( 2019 ) . He is also known for his voice roles in such films as Space Jam ( 1996 ) , Hercules ( 1997 ) , and The Lorax ( 2012 ) . DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films . Soon afterwards , Stacey Sher became an equal partner . The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction , Garden State , and Freedom Writers . DeVito also owned Jersey Television , which produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911 ! . DeVito and wife Rhea Perlman starred together in his 1996 film Matilda , based on Roald Dahl 's children 's novel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Five_for_Fighting', 'summary': "Vladimir John Ondrasik III ( born January 7 , 1965 ) , known by his stage name Five for Fighting , is an American singer-songwriter , pianist , record producer , and philanthropist . He is best known for his piano-based rock , such as the top 40 hits Superman ( It 's Not Easy ) ( 2001 ) , 100 Years ( 2003 ) and The Riddle ( 2006 ) . He also had a string of moderate hits on the adult contemporary charts in the late 2000s and into the 2010s , including World ( 2006 ) , Chances ( 2009 ) , What If ( 2013 ) and Christmas Where You Are ( 2017 ) . Under the Five for Fighting name , Ondrasik has recorded six full-length studio albums , one EP , and several live albums . Ondrasik 's song Superman was nominated for a Grammy in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Martin Short', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Short', 'summary': 'Martin Hayter Short OC ( born March 26 , 1950 ) is a Canadian-American actor , comedian , singer and writer . He is known for his work on the television programs SCTV and Saturday Night Live . He has starred in comedy films such as Three Amigos ( 1986 ) , Innerspace ( 1987 ) , Three Fugitives ( 1989 ) , Father of the Bride ( 1991 ) , Pure Luck ( 1991 ) , Captain Ron ( 1992 ) , Father of the Bride Part II ( 1995 ) , Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) , Jungle 2 Jungle ( 1997 ) , and The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) . He created the characters Jiminy Glick and Ed Grimley . In 1999 , he won a Tony Award for his lead performance in a Broadway revival of Little Me .'}]}, {'value': 'Dale Earnhardt Jr. , Ziggy Marley , Michael Nouri , Grill Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr.', 'summary': "Ralph Dale Earnhardt Jr. ( born October 10 , 1974 ) is an American semi-retired , professional stock car racing driver . He is a team owner , author , and an analyst for NASCAR on NBC . Earnhardt competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for his team JR Motorsports . He is the son of the late Dale Earnhardt Sr. , who was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame . He is also the grandson of NASCAR driver Ralph Earnhardt , the brother of Kelley Earnhardt-Miller , the half-brother of former driver Kerry Earnhardt , the uncle of driver Jeffrey Earnhardt , and the stepson of Teresa Earnhardt . Earnhardt 's success at Daytona International Speedway throughout his career earned him the nickname Pied Piper of Daytona . He is a two-time Daytona 500 winner , winning the race exactly 10 years apart ( 2004 and 2014 ) , and has won the Most Popular Driver Award fifteen consecutive times from 2003-2017 . After driving the No . 8 Chevrolet Monte Carlo for Dale Earnhardt , Inc. ( DEI ) , his father 's team in the NASCAR Cup Series , for much of his early Cup career , he moved to Hendrick Motorsports to drive the No . 88 in 2008 . He remained with HMS until his retirement as a full-time driver in 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ziggy_Marley', 'summary': 'David Nesta Ziggy Marley ( born 17 October 1968 ) is a Jamaican musician and leader of the band Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers , and the son of reggae icon Bob Marley and Rita Marley .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Nouri', 'summary': 'Michael Nouri ( born December 9 , 1945 ) is an American television and film actor . His father , Edmond Nouri was born in Iraq . He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film Flashdance . He has had recurring roles in numerous television series , including NCIS as Eli David , the father of Mossad officer ( later Special Agent ) Ziva David , The O.C . as Dr. Neil Roberts , and Damages as Phil Grey . He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the 2006 comedy movie Last Holiday and LAPD Detective Thomas Beck in the science fiction action film The Hidden . He also starred opposite Julie Andrews as King Marchand in the 1995 Broadway adaptation of Victor/Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'August 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Maggie Gyllenhaal , Kristen Bell , Jody Watley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maggie_Gyllenhaal', 'summary': "Margalit Ruth Gyllenhaal ( /ˈdʒɪlənhɔːl/ ; born November 16 , 1977 ) is an American actress and producer . Part of the Gyllenhaal family , she is the daughter of filmmakers Stephen Gyllenhaal and Naomi Achs , and the older sister of actor Jake Gyllenhaal . She began her career as a teenager with small roles in several of her father 's films , and appeared with her brother in the cult favorite Donnie Darko ( 2001 ) . She received critical acclaim for her starring roles in the independent films Secretary ( 2002 ) and Sherrybaby ( 2006 ) , earning Golden Globe nominations in the Comedy and Drama categories , respectively . In 2008 , she received widespread recognition for playing Rachel Dawes in Christopher Nolan 's superhero film The Dark Knight . Her other film credits include Adaptation. , Confessions of a Dangerous Mind ( both 2002 ) , Mona Lisa Smile ( 2003 ) , Happy Endings ( 2005 ) , Paris , je t'aime , World Trade Center , Monster House , Stranger Than Fiction ( all 2006 ) , and Away We Go ( 2009 ) . For her performance in Crazy Heart ( 2009 ) , she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She subsequently starred in the films Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang ( 2010 ) , Wo n't Back Down ( 2012 ) , Hysteria ( 2011 ) , White House Down ( 2013 ) , and Frank ( 2014 ) . In 2014 , Gyllenhaal made her Broadway debut in a revival of The Real Thing , and starred in the BBC television miniseries The Honourable Woman . For her performance in the latter , she received a Golden Globe and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy . She starred as Candy on the HBO series The Deuce ( 2017-2019 ) , which she produced . Her other producing credits include the 2018 film The Kindergarten Teacher ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kristen_Bell', 'summary': "Kristen Anne Bell ( born July 18 , 1980 ) is an American actress and singer . She began her professional acting career by starring in stage productions while attending the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University . In 2001 , she made her Broadway debut as Becky Thatcher in the comedy musical The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and starred in the Broadway revival of The Crucible the following year . In 2004 , she appeared in the action thriller film Spartan and received critical praise for her performance in the television drama film Gracie 's Choice . Bell garnered critical acclaim for her first major role as the title character in the teen noir drama television series Veronica Mars ( 2004-2007 ) . For her performance , she was awarded a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television . She reprised the eponymous role in the 2014 film continuation and the 2019 revival series . During her time on Veronica Mars , Bell starred as Mary Lane in the musical film Reefer Madness : The Movie Musical ( 2005 ) , a reprise of the role she had played in the New York musical upon which the film was based . From 2007 to 2008 , Bell starred as Elle Bishop in the science fiction drama series Heroes . From 2007 to 2012 , she voiced the titular narrator in the teen drama series Gossip Girl . In 2008 , she had her breakout film role as the title character in Forgetting Sarah Marshall . She has since appeared in a number of comedy films , including Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) , When in Rome ( 2010 ) , You Again ( 2010 ) , The Boss ( 2016 ) , Bad Moms ( 2016 ) , and A Bad Moms Christmas ( 2017 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jody_Watley', 'summary': 'Jody Vanessa Watley ( born January 30 , 1959 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and artist whose music crosses genres including pop , R & B , jazz , dance , and electronic soul . In 1987 , she won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist and has been nominated for three Grammy awards . In 2008 , she was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from Billboard magazine , and was also prominently featured in the historic black issue of Vogue Italia in 2008 . Her early music influences are Diana Ross , Marvin Gaye , Stevie Wonder , Michael Jackson , The Jackson 5 , The Carpenters , Roberta Flack , Prince , Grace Jones and various jazz artists including Nancy Wilson . In December 2016 Billboard ranked her as the 21st most successful dance artist of all-time . and in 2017 Black Music Honors TV special recognized Watley as Crossover Music Icon Honoree for her groundbreaking achievements and influence . In August 2018 Billboard ranked Jody Watley as one of the top female artists of all-time , at number 53 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Christina Milian , Hulk Hogan , Eddie Money', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christina_Milian', 'summary': "Christine Flores ( born September 26 , 1981 ) , better known as Christina Milian ( /ˌmɪliˈɑːn/ ) , is an American actress , singer and songwriter of Cuban origin . Born in Jersey City , New Jersey , and raised in Maryland , Milian signed a contract with Def Jam at the age of 19 . In 2001 , Milian released her self-titled debut album , which featured the singles AM to PM and When You Look at Me ; AM to PM charted within the Top 40 of the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 and both peaked in the top three on the UK Singles Chart . In 2004 , Milian released her second studio album It 's About Time , which provided her first major U.S. hit , Dip It Low , which reached number five on the U.S . Billboard chart . Whatever U Want was released as the album 's second single . Both singles charted within the Top 10 of the UK chart . In 2006 , Milian released her third studio album So Amazin ' . The album produced one single , Say I , which peaked in the Top 30 of the US Billboard chart . A month after the release of So Amazin ' , Milian 's representative confirmed that she had left Island Records due to creative differences . Milian signed with Interscope Records in 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hulk_Hogan', 'summary': "Terry Gene Bollea ( /bəˈleɪə/ , born August 11 , 1953 ) , better known by his ring name as Hulk Hogan , is an American retired professional wrestler , actor , television personality , entrepreneur , and musician . According to IGN , Hogan is the most recognized wrestling star worldwide and the most popular wrestler of the 1980s . Hogan began his professional wrestling career in 1977 , but gained worldwide recognition after signing for World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1983 . There , his persona as a heroic all-American helped usher in the 1980s professional wrestling boom , where he headlined the first nine editions of WWF 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania . During his initial run , Hogan also won the WWF Championship five times , with his first reign holding the record for the second-longest in company history . Additionally , he is the first wrestler to win consecutive Royal Rumble matches , winning in 1990 and 1991 . In 1994 , he departed the WWF to sign for rival promotion World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . Hogan subsequently won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship six times , and also holds the record for the longest reign in company history . In 1996 , he adopted the villainous persona of Hollywood Hulk Hogan , leading the popular New World Order ( NWO ) stable . As a result , he became a major figure during the Monday Night Wars , another boom of mainstream professional wrestling . Hogan also headlined WCW 's annual flagship event Starrcade three times , including the most profitable WCW pay-per-view ever at the event 's 1997 edition . Aside from those promotions , Hogan also performed for the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Money', 'summary': "Edward Joseph Mahoney ( March 21 , 1949 - September 13 , 2019 ) , known professionally as Eddie Money , was an American rock singer and songwriter who had success in the 1970s and 1980s with 11 Top 40 songs including Baby Hold On , Two Tickets to Paradise , Think I 'm in Love , Shakin ' , Take Me Home Tonight , I Wan na Go Back , Walk on Water , and The Love in Your Eyes . Money was known as a working-class rocker with a husky voice . In 1987 , he was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance for Take Me Home Tonight ."}]}, {'value': 'August 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Elisha Cuthbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elisha_Cuthbert', 'summary': "Elisha Ann Cuthbert Phaneuf ( born November 30 , 1982 ) is a Canadian actress and model . She played Kim Bauer in the series 24 , Darcie Goldberg in the 2003 college comedy Old School , Danielle in the 2004 teen comedy film The Girl Next Door , and Carly Jones in the 2005 remake of House of Wax . As of June 2019 [ update ] , she plays Abby Phillips in the Netflix Original Series The Ranch . In 2013 , Maxim magazine named her TV 's most beautiful woman . At the age of 14 , Cuthbert made her feature film debut in the 1997 family-drama Dancing on the Moon . Her first major lead role came in the 1998 drama film Airspeed ( No Control ) alongside Joe Mantegna . In 2001 , she starred in the movie Lucky Girl , in which she received her first award , the Gemini Awards , but her career began in earnest in the 2000s when she played Kim Bauer , daughter of Jack Bauer in the action series 24 . Subsequently , Cuthbert appeared in the lead role in the films The Quiet ( 2005 ) and Captivity ( 2007 ) . From 2011 to 2013 , Cuthbert starred as Alex Kerkovich in the three seasons of the ABC comedy Happy Endings . Beginning in 2016 , Cuthbert had a recurring role on the Netflix series The Ranch , before becoming a main cast member in the series ' second season ."}]}, {'value': 'August 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Michelle Wie , Rick Springfield , winner of Last Comic Standing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Wie', 'summary': "Michelle Sung Wie ( /ˈwiː/ ; born October 11 , 1989 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour . At age 10 , she became the youngest player to qualify for a USGA amateur championship . Wie also became the youngest winner of the U.S. Women 's Amateur Public Links and the youngest to qualify for an LPGA Tour event . She turned professional shortly before her 16th birthday in 2005 , accompanied by an enormous amount of publicity and endorsements . She won her first major at the 2014 U.S. Women 's Open ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rick_Springfield', 'summary': "Richard Lewis Springthorpe ( born 23 August 1949 ) , known professionally as Rick Springfield , is an Australian musician and actor . He was a member of the pop rock group Zoot from 1969 to 1971 , then started his solo career with his debut single Speak to the Sky reaching the top 10 in Australia in mid-1972 , when he moved to the United States . He had a No . 1 hit with Jessie 's Girl in 1981 in both Australia and the U.S. , for which he received the Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance . He followed with four more top 10 U.S. hits , I 've Done Everything for You , Do n't Talk to Strangers , Affair of the Heart and Love Somebody . Springfield 's two U.S. top 10 albums are Working Class Dog ( 1981 ) and Success Has n't Spoiled Me Yet ( 1982 ) . As an actor , he starred in the television series High Tide , from 1994 to 1997 , and has appeared in supporting roles in Ricki and the Flash and True Detective ( both in 2015 ) . He portrayed Dr. Noah Drake on the daytime drama General Hospital , from 1981 to 1983 and during 2005 to 2008 and 2012 , returning in 2013 for the show 's 50th anniversary with son and actor Liam Springthorpe . He played a depraved version of himself in Californication ( 2009 ) . In 2010 , Springfield published his autobiography , Late , Late at Night : A Memoir . In 2016 he starred as Vince Vincente/Lucifer in season 12 of The CW series Supernatural . In 2017 , he starred as Pastor Charles in the American Horror Story episode entitled Winter of Our Discontent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Last_Comic_Standing', 'summary': 'Last Comic Standing was an American reality television talent competition show on NBC that aired from 2003 to 2010 , then again in 2014 and 2015 . The goal of the program was to select a comedian from an initially large group of hopefuls . For the first seven seasons , the winner received a cash prize and a television special ; for season eight in 2014 , the winner won a cash prize , a talent deal with NBC , and a half-hour scripted project developed by Universal Television .'}]}, {'value': 'August 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Emeril Lagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emeril_Lagasse', 'summary': "Emeril John Lagassé III ( /ˈɛmərəl ləˈɡɑːsi/ EM-ə-rəl lə-GAH-see ; born October 15 , 1959 ) is an American celebrity chef , restaurateur , television personality , cookbook author , and National Best Recipe award winner for his Turkey and Hot Sausage Chili recipe in 2003 . He is a regional James Beard Award winner , known for his mastery of Creole and Cajun cuisine and his self-developed New New Orleans style . He has appeared on a wide variety of cooking TV shows , including the long-running Food Network shows Emeril Live and Essence of Emeril . On those shows he pioneered several catchphrases he is associated with , including Kick it up a notch ! and Bam ! Lagasse 's portfolio of media , products , and restaurants generates an estimated US $ 150 million annually in revenue ."}]}, {'value': 'Loverboy , Grill Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loverboy', 'summary': "Loverboy is a Canadian rock band formed in 1979 in Calgary , Alberta . Loverboy 's hit singles , particularly Turn Me Loose and Working for the Weekend , have become arena rock staples and are still heard on many classic rock and classic hits radio stations across Canada and the United States . The band is based in Vancouver , British Columbia . After being rejected by many American record labels , they signed with Columbia/CBS Records Canada and began recording their first album on March 20 , 1980 . Loverboy 's founding members were lead singer Mike Reno , guitarist Paul Dean , keyboardist Doug Johnson , bassist Scott Smith , and drummer Matt Frenette . Throughout the 1980s , Loverboy accumulated numerous hit songs in Canada and the United States , earning four multi-platinum albums and selling millions of records . Except for a brief breakup from 1988-1991 , the band has continued to perform live shows regularly ."}]}, {'value': 'August 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "Julianna Margulies , Cassie , The World 's Greatest Family Recipe Search", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julianna_Margulies', 'summary': "Julianna Luisa Margulies ( /ˈmɑːrɡjʊliːs/ ; born June 8 , 1966 ) is an American actress and producer . After several small television roles , Margulies achieved wide recognition for her role as Carol Hathaway on NBC 's long-running medical drama ER , for which she won an Emmy Award . She also voiced Neera in Dinosaur ( 2000 ) and appeared in the miniseries The Mists of Avalon ( 2001 ) . In 2009 , she took on the lead role of Alicia Florrick in the American legal drama The Good Wife on CBS . Her performance garnered acclaim : she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series twice , a Golden Globe , and a Television Critics Association Award . In 2018 , Margulies had a co-starring role as Kitty Montgomery in the AMC dark comedy series Dietland . Margulies has won eight Screen Actor Guild Awards , making her the second most awarded woman ever within SAG after Julia Louis-Dreyfus . In 2015 , Time magazine featured her as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World . She has been awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cassie_(singer)', 'summary': "Casandra Elizabeth Ventura Fine ( born August 26 , 1986 ) , known mononymously as Cassie , is an American singer , songwriter , model , actress and dancer . Born in New London , Connecticut , she began her career as a result of meeting record producer Ryan Leslie in late 2004 , who later signed her to NextSelection Lifestyle Group . During this time , Diddy heard Me & U in a club , and Leslie convinced him to partner his Bad Boy Records with Leslie 's NextSelection imprint for the release of Cassie 's debut album . Cassie 's self titled debut studio album was released in August 2006 , peaking at number four on the Billboard 200 chart and features the Billboard Hot 100 top three hit Me & U . In 2008 , Cassie released the single Official Girl featuring Lil Wayne . In 2009 , she released the singles Must Be Love featuring Diddy , and Let 's Get Crazy featuring Akon , and signed a record deal with Interscope Records . In April 2013 , Cassie released her debut mixtape RockaByeBaby , which was promoted with the music videos of Numb featuring Rick Ross and Paradise featuring Wiz Khalifa . Apart from music , Cassie is signed to modeling agency Wilhelmina Models and One Management . Cassie has modeled for Calvin Klein one and has been featured in magazines including GQ and Bust and becoming the face of ASOS 2013 spring collection , Cassie has appeared in adverts for Delia 's , Adidas , Abercrombie & Fitch , Seventeen , and a commercial for Clean and Clear . Cassie has also ventured into acting ; she made her film debut in Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'August 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Samuel L. Jackson , George Thorogood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson', 'summary': "Samuel Leroy Jackson ( born December 21 , 1948 ) is an American actor and film producer . Jackson has won critical acclaim and numerous accolades and awards , and is the highest-grossing actor of all time ( when cameo appearances are excluded ) . He came to prominence in the early 1990s with films such as Goodfellas ( 1990 ) , Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) , Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , Amos & Andrew ( 1993 ) , True Romance ( 1993 ) , Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) and his collaborations with director Quentin Tarantino including Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Django Unchained ( 2012 ) , and The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) . For his role in Pulp Fiction , he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Jackson is a highly prolific actor , having appeared in over 150 films , including Die Hard with a Vengeance ( 1995 ) , A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) , The Long Kiss Goodnight ( 1996 ) , The Negotiator ( 1998 ) , Deep Blue Sea ( 1999 ) , Unbreakable ( 2000 ) , Shaft ( 2000 ) and its sequel , XXX ( 2002 ) , Snakes on a Plane ( 2006 ) , Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) and the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( 1999-2005 ) . With Jackson 's permission , his likeness was used for the Ultimate version of the Marvel Comics character Nick Fury . He has subsequently played Fury in eleven Marvel Cinematic Universe films beginning with a cameo appearance in Iron Man ( 2008 ) , as well as guest starring in the television series Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . Jackson has provided his voice to several animated films , television series and video games , including the roles of Lucius Best / Frozone in Pixar Animation Studios ' films The Incredibles ( 2004 ) and Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) , Mace Windu in Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , Whiplash in Turbo ( 2013 ) , Afro Samurai in the anime television series Afro Samurai ( 2007 ) , and Frank Tenpenny in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ( 2004 ) . Jackson is ranked as the highest all-time box office star with over $ 7.1 billion total US box office gross , an average of $ 89.9 million per film . The worldwide box office total of his films ( excluding cameo appearances ) is over $ 16.7 billion . He became the top-grossing actor in October 2011 , surpassing veteran voice actor Frank Welker ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Thorogood', 'summary': 'George Lawrence Thorogood ( born February 24 , 1950 ) is an American musician , singer and songwriter from Wilmington , Delaware . His high-energy boogie-blues sound became a staple of 1980s rock radio , with hits like his original songs Bad to the Bone and I Drink Alone . He has also helped to popularize older songs by American icons , such as Move It on Over , Who Do You Love ? , and House Rent Boogie/One Bourbon , One Scotch , One Beer . With his band , the Destroyers , Thorogood has released over 20 albums , of which two have been certified Platinum and six have been certified Gold . He has sold 15 million albums worldwide . Thorogood and band continue to tour extensively with an Australian/New Zealand Tour scheduled for January 2020 , and in 2014 the band celebrated their 40th anniversary of performing .'}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Hilary Duff , Joan Rivers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilary_Duff', 'summary': "Hilary Erhard Duff ( born September 28 , 1987 ) is an American actress , businesswoman , singer , songwriter , producer , and writer . Duff began her acting career at a young age and quickly became labeled a teen idol as the title character of the hit television series Lizzie McGuire ( 2001-2004 ) and in the theatrical film based on the series , The Lizzie McGuire Movie ( 2003 ) . Thereafter , Duff appeared in numerous films , with leading roles in Agent Cody Banks ( 2003 ) , Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) , A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) , and Cheaper by the Dozen 2 ( 2005 ) . After experiencing commercial and critical failure in Material Girls ( 2006 ) , Duff began appearing in independent films such as War , Inc. ( 2008 ) , According to Greta ( 2009 ) , and The Haunting of Sharon Tate ( 2019 ) . She was also an executive producer on the latter two films . Since 2015 , she has starred as Kelsey Peters on the TV Land comedy-drama series Younger , for which she has received nominations for People 's Choice Awards in 2016 and 2017 . Duff first came to prominence in music after releasing her Christmas-themed debut studio album , Santa Claus Lane ( 2002 ) , through Walt Disney Records . She then enjoyed significant commercial success and platinum and gold certifications with her subsequent studio albums released through Hollywood Records , including Metamorphosis ( 2003 ) , Hilary Duff ( 2004 ) , Most Wanted ( 2005 ) , and Dignity ( 2007 ) . Following a hiatus from music , Duff signed with RCA Records for her fifth studio album , Breathe In . Breathe Out . ( 2015 ) , which debuted in the top 5 positions in Duff 's major markets : the US and Canada . In addition to music and acting , Duff has also co-authored a trilogy of novels , beginning with Elixir ( 2010 ) , which became a New York Times best seller , and followed by the sequels Devoted ( 2011 ) and True ( 2013 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joan_Rivers', 'summary': "Joan Alexandra Molinsky ( June 8 , 1933 - September 4 , 2014 ) , known professionally as Joan Rivers , was an American comedian , actress , writer , producer , and television host . She was noted for her often controversial comedic persona - heavily self-deprecating and sharply acerbic , especially towards celebrities and politicians . Rivers rose to prominence in 1965 as a guest on The Tonight Show . Hosted by her mentor , Johnny Carson , the show established Rivers ' comedic style . In 1986 , with her own rival program , The Late Show with Joan Rivers , Rivers became the first woman to host a late night network television talk show . She subsequently hosted The Joan Rivers Show ( 1989-1993 ) , winning a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Talk Show Host . From the mid-1990s , she became known for her comedic red carpet awards show celebrity interviews , and in 2009 , she was the Celebrity Apprentice Winner . Rivers co-hosted the E ! celebrity fashion show Fashion Police from 2010 to 2014 and starred in the reality series Joan & Melissa : Joan Knows Best ? ( 2011-2014 ) with daughter Melissa Rivers . She was the subject of the documentary Joan Rivers : A Piece of Work ( 2010 ) . In addition to marketing a line of jewelry and apparel on the QVC shopping channel , Rivers authored 12 best-selling books and three LP comedy albums under her own name : Mr. Phyllis And Other Funny Stories ( Warner Bros 1965 ) , The Next To Last Joan Rivers Album ( Buddah 1969 ) , and What Becomes A Semi-Legend Most ?"}]}, {'value': 'August 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Chris Isaak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Isaak', 'summary': "Christopher Joseph Isaak ( born June 26 , 1956 ) is an American musician and occasional actor . He is widely known for his hit Wicked Game , as well as the songs Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing and Somebody 's Crying . He is known for his signature 1950s rock & roll style and crooner sound , as well as his falsetto and reverb-laden music . He is closely associated with film director David Lynch , who has used his music in numerous films and gave him a role in the film Twin Peaks : Fire Walk With Me . His songs generally focus on the themes of love , loss , and heartbreak . With a career spanning four decades , he has released a total of 12 studio albums , toured , and received numerous award nominations . He has been called the Roy Orbison of the 1990s and is often also compared to Elvis Presley , Ricky Nelson , and Duane Eddy ."}]}, {'value': 'Dominic Purcell , Fantasia Barrino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominic_Purcell', 'summary': "Dominic Haakon Myrtved Purcell ( born 17 February 1970 ) is an Australian actor . He is best known for his portrayals of Lincoln Burrows in Fox 's Prison Break ( 2005-2009 ; 2017 ) and Mick Rory / Heat Wave in The CW 's The Flash ( 2014-2016 ) and Legends of Tomorrow ( 2016-present ) , as well as Drake in Blade : Trinity ( 2004 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fantasia_Barrino', 'summary': 'Fantasia Monique Barrino-Taylor ( born June 30 , 1984 ) , known professionally by her mononym Fantasia , is an American R & B singer , songwriter , actress and author . She rose to fame as the winner of the third season of the reality television series American Idol in 2004 . Following her victory , she released her debut single , I Believe , which debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Subsequently , she released her debut album , Free Yourself , which went on to be certified Platinum by the RIAA and earned Barrino three Grammy nominations in 2006 . In 2006 , she released her second album , Fantasia , which featured the single When I See U which topped the Billboard Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for eight weeks . This album was certified Gold by the RIAA and received three Grammy nominations in 2008 . She then played the part of Celie in the Broadway musical The Color Purple , for which she won a 2007 Theatre World Award . Her third studio album , Back to Me , was released worldwide on August 24 , 2010 and features the single Bittersweet , which peaked in the top ten on the R & B chart . The single won her a Grammy for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance . As of February 2012 , Barrino has sold 3,842,000 albums and 2,425,000 tracks in the United States . In 2012 , VH1 ranked her number 32 out of the 100 Greatest Women in Music . On April 18 , 2013 , Barrino returned to American Idol singing Lose to Win .'}]}], 'section_title': 'August 2006', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_18)_11', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 18th season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of e-mails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."}
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What character did this actress and model play who guested on the show co-hosted by the actress known for the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children ?
Darcie Goldberg
0866c09aed0be27e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Kazakhstan_Premier_League', 'title': '2013 Kazakhstan Premier League', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Venue', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aktobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Aktobe', 'summary': 'Football Club Aktobe ( Kazakh : Aqtóbe Fýtbol Klýby ) , commonly referred to as FC Aktobe or simply Aktobe , is a professional football club based in Aktobe . They play in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . Formed as Aktyubinets in 1967 , they became Aktobemunai in 1996 , Aktobe in 1997 , Aktobe-Lento in 2000 and finally Aktobe again in 2005 . Their home ground is the 13,500 seat Central Stadium . Aktobe have won five league titles , one Kazakhstan Cup and three Kazakhstan Super Cup . The club has also won two Soviet Second League titles in 1981 and 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Aktobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aktobe', 'summary': 'Aktobe ( Kazakh : Ақтөбе , romanized : Aqtóbe ; Russian : Актобе́ , romanized : Aktobe ) is a city on the Ilek River in Kazakhstan . It is the administrative center of Aktobe Region . In 2020 , it had a population of 500 803 people . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Aktobe Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aktobe_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Koblandy batyr stadium ( Kazakh : Қобыланды батыр стадионы , Qobylandy batyr stadıony ) is the main football arena of the city and for FC Aktobe . It was constructed in 1975 . On the opening day on August 28 , 1975 , Aktyubinets played against CSKA Moscow . Match ended with score 1:0 in favor of visiting team . Kopeykin scored the goal . The stadium is one of the best attended in Kazakhstan with capacity of just under 13,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '13,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akzhayik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Akzhayik', 'summary': 'FC Akzhayik ( Kazakh : Aqjaıyq Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakhstani professional football club , based in Oral , current member of the Kazakhstan First Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Oral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oral,_Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Oral ( Kazakh : Орал , romanized : Oral ) , Ural'sk ( Russian : Уральск ) in Russian , formerly known as Yaitsk ( Russian : Яицк , until 1775 ) , is a city in northwestern Kazakhstan , at the confluence of the Ural and Chogan rivers close to the Russian border . As it is located on the western bank of the Ural river , it is considered geographically in Europe . It is the capital of the West Kazakhstan Region . The ethnic composition is dominated by Kazakhs ( 60% ) and Russians . Population : 271,900 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 194,905 ( 1999 Census results ) . Oral is an agricultural and industrial centre , and has been an important trade stop since its founding . Barge traffic has passed up and down the Ural River between the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains for centuries . Today it is one of the major entry points for rail traffic from Europe to Siberia , servicing the many new oil fields in the Caspian basin and the industrial cities of the southern Urals . It is served by Oral Ak Zhol Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Petr Atoyan Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petr_Atoyan_Stadium', 'summary': 'Petr Atoyan Stadium is a football stadium in Oral , Kazakhstan . It is the home stadium of FC Akzhayik of the Kazakhstan Premier League . The stadium holds 8,320 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '8,320', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Astana', 'summary': "Astana Football Club ( Kazakh : Astana Fýtbol Klýby ) is a professional football club based in Nur-Sultan . They play in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . The club 's home ground is the 30,254-seat Astana Arena stadium . The club colours , reflected in their badge and kit , are sky blue and yellow . Founded as Lokomotiv Astana in 2009 , the club changed its name to Astana in 2011 . They are members of the Astana Presidential Club , an association of the main sports teams in Astana supported by the Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna . The short history of the club already boasts five league titles , three Kazakhstan Cups and three Kazakhstan Super Cups . The club 's strongest rivalry is with Kairat , among fans their matches are known as the Two Capitals Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Astana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astana', 'summary': "Nur-Sultan ( US : /ˌnʊərsʊlˈtɑːn/ ; Kazakh : Nur-Sultan , Нұр-Сұлтан ; Russian : Нур-Султан ) , previously named Astana [ a ] ( Kazakh : Astana , Russian : Астана ) from 1998 to 2019 , is the capital city of Kazakhstan . In March 2019 , it was renamed to Nur-Sultan after the departing Kazakh president , Nursultan Nazarbayev . It stands on the banks of the Ishim River in the northern portion of Kazakhstan , within the Akmola Region , though administered separately from the region as a city with special status . A 2017 official estimate reported a population of 1,029,556 within the city limits , making it the second-largest city in the country , behind Almaty , the capital from 1991 to 1997 . Akmola ( from 1998 Astana and from 2019 Nur-Sultan ) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997 , and since then has developed economically into one of the most modernized cities in Central Asia . On 23 March 2019 , following a unanimous vote in Kazakhstan 's parliament , the city was renamed Nur-Sultan , after former Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev . Modern Nur-Sultan is a planned city , much like other planned capitals . After it became the capital of Kazakhstan , the city cardinally changed its shape . The Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa designed the master plan of Astana . As the seat of the Government of Kazakhstan , Nur-Sultan is the site of the Parliament House , the Supreme Court , the Ak Orda Presidential Palace and numerous government departments and agencies . It is home to many futuristic buildings , hotels and skyscrapers ."}]}, {'value': 'Astana Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astana_Arena', 'summary': 'The Astana Arena ( Kazakh : Астана Арена ) is a football stadium in Nur-Sultan ( formerly Astana ) , Kazakhstan . The stadium holds 30,000 and has a retractable roof . It serves as the national stadium for the Kazakhstan national football team . Astana Arena is the second largest stadium in the country and it was built from 2006 to 2009 at a cost of $ 185 million , and was officially opened on 3 July 2009 . It is also a home ground for FC Astana of the Kazakhstan Premier League and FC Bayterek of the Kazakhstan First Division . The stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the 7th Asian Winter Games on 31 January 2011 . Astana Arena was one of the venues to bid to host UEFA Euro 2020 matches .'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atyrau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Atyrau', 'summary': "Football Club Atyrau ( Kazakh : Атырау футбол клубы , Atyraý fýtbol klýby ) are a professional football club based in Atyrau , who play in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . The club 's home ground is the 8,690-seat Munaishy Stadium , where they have played since their inception ."}]}, {'value': 'Atyrau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atyrau', 'summary': 'Atyrau ( Kazakh : Атырау , Atyraý , أتيراو , pronounced [ ɑtəˈrɑw ] ; Russian : Атырау , pronounced [ ɐtɨˈraʊ ] ) , known as Guryev ( Russian : Гурьев , pronounced [ ˈɡurʲjɪf ] ) until 1991 , is a city in Kazakhstan , and the capital of Atyrau Region . It is located at the mouth of the Ural River on the Caspian Sea , 2,700 kilometres ( 1,700 miles ) west of Almaty and 351 kilometres ( 218 miles ) east of the Russian city of Astrakhan . Modern Atyrau is famous for its oil and gas industries . It has 154,100 inhabitants ( 2007 ) , up from 142,500 ( 1999 census ) , 90% ethnic Kazakhs ( up from 80% ) , the rest being mostly Russians and other ethnic groups such as Tatars and Ukrainians .'}]}, {'value': 'Munaishy Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munaishy_Stadium', 'summary': 'Munayshy Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Atyrau , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Atyrau . Coordinates : 47°05′39″N 51°54′30″E / 47.094085°N 51.908324°E / 47.094085 ; 51.908324'}]}, {'value': '9,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irtysh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Irtysh_Pavlodar', 'summary': "FC Irtysh Pavlodar ( Kazakh : Ертіс Футбол Клубы , Ertis Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club based at the Central Stadium in Pavlodar . Irtysh won the Kazakhstan Premier league in 1993 ( as Ansat ) , 1997 , 1999 , 2002 and 2003 . The club is also founding members of the top league and never relegated to lower levels . Irtysh have participated in the AFC Champions League a number of times , reaching the semi-finals in 2001 ( the final year of Kazakhstan 's AFC affiliation ) , and played in UEFA Champions League qualifying round in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pavlodar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pavlodar', 'summary': "One of the oldest cities in northern Kazakhstan , Pavlodar was founded in 1720 as Koryakovsky , an Imperial Russian outpost . The settlement was created to establish control over the region 's salt lakes , an important source of valuable salt . In 1861 the settlement was renamed Pavlodar and incorporated as a town . Pavlodar 's significance was due in large measure to the substantial agricultural and salt-producing industries that had developed there despite the town 's relatively small population . Pavlodar 's population numbered only about 8,000 in 1897 . The name Pavlodar means The Gift of Paul , and was chosen to commemorate the birth of the Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia . After 1955 , the Soviet Government 's Virgin Lands Campaign provided the impetus for the rapid growth and development of modern Pavlodar . Under the program , large numbers of young men and women from throughout the Soviet Union were relocated to the city ; industrial and commercial activity was increased ; and from the mid-1960s on , Pavlodar grew to become a major industrial centre of both the Kazakh SSR and of the Soviet Union because of a major arms and armour manufacturing facility located in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Pavlodar Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pavlodar_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'Pavlodar Central Stadium ( Kazakh : Орталық стадион , Ortalyq stadıon ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Pavlodar , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Irtysh .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kairat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Kairat', 'summary': "Football Club Kairat ( Kazakh : Qaırat Fýtbol Klýby ) is a professional football club based in Almaty , which plays in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . Founded in 1954 as Lokomotiv Alma-Ata , they became Urozhay in 1955 and Kairat in 1956 . The club 's home ground is the Central Stadium which has a capacity of 23,804 . The club 's home kit colours are yellow and black striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . Kairat was the leading Kazakh club during the Soviet period and the only representative of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Top League . For this , Kairat became nicknamed The Nation 's Team , and remain widely supported all over the country . All in all , the club spent 24 seasons in the Soviet highest level . They also won Soviet First League titles twice in 1976 and 1983 . During this period , Kairat was a part of the Voluntary Sports Societies of the Soviet Union . In modern history , Kairat won two league titles , eight Kazakhstan Cups and two Kazakhstan Super Cups . The club 's strongest rivalry is FC Astana , among fans their matches are considered as the Two Capitals Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Almaty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almaty', 'summary': "Almaty ( /ˈælməti/ ; Kazakh : Almaty , Алматы ; Yañalif : Almatь ; [ ɑlmɑˈtə ] ; Russian : Алматы , [ ɐlmɐˈtɨ ] ) , formerly known as Alma-Ata ( /ˌælmə.əˈtɑː/ ; Kazakh : Alma-Ata ; Russian : Алма-Ата , romanized : Alma-Ata ) and Verniy ( Russian : Верный , romanized : Vernyy ) , is the largest city in Kazakhstan , with a population of 2,039,376 people , about 11% of the country 's total population , and more than 2.7 million in its built-up area that encompasses Talgar , Boraldai , Otegen Batyr and many other suburbs . It served as capital of the Soviet and later independent Kazakhstan from 1929 to 1997 . In 1997 , the government relocated the capital to Astana ( known as Nur-Sultan as of 23 March 2019 ) in the north of the country and about 12 hours away by train . Almaty continues as the major commercial and cultural centre of Kazakhstan , as well as its most populous and most cosmopolitan city . The city is located in the mountainous area of southern Kazakhstan near the border with Kyrgyzstan in the foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau at an elevation of 700-900 m ( 2,300-3,000 feet ) , where the Large and Small Almatinka rivers run into the plain . The city has been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the area of music since November 2017 . The city was the host for a 1978 international conference on Primary Health Care where the Alma Ata Declaration was adopted , marking a paradigm shift in global public health ."}]}, {'value': 'Almaty Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almaty_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Central Stadium ( Kazakh : Алматы орталық стадионы , Almaty ortalyq stadıony or Орталық стадион , Ortalyq stadıon ; Ortalyq Stadıony ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Almaty , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium is shared by FC Kairat Almaty . It also serves as the home stadium for the Kazakhstan national football team .'}]}, {'value': '25,057', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ordabasy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Ordabasy', 'summary': 'FC Ordabasy ( Kazakh : Ордабасы Футбол Клубы , Ordabasy Fýtbol Klýby ) is a football club from Kazakhstan based at the K. Munaitpasov Stadium in Shymkent . Ordabasy was formed in July 2000 as FC Dostyk , following the merger of two existing Kazakhstan Premier League sides , FC Zhiger and FC Tomiris .'}]}, {'value': 'Shymkent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shymkent', 'summary': "Shymkent ( Kazakh : Shymkent , Шымкент , شىمكەنت ; Yañalif : Şьmkent ) ( Kazakh pronunciation : [ ʃɯmˈkɛnt ] ) , known until 1993 as Chimkent ( Uzbek : Chimkent , Чимкент , چىمكېنت ; Yañalif : Çimkent ( Uzbek pronunciation : [ tʃɨmˈkɛnt ] ) ) ; Russian : Чимкент , romanized : Čimkent ( Russian pronunciation : [ ˈtɕɨmˈkʲɛnt ] ) ) , is a city in Kazakhstan . It is near the border with Uzbekistan . It is one of three Kazakh cities which have the status equal to that of a region ( the city of republican significance ) . It is the third most populous city in Kazakhstan , only behind Almaty and Nur-Sultan , with an estimated population of 1,002,291 as of June 1 , 2018 . Because Shymkent has never been capital of Kazakhstan , it is therefore the most populous of Kazakhstan 's cities in terms of cities that have never been capital . According to regional and city officials , the millionth resident of Shymkent was born on 17 May 2018 . It is a regional cultural centre . Shymkent is situated 690 kilometres ( 430 mi ) west of Almaty and 1,483 kilometres ( 920 mi ) south of Nur-Sultan . It is also 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) to the north of Toshkent , Uzbekistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazhimukan_Munaitpasov_Stadium_(Shymkent)', 'summary': 'Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium ( Kazakh : Қажымұқан Мұңайтпасұлы , Qajymuqan Muńaıtpasuly ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Shymkent , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity of 20,000 people . The stadium is named after Kazhymukan Munaitpasov , a Kazakh wrestler and repeated World Champion in Greco-Roman wrestling .'}]}, {'value': '37,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakhter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Shakhter_Karagandy', 'summary': 'Football Club Shakhter ( Kazakh : Шахтер футбол клубы ) , commonly referred to as FC Shakhter Karagandy ( Kazakh : Қарағанды/Qarağandı [ qɑɾɑˈʁɑndə ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Караганда/Karaganda ) , is a professional football club based in Karagandy , Kazakhstan . They have been members of the Kazakhstan Premier League since its foundation in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Karagandy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karagandy', 'summary': "Karaganda or Qaraghandy ( Kazakh : Қарағанды/Qaraǵandy , pronounced [ qɑɾɑˈʁɑndə ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Караганда , pronounced [ kərəɡɐnˈda ] ) is the capital of Karaganda Region in the Republic of Kazakhstan . It is the fourth most populous city in Kazakhstan , behind Almaty ( Alma-Ata ) , Nur-Sultan and Shymkent . Population : 459,778 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 436,864 ( 1999 Census results ) . Karaganda is approximately 230 km south-east of Kazakhstan 's capital Nur-Sultan ( formerly known as Astana ) . In the 1940s up to 70% of the city 's inhabitants were ethnic Germans . [ citation needed ] Most of the ethnic Germans were Soviet Volga Germans who were collectively deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan on Stalin 's order when Hitler invaded Soviet-annexed eastern Poland and the Soviet Union proper in 1941 . Until the 1950s , many of these deportees were interned in labor camps , often simply because they were of German descent . The population of Karaganda fell by 14% from 1989-1999 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union ; it was once Kazakhstan 's second-largest city after Almaty . Over 100,000 people have since emigrated to Germany . There is also a concentration of ethnic Poles in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Shakhter Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakhtyor_Stadium_(Karagandy)', 'summary': 'Shakhtyor Stadium ( Kazakh : Шахтёр стадионы , Shahtıor stadıony ) is a multi-use stadium in Karaganda , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Shakhter . Coordinates : 49°49′07″N 73°04′30″E / 49.818618°N 73.075122°E / 49.818618 ; 73.075122'}]}, {'value': '19,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taraz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Taraz', 'summary': 'FC Taraz ( Kazakh : Taraz Fýtbol Klýby ) are a Kazakhstani football club based at the Taraz Central Stadium in Taraz . A leading club in the early years of the Kazakhstan Premier League , they were champions in 1996 , and Kazakhstan Cup winners in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Taraz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taraz', 'summary': 'Taraz ( Kazakh : Тараз , romanized : Taraz ; known to Europeans as Talas ) is a city and the administrative center of Jambyl Region in Kazakhstan , located on the Talas ( Taraz ) River in the south of the country near the border with Kyrgyzstan . It had a population of 330,100 ( 1999 Census ) , up 9% from 1989 , making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the country , after Nur-Sultan and Turkistan . One of the oldest cities in Kazakhstan and in Transoxania , built and populated by the ancient Sogdians , Taraz celebrated its official 2000th anniversary ( recognized by UNESCO ) in 2001 , dating from a fortress built in the area by a Xiongnu Chanyu named Zhizhi and was a site of the Battle of Zhizhi in 36 BCE . The city was first recorded under the name Talas in 568 CE by Menander Protector . The medieval city of Talas was a major trade centre along the Silk Road . Talas was later described by Xuanzang , who passed Talas in 629 and later wrote : Traveling westward from the Thousand Springs 140 or 150 li , we come to the city of Daluosi . The city is 8 or 9 li in diameter ; and was settled by Hu ( foreign , non-Oriental ) merchants from various nations . The products and the climate are about the same as Suyab . The Talas alphabet , a variant of the Turkic runiform Orkhon script , is named for the town . Talas secured a place in history by virtue of the Battle of Talas ( 751 CE ) , which was fought between forces of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and those of the Arab Abbasid Caliphate . The battle took place somewhere along the Talas River in the Talas valley . One of its indirect outcomes was the introduction of paper to the west , via the Arab capture of Chinese paper makers .'}]}, {'value': 'Taraz Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taraz_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'Taraz Central Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Taraz , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Taraz . Coordinates : 42°54′06″N 71°22′56″E / 42.901751°N 71.382224°E / 42.901751 ; 71.382224'}]}, {'value': '12,525', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tobol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Tobol', 'summary': 'FC Tobol ( Kazakh : Тобыл Футбол Клубы , Tobyl Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club based at the Central Stadium in Kostanay . They have been members of the Kazakhstan Premier League since its foundation in 1992 . They won the Kazakhstan Premier League in 2010 , and finished no lower than fourth place between the 2002 and 2010 seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Kostanay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kostanay', 'summary': 'Kostanay ( Kazakh : Қостанай , romanized : Qostanaı , قوستاناي ; Russian : Костанай , romanized : Kostanay ) is a city located on the Tobol River in northern Kazakhstan . It was known as Nikolayevsk ( Russian : Николаевск ) until 1895 and then as Kustanay ( Russian : Кустанай ) until 1997 . Kostanay is the administrative center of the Kostanay Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Kostanay Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kostanay_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'Kostanay Central Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kostanay , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Tobol . The stadium holds 8,323 people .'}]}, {'value': '0 8,323', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vostok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Vostok', 'summary': "FC Vostok ( Kazakh : Восток Футбол Клубы , Vostok Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club from Oskemen ( Ust-Kamenogorsk ) , and a founding member of the Kazakhstan Premier League in 1992 . The club 's best finish in the league was 5th place in 1997 and again in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oskemen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oskemen', 'summary': 'Oskemen ( Kazakh : Өскемен , romanized : Óskemen ) or Ust-Kamenogorsk ( Russian : Усть-Каменого́рск ) is the administrative center of East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan . It is served by Oskemen Airport . Population : 303,720 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 310,950 ( 1999 Census results ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Vostok Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vostok_Stadium', 'summary': 'Vostok Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Oskemen , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Vostok .'}]}, {'value': '0 8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhetysu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Zhetysu', 'summary': 'Jetisu Taldykorgan ( Kazakh : Жетісу Талдықорған футбол клубы , Jetisý Taldyqorǵan Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club based at the Zhetysu stadium in Taldykorgan . Founding members of the Kazakhstan Premier League , they missed five seasons because of relegations .'}]}, {'value': 'Taldykorgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taldykorgan', 'summary': 'Taldykorgan ( Kazakh : Талдықорған , romanized : Taldyqorǵan , Taldıqorğan ) , known as Taldy-Kurgan until 1993 , is the capital ( called an administrative center ) of Almaty Region , Kazakhstan . According to the 2010 Kazakh Census Results , the population 143,407 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zhetysu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhetysu_Stadium', 'summary': 'Zhetysu Stadium ( Kazakh : Жетісу стадионы , Jetisý stadıony ) is a multi-use stadium in Taldykorgan , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches of FC Zhetysu . Coordinates : 45°01′11″N 78°21′54″E / 45.019716°N 78.365103°E / 45.019716 ; 78.365103'}]}, {'value': '0 4,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Team overview', 'section_text': 'AktobeAkzhayikAtyrauIrtyshKairatAstanaOrdabasyShakhterTarazTobolVostokZhetysu Locations of teams in the 2013 Kazakhstan Premier League', 'uid': '2013_Kazakhstan_Premier_League_0', 'intro': 'The 2013 Kazakhstan Premier League was the 22nd season of the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest football league competition in Kazakhstan. The season began on 9 March 2013 and ended on 2 November. Shakhter Karagandy were the defending champions, having won their second league championship the previous year.'}
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Which river is the city featuring the 2010 Kazakhstan Premier League champions located on ?
Tobol River
0867ea63da7c3f41
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UCI_America_Tour', 'title': '2005 UCI America Tour', 'header': ['Rank', 'Nation', 'Points'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '1458', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '1356', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '1162', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venezuela', 'summary': "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ."}]}, {'value': '841', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '832', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '612', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '496', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '404', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '240', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Nation classification', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2005_UCI_America_Tour_3', 'intro': 'The 2005 UCI America Tour was the first season for the UCI America Tour. The season began on 8 January 2005 with the Vuelta al Táchira and ended on 17 September 2005 with the Univest Grand Prix. The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI America Tour cycling jersey. Edgardo Simón of Argentina was crowned as the 2005 UCI America Tour champion. Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded. The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:'}
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What is the 2005 UCI America Tour rank of the nation that contains largest island in the Caribbean ?
7
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings', 'title': 'List of largest buildings', 'header': ['Type of building', 'Name', 'Country and territory', 'Place', 'Floor area'], 'data': [{'value': 'Department store', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shinsegae Centum City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinsegae', 'summary': "Shinsegae ( Korean : 신세계 , KRX : 004170 ) is a South Korean department store franchise , along with several other businesses , headquartered in Seoul , South Korea . The name Shinsegae literally means New World in Korean . Its flagship store in Centum City , Busan , was the world 's largest department store at 3,163,000 square feet ( 293,900 m2 ) , surpassing Macy 's flagship Herald Square in New York City in 2009 . Shinsegae was originally part of the Samsung Group chaebol , separated in the 1990s from the Samsung Group along with CJ Group ( Food/Chemicals/Entertainment ) , Saehan Group ( Electronic Media/Apparel/Textiles ) , and the Hansol Group ( Paper/Telecom ) . The chairman Lee Myung-hee is the daughter of Samsung founder Lee Byung-chull and younger sister of the chairman of Samsung Electronics Lee Kun-hee . The group owns the brands Shinsegae and E-Mart , and is in direct competition with Lotte Shopping and Hyundai Department Store Group . Currently it is the largest retailer in South Korea . Shinsegae is also famous for its long history . The main branch of Shinsegae is the oldest department store in Korea . The main building of the store was opened in 1930 as the Gyeongseong branch of Mitsukoshi , a Japanese department store franchise ; Korea was occupied by the Japanese Empire at the time . The store was acquired in 1945 by the late founder of Samsung group , Lee Byung-chull , and renamed Donghwa Department Store . After the Korean War ( 1950-1953 ) began , it was used for several years as a post exchange by the American army ."}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Busan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan', 'summary': "Busan ( Korean pronunciation : [ pusan ] ) , formerly romanized as Pusan and now officially Busan Metropolitan City , is South Korea 's second most-populous city after Seoul , with a population of over 3.5 million inhabitants . It is the economic , cultural and educational center of southeastern South Korea , with its port - Korea 's busiest and the fifth-busiest in the world [ a ] - only about 190 kilometers ( 120 mi ) from the Japanese islands of Kyushu and Honshu . The surrounding Southeast Economic Zone ( including Ulsan and South Gyeongsang ) is South Korea 's largest industrial area . Busan is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county , together housing a population of approximately 3.6 million . The full metropolitan area , the Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region , has a population of approximately 8 million . The most densely built-up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong and the Suyeong Rivers , with mountains separating most of the districts . The Nakdong is Korea 's longest river and Busan 's Haeundae Beach is also the country 's largest . Busan is a center for international conventions , hosting APEC in 2005 . It is also a center for sports tournaments in Korea , having hosted the 2002 Asian Games and FIFA World Cup . It is home to the world 's largest department store , the Shinsegae Centum City . Busan was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a City of Film in December 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '509,810 m ( 5,487,500 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Industrial building', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boeing Everett Factory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeing_Everett_Factory', 'summary': 'The Boeing Everett Factory , in Everett , Washington , is an airplane assembly building owned by Boeing . Located on the north-east corner of Paine Field , it is the largest building in the world by volume at 13,385,378 m3 ( 472,370,319 cu ft ) and covers 399,480 m2 ( 98.7 acres ; 39.948 hectares ; 0.399 square kilometres ) . This is the factory where the wide-body Boeing 747 , 767 , 777 , and 787 are assembled .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Everett , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everett,_Washington', 'summary': "Everett is the county seat of and the largest city in Snohomish County , Washington , United States . It is located 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of Seattle and is one of the main cities in the metropolitan area and Puget Sound region . Everett is the seventh-largest city in Washington state and had a total population of 103,019 at the 2010 census . The city is located at the mouth of the Snohomish River along Port Gardner Bay , an inlet of Possession Sound ( itself part of Puget Sound ) . American settlement on the Everett peninsula began in the 1860s , with several sawmills built to serve the area 's growing timber industry . Everett was platted by a group of investors seeking to build an industrial city and named for the son of co-founder Charles L. Colby . The city was incorporated in 1893 , shortly after the arrival of the Great Northern Railway , and prospered as a major industrial center . Everett 's economy transitioned away from lumber and towards aviation after World War II , with the construction of Boeing 's aircraft assembly plant at Paine Field in 1967 . Boeing remains the city 's largest employer , alongside the U.S. Navy , which has operated Naval Station Everett since 1992 . Everett received an All-America City Award in 2002 . Everett remains a major employment center for Snohomish County , but has also become a bedroom community for Seattle in recent decades . It is connected to Seattle by Interstate 5 and various public transit services at Everett Station , including the Sounder commuter train , Amtrak , and commuter buses ."}]}, {'value': '398,000 m ( 4.3 million sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legislature building', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palace of the Parliament', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palace_of_the_Parliament', 'summary': "The Palace of the Parliament ( Romanian : Palatul Parlamentului ) is the seat of the Parliament of Romania , located atop Dealul Spirii in Bucharest , the national capital . The Palace has a height of 84 metres ( 276 ft ) , a floor area of 365,000 square metres ( 3,930,000 sq ft ) and a volume of 2,550,000 cubic metres ( 90,000,000 cu ft ) . The Palace of the Parliament is the heaviest building in the world , weighing about 4,098,500,000 kilograms ( 9.0356×109 lb ) . The building was designed and supervised by chief architect Anca Petrescu , with a team of approximately 700 architects , and constructed over a period of 13 years ( 1984-97 ) in Totalitarian and modernist Neoclassical architectural forms and styles , with socialist realism in mind . The Palace was ordered by Nicolae Ceaușescu ( 1918-1989 ) , the dictator of Communist Romania and the second of two longtime autocrats in power in the country since World War II , during a period in which the personality cult of political worship and adoration was noticably increased for him and his family . Known for its ornate interior composed of 23 sections , it houses the two houses of the Parliament of Romania : the Senate ( Senat ) and the Chamber of Deputies ( Camera Deputaților ) , along with three museums and an international conference center . The several museums hosted inside the Palace are the National Museum of Contemporary Art , the Museum of Communist Totalitarianism ( established in 2015 ) and the Museum of the Palace . Though originally named the House of the Republic when under its long period of construction ( Romanian : Casa Republicii ) , after the Romanian Revolution in December 1989 it became widely known as The People 's House ( Romanian : Casa Poporului ) . Due to its impressive endowments , events organized by state institutions and international bodies such as conferences , symposia , and others take place there , but even so about 70% of the building still remains empty . In 1990 , Australian-born business and media magnate Rupert Murdoch wanted to buy the building for US $ 1 billion , but his bid was rejected . As of 2008 [ update ] , the Palace of the Parliament is valued at €3 billion ( $ 3.4 billion ) , making it also the most expensive administrative building in the world . The cost of heating and electric use and lighting alone exceeds $ 6 million per year , comparable to the total cost for powering a medium-sized city ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Bucharest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucharest', 'summary': "Bucharest ( UK : /ˌbuːkəˈrɛst/ BOO-kə-REST , US : /ˈbuːkərɛst/ -\u2060rest ; Romanian : București [ bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Romania , as well as its cultural , industrial , and financial centre . It is located in the southeast of the country , at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389Coordinates : 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389 , on the banks of the Dâmbovița River , less than 60 km ( 37.3 mi ) north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border . Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459 . It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media , culture , and art . Its architecture is a mix of historical ( neo-classical and Art Nouveau ) , interbellum ( Bauhaus , and art deco ) , communist era and modern . In the period between the two World Wars , the city 's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of 'Paris of the East ' ( Romanian : Parisul Estului ) or 'Little Paris ' ( Romanian : Micul Paris ) . Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war , earthquakes , and even Nicolae Ceaușescu 's program of systematization , many survived and have been renovated . In recent years , the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom . It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe , according to Financial Times , CBRE , TechCrunch and others . UiPath , a global startup founded in Bucharest , has reached $ 7 billion in valuation . Since 2019 , Bucharest hosts the largest high tech summit in Southeast Europe ( Romania Blockchain Summit ) . In 2016 , the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered ' by the World Monuments Watch ."}]}, {'value': '365,000 m ( 3.93 million sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bus depot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millennium Park Bus Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millennium_Park_Bus_Depot', 'summary': "The Millennium Park Bus Depot is a major bus station located in Delhi , India . It is currently the largest bus depot in the world . Constructed primarily by the city 's Public Works Department , the depot was inaugurated on 17 September 2010 . The depot occupies an area of 243,000 m2 ( 60 acres ) , and has the capacity to park up to 1,000 buses at a time under shed , constituting 14% of the total parking capacity of all DTC depots combined ( 7,000 buses ) . Though initially used exclusively for the 2010 Commonwealth Games , the depot has been used as a regular bus station operated by the Delhi Transport Corporation post the Games . While the benefits of the depot were well-recognized , the depot was also the center of much controversy and criticism especially regarding its temporary nature and the violation of environmental norms ."}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Delhi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delhi', 'summary': "Delhi ( English : /ˈdɛli/ ; Hindi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Punjabi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Urdu : [ ˈdeɦli ] Dēhlī ) , officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi ( NCT ) , is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi , the capital of India . It is bordered by the state of Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east . The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the 2011 census , Delhi 's city proper population was over 11 million , the second-highest in India after Mumbai , while the whole NCT 's population was about 16.8 million . Delhi 's urban area is now considered to extend beyond the NCT boundaries , and include the neighbouring satellite cities of Ghaziabad , Faridabad , Gurgaon and Noida in an area now called National Capital Region ( NCR ) and had an estimated 2016 population of over 26 million people , making it the world 's second-largest urban area according to the United Nations . As of 2016 [ update ] , recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area have ranked Delhi either the most or second-most productive metro area of India . Delhi is the second-wealthiest city in India after Mumbai and is home to 18 billionaires and 23,000 millionaires . Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index . Delhi has the second-highest GDP per capita in India . Furthermore , it is considered one of the world 's most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration . Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BCE . Through most of its history , Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and empires , most notably the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire ."}]}, {'value': '305,265 m ( 3.6 million sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courthouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul_Çağlayan_Justice_Palace', 'summary': 'The Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace ( Turkish : Çağlayan Adalet Sarayı ) is a courthouse in the Şişli district of Istanbul , Turkey . Inaugurated in July 2011 , it is the largest courthouse in Europe , with an area of over 300,000 m2 ( 3,200,000 sq ft ) . It was built by the VARYAP construction subsidiary of the Varlıbaş Group .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '300,000 m ( 3.0 million sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bus terminal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tel Aviv Central Bus Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Central_Bus_Station', 'summary': 'Tel Aviv central bus station , also known as the new central bus station ( התחנה המרכזית החדשה , HaTahana HaMerkazit HaHadasha ) , is the main bus station of Tel Aviv , Israel . Located in the south of the city , it was opened on August 17 , 1993 . It is the largest bus station in the world . The station in Tel Aviv covers 230,000 m2 and a total area of 44,000 m2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tel Aviv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tel_Aviv', 'summary': "Tel Aviv-Yafo , often referred to as just Tel Aviv , is the most populous city in the Gush Dan metropolitan area of Israel . Located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline and with a population of 451,523 , it is the economic and technological center of the country . If East Jerusalem is considered part of Israel , Tel Aviv is the country 's second most populous city after Jerusalem ; if not , Tel Aviv is the most populous city before West Jerusalem . [ a ] Tel Aviv is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality , headed by Mayor Ron Huldai , and is home to many foreign embassies . [ b ] It is a global city and is ranked 25th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Tel Aviv has the third- or fourth-largest economy and the largest economy per capita in the Middle East . The city has the 31st highest cost of living in the world . Tel Aviv receives over 2.5 million international visitors annually . A party capital in the Middle East , it has a lively nightlife and 24-hour culture . Tel Aviv has been called The World 's Vegan Food Capital , as it possesses the highest per capita population of vegans in the world , with many vegan eateries throughout the city . Tel Aviv is home to Tel Aviv University , the largest university in the country with more than 30,000 students . The city was founded in 1909 by the Yishuv ( Jewish residents ) as a modern housing estate on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa , then part of the Jerusalem province of Ottoman Syria ."}]}, {'value': '230,000 m2 ( 2.5 million sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louvre Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louvre_Museum', 'summary': "The Louvre ( English : /ˈluːv ( rə ) / LOOV ( -rə ) ) , or the Louvre Museum ( French : Musée du Louvre [ myze dy luvʁ ] ( listen ) ) , is the world 's largest art museum and a historic monument in Paris , France . A central landmark of the city , it is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the city 's 1st arrondissement ( district or ward ) . Approximately 38,000 objects from prehistory to the 21st century are exhibited over an area of 72,735 square meters ( 782,910 square feet ) . In 2019 , the Louvre received 9.6 million visitors . The museum is housed in the Louvre Palace , originally built as the Louvre castle in the late 12th to 13th century under Philip II . Remnants of the fortress are visible in the basement of the museum . Due to urban expansion , the fortress eventually lost its defensive function , and in 1546 Francis I converted it into the primary residence of the French Kings . The building was extended many times to form the present Louvre Palace . In 1682 , Louis XIV chose the Palace of Versailles for his household , leaving the Louvre primarily as a place to display the royal collection , including , from 1692 , a collection of ancient Greek and Roman sculpture . In 1692 , the building was occupied by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture , which in 1699 held the first of a series of salons . The Académie remained at the Louvre for 100 years . During the French Revolution , the National Assembly decreed that the Louvre should be used as a museum to display the nation 's masterpieces ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}]}, {'value': '210,000 m ( 2,260,421 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presidential Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presidential_Complex', 'summary': "The Presidential Complex ( Turkish : Cumhurbaşkanlığı Külliyesi ) is the presidential residence of the Republic of Turkey . The complex is located in the Beştepe neighborhood of Ankara , inside the Atatürk Forest Farm . In accordance with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's New Turkey concept , it was envisaged that the Çankaya Presidential Mansion would become the prime ministerial compound and the president would move to the newly-built palace . This occurred soon after the June 2015 general election , when the palace was officially made the residence of the President of Turkey . It was formally inaugurated as the official residence of the president by Erdoğan on the country 's Republic Day , 29 October 2014 . President Erdoğan proposed to call the new presidential residence Cumhurbaşkanlığı Külliyesi , referring to a traditional complex centered on a mosque . This was formally adopted as the residence 's official name on 3 July 2015 . The building cost was double the initial estimate of more than US $ 600 million . The Presidential Complex is home to the country 's largest library with five million books . On 10 July 2015 , the Turkish Council of State found that the construction of the palace violated the law and ordered it to be vacated . However , the Presidency has stated that the decision is ultra-vires , citing Article 105 ( 2 ) of the Constitution , which reads No appeal shall be made to any judicial authority , including the Constitutional Court , against the decisions and orders signed by the President of the Republic on his/her own initiative ."}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': 'Ankara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ankara', 'summary': "Ankara ( /ˈæŋkərə/ , also US : /ˈɑːŋ-/ , Turkish : [ ˈaŋkaɾa ] ( listen ) ) , historically known as Ancyra ( /ænˈsaɪrə/ ) and Angora ( /æŋˈɡɔːrə/ , also US : /ˈæŋɡərə/ ) , is the capital of Turkey . With a population of 4,587,558 in the urban centre ( 2014 ) and 5,150,072 in its province ( 2015 ) , it is Turkey 's second largest city after Istanbul ( the former imperial capital ) , having outranked İzmir in the 20th century . Ankara covers an area of 24,521 km2 ( 9,468 sq mi ) . On 23 April 1920 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was established in Ankara , which became the headquarters of Atatürk and the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence . Ankara became the new Turkish capital upon the establishment of the Republic on 29 October 1923 , succeeding in this role the former Turkish capital Istanbul ( Constantinople ) following the fall of the Ottoman Empire . The government is a prominent employer , but Ankara is also an important commercial and industrial city , located at the centre of Turkey 's road and railway networks . The city gave its name to the Angora wool shorn from Angora rabbits , the long-haired Angora goat ( the source of mohair ) , and the Angora cat . The area is also known for its pears , honey and muscat grapes . Although situated in one of the driest places of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation except for the forested areas on the southern periphery , Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant , at 72 square metres ( 775 square feet ) per head . Ankara is a very old city with various Hittite , Phrygian , Hellenistic , Roman , Byzantine , and Ottoman archaeological sites . The historical centre of town is a rocky hill rising 150 m ( 500 ft ) over the left bank of the Ankara Çayı , a tributary of the Sakarya River , the classical Sangarius . The hill remains crowned by the ruins of the old citadel ."}]}, {'value': '200,020 m ( 2,152,997 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current royal residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Istana Nurul Iman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istana_Nurul_Iman', 'summary': "The Istana Nurul Iman ( Jawi : ايستان نور الإيمان ; English : The Light of Faith Palace ) is the official residence of the Sultan of Brunei , Hassanal Bolkiah , and the seat of the Brunei government . The palace is located on a leafy , riverside sprawl of hills on the banks of the Brunei River , a few kilometres southwest of Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei 's capital city . The palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality . It is considered to be the world 's largest private residence in terms of floor area , earning it the title of world 's largest residential palace ."}]}, {'value': 'Brunei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunei', 'summary': "Brunei ( /bruːˈnaɪ/ ( listen ) broo-NY ) , officially the Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace ( Malay : Negara Brunei Darussalam , Jawi : نڬارا بروني دارالسلام ) , is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia . Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea , the country is completely surrounded by the insular Malaysian state of Sarawak . It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang . Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo ; the remainder of the island 's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia . Brunei 's population was 428,963 in 2018 . At the peak of the Bruneian Empire , Sultan Bolkiah ( reigned 1485-1528 ) is alleged to have had control over most regions of Borneo , including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Sulu Archipelago off the northeast tip of Borneo , Seludong ( modern-day Manila ) , and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo . The maritime state was visited by Spain 's Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castilian War . During the 19th century , the Bruneian Empire began to decline . The Sultanate ceded Sarawak ( Kuching ) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah , and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . In 1888 , Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906 . After the Japanese occupation during World War II , in 1959 a new constitution was written . In 1962 , a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandar Seri Begawan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan', 'summary': 'Bandar Seri Begawan ( Jawi : بندر سري بڬاوان ; Malay : [ ˌbandar səˌri bəˈɡawan ] ) ( formerly known as Brunei Town ) is the capital city of the Sultanate of Brunei . It is officially governed as a municipality ( Malay : bandaran ) . Bandar Seri Begawan has an estimated population of 100,700 , and including the whole Brunei-Muara District , the metro area has an estimated population of 279,924 .'}]}, {'value': '200,000 m ( 2,152,782 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal palace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Palace of Caserta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta', 'summary': 'The Royal Palace of Caserta ( Italian : Reggia di Caserta [ ˈrɛddʒa di kaˈzɛrta ; kaˈsɛrta ] ) is a former royal residence in Caserta , southern Italy , constructed by the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies as their main residence as kings of Naples . It is one of the largest palaces erected in Europe during the 18th century . In 1997 , the palace was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site ; its nomination described it as the swan song of the spectacular art of the Baroque , from which it adopted all the features needed to create the illusions of multidirectional space . In terms of volume , the Royal Palace of Caserta is one of the largest royal residences in the world with over 1 million m³ and covering an area of 47,000 m² .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Caserta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caserta', 'summary': 'Caserta ( Italian : [ kaˈsɛrta ] or [ kaˈzɛrta ] ( listen ) ; Neapolitan : [ kaˈsertə ] ) is the capital of the province of Caserta in the Campania region of Italy . It is an important agricultural , commercial and industrial comune and city . Caserta is located on the edge of the Campanian plain at the foot of the Campanian Subapennine mountain range . The city is best known for the Royal Palace of Caserta .'}]}, {'value': '235,000 m ( 2,529,519 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shipbuilding hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meyer Werft Dockhalle 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meyer_Werft', 'summary': 'The Meyer Werft GmbH & Co. KG is one of the major German shipyards , headquartered in Papenburg at the river Ems . Founded in 1795 and starting with small wooden vessels , today Meyer Werft is a builder of luxury passenger ships . 700 ships of different types have been built at the yard . Its Dockhalle 2 is the third largest shipbuilding hall and the building with the fifth-largest usable space in the world . Meyer Werft has been owned and managed by the Meyer family for seven generations . Since 1997 , it has been part of the Meyer Neptun Group together with Neptun Werft in Rostock . In 2014 the company added the Turku shipyard in Finland to the group . The shipyard is an anchor on the European Route of Industrial Heritage . Five of the ten largest cruise ships in the world have been built at the shipyard in Papenburg , and three more at Meyer Turku Oy shipyard . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Papenburg , Niedersachsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Papenburg', 'summary': 'Papenburg ( /ˈpæpənbɜːrɡ/ , German : [ ˈpaːpn̩bʊɐ̯k ] ) is a city in the district of Emsland in Lower Saxony , Germany , situated at the river Ems . It is known for its large shipyard , the Meyer-Werft , which specializes in building cruise liners .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Niedersachsen', 'summary': "Lower Saxony ( German : Niedersachsen [ ˈniːdɐzaksn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Low German : Neddersassen ) is a German state ( Land ) situated in northwestern Germany . It is the second-largest state by land area , with 47,624 km2 ( 18,388 sq mi ) , and fourth-largest in population ( 7.9 million ) among the 16 Länder federated as the Federal Republic of Germany . In rural areas , Northern Low Saxon ( a dialect of Low German ) and Saterland Frisian ( a variety of the Frisian language ) are still spoken , but the number of speakers is declining . Lower Saxony borders on ( from north and clockwise ) the North Sea , the states of Schleswig-Holstein , Hamburg , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Brandenburg , Saxony-Anhalt , Thuringia , Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia , and the Netherlands ( Drenthe , Groningen and Overijssel ) . Furthermore , the state of Bremen forms two enclaves within Lower Saxony , one being the city of Bremen , the other , its seaport city of Bremerhaven . In fact , Lower Saxony borders more neighbours than any other single Bundesland . The state 's principal cities include the state capital Hanover , Braunschweig ( Brunswick ) , Lüneburg , Osnabrück , Oldenburg , Hildesheim , Wolfenbüttel , Wolfsburg , and Göttingen . The northwestern area of Lower Saxony , which lies on the coast of the North Sea , is called East Frisia and the seven East Frisian Islands offshore are popular with tourists . In the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the Emsland , a traditionally poor and sparsely populated area , once dominated by inaccessible swamps . The northern half of Lower Saxony , also known as the North German Plains , is almost invariably flat except for the gentle hills around the Bremen geestland . Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the German Central Uplands : the Weser Uplands and the Harz mountains . Between these two lie the Lower Saxon Hills , a range of low ridges ."}]}, {'value': '63,000 m ( 678,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hemispherical building', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ericsson Globe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ericsson_Globe', 'summary': "Ericsson Globe , originally known as Stockholm Globe Arena and commonly referred to in Swedish simply as Globen ( pronounced [ ˈɡlǔːbɛn ] ( listen ) ; the Globe ) , is an indoor arena located in Stockholm Globe City , Johanneshov district of Stockholm , Sweden . The Ericsson Globe is the largest hemispherical building on Earth and took two and a half years to build . Shaped like a large white ball , it has a diameter of 110 meters ( 361 feet ) and an inner height of 85 meters ( 279 feet ) . The volume of the building is 605,000 cubic meters ( 21,188,800 cubic feet ) . It has a seating capacity of 16,000 spectators for shows and concerts , and 13,850 for ice hockey . It represents the Sun in the Sweden Solar System , the world 's largest scale model of the Solar System ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Special categories', 'section_text': 'Ericsson Globe This list of special categories includes a variety of buildings which are the largest of their type .', 'uid': 'List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_world_3', 'intro': "The tables in this article list buildings from around the world by usable space (volume), footprint (area), and floor space (area). Here, building refers to single structures that are suitable for continuous human occupancy. There are, however, some exceptions, including factories and warehouses. The Aerium near Berlin is the largest uninterrupted volume in the world, while Boeing's factory in Everett, Washington, United States is the world's largest building by volume. The AvtoVAZ main assembly building in Tolyatti, Russia is the largest building in area footprint. The Yiwu International Trade City in Yiwu, China is the largest building in terms of total floor area. Due to the incomplete nature of this list, buildings are not ranked."}
null
null
Which year did the World Cup hold games in the city which is home to Shinsegae Centum ?
2002
086aad6b5d655553
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogie_Escanilla', 'title': 'Ogie Escanilla', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Network', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maalaala Mo Kaya : Baston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maalaala_Mo_Kaya', 'summary': "Maalaala Mo Kaya ( transl . Would you remember ? ; abbreviated as MMK ) , also known as Memories , is a Philippine drama anthology series broadcast on ABS-CBN every Saturday evening and hosted by Charo Santos-Concio . It has become the longest-running drama anthology in Philippine television and in the world , reaching its 25th year in 2016 . The program features weekly real-life stories or anecdotes of common people or even famous celebrities and personalities through letter sending . The series has a counterpart radio program being broadcast on DZMM called Maalaala Mo Kaya sa DZMM , a paperback ( pocketbooks ) adaptation and a comic book adaptation under Mango Comics & Sterling . The program is named after the eponymous song , Maalaala Mo Kaya by Constancio de Guzman . The song also serves as the program 's opening theme , which was performed by Dulce . Beginning in the mid 2000s airings , the opening has been covered by Carol Banawa , replacing Dulce 's version . A classics re-run version of the anthology series MMK Classics premiered on June 3 , 2012 on The Filipino Channel . Because of the outreach abroad , the TFC series focused on fully translating every episode with English subtitles . The Philippine version entitled MMK Klasiks aired on ABS-CBN 's Kapamilya Gold afternoon block as a temporary replacement program from December 17 , 2012 to January 18 , 2013 before replaced into May Isang Pangarap ."}]}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN', 'summary': "ABS-CBN Corporation , commonly known as ABS-CBN , is a Filipino media and entertainment group based in Quezon City , Philippines . It is the Philippines ' largest entertainment and media conglomerate in terms of revenue , operating income , net income , assets , equity , market capitalization , and number of employees . ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation ( BEC ) . In 1952 , BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) after Judge Antonio Quirino , brother of President Elpidio Quirino , purchased the company . The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) by newspaper mogul Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez , who was then the Vice President of the Philippines . The two companies were merged and incorporated as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on 1 February 1967 , and renamed ABS-CBN Corporation in 2010 to reflect the company 's diversification . The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS . The group owns and operates the ABS-CBN and ABS-CBN Sports+Action national television networks as well as the Radyo Patrol and My Only Radio regional radio networks . The ABS-CBN television network - in particular , is the largest contributor to the group 's revenue , generating about 50 to 60 percent of the group 's total annual revenue mainly from selling airtime to advertisers . The remaining revenue is generated from consumer sales , mainly from ABS-CBN Global Ltd. , which distributes international television channels such as The Filipino Channel and Myx TV and also from pay TV and broadband internet provider Sky . Other companies which operate under the ABS-CBN group are motion picture company Star Cinema , music recording label Star Music , publishing firm ABS-CBN Publishing , pay TV content provider and distributor Creative Programs , and talent agency Star Magic ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Little Juan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Little_Juan', 'summary': "My Little Juan is a 2013 Philippine fantasy-drama television series created by Rondel P. Lindayag and directed by Darnel Joy R. Villaflor and Francis E. Pasion . It stars Jaime Fabregas and Izzy Canillo as their previous respective roles , with the special participation of Mylene Dizon as Juan 's mother , Amelia . It premiered on ABS-CBN on from May 20 , 2013 to September 13 , 2013 replacing May Isang Pangarap . This series serves as a followup and a prequel to the highly successful television series , Juan dela Cruz . The series deals with the themes of faith-in-oneself , identity , and love , along with issues of bullying and morality . Elements from the mythology of the Aswang has been incorporated all throughout the series , like it can take a human form and it can turn other people into an Aswang , along with the series ' own mythology ."}]}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN', 'summary': "ABS-CBN Corporation , commonly known as ABS-CBN , is a Filipino media and entertainment group based in Quezon City , Philippines . It is the Philippines ' largest entertainment and media conglomerate in terms of revenue , operating income , net income , assets , equity , market capitalization , and number of employees . ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation ( BEC ) . In 1952 , BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) after Judge Antonio Quirino , brother of President Elpidio Quirino , purchased the company . The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) by newspaper mogul Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez , who was then the Vice President of the Philippines . The two companies were merged and incorporated as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on 1 February 1967 , and renamed ABS-CBN Corporation in 2010 to reflect the company 's diversification . The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS . The group owns and operates the ABS-CBN and ABS-CBN Sports+Action national television networks as well as the Radyo Patrol and My Only Radio regional radio networks . The ABS-CBN television network - in particular , is the largest contributor to the group 's revenue , generating about 50 to 60 percent of the group 's total annual revenue mainly from selling airtime to advertisers . The remaining revenue is generated from consumer sales , mainly from ABS-CBN Global Ltd. , which distributes international television channels such as The Filipino Channel and Myx TV and also from pay TV and broadband internet provider Sky . Other companies which operate under the ABS-CBN group are motion picture company Star Cinema , music recording label Star Music , publishing firm ABS-CBN Publishing , pay TV content provider and distributor Creative Programs , and talent agency Star Magic ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Rivera', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wansapanataym : No Read No Write Nomar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wansapanataym', 'summary': "Wansapanataym ( Filipinization of the English phrase once upon a time ) was a Philippine fantasy anthology produced and broadcast by ABS-CBN . It airs every Sunday nights . The series was aired from 1997 to 2005 , then re-aired from 2006 to 2007 and from 2010 to 2019 , the series was aired on ABS-CBN 's Yes Weekend ! primetime block with new episodes and remakes of past episodes ."}]}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN', 'summary': "ABS-CBN Corporation , commonly known as ABS-CBN , is a Filipino media and entertainment group based in Quezon City , Philippines . It is the Philippines ' largest entertainment and media conglomerate in terms of revenue , operating income , net income , assets , equity , market capitalization , and number of employees . ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation ( BEC ) . In 1952 , BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) after Judge Antonio Quirino , brother of President Elpidio Quirino , purchased the company . The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) by newspaper mogul Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez , who was then the Vice President of the Philippines . The two companies were merged and incorporated as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on 1 February 1967 , and renamed ABS-CBN Corporation in 2010 to reflect the company 's diversification . The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS . The group owns and operates the ABS-CBN and ABS-CBN Sports+Action national television networks as well as the Radyo Patrol and My Only Radio regional radio networks . The ABS-CBN television network - in particular , is the largest contributor to the group 's revenue , generating about 50 to 60 percent of the group 's total annual revenue mainly from selling airtime to advertisers . The remaining revenue is generated from consumer sales , mainly from ABS-CBN Global Ltd. , which distributes international television channels such as The Filipino Channel and Myx TV and also from pay TV and broadband internet provider Sky . Other companies which operate under the ABS-CBN group are motion picture company Star Cinema , music recording label Star Music , publishing firm ABS-CBN Publishing , pay TV content provider and distributor Creative Programs , and talent agency Star Magic ."}]}, {'value': 'Tito', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maalaala Mo Kaya : Ensaymada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maalaala_Mo_Kaya', 'summary': "Maalaala Mo Kaya ( transl . Would you remember ? ; abbreviated as MMK ) , also known as Memories , is a Philippine drama anthology series broadcast on ABS-CBN every Saturday evening and hosted by Charo Santos-Concio . It has become the longest-running drama anthology in Philippine television and in the world , reaching its 25th year in 2016 . The program features weekly real-life stories or anecdotes of common people or even famous celebrities and personalities through letter sending . The series has a counterpart radio program being broadcast on DZMM called Maalaala Mo Kaya sa DZMM , a paperback ( pocketbooks ) adaptation and a comic book adaptation under Mango Comics & Sterling . The program is named after the eponymous song , Maalaala Mo Kaya by Constancio de Guzman . The song also serves as the program 's opening theme , which was performed by Dulce . Beginning in the mid 2000s airings , the opening has been covered by Carol Banawa , replacing Dulce 's version . A classics re-run version of the anthology series MMK Classics premiered on June 3 , 2012 on The Filipino Channel . Because of the outreach abroad , the TFC series focused on fully translating every episode with English subtitles . The Philippine version entitled MMK Klasiks aired on ABS-CBN 's Kapamilya Gold afternoon block as a temporary replacement program from December 17 , 2012 to January 18 , 2013 before replaced into May Isang Pangarap ."}]}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN', 'summary': "ABS-CBN Corporation , commonly known as ABS-CBN , is a Filipino media and entertainment group based in Quezon City , Philippines . It is the Philippines ' largest entertainment and media conglomerate in terms of revenue , operating income , net income , assets , equity , market capitalization , and number of employees . ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation ( BEC ) . In 1952 , BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) after Judge Antonio Quirino , brother of President Elpidio Quirino , purchased the company . The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) by newspaper mogul Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez , who was then the Vice President of the Philippines . The two companies were merged and incorporated as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on 1 February 1967 , and renamed ABS-CBN Corporation in 2010 to reflect the company 's diversification . The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS . The group owns and operates the ABS-CBN and ABS-CBN Sports+Action national television networks as well as the Radyo Patrol and My Only Radio regional radio networks . The ABS-CBN television network - in particular , is the largest contributor to the group 's revenue , generating about 50 to 60 percent of the group 's total annual revenue mainly from selling airtime to advertisers . The remaining revenue is generated from consumer sales , mainly from ABS-CBN Global Ltd. , which distributes international television channels such as The Filipino Channel and Myx TV and also from pay TV and broadband internet provider Sky . Other companies which operate under the ABS-CBN group are motion picture company Star Cinema , music recording label Star Music , publishing firm ABS-CBN Publishing , pay TV content provider and distributor Creative Programs , and talent agency Star Magic ."}]}, {'value': 'Son of Ete at Pion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wansapanataym : Magic Shoes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wansapanataym', 'summary': "Wansapanataym ( Filipinization of the English phrase once upon a time ) was a Philippine fantasy anthology produced and broadcast by ABS-CBN . It airs every Sunday nights . The series was aired from 1997 to 2005 , then re-aired from 2006 to 2007 and from 2010 to 2019 , the series was aired on ABS-CBN 's Yes Weekend ! primetime block with new episodes and remakes of past episodes ."}]}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN', 'summary': "ABS-CBN Corporation , commonly known as ABS-CBN , is a Filipino media and entertainment group based in Quezon City , Philippines . It is the Philippines ' largest entertainment and media conglomerate in terms of revenue , operating income , net income , assets , equity , market capitalization , and number of employees . ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation ( BEC ) . In 1952 , BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) after Judge Antonio Quirino , brother of President Elpidio Quirino , purchased the company . The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) by newspaper mogul Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez , who was then the Vice President of the Philippines . The two companies were merged and incorporated as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on 1 February 1967 , and renamed ABS-CBN Corporation in 2010 to reflect the company 's diversification . The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS . The group owns and operates the ABS-CBN and ABS-CBN Sports+Action national television networks as well as the Radyo Patrol and My Only Radio regional radio networks . The ABS-CBN television network - in particular , is the largest contributor to the group 's revenue , generating about 50 to 60 percent of the group 's total annual revenue mainly from selling airtime to advertisers . The remaining revenue is generated from consumer sales , mainly from ABS-CBN Global Ltd. , which distributes international television channels such as The Filipino Channel and Myx TV and also from pay TV and broadband internet provider Sky . Other companies which operate under the ABS-CBN group are motion picture company Star Cinema , music recording label Star Music , publishing firm ABS-CBN Publishing , pay TV content provider and distributor Creative Programs , and talent agency Star Magic ."}]}, {'value': 'Joaquin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maalaala Mo Kaya : Flower Shop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maalaala_Mo_Kaya', 'summary': "Maalaala Mo Kaya ( transl . Would you remember ? ; abbreviated as MMK ) , also known as Memories , is a Philippine drama anthology series broadcast on ABS-CBN every Saturday evening and hosted by Charo Santos-Concio . It has become the longest-running drama anthology in Philippine television and in the world , reaching its 25th year in 2016 . The program features weekly real-life stories or anecdotes of common people or even famous celebrities and personalities through letter sending . The series has a counterpart radio program being broadcast on DZMM called Maalaala Mo Kaya sa DZMM , a paperback ( pocketbooks ) adaptation and a comic book adaptation under Mango Comics & Sterling . The program is named after the eponymous song , Maalaala Mo Kaya by Constancio de Guzman . The song also serves as the program 's opening theme , which was performed by Dulce . Beginning in the mid 2000s airings , the opening has been covered by Carol Banawa , replacing Dulce 's version . A classics re-run version of the anthology series MMK Classics premiered on June 3 , 2012 on The Filipino Channel . Because of the outreach abroad , the TFC series focused on fully translating every episode with English subtitles . The Philippine version entitled MMK Klasiks aired on ABS-CBN 's Kapamilya Gold afternoon block as a temporary replacement program from December 17 , 2012 to January 18 , 2013 before replaced into May Isang Pangarap ."}]}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN', 'summary': "ABS-CBN Corporation , commonly known as ABS-CBN , is a Filipino media and entertainment group based in Quezon City , Philippines . It is the Philippines ' largest entertainment and media conglomerate in terms of revenue , operating income , net income , assets , equity , market capitalization , and number of employees . ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation ( BEC ) . In 1952 , BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) after Judge Antonio Quirino , brother of President Elpidio Quirino , purchased the company . The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) by newspaper mogul Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez , who was then the Vice President of the Philippines . The two companies were merged and incorporated as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on 1 February 1967 , and renamed ABS-CBN Corporation in 2010 to reflect the company 's diversification . The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS . The group owns and operates the ABS-CBN and ABS-CBN Sports+Action national television networks as well as the Radyo Patrol and My Only Radio regional radio networks . The ABS-CBN television network - in particular , is the largest contributor to the group 's revenue , generating about 50 to 60 percent of the group 's total annual revenue mainly from selling airtime to advertisers . The remaining revenue is generated from consumer sales , mainly from ABS-CBN Global Ltd. , which distributes international television channels such as The Filipino Channel and Myx TV and also from pay TV and broadband internet provider Sky . Other companies which operate under the ABS-CBN group are motion picture company Star Cinema , music recording label Star Music , publishing firm ABS-CBN Publishing , pay TV content provider and distributor Creative Programs , and talent agency Star Magic ."}]}, {'value': 'Son of Bebeng', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Good Vibes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Good_Vibes_(Philippine_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Good Vibes is a Filipino teen dance musical drama anthology series aired on ABS-CBN from April 3 to August 28 , 2011 replacing Your Song . It stars Sam Concepcion , Enrique Gil and Arron Villaflor , with some of the teen housemates from Pinoy Big Brother : Teen Clash 2010 , James Reid , Devon Seron , Ivan Dorschner , Yen Santos and Kazel Kinouchi , along with other newcomers Coleen Garcia , Linn Oeymo , Heidi Reigo , Chikara Nawa .'}]}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN', 'summary': "ABS-CBN Corporation , commonly known as ABS-CBN , is a Filipino media and entertainment group based in Quezon City , Philippines . It is the Philippines ' largest entertainment and media conglomerate in terms of revenue , operating income , net income , assets , equity , market capitalization , and number of employees . ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation ( BEC ) . In 1952 , BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) after Judge Antonio Quirino , brother of President Elpidio Quirino , purchased the company . The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) by newspaper mogul Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez , who was then the Vice President of the Philippines . The two companies were merged and incorporated as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on 1 February 1967 , and renamed ABS-CBN Corporation in 2010 to reflect the company 's diversification . The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS . The group owns and operates the ABS-CBN and ABS-CBN Sports+Action national television networks as well as the Radyo Patrol and My Only Radio regional radio networks . The ABS-CBN television network - in particular , is the largest contributor to the group 's revenue , generating about 50 to 60 percent of the group 's total annual revenue mainly from selling airtime to advertisers . The remaining revenue is generated from consumer sales , mainly from ABS-CBN Global Ltd. , which distributes international television channels such as The Filipino Channel and Myx TV and also from pay TV and broadband internet provider Sky . Other companies which operate under the ABS-CBN group are motion picture company Star Cinema , music recording label Star Music , publishing firm ABS-CBN Publishing , pay TV content provider and distributor Creative Programs , and talent agency Star Magic ."}]}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ASAP Rockz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ASAP_(variety_show)', 'summary': "All-Star Sunday Afternoon Party ( ASAP ; Tagalog : [ ˈasap ] ) , rebranded as ASAP Natin 'To ( lit . This Is Our ASAP ) , is a Philippine television variety show broadcast by ABS-CBN . Currently hosted by Martin Nievera , Lea Salonga , Zsa Zsa Padilla , Gary Valenciano , Luis Manzano , Sarah Geronimo , Toni Gonzaga , Bamboo , Sharon Cuneta , Ogie Alcasid , Jaya , Janno Gibbs , and Regine Velasquez-Alcasid . it premiered on February 5 , 1995 replacing Sa Linggo nAPO Sila . It surpassing rival network GMA 's GMA Supershows record of nearly two decades . In October 2015 , ASAP became the first live entertainment program in the Philippines to be broadcast in true high-definition picture , the other being a sports program ."}]}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN', 'summary': "ABS-CBN Corporation , commonly known as ABS-CBN , is a Filipino media and entertainment group based in Quezon City , Philippines . It is the Philippines ' largest entertainment and media conglomerate in terms of revenue , operating income , net income , assets , equity , market capitalization , and number of employees . ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation ( BEC ) . In 1952 , BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) after Judge Antonio Quirino , brother of President Elpidio Quirino , purchased the company . The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) by newspaper mogul Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez , who was then the Vice President of the Philippines . The two companies were merged and incorporated as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on 1 February 1967 , and renamed ABS-CBN Corporation in 2010 to reflect the company 's diversification . The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS . The group owns and operates the ABS-CBN and ABS-CBN Sports+Action national television networks as well as the Radyo Patrol and My Only Radio regional radio networks . The ABS-CBN television network - in particular , is the largest contributor to the group 's revenue , generating about 50 to 60 percent of the group 's total annual revenue mainly from selling airtime to advertisers . The remaining revenue is generated from consumer sales , mainly from ABS-CBN Global Ltd. , which distributes international television channels such as The Filipino Channel and Myx TV and also from pay TV and broadband internet provider Sky . Other companies which operate under the ABS-CBN group are motion picture company Star Cinema , music recording label Star Music , publishing firm ABS-CBN Publishing , pay TV content provider and distributor Creative Programs , and talent agency Star Magic ."}]}, {'value': 'Himself/Performer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100 Days to Heaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/100_Days_to_Heaven', 'summary': "100 Days to Heaven is a 2011 Philippine fantasy comedy drama television series directed by Malu L. Sevilla , Jojo A. Saguin , and Don M. Cuaresma . The series stars Coney Reyes and Xyriel Manabat as Anna Manalastas , and Jodi Sta . Maria as Sophia Delgado and Trisha Manalastas , with an ensemble cast consisting of Joel Torre , Dominic Ochoa , Smokey Manaloto , Valerie Concepcion , Rafael Rosell , Jewel Mische , Emmanuelle Vera , Neil Coleta , Louise Abuel , Rustica Carpio , and Noel Trinidad in their supporting roles . The series premiered on ABS-CBN 's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on TFC from May 9 to November 18 , 2011 , replacing Mutya . This is Coney Reyes ' first lead role after having already portrayed supporting roles in teleseryes such as Sa Puso Ko Iingatan Ka , Ysabella , and Rubi ."}]}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN', 'summary': "ABS-CBN Corporation , commonly known as ABS-CBN , is a Filipino media and entertainment group based in Quezon City , Philippines . It is the Philippines ' largest entertainment and media conglomerate in terms of revenue , operating income , net income , assets , equity , market capitalization , and number of employees . ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation ( BEC ) . In 1952 , BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) after Judge Antonio Quirino , brother of President Elpidio Quirino , purchased the company . The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) by newspaper mogul Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez , who was then the Vice President of the Philippines . The two companies were merged and incorporated as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on 1 February 1967 , and renamed ABS-CBN Corporation in 2010 to reflect the company 's diversification . The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS . The group owns and operates the ABS-CBN and ABS-CBN Sports+Action national television networks as well as the Radyo Patrol and My Only Radio regional radio networks . The ABS-CBN television network - in particular , is the largest contributor to the group 's revenue , generating about 50 to 60 percent of the group 's total annual revenue mainly from selling airtime to advertisers . The remaining revenue is generated from consumer sales , mainly from ABS-CBN Global Ltd. , which distributes international television channels such as The Filipino Channel and Myx TV and also from pay TV and broadband internet provider Sky . Other companies which operate under the ABS-CBN group are motion picture company Star Cinema , music recording label Star Music , publishing firm ABS-CBN Publishing , pay TV content provider and distributor Creative Programs , and talent agency Star Magic ."}]}, {'value': 'Onin Abucay', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ogie_Escanilla_0', 'intro': "Rogelio Escanilla Jr., better known as Ogie Escanilla is a Filipino child actor and a Hiphop dancer. In year 2009, he joined the ABS-CBN's television talent search Star Circle Quest."}
null
null
What year did two networks merge and rename which had a Filipino teen dance musical drama anthology series ?
1967
086bde501af4b94c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Britons_spin-offs', 'title': 'Greatest Britons spin-offs', 'header': ['Country', 'Broadcaster / Magazine', 'Name ( with English translation where applicable )', 'Winner', 'Airdate'], 'data': [{'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Telefe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telefe', 'summary': "Telefe ( acronym for Televisión Federal ) is a television station located in Buenos Aires , Argentina . The station is owned and operated by ViacomCBS through Televisión Federal S.A. Telefe is also a television network and one of Argentina 's five national television channels . Telefe has an international signal ( Telefe Internacional ) which is available in Americas , Europe , Asia , and Oceania ."}]}, {'value': 'El Gen Argentino ( The Argentine Gene )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Gen_Argentino', 'summary': 'El Gen Argentino ( Spanish for The Argentine Gene ) was an Argentine television programme aired on Telefe to determine who the public considered the greatest Argentine in history . Premiered on 27 August 2007 , it was a spin-off of the 2002 100 Greatest Britons series produced by the BBC . The Top 10 were announced on launch night , with almost 350,000 votes cast . In subsequent episodes , two candidates were chosen via an Internet vote for each of the five categories : sports , popular culture and journalism , 19th century politics , 20th century politics , and arts , sciences and humanities . On the last airing of the show , one personality among them was declared the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'José de San Martín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_de_San_Martín', 'summary': "José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras ( 25 February 1778 - 17 August 1850 ) , known simply as José de San Martín ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xoˈse ðe san maɾˈtin ] ( listen ) ) or El Libertador of Argentina , Chile and Peru , was a Spanish-Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern and central parts of South America 's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru . Born in Yapeyú , Corrientes , in modern-day Argentina , he left the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the early age of seven to study in Málaga , Spain . In 1808 , after taking part in the Peninsular War against France , San Martín contacted in London , South American supporters of independence from Spain . In 1812 , he set sail for Buenos Aires and offered his services to the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata , present-day Argentina . After the Battle of San Lorenzo and time commanding the Army of the North during 1814 , he organized a plan to defeat the Spanish forces that menaced the United Provinces from the north , using an alternative path to the Viceroyalty of Peru . This objective first involved the establishment of a new army , the Army of the Andes , in Cuyo Province , Argentina . From there , he led the Crossing of the Andes to Chile , and triumphed at the Battle of Chacabuco and the Battle of Maipú ( 1818 ) , thus liberating Chile from royalist rule . Then he sailed to attack the Spanish stronghold of Lima , Peru . On 12 July 1821 , after seizing partial control of Lima , San Martín was appointed Protector of Peru , and Peruvian independence was officially declared on 28 July . On 22 July 1822 , after a closed-door meeting with fellow libertador Simón Bolívar at Guayaquil , Ecuador , Bolívar took over the task of fully liberating Peru . San Martín unexpectedly left the country and resigned the command of his army , excluding himself from politics and the military , and moved to France in 1824 . The details of 22 July meeting would be a subject of debate by later historians ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) is Australia 's national broadcaster , founded in 1929 . It is principally funded by the direct grants from the Australian government but is expressly independent of government and partisan politics . The ABC plays a leading role in journalistic independence and is fundamental in the history of broadcasting in Australia . Modeled on the BBC in the United Kingdom , which is owned and controlled by the UK government , the ABC was originally financed by consumer licence fees on broadcast receivers . Licence fees were abolished in 1973 and replaced principally by direct government grants , as well as revenue from commercial activities related to its core broadcasting mission . The ABC now provides radio , television , online and mobile services throughout metropolitan and regional Australia and overseas through ABC Australia and Radio Australia . The ABC 's headquarters is in Ultimo , an inner-city suburb of Sydney , New South Wales ."}]}, {'value': 'The Greatest of All - Our 50 Top Australians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Greatest_of_All_-_Our_50_Top_Australians', 'summary': "The Greatest of All - Our 50 Top Australians was a newspaper article published in The Australian on 27 January 2013 , coinciding with that year 's Australia Day . Compiled by News Limited journalist Billy Rule , the article listed what he considered were the top 50 individuals ( including one horse ) who have helped define who we are as a people and how Australia is perceived as a country , including 'trailblazers ' , those who left a legacy for others to admire or benefit from , and those that engendered inspiration ."}]}, {'value': 'Howard Walter Florey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Walter_Florey', 'summary': "Howard Walter Florey , Baron Florey , OM , FRS , FRCP ( 24 September 1898 - 21 February 1968 ) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of penicillin . Although Fleming received most of the credit for the discovery of penicillin , it was Florey who carried out the first ever clinical trials of penicillin in 1941 at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford on the first patient , a police constable from Oxford . The patient started to recover , but subsequently died because Florey was unable , at that time , to make enough penicillin . It was Florey and Chain who actually made a useful and effective drug out of penicillin , after the task had been abandoned as too difficult . Florey 's discoveries , along with the discoveries of Fleming and Ernst Chain , are estimated to have saved over 200 million lives , and he is consequently regarded by the Australian scientific and medical community as one of its greatest figures . Sir Robert Menzies , Australia 's longest-serving Prime Minister , said , In terms of world well-being , Florey was the most important man ever born in Australia ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangladesh / India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangladesh', 'summary': "Bangladesh ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ ) pronounced /ˌbɑːŋlɑːˈdɛʃ/ ( bung-lah-desh ) or [ ˈbaŋladeʃ ] ( listen ) ; literally meaning The country of Bengal ; and officially called the People 's Republic of Bangladesh ( গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's 8th-most populous country with nearly 163 million people , and is the 92nd-largest country in land area , spanning 147,570 square kilometres ( 56,980 sq mi ) , making it one of the most densely-populated countries in the world . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west , north , and east , Myanmar to the southeast , and the Bay of Bengal to the south . It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by India 's Siliguri Corridor in the north and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the northeast . Dhaka , the capital and largest city , is the nation 's economic , political and cultural hub . Chittagong , the largest sea port , is the second largest city . The dominant geographic feature is the Ganges delta , which empties into the Bay of Bengal the combined waters of several river systems , including the Brahmaputra and the Ganges , with numerous criss-crossing rivers and inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests cover the northeastern and southeastern regions . The seacoast features the longest natural sea beach and most of the world 's largest mangrove forest . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plants and wildlife , including the endangered Bengal tiger , the national animal . Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . According to the ancient Indian epics , Ramayana and Mahabharata , the Vanga Kingdom , one of the namesakes of the Bengal region , was a strong naval ally of the legendary Ayodhya ."}, {'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'BBC Bengali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Bangla', 'summary': 'BBC Bangla ( Bengali : বিবিসি বাংলা ) is a Bengali language service of the BBC World Service .'}]}, {'value': 'Greatest Bengali of all time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greatest_Bengali_of_all_time', 'summary': "Soon after the completion of 100 Greatest Britons poll in 2002 , the BBC organized a similar opinion poll to find out who is the greatest Bengali personality in Bengali nation 's history of thousand years . In 2004 , BBC 's Bengali Service conducted the opinion poll with the title Greatest Bengali of all time started from February 11 continued onto March 22 . The poll was participated by Bengalis around the world including from Bangladesh , India ( states of West Bengal , Tripura , Assam ) and overseas Bengali communities . Total 140 nominations had been produced from the poll . BBC started to announce the top 20 names from 26 March declaring one name each day starting from 20th position . On the final day of 14 April , which was also the Pahela Baishakh ( Bengali New Year day ) , BBC announced Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the founding father of Bangladesh as the Greatest Bengali of all time voted by Bengalis worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Sheikh Mujibur Rahman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman', 'summary': "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ( Bengali : শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান ; 17 March 1920 - 15 August 1975 ) , shortened as Sheikh Mujib or just Mujib , was a Bangladeshi politician and statesman . He is often called the father of Bengali nation . He served as the first President of Bangladesh and later as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 17 April 1971 until his assassination on 15 August 1975 . He is considered to be the driving force behind the independence of Bangladesh . He is popularly dubbed with the title of Bangabandhu ( Bôngobondhu Friend of Bengal ) by the people of Bangladesh . He became a leading figure in and eventually the leader of the Awami League , founded in 1949 as an East Pakistan-based political party in Pakistan . Mujib is credited as an important figure in efforts to gain political autonomy for East Pakistan and later as the central figure behind the Bangladesh Liberation Movement and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 . Thus , he is regarded Jatir Janak or Jatir Pita ( Jatir Jônok or Jatir Pita , both meaning Father of the Nation ) of Bangladesh . His daughter Sheikh Hasina is the current leader of the Awami League and also the Prime Minister of Bangladesh . An advocate of democracy and socialism , Mujib rose to the ranks of the Awami League and East Pakistani politics as a charismatic and forceful orator . He became popular for his opposition to the ethnic and institutional discrimination of Bengalis in Pakistan , who comprised the majority of the state 's population . At the heightening of sectional tensions , he outlined a 6-point autonomy plan and was jailed by the regime of Field Marshal Ayub Khan for treason ."}]}, {'value': 'March/April 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Het Nieuwsblad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Het_Nieuwsblad', 'summary': 'Het Nieuwsblad ( English : The Newspaper ) is a Flemish newspaper that mainly focusses on a broad view regarding politics , culture , economics , lifestyle , society and sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Belg der Belgen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belg_der_Belgen', 'summary': "In 2005 , the Belgian newspaper , Het Nieuwsblad conducted a vote to discover the greatest Belgian of all time , under the title Belg der Belgen . The series is based on BBC 's 100 Greatest Britons . On 1 December 2005 , Father Damien ( Jozef de Veuster ) was chosen as Greatest Belgian of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Father Damien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Father_Damien', 'summary': "Father Damien or Saint Damien of Molokai , SS.CC . or Saint Damien De Veuster ( Dutch : Pater Damiaan or Heilige Damiaan van Molokai ; 3 January 1840 - 15 April 1889 ) , born Jozef De Veuster , was a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium and member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary , a missionary religious institute . He won recognition for his ministry , which he led from 1873 until his death in 1889 , in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi for people with leprosy ( also known as Hansen 's disease ) , who were required to live under government-required medical quarantine in a settlement on the Kalaupapa Peninsula of Molokaʻi . During this time , he taught the Catholic faith to the people of Hawaii . Father Damien also cared for the patients himself and established leadership within the community to build houses , schools , roads , hospitals , and churches . He dressed residents ' ulcers , built a reservoir , made coffins , dug graves , shared pipes , and ate poi from his hands with them , providing both medical and emotional support . After eleven years caring for the physical , spiritual , and emotional needs of those in the leper colony , Father Damien realized he had also contracted leprosy when he was scalded by hot water and felt no pain . He continued with his work despite the infection but finally succumbed to the disease on 15 April 1889 . Father Damien has been described as a martyr of charity . He was the tenth person in what is now the United States to be recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church . In both the Latin Rite and the Eastern Rites of the Catholic Church , Father Damien is venerated as a saint . In the Anglican communion , as well as other denominations of Christianity , Damien is considered the spiritual patron for leprosy and outcasts ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flanders , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flanders', 'summary': 'Flanders ( UK : /ˈflɑːndərz/ , US : /ˈflæn-/ ; Dutch : [ het ] Vlaanderen [ ˈvlaːndərə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; French : [ la ] Flandre [ flɑ̃dʁ ] ; German : [ das ] Flandern [ ˈflandɐn ] ( listen ) , Latin : Flandria ) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities , regions and language areas of Belgium . However , there are several overlapping definitions , including ones related to culture , language , politics and history , and sometimes involving neighbouring countries . The demonym associated with Flanders is Fleming , while the corresponding adjective is Flemish . The official capital of Flanders is the City of Brussels , although the Brussels Capital Region has an independent regional government , and the government of Flanders only oversees the community aspects of Flanders life in Brussels such as ( Flemish ) culture and education . Flanders , despite not being the biggest part of Belgium by area , is the area with the largest population ( 68.2% ) if Brussels is included . 7,797,611 out of 11,431,406 Belgian inhabitants live in Flanders or the bilingual city of Brussels . Not including Brussels , there are five modern Flemish provinces . In medieval contexts , the original County of Flanders stretched around AD 900 from the Strait of Dover to the Scheldt estuary and expanded from there . This county also still corresponds roughly with the modern-day Belgian provinces of West Flanders and East Flanders , along with neighbouring parts of France and the Netherlands . Although this original meaning is still relevant , in modern times the term Flanders came to refer to a larger area , and is used to refer to the entire Dutch-speaking part of Belgium , stretching all the way to the River Meuse , as well as cultural movements such as Flemish art . In accordance with late 20th century Belgian state reforms the Belgian part of this area was made into two political entities : the Flemish Community ( Dutch : Vlaamse Gemeenschap ) and the Flemish Region ( Dutch : Vlaams Gewest ) . These entities were merged , although geographically the Flemish Community , which has a broader cultural mandate , covers Brussels , whereas the Flemish Region does not .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'VRT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vlaamse_Radio-_en_Televisieomroep', 'summary': 'The Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie ( Flemish Radio and Television Broadcasting Organisation ) , or VRT ( Dutch : [ ˌveːjɛrˈteː ] , is the national public-service broadcaster for the Flemish Community of Belgium .'}]}, {'value': 'De Grootste Belg ( The Greatest Belgian )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/De_Grootste_Belg', 'summary': 'De Grootste Belg ( The Greatest Belgian ) was a 2005 vote conducted by Belgian public TV broadcaster Canvas , public radio broadcaster Radio 1 , and newspaper De Standaard , to determine who is the Greatest Belgian of all time . It could be considered as a Flemish list , considering that French-speaking community broadcast RTBF also held a vote , Le plus grand Belge . Nominees needed to have lived between 50 BC and now , between the borders of present-day Belgium . This is because Belgium only gained its independence in 1830 , while numerous historical individuals from , for example , the Spanish Netherlands , are considered to be Belgians . An initial list of 111 names ( 100 decided by a panel , 11 added by the public after a preliminary poll ) was set online . People could vote for their favourites to reduce the longlist to a shortlist of ten . After the first television show , the final list of ten nominees was announced . Two of them , Ambiorix and Hendrik Conscience , came out of the 11 names chosen by the public instead of the 100 chosen by the panel . The ten finalists were each presented on Canvas with a documentary , their nomination defended by famous Flemish people . On 1 December 2005 , Pater Damiaan was announced as the winner of the De Grootste Belg poll , beating Paul Janssen and Eddy Merckx .'}]}, {'value': 'Father Damien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Father_Damien', 'summary': "Father Damien or Saint Damien of Molokai , SS.CC . or Saint Damien De Veuster ( Dutch : Pater Damiaan or Heilige Damiaan van Molokai ; 3 January 1840 - 15 April 1889 ) , born Jozef De Veuster , was a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium and member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary , a missionary religious institute . He won recognition for his ministry , which he led from 1873 until his death in 1889 , in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi for people with leprosy ( also known as Hansen 's disease ) , who were required to live under government-required medical quarantine in a settlement on the Kalaupapa Peninsula of Molokaʻi . During this time , he taught the Catholic faith to the people of Hawaii . Father Damien also cared for the patients himself and established leadership within the community to build houses , schools , roads , hospitals , and churches . He dressed residents ' ulcers , built a reservoir , made coffins , dug graves , shared pipes , and ate poi from his hands with them , providing both medical and emotional support . After eleven years caring for the physical , spiritual , and emotional needs of those in the leper colony , Father Damien realized he had also contracted leprosy when he was scalded by hot water and felt no pain . He continued with his work despite the infection but finally succumbed to the disease on 15 April 1889 . Father Damien has been described as a martyr of charity . He was the tenth person in what is now the United States to be recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church . In both the Latin Rite and the Eastern Rites of the Catholic Church , Father Damien is venerated as a saint . In the Anglican communion , as well as other denominations of Christianity , Damien is considered the spiritual patron for leprosy and outcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wallonia , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallonia', 'summary': "Wallonia ( /wɒˈloʊniə/ ; French : [ la ] Wallonie [ walɔni ] ; German : [ das ] Wallonien [ vaˈloːni̯ən ] ( listen ) or [ die ] Wallonie [ valoˈniː ] ; Dutch : [ het ] Wallonië [ ʋɑˈloːnijə ] ( listen ) ; Walloon : [ li ] Walonreye [ walɔnʀɛj ] ; Luxembourgish : [ d ' ] Wallounien [ vɑˈləʊ̯niə̯n ] , Latin : Wallōnia or Vallōnia ) is a region of Belgium . As the southern portion of the country , Wallonia is primarily French-speaking , and accounts for 55% of Belgium 's territory , but only a third of its population . The Walloon Region was not merged with the French Community of Belgium , which is the political entity responsible for matters related mainly to culture and education , because the French Community of Belgium encompasses both Wallonia and the majority French-Speaking Brussels-Capital Region . The German-speaking minority in eastern Wallonia results from World War I and the subsequent annexation of three cantons that were initially part of the former German empire . This community represents less than 1% of the Belgian population . It forms the German-speaking Community of Belgium , which has its own government and parliament for culture-related issues . During the industrial revolution , Wallonia was second only to the United Kingdom in industrialization , capitalizing on its extensive deposits of coal and iron . This brought the region wealth , and from the beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century , Wallonia was the more prosperous half of Belgium . Since World War II , the importance of heavy industry has greatly diminished , and the Flemish Region surpassed Wallonia in wealth , as Wallonia declined economically . Wallonia now suffers from high unemployment and has a significantly lower GDP per capita than Flanders . The economic inequalities and linguistic divide between the two are major sources of political conflicts in Belgium and a major factor in Flemish separatism . The capital of Wallonia is Namur , and the most populous city is Charleroi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'RTBF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTBF', 'summary': "RTBF ( Radio-Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française ) is a public-service broadcasting organization delivering radio and television services to the French-speaking Community of Belgium , in Wallonia and Brussels . Its counterpart in the Flemish Community is the Dutch-language VRT ( Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie ) , and in the German-speaking Community it is BRF ( Belgischer Rundfunk ) . RTBF operates five television channels - La Une , La Deux , La Trois , Arte Belgique and PureVision together with a number of radio channels , La Première , RTBF International , VivaCité , Musiq3 , Classic 21 , and PureFM . The organization 's headquarters in Brussels , which is shared with VRT , is sometimes referred to colloquially as Reyers . This comes from the name of the avenue where RTBF/VRT 's main building is located , the Boulevard Auguste Reyers ( Dutch : Auguste Reyerslaan ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Le plus grand belge ( The Greatest Belgian )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_plus_grand_belge', 'summary': 'Les plus grands Belges ( French for The Greatest Belgians ) , is a television show that aired in 2005 on the Belgian French-speaking public channel RTBF . In the program the audience could vote for the greatest Belgian by using the website , sending an SMS or using the telephone . In total several hundred thousand votes were cast . Nominees needed to have lived between 50 BC and now , between the borders of present-day Belgium . This is because Belgium only gained its independence in 1830 , while numerous historical individuals from , for example , the Spanish Netherlands , are considered to be Belgians . A separate vote De Grootste Belg by the Belgian Dutch-speaking public channel VRT was held around the same time , producing strikingly different results , such as both top-10s sharing only three personalities , namely Jacques Brel , Father Damien and Eddy Merckx . To some this illustrates the low significance of any national cultural identity that remains shared among the two predominant language communities of the country . Because Father Damien holds the highest average ranking of the three shared personalities ( third on this list and first on the Flemish list ) it has been argued that he is the only one to be entitled Greatest Belgian , as voted by all Belgians .'}]}, {'value': 'Jacques Brel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Brel', 'summary': "Jacques Romain Georges Brel ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒak ʁomɛ̃ ʒɔʁʒ bʁɛl ] Pronunciation ( help·info ) ; 8 April 1929 - 9 October 1978 ) was a Belgian singer , songwriter , poet , actor and director who composed and performed literate , thoughtful , and theatrical songs that generated a large , devoted following - initially in Belgium and France , later throughout the world . He is considered a master of the modern chanson . Although he recorded most of his songs in French and occasionally in Dutch , he became an influence on English-speaking songwriters and performers , such as Scott Walker , David Bowie , Alex Harvey , Marc Almond and Rod McKuen . English translations of his songs were recorded by many performers , including : Bowie ; Walker , Ray Charles ; Judy Collins ; John Denver ; The Kingston Trio ; Nina Simone ; Frank Sinatra and Andy Williams . Brel was a successful actor , appearing in 10 films . He directed two films , one of which , Le Far West , was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1973 . Having sold over 25 million records worldwide , Brel is the third best-selling Belgian recording artist of all time . Brel married Thérèse Miche Michielsen in 1950 , and the couple had three children . He also had a romantic relationship with actress and dancer Maddly Bamy from 1972 until his death in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'SBT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televisão', 'summary': "The Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão ( SBT ; Brazilian Portuguese : [ sisˈtẽmɐ bɾɐziˈlejɾu dʒi televiˈzɐ̃w / ˈɛsi ˈbe ˈte ] ; Brazilian Television System ) is a Brazilian television network founded in August 19 , 1981 by the businessman and television personality Silvio Santos . The company was established after a public tender by the Brazilian Federal Government to form two new networks , created from revoked concessions of the defunct Tupi and Excelsior networks . SBT was funded in the same day that the concession agreement was signed , and that the act was broadcast live by the network , so that this was his first program aired . Before acquiring the concessions of the four station that were to form the SBT , Grupo Silvio Santos had since 1976 the concession of Rio de Janeiro 's channel 11 , known as TVS , which was a fundamental step to give life to SBT . In April 2018 , SBT was the second-most watched television network in Brazil , behind Rede Globo . Throughout its existence , the network always occupied the space in the audience ranking , except between 2007 and 2014 , when the Record network took the post . SBT has a total of 114 broadcast television stations ( O & Os and affiliates ) throughout the Brazilian territory , and is also available through pay television operators ( cable and satellite ) , free-to-air signal on satellite receivers and also through streaming media in their mobile application ( Android , iOS and Windows ) , applications for smart TVs and its website . Also on their website , its programming is available in video on demand for free , also available from the video-sharing site YouTube since 2010 . In March 2017 , the 43 channels of SBT on YouTube accumulated 20 million subscribers and 70 billion minutes watched . SBT broadcast in their programming a wide variety of television genres , whereas its own material generally stand adjacent to the entertainment . Foreign programming , mainly the telenovelas produced by the networks owned by the Mexican conglomerate Televisa , are part of their program schedule . It is the only commercial television broadcaster in Brazil which airs children 's programming , even arranging a partnership with the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'O Maior Brasileiro de Todos os Tempos ( The Greatest Brazilian of All Time )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/O_Maior_Brasileiro_de_Todos_os_Tempos', 'summary': "O Maior Brasileiro de Todos os Tempos ( English : The Greatest Brazilian of All Time ) was a public poll contest organized by the Brazilian broadcasting station SBT and hosted by Carlos Nascimento to rank the most outstanding Brazilian personalities . Based on BBC 's 100 Greatest Britons , it featured individual documentaries advocating the top ten candidates . After three months of voting and more than a million votes recorded , one hundred persons were selected , appointed by the thousands of Brazilians . The final episode aired on October 3 , 2012 . Chico Xavier was elected the greatest Brazilian of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Chico Xavier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chico_Xavier', 'summary': "Chico Xavier ( Portuguese : [ ˈʃiku ʃɐviˈɛʁ ] ) or Francisco Cândido Xavier , born Francisco de Paula Cândido ( [ fɾɐ̃ˈsisku dʒi ˈpawlɐ ˈkɐ̃dʒidu ] , April 2 , 1910 - June 30 , 2002 ) , was a popular philanthropist and spiritist medium . During a period of 60 years he wrote over 490 books and several thousand letters claiming to use a process known as psychography . Books based on old letters and manuscripts were published posthumously , bringing the total number of books to 496 . The books written by Chico covered a vast range of topics from religion , philosophy , historical romances and novels , Portuguese Literature , poetry , and science , as well as thousands of letters intended to inform , console and uplift the families of deceased persons during his psychographic sessions . His books sold an estimated 50 million copies and the revenue generated by it was totally channeled into charity work . Xavier was born in the city of Pedro Leopoldo , State of Minas Gerais and is popularly known as Chico Xavier ( Chico is the Portuguese nickname for Francisco ) . Xavier called his spiritual guide Emmanuel , who according to Xavier , lived in ancient Rome as Senator Publius Lentulus , was reincarnated in Spain as Father Damien , and later as a professor at the Sorbonne . Xavier claimed he was a channel for the work of the spirits and that he was not able to produce any miracle such as healing people . He often mentioned he could not contact a deceased person unless the spirit was willing to be contacted . His appearances on TV talk shows in the late 1960s and early 1970s helped to establish Spiritism Doctrine as one of the major philosophies professed in Brazil with more than 5 million followers . Xavier 's popularity remained unchanged in Brazil throughout his life . Despite his health problems he kept working up to his death , on June 30 , 2002 in Uberaba ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'BNT Channel 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BNT_Channel_1', 'summary': 'BNT 1 ( БНТ 1 , BNT edno ) is a Bulgarian-language public television station founded in 1959 . It began broadcasting on December 26 the same year . The headquarters are located in Sofia , Bulgaria . BNT 1 is run by the Bulgarian National Television . When it was initially launched , the channel was called simply Bulgarian Television ( Българска телевизия ) , as it was the only channel available . When a second state-owned channel was started in 1974 , it was renamed to First Programme ( Първа програма ) , and later to BT 1 ( БТ 1 ) ( with BT still referring to Bulgarian Television ) . In 1992 , BT 1 and BT 2 were given separate visual designs and were renamed respectively to Channel 1 ( Канал 1 ) and Efir 2 ( Ефир 2 ) . In this period , the channel was also referred to as BNT Channel 1 ( Канал 1 на БНТ ) , to show that it was operated by the BNT . On 14 September 2008 BNT Channel 1 changed its name once more , this time to BNT 1 in an effort to put all BNT channels under a single banner ( e.g. , the Plovdiv TV Channel will become BNT Plovdiv ) . The second BNT channel called BNT 2 broadcasts the local programming of the former four regional TV centres , and broadcasts nationally . It airs sports like the UEFA Europa League along with bTV Action and RING . BNT 1 , along with its sister channel BNT 2 and the sports channel BNT 3 holds the rights for the Euro and the Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Velikite Balgari ( The Great Bulgarians )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velikite_Balgari', 'summary': "Velikite Balgari ( Bulgarian : „ Великите българи , The Great Bulgarians ) was the Bulgarian spin-off of the 2002 program 100 Greatest Britons produced by the BBC . Aired on the Bulgarian National Television 's Kanal 1 , its first stage began on 9 June 2006 and finished on 10 December , with a show on 23 December announcing the names of the Top 100 as chosen by popular vote . The Top 10 were announced in alphabetical order . In the second stage , which lasted until 17 February 2007 , the viewers determined the order in the Top 10 . Documentaries dedicated to every Top 10 personality were aired during the second stage ."}]}, {'value': 'Vasil Levski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vasil_Levski', 'summary': 'Vasil Levski ( Bulgarian : Васил Левски , originally spelled Василъ Лѣвскій , pronounced [ vɐˈsiɫ ˈlɛfski ] ) , born Vasil Ivanov Kunchev ( Васил Иванов Кунчев ; 18 July 1837 - 18 February 1873 ) , was a Bulgarian revolutionary and is a national hero of Bulgaria today . Dubbed the Apostle of Freedom , Levski ideologised and strategised a revolutionary movement to liberate Bulgaria from Ottoman rule . Levski founded the Internal Revolutionary Organisation , and sought to foment a nationwide uprising through a network of secret regional committees . Born in the Sub-Balkan town of Karlovo to middle-class parents , Levski became an Orthodox monk before emigrating to join the two Bulgarian Legions in Serbia and other Bulgarian revolutionary groups . Abroad , he acquired the nickname Levski , Lionlike . After working as a teacher in Bulgarian lands , he propagated his views and developed the concept of his Bulgaria-based revolutionary organisation , an innovative idea that superseded the foreign-based detachment strategy of the past . In Romania , Levski helped institute the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee , composed of Bulgarian expatriates . During his tours of Bulgaria , Levski established a wide network of insurrectionary committees . Ottoman authorities , however , captured him at an inn near Lovech and executed him by hanging in Sofia . Levski looked beyond the act of liberation : he envisioned a pure and sacred Bulgarian republic of ethnic and religious equality . His concepts have been described as a struggle for human rights , supposedly inspired by the progressive liberalism of the French Revolution and 19th century Western European society . Levski is commemorated with monuments in Bulgaria and Serbia , and numerous national institutions bear his name .'}]}, {'value': 'February 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'The Greatest Canadian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Greatest_Canadian', 'summary': "The Greatest Canadian was a 2004 television program series by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) to determine who is considered to be the greatest Canadian of all time , at least according to those who watched and participated in the program . The project was inspired by the BBC series Great Britons . Radio-Canada , the national publicly funded French-language broadcasting agency , was not involved in The Greatest Canadian project , reducing the input of Canada 's French-Canadian minority over the results . The CBC did , by law , make its website available in French , however . The Greatest Canadian was not decided by a simple popular poll , but was instead chosen through a two-step voting process . On 17 October 2004 the CBC aired the first part of The Greatest Canadian television series . In it , the bottom 40 of the top 50 greatest choices were revealed , in order of popularity , determined by polls conducted by E-mail , website , telephone , and letter . To prevent bias during the second round of voting , the top ten nominees were presented alphabetically rather than by order of first round popularity . This second vote was accompanied by a series of documentaries , where 10 Canadian celebrities acting as advocates each presented their case for The Greatest Canadian . Voting concluded on 28 November at midnight and the following evening , 29 November , the winner was revealed to be Tommy Douglas . The series has a spiritual sequel , The Greatest Canadian Invention ."}]}, {'value': 'Tommy Douglas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tommy_Douglas', 'summary': "Thomas Clement Douglas PC CC SOM ( 20 October 1904 - 24 February 1986 ) was a Canadian politician who served as Premier of Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961 and Leader of the New Democratic Party from 1961 to 1971 . A Baptist minister , he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1935 as a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) . He left federal politics to become Leader of the Saskatchewan Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and then the seventh Premier of Saskatchewan . His cabinet was the first democratic socialist government in North America and it introduced the continent 's first single-payer , universal health care program , commonly known as Medicare . After setting up Saskatchewan 's Medicare program , Douglas stepped down and ran to lead the newly formed federal New Democratic Party ( NDP ) , the successor party of the national CCF . He was elected as its first federal leader in 1961 . Although Douglas never led the party to government , through much of his tenure the party held the balance of power in the House of Commons . He was noted as being the main opposition to the imposition of the War Measures Act during the 1970 October Crisis . He resigned as leader the next year , but remained as a Member of Parliament until 1979 . Douglas was awarded many honorary degrees , and a foundation was named for him and his political mentor M. J. Coldwell in 1971 . In 1981 , he was invested into the Order of Canada , and he became a member of Canada 's Privy Council in 1984 , two years before his death . In 2004 , a CBC Television program named Tommy Douglas The Greatest Canadian , based on a Canada-wide , viewer-supported survey ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catalonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catalonia', 'summary': "Catalonia ( /ˌkætəˈloʊniə/ ; Catalan : Catalunya [ kətəˈluɲə ] ; Aranese : Catalonha [ kataˈluɲɔ ] ; Spanish : Cataluña [ kataˈluɲa ] ) is an autonomous community on the northeastern corner of Spain , self-designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy . [ c ] Catalonia consists of four provinces : Barcelona , Girona , Lleida , and Tarragona . The capital and largest city is Barcelona , the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the core of the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union . It comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia ( with the remainder Roussillon now part of France 's Pyrénées-Orientales , Occitanie ) . It is bordered by France ( Occitanie ) and Andorra to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the east , and the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon to the west and Valencia to the south . The official languages are Catalan , Spanish , and the Aranese dialect of Occitan . In the late 8th century , the counties of the March of Gothia and the Hispanic March were established by the Frankish kingdom as feudal vassals across and near the eastern Pyrenees as a defensive barrier against Muslim invasions . The eastern counties of these marches were united under the rule of the Frankish vassal , the count of Barcelona . In the 10th century the County of Barcelona became independent de facto . In 1137 , Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon were united by marriage under the Crown of Aragon . The de jure end of Frankish rule was ratified by French and Aragonese monarchs in the Treaty of Corbeil in 1258 . The Principality of Catalonia developed its own institutional system , such as courts ( parliament ) , and constitutions , becoming the base for the Crown of Aragon 's naval power , trade and expansionism in the Mediterranean ."}]}, {'value': 'TV3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TV_3_(Catalonia)', 'summary': 'TV3 ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈte ˈβe ˈtɾɛs ] ) is the primary television channel of Catalan public broadcaster Televisió de Catalunya , a subsidiary of the CCMA . TV3 broadcasts programmes only in Catalan , with an optional dual track in the original language for some foreign-language series and movies , although Spanish is not dubbed or subtitled ( for example during news broadcasts ) . TV3 is also a founding member of FORTA , the Federation of Autonomic Radio and Television Organizations of Spain . It is funded by the regional autonomous government , the Generalitat de Catalunya , through the CCMA .'}]}, {'value': 'El Favorit ( The Favorite )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaume I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaume_I', 'summary': 'James I the Conqueror ( Catalan : Jaume el Conqueridor ; 2 February 1208 - 27 July 1276 ) was King of Aragon , Count of Barcelona , and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276 ; King of Majorca from 1231 to 1276 ; and Valencia from 1238 to 1276 . His long reign - the longest of any Iberian monarch - saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon in three directions : Languedoc to the north , the Balearic Islands to the southeast , and Valencia to the south . By a treaty with Louis IX of France , he wrested the County of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown . He renounced northward expansion and taking back the once Catalan territories in Occitania and vassal counties loyal to the County of Barcelona , lands that were lost by his father Peter II of Aragon in the Battle of Muret during the Albigensian Crusade and annexed by the Kingdom of France , and then decided to turn south . His great part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia . One of the main reasons for this formal renunciation of most of the once Catalan territories in Languedoc and Occitania and any expansion into them is the fact that he was raised by the Knights Templar crusaders , who had defeated his father fighting for the Pope alongside the French , so it was effectively forbidden for him to try to maintain the traditional influence of the Count of Barcelona that previously existed in Occitania and Languedoc . As a legislator and organiser , he occupies a high place among the European kings . James compiled the Llibre del Consolat de Mar , which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragonese supremacy in the western Mediterranean . He was an important figure in the development of the Catalan language , sponsoring Catalan literature and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign : the Llibre dels fets .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': 'TVN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Televisión_Nacional_de_Chile', 'summary': 'Televisión Nacional de Chile ( TVN ) is a Chilean public service broadcaster . It was founded by order of President Eduardo Frei Montalva and it was launched nationwide on 18 September 1969 . Since then , the company has been reorganized on several occasions and its operations areas have increased over the years , becoming one of the leading television broadcaster in Chile and South America . The law 17 377 of 1970 established that TVN must be a public , autonomous , pluralistic and representative public service . In 2018 changes were introduced in his public mission with the adoption of the act 21 085 that determined the obligation to promote the national cultural identity , the values of democracy , human rights , care for the environment and respect for diversity . Furthermore , TVN governs the programming of its services according to criteria established by the National Television Council ( CNTV ) . Its headquarters are in Providencia , Santiago Metropolitan Region and it employs over 1,083 staff in total , distributed in various areas . The company is directed through a chairman appointed by the President of the Republic , which has a duration of four years , synchronized with the presidential period . The other six members of the board of directors are appointed three times per period in agreement between the Senate and the President of the Republic , for eight years . To them , a seventh member is added who is chosen democratically by the staff . As of December 2019 the chairman of Televisión Nacional is Ana Holuigue by appointment of the current President of Chile , Sebastián Piñera . While the executive director and legal representative is Francisco Guijón since 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Grandes Chilenos ( Great Chileans )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grandes_Chilenos', 'summary': "Grandes Chilenos de Nuestra Historia ( English : Great Chileans of Our History ; sometimes simply called Grandes Chilenos ) was a Chilean TV program produced and broadcast by state channel Televisión Nacional de Chile during 2008 . It was based on the style of BBC 's 100 Greatest Britons . Former President Salvador Allende was elected the Greatest Chilean ."}]}, {'value': 'Salvador Allende', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salvador_Allende', 'summary': "Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens ( US : /ɑːˈjɛndeɪ , -di/ , UK : /æˈ- , aɪˈɛn-/ , American Spanish : [ salβaˈðoɾ ɣiˈʝeɾmo aˈʝende ˈɣosens ] ; 26 June 1908 - 11 September 1973 ) was a Chilean democratic socialist politician and physician , President of Chile from 1970 until 1973 , and head of the Popular Unity political coalition government ; he was the first ever Marxist to be elected president in a country with liberal democracy . Allende 's involvement in Chilean political life spanned a period of nearly forty years , having covered the posts of senator , deputy and cabinet minister . As a life-long committed member of the Socialist Party of Chile , whose foundation he had actively contributed to , he unsuccessfully ran for the national presidency in the 1952 , 1958 , and 1964 elections . In 1970 , he won the presidency in a close three-way race . He was elected in a run-off by Congress as no candidate had gained a majority . On 11 September 1973 , the military moved to oust Allende in a coup d'état supported by the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . As troops surrounded La Moneda Palace , he gave his last speech vowing not to resign . Later that day , Allende committed suicide with an AK-47 rifle gifted to him by Fidel Castro , according to an investigation conducted by a Chilean court with the assistance of international experts in 2011 . Following Allende 's death , General Augusto Pinochet refused to return authority to a civilian government , and Chile was later ruled by a military junta that was in power up until 1990 , ending more than four decades of uninterrupted democratic governance . The military junta that took over dissolved the Congress of Chile , suspended the Constitution , and began a persecution of alleged dissidents , in which at least 3,095 civilians disappeared or were killed ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'History Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)', 'summary': "History ( formerly The History Channel from 1995 to 2008 ) is a pay television network that is owned by A+E Networks , a joint venture between Hearst Communications and the Disney Media Networks division of the Walt Disney Company . The network was originally focused on history-based documentaries and historical fiction series though , during the late 2000s , History would drift into male-oriented reality television programming . In addition to this change in format , the network is also criticized by many scientists , historians , and skeptics for broadcasting pseudodocumentaries and unsubstantiated , sensational investigative programming . As of February 2015 , around 96,149,000 American households ( 82.6% of households with television ) receive the network 's flagship channel , History . International localized versions of History are available , in various forms , in India , Canada , Europe , Australia , the Middle East , Africa , and Latin America ."}]}, {'value': 'El Gran Colombiano ( The Great Colombian )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Álvaro Uribe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Álvaro_Uribe', 'summary': "Álvaro Uribe Vélez ( born 4 July 1952 ) is a Colombian politician who served as the 31st President of Colombia from 7 August 2002 to 7 August 2010 . Uribe studied law . Álvaro Uribe focused his political career and became a member of the Colombian Liberal Party . In 1993 he attended Harvard University , receiving a Certificate of Special Studies in Administration and Management at Harvard Extension School and Certificate in Negotiation and Dispute Resolution at Harvard Law School . Between 1998 and 1999 , he studied at St Antony 's College , Oxford , England , on a Chevening-Simón Bolívar scholarship and was appointed Senior Associate Member at St Antony 's College . Uribe started his political career in his home department of Antioquia . He has held office in the Empresas Públicas de Medellín and in the Ministry of Labor and was the director of the Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics ( 1980-1982 ) . He was named Mayor of Medellín in October 1982 by Belisario Betancur . However , he was discharged of his function in February 1983 , five months after his appointment , by Président Betancur for his alleged collaboration with drug traffickers . He was Senator between 1986 and 1994 and finally Governor of Antioquia between 1995 and 1997 before he was elected President of Colombia in 2002 . Following his 2002 election , Uribe led successful campaigns against leftist guerilla groups the FARC and the ELN , as well as leading a successful effort in the demobilizing of the rightwing paramilitary group known as the AUC , all of which are part the Colombian Armed Conflict . On 13 January 2009 the United States awarded President Uribe the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his role in fighting along the US lead War on Terror in the Colombian Armed Conflict ."}]}, {'value': 'June 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': 'Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nacional_(weekly)', 'summary': "Nacional is a Croatian weekly news magazine published in Zagreb . Founded in 1995 and owned by photographer and journalist Ivo Pukanić , Nacional quickly gained a reputation for reporting and critical articles about the conservative government led by the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , which was in power during the 1990s . During most of its existence its main rival was Globus published by Europapress Holding ( EPH ) . In 2000 Pukanić stepped down as editor-in-chief to oversee the launch of his short-lived daily Republika , which was meant to compete with EPH 's Jutarnji list . Republika was launched in late 2000 , only to fold in May 2001 due to low circulation . After 2000 Nacional 's editorial policy shifted to include more business and entertainment content . Following the failure of Republika Pukanić returned to the magazine as an investigative reporter . Shortly after the 2008 assassination of Ivo Pukanić , the magazine 's sales plummeted , and in 2010 it was bought by a Swiss media company owned by Harald von Seefried . Soon after the acquisition a group of journalists dissatisfied by the new owner 's editorial policies left Nacional to found a rival weekly called Aktual , whose first issue was published in June 2011 . Nacional continued to amass losses and was discontinued after the issue no . 866 , published on 19 June 2012 . The Nacional brand and its archive have since been acquired by Berislav Jelinić , its former journalist , who re-launched the magazine on 9 December 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Greatest Croatian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greatest_Croatian', 'summary': "The Greatest Croatian ( Croatian : Najveći Hrvat ) was a poll conducted over five weeks in 2003 by the Croatian weekly Nacional . The public was invited to vote via the magazine 's website , text messages and postcards to determine the Greatest Croatian in history . Almost 8,000 votes were received during the course of the poll ( 6,507 via Internet , 520 text messages and 752 postcards ) , and the final results were published in the magazine 's 6 January 2004 issue ."}]}, {'value': 'Josip Broz Tito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito', 'summary': 'Josip Broz , commonly known as Tito ( /ˈtiːtoʊ/ ; Cyrillic : Тито , pronounced [ tîto ] ) , was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and statesman , serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980 . During World War II , he was the leader of the Partisans , often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe . He also served as the President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 14 January 1953 to 4 May 1980 . While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised , Tito has been seen by most as a benevolent dictator . He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad . Viewed as a unifying symbol , his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation . He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement , alongside Jawaharlal Nehru of India , Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt , and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana . Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec , Austria-Hungary ( now in Croatia ) . Drafted into military service , he distinguished himself , becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time . After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I , he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains . He participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and subsequent Civil War . Upon his return to the Balkans in 1918 , Broz entered the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia , where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( KPJ ) .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic', 'summary': "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ."}]}, {'value': 'ČT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Česká_televize', 'summary': 'Česká televize ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈtɛlɛvɪzɛ ] , abbreviation : ČT , English : Czech Television ) is a public television broadcaster in the Czech Republic , broadcasting six channels . It is the successor to Czechoslovak Television , founded in 1953 .'}]}, {'value': 'Největší Čech ( The Greatest Czech )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Největší_Čech', 'summary': 'Největší Čech ( The Greatest Czech ) is the Czech spin-off of the BBC Greatest Britons show ; a television poll of the populace to name the greatest Czech in history . The series was broadcast by the national public-service broadcaster , Česká televize . The presenter of the programme was Marek Eben , who was also nominated to be in the Top 100 ; however , since he was presenting the show he was not eligible to be included in the final list . The counting and ranking of the nomination votes took place during January 2005 ; the top 100 were announced on 5 May ; and the final rankings were announced on 10 June 2005 . The first round was won by the fictional genius Jára Cimrman , but he was disqualified .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles IV , Holy Roman Emperor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor', 'summary': "Charles IV ( Czech : Karel IV. , German : Karl IV. , Latin : Carolus IV ; 14 May 1316 - 29 November 1378 ) , born Wenceslaus , was the first King of Bohemia to become Holy Roman Emperor . He was a member of the House of Luxembourg from his father 's side and the Czech House of Přemyslid from his mother 's side ; he emphasized the latter due to his lifelong affinity for the Czech side of his inheritance , and also because his direct ancestors in the Přemyslid line included two saints . He was the eldest son and heir of King John of Bohemia , who died at the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346 . His mother , Elizabeth of Bohemia , was the sister of King Wenceslas III , the last of the male Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia . Charles inherited the County of Luxembourg from his father and was elected king of the Kingdom of Bohemia . On 2 September 1347 , Charles was crowned King of Bohemia . On 11 July 1346 , the prince-electors chose him as King of the Romans ( rex Romanorum ) in opposition to Emperor Louis IV . Charles was crowned on 26 November 1346 in Bonn . After his opponent died , he was re-elected in 1349 and crowned King of the Romans . In 1355 , he was crowned King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor . With his coronation as King of Burgundy in 1365 , he became the personal ruler of all the kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'May/June 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Europe 's 100 Most Influential", 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ongoing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'YLE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yleisradio', 'summary': "Yleisradio Oy ( Finnish ) , literally General Radio or General Broadcast ; Swedish : Rundradion ; abbr . Yle ( [ yle ] ) , is Finland 's national public broadcasting company , founded in 1926 . It is a joint-stock company which is 99.98% owned by the Finnish state , and employs around 3,200 people in Finland . Yle shares many of its organizational characteristics with its UK counterpart , the BBC , on which it was largely modelled . For the greater part of Yle 's existence the company was funded by the revenues obtained from a broadcast receiving licence fee payable by the owners of radio sets ( 1927-1976 ) and television sets ( 1958-2012 ) , as well as receiving a portion of the broadcasting licence fees payable by private television broadcasters . Since the beginning of 2013 the licence fee has been replaced by a public broadcasting tax ( known as the Yle tax ) , which is collected annually from private individuals and corporations together with their other taxes . By far the largest part of the Yle tax is collected from individual taxpayers , with payments being assessed on a sliding scale . Minors , as well as persons with an annual income of less than €7,813 are exempt . At the lower limit the tax payable by individuals amounts to €50 per annum and the maximum ( payable by an individual with a yearly income of €20,588 or more ) is set at €140 . The rationale for the abolition of the previous television licence fee was the development of other means of delivering Yle 's services , such as the Internet , and the consequent impracticality of continuing to tie the fee to the ownership of a specific device . Yle receives no advertising revenues as all channels are advertisement-free . Yle has a status that could be described as that of a non-departmental public body ."}]}, {'value': 'Suuret Suomalaiset ( Great Finns )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suuret_Suomalaiset', 'summary': "Suuret suomalaiset ( Great Finns ) was a 2004 television show broadcast in Finland by Yle ( the Finnish Broadcasting Company ) , which determined the 100 greatest Finns of all time according to the opinions of its viewers . The viewers were able to vote during a programme which lasted from October to December 2004 . The show was a Finnish spin-off of the BBC 's programme Great Britons ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim', 'summary': "Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim ( Swedish pronunciation : [ kɑːɭ ˈɡɵ̂sːtav ˈěːmɪl ˈmânːɛrˌhejm ] ( listen ) ; 4 June 1867 - 27 January 1951 ) was a Finnish military leader and statesman . Mannerheim served as the military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War , Regent of Finland ( 1918-1919 ) , commander-in-chief of Finland 's defence forces during World War II , Marshal of Finland , and the sixth president of Finland ( 1944-1946 ) . Mannerheim made a career in the Imperial Russian Army , rising to the rank of lieutenant general . He also had a prominent place in the ceremonies for Tsar Nicholas II 's coronation and later had several private meetings with the Tsar . After the Bolshevik revolution , Finland declared its independence but was soon embroiled in civil war between the pro-Bolshevik Reds and the Whites , who were the troops of the Senate of Finland , supported by troops of the German Empire . Mannerheim was appointed the military chief of the Whites . Twenty years later , when Finland was twice at war with the Soviet Union from November 1939 until September 1944 , Mannerheim successfully led the defence of Finland as commander-in-chief of the country 's armed forces . In 1944 , when the prospect of Germany 's defeat in World War II became clear , Mannerheim was elected President of Finland and oversaw peace negotiations with the Soviet Union and the UK . He resigned the presidency in 1946 and died in 1951 . In a Finnish survey 53 years after his death , Mannerheim was voted the greatest Finn of all time . Given the broad recognition in Finland and elsewhere of his unparalleled role in establishing and later preserving Finland 's independence from Russia , Mannerheim has long been referred to as the father of modern Finland , and the Finnish capital Helsinki 's Mannerheim Museum memorializing the leader 's life and times has been called the closest thing there is to a [ Finnish ] national shrine . In addition , he is the only Finn to have held the rank of field marshal , an honorary rank bestowed upon especially distinguished generals ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'France 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France_2', 'summary': 'France 2 ( pronounced [ fʁɑ̃s dø ] ) is a French public national television channel . It is part of the state-owned France Télévisions group , along with France 3 , France 4 , France 5 and France Ô. France Télévisions also participates in ARTE and EuroNews . Since 3:20 CET on 7 April 2008 , all France 2 programming has been broadcast in 16:9 widescreen format over the French analogue and digital terrestrial television . An HD simulcast feed of France 2 has been broadcasting on satellite provider CanalSat since 1 July 2008 and on digital terrestrial television since 30 October 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Le Plus Grand Français ( The Greatest Frenchman )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Plus_Grand_Français', 'summary': 'Le Plus Grand Français de tous les temps ( The Greatest Frenchman of all Time ) was a France 2 show of early 2005 , based on an original series of Great Britons on the BBC . The show asked the French viewers whom they thought was the Greatest Frenchman or Frenchwoman . It was presented by Michel Drucker and Thierry Ardisson , and the final episode was broadcast at the French Senate . The winner was the former president and leader of the Free French movement , Charles de Gaulle . The show was criticized by some historians in that it focused only on personalities of recent French history . Key figures of French history who contributed to the founding of the French nation , such as the national heroine Joan of Arc , the kings Philip Augustus , Saint Louis , and Louis XIV or French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte were largely ignored .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles de Gaulle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle', 'summary': "Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( /də ˈɡoʊl , -ˈɡɔːl/ ; French pronunciation : [ ʃaʁl də ɡol ] ( listen ) ; 22 November 1890 - 9 November 1970 ) was a French army officer and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to reestablish democracy in France . In 1958 , he came out of retirement when appointed president of the Council of Ministers by President René Coty . He was asked to rewrite the Constitution of France and founded the Fifth Republic after approval by referendum . He was elected the president of France later that year , a position he was reelected to in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969 . He was the dominant figure of France during the early part of the Cold War era ; his memory continues to influence French politics . Born in Lille , he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912 . He was a decorated officer of the First World War , wounded several times and later taken prisoner at Verdun . During the interwar period , he advocated mobile armoured divisions . During the German invasion of May 1940 , he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders ; he was then appointed Undersecretary for War . Refusing to accept his government 's armistice with Germany , de Gaulle escaped to England and exhorted the French to resist occupation and to continue the fight in his Appeal of 18 June . He led the Free French Forces and later headed the French National Liberation Committee against the Axis . Despite frosty relations with the United States , he generally had Winston Churchill 's support and emerged as the undisputed leader of the French Resistance ."}]}, {'value': 'April 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(country)', 'summary': "Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველო , translit . : sakartvelo , IPA : [ sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ ] ( listen ) ) , known until 1995 as the Republic of Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველოს რესპუბლიკა , translit . : sakartvelos resp'ublik ' a ) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia . Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe , it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea , to the north by Russia , to the south by Turkey and Armenia , and to the southeast by Azerbaijan . The capital and largest city is Tbilisi . Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres ( 26,911 sq mi ) , and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million . Georgia is a unitary parliamentary republic , with the government elected through a representative democracy . During the classical era , several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia , such as Colchis and Iberia . The Georgians officially adopted Christianity in the early 4th century . The Georgian Orthodox Church had enormous importance for the spiritual and political unification of early Georgian states . The unified Kingdom of Georgia reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great in the 12th and early 13th centuries . Thereafter , the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under the hegemony of various regional powers , including the Mongols , the Ottoman Empire and successive dynasties of Iran ."}]}, {'value': 'GPB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgian_Public_Broadcaster', 'summary': "Georgian Public Broadcasting ( Georgian : საქართველოს საზოგადოებრივი მაუწყებელი , sakartvelos sazogadoebrivi mauts ' q'ebeli ) is the national public broadcaster of Georgia . It started broadcasting radio in 1925 , and Georgian TV started broadcasting in 1956 . Today , 85% of the Georgian population receive the First Channel , and 55% receive the Second Channel . Georgian TV 's programmes are also received by satellite and over the Internet in a number of European and Asian countries . The adoption of Law on Broadcasting in 2004 , started the process of transformation of Georgian TV from being a state broadcaster into a public broadcaster . In 2005 the Georgian Parliament elected a Board of Governors , composed of nine members . One of them , Tamar Kintsurashvili , from Liberty Institute , was later elected as the first Director General of GPB . Vasil Maghlaperidze is the current occupant of this position ."}]}, {'value': 'საქართველოს დიდი ათეული ( Our Best )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David IV of Georgia ( at the ending of the voting )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia', 'summary': 'David IV , also known as David the Builder ( Georgian : დავით აღმაშენებელი , Davit Aghmashenebeli ) ( 1073- 24 January 1125 ) , of the Bagrationi dynasty , was a king of Georgia from 1089 until his death in 1125 . Popularly considered to be the greatest and most successful Georgian ruler in history and an original architect of the Georgian Golden Age , he succeeded in driving the Seljuk Turks out of the country , winning the major Battle of Didgori in 1121 . His reforms of the army and administration enabled him to reunite the country and bring most of the lands of the Caucasus under Georgias control . A friend of the church and a notable promoter of Christian culture , he was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church .'}]}, {'value': '2008 ( broadcasting was stopped )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'ZDF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ZDF', 'summary': "Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ( German pronunciation : [ ˌtsvaɪ̯təsˌdɔʏ̯tʃəsˈfɛɐ̯nzeːn ] ; English : Second German Television ) , usually shortened to ZDF ( [ ˌtsɛ.teː.ˈʔɛf ] , stylized as 2DF ) , is a German public-service television broadcaster based in Mainz , Rhineland-Palatinate . It is run as an independent nonprofit institution , which was founded by all federal states of Germany ( Bundesländer ) . ZDF is financed by television licence fees and advertising revenues . The broadcaster is well known for its famous programmes heute , a newscast established in 1963 , and Wetten , dass. ? an entertainment show that premiered in 1981 , and ended in 2014 . Thomas Bellut , ZDF 's director general , was elected by the ZDF Television Council in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Unsere Besten ( Our Best )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unsere_Besten', 'summary': "Unsere Besten ( Our Best ) was a television series shown in German public television ( ZDF ) in November 2003 , similar to the BBC series 100 Greatest Britons and that program 's spin-offs . In subsequent years , a dozen similar rankings were compiled , mostly titled the favourite ( topic ) of the Germans , with topics including books , places , songs , actors , comedians , sports persons ( extra list for football players ) , inventions , and TV broadcasts ( extra list for Olympic games ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Konrad Adenauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer', 'summary': 'Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer ( German : [ ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈʔaːdənaʊɐ ] ( listen ) ; 5 January 1876 - 19 April 1967 ) was a German statesman who served as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) from 1949 to 1963 . He was co-founder and first leader of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) ( until 1966 ) , a Christian Democratic party that under his leadership became one of the most influential parties in the country . In the early years of the Federal Republic he switched focus from denazification to recovery and led his country from the ruins of World War II to becoming a productive and prosperous nation that forged close relations with France , the United Kingdom and the United States . During his years in power , West Germany achieved democracy , stability , international respect and economic prosperity ( Wirtschaftswunder , German for economic miracle ) . Adenauer belied his age by his intense work habits and his uncanny political instinct . He displayed a strong dedication to a broad vision of market-based liberal democracy and anti-communism . A shrewd politician , Adenauer was deeply committed to a Western-oriented foreign policy and restoring the position of West Germany on the world stage . He worked to restore the West German economy from the destruction of World War II to a central position in Europe , presiding over the German Economic Miracle together with his Minister of Economics , Ludwig Erhard . He was a driving force in re-establishing national military forces ( the Bundeswehr ) in West Germany since 1955 . Adenauer opposed rival East Germany and made his nation a member of NATO and a member of the Western Alliance . Adenauer , who was Chancellor until age 87 , was dubbed Der Alte ( the elder ) . British politician and historian Roy Jenkins says he was the oldest statesman ever to function in elected office .'}]}, {'value': 'November 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Skai TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skai_TV', 'summary': "Skai TV is a Greek free-to-air television network based in Piraeus . It is part of the Skai Group , one of the largest media groups in the country . It was relaunched in its present form on 1st of April 2006 in the Athens metropolitan area , and gradually spread its coverage nationwide . Besides digital terrestrial transmission , it is available on the subscription-based encrypted services of Nova and Cosmote TV . Skai TV is also a member of Digea , a consortium of private television networks introducing digital terrestrial transmission in Greece . At launch , Skai TV opted for dubbing all foreign language content into Greek , instead of using subtitles . This is very uncommon in Greece for anything except documentaries ( using voiceover dubbing ) and children 's programs ( using lip-synced dubbing ) , so after intense criticism , the station switched to using subtitles for almost all foreign shows ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Greeks ( Megaloi Ellēnes )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Greeks', 'summary': "Great Greeks ( Greek : Μεγάλοι Έλληνες , Megali Ellines ) is a television program , produced and broadcast by the Greek television network Skai TV , based on the BBC 's equivalent show 100 Greatest Britons . The show features lists and biographies of influential persons , who came to prominence in their fields throughout the history of Greece , in order to be determined through a voting procedure who is considered the greatest Greek of all time by the audience of Greece ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexander the Great', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_the_Great', 'summary': "Alexander III of Macedon ( Greek : Αλέξανδρος Γʹ ὁ Μακεδών ; 20/21 July 356 BC - 10/11 June 323 BC ) , commonly known as Alexander the Great ( Ancient Greek : Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας , romanized : Aléxandros ho Mégas ) , was a king ( basileus ) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon [ a ] and a member of the Argead dynasty . He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20 . He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa , and by the age of thirty , he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world , stretching from Greece to northwestern India . He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history 's most successful military commanders . During his youth , Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until age 16 . After Philip 's assassination in 336 BC , he succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army . Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father 's pan-Hellenic project to lead the Greeks in the conquest of Persia . In 334 BC , he invaded the Achaemenid Empire ( Persian Empire ) and began a series of campaigns that lasted 10 years . Following the conquest of Anatolia , Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles , most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela . He subsequently overthrew Persian King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety . [ b ] At that point , his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Beas River . Alexander endeavoured to reach the ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea and invaded India in 326 BC , winning an important victory over the Pauravas at the Battle of the Hydaspes ."}]}, {'value': 'January 2009', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List by country or region', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Greatest_Britons_spin-offs_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of spin-offs of the 2002 100 Greatest Britons program produced by the BBC.'}
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Where in Spain did the person from Argentina given the title El Gen Argentino study at the age of seven ?
Málaga
086ea5e654d0b3be
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes', 'title': 'List of space telescopes', 'header': ['Name', 'Space Agency', 'Launch Date', 'Terminated', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Proton-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proton_satellite', 'summary': 'The Proton was a model of Soviet Earth observation satellites . The maximum mass was about 17 tonnes . Four Proton satellites were launched between 1965 and 1968 . The satellite was developed by NPO Mashinostroyeniya . The aim of the project was to study high and ultra-high energy particles . The latest became Proton 4 ( NORAD ID : 3544 , NSSDC ID : 1968-103A ) launched on November 16 , 1968 by Proton-K rocket with a booster and was in orbit for 250 days . The Proton satellites were the source of the name for the Proton ( rocket family ) , which launched them as some of its first payloads .'}]}, {'value': 'USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_space_program', 'summary': "The Space program of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Russian : Космическая программа в СССР ; translit . Kosmicheskaya programma v SSSR ) , best known as the Soviet space program , was the national space program of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) active from 1930s until disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union 's space program was mainly based on the cosmonautic exploration of space and the development of the expandable launch vehicles , which had been split between many design bureaus competing against each other . Over its 60-years of history , the Russian program was responsible for a number of pioneering feats and accomplishments in the human space flight , including the first intercontinental ballistic missile ( R-7 ) , first satellite ( Sputnik 1 ) , first animal in Earth orbit ( the dog Laika on Sputnik 2 ) , first human in space and Earth orbit ( cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1 ) , first woman in space and Earth orbit ( cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6 ) , first spacewalk ( cosmonaut Alexei Leonov on Voskhod 2 ) , first Moon impact ( Luna 2 ) , first image of the far side of the Moon ( Luna 3 ) and uncrewed lunar soft landing ( Luna 9 ) , first space rover ( Lunokhod 1 ) , first sample of lunar soil automatically extracted and brought to Earth ( Luna 16 ) , and first space station ( Salyut 1 ) . Further notable records included the first interplanetary probes : Venera 1 and Mars 1 to fly by Venus and Mars , respectively , Venera 3 and Mars 2 to impact the respective planet surface , and Venera 7 and Mars 3 to make soft landings on these planets . The rocket and space program of the USSR , initially boosted by the assistance of captured scientists from the advanced German rocket program , was performed mainly by Soviet engineers and scientists after 1955 , and was based on some unique Soviet and Imperial Russian theoretical developments , many derived by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , sometimes known as the father of theoretical astronautics . Sergey Korolev ( also transliterated as Korolyov ) was the head of the principal design group ; his official title was chief designer ( a standard title for similar positions in the USSR ) . Unlike its American competitor in the Space Race , which had NASA as a single coordinating agency , the USSR 's program was split among several competing design bureaus led by S.P.Korolev , Kerim Kerimov , Mikhail Yangel , Valentin Glushko , Vladimir Chelomei , Viktor Makeyev , Mikhail Reshetnev . Because of the program 's classified status , and for propaganda value , announcements of the outcomes of missions were delayed until success was certain , and failures were sometimes kept secret . Ultimately , as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev 's policy of glasnost in the 1980s , many facts about the space program were declassified . Notable setbacks included the deaths of Korolev , Vladimir Komarov ( in the Soyuz 1 crash ) , Yuri Gagarin ( on a routine fighter jet mission ) and the Soyuz 11 crew between 1966 and 1971 , and development failure of the huge N-1 rocket ( 1968-1973 ) intended to power a crewed lunar landing , which exploded shortly after lift-off on four uncrewed tests . With the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia and Ukraine inherited the program ."}]}, {'value': '16 Jul 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 Oct 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 589-183 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proton-2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proton_satellite', 'summary': 'The Proton was a model of Soviet Earth observation satellites . The maximum mass was about 17 tonnes . Four Proton satellites were launched between 1965 and 1968 . The satellite was developed by NPO Mashinostroyeniya . The aim of the project was to study high and ultra-high energy particles . The latest became Proton 4 ( NORAD ID : 3544 , NSSDC ID : 1968-103A ) launched on November 16 , 1968 by Proton-K rocket with a booster and was in orbit for 250 days . The Proton satellites were the source of the name for the Proton ( rocket family ) , which launched them as some of its first payloads .'}]}, {'value': 'USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_space_program', 'summary': "The Space program of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Russian : Космическая программа в СССР ; translit . Kosmicheskaya programma v SSSR ) , best known as the Soviet space program , was the national space program of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) active from 1930s until disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union 's space program was mainly based on the cosmonautic exploration of space and the development of the expandable launch vehicles , which had been split between many design bureaus competing against each other . Over its 60-years of history , the Russian program was responsible for a number of pioneering feats and accomplishments in the human space flight , including the first intercontinental ballistic missile ( R-7 ) , first satellite ( Sputnik 1 ) , first animal in Earth orbit ( the dog Laika on Sputnik 2 ) , first human in space and Earth orbit ( cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1 ) , first woman in space and Earth orbit ( cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6 ) , first spacewalk ( cosmonaut Alexei Leonov on Voskhod 2 ) , first Moon impact ( Luna 2 ) , first image of the far side of the Moon ( Luna 3 ) and uncrewed lunar soft landing ( Luna 9 ) , first space rover ( Lunokhod 1 ) , first sample of lunar soil automatically extracted and brought to Earth ( Luna 16 ) , and first space station ( Salyut 1 ) . Further notable records included the first interplanetary probes : Venera 1 and Mars 1 to fly by Venus and Mars , respectively , Venera 3 and Mars 2 to impact the respective planet surface , and Venera 7 and Mars 3 to make soft landings on these planets . The rocket and space program of the USSR , initially boosted by the assistance of captured scientists from the advanced German rocket program , was performed mainly by Soviet engineers and scientists after 1955 , and was based on some unique Soviet and Imperial Russian theoretical developments , many derived by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , sometimes known as the father of theoretical astronautics . Sergey Korolev ( also transliterated as Korolyov ) was the head of the principal design group ; his official title was chief designer ( a standard title for similar positions in the USSR ) . Unlike its American competitor in the Space Race , which had NASA as a single coordinating agency , the USSR 's program was split among several competing design bureaus led by S.P.Korolev , Kerim Kerimov , Mikhail Yangel , Valentin Glushko , Vladimir Chelomei , Viktor Makeyev , Mikhail Reshetnev . Because of the program 's classified status , and for propaganda value , announcements of the outcomes of missions were delayed until success was certain , and failures were sometimes kept secret . Ultimately , as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev 's policy of glasnost in the 1980s , many facts about the space program were declassified . Notable setbacks included the deaths of Korolev , Vladimir Komarov ( in the Soyuz 1 crash ) , Yuri Gagarin ( on a routine fighter jet mission ) and the Soyuz 11 crew between 1966 and 1971 , and development failure of the huge N-1 rocket ( 1968-1973 ) intended to power a crewed lunar landing , which exploded shortly after lift-off on four uncrewed tests . With the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia and Ukraine inherited the program ."}]}, {'value': '2 Nov 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 Feb 1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 637-191 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd High Energy Astrophysics Observatory ( HEAO 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3rd_High_Energy_Astrophysics_Observatory', 'summary': "The last of NASA 's three High Energy Astronomy Observatories , HEAO 3 was launched 20 September 1979 on an Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle , into a nearly circular , 43.6 degree inclination low-Earth orbit with an initial perigeum of 486.4 km . The normal operating mode was a continuous celestial scan , spinning approximately once every 20 min about the spacecraft z-axis , which was nominally pointed at the Sun . Total mass of the observatory at launch was 2,660.0 kilograms ( 5,864.3 lb ) . HEAO 3 included three scientific instruments : the first a cryogenic high-resolution germanium gamma-ray spectrometer , and two devoted to cosmic-ray observations . The scientific objectives of the mission 's three experiments were :"}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '20 Sep 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 May 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 486.4-504.9 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SAMPEX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer', 'summary': "The Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer ( SAMPEX ) was a NASA solar and magnetospheric observatory , and was the first spacecraft in the Small Explorer program . It was launched into low Earth orbit on July 3 , 1992 , from Vandenberg Air Force Base aboard a Scout G-1 rocket . SAMPEX was an international collaboration between NASA of the United States and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics of Germany . The spacecraft carried four instruments designed to measure the anomalous components of cosmic rays , emissions from solar energetic particles , and electron counts in Earth 's magnetosphere . Built for a three-year mission , its science mission was ended on June 30 , 2004 . Mission control for SAMPEX was handled by the Goddard Space Flight Center until October 1997 , after which it was turned over to the Bowie State University Satellite Operations Control Center ( BSOCC ) . BSOCC , with funding assistance from The Aerospace Corporation , continued to operate the spacecraft after its science mission ended , using the spacecraft as an educational tool for its students while continuing to release science data to the public . Built for a three-year primary mission , the spacecraft continued to return science data until its reentry on November 13 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'NASA / DE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 Jul 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 Jun 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 512-687 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 01 ( AMS-01 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AMS-01', 'summary': 'The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer , also designated AMS-02 , is a particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station ( ISS ) . The experiment is a recognized CERN experiment ( RE1 ) . The module is a detector that measures antimatter in cosmic rays ; this information is needed to understand the formation of the Universe and search for evidence of dark matter . The principal investigator is Nobel laureate particle physicist Samuel Ting . The launch of Space Shuttle Endeavour flight STS-134 carrying AMS-02 took place on 16 May 2011 , and the spectrometer was installed on 19 May 2011 . By April 15 , 2015 , AMS-02 had recorded over 60 billion cosmic ray events and 90 billion after five years of operation since its installation in May 2011 . In March 2013 , Professor Ting reported initial results , saying that AMS had observed over 400,000 positrons , with the positron to electron fraction increasing from 10 GeV to 250 GeV . ( Later results have shown a decrease in positron fraction at energies over about 275 GeV ) . There was no significant variation over time , or any preferred incoming direction . These results are consistent with the positrons originating from the annihilation of dark matter particles in space , but not yet sufficiently conclusive to rule out other explanations . The results have been published in Physical Review Letters . Additional data are still being collected .'}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '2 Jun 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 Jun 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 296 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics ( PAMELA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Payload_for_Antimatter_Matter_Exploration_and_Light-nuclei_Astrophysics', 'summary': "PAMELA ( Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics ) was a cosmic ray research module attached to an Earth orbiting satellite . PAMELA was launched on 15 June 2006 and was the first satellite-based experiment dedicated to the detection of cosmic rays , with a particular focus on their antimatter component , in the form of positrons and antiprotons . Other objectives included long-term monitoring of the solar modulation of cosmic rays , measurements of energetic particles from the Sun , high-energy particles in Earth 's magnetosphere and Jovian electrons . It was also hoped that it may detect evidence of dark matter annihilation . PAMELA operations were terminated in 2016 , as were the operations of the host-satellite Resurs-DK1 . The experiment was a recognized CERN experiment ( RE2B ) ."}]}, {'value': 'ISA , INFN , RSA , DLR & SNSB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency', 'summary': "The Italian Space Agency ( Italian : Agenzia Spaziale Italiana ; ASI ) is a government agency established in 1988 to fund , regulate and coordinate space exploration activities in Italy . The agency cooperates with numerous national and international entities who are active in aerospace research and technology . Nationally , ASI is responsible for both drafting the National Aerospace Plan and ensuring it is carried out . To do this the agency operates as the owner/coordinator of a number of Italian space research agencies and assets such as CIRA as well as organising the calls and opportunities process for Italian industrial contractors on spaceflight projects . Internationally , the ASI provides Italy 's delegation to the Council of the European Space Agency and to its subordinate bodies as well as representing the country 's interests in foreign collaborations . ASI 's main headquarters are located in Rome , Italy , and the agency also has direct control over three operational centres . The Centre for Space Geodesy ( CGS ) located in Matera in Italy . As well as these ASI has access to its own spaceport , the Broglio Space Centre ( formerly the San Marco Equatorial Range ) on the coastal sublittoral of Kenya , currently used only as a communications ground station . In 2016 ASI 's annual revenues budget was approximately €1.6 billion and directly employed around 200 workers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Fisica_Nucleare', 'summary': 'The Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare ( INFN ; National Institute for Nuclear Physics ) is the coordinating institution for nuclear , particle and astroparticle physics in Italy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency', 'summary': "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities ( Russian : Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности « Роскосмос » , Gosudarstvyennaya korporaciya po kosmicheskoy dyeyatyel'nosti Roskosmos ) , commonly known as Roscosmos ( Russian : Роскосмос ) , is a state corporation responsible for the wide range and types of space flights and cosmonautics programs for the Russian Federation . Originally part of the Federal Space Agency ( Russian : Федеральное космическое агентство , Federal'noye kosmicheskoye agentstvo ) , the corporation evolved and consolidated itself to the national state corporation on 28 December 2015 through a presidential decree . Before 1992 , Roscosmos was a part of the Russian Aviation and Space Agency ( Russian : Российское авиационно-космическое агентство , Rossiyskoe aviatsionno-kosmicheskoe agentstvo , commonly known as Rosaviakosmos ) . The headquarters of Roscosmos are located in Moscow , while the main Mission Control space center site is in the nearby city of Korolyov as well as the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center located in Star City of Moscow Oblast . The launch facilities used are Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan ( with most launches taking place there , both crewed and uncrewed ) , and Vostochny Cosmodrome being built in the Russian Far East in Amur Oblast . The current director since May 2018 is Dmitry Rogozin . In 2015 the Russian government merged Roscosmos with the United Rocket and Space Corporation , the re-nationalized Russian space industry , to create the Roscosmos State Corporation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center', 'summary': 'The German Aerospace Center ( German : Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V . ) , abbreviated DLR , is the national center for aerospace , energy and transportation research of Germany . Its headquarters are located in Cologne and it has multiple other locations throughout Germany . The DLR is engaged in a wide range of research and development projects in national and international partnerships . In addition to conducting its own research projects , DLR also acts as the German space agency . As such , it is responsible for planning and implementing the German space programme on behalf of the German federal government . As a project management agency , DLR also coordinates and answers the technical and organisational implementation of projects funded by a number of German federal ministries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Board', 'summary': 'The Swedish National Space Agency ( SNSA , Swedish : Rymdstyrelsen ) is a Government agency in Sweden operating under the Swedish Ministry of Education and Science . SNSA distributes government grants to research and development , initiates research and development in space and remote sensing , and is the Swedish contact in international cooperation . SNSA has twenty-one employees ( 2018 ) and its office is situated in the Solna Municipality , within Stockholm . Rymdstyrelsen changed its English name from Swedish National Space Board to Swedish National Space Agency in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '15 May 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 Feb 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 350-610 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IBEX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IBEX', 'summary': "Interstellar Boundary Explorer ( IBEX ) is a NASA satellite in Earth orbit that uses Energetic Neutral Atoms ( ENAs ) to image the interaction region between the Solar System and interstellar space . The mission is part of NASA 's Small Explorer program and was launched with a Pegasus-XL rocket on October 19 , 2008 . The mission is led by Dr. David J. McComas ( IBEX Principal Investigator ) , formerly of the Southwest Research Institute and now with Princeton University . The Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center built the IBEX-Hi and IBEX-Lo sensors respectively . The Orbital Sciences Corporation manufactured the spacecraft bus and was the location for spacecraft environmental testing . The nominal mission baseline duration was two years after commissioning , and the prime ended in early 2011 . The spacecraft and sensors are still healthy and the mission is continuing in its extended mission . IBEX is in a Sun-oriented spin-stabilized orbit around the Earth . In June 2011 , IBEX was shifted to a new , more efficient , much more stable orbit . It does not come as close to the Moon in the new orbit , and expends less fuel to maintain its position ."}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 Oct 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 86,000-259,000 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 02 ( AMS-02 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer', 'summary': 'The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer , also designated AMS-02 , is a particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station ( ISS ) . The experiment is a recognized CERN experiment ( RE1 ) . The module is a detector that measures antimatter in cosmic rays ; this information is needed to understand the formation of the Universe and search for evidence of dark matter . The principal investigator is Nobel laureate particle physicist Samuel Ting . The launch of Space Shuttle Endeavour flight STS-134 carrying AMS-02 took place on 16 May 2011 , and the spectrometer was installed on 19 May 2011 . By April 15 , 2015 , AMS-02 had recorded over 60 billion cosmic ray events and 90 billion after five years of operation since its installation in May 2011 . In March 2013 , Professor Ting reported initial results , saying that AMS had observed over 400,000 positrons , with the positron to electron fraction increasing from 10 GeV to 250 GeV . ( Later results have shown a decrease in positron fraction at energies over about 275 GeV ) . There was no significant variation over time , or any preferred incoming direction . These results are consistent with the positrons originating from the annihilation of dark matter particles in space , but not yet sufficiently conclusive to rule out other explanations . The results have been published in Physical Review Letters . Additional data are still being collected .'}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '16 May 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 353 km ) on ISS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dark Matter Particle Explorer ( DAMPE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer', 'summary': "The Dark Matter Particle Explorer , or DAMPE ( also known as Wukong ) , is a Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS ) satellite which launched on 17 December 2015 . The satellite was launched on a Long March 2D rocket from Launch Pad 603 at the LC-43 complex , also known as the South Launch Site , at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center . It is China 's first ever space observatory . DAMPE is a space telescope used for the detection of high energy gamma rays , electrons and cosmic ray ions , to aid in the search for dark matter . It was designed to look for the indirect decay signal of a hypothetical dark matter candidate called weakly interacting massive particles ( WIMPs ) . The project is the result of a collaboration among research institutions and universities in Italy , Switzerland and China under the leadership of the Purple Mountain Observatory ( PMO ) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS ) ."}]}, {'value': 'CNSA & CAS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration', 'summary': 'China National Space Administration ( CNSA ) is the national space agency of China . It is responsible for the national space program and for planning and development of space activities . CNSA and China Aerospace Corporation ( CASC ) assumed the authority [ when ? ] over space development efforts previously held by the Ministry of Aerospace Industry . It is a subordinate agency of the State Administration for Science , Technology and Industry for National Defence ( SASTIND ) , itself a subordinate agency of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ( MIIT ) . The headquarters are in Haidian District , Beijing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences', 'summary': "The Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS ; Chinese : 中国科学院 ) , is a Chinese research institute . It has historical origins in the Academia Sinica during the Republican era and formerly also known by that name , is the national academy for the natural sciences of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . Collectively known as the Two Academies ( 两院 ) along with the Chinese Academy of Engineering , it functions as the national scientific think tank and academic governing body , providing advisory and appraisal services on issues stemming from the national economy , social development , and science and technology progress . It is headquartered in Xicheng District , Beijing , with branch institutes all over mainland China . It has also created hundreds of commercial enterprises , Lenovo being one of the most famous . It is the world 's largest research organisation , comprising around 60,000 researchers working in 114 institutes , and has been consistently ranked among the top research organisations around the world . The Chinese Academy of Sciences has been consistently ranked the No . 1 research institute in the world by Nature Index since its inception in 2016 , by Nature Research ."}]}, {'value': '17 Dec 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 500 km )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Particle detection', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_space_telescopes_7', 'intro': 'This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio. Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g. our Sun and its planets), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting our planet. Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit, the min and max altitude are given in kilometers. For telescopes in solar orbit, the minimum distance (periapsis) and the maximum distance (apoapsis) between the telescope and the center of mass of the sun are given in astronomical units (AU).'}
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The most recently terminated telescope is nicknamed what ?
PAMELA
086f40164f45af4f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_year-end_number-one_albums_(New_Zealand)', 'title': 'List of year-end number-one albums (New Zealand)', 'header': ['Year', 'Artist', 'Title', 'Certification', 'Weeks on chart', 'Weeks at number one'], 'data': [{'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pink Floyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pink_Floyd', 'summary': "Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London in 1965 . Gaining a following as a psychedelic rock group , they were distinguished for their extended compositions , sonic experimentation , philosophical lyrics and elaborate live shows , and became a leading band of the progressive rock genre . They are one of the most commercially successful and influential bands in popular music history . Pink Floyd were founded by students Syd Barrett ( guitar , lead vocals ) , Nick Mason ( drums ) , Roger Waters ( bass guitar , vocals ) , and Richard Wright ( keyboards , vocals ) . Under Barrett 's leadership , they released two charting singles and a successful debut album , The Piper at the Gates of Dawn ( 1967 ) . Guitarist and vocalist David Gilmour joined in December 1967 ; Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health . Waters became the primary lyricist and thematic leader , devising the concepts behind the albums The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) , Wish You Were Here ( 1975 ) , Animals ( 1977 ) , The Wall ( 1979 ) , and The Final Cut ( 1983 ) . The band also composed several film scores . Following personal tensions , Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979 , followed by Waters in 1985 . Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd , rejoined later by Wright . The three produced two more albums - A Momentary Lapse of Reason ( 1987 ) and The Division Bell ( 1994 ) - and toured both albums before entering a long period of inactivity . In 2005 , all but Barrett reunited for a one-off performance at the global awareness event Live 8 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Dark Side of the Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moon', 'summary': "The Dark Side of the Moon is the eighth studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd , released on 1 March 1973 by Harvest Records . Primarily developed during live performances , the band premiered an early version of the record several months before recording began . New material was recorded in two sessions in 1972 and 1973 at Abbey Road Studios in London . The record builds on ideas explored in Pink Floyd 's earlier recordings and performances , while omitting the extended instrumentals that characterised their earlier work . A concept album , its themes explore conflict , greed , time , death , and mental illness , the latter partly inspired by the deteriorating health of founding member Syd Barrett , who departed the group in 1968 . The group used recording techniques such as multitrack recording , tape loops , and analogue synthesisers . Snippets from interviews with the band 's road crew , as well as philosophical quotations , were also used . Engineer Alan Parsons was responsible for many sonic aspects and the recruitment of singer Clare Torry , who appears on The Great Gig in the Sky . The sleeve , which depicts a prism spectrum , was designed by Storm Thorgerson , following keyboardist Richard Wright 's request for a simple and bold design , representing the band 's lighting and the record 's themes . The album was promoted with two singles : Money and Us and Them . The Dark Side of the Moon received critical acclaim upon release , and has since been hailed by critics as one of the greatest albums of all time . The record reached number one on the US Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart ( now known as the Billboard 200 ) , and has charted for over 900 weeks in total ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABBA', 'summary': "ABBA is a Swedish pop supergroup formed in Stockholm in 1972 by Agnetha Fältskog , Björn Ulvaeus , Benny Andersson , and Anni-Frid Lyngstad . The group 's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names . They became one of the most commercially successful acts in the history of popular music , topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982 . ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 , giving Sweden its first triumph in the contest . They are the most successful group to have taken part in the competition . During the band 's main active years , it was composed of two married couples : Fältskog and Ulvaeus , and Lyngstad and Andersson . With the increase of their popularity , their personal lives suffered which eventually resulted in the collapse of both marriages . The relationship changes were reflected in the group 's music , with latter compositions featuring darker and more introspective lyrics . After ABBA disbanded , Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage , while Lyngstad and Fältskog pursued solo careers . Ten years after their disbanding , a compilation , ABBA Gold was released , which became a worldwide bestseller . In 1999 , ABBA 's music was adapted into the successful musical Mamma Mia ! that toured worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'The Best of ABBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Best_of_ABBA', 'summary': "The Best of ABBA is a compilation greatest hits album by Swedish pop group ABBA , released in November 1975 in Australia , Germany , the Netherlands , New Zealand and Norway , and in 1976 in Austria and India . Globally ABBA released Greatest Hits . The album topped the charts in Australia , Austria and New Zealand , and went on to be certified 24x Platinum in New Zealand and 22x Platinum in Australia . The album is tied with Dire Straits ' album Brothers in Arms for being the best-selling album in New Zealand . In Australia it spent 16 weeks at number one , and in New Zealand it topped the charts for 18 weeks . The Best of ABBA was one of the biggest selling vinyl albums in Australian history , selling over a million copies . At one stage RCA Records owned by Sony Music Entertainment Australia couldnt keep up with the demand for the albums in the country 's shops , and copies had to be pressed under licence by a rival record company . In both countries , this album charted better than all the other ABBA releases , and it also became the first ever album to be certified gold in Australia before it was even released . The Best of ABBA was re-released in 1988 on vinyl and CD , but was only available for a short time ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fleetwood Mac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac', 'summary': "Fleetwood Mac are a British-American rock band , formed in London in 1967 . They have sold more than 120 million records worldwide , making them one of the world 's best-selling bands . In 1998 , select members of Fleetwood Mac were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and received the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . Fleetwood Mac was founded by guitarist Peter Green , drummer Mick Fleetwood and guitarist Jeremy Spencer . Bassist John McVie completed the lineup for their self-titled debut album . Danny Kirwan joined as a third guitarist in 1968 . Keyboardist Christine Perfect , who contributed as a session musician from the second album , married McVie and joined in 1970 . At this time it was primarily a British blues band , scoring a UK number one with Albatross , and also had other hits such as the singles Oh Well and Man of the World . All three guitarists left in succession during the early 1970s , to be replaced by guitarists Bob Welch and Bob Weston and vocalist Dave Walker . By 1974 , all three had either departed or been dismissed , leaving the band without a male lead vocalist or guitarist . In late 1974 , while Fleetwood was scouting studios in Los Angeles , he was introduced to folk-rock duo Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks . Fleetwood Mac soon asked Buckingham to be their new lead guitarist , and Buckingham agreed on condition that Nicks would also join the band ."}]}, {'value': 'Rumours', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rumours_(album)', 'summary': "Rumours is the eleventh studio album by British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac , released on 4 February 1977 by Warner Bros. Records . Largely recorded in California in 1976 , it was produced by the band with Ken Caillat and Richard Dashut . The band wanted to expand on the commercial success of their eponymous 1975 album , but struggled with relationship breakups before recording started . The Rumours studio sessions were marked by hedonism and strife among band members that shaped the album 's lyrics . Recorded with the intention of making a pop album , the album 's music featured a pop rock and soft rock sound characterized by accented rhythms and electric keyboards such as the Fender Rhodes or Hammond B3 organ . The members partied and used cocaine for much of the recording sessions , and its completion was delayed by its mixing process , but was finished by the end of 1976 . Following the album 's release , Fleetwood Mac undertook worldwide promotional tours . Rumours reached the top of both the US Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart , and became the band 's most successful release . The songs Go Your Own Way , Dreams , Do n't Stop , and You Make Loving Fun were released as singles , all of which reached the US top 10 . Rumours garnered widespread acclaim from critics , with praise centred on its production quality and harmonies , which frequently relied on the interplay among three vocalists and has inspired the work of musical acts in different genres . It won Album of the Year at the 20th Grammy Awards . It has sold over 40 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling albums of all time ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bee Gees and various artists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bee_Gees', 'summary': "The Bee Gees were a pop music group formed in 1958 . Their lineup consisted of brothers Barry , Robin , and Maurice Gibb . The trio were especially successful as a popular music act in the late 1960s and early 1970s , and later as prominent performers of the disco music era in the mid-to-late 1970s . The group sang recognisable three-part tight harmonies ; Robin 's clear vibrato lead vocals were a hallmark of their earlier hits , while Barry 's R & B falsetto became their signature sound during the mid-to-late 1970s and 1980s . The Bee Gees wrote all of their own hits , as well as writing and producing several major hits for other artists . Born on the Isle of Man to English parents , the Gibb brothers lived in Chorlton , Manchester , England until the late 1950s . There , in 1955 , they formed the skiffle/rock and roll group the Rattlesnakes . The family then moved to Redcliffe , in the Moreton Bay Region , Queensland , Australia , and then to Cribb Island . After achieving their first chart success in Australia as the Bee Gees with Spicks and Specks ( their 12th single ) , they returned to the UK in January 1967 , when producer Robert Stigwood began promoting them to a worldwide audience . The Bee Gees have sold between 120 million to 220 million records worldwide , making them one of the world 's best-selling artists of all time . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 ; the presenter of the award to Britain 's first family of harmony was Brian Wilson , historical frontman of the Beach Boys , another family act featuring three harmonising brothers . The Bee Gees ' Hall of Fame citation says , Only Elvis Presley , the Beatles , Michael Jackson , Garth Brooks and Paul McCartney have outsold the Bee Gees ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Various_artists', 'summary': 'A compilation album comprises tracks , which may be previously released or unreleased , usually from several separate recordings by either one or several performers . If by one artist , then generally the tracks were not originally intended for release together as a single work , but may be collected together as a greatest hits album or box set . If from several performers , there may be a theme , topic , time period , or genre which links the tracks , or they may have been intended for release as a single work - such as a tribute album . When the tracks are by the same recording artist , the album may be referred to as a retrospective album or an anthology .'}]}, {'value': 'Saturday Night Fever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever_(soundtrack)', 'summary': "Saturday Night Fever is the soundtrack album from the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever starring John Travolta . It is one of the best-selling albums in history , and remains the biggest selling soundtrack of all time selling around 54 million copies worldwide ( double disc album ) . In the United States , the album was certified 16× Platinum for shipments of at least 16 million units . The album stayed atop the album charts for 24 straight weeks from January to July 1978 and stayed on Billboard 's album charts for 120 weeks until March 1980 . In the UK , the album spent 18 consecutive weeks at No . 1 . The album epitomized the disco phenomenon on both sides of the Atlantic and was an international sensation . The album has been added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for being culturally significant ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Supertramp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supertramp', 'summary': "Supertramp ( known as Daddy in 1969-1970 ) were an English rock band formed in London in 1969 . Though their music was initially categorised as progressive rock , they later incorporated a combination of traditional rock , pop and art rock into their music . The band 's work is marked by the individual songwriting of founders Roger Hodgson and Rick Davies and the prominent use of Wurlitzer electric piano and saxophone . Though their early style was progressive , they enjoyed greater commercial success when they incorporated more radio-friendly pop elements into their work in the mid-1970s , going on to sell more than 60 million albums . The band reached their commercial peak with 1979 's Breakfast in America , which sold more than 20 million copies . Supertramp attained significant popularity in North America , Europe , South Africa and Australasia . Their highest sales levels were in Canada , where they had two diamond-certified ( ten-times platinum ) albums ( Crime of the Century and Breakfast in America ) . Since co-founder Hodgson 's departure in 1983 , Davies has led the band by himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Breakfast in America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakfast_in_America', 'summary': "Breakfast in America is the sixth studio album by the English rock band Supertramp , released by A & M Records on 29 March 1979 . It was recorded in 1978 at The Village Recorder in Los Angeles . It spawned four U.S . Billboard hit singles : The Logical Song ( No . 6 ) , Goodbye Stranger ( No . 15 ) , Take the Long Way Home ( No . 10 ) and Breakfast in America ( No . 62 ) . In the UK , The Logical Song and the title track were both top 10 hits , the only two the group had in their native country . In 1980 , Breakfast in America won two Grammy Awards , including Best Engineered Non-Classical Recording , and Grammy nominations for Album of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . It holds an RIAA certification of quadruple platinum and became Supertramp 's biggest-selling album , with more than 4 million copies sold in the US alone . It was No ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pink Floyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pink_Floyd', 'summary': "Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London in 1965 . Gaining a following as a psychedelic rock group , they were distinguished for their extended compositions , sonic experimentation , philosophical lyrics and elaborate live shows , and became a leading band of the progressive rock genre . They are one of the most commercially successful and influential bands in popular music history . Pink Floyd were founded by students Syd Barrett ( guitar , lead vocals ) , Nick Mason ( drums ) , Roger Waters ( bass guitar , vocals ) , and Richard Wright ( keyboards , vocals ) . Under Barrett 's leadership , they released two charting singles and a successful debut album , The Piper at the Gates of Dawn ( 1967 ) . Guitarist and vocalist David Gilmour joined in December 1967 ; Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health . Waters became the primary lyricist and thematic leader , devising the concepts behind the albums The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) , Wish You Were Here ( 1975 ) , Animals ( 1977 ) , The Wall ( 1979 ) , and The Final Cut ( 1983 ) . The band also composed several film scores . Following personal tensions , Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979 , followed by Waters in 1985 . Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd , rejoined later by Wright . The three produced two more albums - A Momentary Lapse of Reason ( 1987 ) and The Division Bell ( 1994 ) - and toured both albums before entering a long period of inactivity . In 2005 , all but Barrett reunited for a one-off performance at the global awareness event Live 8 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Wall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Wall', 'summary': "The Wall is the eleventh studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd , released 30 November 1979 on Harvest and Columbia Records . It is a rock opera that explores Pink , a jaded rockstar whose eventual self-imposed isolation from society is symbolized by a wall . The album was a commercial success , topping the US charts for 15 weeks , and reaching number three in the UK . It initially received mixed reviews from critics , many of whom found it overblown and pretentious , but later came to be considered one of the greatest albums of all time . Bassist Roger Waters conceived The Wall during Pink Floyd 's 1977 In The Flesh tour , modeling the character of Pink after himself and former bandmate Syd Barrett . Recording spanned from December 1978 to November 1979 . Producer Bob Ezrin helped to refine the concept and bridge tensions during recording , as the band were struggling with personal and financial issues at the time . The Wall is the last album to feature Pink Floyd as a quartet ; keyboardist Richard Wright was fired by Waters during production , but stayed on as a salaried musician . Three singles were issued from the album : Another Brick in the Wall , Part 2 ( the band 's only US number-one single ) , Run Like Hell , and Comfortably Numb . From 1980 to 1981 , Pink Floyd performed the full album on a tour that featured elaborate theatrical effects . The Wall was adapted into a 1982 feature film of the same name and remains one of the best-known concept albums . The album has sold more than 24 million copies , is the second best-selling in the band 's catalog , and is one of the best-selling of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dire Straits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dire_Straits', 'summary': "Dire Straits were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 by Mark Knopfler ( lead vocals and lead guitar ) , David Knopfler ( rhythm guitar and backing vocals ) , John Illsley ( bass guitar and backing vocals ) , and Pick Withers ( drums and percussion ) . They were active from 1977 to 1988 and again from 1991 to 1995 . Dire Straits are one of the world 's best-selling music artists , with album sales of over 100 million . Their first single , Sultans of Swing , from their 1978 self-titled debut album , reached the top ten in the UK and US charts . It was followed by hit singles including Romeo and Juliet ( 1981 ) , Private Investigations ( 1982 ) , Twisting by the Pool ( 1983 ) , Money for Nothing ( 1985 ) , and Walk of Life ( 1985 ) . Their most commercially successful album , Brothers in Arms ( 1985 ) , has sold more than 30 million copies ; it was the first album to sell a million copies on compact disc , and is the eighth-bestselling album in UK history . According to the Guinness Book of British Hit Albums , Dire Straits have spent over 1,100 weeks on the UK albums chart , the fifth most of all time . Dire Straits ' sound draws from various influences including jazz , folk , and country , and the blues rock of J. J. Cale and Eric Clapton . Their stripped-down sound contrasted with punk rock and demonstrated a roots rock influence that emerged from pub rock . There were several changes in personnel , with Mark Knopfler and Illsley being the only consistent members . After disbanding once again in 1995 , Knopfler launched his solo career full-time . Dire Straits won four Grammy Awards , three Brit Awards ( Best British Group twice ) , two MTV Video Music Awards , and various other awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Making Movies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Making_Movies', 'summary': 'Making Movies is the third studio album by the British rock band Dire Straits released on 17 October 1980 by Vertigo Records internationally , Warner Bros. Records in the United States and Mercury Records in Canada . The album produced the single Romeo and Juliet , which reached # 8 on the UK Singles Chart . The album reached # 1 on album charts in Italy and Norway , # 19 in the United States and # 4 in the United Kingdom . Making Movies was later certified platinum in the United States and double-platinum in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men at Work', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Men_at_Work', 'summary': 'Men at Work are an Australian rock band formed in 1979 and best known for their 1981 hit Down Under . Its founding member was Colin Hay on lead vocals and guitar . After playing as an acoustic duo with Ron Strykert during 1978-79 , he formed the group with Ron Strykert playing bass guitar , and Jerry Speiser on drums . They were soon joined by Greg Ham on flute , saxophone , and keyboards and John Rees on bass guitar , with Ron then switching to lead guitar . The group was managed by Russell Depeller , a friend of Colin Hay , whom he met at Latrobe University . This line-up achieved national and international success in the early 1980s . In January 1983 , they were the first Australian artists to have a simultaneous No . 1 album and No . 1 single in the United States Billboard charts : Business as Usual ( released on 9 November 1981 ) and Down Under ( 1981 ) , respectively . With the same works , they achieved the distinction of a simultaneous No . 1 album and No . 1 single on the Australian , New Zealand , and United Kingdom charts .'}]}, {'value': 'Business as Usual', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Business_as_Usual_(Men_at_Work_album)', 'summary': "Business as Usual is the debut studio album by Australian new wave band Men at Work , which was released in November 1981 in Australia , and April 1982 in the United States . It spent nine weeks at the top of the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart from December 1981 through to March 1982 . The Australian version had a black and white cover design ; overseas releases had a similar design , but in a black and yellow colour scheme . Business as Usual was one of the most successful albums internationally by an Australian group . It spent an unprecedented 15 weeks at No . 1 on the US Billboard 200 from late 1982 to early 1983 ; and five weeks at No . 1 in the United Kingdom Albums Chart in early 1983. Business as Usual was also one of the highest selling Australian albums in the early 1980s , with 6 million copies shipped in the US , Surprisingly , the disc also made it to # 31 on Billboard 's Black Albums chart . The first single from the album , Who Can It Be Now ? , was released in Australia in June 1981 , prior to the recording of the rest of the album . It reached No . 2 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart in August that year . The second single , Down Under , which was issued in October peaked at No . 1 for six weeks ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Bowie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bowie', 'summary': "David Robert Jones ( 8 January 1947 - 10 January 2016 ) , known professionally as David Bowie ( /ˈboʊi/ BOH-ee ) , was an English singer-songwriter and actor . He was a leading figure in the music industry and is considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century , acclaimed by critics and musicians , particularly for his innovative work during the 1970s . His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation , with his music and stagecraft having a significant impact on popular music . During his lifetime , his record sales , estimated at over 100 million records worldwide , made him one of the world 's best-selling music artists . In the UK , he was awarded ten platinum album certifications , eleven gold and eight silver , and released eleven number-one albums . In the US , he received five platinum and nine gold certifications . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 . Born in Brixton , South London , Bowie developed an interest in music as a child , eventually studying art , music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963 . Space Oddity became his first top-five entry on the UK Singles Chart after its release in July 1969 . After a period of experimentation , he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with his flamboyant and androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust . The character was spearheaded by the success of his single Starman and album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars , which won him widespread popularity . In 1975 , Bowie 's style shifted radically towards a sound he characterised as plastic soul , initially alienating many of his UK devotees but garnering him his first major US crossover success with the number-one single Fame and the album Young Americans ."}]}, {'value': "Let 's Dance", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Let's_Dance_(David_Bowie_album)", 'summary': "Let 's Dance is the 15th studio album by English singer-songwriter David Bowie . It was originally released in April 1983 , almost three years after his previous album , Scary Monsters ( and Super Creeps ) . Co-produced by Chic 's Nile Rodgers , the album contains three of his most successful singles : the title track , Let 's Dance , which reached No . 1 in the UK , US and various other countries , as well as Modern Love and China Girl , which both reached No . 2 in the UK . China Girl was a new version of a song that Bowie had co-written with Iggy Pop for the latter 's 1977 album The Idiot . It also contains a re-recorded version of the song Cat People ( Putting Out Fire ) , which had reached No . 1 in New Zealand , Norway and Sweden a year earlier . Let 's Dance was nominated for the Album of the Year Grammy Award in 1984 but lost to Michael Jackson 's Thriller . It has sold 10.7 million copies worldwide , making it Bowie 's best-selling album . It was Bowie 's eighteenth official album release since his debut in 1967 , including two live albums , one covers album ( Pin Ups , 1973 ) , and a collaboration with the Philadelphia Orchestra ( 1978 ) . At one point Bowie described the album as a rediscovery of white-English-ex-art-school-student-meets-black-American-funk , a refocusing of Young Americans ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billy Joel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Joel', 'summary': "William Martin Joel ( born May 9 , 1949 ) is an American singer-songwriter , composer , and pianist . Commonly nicknamed the Piano Man after his first major hit and signature song of the same name , he has led a commercially successful career as a solo artist since the 1970s , having released twelve studio albums from 1971 to 1993 as well as one studio album in 2001 . He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , as well as the sixth best-selling recording artist and the third best-selling solo artist in the United States , with over 150 million records sold worldwide . His 1985 compilation album , Greatest Hits Vol . 1 & 2 , is one of the best-selling albums in the US . Joel was born in 1949 in The Bronx , New York , and grew up on Long Island , both places that influenced his music . Growing up , he took piano lessons at the insistence of his mother . After dropping out of high school to pursue a musical career , Joel took part in two short-lived bands , The Hassles and Attila , before signing a record deal with Family Productions and kicking off a solo career in 1971 with his first release , Cold Spring Harbor . In 1972 , Joel caught the attention of Columbia Records after a live radio performance of the song Captain Jack became popular in Philadelphia , prompting him to sign a new record deal with the company and release his second album , Piano Man , in 1973 . After releasing the albums Streetlife Serenade and Turnstiles in 1974 and 1976 respectively , Joel released his critical and commercial breakthrough album , The Stranger , in 1977 . This album became Columbia 's best-selling release , selling over 10 million copies and spawning several hit singles , including Just the Way You Are , Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) , Only the Good Die Young , and She 's Always a Woman ; another song on this album , Scenes from an Italian Restaurant , is Joel 's favorite of his own songs and has become a staple of his live shows . Joel 's next album , 52nd Street , was released in 1978 and became his first album to peak at No.1 on the Billboard 200 chart ."}]}, {'value': 'An Innocent Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/An_Innocent_Man', 'summary': "An Innocent Man is the ninth studio album by American singer-songwriter Billy Joel , released on August 8 , 1983 . The concept album is a tribute to the American popular music of Joel 's adolescent years with Joel paying homage to a number of different and popular American musical styles from the late 1950s and early 1960s , most notably doo-wop and soul music . The album cover artwork was taken on the front steps of 142 Mercer Street , just north of the intersection of Mercer and Prince Street in the SoHo neighborhood in New York City ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruce Springsteen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen', 'summary': "Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen ( born September 23 , 1949 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and musician who is both a solo artist and the leader of the E Street Band . He received critical acclaim for his early 1970s albums and attained worldwide fame upon the release of Born to Run in 1975 . During a career that has spanned five decades , Springsteen has become known for his poetic and socially conscious lyrics and lengthy , energetic stage performances , earning the nickname The Boss . He has recorded both rock albums and folk-oriented works , and his lyrics often address the experiences and struggles of working-class Americans . Born in the U.S.A. ( 1984 ) is Springsteen 's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful album , proving him to be one of the most successful rock figures of the 1980s . It was certified 15x Platinum in the US and has sold 30 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling albums of all time . Seven of its singles reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 including the title track , which was a bitter commentary on the treatment of Vietnam veterans - some of whom were Springsteen 's friends . Advocating for the rights of the common working-class man , the song made a huge political impact . Springsteen 's other best-known songs include Born to Run ( 1975 ) , Thunder Road ( 1975 ) , Badlands ( 1978 ) , Hungry Heart ( 1980 ) , Dancing in the Dark ( 1984 ) , Glory Days ( 1985 ) , Brilliant Disguise ( 1987 ) , Human Touch ( 1992 ) , Streets of Philadelphia ( 1994 ) , and The Rising ( 2002 ) . Springsteen has sold more than 135 million records worldwide and more than 64 million records in the United States , making him one of the world 's best-selling music artists . He has earned numerous awards for his work , including 20 Grammy Awards , two Golden Globes , an Academy Award , and a Tony Award ( for Springsteen on Broadway ) . Springsteen was inducted into both the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1999 , received the Kennedy Center Honors in 2009 , was named MusiCares person of the year in 2013 , and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Born in the U.S.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Born_in_the_U.S.A.', 'summary': "Born in the U.S.A. is the seventh studio album by American rock singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen . It was released by Columbia Records on June 4 , 1984 . The album 's music was written by Springsteen and recorded with his E Street Band and producers Chuck Plotkin and Jon Landau at The Power Station and The Hit Factory in New York City . Born in the U.S.A. was met with positive reviews and massive commercial success . It produced seven top-10 hit singles and was promoted with a worldwide concert tour by Springsteen . Born in the U.S.A. became his most commercially successful album and one of the highest-selling records ever , having sold 30 million copies by 2012 . It has also been cited by critics as one of the greatest albums of all time . The album received a nomination for Album of the Year at the 1985 Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dire Straits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dire_Straits', 'summary': "Dire Straits were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 by Mark Knopfler ( lead vocals and lead guitar ) , David Knopfler ( rhythm guitar and backing vocals ) , John Illsley ( bass guitar and backing vocals ) , and Pick Withers ( drums and percussion ) . They were active from 1977 to 1988 and again from 1991 to 1995 . Dire Straits are one of the world 's best-selling music artists , with album sales of over 100 million . Their first single , Sultans of Swing , from their 1978 self-titled debut album , reached the top ten in the UK and US charts . It was followed by hit singles including Romeo and Juliet ( 1981 ) , Private Investigations ( 1982 ) , Twisting by the Pool ( 1983 ) , Money for Nothing ( 1985 ) , and Walk of Life ( 1985 ) . Their most commercially successful album , Brothers in Arms ( 1985 ) , has sold more than 30 million copies ; it was the first album to sell a million copies on compact disc , and is the eighth-bestselling album in UK history . According to the Guinness Book of British Hit Albums , Dire Straits have spent over 1,100 weeks on the UK albums chart , the fifth most of all time . Dire Straits ' sound draws from various influences including jazz , folk , and country , and the blues rock of J. J. Cale and Eric Clapton . Their stripped-down sound contrasted with punk rock and demonstrated a roots rock influence that emerged from pub rock . There were several changes in personnel , with Mark Knopfler and Illsley being the only consistent members . After disbanding once again in 1995 , Knopfler launched his solo career full-time . Dire Straits won four Grammy Awards , three Brit Awards ( Best British Group twice ) , two MTV Video Music Awards , and various other awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Brothers in Arms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)', 'summary': "Brothers in Arms is the fifth studio album by British rock band Dire Straits , released on 13 May 1985 by Vertigo Records internationally and by Warner Bros. Records in the United States . It charted at number one in several countries , spending a total of 14 non-consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Albums Chart ( including 10 consecutive weeks between 18 January and 22 March 1986 ) , nine weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 in the United States and 34 weeks at number one on the Australian Albums Chart . Brothers in Arms was the first album certified 10-times platinum in the UK and is the eighth-best-selling album in UK chart history , is certified nine-times platinum in the United States , and is one of the world 's best-selling albums , having sold more than 30 million copies worldwide . The album won a Grammy Award in 1986 for Best Engineered Album , Non-Classical , the 20th Anniversary Edition won another Grammy in 2006 for Best Surround Sound Album , and also won Best British Album at the 1987 Brit Awards . Q magazine placed the album at number 51 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever . It was also among ten albums nominated for the best British album of the previous 30 years by the Brit Awards in 2010 , ultimately losing to ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? by Oasis ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}]}, {'value': 'The Joshua Tree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Joshua_Tree', 'summary': "The Joshua Tree is the fifth studio album by Irish rock band U2 . It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno , and was released on 9 March 1987 on Island Records . In contrast to the ambient experimentation of their 1984 release , The Unforgettable Fire , the band aimed for a harder-hitting sound within the limitation of conventional song structures on The Joshua Tree . The album is influenced by American and Irish roots music , and through sociopolitically conscious lyrics embellished with spiritual imagery , it contrasts the group 's antipathy for the real America with their fascination with the mythical America . Inspired by American experiences , literature , and politics , U2 chose America as a theme for the record . Recording began in January 1986 in Ireland , and to foster a relaxed , creative atmosphere , the group primarily recorded in two houses . Several events during the sessions helped shape the conscious tone of the album , including the band 's participation in the Conspiracy of Hope benefit concerts for Amnesty International , the death of roadie Greg Carroll , and lead vocalist Bono 's travels to Central America . Recording was completed in November 1986 ; additional production continued into January 1987 . Throughout the sessions , U2 sought a cinematic quality for the record , one that would evoke a sense of location , in particular , the open spaces of the United States . They represented this in the sleeve photography depicting them in American desert landscapes . The Joshua Tree received critical acclaim , topped the charts in over 20 countries , and became the fastest-selling album in British history . According to Rolling Stone , the album increased the band 's stature from heroes to superstars ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Original London cast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phantom of the Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Opera', 'summary': "The Phantom of the Opera ( French : Le Fantôme de l'Opéra ) , is a novel by French writer Gaston Leroux . It was first published as a serialization in Le Gaulois from 23 September 1909 , to 8 January 1910 . It was published in volume form in late March 1910 by Pierre Lafitte and directed by Aluel Malinao . The novel is partly inspired by historical events at the Paris Opera during the nineteenth century and an apocryphal tale concerning the use of a former ballet pupil 's skeleton in Carl Maria von Weber 's 1841 production of Der Freischütz . It has been successfully adapted into various stage and film adaptations , most notable of which are the 1925 film depiction featuring Lon Chaney , and Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 1986 musical ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tracy Chapman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Chapman', 'summary': "Tracy Chapman ( born March 30 , 1964 ) is an American singer-songwriter , known for her hits Fast Car and Give Me One Reason , along with other singles Talkin ' 'bout a Revolution , Baby Can I Hold You , Crossroads , New Beginning , and Telling Stories . She is a multi-platinum and four-time Grammy Award-winning artist . Chapman was signed to Elektra Records by Bob Krasnow in 1987 . The following year she released her critically acclaimed debut album Tracy Chapman , which became a multi-platinum worldwide hit . The album earned Chapman six Grammy Award nominations , including Album of the Year , three of which she won , including Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her single Fast Car , and Best New Artist . Chapman released her second album Crossroads the following year , which garnered her an additional Grammy nomination . Since then , Chapman has experienced further success with six more studio albums , which include her multi-platinum fourth album New Beginning , for which she won a fourth Grammy Award , for Best Rock Song , for its lead single Give Me One Reason . Chapman 's most recent release is Our Bright Future , in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Crossroads', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossroads_(Tracy_Chapman_album)', 'summary': 'Crossroads is the second album by singer-songwriter Tracy Chapman , released in 1989 ( see 1989 in music ) . Chapman was also a producer on this album , the first time she had taken on such a role . The song Freedom Now is dedicated to Nelson Mandela .'}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Carpenters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Carpenters', 'summary': "The Carpenters were an American vocal and instrumental duo consisting of siblings Karen ( 1950-1983 ) and Richard Carpenter ( b . 1946 ) . [ a ] They produced a distinct soft musical style , combining Karen 's contralto vocals with Richard 's arranging and composition skills . During their 14-year career , the Carpenters recorded ten albums , along with numerous singles and several television specials . The siblings were born in New Haven , Connecticut , and moved to Downey , California , in 1963 . Richard took piano lessons as a child , progressing to California State University , Long Beach , while Karen learned the drums . They first performed together as a duo in 1965 and formed the jazz-oriented Richard Carpenter Trio followed by the middle-of-the-road group Spectrum . Signing as Carpenters to A & M Records in 1969 , they achieved major success the following year with the hit singles ( They Long to Be ) Close to You and We 've Only Just Begun . Subsequently , the duo 's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts , and they became leading sellers in the soft rock , easy listening and adult contemporary music genres . The Carpenters had three number-one singles and five number-two singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen number-one hits on the Adult Contemporary chart , in addition to twelve top-10 singles . They have sold more than 90 million records worldwide , making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time . The duo toured continually during the 1970s , which put them under increased strain ; Richard took a year off in 1979 after he had become addicted to Quaalude , while Karen suffered from anorexia nervosa ."}]}, {'value': 'Their Greatest Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Only_Yesterday_(album)', 'summary': "Only Yesterday ( subtitled Richard & Karen Carpenter 's Greatest Hits ) is a greatest hits compilation album by American group the Carpenters . It was released in 1990 by A & M Records and peaked at number one on the UK Albums Chart for seven weeks . The album was released as Their Greatest Hits worldwide later in 1990 , charting in several other countries and peaking at number one in New Zealand , also for seven weeks . This version has almost identical cover art except for the title as well as the addition of a sticker reading 20 Tracks , 76 Minutes Playing Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eurythmics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurythmics', 'summary': "Eurythmics were a British pop duo consisting of members Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart . Stewart and Lennox were both previously in the band the Tourists , which broke up in 1980 ; the Eurythmics were formed later that year in Wagga Wagga , Australia . The duo released their first studio album , In the Garden , in 1981 to little success , but went on to achieve global success when their second album Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) , was released in 1983 . The title track became a worldwide hit which topped the charts in various countries including the US . The duo went on to release a string of hit singles and albums before they split up in 1990 . By this time Stewart was a sought-after record producer , while Lennox began a solo recording career in 1992 with her debut album Diva . After almost a decade apart , the Eurythmics reunited to record their ninth album , Peace , released in late 1999 . They reunited again in 2005 to release the single I 've Got a Life , as part of a new Eurythmics compilation album , Ultimate Collection . The duo have won an MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in 1984 , the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1987 , the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 1999 , and in 2005 were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame . The Eurythmics have sold an estimated 75 million records worldwide . In 2017 , the group was nominated for induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame , and were nominated again in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Greatest Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(Eurythmics_album)', 'summary': "Greatest Hits is a greatest hits album by the British pop music duo Eurythmics . It was released on 18 March 1991 by RCA Records and contains their successful singles spanning the years 1982 through 1990 . It was enormously successful , topping the charts in the United Kingdom for a total of 10 weeks and in Australia for seven weeks . It remains the duo 's best-selling album worldwide and has been certified six-times platinum in the United Kingdom and triple platinum in the United States . The original European version of the album contains 18 tracks , while the version released in the US contains only 14 . The five songs omitted from the US edition are Right by Your Side , Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty-Four ) , It 's Alright ( Baby 's Coming Back ) , You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart and The Miracle of Love , while The King and Queen of America is added . The track order also differs . Neither the European nor the US version of Greatest Hits contains their top-30 singles Beethoven ( I Love to Listen To ) or Revival . This greatest hits collection was superseded by Ultimate Collection released in 2005 , which does not contain Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty-Four ) or any songs from We Too Are One ( 1989 ) ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various artists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Various_artists', 'summary': 'A compilation album comprises tracks , which may be previously released or unreleased , usually from several separate recordings by either one or several performers . If by one artist , then generally the tracks were not originally intended for release together as a single work , but may be collected together as a greatest hits album or box set . If from several performers , there may be a theme , topic , time period , or genre which links the tracks , or they may have been intended for release as a single work - such as a tribute album . When the tracks are by the same recording artist , the album may be referred to as a retrospective album or an anthology .'}]}, {'value': 'The Commitments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Commitments_(film)', 'summary': "The Commitments is a 1991 musical comedy-drama film based on the 1987 novel of the same name by Roddy Doyle . It was directed by Alan Parker from a screenplay written by Doyle , Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais . Set in the Northside of Dublin , the film tells the story of Jimmy Rabbitte ( Robert Arkins ) , a young music fanatic who assembles a group of working-class youths to form a soul band named The Commitments . Producers Lynda Myles and Roger Randall-Cutler acquired the film rights to the novel in 1988 , and commissioned Doyle , a first-time screenwriter , to write an adaptation . Doyle spent one year working on the script before Myles brought in veteran screenwriters Clement and La Frenais to help complete it . Upon reading the novel , Parker signed on as the film 's director in 1989 . An international co-production between Ireland , the United States and the United Kingdom , The Commitments was the first film to be produced by Beacon Pictures , which provided an estimated budget of $ 12-15 million . The film 's young lead actors were mostly inexperienced , and were cast because of their musical backgrounds and resemblance to the characters in the novel . Principal photography commenced in Dublin , from late August 1990 to October of that year . Upon release , The Commitments grossed $ 14.9 million during its North American theatrical run . Reviewers praised the music , performances and humour , while criticism was aimed at the pacing and direction . The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Film Editing , and won four BAFTA Awards for Best Film , Best Direction , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Editing ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Clapton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Clapton', 'summary': "Eric Patrick Clapton , CBE ( born 30 March 1945 ) is an English rock and blues guitarist , singer , and songwriter . He is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : once as a solo artist and separately as a member of the Yardbirds and of Cream . Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time . Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time and fourth in Gibson 's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time . He was also named number five in Time magazine 's list of The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players in 2009 . In the mid-1960s Clapton left the Yardbirds to play with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers . Immediately after leaving Mayall , Clapton formed the power trio Cream with drummer Ginger Baker and bassist Jack Bruce , in which Clapton played sustained blues improvisations and arty , blues-based psychedelic pop . After Cream broke up , he formed blues rock band Blind Faith with Baker , Steve Winwood , and Ric Grech . Clapton 's solo career began in the 1970s , where his work bore the influence of the mellow style of J. J. Cale and the reggae of Bob Marley . His version of Marley 's I Shot the Sheriff helped reggae reach a mass market . Two of his most popular recordings were Layla , recorded with Derek and the Dominos ; and Robert Johnson 's Crossroads , recorded with Cream . Following the death of his son Conor in 1991 , Clapton 's grief was expressed in the song Tears in Heaven , which appeared on his Unplugged album ."}]}, {'value': 'Unplugged', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unplugged_(Eric_Clapton_album)', 'summary': "Unplugged is a 1992 album by Eric Clapton , recorded at Bray Studios , England in front of an audience for the MTV Unplugged television series . It includes a version of the successful 1991 single Tears in Heaven and an acoustic version of Layla . It won six Grammy awards at the 35th Annual Grammy Awards in 1993 and became the bestselling live album of all time , and Clapton 's bestselling album , selling 26 million copies worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ace of Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ace_of_Base', 'summary': "Ace of Base is a Swedish pop group , originally consisting of Ulf Ekberg and three siblings , Jonas Berggren , Linn Berggren and Jenny Berggren . The group released four studio albums between 1992 and 2002 , and sold 50 million records worldwide , making them the third-most successful Swedish band of all time , after ABBA and Roxette . Happy Nation ( reissued as The Sign ) is one of the best-selling debut albums of all time , and was certified nine times platinum in the United States . It was the first debut album to produce three No . 1 singles on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart : All That She Wants , The Sign and Do n't Turn Around . Following the formal departure of singer Linn in 2007 , the band performed a series of concerts as a trio in Europe and Asia between 2007 and 2009 . Jenny Berggren said in November 2009 that she would be taking an indefinite leave of absence from the band to focus on a solo career . In 2009 , Jonas and Ulf recruited two new female vocalists , Clara Hagman and Julia Williamson , and released The Golden Ratio in September 2010 . Hagman and Williamson both departed from the group in 2012 , and in March 2015 , the compilation album Hidden Gems featuring unreleased songs and B-sides from the group 's inception through 2005 was released , with promotion for the album being handled solely by Jonas and Ulf . Despite not being active after 2015 , alongside the departures of all four vocalists , Jonas and Ulf never left Ace of Base , and the group itself has never officially disbanded ."}]}, {'value': 'Happy Nation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Happy_Nation', 'summary': 'Happy Nation is the debut studio album by Swedish pop group Ace of Base . It was initially released in Denmark on 16 November 1992 by Mega Records . During development of the record , the group was heavily influenced by a Jamaican reggae band residing in a nearby studio . In 1995 , Guinness Book of World Records named the LP the best-selling debut studio effort in music history , at more than 19 million copies sold worldwide . By 2007 , Happy Nation/The Sign had sold approximately 23 million units including 9 million in the US alone . Happy Nation/The Sign is one of the best-selling albums of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Number-one albums', 'section_text': 'Key † – Album of New Zealand origin', 'uid': 'List_of_year-end_number-one_albums_(New_Zealand)_0', 'intro': "This is a list of year-end number-one albums for New Zealand. Recorded Music NZ publishes the country's official weekly record charts."}
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Where was Eric Clapton 's album recorded ?
Bray Studios , England
0870ce1a260ae237
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Hunter_and_Central_Coast', 'title': 'List of schools in the Hunter and Central Coast', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'Opened', 'Website'], 'data': [{'value': 'Corpus Christi Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waratah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waratah,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Waratah /ˌwɒrəˈtɑː/ is a north-western residential suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) from Newcastle 's central business district and bounded on the north by the Main North railway line . Waratah station was opened in 1858 and is served by NSW TrainLink 's Hunter line ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Cross Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kincumber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kincumber,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Kincumber is a south-eastern suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , nested between the Kincumba Mountain Reserve and the Kincumber Broadwater and located 91 kilometres ( 57 mi ) north of Sydney via the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway ( F3 ) . It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area . A nature reserve , Kincumba Mountain , is located within the suburb and is often used by the community for various functions , including picnicking , bush-walking , orienteering , parties , and carnivals . Kincumber is also a skateboarding hub of the Central Coast . It has two skate facilities , one in Frost Reserve and the other in South Kincumber recreation area .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Cross Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glendale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glendale,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Glendale is a suburb of Lake Macquarie , New South Wales , Australia , located 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) west of Newcastle 's central business district at the northern tip of Lake Macquarie . It is part of the City of Lake Macquarie local government area ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Macquarie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie', 'summary': 'The City of Lake Macquarie is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia and was proclaimed a city from 7 September 1984 . The area is situated adjacent to the city of Newcastle and is part of the Greater Newcastle Area . The city is approximately 150 km ( 93 mi ) north of Sydney . One of its major tourist attractions is its lake , also named Lake Macquarie . The mayor of the City of Lake Macquarie Council is Councillor Kay Fraser , a member of the Labor Party . The Royal Australian Navy ship HMAS Tobruk was granted the Right of Freedom of Entry to the City of Lake Macquarie on 9 August 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Family Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merewether', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merewether,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Merewether ( /ˈmɛrɪˌwɛðər/ ) is a suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia , located 3 km ( 2 mi ) from Newcastle 's central business district with a population of around 11,000 . The suburb stretches 3 km ( 2 mi ) from Merewether Beach in the east to Adamstown in the west ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Name Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forster,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Forster is a coastal town in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , in the Mid-Coast Council LGA , about 308 km north-north-east of Sydney . It is immediately adjacent to its twin , Tuncurry , which is the smaller of the two towns . Forster is known for its stunning waters & Manning Valley beauty . At the 2016 census , the Forster-Tuncurry area had a population of 19,918 people , while the permanent population of Forster alone was 13,740 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mid-Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-Coast_Council', 'summary': 'Mid-Coast Council is a local government area ( LGA ) located in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The council was formed on 12 May 2016 through a merger of the Gloucester Shire , Great Lakes and City of Greater Taree councils . The council comprises an area of 10,053 square kilometres ( 3,881 sq mi ) and occupies the Mid North Coast stretching 190 km ( 118 mi ) between the coastal towns of Hawks Nest and Tea Gardens and onto Myall Lakes National Park . The council region includes the three great lakes , the coastal towns of Seal Rocks , Forster , Taree , and onto Crowdy Head north of Harrington . The LGA extends inland to the Barrington Tops National Park near Gloucester . It includes the Manning River and valley adjoining the Three Brothers mountains . At the time of its establishment the council had an estimated population of 90,504 . The Mayor of the Mid-Coast Council is Councillor David West , who was elected on 9 September 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Spirit Infants School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abermain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abermain,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Abermain is a town 8 km ENE of Cessnock and 3 km west of Weston , in New South Wales , Australia . Abermain is adjacent to Werakata National Park . Abermain Post Office opened on 1 June 1904 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cessnock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Cessnock', 'summary': 'City of Cessnock is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is located to the west of Newcastle . The largest population centre and council seat is the city of Cessnock . The Mayor of the City of Cessnock Council is Cr . Bob Pynsent , a member of Country Labor .'}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Spirit Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurri Kurri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurri_Kurri,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Kurri Kurri is a small town in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia , in the Cessnock LGA . At the 2016 census , its population was 6,044 . Kurri Kurri is the largest town in a group of towns and hamlets , including Stanford Merthyr , Pelaw Main , Weston , Abermain and Heddon Greta , called Kurri Kurri - Weston by the ABS . Its estimated population was 17,241 at 2016 census . Kurri Kurri 's name comes from the local Awabakal language where it has a meaning similar to the beginning or the first . The town 's economy today consists mostly of trades and industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Cessnock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Cessnock', 'summary': 'City of Cessnock is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is located to the west of Newcastle . The largest population centre and council seat is the city of Cessnock . The Mayor of the City of Cessnock Council is Cr . Bob Pynsent , a member of Country Labor .'}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarro,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Tarro /ˈtɑːˌroʊ/ is a north-western suburb of the Newcastle City Council local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia . It , and parts of nearby Beresfield , was originally known as Upper Hexham , lower Hexham being an older settlement located about 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) to the east on the Hunter River . The name Tarro reportedly means stone in an Aboriginal language . At the 2006 census , Tarro had a population of 1,558 , almost all of which is concentrated in the south-western corner of the suburb .'}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of the Rosary Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wyoming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wyoming,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Wyoming is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , located 4 kilometres ( 2 mi ) northeast of Gosford 's central business district . It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area . The Aboriginal inhabitants of the Wyoming area before European settlement were the Kuringgai people . In 1824 Frederick Augustus Hely ( 1794-1836 ) purchased 1,340 acres ( 5.42 km2 ) of land adjacent to Narara Reserve . Hely named the land after the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania , made famous by the 1809 poem Gertrude of Wyoming by Thomas Campbell . Hely was the Principal Superintendent of Convicts . He was born in Ireland and died in Sydney . He died before the house he was planning to build at Wyoming was completed . His mausoleum lies beside the Pacific Highway at Wyoming , close to the family home which was built by his widow . The grave was designed by architect John Verge and was recently restored after falling into disrepair . Wyoming is a predominately residential suburb . The first building was the local pub which was built by convicts in 1854 and still exists today ."}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of the Rosary Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelly Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelly_Beach,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Shelly Beach is a coastal suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , located east of Tuggerah Lake and bordering the Pacific Ocean south of The Entrance . It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area . It is 66 km south of Newcastle & 93 km north of Sydney . Shelly Beach is considered one of the most popular surfing beaches on the Central Coast . Shelly Beach Golf Club ( previously Tuggerah Lakes Gold Club ) is an 18-hole golf course located at the eastern end of Shelly Beach Road , overlooking Shelly Beach . It was formally established in 1930 , originally being located at Killarney Vale until 1954 when it moved to its present location . Within the suburb there is the Shelly Beach Surf Club and the Shelly Beach Fossils soccer club .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of Victories Catholic Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shortland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortland,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Shortland is a suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia , located 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) from Newcastle 's central business district . It is part of the City of Newcastle local government area and was named after Lt. John Shortland , master 's mate of the Sirius , the escorting vessel to the First Fleet . The area is restricted in development growth due to surrounding wetlands ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady Star of the Sea Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terrigal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terrigal,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Terrigal is a major coastal suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , located 12 kilometres ( 7 mi ) east of Gosford on the Pacific Ocean . It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Benedict 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edgeworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgeworth,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Edgeworth is a suburb of the City of Lake Macquarie local government area in New South Wales , Australia , located 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) west of Newcastle 's central business district ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Macquarie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie', 'summary': 'The City of Lake Macquarie is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia and was proclaimed a city from 7 September 1984 . The area is situated adjacent to the city of Newcastle and is part of the Greater Newcastle Area . The city is approximately 150 km ( 93 mi ) north of Sydney . One of its major tourist attractions is its lake , also named Lake Macquarie . The mayor of the City of Lake Macquarie Council is Councillor Kay Fraser , a member of the Labor Party . The Royal Australian Navy ship HMAS Tobruk was granted the Right of Freedom of Entry to the City of Lake Macquarie on 9 August 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Brendan 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Munmorah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Munmorah,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Lake Munmorah is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia . It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Brigid 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Branxton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Branxton,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Branxton is a town in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia . Branxton is 171 kilometres ( 106 mi ) north of Sydney via the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway and New England Highway . Branxton is located mostly in the City of Cessnock , but part of it is in Singleton Shire . It had a population of 1,991 at the 2016 census . Branxton is a busy service township with an IGA Supermarket , medical centre , swimming school and an art school . The town has several different sporting clubs . These include Greta-Branxton Colts Rugby League Football Club , Greta-Branxton Wildcats Soccer Club , Greta-Branxton United Cricket Club , and Branxton District Netball Club . Branxton also has facilities for tennis , croquet , golf and athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Cessnock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Cessnock', 'summary': 'City of Cessnock is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is located to the west of Newcastle . The largest population centre and council seat is the city of Cessnock . The Mayor of the City of Cessnock Council is Cr . Bob Pynsent , a member of Country Labor .'}]}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Brigid 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raymond Terrace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Terrace', 'summary': 'Raymond Terrace is a town in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia , about 26 km ( 16 mi ) by road north of Newcastle on the Pacific Highway . Established in 1837 it is situated at the confluence of the Hunter and Williams rivers . The town was named after Lieutenant Raymond , who had explored the Hunter River in 1797 and described the terraced appearance of trees in the area . Governor Lachlan Macquarie camped in the area in 1818 , using Raymond Terrace as the name for the place where his party had camped . At the 2016 census Raymond Terrace had a population of 12,820 . It is the administrative centre of the Port Stephens local government area as well as a service hub for surrounding rural areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Stephens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Stephens_Council', 'summary': 'Port Stephens Council ( also known simply as Port Stephens ) is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is just north of Newcastle and is adjacent to the Pacific Highway which runs through Raymond Terrace , the largest town and Council seat . The area is named after Port Stephens , which is the major geographical feature of the area . It extends generally from the Hunter River in the south , to near Clarence Town in the north , and from the Tasman Sea in the east , to just south of Paterson in the west . The mayor of Port Stephens Council is Ryan Palmer . Port Stephens is about two and a half hours north of Sydney .'}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Cecilia 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wyong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wyong,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Wyong ( /ˈwaɪɒŋ/ ) is a town of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , located approximately 63 km SSW of Newcastle and 89 km NNE of Sydney . Established in 1888 , it is one of the two administrative centres for the Central Coast Council local government area .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Columba 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adamstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adamstown,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Adamstown is a suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia , located 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) from Newcastle 's central business district . It is part of the City of Newcastle local government area . It has a railway station , opened in 1887 with the Newcastle-Gosford section of the Main North line . The now closed branch line to Belmont formerly left the main line just south of Adamstown Station . The town also includes the beginning of the Fernleigh Track , a multi-use rail trail near Belmont . The project is a joint venture between Newcastle City Council and Lake Macquarie City Council and extends from Adamstown to Belmont over an approximate distance of 15.5 km ( 10 mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Columba 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayfield,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Mayfield is a north-western suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , which takes its name from Ada May ( born 1874 ) a daughter of the landowner there , John Scholey . Its boundaries are the Hunter River to the north , the Main Northern railway line to the south ( Waratah station ) , the railway line to Newcastle Harbour to the east , and open ground to the west .'}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Francis Xavier Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belmont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belmont,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Belmont is a suburb in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia , located 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from Newcastle 's central business district on the eastern side of Lake Macquarie and is part of the City of Lake Macquarie . Belmont is situated on a sandy peninsula formed by the Tasman Sea on the east and Lake Macquarie ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Macquarie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie', 'summary': 'The City of Lake Macquarie is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia and was proclaimed a city from 7 September 1984 . The area is situated adjacent to the city of Newcastle and is part of the Greater Newcastle Area . The city is approximately 150 km ( 93 mi ) north of Sydney . One of its major tourist attractions is its lake , also named Lake Macquarie . The mayor of the City of Lake Macquarie Council is Councillor Kay Fraser , a member of the Labor Party . The Royal Australian Navy ship HMAS Tobruk was granted the Right of Freedom of Entry to the City of Lake Macquarie on 9 August 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Private schools -- Catholic primary schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_Hunter_and_the_Central_Coast_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the Hunter and Central Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia. The New South Wales education system traditionally consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6 (ages 5-12), and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 12 (ages 12-18).'}
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On which date was this LGA established that has a suburb known for a skateboarding hub with two facilities ?
12 May 2016
0873572b85c0c56a
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of bus transit systems in the United States', 'header': ['System', 'Locale', 'Major city ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arlington Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington_Transit', 'summary': 'Arlington Transit ( ART ) is a bus transit system that operates in Arlington County , Virginia , and is managed by the county government . The bus system provides service within Arlington County , and connects to Metrobus , nearby Metrorail stations , Virginia Railway Express , and other local bus systems . Most ART routes serve to connect county neighborhoods to local Metrorail stations , as well as the Shirlington Bus Station during morning and evening peak periods . It includes part of the Pike Ride service along Columbia Pike , which is shared with WMATA . ART is operated by National Express Transit Corporation and currently operates 81 buses . ART provides a fixed-route bus service within Arlington County on sixteen routes and carries almost three million passengers annually . As part of the Arlington Initiative to Reduce Emission project ( AIRE ) , the entire ART bus fleet runs on clean-burning Compressed Natural Gas in order to be environmentally friendly in Arlington County . ARTs purpose is to supplement the regional rail and bus service provided by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA ) , providing local bus service , and connecting to neighborhoods , businesses , and departments within Arlington County .'}]}, {'value': 'Arlington County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia', 'summary': "Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia , often referred to simply as Arlington or Arlington , Virginia . The county is situated in Northern Virginia on the southwestern bank of the Potomac River directly across from the District of Columbia , of which it was once a part . The county is coterminous with the U.S. Census Bureau 's census-designated place of Arlington . Arlington is considered to be the second-largest principal city of the Washington metropolitan area . In 2018 , the county 's population was estimated at 237,521 , making Arlington the sixth-largest county in Virginia by population ; if it were incorporated as a city , would be the fourth-most populous city in the state . With a land area of 26 square miles ( 67 km2 ) , Arlington is the geographically smallest self-governing county in the U.S. , and by reason of state law regarding population density , it has no incorporated towns within its borders . It is the 5th highest-income county in the U.S. by median family income . Due to the county 's proximity to downtown Washington , D.C. , Arlington is home to the Pentagon , Reagan National Airport , and Arlington National Cemetery . In academia , the county contains George Mason University 's Antonin Scalia Law School , the administrative offices buildings and graduate programs for the Schar School of Policy and Government and School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution , as well as satellite campuses of the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech . It will soon house the co-headquarters of Amazon.com , Inc ."}]}, {'value': 'Arlington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CUE Bus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CUE_Bus', 'summary': 'CUE Bus ( City-University-Energysaver ) is a bus service operated by the City of Fairfax , Virginia , and is completely separate from the Fairfax Connector bus service run by Fairfax County .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairfax , George Mason University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia', 'summary': "The City of Fairfax ( /ˈfɛərfæks/ FAIR-faks ) , colloquially known as Fairfax City , Downtown Fairfax , Old Town Fairfax , or Fairfax Courthouse , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 22,565 , which had risen to an estimated 24,574 as of 2018 . The City of Fairfax is an enclave surrounded by the separate political entity Fairfax County . Fairfax City also contains an exclave of Fairfax County , the Fairfax County Court Complex . The City of Fairfax and the area immediately surrounding the historical border of the City of Fairfax , collectively designated by Fairfax County as Fairfax , comprise the county seat of Fairfax County . The city is part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as a part of Northern Virginia . The city is 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Washington , D.C . The Washington Metro 's Orange Line serves Fairfax through its Vienna station , which is a mile northeast of the city limits . CUE Bus and Metrobus operate in Fairfax . Virginia Railway Express 's Burke Centre station is situated three miles southeast of the city 's boundaries . Virginia 's largest public educational institution with 35,189 students in 2017 is George Mason University , which is located in unincorporated Fairfax County , along the city 's southern border while still having a City of Fairfax address and sharing the same public transportation system ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Mason_University', 'summary': 'George Mason University ( GMU , Mason , or George Mason ) is a public research university located on the Fairfax City-Fairfax County border in Virginia . In 1956 , the Commonwealth of Virginia authorized the establishment of a Northern Virginia branch of the University of Virginia and the institution that is now named George Mason University opened in September of 1957 . It became an independent institution in 1972 . It has since grown to become the largest four-year public university in the Commonwealth of Virginia . The university is named after the founding father George Mason , a Virginia planter and politician who authored the Virginia Declaration of Rights that later influenced the future Bill of Right of the United States Constitution . Mason operates four campuses in Virginia ( Fairfax , Arlington , Front Royal , and Prince William ) , as well as a fifth campus in South Korea . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university is particularly well known in the fields of economics and law and economics . Two Mason economics professors have won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics : James M. Buchanan in 1986 and Vernon L. Smith in 2002 . EagleBank Arena ( formerly the Patriot Center ) , a 10,000-seat arena and concert venue operated by the university , is located on the main Fairfax campus . The university recognizes 500 student groups as well as 41 fraternities and sororities .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairfax', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlottesville Area Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlottesville_Area_Transit', 'summary': 'Charlottesville Area Transit ( formerly Charlottesville Transit Service ) is the provider of mass transportation in Charlottesville , Virginia . The organization was formed in 1975 when the city bought out Yellow Transit Company , which held a private monopoly on city busing . In 1999 , the agency took a big leap in terms of providing better service and gaining more ridership , as it established a free shuttle route ( which is officially called a trolley , using green-painted trolley-style buses ) connected downtown with the University of Virginia . In 2007 , the University Transit Service and Charlottesville Area Transit entered into an open ridership agreement that allows UVA students , faculty , and staff ride CAT for free by showing a valid UVA ID card . Eleven routes are offered Monday through Saturday from the early morning until the late evening . Sunday service is only available on the Free Trolley and Routes 2 , 9 , and 12 .'}]}, {'value': 'Albemarle County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albemarle_County,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Albemarle County is a county located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Its county seat is Charlottesville , which is an independent city and enclave entirely surrounded by the county . Albemarle County is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 98,970 , in 2018 , it was estimated at 108,718 . Albemarle County was created in 1744 from the western portion of Goochland County , though portions of Albemarle were later carved out to create other counties . Albemarle County was named in honor of Willem Anne van Keppel , 2nd Earl of Albemarle . However , its most famous inhabitant was Thomas Jefferson , who built his estate home , Monticello , in the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlottesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia', 'summary': "Charlottesville , colloquially known as C'ville and officially named the City of Charlottesville , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the county seat of Albemarle County , which surrounds the city , though the two are separate legal entities . It is named after the British Queen consort ( and Electress of Hanover ) Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , who as the wife of George III was Virginia 's last Queen . In 2018 , an estimated 48,117 people lived within the city limits . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with Albemarle County for statistical purposes , bringing its population to approximately 150,000 . Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area , which includes Albemarle , Buckingham , Fluvanna , Greene , and Nelson counties . Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents , Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe . During their terms as Governor of Virginia , they lived in Charlottesville , and traveled to and from Richmond , along the 71-mile ( 114 km ) historic Three Notch 'd Road . Orange , located 26 miles ( 42 km ) northeast of the city , was the hometown of President James Madison . The University of Virginia , founded by Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies , straddles the city 's southwestern border . Monticello , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) southeast of the city , is , along with the University of Virginia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists every year ."}]}, {'value': 'DASH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DASH_(bus)', 'summary': "Driving Alexandria Safely Home ( DASH ) is the public bus system for the city of Alexandria , Virginia , operated by the Alexandria Transit Company . The Alexandria Transit Company 's DASH system provides safe , reliable , and courteous bus service within the City of Alexandria , and connects with Metrobus , Metrorail , Virginia Railway Express , and all local bus systems . DASH serves all of the Alexandria Metrorail Stations and the Pentagon Metrorail station during morning and evening peak periods . Alexandria Transit Company ( ATC ) is a non-profit service corporation wholly owned by the City of Alexandria and currently operates 124 buses , which also consists of the King Street Trolleys . ATC provides a fixed-route bus service within the City of Alexandria on nine routes and carries more than four million passengers annually . ATC operates transit services within portions of the City of Alexandria and between the City and the Pentagon Metrorail Station . ATC 's purpose is to supplement the regional rail and bus service provided by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA ) and to provide a local bus service to the City of Alexandria ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia', 'summary': "Alexandria is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 139,966 , and in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 160,530 . Located along the western bank of the Potomac River , Alexandria is approximately 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of downtown Washington , D.C. Like the rest of Northern Virginia , as well as Central Maryland , modern Alexandria has been influenced by its proximity to the U.S. capital . It is largely populated by professionals working in the federal civil service , in the U.S. military , or for one of the many private companies which contract to provide services to the federal government . One of Alexandria 's largest employers is the U.S. Department of Defense . Another is the Institute for Defense Analyses . In 2005 , the United States Patent and Trademark Office moved to Alexandria , and in 2017 , so did the headquarters of the National Science Foundation . The historic center of Alexandria is known as Old Town . With its concentration of boutiques , restaurants , antique shops and theaters , it is a major draw for all who live in Alexandria as well for visitors . Like Old Town , many Alexandria neighborhoods are compact and walkable . It is the 7th largest and highest-income independent city in Virginia . A large portion of adjacent Fairfax County , mostly south but also west of the city , is also referred to as Alexandria , and has Alexandria , Virginia , mailing addresses , but it is under the jurisdiction of Fairfax County 's government and separate from the independent city ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfax Connector', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfax_Connector', 'summary': "Fairfax Connector is a public bus service provided by Fairfax County , Virginia , United States , and is managed by the county government . The bus system provides service within Fairfax County , and connects to Metrobus , Metrorail stations , Virginia Railway Express , and other local bus systems . Fairfax Connector serves all of Fairfax Metrorail Stations , the city of Alexandria , the city of Fairfax , the Washington Dulles International Airport , and the Pentagon Metrorail station during morning and evening peak periods . Fairfax Connector , or simply The Connector , is operated under contract by Transdev , and is the third largest bus fleet in the D.C. area . The Connector provides a fixed-route bus service within Fairfax County on 93 routes and carries about nine million passengers annually . The Connector 's goals is to supplement the regional rail and bus service provided by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA ) , providing reliable local bus service , and to improves the safety of the community of Fairfax County ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairfax County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia', 'summary': "Fairfax County , officially the County of Fairfax is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . Part of Northern Virginia , Fairfax County borders both the City of Alexandria and Arlington County and forms part of the suburban ring of Washington , D.C . The county is thus predominantly suburban in character , with some urban and rural pockets . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,081,726 , in 2018 , it was estimated at 1,150,795 , making it the Commonwealth 's most populous jurisdiction , with around 13% of Virginia 's population . The county is also the most populous jurisdiction in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area , with around 20% of the MSA population , as well as the larger Washington-Baltimore-Arlington , DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area , with around 13% of the CSA population . The county seat is the City of Fairfax , though because it is an independent city under Virginia law , the city of Fairfax is not part of Fairfax County . Fairfax was the first U.S. county to reach a six-figure median household income and has the second-highest median household income of any county-level local jurisdiction in the United States after neighbor Loudoun County . The county is home to the headquarters of intelligence agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency , National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency , and National Reconnaissance Office , as well as the National Counterterrorism Center and Office of the Director of National Intelligence . The county is also home to seven Fortune 500 companies , including three with Falls Church addresses ; although Falls Church is its own independent municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairfax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia', 'summary': "The City of Fairfax ( /ˈfɛərfæks/ FAIR-faks ) , colloquially known as Fairfax City , Downtown Fairfax , Old Town Fairfax , or Fairfax Courthouse , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 22,565 , which had risen to an estimated 24,574 as of 2018 . The City of Fairfax is an enclave surrounded by the separate political entity Fairfax County . Fairfax City also contains an exclave of Fairfax County , the Fairfax County Court Complex . The City of Fairfax and the area immediately surrounding the historical border of the City of Fairfax , collectively designated by Fairfax County as Fairfax , comprise the county seat of Fairfax County . The city is part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as a part of Northern Virginia . The city is 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Washington , D.C . The Washington Metro 's Orange Line serves Fairfax through its Vienna station , which is a mile northeast of the city limits . CUE Bus and Metrobus operate in Fairfax . Virginia Railway Express 's Burke Centre station is situated three miles southeast of the city 's boundaries . Virginia 's largest public educational institution with 35,189 students in 2017 is George Mason University , which is located in unincorporated Fairfax County , along the city 's southern border while still having a City of Fairfax address and sharing the same public transportation system ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Richmond Transit Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Transit_Company', 'summary': 'The Greater Richmond Transit Company , known locally as GRTC Transit System , is a local government-owned public service company which operates an urban-suburban bus line based in Richmond , Virginia . GRTC primarily serves the independent city of Richmond and a very small portion of the adjacent counties of Henrico , Hanover , and Chesterfield with a fleet of over 175 diesel-powered and CNG-powered transit buses operating approximately 46 routes . GRTC uses government-funded equipment and resources principally provided by the Federal Transit Administration ( FTA ) , Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation ( VDRPT ) , and local funds . It also maintains equipment and has other affiliations with Petersburg Area Transit , a similar agency which also serves a portion of Chesterfield County .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia', 'summary': "Richmond ( /ˈrɪtʃmənd/ ) is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) and the Greater Richmond Region . Richmond was incorporated in 1742 and has been an independent city since 1871 . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 204,214 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 228,783 , making Richmond the fourth-most populous city in Virginia . The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029 , the third-most populous metro in the state . Richmond is at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles ( 71 km ) west of Williamsburg , 66 miles ( 106 km ) east of Charlottesville , 91 miles ( 146 km ) east of Lynchburg and 92 miles ( 148 km ) south of Washington , D.C . Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 and encircled by Interstate 295 , Virginia State Route 150 and Virginia State Route 288 . Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest , Chesterfield to the south , Varina to the southeast , Sandston to the east , Glen Allen to the north and west , Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast . The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy , and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown from 1609 to 1611 . The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 . It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780 , replacing Williamsburg . During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's Give me liberty or give me death speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson ."}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hampton Roads Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Transit', 'summary': "Hampton Roads Transit ( HRT ) , incorporated on October 1 , 1999 , began through the voluntary merger of PENTRAN ( Peninsula Transportation District Commission ) on the Virginia Peninsula and TRT ( Tidewater Regional Transit a.k.a . Tidewater Transit District Commission ) in South Hampton Roads and currently serves over 22 million annual passengers within its 369-square-mile ( 960 km2 ) service area around Hampton Roads . The purpose of the HRT is to provide reliable and efficient transportation service and facilities to the Hampton Roads community . Hampton Roads is located in southeastern Virginia . The Hampton Roads metropolitan area has a population of 1.6 million . Its service area consists of the cities of Norfolk , Virginia Beach , Chesapeake , Portsmouth , Hampton , Newport News , Williamsburg ( Colonial Williamsburg ) and the town of Smithfield . The entire service area population is 1.3 million . HRT also serves the area 's major college campuses of Christopher Newport University , Hampton University , Norfolk State University , Old Dominion University , Thomas Nelson Community College , and Tidewater Community College ."}]}, {'value': 'Cities of Chesapeake , Hampton , Newport News , Norfolk , Portsmouth , Suffolk , and Virginia Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Chesapeake is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 222,209 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 242,634 , making it the third-most populous city in Virginia . Chesapeake is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News , VA-NC MSA . One of the cities in the South Hampton Roads , Chesapeake was organized in 1963 by voter referendums approving the political consolidation of the city of South Norfolk with the remnants of the former Norfolk County , which dated to 1691 . ( Much of the territory of the county had been annexed by other cities . ) Chesapeake is the second-largest city by land area in the Commonwealth of Virginia , and the 17th-largest in the United States . Chesapeake is a diverse city in which a few urban areas are located ; it also has many square miles of protected farmland , forests , and wetlands , including a substantial portion of the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge . Extending from the rural border with North Carolina to the harbor area of Hampton Roads adjacent to the cities of Norfolk , Portsmouth , Suffolk , and Virginia Beach , Chesapeake is located on the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway . It has miles of waterfront industrial , commercial and residential property . In 2011 , Chesapeake was named the 21st best city in the United States by Bloomberg Businessweek . Chesapeake is home to the international Headquarters for Dollar Tree .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia', 'summary': "Hampton is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 137,438 . As one of the seven major cities that compose the Hampton Roads metropolitan area , it is on the southeastern side of the Virginia Peninsula . Hampton traces its history to the city 's Old Point Comfort , the home of Fort Monroe for almost 400 years , which was named by the 1607 voyagers , led by Captain Christopher Newport , who first established Jamestown as an English colonial settlement . Since consolidation in 1952 , Hampton has included the former Elizabeth City County and the incorporated town of Phoebus , consolidated by a mutual agreement . After the end of the American Civil War , historic Hampton University was established opposite from the town on the Hampton River , providing an education for many newly-freed former slaves and for area Native Americans . In the 20th century , the area became the location of Langley Air Force Base , NASA Langley Research Center , and the Virginia Air and Space Center . Hampton features many miles of waterfront and beaches . The city features a wide array of business and industrial enterprises , retail and residential areas , and historical sites . The new Peninsula Town Center development opened in May 2010 on the site of the former Coliseum Mall . Located in the area adjacent to the Hampton Coliseum and the Convention Center , the new urbanism-type project features a wide mix of retail stores , housing and other attractions . New residential development and additional public facilities ( such as the new fishing pier recently [ when ? ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia', 'summary': "Newport News is an independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 180,719 . In 2018 , the population was estimated to be 178,626 , making it the fifth-most populous city in Virginia . Newport News is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . It is at the southeastern end of the Virginia Peninsula , on the northern shore of the James River extending southeast from Skiffe 's Creek along many miles of waterfront to the river 's mouth at Newport News Point on the harbor of Hampton Roads . The area now known as Newport News was once a part of Warwick County . Warwick County was one of the eight original shires of Virginia , formed by the House of Burgesses in the British Colony of Virginia by order of King Charles I in 1634 . The county was largely composed of farms and undeveloped land until almost 250 years later . [ citation needed ] In 1881 , fifteen years of rapid development began under the leadership of Collis P. Huntington , whose new Peninsula Extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway from Richmond opened up means of transportation along the Peninsula and provided a new pathway for the railroad to bring West Virginia bituminous coal to port for coastal shipping and worldwide export . With the new railroad came a terminal and coal piers where the colliers were loaded . Within a few years , Huntington and his associates also built a large shipyard . In 1896 , the new incorporated town of Newport News , which had briefly replaced Denbigh as the county seat of Warwick County , had a population of 9,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia', 'summary': "Norfolk ( /ˈnɔːrfʊk/ ( listen ) NOR-fuuk ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . At the 2010 census , the population was 242,803 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 244,076 making it the second-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Beach and the 91st largest city in the nation . Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area , named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area , officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News , VA-NC MSA . The city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay . It also shares land borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south and Virginia Beach to its east . Norfolk is one of the oldest cities in Hampton Roads , and is considered to be the historic , urban , financial , and cultural center of the region . The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point . The largest naval base in the world , Naval Station Norfolk , is located in Norfolk along with one of NATO 's two Strategic Command headquarters . The city also has the corporate headquarters of Norfolk Southern Railway , one of North America 's principal Class I railroads , however the company is currently in the process of relocating their headquarters to Atlanta , Georgia . Norfolk is also home to Maersk Line , Limited , which manages the world 's largest fleet of US-flag vessels . As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water , Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property , including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia', 'summary': "Portsmouth is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 95,535 . It is part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . The Norfolk Naval Shipyard , often called the Norfolk Navy Yard , is a historic and active U.S. Navy facility that is located in Portsmouth . The shipyard 's original name , Gosport , was changed to reflect its location in what once had been Norfolk County , Virginia . It constructs , refits and remodels ships of the US Navy , and is one of the few facilities in the world with a dry dock large enough to accommodate an aircraft carrier . Both Norfolk and the city of Portsmouth have miles of waterfront land on opposite sides of the Elizabeth River as part of the harbor of Hampton Roads . Its three Elizabeth River ferries transport pedestrians between the Portsmouth Olde Towne Historic District and downtown Norfolk ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Suffolk is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2017 census , the estimated population was 90,237 . It is the largest city in Virginia by boundary land area as well as the 14th largest in the country . Suffolk is located in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . This also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake , Hampton , Newport News , Norfolk , Portsmouth , and Virginia Beach , and smaller cities , counties , and towns of Hampton Roads . With miles of waterfront property on the Nansemond and James rivers , present-day Suffolk was formed in 1974 after consolidating with Nansemond County and the towns of Holland and Whaleyville . The current mayor ( as of 2014 ) is Linda T. Johnson .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia Beach is an independent city located on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 437,994 ; in 2018 , it was estimated to be 450,138 . Although mostly suburban in character , it is the most populous city in Virginia and the 44th most populous city in the nation . Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay , Virginia Beach is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . This area , known as America 's First Region , also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake , Hampton , Newport News , Norfolk , Portsmouth , and Suffolk , as well as other smaller cities , counties , and towns of Hampton Roads . Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels , motels , and restaurants along its oceanfront . Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship , a beach soccer tournament . It is also home to several state parks , several long-protected beach areas , three military bases , a number of large corporations , Virginia Wesleyan University and Regent University , International headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Pat Robertson 's Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) , Edgar Cayce 's Association for Research and Enlightenment , and numerous historic sites . Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet , Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists , who eventually settled in Jamestown , on April 26 , 1607 . The city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world . It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel , the longest bridge-tunnel complex in the world ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metrobus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metrobus_(Washington,_D.C.)', 'summary': 'Metrobus is a bus service operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA ) . Its fleet consists of 1,595 buses covering an area of 1,500 square miles ( 3,900 km2 ) in Washington , D.C. , Maryland and Virginia . There are 269 bus routes serving 11,129 stops , including 2,554 bus shelters . In 2016 , Metrobus provided approximately 123.6 million trips . On a typical weekday in June 2017 , it provided more than 390,000 trips .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Metropolitan Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Area', 'summary': "The Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area is the metropolitan area centered on Washington , D.C. , the capital of the United States . The area includes all of the federal district and parts of the U.S. states of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia . It is part of the larger Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area . The Washington D.C. metropolitan area is one of the most educated and most affluent metropolitan areas in the US . The metro area anchors the southern end of the densely populated Northeast megalopolis with an estimated total population of 6,216,589 as of the 2017 U.S. Census Bureau estimate [ update ] , making it the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the nation and the largest metropolitan area in the Census Bureau 's South Atlantic division ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Virginia', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States_46', 'intro': 'The following is a list of presently-operating bus transit systems in the United States with regular service. The list excludes charter buses, private bus operators, paratransit systems, and trolleybus systems. Figures for daily ridership, number of vehicles, and daily vehicle revenue miles are accurate as of 2009 and come from the FTA National Transit Database.'}
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What is the system whose locale is the Commonwealth 's most populous jurisdiction , with around 13 % of Virginia 's population ?
Fairfax Connector
087361adcab27173
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FKF_Division_One', 'title': '2013 FKF Division One', 'header': ['Club', 'Home stadium', 'Town / City'], 'data': [{'value': 'Comply', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afraha Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afraha_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Afraha Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nakuru , Kenya . It used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nakuru AllStars of the Kenyan Premier League and Ulinzi Stars of the Kenyan Premier League . The stadium holds 8,200 people and opened in 1948 . The stadium is two kilometres from the famous Lake Nakuru National Park . Even though it is a football stadium , it became famous for hosting many political meetings including the GEMA promoted change the constitution series held in the 1970s . The former ruling party KANU also held many prominent meetings there during the Moi era .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakuru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakuru', 'summary': 'Nakuru is the fourth-largest city in Kenya after Nairobi , Mombasa and Kisumu . It is the capital of Nakuru County and former capital of the Rift Valley Province . Its 2018 population is approximately half a million from the 307,990 inhabitants within its town limits in 2009 census , making it the largest urban centre in the Kenyan mid-west with Eldoret in Uasin Gishu following closely behind . Nakuru lies about 1,850 m above sea level .'}]}, {'value': 'G.F.C . 105', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G.F.C._105', 'summary': 'G.F.E . 105 is an association football club based in Eldoret , Kenya . The club currently competes in the Kenyan National Super League , and plays its home games at Kipchoge stadium . GFE 105 won the Sakata Ball in 2011 managed by Ray Odhiambo .'}]}, {'value': 'The Discipleship Grounds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eldoret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eldoret', 'summary': 'Eldoret is a principal city in the Rift Valley region of Kenya and the fifth largest in the country . It also serves as the capital of Uasin Gishu County . Lying south of the Cherangani Hills , the local elevation varies from about 2100 metres at the airport to more than 2700 metres in nearby areas ( 7000-9000 feet ) . The population was 289,380 in the 2009 census , and it is currently the fastest growing town in Kenya with over 400,000 inhabitants in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kisero', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kolongolo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bukhungu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bukhungu_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Bukhungu Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kakamega , Kenya . It used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Western Stima of the Kenyan Premier League . The stadium holds 5,000 spectators . The stadium has been undergoing renovation and expansion with phase one of the main stand complete . Phase 2 involving the rest of the terraces and running track already commenced'}]}, {'value': 'Kakamega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kakamega', 'summary': "Kakamega is a town in western Kenya lying about 30 km north of the Equator . It is the headquarters of Kakamega County that has a population of 1,867,579 ( 2019 census ) . Kakamega is 52 km north of Kisumu , the third largest city in Kenya and a port city on Lake Victoria . The average elevation of Kakamega is 1,535 metres . Kakamega county is Kenya 's second most populous county after Nairobi . The county has 9 constituencies in total , namely Butere , Mumias East , Matungu , Khwisero , Shinyalu , Lurambi , ikolomani , Lugari and Malava . Kakamega was so named because the word kakamega translates roughly to pinch in Kiluhyah , which was used to describe how European colonists would eat the staple food , ugali ."}]}, {'value': 'Mumcop', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bukhungu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bukhungu_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Bukhungu Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kakamega , Kenya . It used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Western Stima of the Kenyan Premier League . The stadium holds 5,000 spectators . The stadium has been undergoing renovation and expansion with phase one of the main stand complete . Phase 2 involving the rest of the terraces and running track already commenced'}]}, {'value': 'Kakamega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kakamega', 'summary': "Kakamega is a town in western Kenya lying about 30 km north of the Equator . It is the headquarters of Kakamega County that has a population of 1,867,579 ( 2019 census ) . Kakamega is 52 km north of Kisumu , the third largest city in Kenya and a port city on Lake Victoria . The average elevation of Kakamega is 1,535 metres . Kakamega county is Kenya 's second most populous county after Nairobi . The county has 9 constituencies in total , namely Butere , Mumias East , Matungu , Khwisero , Shinyalu , Lurambi , ikolomani , Lugari and Malava . Kakamega was so named because the word kakamega translates roughly to pinch in Kiluhyah , which was used to describe how European colonists would eat the staple food , ugali ."}]}, {'value': 'Nzoia United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nzoia_United', 'summary': 'Nzoia Sugar Football Club ( formerly Nzoia United Football Club ) is a Kenyan football club based in Bungoma . They currently compete in the Kenyan Premier League , and play their home games at the Mumias Sports Complex in Mumias .'}]}, {'value': 'Sudi Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bungoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bungoma', 'summary': "Bungoma is a town in Bungoma County of Kenya , bordered by Uganda in the west . Bungoma town was established as a trading centre in the early 20th century . The town is the headquarters of Kenya 's Bungoma County ."}]}, {'value': 'Shabana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gusii_Shabana_F.C.', 'summary': "Shabana Football Club , more commonly known as simply Shabana or sometimes Shabana Kisii , is a FKF Premier League club based in Kisii . The club was formed in 1980 by Kisii based businessman Dogo Khan . They won the division title in 2014.They were promoted back to the FKF Premier League after winning the Zone B of the FKF Division One . It had nearly collapsed in 2006 when a dispute over its relegation from the Kenyan Premier League . They were set to play in Nationwide League , the second level tier in Kenya , but refused to participate insisting they belong to the Premier League ( who did not readmit them ) . As a result , the club did not participate any league in 2007 . However the team regrouped and was renamed Gusii United Football Club , eventually returning to league football . Their home stadium is Gusii Stadium.On 28th October 2018 , Shabana was upgraded to Kenya 's second largest league The Kenya National Super League after defeating Mwatate on penalties the game that went full time 1-1 at Kasarani Stadium Nairobi . On 28th November 2018 Gilbert Selebwa was appointed head coach , assisted by Kanuli Rix"}]}, {'value': 'Gusii Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gusii_Stadium', 'summary': 'Gusii Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Kisii , Kenya . It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Shabana Kisii . The stadium holds 5,000 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Kisii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kisii,_Kenya', 'summary': 'Kisii is a municipality and a major urban center in south-western Kenya . It is the capital of the Kisii County which has a population of 1,266,860 according to the Kenya National Census of 2019 . Kisii Town also serves as the main urban and commercial center in the Gusii Highlands and the South Nyanza region and the second largest town in greater Nyanza after Kisumu City . As of 2009 , Kisiii town proper had a population of 200,000 people . It is a bustling town and a home to several businesses , organizations , educational institutions and government agencies . Kisii municipality sits right at the center of the western Kenya tourist circuit that includes the Tabaka Soapstone Carvings , Maasai Mara Game Reserve , Lambwe Valley Game Reserve and the entire Lake Victoria basin . The town continues to serve these former districts , the larger South Nyanza County and the Trans Mara area of western Narok County in commerce . Kisii town connects the Great Rift Valley and Nairobi to Migori and the Kenya-Tanzania border and has a sizable manufacturing industry based on agriculture primarily plantation farming .'}]}, {'value': 'Swan Orchards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timsales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timsales_F.C.', 'summary': 'Timsales Football Club is an association football club based in Elburgon , Kenya . They currently compete in FKF Division One , the third tier of the Kenyan football league system . The team is owned by Kenyan wood manufacturing company Timsales Limited .'}]}, {'value': 'Unknown stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elburgon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elburgon', 'summary': 'Elburgon is a small town in Nakuru County , Kenya . It is located 30 kilometres west of the capital city of Nakuru , the provincial capital . Nearest towns include Molo , Njoro and Rongai . Elburgon is an electoral ward of the Molo Constituency and Nakuru County Council . Elburgon is also a name of an administrative division in Nakuru County . Elburgon division is divided into three locations : Elburgon , Mariashoni and Turi .'}]}, {'value': 'Top Fry AllStars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Top_Fry_AllStars', 'summary': "The Nakuru AllStars are a Kenyan association football club based in Nakuru . They currently compete in the Kenyan third division after their relegation in 2018 after suffering financial difficulties . The club was reformed and created as a continuation of the former Nakuru AllStars , who won the Kenya National Football League in 1963 and 1969 . In 2010 , Kenyan Robert Muthomi reformed and revived the club and its name with a selection of players at under-15 level . Muthomi is a former player 's representative who is now the General Secretary and Chief Executive Officer of Football Kenya Federation . The club received media attention from Denmark as prominent sports website Bold.dk co-founder Pierre Vendelboe was an investor in the club . Vendelboe was part of a consortium which purchased the football club AC Nakuru , and included and merged it with the rest of the Nakuru AllStars club . Among the members of the new technical staff was Sammy Nyongesa who was a player with the original team in 1969 when it last won the league . He has also previously coached the Kenya national football team and is known in Nakuru for running the Youth Olympic centre that produced such as players as Ambrose Ayoyi and John Muiruri In 2011 , the Nakuru AllStars played in the FKL Nationwide League . When the new owners came in the former team had amassed 9 points from 12 matches and were firmly in the relegation spot but by the end of the season the team had gained 39 points to finish in position 10 out of the 16 teams that made the league under the tutelage of former Kenyan international Simon Mulama . On 8 May 2013 , the Nakuru AllStars signed a sponsorship deal with Menengai Oil Refineries , and through their Top Fry brand , changed the team 's name to Nakuru Top Fry AllStars . However , the team 's association with the club ended during the 2015 season , while the team opened a food processing plant in Nakuru in order to become a self-sustaining club ."}]}, {'value': 'Afraha Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afraha_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Afraha Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nakuru , Kenya . It used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nakuru AllStars of the Kenyan Premier League and Ulinzi Stars of the Kenyan Premier League . The stadium holds 8,200 people and opened in 1948 . The stadium is two kilometres from the famous Lake Nakuru National Park . Even though it is a football stadium , it became famous for hosting many political meetings including the GEMA promoted change the constitution series held in the 1970s . The former ruling party KANU also held many prominent meetings there during the Moi era .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakuru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakuru', 'summary': 'Nakuru is the fourth-largest city in Kenya after Nairobi , Mombasa and Kisumu . It is the capital of Nakuru County and former capital of the Rift Valley Province . Its 2018 population is approximately half a million from the 307,990 inhabitants within its town limits in 2009 census , making it the largest urban centre in the Kenyan mid-west with Eldoret in Uasin Gishu following closely behind . Nakuru lies about 1,850 m above sea level .'}]}, {'value': 'West Kenya Sugar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Kenya_Sugar_F.C.', 'summary': 'West Kenya Sugar Football Club is an association football club based in Kakamega , Kenya . The club currently competes in the Kenyan National Super League . The club was known as Kabrass United Football Club until July 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bukhungu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bukhungu_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Bukhungu Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kakamega , Kenya . It used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Western Stima of the Kenyan Premier League . The stadium holds 5,000 spectators . The stadium has been undergoing renovation and expansion with phase one of the main stand complete . Phase 2 involving the rest of the terraces and running track already commenced'}]}, {'value': 'Kakamega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kakamega', 'summary': "Kakamega is a town in western Kenya lying about 30 km north of the Equator . It is the headquarters of Kakamega County that has a population of 1,867,579 ( 2019 census ) . Kakamega is 52 km north of Kisumu , the third largest city in Kenya and a port city on Lake Victoria . The average elevation of Kakamega is 1,535 metres . Kakamega county is Kenya 's second most populous county after Nairobi . The county has 9 constituencies in total , namely Butere , Mumias East , Matungu , Khwisero , Shinyalu , Lurambi , ikolomani , Lugari and Malava . Kakamega was so named because the word kakamega translates roughly to pinch in Kiluhyah , which was used to describe how European colonists would eat the staple food , ugali ."}]}, {'value': 'Zoo Kericho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoo_Kericho_F.C.', 'summary': 'Zoo Kericho Football Club is a football club based in Kericho , Kenya . The club first participated in the Kenya Premier League in 2017 , the highest level of the Kenyan football league system . Zoo FC play their home games at Green Stadium in Kericho town .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kericho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kericho', 'summary': "Kericho is the biggest town in Kericho County located in the highlands west of the Kenyan Rift Valley . Standing on the edge of the Mau Forest , Kericho has a warm and temperate climate making it an ideal location for agriculture and in particular , the large scale cultivation of tea . The town is strategically located along Kenya 's western tourism circuit with access to Lake Victoria , the Maasai Mara National Reserve and Ruma National Park . As of the 1999 census , the town has a population of 150,000 . Kericho is the home town of the Kipsigis , who are a part of the Kalenjin people ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Stadia and locations', 'section_text': 'Zone B teams are from the Western , Nyanza and Rift Valley provinces . Zone B - Group 1 locations [ edit ]', 'uid': '2013_FKF_Division_One_2', 'intro': "The 2013 FKF Division One was the second season of FKF Division One and the Golden Jubilee second division season since it began in 1963. It began on 23 March and concluded on 21 December. On 12 April, Murang'a United were suspended from participating in the league any further for the rest of the 2013 season and relegated to the Provincial League for missing three consecutive league games, against Brighter Stars, Maweni City and Kenya Revenue Authority. They were only allowed to participate in the Provincial League from the beginning of the 2014 season, and would not be replaced by any other team during the course of the season. As a result, all their results were nullified. On 25 April, the Football Kenya Federation initially decided to slash the league to 20 teams for the 2014 season. For that to happen, it was decided that the league will consist of top 5 teams in each zone (except the two teams that win the promotion play-offs) in addition to the two relegated Premier League teams. The remaining 28 teams will be relegated to FKF Division Two, which will begin next season, along with the 8 teams promoted from the Provincial League. However, due to the creation of the Kenyan National Super League on 10 July, it was decided that top 5 teams in each zone (except the two teams that win the promotion play-offs) would be promoted to the new league along with the two relegated Premier League teams, while the remaining 28 teams along with 12 teams promoted from the Provincial League would form the new FKF Division One, which is to be the third-tier league from the beginning of the 2014 season."}
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What is the name of the club whose home stadium opened in 1948 ?
Comply
0873838a1053981d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Cuba_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Cuba at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mijaín López', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mijaín_López', 'summary': 'Mijaín López Núñez ( born 20 August 1982 ) is a Cuban Greco-Roman wrestler . He is a three-time Olympic gold medalist , five-time World Champion , and five-time Champion of Pan American Games . He is a younger brother of Michel López Núñez , a Cuban amataur boxer .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place from 14 to 21 August at the Carioca Arena 2 in Barra da Tijuca . Wrestling had been split into two disciplines , freestyle and Greco-Roman , which were further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only participated in the freestyle events , with 18 gold medals awarded . Wrestling had been contested at every modern Summer Olympic Games , except Paris 1900 . Around 344 wrestlers competed in 18 events at the 2016 Summer Olympics . In September 2013 , a new change to the rules and guidelines of the sport had been instituted and overhauled by the International Olympic Committee and FILA ( now known as the United World Wrestling ) . A single Olympic weight class was removed each from the men 's freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling to add two more weights for the women . Other changes in wrestling at these Games also featured a single-round tournament within a six-minute limit , instead of two-round or tiebreaker ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mijaín López', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mijaín_López', 'summary': 'Mijaín López Núñez ( born 20 August 1982 ) is a Cuban Greco-Roman wrestler . He is a three-time Olympic gold medalist , five-time World Champion , and five-time Champion of Pan American Games . He is a younger brother of Michel López Núñez , a Cuban amataur boxer .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics were held between 5 and 12 August , the final day of the Games , at ExCeL London . It was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which were further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the freestyle events , with 18 gold medals awarded . Wrestling has been contested at every modern Summer Olympic Games , except Paris 1900 .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mijaín López', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mijaín_López', 'summary': 'Mijaín López Núñez ( born 20 August 1982 ) is a Cuban Greco-Roman wrestler . He is a three-time Olympic gold medalist , five-time World Champion , and five-time Champion of Pan American Games . He is a younger brother of Michel López Núñez , a Cuban amataur boxer .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China , were held at the China Agricultural University Gymnasium from 12-21 August 2008 . It was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the freestyle events with 18 gold medals being awarded . This was the second Olympics with women 's wrestling as an event ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iván Pedroso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iván_Pedroso', 'summary': 'Iván Lázaro Pedroso Soler ( Spanish pronunciation : [ iˈβan peˈðɾoso ] ; born December 17 , 1972 ) is a retired Cuban track and field athlete , who specialized in the long jump , and the current coach of Nelson Évora , Yulimar Rojas and Ana Peleteiro .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Félix Savón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Félix_Savón', 'summary': 'Félix Savón Fabre ( born September 22 , 1967 ) is a retired Cuban amateur boxer , who competed from 1980 to 2000 . Considered one of the all-time greatest amateur boxers , he became three-time Olympic gold medalist , and the World Champion six times in a row , all in the heavyweight division . In 1988 , when he was favored by many to win the gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics , Cuban government boycotted the event . Savón is particularly known for having rejected numerous multimillion-dollar offers to defect , leave Cuba permanently to fight Mike Tyson as a professional .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The boxing competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia was held at the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre in Darling Harbour . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Like other Olympic combat sports , two bronze medals are awarded ; in the case of boxing , both losing semi-finalists receive a bronze medal , with no further play-off . As a result , the quarter-final essentially equates to a bronze medal match , a semi-final to a silver medal match , and the final to a gold medal match . 48 medals are therefore available , half of which are bronze medals .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rolando Tucker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolando_Tucker', 'summary': 'Rolando Tucker ( born 31 December 1971 ) is a Cuban fencer . He won a bronze medal in the team foil event at the 1996 Summer Olympics . He won the 1994 World Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1996 Summer Olympics , ten fencing events were contested .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Héctor Milián', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Héctor_Milián', 'summary': 'Héctor Milián ( born 1968 ) is a Cuban wrestler . He won an Olympic gold medal in Greco-Roman wrestling in 1992 . He won a gold medal at the 1991 World Wrestling Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , 20 wrestling events were contested , for men only . There were 10 weight classes in each of the freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling disciplines .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1980 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad ( Russian : И́гры XXII Олимпиа́ды , tr . Igry XXII Olimpiady ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow , Soviet Union , in present-day Russia . The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe , and remain the only Summer Olympics held there , as well as the first Olympic Games to be held in a Slavic language-speaking country . They were also the only Olympic Games to be held in a communist country until 2008 in China . These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris , 3rd Baron Killanin . Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games - the smallest number since 1956 . Led by the United States , 66 countries boycotted the games entirely because of the Soviet-Afghan War . Some athletes from some of the boycotting countries ( they are not included in the list of 66 countries that boycotted the games entirely ) participated in the games under the Olympic Flag . The Soviet Union would later boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals , with the USSR and East Germany winning 127 out of 204 available golds .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teófilo Stevenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teófilo_Stevenson', 'summary': 'Teófilo Stevenson Lawrence ( 29 March 1952 - 11 June 2012 ) was a Cuban amateur boxer , who competed from 1966 to 1986 . He won the Val Barker Trophy ( 1972 ) and was honoured with the Olympic Order ( 1987 ) . Stevenson is one of only three boxers to win three Olympic gold medals , alongside Hungarian László Papp and fellow Cuban Félix Savón . He might have become a five-time Olympic champion had the Cuban authorities allowed the Cuban boxing team to participate in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics , which they boycotted . >'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 1980 Summer Olympics took place at the Indoor Stadium of the Olympiski Sports Complex in Moscow from 20 July to 2 August . Eleven boxing events ( all men 's individual ) were contested with the participation of 271 fighters from 51 countries ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1976 Summer Olympics , officially called the Games of the XXI Olympiad ( French : Les XXIes olympiques d'été ) , was an international multi-sport event in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , in 1976 , and the first Olympic Games held in Canada . Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games on May 12 , 1970 , at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam , over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles . It was the first and , so far , only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada . Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010 , respectively . Twenty-nine countries , mostly African , boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) refused to ban New Zealand , after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976 in defiance of the United Nations ' calls for a sporting embargo . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teófilo Stevenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teófilo_Stevenson', 'summary': 'Teófilo Stevenson Lawrence ( 29 March 1952 - 11 June 2012 ) was a Cuban amateur boxer , who competed from 1966 to 1986 . He won the Val Barker Trophy ( 1972 ) and was honoured with the Olympic Order ( 1987 ) . Stevenson is one of only three boxers to win three Olympic gold medals , alongside Hungarian László Papp and fellow Cuban Félix Savón . He might have become a five-time Olympic champion had the Cuban authorities allowed the Cuban boxing team to participate in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics , which they boycotted . >'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'There were eleven boxing events at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The competition was held from 18 to 31 July with the participation of 266 fighters from 54 countries .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teófilo Stevenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teófilo_Stevenson', 'summary': 'Teófilo Stevenson Lawrence ( 29 March 1952 - 11 June 2012 ) was a Cuban amateur boxer , who competed from 1966 to 1986 . He won the Val Barker Trophy ( 1972 ) and was honoured with the Olympic Order ( 1987 ) . Stevenson is one of only three boxers to win three Olympic gold medals , alongside Hungarian László Papp and fellow Cuban Félix Savón . He might have become a five-time Olympic champion had the Cuban authorities allowed the Cuban boxing team to participate in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics , which they boycotted . >'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'These are the final results for the boxing competition at the 1972 Summer Olympics . The competition was held from 27 August to 10 September with the participation of 354 fighters from 80 countries .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1968 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1968 ) , officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Mexico City , Mexico , from October 12 to the 27th . These were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America and the first to be staged in a Spanish-speaking country . They were the first Games to use an all-weather ( smooth ) track for track and field events instead of the traditional cinder track . The 1968 Games were the third to be held in the last quarter of the year , after the 1956 Games in Melbourne and the 1964 Games in Tokyo . The Mexican Student Movement of 1968 happened concurrently and the Olympic Games were correlated to the government 's repression . The United States won the most gold and overall medals for the last time until 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Héctor Ramírez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Héctor_Ramírez_(gymnast)', 'summary': 'Héctor Ramírez ( born 31 January 1943 ) is a Cuban gymnast . He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1968 Summer Olympics , fourteen different artistic gymnastics events were contested , eight for men and six for women . All events were held at the National Auditorium in Mexico City from October 21 through October 26 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1964 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック競技大会 , Hepburn : Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo , Japan , from 10 to 24 October 1964 . Tokyo had been awarded the organization of the 1940 Summer Olympics , but this honour was subsequently passed to Helsinki because of Japan 's invasion of China , before ultimately being cancelled because of World War II . The 1964 Summer Games were the first Olympics held in Asia , and the first time South Africa was barred from taking part due to its apartheid system in sports . ( South Africa was , however , allowed to compete at the 1964 Summer Paralympics , also held in Tokyo , where it made its Paralympic Games debut . ) Tokyo was chosen as the host city during the 55th IOC Session in West Germany , on 26 May 1959 . These games were also the first to be telecast internationally without the need for tapes to be flown overseas , as they had been for the 1960 Olympics four years earlier . The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3 , the first geostationary communication satellite , and from there to Europe using Relay 1 . These were also the first Olympic Games to have color telecasts , albeit partially . Certain events like the sumo wrestling and judo matches , sports huge in Japan , were tried out using Toshiba 's new colour transmission system , but only for the domestic market . History surrounding the 1964 Olympics was chronicled in the 1965 documentary film Tokyo Olympiad , directed by Kon Ichikawa . The games were scheduled for mid-October to avoid the city 's midsummer heat and humidity and the September typhoon season . The previous Olympics in Rome in 1960 started in late August and experienced hot weather ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernesto Varona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernesto_Varona', 'summary': "Ernesto Varona ( born 7 November 1940 ) is a Cuban weightlifter . He competed in the men 's heavyweight event at the 1964 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The weightlifting competition at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo consisted of seven weight classes , all for men only . It also counted as 1964 World Weightlifting Championships .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1960 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad ( Italian : Giochi della XVII Olimpiade ) , was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11 , 1960 , in Rome , Italy . The city of Rome had previously been awarded the administration of the 1908 Summer Olympics , but following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 , Rome had no choice but to decline and pass the honour to London . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Yañez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Yañez', 'summary': "José Yañez ( born 19 March 1932 ) is a Cuban wrestler . He competed in the men 's freestyle lightweight at the 1960 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics , 16 wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were eight weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and eight classes in freestyle wrestling .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1956 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia from 22 November to 8 December 1956 , with the exception of the equestrian events , which were held in Stockholm , Sweden in June 1956 . These Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania , as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America . Melbourne is the most southerly city ever to host the Olympics . Due to the Southern Hemisphere 's seasons being different from those in the Northern Hemisphere , the 1956 Games did not take place at the usual time of year , because of the need to hold the events during the warmer weather of the host 's spring/summer ( which corresponds to the Northern Hemisphere 's autumn/winter ) . The Olympic equestrian events could not be held in Melbourne due to Australia 's strict quarantine regulations , so they were held in Stockholm five months earlier . This was the second time that the Olympics were not held entirely in one country , the first being the 1920 Summer Olympics , which were held in Antwerp , Belgium , with some events taking place in Ostend , Belgium and Amsterdam , Netherlands . Despite uncertainties and various complications encountered during the preparations , the 1956 Games went ahead in Melbourne as planned and turned out to be a success . The enduring tradition of national teams parading as one during the closing ceremony was started at these Olympics . Several teams boycotted the Games in protest of the IOC 's rejection to suspend the USSR after their invasion of Hungary . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuel Sanguily', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Sanguily', 'summary': 'Manuel Sanguily ( born 7 February 1933 ) is a Cuban former swimmer who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics and in the 1956 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , 13 swimming events were contested , seven for men and six for women . There was a total of 235 participants from 33 countries competing . For the first time , the butterfly stroke was contested as a separate event . Australia dominated the medal standings with a total of 8 out of a possible 13 gold medals , eventually finishing with 14 medals overall .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1952 Summer Olympics ( Finnish : Kesäolympialaiset 1952 ; Swedish : Olympiska sommarspelen 1952 ) , officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad , were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki , Finland , from July 19 to August 3 , 1952 . Helsinki had been earlier selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics , which were cancelled due to World War II . It is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held . These were the first games to be held in a non-Indo-European language speaking country . It was also the Olympic Games at which the most number of world records were broken until it was surpassed by the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . The Soviet Union , the People 's Republic of China , Hong Kong , Indonesia , Israel , Thailand , and Saarland made their Olympic debuts in Helsinki 1952 . The United States won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fico López', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federico_López_Garviso', 'summary': "Federico López ( born 5 May 1918 ) was a Cuban basketball player . He competed in the men 's tournament at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball at the 1952 Summer Olympics was the third appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . 23 nations entered the competition . The top six teams at the 1948 Summer Olympics qualified automatically , as did the winners of the 1950 FIBA World Championship ( Argentina ) , the top two teams at the 1951 EuroBasket ( USSR and Czechoslovakia ) , and the host country ( Finland ) . Thirteen other nations competed in a preliminary round to determine the last six places in the sixteen-team Olympic tournament .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1948 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event which was held in London , United Kingdom from 29 July to 14 August 1948 . After a twelve-year hiatus caused by the outbreak of World War II ; these were the first Summer Olympics held since the 1936 Games in Berlin . The 1940 Olympic Games had been scheduled for Tokyo , and then for Helsinki ; the 1944 Olympic Games had been provisionally planned for London . This was the second occasion that London had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted them in 1908 , forty years earlier . The Olympics would again return to London 64 years later in 2012 , making London the first city to have hosted the games three times , and the only such city until Paris and Los Angeles host their third games in 2024 and 2028 , respectively . The 1948 Olympic Games were the first of two summer Olympic Games held under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström . The event came to be known as the Austerity Games , because of the difficult economic climate and rationing imposed in the aftermath of World War II . No new venues were built for the games ( with events taking place mainly at Empire Stadium and the Empire Pool at Wembley Park ) , and athletes were housed in existing accommodation at the Wembley area instead of an Olympic Village , as were the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games and the subsequent 1952 Games in Helsinki . A record 59 nations were represented by 4,104 athletes , 3,714 men and 390 women , in 19 sport disciplines . Germany and Japan were not invited to participate in the games ; the Soviet Union was invited but chose not to send any athletes , sending observers instead to prepare for the 1952 Olympics . One of the star performers at the Games was Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen . Dubbed The Flying Housewife , the thirty-year-old mother of two won four gold medals in athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raúl García', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raúl_García_(basketball)', 'summary': "Raúl García ( born 15 September 1924 ) was a Cuban basketball player . He competed in the men 's tournament at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball at the 1948 Summer Olympics was the second appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . A total number of 23 nations entered the competition . Olympic basketball returned to indoor competition in Harringay Arena , after the disastrous weather conditions of the final game in the 1936 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1924 Summer Olympics ( French : Les Jeux olympiques d'été de 1924 ) , officially known as the Games of the VIII Olympiad , were an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1924 in Paris , France . It was the second time Paris hosted the games , after 1900 . The selection process for the 1924 Summer Olympics consisted of six bids , and Paris was selected ahead of Amsterdam , Barcelona , Los Angeles , Prague , and Rome . The selection was made at the 20th IOC Session in Lausanne in 1921 . The cost of the Games of the VIII Olympiad was estimated to be 10,000,000₣ . With total receipts at 5,496,610₣ , the Olympics resulted in a hefty loss despite crowds that reached 60,000 people at a time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , having 229 athletes competing compared to France 's 401 ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramón Fonst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramón_Fonst', 'summary': 'Ramón Fonst Segundo ( July 31 , 1883 - September 9 , 1959 ) was a Cuban fencer who competed in the early 20th century . He was one of the greatest world fencers , individual and by team ; he was born and died in Havana .'}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1924 Summer Olympics , seven fencing events were contested . A women 's event , the individual foil , was held for the first time ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Cuba at theOlympicsIOC codeCUBNOCCuban Olympic CommitteeMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances190019041908–1920192419281932–19361948195219561960196419681972197619801984–198819921996200020042008201220162020 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Cuba at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Cuba_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Cuba at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'}
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Which city hosted the Olympics when the flag bearer for Cuba was Iván Pedroso ?
Athens
0873add2a36af80c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_films_of_2012', 'title': 'List of Australian films of 2012', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Cast ( subject of documentary )', 'Genre', 'Notes', 'Release date'], 'data': [{'value': '10 Terrorists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/10_Terrorists', 'summary': '10 Terrorists is a 2012 Australian black comedy film , directed by Dee McLachlan . Dee is best known for her direction in the award-winning 2007 film The Jammed .'}]}, {'value': 'Dee McLachlan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dee_McLachlan', 'summary': "Dee McLachlan is a film director , producer and writer from Middle Park , Victoria . McLachlan was born Duncan McLachlan in the early 1950s in South Africa . As Duncan , McLachlan directed such films as Scavengers , The Double 0 Kid , Running Wild , Deadly Chase and The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo . In 1999 McLachlan moved to Australia , where she transitioned gender and changed her name to Dee . Her credits include The Jammed , a film for which she won IF Awards for Best Feature Film and Best Script She also received nominations for Best Editing at the IF Awards , Best Film , Best Direction and Best Original Screenplay at the AFI Awards , and for Best Director , Best Film and Best Screenplay at the FCCA awards She followed up The Jammed with 2012 's 10Terrorists ."}]}, {'value': 'Jackie Diamond , Sachin Joab , Richard Cawthorne , Kendal Rae , Matt Hetherington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sachin_Joab', 'summary': 'Sachin Joab is an Australian actor . He took an interest in acting during primary school and attended various acting schools and workshops . Since graduating from the National Theatre , Joab has appeared in several films and television , including City Homicide , Rush , My Year Without Sex , 10 Terrorists , and Conspiracy 365 . In 2011 , Joab successfully auditioned for the recurring role of Ajay Kapoor in the soap opera Neighbours . He was later promoted to the main cast . Joab left the show in May 2013 . The actor has since appeared in SBS miniseries Better Man and feature film Lion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Cawthorne', 'summary': 'Richard Seymour Cawthorne ( born 3 December 1976 ) is an Australian actor of theatre , film and television .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The Picture Tank', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100 Bloody Acres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/100_Bloody_Acres', 'summary': '100 Bloody Acres is a 2012 Australian horror comedy film directed and written by brothers Colin and Cameron Cairnes . Damon Herriman and Angus Sampson star as opportunistic , rural fertiliser manufacturers who resort to using human remains for their business . It premiered at the Melbourne International Film Festival on 4 August 2012 , and it was released in the United States on 28 June 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Colin Cairnes , Cameron Cairnes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angus Sampson , Damon Herriman , Oliver Ackland , Anna McGahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angus_Sampson', 'summary': 'Angus Sampson ( born 1978 or 1979 ) is an Australian actor , director , producer , writer , and voice-over artist . He stars in the Insidious film series , the comedy crime drama film The Mule ( 2014 ) , the action film Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) , and the supernatural horror film Winchester ( 2018 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Damon_Herriman', 'summary': 'Damon Herriman ( born 31 March 1970 ) is an Australian actor known for his film and television work in Australia and the United States . He is perhaps best known for his portrayal of Dewey Crowe in Justified . He portrays the cult leader and criminal Charles Manson in both the Netflix series Mindhunter and the Quentin Tarantino film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oliver_Ackland', 'summary': 'Oliver Ackland ( born 9 November 1979 ) is an Australian actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_McGahan', 'summary': "Anna McGahan ( born 2 May 1988 ) is an Australian actress and playwright , who has appeared in Australian television , film and theatre . She is best known for playing the roles of Nellie Cameron in the Australian television series , Underbelly : Razor ( 2011 ) , Lucy in House Husbands ( 2012-2014 ) , and Rose Anderson in The Doctor Blake Mysteries ( 2015-2018 ) . She received the Queensland Young Playwright 's Award in 2008 and 2009 , and was short-listed for the Queensland Premier 's Drama Award in 2010 , for her play 'He 's Seeing Other People Now ' . She co-wrote the immersive theatre piece 'The People of the Sun ' with Joel McKerrow , which toured Melbourne and Sydney in 2016 and 2017 . In 2016 she was shortlisted for The Saturday Paper 's national essay award , the Horne Prize ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy , horror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Horror_film', 'summary': "A horror film is a film that seeks to elicit fear for entertainment purposes . Initially inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe , Bram Stoker , and Mary Shelley , horror has existed as a film genre for more than a century . The macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes . Horror may also overlap with the fantasy , supernatural fiction , and thriller genres . Horror films often aim to evoke viewers ' nightmares , fears , revulsions and terror of the unknown . Plots within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force , event , or personage into the everyday world . Prevalent elements include ghosts , extraterrestrials , vampires , werewolves , demons , Satanism , evil clowns , gore , torture , vicious animals , evil witches , monsters , giant monsters , zombies , cannibalism , psychopaths , natural , ecological or man-made disasters , and serial killers . Some sub-genres of horror film include low-budget horror , action horror , comedy horror , body horror , disaster horror , found footage , holiday horror , horror drama , psychological horror , science fiction horror , slasher , supernatural horror , gothic horror , natural horror , zombie horror , and teen horror ."}]}, {'value': 'Hopscotch International Doppelganger Releasing', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Any Questions for Ben ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Any_Questions_for_Ben?', 'summary': 'Any Questions for Ben ? is a 2012 Australian comedy film created by Working Dog Productions , directed by Rob Sitch . It stars Josh Lawson , Rachael Taylor , Felicity Ward , Daniel Henshall , and Christian Clark . It was written by Santo Cilauro , Tom Gleisner , and Rob Sitch .'}]}, {'value': 'Rob Sitch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Sitch', 'summary': 'Robert Ian Sitch ( born 17 March 1962 ) is an Australian director , producer , screenwriter , actor and comedian .'}]}, {'value': 'Josh Lawson , Rachael Taylor , Daniel Henshall , Felicity Ward , Lachy Hulme , Ed Kavalee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Lawson', 'summary': 'Joshua Lawson ( born 22 July 1981 ) is an Australian actor best known for his role as Doug Gugghenheim in the Showtime sitcom House of Lies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rachael_Taylor', 'summary': "Rachael May Taylor ( born 11 July 1984 ) is an Australian actress and model . Her first leading role was in the Australian series headLand ( 2005-2006 ) . She then made the transition to Hollywood , appearing in films including Man-Thing ( 2005 ) , See No Evil ( 2006 ) , Transformers ( 2007 ) , Bottle Shock ( 2008 ) , Cedar Boys ( 2009 ) , Splinterheads ( 2009 ) , Shutter ( 2008 ) , Red Dog ( 2011 ) and Any Questions for Ben ? ( 2012 ) . She has also starred as Dr. Lucy Fields on Grey 's Anatomy , as one of the Angels on the short-lived reboot Charlie 's Angels ( both 2011 ) , as the main character on the ABC show 666 Park Avenue ( 2012-2013 ) , and in the NBC action/thriller series Crisis ( 2014 ) . She starred as Trish Walker in the Netflix exclusive Marvel Cinematic Universe streaming television shows Jessica Jones ( 2015-2019 ) , Luke Cage ( 2016 ) , and The Defenders ( 2017 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Henshall', 'summary': "Daniel Edwin Henshall ( born 9 August 1982 ) is an Australian actor . He is known for his roles in the films Snowtown ( 2011 ) aka The Snowtown Murders , The Babadook ( 2014 ) , Ghost in the Shell ( 2017 ) , Okja ( 2017 ) , and Acute Misfortune ( 2019 ) , as well as starring in the AMC TV series Turn : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 - 2017 ) . For Snowtown he won an AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Felicity_Ward', 'summary': "Felicity Ward ( born 1980 ) is an Australian comedian , best known for her TV appearances on Spicks and Specks , Thank God You 're Here , Good News Week and as a writer/performer in the Channel 10 Network television programme The Ronnie Johns Half Hour . She is a part of The 3rd Degree , who made and starred in The Ronnie Johns Half Hour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lachy_Hulme', 'summary': 'Lachy Hulme ( born 1 April 1971 ) is an Australian actor and screenwriter . He has written several films and has appeared in a number of successful Australian and US film and television productions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ed_Kavalee', 'summary': "Edward Robert Kavalee ( born 30 June 1979 ) is an Australian comedian , actor , writer , radio and television presenter . He is a recurring panelist on Network 10 's Have You Been Paying Attention ? with Sam Pang and co-hosts Hughesy & Ed with Dave Hughes on the Hit Network . Kavalee is a former host of Ash , Grant & Ed on 2Day FM and the Marto , Ed & Robin breakfast show on Triple M Brisbane . He has hosted a number of television shows , including TV Burp and various sports-themed comedy shows along with Santo Cilauro and Sam Pang ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Roadshow Films', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bait 3D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bait_3D', 'summary': 'Bait 3D is an Australian-Singaporean 3D horror disaster film directed by Kimble Rendall based on the screenplay by John Kim and Russell Mulcahy . It featured Sharni Vinson , Phoebe Tonkin , Xavier Samuel , Julian McMahon , Cariba Heine , Alex Russell , Lincoln Lewis , Alice Parkinson , and Dan Wyllie . The film is about a group of people who try to escape a submerged grocery store as a result of a freak tsunami while being hunted by bloodthirsty great white sharks . The film was released on 20 September 2012 in Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Kimble Rendall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimble_Rendall', 'summary': 'Kimble Rendall ( born 1954 ) is an Australian director , musician and writer mostly known for his Second unit direction of The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) , The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 ) , I , Robot ( 2004 ) , Casanova ( 2005 ) and Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) . As a musician Rendall was guitarist , vocalist and co-founder of punk rockers XL Capris and of rock band the Hoodoo Gurus .'}]}, {'value': 'Sharni Vinson , Phoebe Tonkin , Xavier Samuel , Julian McMahon , Cariba Heine , Lincoln Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharni_Vinson', 'summary': "Sharni Vinson ( born 22 July 1983 ) is an Australian American model , dancer and actress best known for her roles in Home and Away , Bait 3D , Step Up 3D and You 're Next ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phoebe_Tonkin', 'summary': 'Phoebe Jane Elizabeth Tonkin ( born 12 July 1989 ) is an Australian actress and model . She is best known for portraying Cleo Sertori in H2O : Just Add Water , Fiona Maxwell in Tomorrow , When the War Began , Faye Chamberlain in The Secret Circle , and Hayley Marshall in The CW series The Vampire Diaries and its spin-off series The Originals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Xavier_Samuel', 'summary': 'Xavier Samuel ( born 10 December 1983 ) is an Australian actor . He has appeared in leading roles in the feature films Adore , September , Further We Search , Newcastle , The Loved Ones , Frankenstein , A Few Best Men , and played Riley Biers in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse and Billy in Spin Out .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julian_McMahon', 'summary': "Julian Dana William McMahon ( born 27 July 1968 ) is an Australian-American actor and model , and the son of a former Prime Minister of Australia , Sir William McMahon . McMahon won recognition for his roles in television dramas , in portrayals of Ben Lucini in the Australian soap opera Home and Away ( 1989-91 ) , Detective John Grant in the American crime drama Profiler ( 1996-2000 ) , Cole Turner in the American supernatural drama Charmed ( 2000-03 ) , and Christian Troy in the American medical drama Nip/Tuck ( 2003-10 ) . He also appeared in films with leading and supporting roles , such as Chasing Sleep ( 2000 ) alongside Jeff Daniels , Doctor Doom in the Fantastic Four franchise ( 2005 and 2007 ) , Premonition ( 2007 ) starring alongside Sandra Bullock , Red ( 2010 ) alongside Bruce Willis , and Bait ( 2012 ) alongside Dan Wyllie and Xavier Samuel . McMahon 's work in television , particularly with Nip/Tuck and Charmed garnered him more success . The former series won an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award . McMahon played the lead role in Nip/Tuck , alongside Dylan Walsh throughout the entire series ' run . He also played Jonah on Marvel 's Runaways . He currently stars as Jess LaCroix on the CBS crime drama FBI : Most Wanted ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cariba_Heine', 'summary': 'Cariba Heine ( born c. 1988 ) is a South African-born Australian actress and dancer . She is known for her roles as Rikki Chadwick in the Network Ten show H2O : Just Add Water , Bridget Sanchez in the third series of Blue Water High , and Caroline Byrne in A Model Daughter : The Killing of Caroline Byrne .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_Lewis', 'summary': 'Lincoln Hayden Higgs Lewis ( born 24 October 1987 ) is an Australian actor . He is best known for his roles in Tomorrow , When the War Began , Home and Away and Slide .'}]}, {'value': 'Horror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horror_film', 'summary': "A horror film is a film that seeks to elicit fear for entertainment purposes . Initially inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe , Bram Stoker , and Mary Shelley , horror has existed as a film genre for more than a century . The macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes . Horror may also overlap with the fantasy , supernatural fiction , and thriller genres . Horror films often aim to evoke viewers ' nightmares , fears , revulsions and terror of the unknown . Plots within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force , event , or personage into the everyday world . Prevalent elements include ghosts , extraterrestrials , vampires , werewolves , demons , Satanism , evil clowns , gore , torture , vicious animals , evil witches , monsters , giant monsters , zombies , cannibalism , psychopaths , natural , ecological or man-made disasters , and serial killers . Some sub-genres of horror film include low-budget horror , action horror , comedy horror , body horror , disaster horror , found footage , holiday horror , horror drama , psychological horror , science fiction horror , slasher , supernatural horror , gothic horror , natural horror , zombie horror , and teen horror ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramount Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paramount_Pictures', 'summary': "Paramount Pictures Corporation ( also known simply as Paramount ) is an American film studio that is a subsidiary of ViacomCBS . It is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world , the second oldest in the United States , and the sole member of the Big Five film studios still located in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood . In 1916 , film producer Adolph Zukor put 22 actors and actresses under contract and honored each with a star on the logo . In 2014 , Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only . The company 's headquarters and studios are located at 5555 Melrose Avenue , Hollywood , California , United States . Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) ."}]}, {'value': '20 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bathing Franky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bathing_Franky', 'summary': 'Bathing Franky is a 2012 Australian film directed by Owen Elliott . The movie was released on 26 May 2012 and centers on a young man struggling to reconnect with his life after being released from prison .'}]}, {'value': 'Owen Elliot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jancita Day , Bree Desborough , Shaun Goss , Brendan Madigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bree_Desborough', 'summary': 'Bree Desborough ( born 22 September 1979 ) is an Australian actress . She is best known for her role as Justine Welles in the soap opera Home and Away .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Titan View', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black & White & Sex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_&_White_&_Sex', 'summary': 'Black & White & Sex is a 2011 feature film produced by Melissa Beauford . It is the directorial debut of John Winter , best known as the producer of Rabbit Proof Fence , Paperback Hero and Doing Time for Patsy Cline . The film premiered at the Sydney Film Festival in June 2011 with its international premiere at the 41st International Film Festival Rotterdam ( 2012 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'John Winter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Winter_(producer)', 'summary': "John Winter ( born 29 March 1956 ) is an Australian film and television writer , director and producer . He is best known for producing Rabbit-Proof Fence , Doing Time for Patsy Cline and Paperback Hero . His directorial debut Black & White & Sex premiered at the 2011 Sydney Film Festival with its international premiere at the 41st International Film Festival Rotterdam . The film won the 'Best Experimental ' at the 2012 ATOM Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Katherine Hicks , Anya Beyersdorf , Valerie Bader , Roxane Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katherine_Hicks', 'summary': 'Katherine Hicks is an Australian actress . She is known for her roles as Heidi Wilson on Rescue : Special Ops and Sam MacKenzie on Winners & Losers . Hicks was born in Melbourne , Victoria , and grew up on a farm in Byron Bay , New South Wales . She completed her HSC at Byron Bay High School .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anya_Beyersdorf', 'summary': "Anya Beyersdorf is an Australian actress-turned-writer/director born in Armidale , New South Wales . In 2014 she won an AWGIE Award - the Monte Miller Award for her screenplay Paradise at the Australian Writer 's Guild Awards . In 2016 , she was awarded one of four inaugural Lexus Australia Short Film Fellowships by the Sydney Film Festival . She was also a Nicholl Fellowship in Screenwriting Semi-finalist . Beyersdorf trained in acting and directing in the theatres of Berlin after winning the Marten Bequest Prize for Acting for 2008/2009 , working under Bulgarian director Dimiter Gotscheff on the play The Powder Keg at Der Haus der Berliner Festspiele , as well as traveling and studying performance in Poland , Denmark and the USA . Beyersdorf was one of eight actresses who played the title character Angie in John Winters directorial debut feature film , Black & White & Sex . It was her second feature film , after Rats and Cats in 2007 . Beyersdorf has acted in six short films , including playing the role of Emma in Emma and the Barista on ABC TV . She played the lead role in the Australian Film Commission short film Loves Labour , which was nominated for a Dendy Award in 2007 . She also played the role of Tamara in the short film Dugong , which was nominated for an Australian Film Institute Award in 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roxane_Wilson', 'summary': 'Roxane Wilson is an Australian actress best known for her roles in Water Rats , Stingers and The Alice . She was born in Durban , South Africa to an Italian mother and an English father . She lives in Los Angeles with her children .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Titan View', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Titan_View', 'summary': 'John L. Simpson ( born 2 September 1963 ) is an Australian film and theatre producer and distributor .'}]}, {'value': '27 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Careless Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Careless_Love_(film)', 'summary': "Careless Love is a 2012 Australian drama film written and directed by John Duigan . The story centers on a university student who secretly works as an escort . It was Duigan 's first movie in Australia for a number of years . It was made entirely with private finance and took 30 days to shoot ."}]}, {'value': 'John Duigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Duigan', 'summary': 'John Duigan ( born 19 June 1949 ) is an Australian film director . He is mostly known for his two autobiographical films The Year My Voice Broke and Flirting , and the 1994 film Sirens , which starred Hugh Grant .'}]}, {'value': 'Nammi Le , Penny McNamee , Ivy Mak , David Field , Jeff Truman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penny_McNamee', 'summary': 'Penny McNamee ( 17 March 1983 ) is an Australian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Field_(actor)', 'summary': "David Field is an Australian character actor and film director who has appeared in numerous film and television roles , including Chopper , Two Hands and Gettin ' Square . In 2009 , Field made his directorial debut with The Combination . He is also known for his role in advertisements for Oak as part of the Hungry/Thirsty campaign and as the ex prison inmate uncle in the mini series ' A Moody Christmas ' ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Truman', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Maxwell Truman ( 4 November 1957 - 2 December 2014 ) was an Australian film and television screenwriter and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Antidote Films', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crawlspace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crawlspace_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Crawlspace is a 2012 Australian science fiction-action-horror film directed by Justin Dix . The script was co-written by Dix , co-star Eddie Baroo , and Adam Patrick Foster . A team of elite commandos are sent to a secret military base to extract a scientific team under attack by escaped prisoners .'}]}, {'value': 'Justin Dix', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Baroo , Nicholas Bell , John Brumpton , Ditch Davey , Peta Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_Bell', 'summary': 'Nicholas Bell ( born 15 August 1958 ) is an English actor who has worked in Australia for more than 20 years . He works regularly with the Melbourne Theatre Company as well as with all the major television broadcasters in Australia , most notably the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . In addition to his work in film and television , Bell has also recorded over a dozen audiobooks with Bolinda , a company based in Melbourne , Australia . In 2001 he accepted on behalf of the cast and crew of the Australian comedy series The Games the TV Week Logie Award for Most Outstanding Comedy Program .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Brumpton', 'summary': 'Brumpton grew up in Sydney . He graduated from the University of New South Wales in 1982 with a Bachelor of Surveying degree and then worked throughout the Northern Territory , New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory as a surveyor . In 1985 , Brumpton was the Australian ( full contact ) Kung Fu Champion as well as representing Australia in Amateur Boxing at the prestigious Kings Cup tournament in Thailand . In 1986 , Brumpton was accepted into the Victorian College of the Arts to train as an actor ; he graduated in December 1988 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ditch_Davey', 'summary': 'Ditch Davey is an Australian actor known for his role as Evan Jones in Blue Heelers from 2001 to 2006 on the Seven Network .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peta_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Peta Sergeant is an Australian actress best known for her lead role in the Australian television series Satisfaction . She graduated from NIDA .'}]}, {'value': 'Action , horror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Action_film', 'summary': 'Action film is a film genre in which the protagonist or protagonists are thrust into a series of events that typically include violence , extended fighting , physical feats , and frantic chases . Action films tend to feature a resourceful hero struggling against incredible odds , which include life-threatening situations , a villain , or a pursuit which usually concludes in victory for the hero ( though a small number of films in this genre have ended in the victory for the villain instead ) . Advancements in CGI have made it cheaper and easier to create action sequences and other visual effects that required the efforts of professional stunt crews in the past . However , reactions to action films containing significant amounts of CGI have been mixed , as films that use computer animations to create unrealistic , highly unbelievable events are often met with criticism . While action has long been a recurring component in films , the action film genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and special effects . Common action scenes in films are generally , but not limited to , explosions , car chases , fistfights , and shootouts . This genre is closely associated with the thriller and adventure genres , and they may also contain elements of drama and spy fiction .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Horror_film', 'summary': "A horror film is a film that seeks to elicit fear for entertainment purposes . Initially inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe , Bram Stoker , and Mary Shelley , horror has existed as a film genre for more than a century . The macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes . Horror may also overlap with the fantasy , supernatural fiction , and thriller genres . Horror films often aim to evoke viewers ' nightmares , fears , revulsions and terror of the unknown . Plots within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force , event , or personage into the everyday world . Prevalent elements include ghosts , extraterrestrials , vampires , werewolves , demons , Satanism , evil clowns , gore , torture , vicious animals , evil witches , monsters , giant monsters , zombies , cannibalism , psychopaths , natural , ecological or man-made disasters , and serial killers . Some sub-genres of horror film include low-budget horror , action horror , comedy horror , body horror , disaster horror , found footage , holiday horror , horror drama , psychological horror , science fiction horror , slasher , supernatural horror , gothic horror , natural horror , zombie horror , and teen horror ."}]}, {'value': 'Gryphon Entertainment', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dead Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dead_Europe', 'summary': 'Dead Europe is a 2012 Australian drama film directed by Tony Krawitz . It is an adaptation of the 2005 novel by Christos Tsiolkas with the same name . Peter Galvin from SBS gave the film three stars out of five , noting that the film is dark , and emotionally claustrophobic and is tough to sit through . He also observes that Dead Europe is a puzzle film , a movie where one is asked to work hard at deciphering its strangeness .'}]}, {'value': 'Tony Krawitz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ewen Leslie , Marton Csokas , Kodi Smit-McPhee , Jean-François Balmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ewen_Leslie', 'summary': 'Ewen Leslie ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian stage , film and television actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marton_Csokas', 'summary': 'Marton Paul Csokas ( /ˈtʃoʊkɑːʃ/ ; born 30 June 1966 ) is a New Zealand actor who has appeared in films and on television . His notable roles include Yorgi in XXX ( 2002 ) , Guy de Lusignan in Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) , Trevor Goodchild in Æon Flux ( 2005 ) , Hora in Romulus , My Father ( 2007 ) , Nico in Dead Europe ( 2012 ) , Jack Barts in Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) , Lieutenant Barnes in Pawn ( 2013 ) , Nicolai Itchenko in The Equalizer ( 2014 ) , and Quinn in the U.S. television series Into the Badlands .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kodi_Smit-McPhee', 'summary': 'Kodi Smit-McPhee ( born 13 June 1996 ) is an Australian actor . He is known for his roles as The Boy in The Road , Owen in Let Me In , Norman Babcock in ParaNorman , Alexander in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , Nightcrawler in X-Men : Apocalypse , and Dark Phoenix , and the lead role in the prehistoric film Alpha .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean-François_Balmer', 'summary': 'Jean-François Balmer ( born April 18 , 1946 in Valangin ) is a Swiss actor . He has worked extensively in French cinema , television and stage productions since the early 1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Transmission Films', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Housos vs. Authority', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Housos_vs._Authority', 'summary': 'Housos vs. Authority is an Australian film , based upon the stories and characters of the Housos television series , created by Paul Fenech . The film was released to Australian cinemas on 1 November 2012 , following several pre-release screenings around the country . Directed , produced and written by Fenech , the film was made for a modest budget of $ 200,000 and was distributed by Transmission Films . Upon release , the film was a box office success , grossing $ 1,386,692 throughout Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Fenech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Fenech', 'summary': 'Paul Fenech ( born 21 November 1972 ) is an Australian filmmaker , film and television actor , director , producer and writer . He is best known for writing , directing , producing and starring in the television series Pizza , Swift and Shift Couriers , Housos and Bogan Hunters and the motion pictures Fat Pizza ( 2003 ) , Housos vs. Authority ( 2012 ) , Fat Pizza vs. Housos ( 2014 ) and Dumb Criminals : The Movie ( 2015 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Elle Dawe , Jabba , Paul Fenech , Russell Gilbert , Alex Romano , Kev Taumata , Vanessa Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jabba_(Channel_V)', 'summary': 'Jason Davis ( born 15 September 1973 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia ) , known professionally as Jabba , is an Australian actor , media personality , video jockey , television and radio host , who first made a name for himself as part of the launch of subscription television in Australia in 1995 . He was a host for music television station Red on the now-defunct Galaxy subscription television network , before the channel changed its name to Channel [ V ] .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russell_Gilbert', 'summary': "Russell Gilbert ( born 17 October 1959 ) is an Australian comedian and actor from Footscray , Victoria , best known for his radio and television appearances , on programs such as The Comedy Company , Hey Hey It 's Saturday and Thank God You 're Here , he is also a live stage and film actor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alex_Romano', 'summary': "Alex Romano ( born 27 July 1979 in Buenos Aires , Argentina ) is an Argentine-Australian actor . He has starred in all of Paul Fenech 's TV series ; as DJ BJ ( Big Jams ) in Pizza , Alex in Swift and Shift Couriers , and Jimmy the Junkie in Housos . He grew up in the Western Suburbs of Sydney , Australia , after he migrated there with his family in 1981 . [ citation needed ] Romano also co-starred in the 2012 Australian film , Housos vs. Authority , as Jimmy the Junkie . He featured on Australian rapper Fortay At Large 's YouTube television show 'The Fortnightly Report ' in the episode 'Sunnyvale Junkies ' . In 2014 he made a cameo appearance on 7mate 's Bogan Hunters ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Transmission Films Based on the TV series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Housos', 'summary': 'Housos is an Australian comedy television series created by Paul Fenech for SBS , that screened on SBS One . The series is a satirical parody of low income Australian residents of fictional suburb Sunnyvale , who are living in Housing Commission public housing . On 1 November 2012 , a film based on the series was released in Australian cinemas , titled Housos vs. Authority . On 9 September 2012 it was announced that Housos would return for a second series , which premiered 22 July 2013 . On 27 November 2014 another film based on and continuing the storyline of the series entitled Fat Pizza vs. Housos was released .'}]}, {'value': '1 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isolate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isolate_(film)', 'summary': 'iSOLATE is an Australian mystery , drama , horror film written and directed by indie filmmaker Martyn Park , starring Jacinta John and Terry Serio . The film premiered at the inaugural Los Angeles Fear and Fantasy Film Festival in 2012 , where its lead actress Jacinta John won the best actress award for her portrayal of Scout Taylor .'}]}, {'value': 'Martyn Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martyn_Park', 'summary': 'Martyn Park is an award-winning Australian writer , director and filmmaker .'}]}, {'value': 'Jacinta John , Terry Serio , Stephen Anderton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacinta_John', 'summary': "Jacinta John is an Australian actress , producer and director . She is best known for her performance as Miss Casewell in the ( 2012-2013 ) 60th anniversary tour of Agatha Christie 's The Mousetrap , which played to an audience of over 150,000 people across Australasia ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama , horror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Horror_film', 'summary': "A horror film is a film that seeks to elicit fear for entertainment purposes . Initially inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe , Bram Stoker , and Mary Shelley , horror has existed as a film genre for more than a century . The macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes . Horror may also overlap with the fantasy , supernatural fiction , and thriller genres . Horror films often aim to evoke viewers ' nightmares , fears , revulsions and terror of the unknown . Plots within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force , event , or personage into the everyday world . Prevalent elements include ghosts , extraterrestrials , vampires , werewolves , demons , Satanism , evil clowns , gore , torture , vicious animals , evil witches , monsters , giant monsters , zombies , cannibalism , psychopaths , natural , ecological or man-made disasters , and serial killers . Some sub-genres of horror film include low-budget horror , action horror , comedy horror , body horror , disaster horror , found footage , holiday horror , horror drama , psychological horror , science fiction horror , slasher , supernatural horror , gothic horror , natural horror , zombie horror , and teen horror ."}]}, {'value': 'Titan View', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Titan_View', 'summary': 'John L. Simpson ( born 2 September 1963 ) is an Australian film and theatre producer and distributor .'}]}, {'value': '22 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kath & Kimderella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kath_&_Kimderella', 'summary': 'Kath & Kimderella is a 2012 Australian film . It is a spin-off of the hit television series Kath & Kim , created by Gina Riley and Jane Turner . It is written by and stars Riley , Turner , and Magda Szubanski . The film was released theatrically in Australia in September 2012 , and on Blu-ray and DVD on 23 May 2013 . It premiered on Australian television five days later , on the Seven Network .'}]}, {'value': 'Ted Emery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gina Riley , Jane Turner , Magda Szubanski , Glenn Robbins , Peter Rowsthorn , Rob Sitch , Barry Humphries , Alex Perry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gina_Riley', 'summary': 'Gina Riley ( born 6 May 1961 ) is an Australian actress , writer , singer and comedian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jane_Turner', 'summary': 'Jane Turner OAM ( born 1 December 1960 ) is an Australian actress , comedian and Logie Award-winning comedy writer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Magda_Szubanski', 'summary': "Magdalene Mary Szubanski AO ( /ʒəˈbænski/ zhə-BAN-skee , born 12 April 1961 ) is an Australian television and film actress , comedian and writer . Szubanski 's career started as a writer and performer of sketch comedy and has since progressed to production of TV , film acting , and musical theatre . She starred in Full Frontal , Kath & Kim where she played Sharon Strzelecki , and in the films Babe ( 1995 ) and Babe : Pig in the City ( 1998 ) as Esme Hoggett . In 2015 , she released her memoir Reckoning . She has twice been polled as Australia 's most recognised and trusted personality . In 2017 , she became one of the most prominent faces of the same-sex marriage campaign in Australia and the co-chair of Australian Marriage Equality rated her crucial in the success of the Yes campaign . On 26 January 2019 , Szubanski was appointed an officer ( AO ) in the general division of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to the performing arts as an actor , comedian and writer , and as a campaigner for same-sex marriage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Robbins', 'summary': "Glenn Maxwell Robbins ( born 30 December 1957 ) is an Australian comedian , writer , actor , television and radio presenter . Robbins has appeared on The Panel , Thank God You 're Here and Have You Been Paying Attention ? . Robbins is best known for The Comedy Company , portraying Kel Knight in Kath & Kim and adventurer Russell Coight in All Aussie Adventures . Robbins attended Strathmore High School and graduated in 1975 . He later studied drama and media at the Melbourne State College and graduated with a Bachelor of Education degree in 1979 . He first moved into performing in 1981 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Rowsthorn_(actor)', 'summary': 'Peter Rowsthorn ( born 9 January 1963 ) is an Australian stand-up comedian , actor , writer , MC and host .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rob_Sitch', 'summary': 'Robert Ian Sitch ( born 17 March 1962 ) is an Australian director , producer , screenwriter , actor and comedian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barry_Humphries', 'summary': "John Barry Humphries , AO , CBE ( born 17 February 1934 ) is an Australian comedian , actor , satirist , artist , and author . He is best known for writing and playing his on-stage and television alter egos Dame Edna Everage and Sir Les Patterson . He is also a film producer and script writer , a star of London 's West End musical theatre , an award-winning writer , and an accomplished landscape painter . For his delivery of dadaist and absurdist humour to millions , biographer Anne Pender described Humphries in 2010 as not only the most significant theatrical figure of our time … [ but ] the most significant comedian to emerge since Charlie Chaplin . Humphries ' characters have brought him international renown , and he also appeared in numerous stage productions , films , and television shows . Originally conceived as a dowdy Moonee Ponds housewife who caricatured Australian suburban complacency and insularity , Dame Edna Everage has evolved over four decades to become a satire of stardom - a gaudily dressed , acid-tongued , egomaniacal , internationally fêted Housewife Gigastar . Humphries ' other satirical characters include the priapic and inebriated cultural attaché Sir Les Patterson , who has continued to bring worldwide discredit upon Australian arts and culture , while contributing as much to the Australian vernacular as he has borrowed from it ; gentle , grandfatherly returned gentleman Sandy Stone ; iconoclastic 1960s underground film-maker Martin Agrippa , Paddington socialist academic Neil Singleton ; sleazy trade union official Lance Boyle ; high-pressure art salesman Morrie O'Connor ; and failed tycoon Owen Steele , and archetypal Australian bloke Barry McKenzie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alex_Perry', 'summary': "Alexandros Pertsinidis ( born 14 February 1963 ) , known professionally as Alex Perry , is an Australian fashion designer and television presenter , known for his womenswear . His designs have been worn by women including Crown Princess Mary , Jennifer Lopez , Kim Kardashian , Gigi Hadid , Kylie Jenner , Sandra Bullock , Giuliana Rancic , Miranda Kerr , Alessandra Ambrosio , Sarah Murdoch , Elle Macpherson , Jennifer Hawkins , Phoebe Tonkin , Natalie Portman , Nicole Richie , P ! nk , Kelly Osbourne , Eva Longoria , Jessica Chastain , Kate Upton , Rosie Huntington-Whitely , Rihanna , Priyanka Chopra and Montana Cox . Alex Perry designs have featured on front covers of such publications as Vogue Australia , Harper 's Bazaar Australia , Marie Claire , InStyle and Good Weekend . In addition Alex Perry is an in-demand media personality . He is the longest serving cast member on Australia 's Next Top Model having appeared as a judge for ten seasons and also as a judge on Asia 's Next Top Model and being the host of The Real Housewives of Melbourne Reunion ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Roadshow Films Based on the TV series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kath_&_Kim_(Australian_TV_series)', 'summary': "Kath & Kim is an Australian television situation comedy . The programme was created by its stars Jane Turner and Gina Riley , who play the title characters of suburban mother Kath Day-Knight , a cheery middle-aged woman and her self-indulgent daughter Kim Craig . The other main characters are Kath 's boyfriend and , later , husband , the metrosexual Kel Knight , Kim 's husband Brett Craig , and her lonely , overweight second-best friend Sharon Strzelecki . The series is set in Fountain Lakes , a fictional suburb of Melbourne , Victoria . It is primarily filmed in Patterson Lakes . [ citation needed ] There were four 8-part seasons , a telemovie and a feature film . The series also spawned a short-lived American version ."}]}, {'value': '6 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The King is Dead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_King_is_Dead_(film)', 'summary': 'The King is Dead ! is a 2012 Australian comedy drama thriller film directed by Rolf de Heer about a young couple who are tormented by the neighbour from hell .'}]}, {'value': 'Rolf de Heer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolf_de_Heer', 'summary': "Rolf de Heer ( born 4 May 1951 ) is a Dutch Australian film director . De Heer was born in Heemskerk in the Netherlands but migrated to Sydney when he was eight years old . He attended the Australian Film , Television and Radio School in Sydney . His company is called Vertigo Productions and is based in Adelaide . De Heer primarily makes alternative or arthouse films . According to the jacket notes of the videotape , de Heer holds the honor of co-producing and directing the only motion picture , Dingo , in which the jazz legend Miles Davis appears as an actor . Miles Davis collaborated with Michel Legrand on the score . He is the subject of the book Dutch Tilt , Aussie Auteur : The Films of Rolf de Heer ( First edition - Saarbrücken , Germany : VDM , 2009 . Second edition - Ebook : Starrs via Smashwords.com , 2013 ) by Dr D. Bruno Starrs . A comprehensive study of his films to date , Dancing to His Song : the Singular Cinema of Rolf de Heer by film critic Jane Freebury , is published in ebook and print ( Currency Press & Currency House , 2015 ) . His 2013 film Charlie 's Country was selected to compete in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Vaculik , Michaela Cantwell , Lily Adey , Nathan Hoare , Kerry Ann Reid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , Thriller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thriller_film', 'summary': "Thriller film , also known as suspense film or suspense thriller , is a broad film genre that evokes excitement and suspense in the audience . The suspense element found in most films ' plots is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre . Tension is created by delaying what the audience sees as inevitable , and is built through situations that are menacing or where escape seems impossible . The cover-up of important information from the viewer , and fight and chase scenes are common methods . Life is typically threatened in a thriller film , such as when the protagonist does not realize that they are entering a dangerous situation . Thriller films ' characters conflict with each other or with an outside force , which can sometimes be abstract . The protagonist is usually set against a problem , such as an escape , a mission , or a mystery . Thriller films are typically hybridized with other genres ; hybrids commonly including : action thrillers , adventure thrillers , fantasy and science fiction thrillers . Thriller films also share a close relationship with horror films , both eliciting tension . In plots about crime , thriller films focus less on the criminal or the detective and more on generating suspense . Common themes include , terrorism , political conspiracy , pursuit and romantic triangles leading to murder . In 2001 , the American Film Institute made its selection of the top 100 greatest American heart-pounding and adrenaline-inducing films of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Pinnacle Films', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Last Dance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Last_Dance_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Last Dance is a 2012 Australian thriller film directed by David Pulbrook and starring Firass Dirani , Julia Blake , Alan Hopgood .'}]}, {'value': 'David Pulbrook', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Firass Dirani , Julia Blake , Alan Hopgood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Firass_Dirani', 'summary': 'Firass Dirani ( born 29 April 1984 ) is an Australian film and television actor known for his roles of Nick Russell , the Red Mystic Ranger on Power Rangers Mystic Force , Charlie in the 2009 Australian film The Combination , and as John Ibrahim on the 2010 series Underbelly : The Golden Mile . Since 2012 , he has played Justin Baynie in the Australian TV series House Husbands .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julia_Blake', 'summary': "Julia Blake ( born 13 May 1937 ) is an English-born Australian actress of theatre , television and film . She is known for her role as Nancy McCormack on the Australian drama series Prisoner ( Prisoner : Cell Block H ) , for which she appeared during the final season in 1986 . She appeared in two earlier roles in Prisoner , as Evelyn Randall ( 1981 ) and Alice Dodds ( 1983 ) . She won the 1989 AFI ( AACTA ) Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries for Eden 's Lost , and the 1990 AFI { AACTA ) Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role opposite Max von Sydow in the film Father . She also received AFI nominations for Travelling North ( 1987 ) , Innocence ( 2000 ) and The Boys are Back ( 2009 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alan_Hopgood', 'summary': 'Alan John Hopgood AM ( born 29 September 1934 ) credited also as Alan Hopwood , is an Australian actor of theatre , television and telemovies , producer , dramatist and playwright and screenwriter and musical librettist .'}]}, {'value': 'Thriller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thriller_film', 'summary': "Thriller film , also known as suspense film or suspense thriller , is a broad film genre that evokes excitement and suspense in the audience . The suspense element found in most films ' plots is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre . Tension is created by delaying what the audience sees as inevitable , and is built through situations that are menacing or where escape seems impossible . The cover-up of important information from the viewer , and fight and chase scenes are common methods . Life is typically threatened in a thriller film , such as when the protagonist does not realize that they are entering a dangerous situation . Thriller films ' characters conflict with each other or with an outside force , which can sometimes be abstract . The protagonist is usually set against a problem , such as an escape , a mission , or a mystery . Thriller films are typically hybridized with other genres ; hybrids commonly including : action thrillers , adventure thrillers , fantasy and science fiction thrillers . Thriller films also share a close relationship with horror films , both eliciting tension . In plots about crime , thriller films focus less on the criminal or the detective and more on generating suspense . Common themes include , terrorism , political conspiracy , pursuit and romantic triangles leading to murder . In 2001 , the American Film Institute made its selection of the top 100 greatest American heart-pounding and adrenaline-inducing films of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Becker Films', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mental', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mental_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Mental is a 2012 Australian comedy-drama film directed and written by P. J. Hogan . It stars Toni Collette , Rebecca Gibney , Anthony LaPaglia , and Liev Schreiber . The film premiered on closing night at the 2012 Melbourne International Film Festival , and was released in cinemas on 4 October 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'P. J. Hogan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P._J._Hogan', 'summary': 'Paul John P. J. Hogan ( born 30 November 1962 ) is an AACTA Award winning Australian film director and writer .'}]}, {'value': 'Toni Collette , Anthony LaPaglia , Rebecca Gibney , Lily Sullivan , Bethany Whitmore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toni_Collette', 'summary': "Toni Collett ( born 1 November 1972 ) , credited professionally as Toni Collette , is an Australian actress and musician . She is particularly known for her work in independent films as well as supporting roles in studio films . She has received numerous accolades , including a Golden Globe Award and a Primetime Emmy Award , in addition to nominations for an Academy Award and one Tony Award . Born in Sydney , she is oldest of three children . Her interest in acting sparked after performing in a high school production of Godspell . She subsequently attended the National Institute of Dramatic Art for 18 months before dropping out to take part in a stage production of Uncle Vanya . She also appeared in stage productions at the Belvoir Street Theatre , under directorship of Geoffrey Rush . She made her feature film debut in 1992 and made her breakthrough with the comedy-drama film Muriel 's Wedding ( 1994 ) , for which she earned a Golden Globe Award nomination . She subsequently achieved international recognition for her role in The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) , which became the highest grossing horror movie at the time and for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She subsequently took on roles in independent films , such as the period-drama The Hours ( 2002 ) , the drama Japanese Story ( 2003 ) , the comedy-dramas The Way , Way Back , Enough Said and Lucky Them ( all 2013 ) , the horror-drama Hereditary ( 2017 ) and the mystery Knives Out ( 2019 ) . She received a BAFTA Award nomination for her role in About a Boy ( 2002 ) and won a Screen Actors Guild Award for her work in Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) . Her Broadway performances include the lead roles in The Wild Party ( 2000 ) and The Realistic Joneses ( 2014 ) , the former of which earned her a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthony_LaPaglia', 'summary': "Anthony M. LaPaglia ( /ləˈpɑːliə/ , Italian pronunciation : [ laˈpaʎʎa ] ; born 31 January 1959 ) is an Australian-American actor . He played the role of Joe in the coming-of-age comedy Empire Records and John in the film Autumn In New York , as well as FBI agent Jack Malone on the American television series Without a Trace , for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama . He also appeared in eight episodes of Frasier as Daphne Moon 's alcoholic brother Simon . LaPaglia starred in the Australian films Looking for Alibrandi , Holding the Man , Lantana and Balibo . For the latter two films he won AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in 2001 and 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rebecca_Gibney', 'summary': 'Rebecca Catherine Gibney ( born 14 December 1964 ) is a New Zealand-born actress known for her roles on Australian television in The Flying Doctors , Halifax f.p. , Packed to the Rafters , Winter and Wanted . She is a Gold Logie winner and has featured in a number of Australian films including Mental and The Dressmaker .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bethany_Whitmore', 'summary': "Bethany Sarah Whitmore ( born 7 December 1999 ) is an Australian actress , who started her professional acting career starring as Jaden Kagan in the US TV mini-series The Starter Wife . Bethany is also known for her lead voice role of 8-year-old Mary Daisy Dinkle in Adam Elliot 's Mary and Max ( 2009 ) , Jane Moochmore in PJ Hogan 's Mental ( 2012 ) , Greta Driscoll in Girl Asleep ( 2015 ) , Melissa in The Family Law ( 2016-18 ) and Blanche Gifford in the TV series remake of Picnic at Hanging Rock ( 2017 ) . Bethany was also a finalist for the 10th anniversary Heath Ledger Scholarship in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Universal Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Pictures', 'summary': "Universal Pictures ( also known as Universal Studios , and formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company ) is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal . Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour , it is the oldest surviving film studio in the United States ; the world 's fifth oldest after Gaumont , Pathé , Titanus , and Nordisk Film ; and the oldest member of Hollywood 's Big Five studios in terms of the overall film market . Its studios are located in Universal City , California , and its corporate offices are located in New York City . Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) , and was one of the Little Three majors during Hollywood 's golden age ."}]}, {'value': '4 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not Suitable for Children', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Not_Suitable_for_Children', 'summary': 'Not Suitable for Children is a 2012 Australian romantic comedy film directed by Peter Templeman and written by Michael Lucas . It was released on 12 July 2012 . It stars Ryan Kwanten , Sarah Snook , and Ryan Corr .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Templeman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Kwanten , Sarah Snook , Ryan Corr , Bojana Novakovic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Kwanten', 'summary': 'Ryan Christian Kwanten ( born 28 November 1976 ) is an Australian actor and comedian . He played Vinnie Patterson from 1997 to 2002 in the Australian soap opera Home and Away . After his stint ended , he joined the American teen drama series Summerland , portraying Jay Robertson . From 2008 to 2014 , he played Jason Stackhouse in True Blood and currently stars in The Oath .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Snook', 'summary': 'Sarah Snook ( born 28 July 1987 ) is an Australian actress . She is known for her roles in the films Sisters of War ( 2010 ) , Not Suitable for Children ( 2012 ) , These Final Hours ( 2013 ) , Predestination ( 2014 ) , The Dressmaker ( 2015 ) , and Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) . For Predestination , she won the AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . In 2018 , she began starring in the HBO drama series Succession as Siobhan Shiv Roy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Corr', 'summary': 'Ryan Corr ( born 15 January 1989 ) is an Australian actor . Corr is known for his roles in the Australian drama series Packed to the Rafters and Love Child along with film roles in Wolf Creek 2 ( 2013 ) , The Water Diviner ( 2014 ) and Holding the Man ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bojana_Novakovic', 'summary': 'Bojana Novakovic ( Serbian : Бојана Новаковић , Bojana Novaković ; born 12 July 1981 ) is a Serbian-Australian actress who starred in the American TV series Instinct with Alan Cumming . Novakovic is known for her roles in films such as Devil ( 2010 ) and The Little Death ( 2014 ) . She starred alongside Keanu Reeves and Adelaide Clemens in the drama Generation Um . and with Mel Gibson in the thriller Edge of Darkness . She appeared in the U.S. version of television series Shameless as Bianca . She starred in the science fiction film Beyond Skyline , a sequel to Skyline in 2017 , and portrayed Erika Manson in the 2020 DC Extended Universe film Birds of Prey .'}]}, {'value': 'Romantic comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romantic_comedy', 'summary': 'Romantic comedy ( portmanteaus : romedy , romcom , rom-com or lovecome ) is a subgenre of comedy and slice-of-life fiction , focusing on lighthearted , humorous plot lines centered on romantic ideas , such as how true love is able to surmount most obstacles . One dictionary definition is a funny movie , play , or television program about a love story that ends happily . Another definition suggests that its primary distinguishing feature is a love plot in which two sympathetic and well-matched lovers are united or reconciled . Romantic comedy films are a certain genre of comedy films as well as of romance films , and may also have elements of screwball comedies . However , a romantic comedy is classified as a film with two genres , not a single new genre . Some television series can also be classified as romantic comedies . In a typical romantic comedy the two lovers tend to be young , likeable , and seemingly meant for each other , yet they are kept apart by some complicating circumstance ( e.g. , class differences , parental interference , a previous girlfriend or boyfriend ) until , surmounting all obstacles , they are finally reunited . A fairy-tale-style happy ending is a typical feature .'}]}, {'value': 'Icon Film Distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Icon_Film_Distribution', 'summary': "Icon Productions is an independent production company founded in August 1989 by actor/director Mel Gibson and Australian producing partner Bruce Davey , which , unlike most other independent production companies , funds most of its development and production costs , allowing it to retain creative control of its projects . Its headquarters are in Los Angeles . In 2008-2009 , the company 's UK operations were sold . After the acquisition of Dendy Cinemas , a separate company involved in film distribution only in Australia continued to operate as Icon Film Distribution , using the original logo and still owned by Gibson and Davey ."}]}, {'value': 'December 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sapphires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sapphires_(film)', 'summary': "The Sapphires is a 2012 Australian musical comedy-drama film based on the 2004 stage play of the same name , which is loosely based on a true story . The film is directed by Wayne Blair and written by Keith Thompson and Tony Briggs , the latter of whom wrote the play . The Sapphires is about four Indigenous Australian women , Gail ( Deborah Mailman ) , Julie ( Jessica Mauboy ) , Kay ( Shari Sebbens ) and Cynthia ( Miranda Tapsell ) , who are discovered by a talent scout ( Chris O'Dowd ) , and form a music group named The Sapphires , travelling to Vietnam in 1968 to sing for troops during the war . Production began in 2010 , with the casting of the four members of The Sapphires and filming taking place in and around Albury in Australia and Vietnam during August and September 2011 . The Sapphires made its world premiere at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival on 19 May 2012 during its out-of-competition screenings , was theatrically released in Australia on 9 August and received a limited release in the United States on 22 March 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wayne Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Blair', 'summary': 'Wayne Blair ( born 28 November 1971 ) is an Aboriginal Australian writer , actor and director , seen most recently on both sides of the camera in Redfern Now . He is also the director of the highly successful feature film The Sapphires .'}]}, {'value': "Chris O'Dowd , Deborah Mailman , Jessica Mauboy , Shari Sebbens", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Chris_O'Dowd", 'summary': "Christopher O'Dowd ( born 9 October 1979 ) is an Irish actor and comedian . He has appeared in a range of television shows , films , and plays , mostly in the United Kingdom and United States . O'Dowd was born and raised in Boyle , County Roscommon . After failing to complete a degree in politics and sociology at University College Dublin , he relocated to England to study at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art . He came to broad attention as Roy Trenneman , one of the leading characters in the Channel 4 comedy The IT Crowd , which ran for four seasons between 2006 and 2010 . Moving into film , he appeared in Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) , This Is 40 ( 2012 ) , The Sapphires ( 2012 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Calvary ( 2014 ) , and St. Vincent ( 2014 ) . O'Dowd created and starred in the Sky 1 television series Moone Boy , which aired between 2012 and 2015 , earning O'Dowd Irish Film and Television Award nominations in acting , writing and directing . Since 2017 , he has appeared as Miles Daly in the Epix comedy series Get Shorty . He had a recurring role on the comedy-drama series Girls . His performance in the British comedy TV series State of the Union , won him a Primetime Emmy Award . He made his Broadway debut in the play adaptation of Of Mice and Men in 2014 , for which he was nominated for a Tony Award ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Deborah_Mailman', 'summary': 'Deborah Jane Mailman , AM ( born 14 July 1972 ) is an Aboriginal Australian television and film actress , and singer . She was the first Aboriginal actress to win the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role , and has gone on to win four more both in television and film . The awards are now known as the AACTA Awards . Mailman first gained recognition for the 1998 film Radiance , for which she won her first AFI award . Mailman played the character Kelly Lewis on the Australian television series , The Secret Life of Us . and current role as Cherie Butterfield in the Australian drama series Offspring . She portrayed the role of Lorraine in the Australian TV series Redfern Now , and Aunt Linda in the television program Cleverman . Mailman is currently the main character in the Australian TV series Total Control . She had roles in Rabbit-Proof Fence , Oddball , The Sapphires , and Paper Planes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Mauboy', 'summary': "Jessica Hilda Mauboy ( born 4 August 1989 ) is an Australian R & B and pop singer , songwriter , and actress . Born and raised in Darwin , Northern Territory , Mauboy rose to fame in 2006 on the fourth season of Australian Idol ; she became the runner-up and subsequently signed a recording contract with Sony Music Australia . After releasing a live album of her Idol performances and briefly being a member of the girl group Young Divas in 2007 , Mauboy released her debut studio album , Been Waiting , the following year . It earned Mauboy her first number-one single Burn , became the second highest-selling Australian album of 2009 , and was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Mauboy 's second studio album , Get 'Em Girls ( 2010 ) , showcased a more hard-edged R & B sound than her previous release , and produced four platinum singles . Her third studio album , Beautiful ( 2013 ) , which explored a mixture of dance-oriented tracks with R & B and pop , included the top-ten hits Pop a Bottle ( Fill Me Up ) , Never Be the Same and Can I Get a Moment ? . Aside from her music career , Mauboy has also ventured into acting , with starring roles in films Bran Nue Dae ( 2010 ) and The Sapphires ( 2012 ) , which earned her the AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . She returned to acting in 2016 , playing the lead role in the television drama series The Secret Daughter for two seasons . It was Mauboy 's first major TV role and was written especially for her . Mauboy released two accompanying soundtrack albums for The Secret Daughter , the first of which made her the first Indigenous artist to achieve a number-one album on the ARIA Albums Chart . Her fourth studio album , Hilda ( October 2019 ) , debuted at number one . Mauboy is one of Australia 's most successful female artists ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shari_Sebbens', 'summary': 'Shari Sebbens ( born 22 April 1985 ) is an Aboriginal Australian actress , most famous for her debut film role in The Sapphires . She has also appeared in Redfern Now .'}]}, {'value': 'Musical comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Musical_film', 'summary': "Musical film is a film genre with many songs in the movies . The songs usually advance the plot or develop the film 's characters , but in some cases , they serve merely as breaks in the storyline , often as elaborate production numbers . The musical film was a natural development of the stage musical after the emergence of sound film technology . Typically , the biggest difference between film and stage musicals is the use of lavish background scenery and locations that would be impractical in a theater . Musical films characteristically contain elements reminiscent of theater ; performers often treat their song and dance numbers as if a live audience were watching . In a sense , the viewer becomes the diegetic audience , as the performer looks directly into the camera and performs to it ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Hopscotch Films Based on the stage play of the same name by Tony Briggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sapphires_(play)', 'summary': "The Sapphires is an Australian play written by Tony Briggs and directed by Wesley Enoch . It is set in 1968 ( a year after the referendum expanding the rights of Aborigines ) and it tells the story of The Sapphires , a singing group of four Yorta Yorta women who tour Vietnam during the war . It was inspired by the true story of Briggs 's mother , Laurel Robinson , and aunt , Lois Peeler , who toured Vietnam as singers . The pair slept on the stage , as Robinson recalled : It was so scary - one night a bomb went off , the bed fell down and the place shook . Though set at the time of increasing calls for Aboriginal rights , the play takes these issues seriously but in a way that does not detract from its fun and humour and adds to its entertainment value ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Satellite Boy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satellite_Boy', 'summary': 'Satellite Boy is a 2012 Australian adventure drama film about a young Aboriginal boy struggling to maintain the traditions of his heritage in the modern world when a mining company expands into the region . Written and directed by Catriona McKenzie , the film premiered domestically on 10 December 2012 at the Perth International Arts Festival , two days after being released at the Toronto International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Catriona McKenzie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Gulpilil , Cameron Wallaby , Joseph Pedley , Rohanna Angus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Gulpilil', 'summary': 'David Gulpilil Ridjimiraril Dalaithngu AM ( born 1 July 1953 ) , is a Yolngu traditional dancer and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Satellite Films', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Save Your Legs !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Save_Your_Legs!', 'summary': 'Save Your Legs ! is a 2012 Australian comedy film directed by Boyd Hicklin and starring Stephen Curry , Damon Gameau and Brendan Cowell . The film is inspired by a 2005 documentary of the same name . It follows the story of Edward Teddy Brown and his two mates of a Melbourne cricket team , who travel to India for a tour . The film premiered at the Melbourne International Film Festival on 19 August 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Boyd Hicklin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damon Gameau , Stephen Curry , Brendan Cowell , Brenton Thwaites', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damon_Gameau', 'summary': 'Damon Gameau is an Australian television and film actor who is the director of , and lead role in , That Sugar Film . Gameau also appeared in the Australian series Love My Way , the 2002 Australian film The Tracker , and in a small role in the US series How I Met Your Mother .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Curry_(comedian)', 'summary': 'Stephen Curry ( born 26 May 1976 ) is an Australian comedian and actor who has appeared in many television drama and comedy series , and feature films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brendan_Cowell', 'summary': "Brendan Cowell ( born 16 August 1976 ) is an Australian actor , screenwriter , comedian and director . Cowell was born in Sydney . He discovered acting by accident while waiting for his sister to come out of a rehearsal ; he was then cast in a commercial at age 8 . He attended Charles Sturt University in Bathurst to complete a Bachelor of Arts in Theatre/Media , originally considering journalism as a career option . Cowell won the Patrick White Playwrights ' Award for his third play Bed along with a collection of other awards . His play Ruben Guthrie showed at the Belvoir St Theatre in 2009 to sell-out houses . It has a new production at La Boite Theatre in 2011 , starring Gyton Grantley and directed by David Berthold . His most famous acting role is playing the enigmatic Tom on Australian cable TV 's Love My Way , for which he also wrote several episodes , and playing Todd for the first two seasons on Life Support on SBS TV , for which he also wrote sketches . The Sublime ( Melbourne Theatre Company ) was shortlisted for the Nick Enright Prize for Playwriting , New South Wales Premier 's Literary Awards 2015 . His most recent foray into film have included roles in the 2007 crime drama Noise , World War 1 war film Beneath Hill 60 and romantic comedy I Love You Too . He won some acclaim for his portrayal of the title role in Bell Shakespeare 's 2008 Production of Hamlet and acted in Sydney Theatre Company 's production of True West , directed by Philip Seymour Hoffman , in 2010 . Brendan lives in Newtown , New South Wales Sydney and is a committed supporter of the Cronulla Sharks rugby league team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brenton_Thwaites', 'summary': 'Brenton Thwaites ( born 10 August 1989 ) is an Australian actor . Beginning his career in his home country in 2011 , he had a starring role on the series Slide and later appeared on the soap opera Home and Away . Since moving to the United States , Thwaites has had major roles in the films Blue Lagoon : The Awakening ( 2012 ) , Oculus ( 2013 ) , The Giver ( 2014 ) , Gods of Egypt ( 2016 ) , and Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) . In 2018 , he began starring as Dick Grayson / Nightwing in the DC Universe series Titans .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Madman Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madman_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Madman Entertainment Pty . Ltd. is an Australian distribution and rights management company , specialising in feature films , documentaries , television series and anime across theatrical and home entertainment formats in Australia and New Zealand . Its headquarters are in East Melbourne , Victoria .'}]}, {'value': '19 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scumbus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scumbus', 'summary': 'Scumbus is an Australian comedy film written and produced by Ed Kavalee . The film stars Kavalee , Toby Truslove and Lachy Hulme . It was filmed in Melbourne , Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Luke Tierney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Kavalee , Toby Truslove , Lachy Hulme , Henry Nixon , Christian Clark , Glenn Robbins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Kavalee', 'summary': "Edward Robert Kavalee ( born 30 June 1979 ) is an Australian comedian , actor , writer , radio and television presenter . He is a recurring panelist on Network 10 's Have You Been Paying Attention ? with Sam Pang and co-hosts Hughesy & Ed with Dave Hughes on the Hit Network . Kavalee is a former host of Ash , Grant & Ed on 2Day FM and the Marto , Ed & Robin breakfast show on Triple M Brisbane . He has hosted a number of television shows , including TV Burp and various sports-themed comedy shows along with Santo Cilauro and Sam Pang ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Toby_Truslove', 'summary': 'Toby Truslove is an Australian film , theatre and television actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lachy_Hulme', 'summary': 'Lachy Hulme ( born 1 April 1971 ) is an Australian actor and screenwriter . He has written several films and has appeared in a number of successful Australian and US film and television productions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_Nixon', 'summary': "Henry Nixon is an Australian actor . Nixon was born at St Margaret 's Hospital in the inner-Sydney suburb of Surry Hills . As a child he lived in Elanora Heights , Paddington and Wollstonecraft in Sydney with his father , Gerald Nixon , a Recording Engineer and his mother , Vanessa , a Nurse . After their divorce Nixon relocated ( with his mother and step father ) from Sydney to the Burra Valley , near Canberra . He was educated in Canberra at AME School , Red Hill Primary , Canberra Grammar School and then Narrabundah College , where he studied drama . [ citation needed ] He graduated from the Australian National University with an Arts degree , majoring in Anthropology , Sociology and English , and was going to continue in the world of Academia but opted instead to pursue an Acting career . He auditioned for three Drama Schools : WAAPA , VCA and NIDA and was accepted into all three but decided to attend the National Institute of Dramatic Art ( NIDA ) in Sydney . Since graduating from NIDA in 2000 Nixon has worked extensively in film , television and theatre . In 2002 he played the character Chris King in the popular Channel 5 TV serial Do n't Blame Me ( or Do n't Blame the Koalas ) . He is known for his work as Sterlo McCormack on All Saints , an Australian hospital drama . His film work includes Matthew Saville 's NOISE ( 2007 ) , Cate Shortland 's Somersault ( 2004 ) , Triangle ( 2009 ) and Julia Leigh 's Sleeping Beauty ( 2011 ) . Nixon was flown from Sydney to Los Angeles in 2007 to audition personally for Tom Hanks and Steven Spielberg for the role of Leckie in the HBO/Playtone/DreamWorks Co production of The Pacific ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christian_Clark', 'summary': 'Christian Clark ( born 15 September 1978 ) is an Australian actor and business owner . Christian appeared in the role of Will Griggs in the Network Ten soap opera Neighbours from 2006 to 2007 and played Penn Graham in Home and Away in 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Robbins', 'summary': "Glenn Maxwell Robbins ( born 30 December 1957 ) is an Australian comedian , writer , actor , television and radio presenter . Robbins has appeared on The Panel , Thank God You 're Here and Have You Been Paying Attention ? . Robbins is best known for The Comedy Company , portraying Kel Knight in Kath & Kim and adventurer Russell Coight in All Aussie Adventures . Robbins attended Strathmore High School and graduated in 1975 . He later studied drama and media at the Melbourne State College and graduated with a Bachelor of Education degree in 1979 . He first moved into performing in 1981 ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 November', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2012', 'section_text': 'Contents 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z External links', 'uid': 'List_of_Australian_films_of_2012_0', 'intro': 'N/A'}
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What was the genre of the 2012 Australian film directed by Dee McLachlan ?
black comedy
0874478e419fe1ab
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Union_County,_Pennsylvania', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Union County, Pennsylvania', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allenwood River Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allenwood_River_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Allenwood River Bridge was a historic bridge in Delaware Township , Northumberland County , Pennsylvania , and Gregg Township , Union County , Pennsylvania . The two-lane , five-span , pin-connected Pratt through truss bridge carried Pennsylvania Route 44 over the West Branch Susquehanna River . The bridge was one of the oldest and longest spans crossing that river . Its builder , in 1895 , was the Groton Bridge and Manufacturing Company , a nationally prominent bridge manufacturer from 1877 through 1920 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 . In 1990 it was replaced with a concrete bridge .'}]}, {'value': 'June 22 , 1988 ( # 88000865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legislative Route 460 over the West Branch of the Susquehanna River at Allenwood 41°06′28″N 76°53′25″W / 41.107778°N 76.890278°W / 41.107778 ; -76.890278 ( Allenwood River Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Branch_Susquehanna_River', 'summary': 'The West Branch Susquehanna River is one of the two principal branches , along with the North Branch , of the Susquehanna River in the northeastern United States . The North Branch , which rises in upstate New York , is generally regarded as the extension of the main branch , with the shorter West Branch being its principal tributary . The West Branch , which is 243 miles ( 391 km ) long , is entirely within the state of Pennsylvania , draining a large mountainous area within the Allegheny Plateau in the western part of the state . Along most of its course it meanders along mountain ridges and through water gaps , forming a large zigzag arc through central Pennsylvania around the north end of the Allegheny Ridge . In colonial times the river provided an important water route to the Ohio River valley . In the 18th century , its lower valley became a significant industrial heartland of Pennsylvania . In the 20th century , the upper reaches of the West Branch turned a yellow/orange color due to sulfurous drainage from nearby and abandoned deep bituminous coal mines . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Susquehanna_River', 'summary': "The Susquehanna River ( /ˌsʌskwəˈhænə/ ; Lenape : Siskëwahane ) is a major river located in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States . At 444 miles ( 715 km ) long , it is the longest river on the East Coast of the United States that drains into the Chesapeake Bay . With its watershed , it is the 16th-largest river in the United States , and the longest river in the early 21st-century continental United States without commercial boat traffic . The Susquehanna River forms from two main branches : the North Branch , which rises in Cooperstown , New York , and is regarded by federal mapmakers as the main branch or headwaters , and the West Branch , which rises in western Pennsylvania and joins the main branch near Northumberland in central Pennsylvania . The river drains 27,500 square miles ( 71,000 km2 ) , including nearly half of the land area of Pennsylvania . The drainage basin ( watershed ) includes portions of the Allegheny Plateau region of the Appalachian Mountains , cutting through a succession of water gaps in a broad zigzag course to flow across the rural heartland of southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland in the lateral near-parallel array of mountain ridges . The river empties into the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at Perryville and Havre de Grace , Maryland , providing half of the Bay 's freshwater inflow . The Chesapeake Bay is the ria of the Susquehanna ."}]}, {'value': 'Gregg Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregg_Township,_Union_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Gregg Township is a township in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 4,687 at the 2000 census , of which 3,679 were federal inmates .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Presbyterian_Church_(Lewisburg,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'Buffalo Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Buffalo Township , Union County , Pennsylvania . It was built in 1846 , and is a one-story , brick and wood frame building , three bays wide and four bays deep . It features a full-width portico supported by four square columns . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . It is also known as the Old Buffalo Presbyterian Church and is listed as that on the American Presbyterian/Reformed Historic Sites Registry as its site # 271 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 30 , 1976 ( # 76001675 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of Lewisburg on Pennsylvania Route 192 40°57′47″N 76°58′04″W / 40.963056°N 76.967778°W / 40.963056 ; -76.967778 ( Buffalo Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_192', 'summary': 'Pennsylvania Route 192 ( PA 192 ) is a state highway located in central Pennsylvania . The western terminus of the route is at Pennsylvania Route 144 in Centre Hall . The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 15 in Lewisburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Township,_Union_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Buffalo Township is a township in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States of America . The population was 3,207 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chamberlin Iron Front Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chamberlin_Iron_Front_Building', 'summary': 'Chamberlin Iron Front Building is a historic commercial building located at Lewisburg , Union County , Pennsylvania . It was built in 1868 , and is a three-story , brick building with a two-story rear addition in the Italianate style . It measures 56 feet wide and 160 feet deep . The main section has a flat roof and the addition a gable roof . It features a cast-iron front manufactured in Danville , Pennsylvania . Over the years the building has housed a general store , shoe store , feed store , and post office , as well as fraternal organizations on the upper floors . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . It is located in the Lewisburg Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'May 14 , 1979 ( # 79002347 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '434 Market Street 40°57′48″N 76°53′15″W / 40.963333°N 76.8875°W / 40.963333 ; -76.8875 ( Chamberlin Iron Front Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewisburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewisburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Lewisburg is a borough in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States , 30 miles ( 48 km ) south by southeast of Williamsport and 60 miles ( 97 km ) north of Harrisburg . In the past , it was the commercial center for a fertile grain and general farming region . The population was 5,792 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Union County . Located in central Pennsylvania 's Susquehanna River Valley , on the West Branch Susquehanna River , Lewisburg is northwest of Sunbury . It is home to Bucknell University and is near the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary . Its 19th-century downtown is on the National Register of Historic Places . Lewisburg is the principal city of the Lewisburg , PA Micropolitan Statistical Area , and is also part of the larger Bloomsburg-Berwick-Sunbury , PA Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Factory Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Factory_Bridge', 'summary': 'Factory Bridge , also known as Horsham Bridge , is a historic wooden covered bridge in White Deer Township , Union County , Pennsylvania . It is a 60-foot-long ( 18 m ) , King and Queen truss bridge , constructed in 1880 , and repaired in 1954 and 1976 . It crosses the White Deer Creek . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 8 , 1980 ( # 80003645 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 mile ( 1.6 km ) west of White Deer on Township 629 41°04′25″N 76°54′12″W / 41.073611°N 76.903333°W / 41.073611 ; -76.903333 ( Factory Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White Deer Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Deer_Township,_Union_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'White Deer Township is a township in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 4,273 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Griffey House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Griffey_House', 'summary': 'Benjamin Griffey House is a historic home located at Gregg Township , Union County , Pennsylvania . It was built about 1886 , and is a 2 1/2-story , rectangular stuccoed brick dwelling with a rear ell , in a Late Victorian style . It features a two-story bay window with flanking porches and a steep pitched gable . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . The house was badly damaged in a fire in 1980 . As of December 2012 , the house is still in the original location .'}]}, {'value': 'September 13 , 1978 ( # 78002474 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of Allenwood on Pennsylvania Route 44 41°07′18″N 76°57′56″W / 41.121667°N 76.965556°W / 41.121667 ; -76.965556 ( Benjamin Griffey House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_44', 'summary': 'Pennsylvania Route 44 ( PA 44 ) is a 149.24 mi ( 240.18 km ) -long state highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The route is designated from Interstate 80 and Pennsylvania Route 42 in Buckhorn to the New York state line near New York State Route 417 in Ceres Township . Commissioned in 1927 by the Pennsylvania Department of Highways , PA 44 originally ran from the NY state line to Jersey Shore . Today , the highway is a scenic route from Columbia County to Potter County .'}]}, {'value': 'Gregg Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregg_Township,_Union_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Gregg Township is a township in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 4,687 at the 2000 census , of which 3,679 were federal inmates .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halfway Lake Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._B._Winter_State_Park', 'summary': 'R. B . Winter State Park ( also known as Raymond B . Winter State Park ) is a Pennsylvania state park on 695 acres ( 281 ha ) in Hartley Township , Union County , Pennsylvania in the United States . It is in the ridge and valley region of Pennsylvania and is surrounded by Bald Eagle State Forest . R. B . Winter State Park is in a shallow basin that is surrounded by ridges . Halfway Lake is the central recreational focus of the park . The park is 18 miles ( 29 km ) west of Lewisburg on Pennsylvania Route 192 . The park was originally called Halfway Dam State Park , but was renamed R.B . Winter State Park on May 23 , 1957 to honor state forester Raymond Burrows Winter , who was instrumental in establishing the park and had worked there and the surrounding state forest for 45 years .'}]}, {'value': 'May 11 , 1987 ( # 87000046 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 miles ( 26 km ) west of Lewisburg on Pennsylvania Route 192 40°59′24″N 77°11′23″W / 40.99°N 77.189722°W / 40.99 ; -77.189722 ( Halfway Lake Dam )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_192', 'summary': 'Pennsylvania Route 192 ( PA 192 ) is a state highway located in central Pennsylvania . The western terminus of the route is at Pennsylvania Route 144 in Centre Hall . The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 15 in Lewisburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Hartley Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartley_Township,_Union_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Hartley Township is a township in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 1,714 at the 2000 census . The unincorporated village of Laurelton , where the office for Bald Eagle State Forest is located , is in the township . R. B . Winter State Park one of 120 Pennsylvania state parks is in Hartley Township .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hassenplug Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hassenplug_Bridge', 'summary': 'Hassenplug Bridge is a historic wooden covered bridge at Mifflinburg , Union County , Pennsylvania . It is an 80-foot-long ( 24 m ) , Burr Truss bridge , constructed in 1825 , and overhauled in 1959 . It crosses Buffalo Creek . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and is the oldest covered bridge in the United States . However , this distinction is also claimed for the Hyde Hall Bridge in New York .'}]}, {'value': 'February 8 , 1980 ( # 80003641 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North 4th Street 40°55′25″N 77°03′00″W / 40.923611°N 77.05°W / 40.923611 ; -77.05 ( Hassenplug Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mifflinburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mifflinburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Mifflinburg is a borough in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States first settled in 1792 by S. Lulis and Catharina Jungman ( Youngman ) and their two children . They divided the land into 60 by 120 plots that were sold to other adventurous settlers , many of them German , and the village of Youngmanstown was formed . A few years later George Rote ( Rhoade ) laid out a village just east of Youngmanstown , known as Greenville or Rotestown , after George 's death . Eventually , the two settlements merged at Third Street . In 1827 the two villages combined and were incorporated , the combined village was named Mifflinburg , in honor of Thomas Mifflin , the first Governor of Pennsylvania after the 1790 Constitution . Historically the town was known for the manufacture of horse-drawn vehicles , known as buggies . As of the 2010 census , there were 3,540 people , 1,506 households , and 1,028 families living in the borough . The population density was 1,976.0 people per square mile ( 762.4/km² ) . There were 1,605 housing units at an average density of 882.4 per square mile ( 340.5/km² ) . As of 2010 , the racial makeup of the borough was 97.5% White alone , 0.9% Hispanic , 0.6% Black alone , 0.5% two or more races , 0.3% Asian alone , 0.08% Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone , 0.06% other race alone , and 0.03% American Indian alone . Major tourist attractions include"}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hayes Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hayes_Bridge', 'summary': 'Hayes Bridge is a historic wooden covered bridge in West Buffalo Township , Union County , Pennsylvania . It is a 63-foot-long ( 19 m ) , King truss bridge , constructed in 1882 , and repaired in 1957 . It crosses the Buffalo Creek . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 8 , 1980 ( # 80003642 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of Mifflinburg on Township 376 40°55′34″N 77°05′32″W / 40.926111°N 77.092222°W / 40.926111 ; -77.092222 ( Hayes Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Buffalo Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Buffalo_Township,_Union_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'West Buffalo Township is a township in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 2,795 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_A._Heiss_House_and_Buggy_Shop', 'summary': 'William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop is a historic home located at Mifflinburg , Union County , Pennsylvania . The property includes three buildings ; the house , buggy shop , and display-storage center . The house was built in 1870 , and is a two-story , five-bay frame dwelling with a rear ell . The buggy shop was built in 1889 , and is a two-story , rectangular wood frame building , 63 feet long and 24 feet wide . The display-storage center was built in 1895 , and is a two-story , rectangular wood frame building , 33 feet long and 50 feet wide . It is representative of the buggy manufacturers who once had a notable presence in Mifflinburg . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . The property is the Mifflinburg Buggy Museum . Visitors can tour the Heiss family home , reconstructed carriage house , the original buggy factory with carriages , wagons , and sleighs and tools , and original showroom . There is a visitor center with an introductory video , self-guided exhibit and hands-on workbench .'}]}, {'value': 'August 6 , 1979 ( # 79002348 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '523 Green Street 40°54′53″N 77°02′55″W / 40.914722°N 77.048611°W / 40.914722 ; -77.048611 ( William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mifflinburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mifflinburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Mifflinburg is a borough in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States first settled in 1792 by S. Lulis and Catharina Jungman ( Youngman ) and their two children . They divided the land into 60 by 120 plots that were sold to other adventurous settlers , many of them German , and the village of Youngmanstown was formed . A few years later George Rote ( Rhoade ) laid out a village just east of Youngmanstown , known as Greenville or Rotestown , after George 's death . Eventually , the two settlements merged at Third Street . In 1827 the two villages combined and were incorporated , the combined village was named Mifflinburg , in honor of Thomas Mifflin , the first Governor of Pennsylvania after the 1790 Constitution . Historically the town was known for the manufacture of horse-drawn vehicles , known as buggies . As of the 2010 census , there were 3,540 people , 1,506 households , and 1,028 families living in the borough . The population density was 1,976.0 people per square mile ( 762.4/km² ) . There were 1,605 housing units at an average density of 882.4 per square mile ( 340.5/km² ) . As of 2010 , the racial makeup of the borough was 97.5% White alone , 0.9% Hispanic , 0.6% Black alone , 0.5% two or more races , 0.3% Asian alone , 0.08% Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone , 0.06% other race alone , and 0.03% American Indian alone . Major tourist attractions include"}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewisburg Armory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewisburg_Armory', 'summary': 'Lewisburg Armory is a historic National Guard armory located at East Buffalo Township , Union County , Pennsylvania . It was built in 1938 , and is an I-plan building consisting of a two-story administration section with one-story wings , 1 1/2-story drill hall , and 2-story stable . The building is built of brick and concrete block and executed in the Moderne style . The administration section has a hipped roof , the drill hall an arched roof , and stable a flat roof . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 14 , 1991 ( # 91001700 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Route 15 south of its junction with Pennsylvania Route 45 40°56′47″N 76°52′49″W / 40.946389°N 76.880278°W / 40.946389 ; -76.880278 ( Lewisburg Armory )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_15', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) is a 791.71 mi ( 1,274.13 km ) -long United States highway , designated along South Carolina , North Carolina , Virginia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and New York . The route is signed north-south , from U.S. Route 17 Alternate in Walterboro , South Carolina to Interstate 86 and NY 17 in Painted Post , New York . US 15 is one of the original United States Highways from 1926 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_45', 'summary': 'Pennsylvania Route 45 ( PA 45 ) is an 86-mile-long ( 138 km ) state highway located in central Pennsylvania , United States . PA 45 is called the Purple Heart Highway . The western terminus of the route is at PA 453 in Morris Township near the community of Water Street . The eastern terminus is at PA 642 west of the small town of Mooresburg .'}]}, {'value': 'East Buffalo Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Buffalo_Township,_Union_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'East Buffalo Township is a township in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 5,730 at the 2000 census . The township is home to Bucknell University , which lies mostly in East Buffalo Township and partly in the Borough of Lewisburg .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewisburg Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewisburg_Historic_District_(Lewisburg,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'Lewisburg Historic District is a national historic district located at Lewisburg , Union County , Pennsylvania . The district includes 853 contributing buildings , 2 contributing sites , 11 contributing structures , and 2 contributing objects in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Lewisburg . Notable buildings include the Derr House ( 1773 ) , 19th century and early-20th century Bucknell University buildings including Old Main and Bucknell Hall , Union County Courthouse ( 1856 ) , U.S . Courthouse and Post Office ( 1933 ) , Himmelreich Library ( 1902 ) , First Presbyterian Church ( 1856 ) , Christ Lutheran Church ( 1901 ) , Union National Bank ( 1899 ) , McClure Building ( 1913 ) , Campus Theatre ( 1939 ) , and the Buffalo Mills ( 1883 ) . Also located in the district are the separately listed Chamberlin Iron Front Building , Packwood House-American Hotel , and Reading Railroad Freight Station . Contributing sites are the Lewisburg Cemetery and Soldiers Memorial Field . The contributing structures include five railroad bridges and the contributing objects are the Soldiers Memorial Monument ( 1901 ) and a commemorative plaque . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 28 , 2004 ( # 04000759 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by U.S. Route 15 , Beck Street , the Susquehanna River , and the borough boundary 40°57′51″N 76°53′04″W / 40.964167°N 76.884444°W / 40.964167 ; -76.884444 ( Lewisburg Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_15', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) is a 791.71 mi ( 1,274.13 km ) -long United States highway , designated along South Carolina , North Carolina , Virginia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and New York . The route is signed north-south , from U.S. Route 17 Alternate in Walterboro , South Carolina to Interstate 86 and NY 17 in Painted Post , New York . US 15 is one of the original United States Highways from 1926 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Susquehanna_River', 'summary': "The Susquehanna River ( /ˌsʌskwəˈhænə/ ; Lenape : Siskëwahane ) is a major river located in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States . At 444 miles ( 715 km ) long , it is the longest river on the East Coast of the United States that drains into the Chesapeake Bay . With its watershed , it is the 16th-largest river in the United States , and the longest river in the early 21st-century continental United States without commercial boat traffic . The Susquehanna River forms from two main branches : the North Branch , which rises in Cooperstown , New York , and is regarded by federal mapmakers as the main branch or headwaters , and the West Branch , which rises in western Pennsylvania and joins the main branch near Northumberland in central Pennsylvania . The river drains 27,500 square miles ( 71,000 km2 ) , including nearly half of the land area of Pennsylvania . The drainage basin ( watershed ) includes portions of the Allegheny Plateau region of the Appalachian Mountains , cutting through a succession of water gaps in a broad zigzag course to flow across the rural heartland of southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland in the lateral near-parallel array of mountain ridges . The river empties into the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at Perryville and Havre de Grace , Maryland , providing half of the Bay 's freshwater inflow . The Chesapeake Bay is the ria of the Susquehanna ."}]}, {'value': 'Lewisburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewisburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Lewisburg is a borough in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States , 30 miles ( 48 km ) south by southeast of Williamsport and 60 miles ( 97 km ) north of Harrisburg . In the past , it was the commercial center for a fertile grain and general farming region . The population was 5,792 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Union County . Located in central Pennsylvania 's Susquehanna River Valley , on the West Branch Susquehanna River , Lewisburg is northwest of Sunbury . It is home to Bucknell University and is near the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary . Its 19th-century downtown is on the National Register of Historic Places . Lewisburg is the principal city of the Lewisburg , PA Micropolitan Statistical Area , and is also part of the larger Bloomsburg-Berwick-Sunbury , PA Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mifflinburg Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mifflinburg_Historic_District', 'summary': 'Mifflinburg Historic District is a national historic district located at Mifflinburg , Union County , Pennsylvania . The district includes 233 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Mifflinburg . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 10 , 1980 ( # 80003643 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Route 45 40°54′59″N 77°02′58″W / 40.916389°N 77.049444°W / 40.916389 ; -77.049444 ( Mifflinburg Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_45', 'summary': 'Pennsylvania Route 45 ( PA 45 ) is an 86-mile-long ( 138 km ) state highway located in central Pennsylvania , United States . PA 45 is called the Purple Heart Highway . The western terminus of the route is at PA 453 in Morris Township near the community of Water Street . The eastern terminus is at PA 642 west of the small town of Mooresburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Mifflinburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mifflinburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Mifflinburg is a borough in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States first settled in 1792 by S. Lulis and Catharina Jungman ( Youngman ) and their two children . They divided the land into 60 by 120 plots that were sold to other adventurous settlers , many of them German , and the village of Youngmanstown was formed . A few years later George Rote ( Rhoade ) laid out a village just east of Youngmanstown , known as Greenville or Rotestown , after George 's death . Eventually , the two settlements merged at Third Street . In 1827 the two villages combined and were incorporated , the combined village was named Mifflinburg , in honor of Thomas Mifflin , the first Governor of Pennsylvania after the 1790 Constitution . Historically the town was known for the manufacture of horse-drawn vehicles , known as buggies . As of the 2010 census , there were 3,540 people , 1,506 households , and 1,028 families living in the borough . The population density was 1,976.0 people per square mile ( 762.4/km² ) . There were 1,605 housing units at an average density of 882.4 per square mile ( 340.5/km² ) . As of 2010 , the racial makeup of the borough was 97.5% White alone , 0.9% Hispanic , 0.6% Black alone , 0.5% two or more races , 0.3% Asian alone , 0.08% Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone , 0.06% other race alone , and 0.03% American Indian alone . Major tourist attractions include"}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millmont Red Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millmont_Red_Bridge', 'summary': 'Millmont Red Bridge is a historic wooden covered bridge in Hartley Township , Union County , Pennsylvania . It is a 131-foot-long ( 40 m ) , Burr Truss bridge , constructed in 1855 . It crosses the Penns Creek . The bridge is no longer open to motor vehicles but foot traffic is permitted . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 8 , 1980 ( # 80003644 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwest of Millmont on Legislative Route 59005 40°52′41″N 77°09′21″W / 40.878056°N 77.155833°W / 40.878056 ; -77.155833 ( Millmont Red Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hartley Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartley_Township,_Union_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Hartley Township is a township in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 1,714 at the 2000 census . The unincorporated village of Laurelton , where the office for Bald Eagle State Forest is located , is in the township . R. B . Winter State Park one of 120 Pennsylvania state parks is in Hartley Township .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Berlin Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Berlin_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'New Berlin Presbyterian Church , also known as New Berlin Community Center , is a historic Presbyterian church located at Vine and High Streets in New Berlin , Union County , Pennsylvania . It was built in 1843 , and is a one-story , brick building , three bays wide and four bays deep , in the Greek Revival style . It features a portico supported by four Doric order columns and an octagonal cupola . It has been used as a community center since 1933 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 26 , 1972 ( # 72001178 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vine and High Streets 40°52′46″N 76°59′13″W / 40.879444°N 76.986944°W / 40.879444 ; -76.986944 ( New Berlin Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Berlin,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'New Berlin is a borough in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 838 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Union County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Union_County_Courthouse_(New_Berlin,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'Old Union County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Vine and Market Streets in New Berlin , Union County , Pennsylvania . It was built in 1815 , and renovated in 1855-1857 , to convert it to a schoolhouse . It is a 2 1/2-story , brick building , three bays wide and four bays deep with a gable roof . The roof features a center cupola . It was used as a school until 1952 . It now houses the New Berlin Heritage Museum , also known as the New Berlin Post Office and the Courthouse Museum . The museum is open by appointment and on New Berlin Day , a street festival held each year at the end of August . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 9 , 1972 ( # 72001179 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Market and Vine Streets 40°52′43″N 76°59′12″W / 40.878611°N 76.986667°W / 40.878611 ; -76.986667 ( Old Union County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Berlin,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'New Berlin is a borough in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 838 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Packwood House-American Hotel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Packwood_House-American_Hotel', 'summary': 'Packwood House-American Hotel , also known as the Packwood House Museum , is a historic inn and tavern located at Lewisburg , Union County , Pennsylvania , USA . It was originally built about 1813 , and expanded about 1866 . It is a three-story , log and frame building with a gable roof . It has a two-story , pent roof rear addition . It has housed a decorative arts museum since 1972 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . It is located in the Lewisburg Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'September 20 , 1978 ( # 78002475 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 Market Street 40°57′59″N 76°52′57″W / 40.966389°N 76.8825°W / 40.966389 ; -76.8825 ( Packwood House-American Hotel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewisburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewisburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Lewisburg is a borough in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States , 30 miles ( 48 km ) south by southeast of Williamsport and 60 miles ( 97 km ) north of Harrisburg . In the past , it was the commercial center for a fertile grain and general farming region . The population was 5,792 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Union County . Located in central Pennsylvania 's Susquehanna River Valley , on the West Branch Susquehanna River , Lewisburg is northwest of Sunbury . It is home to Bucknell University and is near the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary . Its 19th-century downtown is on the National Register of Historic Places . Lewisburg is the principal city of the Lewisburg , PA Micropolitan Statistical Area , and is also part of the larger Bloomsburg-Berwick-Sunbury , PA Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reading Railroad Freight Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reading_Railroad_Freight_Station', 'summary': 'Lewisburg is a historic railroad freight station located at Lewisburg , Union County , Pennsylvania . It was originally constructed by the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad in 1884 . It is a 1 1/2-story , brick and frame building in an eclectic Late Victorian style . The roof consists of a hipped form at the north end and jerkin head gable at the south . It features wide overhanging eaves , exposed rafters , and freight platform . It was abandoned by Conrail in the 1970s , then restored and adapted for office use in 1986 . The freight building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 as the Reading Railroad Freight Station . It is located in the Lewisburg Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'January 22 , 1992 ( # 91002012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of South 5th and St. Louis Streets 40°57′48″N 76°53′15″W / 40.963333°N 76.8875°W / 40.963333 ; -76.8875 ( Reading Railroad Freight Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewisburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewisburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Lewisburg is a borough in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States , 30 miles ( 48 km ) south by southeast of Williamsport and 60 miles ( 97 km ) north of Harrisburg . In the past , it was the commercial center for a fertile grain and general farming region . The population was 5,792 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Union County . Located in central Pennsylvania 's Susquehanna River Valley , on the West Branch Susquehanna River , Lewisburg is northwest of Sunbury . It is home to Bucknell University and is near the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary . Its 19th-century downtown is on the National Register of Historic Places . Lewisburg is the principal city of the Lewisburg , PA Micropolitan Statistical Area , and is also part of the larger Bloomsburg-Berwick-Sunbury , PA Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slifer House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slifer_House', 'summary': 'Slifer House , also known as Administration Building-Evangelical Home , is a historic home located at Kelly Township , Union County , Pennsylvania . It was designed by noted Philadelphia architect Samuel Sloan and built in 1861 , as a country home for Lewisburg merchant Eli Slifer ( 1818-1888 ) . It has a 2 1/2-story , brick , square main section , with two rectangular rear wings . The main section has a hipped roof with cross gables in a Victorian style . It features wraparound and two-story porches and a four-story square tower . It has housed elder care facilities since 1916 , when it was purchased by the Evangelical Association . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . The house is now owned by Albright Care Services and opened as a Victorian-era historic house museum . It includes artifacts from its use over the years as a home for seniors , orphanage and community hospital .'}]}, {'value': 'June 18 , 1975 ( # 75001668 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Lewisburg off U.S. Route 15 on Pennsylvania Route 59024 40°58′33″N 76°52′59″W / 40.975833°N 76.883056°W / 40.975833 ; -76.883056 ( Slifer House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_15', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) is a 791.71 mi ( 1,274.13 km ) -long United States highway , designated along South Carolina , North Carolina , Virginia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and New York . The route is signed north-south , from U.S. Route 17 Alternate in Walterboro , South Carolina to Interstate 86 and NY 17 in Painted Post , New York . US 15 is one of the original United States Highways from 1926 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kelly Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Township,_Union_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Kelly Township is a township in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 4,502 at the 2000 census . The United States Penitentiary , Lewisburg is located in Kelly Township , and not in the nearby Borough of Lewisburg , whose post office serves most of the township ( except for its northeastern corner , which is served by the West Milton post office ) .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Christian and Anna Catherine Spangler Farm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 4 , 2016 ( # 16000517 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1175 Wildwood Rd . 40°51′52″N 77°01′48″W / 40.864526°N 77.030075°W / 40.864526 ; -77.030075 ( George Christian and Anna Catherine Spangler Farm )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mifflinburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mifflinburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Mifflinburg is a borough in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States first settled in 1792 by S. Lulis and Catharina Jungman ( Youngman ) and their two children . They divided the land into 60 by 120 plots that were sold to other adventurous settlers , many of them German , and the village of Youngmanstown was formed . A few years later George Rote ( Rhoade ) laid out a village just east of Youngmanstown , known as Greenville or Rotestown , after George 's death . Eventually , the two settlements merged at Third Street . In 1827 the two villages combined and were incorporated , the combined village was named Mifflinburg , in honor of Thomas Mifflin , the first Governor of Pennsylvania after the 1790 Constitution . Historically the town was known for the manufacture of horse-drawn vehicles , known as buggies . As of the 2010 census , there were 3,540 people , 1,506 households , and 1,028 families living in the borough . The population density was 1,976.0 people per square mile ( 762.4/km² ) . There were 1,605 housing units at an average density of 882.4 per square mile ( 340.5/km² ) . As of 2010 , the racial makeup of the borough was 97.5% White alone , 0.9% Hispanic , 0.6% Black alone , 0.5% two or more races , 0.3% Asian alone , 0.08% Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone , 0.06% other race alone , and 0.03% American Indian alone . Major tourist attractions include"}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watsontown River Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watsontown_River_Bridge', 'summary': 'Watsontown River Bridge is a historic bridge in Watsontown , Northumberland County , Pennsylvania and White Deer Township , Union County , Pennsylvania . It was built in 1927 , and consists of nine open spandrel arches with a total length of 1,080-foot-long ( 330 m ) . It is constructed of concrete and crosses the Susquehanna River . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 22 , 1988 ( # 88000801 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legislative Route 240 spur over the West Branch of the Susquehanna River 41°04′51″N 76°51′55″W / 41.080833°N 76.865278°W / 41.080833 ; -76.865278 ( Watsontown River Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Branch_Susquehanna_River', 'summary': 'The West Branch Susquehanna River is one of the two principal branches , along with the North Branch , of the Susquehanna River in the northeastern United States . The North Branch , which rises in upstate New York , is generally regarded as the extension of the main branch , with the shorter West Branch being its principal tributary . The West Branch , which is 243 miles ( 391 km ) long , is entirely within the state of Pennsylvania , draining a large mountainous area within the Allegheny Plateau in the western part of the state . Along most of its course it meanders along mountain ridges and through water gaps , forming a large zigzag arc through central Pennsylvania around the north end of the Allegheny Ridge . In colonial times the river provided an important water route to the Ohio River valley . In the 18th century , its lower valley became a significant industrial heartland of Pennsylvania . In the 20th century , the upper reaches of the West Branch turned a yellow/orange color due to sulfurous drainage from nearby and abandoned deep bituminous coal mines . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Susquehanna_River', 'summary': "The Susquehanna River ( /ˌsʌskwəˈhænə/ ; Lenape : Siskëwahane ) is a major river located in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States . At 444 miles ( 715 km ) long , it is the longest river on the East Coast of the United States that drains into the Chesapeake Bay . With its watershed , it is the 16th-largest river in the United States , and the longest river in the early 21st-century continental United States without commercial boat traffic . The Susquehanna River forms from two main branches : the North Branch , which rises in Cooperstown , New York , and is regarded by federal mapmakers as the main branch or headwaters , and the West Branch , which rises in western Pennsylvania and joins the main branch near Northumberland in central Pennsylvania . The river drains 27,500 square miles ( 71,000 km2 ) , including nearly half of the land area of Pennsylvania . The drainage basin ( watershed ) includes portions of the Allegheny Plateau region of the Appalachian Mountains , cutting through a succession of water gaps in a broad zigzag course to flow across the rural heartland of southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland in the lateral near-parallel array of mountain ridges . The river empties into the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at Perryville and Havre de Grace , Maryland , providing half of the Bay 's freshwater inflow . The Chesapeake Bay is the ria of the Susquehanna ."}]}, {'value': 'White Deer Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Deer_Township,_Union_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'White Deer Township is a township in Union County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 4,273 at the 2000 census .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Union_County,_Pennsylvania_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Union County, Pennsylvania. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Union County, Pennsylvania, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 20 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'}
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What is the location of the historic place that was used as a school until 1952 ?
40°52′43″N 76°59′12″W / 40.878611°N 76.986667°W / 40.878611 ; -76.986667 ( Old Union County Courthouse )
087525335c049fa5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Northern_Territory', 'title': 'List of schools in the Northern Territory', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'Opened', 'Website', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barkly College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennant Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennant_Creek,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': "Tennant Creek ( Warumungu : Jurnkkurakurr ) is a town located in the Northern Territory of Australia . It is the seventh largest town in the Northern Territory , and is located on the Stuart Highway , just south of the intersection with the western terminus of the Barkly Highway . At the 2016 census , Tennant Creek had a population of approximately 3,000 , of which over 50% ( 1,536 ) identified themselves as indigenous . The town is approximately 1,000 kilometres south of the territory capital , Darwin , and 500 kilometres north of Alice Springs . It is named after a nearby watercourse of the same name , and is the hub of the sprawling Barkly Tableland vast elevated plains of black soil with golden Mitchell grass , that cover more than 240,000 square kilometres . Tennant Creek is also near well-known attractions including the Devils Marbles , Mary Ann Dam , Battery Hill Mining Centre and the Nyinkka Nyunyu Culture Centre The Barkly Tableland runs east from Tennant Creek towards the Queensland border and is among the most important cattle grazing areas in the Northern Territory . Roughly the same size as the United Kingdom or New Zealand , the region consists largely of open grass plains and some of the world 's largest cattle stations . It runs as far south as Barrow Creek , north above Elliott and west into the Tanami Desert . The region encompasses the junction of two great highways , the Barkly and the Stuart , also known as the Overlander and Explorer 's Ways . The Overlander 's Way ( Barkly Highway ) retraces the original route of early stockmen who drove their cattle from Queensland through the grazing lands in the Northern Territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Barkly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barkly_Region', 'summary': "The Barkly Regional Council is a local government area of the Northern Territory of Australia . The region 's main town is Tennant Creek . The region covers an area of 322,713 square kilometres ( 124,600 sq mi ) and had a population of almost 7,400 as at June 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two-campus school', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casuarina Senior College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casuarina_Senior_College', 'summary': 'Casuarina Senior College ( formerly known as Casuarina High School ) is a coeducational state college situated in Casuarina , a northern suburb of Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Moil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moil,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Moil is a northern suburb of the city of Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HS until 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centralian Middle School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gillen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gillen,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Gillen is a suburb of the town of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory , Australia . The suburb is named after FJ Gillen and Mt Gillen in the MacDonnell Ranges and ultimately derived from the anthropologist Francis James Gillen , who was the telegraphist and station master at Alice Springs in 1892 . The suburb was named in April 2007 , with the boundaries being approved on 8 March 2007 . The Central Australian Aviation Museum is located within the suburb .'}]}, {'value': 'Alice Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town_of_Alice_Springs', 'summary': 'The Alice Springs Town Council is a local government area in the Northern Territory . On 1 July 1971 , Alice Springs was gazetted as a Municipality with the town council elected on 25 July 1971 . It is situated 1,498 kilometres ( 931 mi ) south of the Darwin . The council governs an area of 328 square kilometres ( 127 sq mi ) and had a population of 26,534 in June 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merger of Alice Springs and Anzac Hill HSs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centralian Senior College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sadadeen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sadadeen,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Sadadeen is a suburb of the town of Alice Springs , in the Northern Territory , Australia . It is named after Afghan cameleer Charlie Sadadeen .'}]}, {'value': 'Alice Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town_of_Alice_Springs', 'summary': 'The Alice Springs Town Council is a local government area in the Northern Territory . On 1 July 1971 , Alice Springs was gazetted as a Municipality with the town council elected on 25 July 1971 . It is situated 1,498 kilometres ( 931 mi ) south of the Darwin . The council governs an area of 328 square kilometres ( 127 sq mi ) and had a population of 26,534 in June 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sadadeen HS until 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin_High_School', 'summary': 'Darwin High School is an Australian senior secondary high school in the Northern Territory and is an Independent Public School for students in years 10 - 12 . Founded first in 1921 , the school was closed , reopened , renamed , and relocated until its move to its current location , Bullocky Point , in 1962 . The school offers advanced English and STEM programs , as well as clubs , activities , and athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'The Gardens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gardens,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'The Gardens is an inner suburb of the city Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin Middle School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gardens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gardens,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'The Gardens is an inner suburb of the city Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7-9 . Split from Darwin HS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dripstone Middle School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tiwi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiwi,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Tiwi is a northern suburb of the city of Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia . The suburb is bounded by Trower Road , Henbury Avenue and a coastal strip , separating Casuarina Beach and Lee Point Beach . It is in the Local Government Area of City of Darwin . It is home to Dripstone Middle School .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HS 1984-1987 , 1994-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katherine High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katherine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katherine,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Katherine is a town in the Northern Territory of Australia . It is situated on the Katherine River ( after which it is named ) below the Top End , 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) southeast of Darwin . It is the fourth largest settlement in the Territory and is known as the place where The outback meets the tropics . Katherine had an urban population of approximately 6,300 at the 2016 Census . Katherine is also the closest major town to RAAF Base Tindal located 17 km southeast and provides education , health , local government services and employment opportunities for the families of Defence personnel stationed there . In the 2016 census , the base had a residential population of 857 , with only around 20% of the workforce engaged in employment outside of defence , the majority commuting to work in Katherine . Katherine is also the central hub of the great Savannah Way which stretches from Cairns in north QLD to Broome in the Kimberley WA . Beginning as an outpost established with the Australian Overland Telegraph Line on the North-South transport route between Darwin and Adelaide , Katherine has grown with the development of transport and local industries including mining - particularly gold mining ; a strategic military function with RAAF Base Tindal ; also as a tourism gateway to the attractions of nearby Nitmiluk National Park , particularly Nitmiluk ( Katherine ) Gorge and its many ancient rock paintings . The region is known to experience heavy flooding during the wet season .'}]}, {'value': 'Katherine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town_of_Katherine', 'summary': 'The Katherine Town Council is a local government area in the Northern Territory , established on 3 March 1978 . It is situated 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) south of Darwin , and covers an area of 7,417 square kilometres ( 2,864 sq mi ) . The Town of Katherine is an established residential township with a commercial area and rural areas on the outskirts of the town . The original inhabitants of the town were the Dagoman and Jawoyn Aboriginal people . European settlement of the area dates from 1871 , following the construction of the Overland Telegraph Line . Growth of the town began to start from 1926 , following the opening of the railway line . The township grew around the railway line . The most significant development occurred in the post-war years , aided by growth in the tourism industry . The current mayor is Fay Miller , who presides over a council with six aldermen . Meetings are held on the 4th Tuesday of every month .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nightcliff Middle School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nightcliff_Middle_School', 'summary': 'Nightcliff Middle School is a coeducational state school situated between Nightcliff Road , Aralia Street and Ryland Road , in the northern Darwin suburb of Rapid Creek , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Rapid Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rapid_Creek,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Rapid Creek is a northern suburb of the city of Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HS until 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nhulunbuy High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nhulunbuy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nhulunbuy,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Nhulunbuy is a township that is the sixth largest place in the Northern Territory of Australia . Nhulunbuy was created on the Gove Peninsula when a bauxite mine , and a deep water port , were established in the late 1960s , followed by an alumina refinery . At the 2016 census , Nhulunbuy had a population of 3,240 with a median age of 32 . The alumina refinery closed in May 2014 , which resulted in 1,100 workers being redeployed or made redundant , and reduced the Nhulunbuy population by 700 to 3,240 in the 2016 census . In 2019 a new Arnhem Space Centre near Nhulunbuy , an equatorial satellite launch facility , was announced .'}]}, {'value': 'East Arnhem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Arnhem_Region', 'summary': 'The East Arnhem Regional Council is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . Situated in the far north-eastern corner of the Northern Territory , the region covers an area of 33,310 square kilometres ( 12,861.06 sq mi ) and had a population of approximately 10,345 in June 2018 . East Arnhem Region was created under the Local Government Act ( NT ) 2008 to provide core local government services . The area comprises nine major remote communities , many homelands and outstations , commercial enterprises such as tourism , two mining leases , and pastoral properties scattered throughout the council area . Five of the nine communities are located on islands . Six of the communities are recognised Remote Service Delivery Sites by the Commonwealth and another is recognised as a NT Government Territory Growth Town .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmerston Senior College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Driver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Driver,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Driver is an inner-city suburb of Palmerston . It is 23 km SE of the Darwin CBD . Its Local Government Area is the City of Palmerston . Durack is bounded to the north by University Ave , to the west Elrundie Avenue , to the east Temple Terrace and to the south Tilston Avenue . The suburb is mostly composed of developments from the early 1980s .'}]}, {'value': 'Palmerston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Palmerston', 'summary': "The City of Palmerston is a local government area of the Northern Territory of Australia . It contains the suburbs of Darwin 's satellite city , Palmerston , and is situated between the outer industrial areas of Darwin and the rural areas of Howard Springs . The City covers an area of 52.7 square kilometres ( 20.3 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 37,862 . The Palmerston City Council consists of the Mayor and seven aldermen . The city is not divided into wards , thus each alderman represents constituents from the entire city . Council elections are held in August every four years . The next election is in 2021 ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Driver HS until 1999 ; HS until', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sanderson Middle School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wulagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wulagi,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'Wulagi is a Northern suburb of Darwin , Northern Territory , in the Northern Territory of Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Darwin', 'summary': 'The City of Darwin is a local government area of the Northern Territory , Australia . It includes the central business district of the capital , Darwin City , and represents two-thirds of its metropolitan population . The City covers an area of 111 square kilometres ( 43 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 84,613 people .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HS until 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taminmin College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Humpty Doo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humpty_Doo,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': "Humpty Doo is a small town in Australia 's Northern Territory , situated just south of the Arnhem Highway , approximately 40 km from Darwin . At the 2016 census , Humpty Doo had a population of 4,380 people . Its local government area is Litchfield Municipality . The town is a popular stopping point for tourists travelling between Darwin and Kakadu National Park , and boasts many attractions of its own . The main industries are agriculture and tourism ; however , most residents commute to Darwin or Palmerston for work , and many regard it as a dormitory town ."}]}, {'value': 'Litchfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Litchfield_Municipality', 'summary': 'The Litchfield Council is a local government area of the Northern Territory of Australia on the eastern and southeastern outskirts of the Darwin-Palmerston urban area . The municipality covers an area of 2,903 square kilometres ( 1,120.9 sq mi ) , and was created by the Northern Territory government on 6 September 1985 .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HS until 2007', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'State schools -- State high schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_the_Northern_Territory_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the Northern Territory of Australia. The Northern Territory education system traditionally consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6, and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 12.'}
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What major roadway is located to the north of the town that is home to Taminmin College ?
Arnhem Highway
08755389fe6810f0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_metres_steeplechase', 'title': '3000 metres steeplechase', 'header': ['Nation', 'Time', 'Athlete', 'Date', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': '7:53.63', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saif Saaeed Shaheen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saif_Saaeed_Shaheen', 'summary': "Saif Saaeed Shaheen ( Arabic : سيف سعيد شاهين ) , formerly Stephen Cherono ( born October 15 , 1982 ) , is a steeplechase runner . He was born in Keiyo , Kenya but now he represents Qatar . He currently holds the world record for 3000 metre steeplechase . He is a two time World Champion in the event . His older brother Abraham Cherono is also a steeplechase runner . He was the 1999 World Youth Champion in the steeplechase and set a world junior record two years later . He won the steeplechase at the 2002 Commonwealth Games for Kenya but switched allegiance to Qatar in 2003 . That year he became world champion in the event , although a dispute with the Kenyan Athletics Federation meant he was ineligible to compete at the 2004 Summer Olympics . He defeated that year 's Olympic champion , Ezekiel Kemboi , a month later with a world record run of 7:53.63 minutes . In the 2006 season he took the 3000 metres silver medal at the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships and also set a number of Asian records . He completed a 5000 m/steeplechase double at the 2006 IAAF World Cup . Serious injuries ruled him out from late 2006 to 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '3 September 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brussels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brussels', 'summary': 'Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '7:53.64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brimin Kipruto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brimin_Kipruto', 'summary': 'Brimin Kipruto ( born 31 July 1985 ) is a Kenyan middle distance runner who specialises in the 3000 metres steeplechase . He was born in Korkitony , Keiyo District . He holds a personal best of 7:53.64 minutes which is the second fastest time ever run , and the African Record . His personal best is only 0.01 of a second behind the world record of former county mate Saif Saaeed Shaheen , who switched national affiliation to Qatar after growing up as Stephen Cherono in the Keiyo District . He won a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics at the age of nineteen and improved to win the gold medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics four years later . A World Championships bronze medallist in 2005 , he took his first global title in the steeplechase with a win at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics .'}]}, {'value': '22 July 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monaco', 'summary': "Monaco ( /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔnako ] ) , officially the Principality of Monaco ( French : Principauté de Monaco ) , [ a ] is a sovereign city-state , country , and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe . France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea . Monaco is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the state border with Italy . Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 ( 0.78 sq mi ) , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican . Its population as of 2018 is 38,682 . With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 49,230/sq mi ) , it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world . Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km ( 3.40 mi ) , the world 's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km ( 2.38 mi ) ( regardless of the coastline paradox ) , and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m ( 5,577 and 1,145 ft ) . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel , in the Les Révoires Ward , which is 161 metres ( 528 feet ) above sea level . Monaco 's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins . Through land reclamation , Monaco 's land mass has expanded by 20 percent . In 2005 , it had an area of only 1.974 km2 ( 0.762 sq mi ) . Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws ."}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': '7:55.28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brahim Boulami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brahim_Boulami', 'summary': 'Brahim Boulami ( Arabic : ابراهيم بولامي ) ( born April 20 , 1972 in Safi ) is a Moroccan athlete who set two world records in the 3,000 meter steeplechase , 7:55.28 and 7:53.17 . The latter was overturned because he tested positive for the banned performance-enhancing drug EPO . Boulami was banned for two years in 2002 after the positive test . His time of 7:55.28 in the 3000 meter steeplechase from the year before the positive test is currently the fourth fastest ever run . His older brother Khalid Boulami is an Olympic bronze medalist .'}]}, {'value': '24 August 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brussels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brussels', 'summary': 'Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '8:00.09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahiedine Mekhissi Benabbad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahiedine_Mekhissi_Benabbad', 'summary': "Mahiedine Mekhissi-Benabbad ( born 15 March 1985 ) is a French middle-distance runner of Algerian descent who mainly competes in the 3000 metres steeplechase . He has won medals in major international competitions such as the Olympic Games , World Championships , European Championships and European Indoor Championships . Mekhissi-Benabbad has gained notoriety for pushing the event 's mascot after winning the 3000 meter steeplechase finals at the 2010 and 2012 European Championships ."}]}, {'value': '6 July 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint-Denis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stade_de_France', 'summary': "Stade de France ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ stad də fʁɑ̃s ] ) is the national stadium of France , located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis . Its seating capacity of 80,698 makes it the eighth-largest stadium in Europe . The stadium is used by the France national football team and French rugby union team for international competition . It is the largest in Europe for track and field events , seating 78,338 in that configuration . Despite that , the stadium 's running track is mostly hidden under the football pitch . Originally built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , the stadium 's name was recommended by Michel Platini , head of the organising committee . On 12 July 1998 , France defeated Brazil 3-0 in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final contested at the stadium . It will host the opening and closing ceremonies and the athletics events at the 2024 Summer Olympics . It will also host matches for the 2023 Rugby World Cup . Stade de France , listed as a Category 4 stadium by UEFA , hosted matches at the 1998 FIFA World Cup , the UEFA Champions League finals in 2000 and 2006 , and the 1999 and 2007 Rugby World Cup , making it the only stadium in the world to have hosted both a Football World Cup final and a rugby union World Cup final . It also hosted seven matches at UEFA Euro 2016 , including the final , where France lost to Portugal 1-0 after extra-time . The facility also hosted the Race of Champions auto race in 2004 , 2005 , and 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '8:00.45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evan Jager', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evan_Jager', 'summary': 'Evan Reese Jager ( born March 8 , 1989 ) is an American distance runner . He is the current North American record holder in the 3000 m steeplechase with a time of 8:00.45 , which makes him the 13th fastest performer in the history of the event . He is sponsored by Nike and is coached by Jerry Schumacher in the Bowerman Track Club . On August 17 , 2016 Evan won the silver medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics for the Steeplechase .'}]}, {'value': '4 July 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint-Denis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stade_de_France', 'summary': "Stade de France ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ stad də fʁɑ̃s ] ) is the national stadium of France , located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis . Its seating capacity of 80,698 makes it the eighth-largest stadium in Europe . The stadium is used by the France national football team and French rugby union team for international competition . It is the largest in Europe for track and field events , seating 78,338 in that configuration . Despite that , the stadium 's running track is mostly hidden under the football pitch . Originally built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , the stadium 's name was recommended by Michel Platini , head of the organising committee . On 12 July 1998 , France defeated Brazil 3-0 in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final contested at the stadium . It will host the opening and closing ceremonies and the athletics events at the 2024 Summer Olympics . It will also host matches for the 2023 Rugby World Cup . Stade de France , listed as a Category 4 stadium by UEFA , hosted matches at the 1998 FIFA World Cup , the UEFA Champions League finals in 2000 and 2006 , and the 1999 and 2007 Rugby World Cup , making it the only stadium in the world to have hosted both a Football World Cup final and a rugby union World Cup final . It also hosted seven matches at UEFA Euro 2016 , including the final , where France lost to Portugal 1-0 after extra-time . The facility also hosted the Race of Champions auto race in 2004 , 2005 , and 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Uganda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uganda', 'summary': "Uganda , officially the Republic of Uganda ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Uganda ; Luganda : Eggwanga Yuganda ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa . It is bordered to the east by Kenya , to the north by South Sudan , to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , to the south-west by Rwanda , and to the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , shared with Kenya and Tanzania . Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region . Uganda also lies within the Nile basin , and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate . Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom , which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country , including the capital Kampala . The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago , when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country . Beginning in 1894 , the area was ruled as a protectorate by the UK , who established administrative law across the territory . Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 . The period since then has been marked by violent conflicts , including an 8-year-long far right military dictatorship led by Idi Amin . Additionally , a lengthy civil war against the Lord 's Resistance Army in the Northern Region led by Joseph Kony , has caused hundreds of thousands of casualties . The official languages are English and Swahili , although any other language may be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other educational institutions or for legislative , administrative or judicial purposes as may be prescribed by law ."}]}, {'value': '8:03.81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Kiplagat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Kiplagat', 'summary': 'Benjamin Kiplagat ( 4 March 1989 , Magoro , Bukwo , Uganda ) is a Ugandan long-distance runner specializing in the 3000 metres steeplechase . Kiplagat took up running following the success of Boniface Kiprop , who is from the same village as Kiplagat , in the 2004 World Junior Championships . He began by competing in the 10,000 metres , but on the advice of his coach , he dropped down to the 1500 and 5000 m. He made his international debut at the 2006 World Cross Country Championships , having qualified by finishing 6th in the Ugandan Junior Cross Country Championships . That year he also qualified for the World Junior Championships . There , he set a new national junior record of 8:35.77 , which he then lowered to 8:34.14 in the final , where he finished 6th . In 2008 , he finished 4th in the World Cross Country Championships . That year , he lowered the Uganda record to 8:16.06 and then 8:14.29 before finishing second in the World Junior Championships . His 2009 season was disrupted by malaria and typhoid , but he still managed to further lower the Ugandan national record to 8:12.98 . He was again affect by malaria , and a boil on his leg , in 2010 , but again lowered the Ugandan record to 8:03.81 . He finished 4th at the 2010 Commonwealth Games .'}]}, {'value': '8 July 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lausanne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lausanne', 'summary': 'Lausanne ( /loʊˈzæn/ , also US : /loʊˈzɑːn/ , French : [ lozan ] , German : [ loˈzan ] ; Arpitan : Losena [ lɔˈzəna ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Losanna ; Romansh : Losanna ) is the capital city and biggest town of the canton of Vaud in Romandy , Switzerland . A municipality , it is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva ( French : Le/Lac Léman ) . It faces the French town of Évian-les-Bains , with the Jura Mountains to its north-west . Lausanne is located 62 kilometres ( 38.5 miles ) northeast of Geneva . The municipality Lausanne has a population of about 140,000 , making it the fourth largest city in Switzerland , with the entire agglomeration area having about 420,000 inhabitants ( as of January 2019 ) . The metropolitan area of Lausanne-Geneva ( including Vevey-Montreux , Yverdon-les-Bains , and foreign parts ) was over 1.2 million inhabitants in 2000 . Lausanne is a focus of international sport , hosting the International Olympic Committee ( which has recognized the city as the Olympic Capital since 1994 ) , the Court of Arbitration for Sport and some 55 international sport associations . It lies in a noted wine-growing region . The city has a 28-station metro system , making it the smallest city in the world to have a rapid transit system . Lausanne will host the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '8:04.95', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simon Vroemen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Vroemen', 'summary': 'Simon Frans Vroemen ( born 11 May 1969 in Delft , Zuid-Holland ) is a Dutch runner , specialising in the steeplechase .'}]}, {'value': '26 August 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brussels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brussels', 'summary': 'Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '8:05.69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Carro Morillo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 July 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monaco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '8:05.75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mustafa Mohamed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mustafa_Mohamed', 'summary': 'Mustafa Hassan Mohamed ( Somali : Mustafa Xasan Maxamed , Arabic : مصطفى حسن محمد ) ( born 1 March 1979 ) is a Somali-Swedish long-distance runner who mainly competes in the 3000 meter steeplechase .'}]}, {'value': '28 July 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heusden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heusden', 'summary': "Heusden ( [ ˈɦøːzdə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality and a town in the South of the Netherlands . It is located between the towns Waalwijk and 's-Hertogenbosch . The municipality of Heusden , including Herpt , Heesbeen , Hedikhuizen , Doeveren , and Oudheusden , merged with Drunen and Vlijmen in 1997 , giving the municipality its current form ."}]}, {'value': 'Bahrain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahrain', 'summary': "Bahrain ( /bɑːˈreɪn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : البحرين al-Baḥrayn Arabic pronunciation : [ al baħrajn ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain ( Arabic : مملكة البحرين Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn ) , is a sovereign state in the Persian Gulf . The island nation comprises a small archipelago centered around Bahrain Island , situated between the Qatar peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia , to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre ( 16 mi ) King Fahd Causeway . According to the most recent 2010 census , Bahrain 's population is over 1.2 million , of which around half are non-nationals . At 780 square kilometres ( 300 sq mi ) in size , it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore . The capital and largest city is Manama . Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization . It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries , which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century . Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to convert to Islam , in 628 AD . Following a period of Arab rule , Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in 1521 , who in turn were expelled in 1602 by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire . In 1783 , the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family , with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain 's first hakim . In the late 1800s , following successive treaties with the British , Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom . In 1971 , it declared independence ."}]}, {'value': '8:06.13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tareq Mubarak Taher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tareq_Mubarak_Taher', 'summary': 'Tareq Mubarak Taher , born as Dennis Kipkurui Sang ( Arabic : طارق مبارك طاهر , born 1 December 1986 ) , is a middle-distance runner who represents Bahrain after changing nationality from Kenya . His speciality is the 3000 metres steeplechase . His personal best time of 8:06.13 minutes is also the Bahraini national record , set on 13 July 2009 at the Athens Grand Prix Tsiklitiria .'}]}, {'value': '13 July 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '8:06.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roba Gari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roba_Gari', 'summary': 'Roba Gari ( Amharic : ሮባ ጋር ; born 12 April 1982 ) is an Ethiopian runner , who specializes in the 3000 metres steeplechase . He finished tenth at the 2007 World Championships , in his major international debut . His personal best time is 8:06.16 minutes , achieved at the IAAF Diamond League in May 2012 in Doha .'}]}, {'value': '11 May 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doha', 'summary': "Doha ( Arabic : الدوحة , ad-Dawḥa or ad-Dōḥa , pronounced [ adˈdawħa ] ) is the capital and most populous city of the State of Qatar . It has a population of 956,460 ( 2015 ) . The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country . It is Qatar 's fastest growing city , with over 80% of the nation 's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs , [ citation needed ] and it is also the economic centre of the country . Doha was founded in the 1820s as an offshoot of Al Bidda . It was officially declared as the country 's capital in 1971 , when Qatar gained independence from being a British Protectorate . As the commercial capital of Qatar and one of the emergent financial centres in the Middle East , Doha is considered a beta-level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Doha accommodates Education City , an area devoted to research and education . The city was host to the first ministerial-level meeting of the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations . It was also selected as host city of a number of sporting events , including the 2006 Asian Games , the 2011 Pan Arab Games and most of the games at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup . In December 2011 , the World Petroleum Council held the 20th World Petroleum Conference in Doha . Additionally , the city hosted the 2012 UNFCCC Climate Negotiations and is set to host many of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8:07.96', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Rowland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Rowland', 'summary': 'Mark Robert Rowland ( born 7 March 1963 in Watersfield , West Sussex , England ) is a male retired British track and field athlete , who was a bronze medallist at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul .'}]}, {'value': '30 September 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': 'Saudi Arabia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saudi_Arabia', 'summary': "Saudi Arabia , [ c ] officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , [ d ] is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula . With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2 ( 830,000 sq mi ) , Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia , the second-largest in the Arab world ( after Algeria ) , the fifth-largest in Asia , and the 12th-largest in the world . Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north , Kuwait to the northeast , Qatar , Bahrain , and the United Arab Emirates to the east , Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south ; it is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba . It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast , and most of its terrain consists of arid desert , lowland and mountains . As of October 2018 , the Saudi economy was the largest in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world . Saudi Arabia also has one of the world 's youngest populations ; 50 percent of its 33.4 million people are under 25 years old . The territory that now constitutes Saudi Arabia was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations . The prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity in the world . The world 's second-largest religion , Islam , emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia . In the early 7th century , the Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of Arabia and created a single Islamic religious polity . Following his death in 632 , his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia , conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory ( from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to modern-day Pakistan in the East ) in a matter of decades . Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun ( 632-661 ) , Umayyad ( 661-750 ) , Abbasid ( 750-1517 ) and Fatimid ( 909-1171 ) caliphates as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia , Africa and Europe ."}]}, {'value': '8:08.14', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Sa'ad Shaddad Al-Asmari", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sa'ad_Shaddad_Al-Asmari", 'summary': 'Saad Shaddad Al-Asmari ( Arabic : سعد شداد الأسمري ) ( born 24 September 1968 ) is a Saudi Arabian runner who specialized in the 3000 metres steeplechase . He has won five medals from the Asian Championships , three from the Arab Athletics Championships and a gold medal from the 1997 Asian Cross Country Championships .'}]}, {'value': '2002-07-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '8:08.57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francesco Panetta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francesco_Panetta', 'summary': 'Francesco Panetta ( born 10 January 1963 in Siderno ) is a former Italian long-distance runner , who won several medals at international championships in the 1980s .'}]}, {'value': '1989-09-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '8:09.11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronisław Malinowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronisław_Malinowski_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Bronisław Malinowski ( Polish pronunciation : [ brɔˈɲiswaf maliˈnɔfskʲi ] ; 4 June 1951 - 27 September 1981 ) was a Polish track and field athlete , who is best known for winning a gold medal in the 3000 m steeplechase race during the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow , Soviet Union and the silver four years earlier in Montreal . One year after his last Olympic appearance , Malinowski was killed in a car accident in Grudziądz , at the age of 30 .'}]}, {'value': '1976-07-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '8:09.48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damian Kallabis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damian_Kallabis', 'summary': 'Damian Kallabis ( born 10 June 1973 in Gliwice , Poland ) is a retired German runner who specialized in the 3000 metres steeplechase . In 1997 his personal best time was 8:37.35 minutes . The next year he sensationally won the European Championships , lowering his personal best time to 8:13.10 minutes . He then won the steeplechase event at the 1998 IAAF World Cup . In August 1999 he ran in 8:09.48 minutes in Zurich , beating the old German record of Hagen Melzer . This German record still stands . He finished fourth at the World Championships the same year , and fifteenth at the 2000 Summer Olympics . He became German steeplechase champion in 1998 and 2000 , representing the team SCC Berlin . He later switched team to VfB Stuttgart .'}]}, {'value': '1999-08-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zürich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zürich', 'summary': "Zürich ( German : Zürich ; French : Zurich ; Italian : Zurigo ; Romansh : Turitg ) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich . It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich . The municipality has approximately 430,000 inhabitants , the urban area ( agglomeration ) 1.315 million and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million . Zürich is a hub for railways , roads , and air traffic . Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country . Permanently settled for over 2,000 years , Zürich was founded by the Romans , who , in 15 BC , called it Turicum . However , early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years ( although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early ) . During the Middle Ages , Zürich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and , in 1519 , became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli . The official language of Zürich is German , [ a ] but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Zürich German . Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city , including the Swiss National Museum , the Kunsthaus and newer Theater 11 in Oerlikon . Schauspielhaus Zürich is one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world . Zürich is among the world 's largest financial centres despite having a relatively small population ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '8:10.01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Van Dijck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Van_Dijck', 'summary': 'William Van Dijck ( born 24 January 1961 ) is a Belgian former athlete , primarily active on the 3000m steeplechase .'}]}, {'value': '1986-09-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brussels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brussels', 'summary': 'Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city .'}]}, {'value': 'Algeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algeria', 'summary': 'Algeria ( /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) al-JEER-ee-ə ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast . With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres ( 919,595 sq mi ) , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in the African Union and Arab World . With an estimated population of over 42 million , it is among the ten most populous states in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . It is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Zayyanids , Spaniards , Ottomans and , finally , the French colonial empire . Algeria is a regional and middle power . It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent , based largely on energy exports . Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa , supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget .'}]}, {'value': '8:10.23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laid Bessou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laid_Bessou', 'summary': "Laïd Bessou ( born 5 February 1976 ) is a retired Algerian runner who specialized in the men 's 3000 metres steeplechase . He competed in the men 's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2000 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '2000-08-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monaco', 'summary': "Monaco ( /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔnako ] ) , officially the Principality of Monaco ( French : Principauté de Monaco ) , [ a ] is a sovereign city-state , country , and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe . France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea . Monaco is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the state border with Italy . Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 ( 0.78 sq mi ) , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican . Its population as of 2018 is 38,682 . With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 49,230/sq mi ) , it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world . Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km ( 3.40 mi ) , the world 's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km ( 2.38 mi ) ( regardless of the coastline paradox ) , and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m ( 5,577 and 1,145 ft ) . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel , in the Les Révoires Ward , which is 161 metres ( 528 feet ) above sea level . Monaco 's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins . Through land reclamation , Monaco 's land mass has expanded by 20 percent . In 2005 , it had an area of only 1.974 km2 ( 0.762 sq mi ) . Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '8:10.46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun Ripeng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Ripeng', 'summary': 'Sun Ripeng ( Chinese : 孙日鹏 ; born 25 January 1974 in Zhuanghe , Liaoning province ) is a Chinese former track and field athlete who specialised in the 3000 metres steeplechase . He was the gold medallist at the 1994 Asian Games . His personal best of 8:10.46 minutes is the Chinese record for the steeplechase . He was a silver medallist at the 1993 East Asian Games and a 5000 metres bronze medallist at the Asian Games . He was a two-time winner of the National Games of China steeplechase , and also a two-time 5000 m national champion .'}]}, {'value': '1997-10-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai', 'summary': "Shanghai ( Chinese : 上海 ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ ] ( listen ) , Putonghua pronunciation : [ ʂâŋ.xài ] ( listen ) ) is one of the four municipalities of the People 's Republic of China . It is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze , and the Huangpu River flows through it . With a population of 24.2 million as of 2018 [ update ] , it is the most populous urban area in China and the second most populous city proper in the world . Shanghai is a global center for finance , innovation , and transportation , and the Port of Shanghai is the world 's busiest container port . Originally a fishing village and market town , Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and its favorable port location . The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade after the First Opium War . The Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession were subsequently established . The city then flourished , becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s . During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the city was the site of the major Battle of Shanghai . After the war , with the CPC takeover of mainland China in 1949 , trade was limited to other socialist countries , and the city 's global influence declined . In the 1990s , economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense redevelopment of the city , especially the Pudong district , aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city . The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance ; it is the home of the Shanghai Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization , and the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone , the first free-trade zone in China ."}]}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': '8:10.67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jukka Keskisalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jukka_Keskisalo', 'summary': 'Jukka Pekka Sakari Keskisalo ( born 27 March 1981 ) is a Finnish athlete competing in 3000 m steeplechase and 1500 m. He won the 3000 m steeplechase at the 2006 European Championships in Athletics in Gothenburg and was also an Olympian in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '2009-08-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zurich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zurich', 'summary': "Zürich ( German : Zürich ; French : Zurich ; Italian : Zurigo ; Romansh : Turitg ) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich . It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich . The municipality has approximately 430,000 inhabitants , the urban area ( agglomeration ) 1.315 million and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million . Zürich is a hub for railways , roads , and air traffic . Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country . Permanently settled for over 2,000 years , Zürich was founded by the Romans , who , in 15 BC , called it Turicum . However , early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years ( although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early ) . During the Middle Ages , Zürich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and , in 1519 , became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli . The official language of Zürich is German , [ a ] but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Zürich German . Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city , including the Swiss National Museum , the Kunsthaus and newer Theater 11 in Oerlikon . Schauspielhaus Zürich is one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world . Zürich is among the world 's largest financial centres despite having a relatively small population ."}]}], 'section_title': 'National records -- Men', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '3000_metres_steeplechase_2', 'intro': 'The 3000 metres steeplechase or 3000-meter steeplechase is the most common distance for the steeplechase in track and field. It is an obstacle race over the distance of the 3000 metres, which derives its name from the horse racing steeplechase.'}
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Which Olympics did the runner with a time of 7:53.64 in the 3000 metres steeplechase event on 22 July 2011 win a gold medal ?
2008 Beijing Olympics
08757b516ef4a92e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign-born_Medal_of_Honor_recipients', 'title': 'List of foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients', 'header': ['Name', 'Country of birth', 'Rank', 'Branch', 'Place of action', 'Date of action'], 'data': [{'value': 'James Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Anderson_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'James Anderson ( May 28 , 1849 - May 31 , 1918 ) , born James Anderson Smythe , was a Canadian-born soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 6th U.S. Cavalry during the Texas-Indian Wars . He was one of six men received the Medal of Honor for gallantry against a hostile band of Plains Indians at the Wichita River in Texas on October 5 , 1870 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Near Wichita River , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wichita_River', 'summary': 'The Wichita River ( /ˈwɪtʃɪtɔː/ WITCH-i-taw ) , part of the Red River watershed , lies in north-central Texas . Rising in northeastern Knox County at the confluence of its North and South Forks , the river flows 90 miles ( 140 km ) northeast across Baylor , Archer , Wichita , and Clay counties before joining the Red River just west of Byers Bend in northern Clay County . The Texan Santa Fe Expedition crossed the river at the site of present-day Wichita Falls in 1841 and found a large Wichita Indian village at the site ; the river was later named after the tribe . Today , the largest human settlement on the river is the city of Wichita Falls , which was named after a five-foot waterfall on the river that later washed away in a flood in 1886 . The city after nearly 100 years of visitors wanting to visit the non-existent falls built an artificial waterfall beside the river in Lucy Park . The recreated falls are 54 feet ( 16 m ) high and recirculate at 3,500 gallons per minute . They are visible to south-bound traffic on Interstate 44 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'October 5 , 1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Barrett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Barrett_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'First Sergeant Richard Barrett ( 1838 - March 20 , 1898 ) was an Irish-born American soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment during the Indian Wars . He was awarded the Medal of Honor during the Apache Wars when he voluntarily led a charge against a group of hostile Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon on May 23 , 1872 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Sergeant', 'summary': 'First sergeant is typically a senior non-commissioned officer rank , used in many countries . In NATO armed forces the rank is on OR8 level .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Sycamore Canyon , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sycamore_Canyon', 'summary': 'Sycamore Canyon is the second largest canyon in the Arizona redrock country , after Oak Creek Canyon . The 21-mile ( 34 km ) long scenic canyon reaches a maximum width of about 7 miles ( 11 km ) . It is in North Central Arizona bordering and below the Mogollon Rim , and is located west and northwest of Sedona in Yavapai and Coconino counties .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James J . Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_J._Bell', 'summary': 'James Joseph Bell ( July 1 , 1845 - June 1 , 1901 ) was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars . His name is sometimes incorrectly given as James M. Bell .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Horn , Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'July 9 , 1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frederick Bergendahl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Bergendahl', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Staked Plains , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staked_Plains', 'summary': 'The Llano Estacado ( Spanish : [ ˈʝano estaˈkaðo ] ) , commonly known as the Staked Plains , is a region in the Southwestern United States that encompasses parts of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas . One of the largest mesas or tablelands on the North American continent , the elevation rises from 3,000 feet ( 900 m ) in the southeast to over 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) in the northwest , sloping almost uniformly at about 10 feet per mile ( 1.9 m/km ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'December 8 , 1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Bratling *', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corporal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal', 'summary': "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Selden , New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Selden', 'summary': 'Fort Selden was a United States Army post , occupying the area in what is now Radium Springs , New Mexico . The site was long a campground along the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro . It was the site of a Confederate Army camp in 1861 . The U. S. Army established Fort Selden in 1865 for the purpose of protecting westward settlers from Native American raids , the post fell into disrepair after the American Civil War . It was ultimately abandoned in 1891 , due in large part to the decision to expand Fort Bliss and the lack of any expenditures for repair of the facility .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico', 'summary': "New Mexico ( Spanish : Nuevo México Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈnweβo ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) , Navajo : Yootó Hahoodzo pronounced [ jòːtxó xɑ̀xʷòːtsò ] ) is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States of America ; its capital and cultural center is Santa Fe , which was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo México ( itself established as a province of New Spain in 1598 ) , while its largest city is Albuquerque with its accompanying metropolitan area . It is one of the Mountain States and shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and Arizona . New Mexico is also bordered by the state of Texas to the east-southeast , Oklahoma to the northeast , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua to the south and Sonora to the southwest . With an estimated population of 2,096,829 as of the July 1 , 2019 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , New Mexico is the 36th largest state by population . With a total area of 121,592 sq mi ( 314,920 km2 ) , it is the fifth-largest and sixth-least densely populated of the 50 states . Due to their geographic locations , northern and eastern New Mexico exhibit a colder , alpine climate , while western and southern New Mexico exhibit a warmer , arid climate . The economy of New Mexico is dependent on oil drilling , mineral extraction , dryland farming , cattle ranching , lumber milling , and retail trade . As of 2018 , its total gross domestic product ( GDP ) was $ 101 billion with a GDP per capita of $ 45,465 . New Mexico 's status as a tax haven yields low to moderate personal income taxes on residents and military personnel , and gives tax credits and exemptions to favorable industries . Because of this , its film industry has grown and contributed $ 1.23 billion to its overall economy . Due to its large area and economic climate , New Mexico has a large U.S. military presence marked notably with the White Sands Missile Range . Various U.S. national security agencies base their research and testing arms in New Mexico such as the Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratories ."}]}, {'value': 'July 8 , 1873 - July 11 , 1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Brogan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Brogan_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Edward James Brogan ( 1834 - October 30 , 1908 ) was a United States Army soldier who served in the American Indian Wars . He received the Medal of Honor for his service . Brogan was born in County Donegal , Ireland , and later moved to Summit Hill , Pennsylvania . He joined the army in January 1864 , and served with the 21st Pennsylvania Cavalry during the American Civil War . By the time of his Medal of Honor action , he was serving as a sergeant in the 6th Cavalry Regiment .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Simon Valley , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': 'December 14 , 1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oscar Burkard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Burkard', 'summary': 'Oscar Rudolph Burkard ( December 21 , 1877 - February 18 , 1950 ) was a German-American soldier who served in the U.S. Army during the Indian Wars and World War I . In 1899 , he received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Sugar Point . Aside from being the only non-combatant to be decorated from that engagement , Burkard was also the last man to receive the medal during the Indian Wars .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Near Leech Lake , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leech_Lake', 'summary': 'Leech Lake is a lake located in north central Minnesota , United States . It is southeast of Bemidji , located mainly within the Leech Lake Indian Reservation , and completely within the Chippewa National Forest . It is used as a reservoir . The lake is the third largest in Minnesota , covering 102,947.83 acres ( 416.6151 km2 ) with 195 miles ( 314 km ) of shoreline and has a maximum depth of 156 feet ( 48 m ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 5 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmond Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmond_Butler', 'summary': 'Edmund or Edmond Butler ( March 19 , or September 19 , 1827 - August 21 , 1895 ) was a U.S. Army officer who served with the Union Army during the American Civil War and later became a prominent Indian fighter in the Northern Plains , Rocky Mountains and southwest United States in the post-Civil War era . In 1894 , he was awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry against the Sioux and Cheyenne at Battle of Wolf Mountain .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Wolf Mountains , Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolf_Mountains', 'summary': 'The Wolf Mountains , el . 4,842 feet ( 1,476 m ) , sometimes referred to by local people as the Rosebud Mountains , and also known to the Crow Indians as the Wolf Teeth Mountains , are a mountain range east of Lodge Grass , Montana in Big Horn County , Montana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'January 8 , 1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denis Byrne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Byrne_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Denis Byrne ( 1833 - December 31 , 1905 ) was an Irish-born soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 5th U.S. Infantry during the Indian Wars . He was among the 31 soldiers who received the Medal of Honor for during General Nelson A . Miles winter campaign against the Sioux Indians in the Montana Territory between October 1876 and January 1877 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Cedar Creek , Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'October 1876 - January 1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas J. Callan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_J._Callan', 'summary': 'Thomas Joseph Callan ( July 12 , 1853 - May 5 , 1908 ) was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his bravery during the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Little Bighorn , Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn', 'summary': "The Battle of the Little Bighorn , known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer 's Last Stand , was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army . The battle , which resulted in the defeat of U.S. forces , was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876 . It took place on June 25-26 , 1876 , along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory . The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho , who were led by several major war leaders , including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall , and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull ( Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake ) . The U.S. 7th Cavalry , a force of 700 men , suffered a major defeat while under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer ( formerly a brevetted major general during the American Civil War ) . Five of the 7th Cavalry 's twelve companies were annihilated and Custer was killed , as were two of his brothers , a nephew and a brother-in-law . The total U.S. casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded ( six died later from their wounds ) , :244 including four Crow Indian scouts and at least two Arikara Indian scouts . Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle . Libbie Custer , Custer 's widow , soon worked to burnish her husband 's memory , and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic , even heroic , figures in American history . The battle , and Custer 's actions in particular , have been studied extensively by historians . Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument honors those who fought on both sides ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'June 25 , 1876 - June 26 , 1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Connor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Connor_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': "John Connor ( January 1 , 1845 - February 5 , 1907 ) was an American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the American Indian Wars Connor was born January 1 , 1845 and after joining the United States Army from Jefferson , Texas in July 1869 was assigned to Company H , 6th Cavalry Regiment in the American Indian Wars . He participated in combat in Texas on the Wichita River on July 12 , 1870 , and received the Medal of Honor for what was described as gallantry in action there . He was promoted Sergeant the following December , and was discharged in July 1874 . He re-enlisted in January 1875 , joining the 2nd Artillery Regiment , and served until December 1890 . He died on February 5 , 1907 and is buried in the United States Soldiers ' and Airmen 's Home National Cemetery , Washington , D.C. His grave can be found in section K-7258 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corporal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal', 'summary': "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Near Wichita River , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wichita_River', 'summary': 'The Wichita River ( /ˈwɪtʃɪtɔː/ WITCH-i-taw ) , part of the Red River watershed , lies in north-central Texas . Rising in northeastern Knox County at the confluence of its North and South Forks , the river flows 90 miles ( 140 km ) northeast across Baylor , Archer , Wichita , and Clay counties before joining the Red River just west of Byers Bend in northern Clay County . The Texan Santa Fe Expedition crossed the river at the site of present-day Wichita Falls in 1841 and found a large Wichita Indian village at the site ; the river was later named after the tribe . Today , the largest human settlement on the river is the city of Wichita Falls , which was named after a five-foot waterfall on the river that later washed away in a flood in 1886 . The city after nearly 100 years of visitors wanting to visit the non-existent falls built an artificial waterfall beside the river in Lucy Park . The recreated falls are 54 feet ( 16 m ) high and recirculate at 3,500 gallons per minute . They are visible to south-bound traffic on Interstate 44 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Evans_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'William Evans ( 1853 - November 26 , 1893 ) was an Irish-born soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 7th U.S. Infantry during the Black Hills War . He participated in campaigns against the Sioux in the Montana Territory and , at Big Horn from July 9-14 , 1876 , volunteered to deliver critical dispatches between Generals George Crook and Alfred Terry . He later received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Horn , Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'July 9 , 1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Falcott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Falcott', 'summary': 'Henry Falcott ( 1835 - December 2 , 1910 ) was a French-born soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 8th U.S. Cavalry during the Apache Wars . He was one of thirty-four men received the Medal of Honor for gallantry in several battles against the Apache Indians in the Arizona Territory from August to October 1868 .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona Territory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Territory', 'summary': 'The Territory of Arizona ( also known as Arizona Territory ) was a territory of the United States that existed from February 24 , 1863 until February 14 , 1912 , when the remaining extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Arizona . It was created from the western half of the New Mexico Territory during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'August - October 1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Farren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Farren', 'summary': 'Private Daniel Farren ( born 1848 - unknown ) was an Irish-born soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 8th U.S. Cavalry during the Apache Wars . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry fighting the Apache Indians in the Black Mountains of Arizona from August to October 1868 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona Territory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Territory', 'summary': 'The Territory of Arizona ( also known as Arizona Territory ) was a territory of the United States that existed from February 24 , 1863 until February 14 , 1912 , when the remaining extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Arizona . It was created from the western half of the New Mexico Territory during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'August - October 1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Fegan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Fegan', 'summary': "Sergeant James Fegan ( 1827 - June 25 , 1886 ) was an American soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 2nd and 3rd U.S. Infantry during the American Civil War , and Indian Wars . In March 1868 , while escorting a powder train en route from Fort Harker to Fort Dodge , Kansas , he single-handedly prevented a mob from blowing up the train to free an army deserter . For his efforts , he received the Medal of Honor . Fegan was popular and well known in the military during his lifetime . He was especially noted for his shrewdness and humor , having many colorful stories and anecdotes attributed to him . President Chester A. Arthur spoke of him in a special message to the United States Congress in 1882 . His life and career were among several prominent officers profiled by author Theo F. Rodenbough in his books Uncle Sam 's Medal of Honor ( 1886 ) and Sabre and Bayonet : Stories of Heroism and Military Adventure ( 1897 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Plum Creek , Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'March 1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hermann Fichter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermann_Fichter', 'summary': 'Hermann Emil Fichter ( March 30 , 1845 - August 5 , 1912 ) was an American soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 3rd U.S. Cavalry during the Apache Wars . He was one of five men received the Medal of Honor for gallantry battling the Apache Indians in the Whetstone Mountains of Arizona on May 5 , 1871 .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Whetstone Mountains , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whetstone_Mountains', 'summary': 'The Whetstone Mountains is a mountain range in Cochise County , southeastern Arizona .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': 'May 5 , 1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John H. Foley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_H._Foley', 'summary': 'Sergeant John H. Foley ( 1839 - November 18 , 1874 ) was an Irish-born soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 3rd U.S. Cavalry during the Indian Wars . He was one of four men received the Medal of Honor for gallantry in leading an attack against the Sioux Indians near Loupe Fork of the Platte River in Nebraska on April 26 , 1872 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Near Platte River , Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Platte_River', 'summary': 'The Platte River /plæt/ is a major river in the state of Nebraska and is about 310 mi ( 500 km ) long . Measured to its farthest source via its tributary the North Platte River , it flows for over 1,050 miles ( 1,690 km ) . The Platte River is a tributary of the Missouri River , which itself is a tributary of the Mississippi River which flows to the Gulf of Mexico . The Platte over most of its length is a muddy , broad , shallow , meandering stream with a swampy bottom and many islands - a braided stream . These characteristics made it too difficult for canoe travel , and it was never used as a major navigation route by European-American trappers or explorers . [ citation needed ] The Platte is one of the most significant tributary systems in the watershed of the Missouri , draining a large portion of the central Great Plains in Nebraska and the eastern Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming . The river valley played an important role in the westward expansion of the United States , providing the route for several major emigrant trails , including the Oregon , California , Mormon and Bozeman trails . The first Europeans to see the Platte were French explorers and fur trappers about 1714 ; they first called it the Nebraskier ( Nebraska ) , a transliteration of the name given by the Otoe people , meaning flat water . This expression is very close to the French words rivière plate ( flat river ) , the probable origin of the name Platte River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nebraska', 'summary': "Nebraska /nəˈbræskə/ ( listen ) is a state that lies in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States . It is bordered by South Dakota to the north ; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast , both across the Missouri River ; Kansas to the south ; Colorado to the southwest ; and Wyoming to the west . It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state . Nebraska 's area is just over 77,220 square miles ( 200,000 km2 ) with a population of almost 1.9 million people . Its state capital is Lincoln , and its largest city is Omaha , which is on the Missouri River . Indigenous peoples , including Omaha , Missouria , Ponca , Pawnee , Otoe , and various branches of the Lakota ( Sioux ) tribes , lived in the region for thousands of years before European exploration . The state is crossed by many historic trails , including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Nebraska was admitted as the 37th state of the United States in 1867 . It is the only state in the United States whose legislature is unicameral and officially nonpartisan . Nebraska is composed of two major land regions : the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains . The Dissected Till Plains region consist of gently rolling hills and contains the state 's largest cities , Omaha and Lincoln . The Great Plains region , occupying most of western Nebraska , is characterized by treeless prairie , suitable for cattle-grazing ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas Foran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_Foran', 'summary': 'Sergeant Nicholas Sam Foran ( June 3 , 1844 - September 29 , 1927 ) was an American soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 8th U.S. Cavalry during the Apache Wars . He was one of thirty-four men who received the Medal of Honor for gallantry in several engagements against the Apache Indians in the Arizona Territory from August to October 1868 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona Territory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Territory', 'summary': 'The Territory of Arizona ( also known as Arizona Territory ) was a territory of the United States that existed from February 24 , 1863 until February 14 , 1912 , when the remaining extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Arizona . It was created from the western half of the New Mexico Territory during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'August - October 1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Foster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Foster_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Sergeant William Foster ( 1832 - July 16 , 1880 ) was a British-born soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 4th U.S. Cavalry during the Texas-Indian Wars . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry against the Comanche Indians at the Red River in Texas on September 29 , 1872 .'}]}, {'value': 'England , United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Near Red River , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South', 'summary': 'The Red River , or sometimes the Red River of the South , is a major river in the Southern United States . It was named for the red-bed country of its watershed . It is one of several rivers with that name . Although it was once a tributary of the Mississippi River , the Red River is now a tributary of the Atchafalaya River , a distributary of the Mississippi that flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico . It is connected to the Mississippi River by the Old River Control Structure . The south bank of the Red River formed part of the US-Mexico border from the Adams-Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . The Red River is the second-largest river basin in the southern Great Plains . It rises in two branches in the Texas Panhandle and flows east , where it acts as the border between the states of Texas and Oklahoma . It forms a short border between Texas and Arkansas before entering Arkansas , turning south near Fulton , Arkansas , and flowing into Louisiana , where it flows into the Atchafalaya River . The total length of the river is 1,360 miles ( 2,190 km ) , with a mean flow of over 57,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,600 m3/s ) at the mouth . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'September 29 , 1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Freemeyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Freemeyer', 'summary': 'Private Christopher Freemeyer ( 1838 - October 14 , 1894 ) was a German-born soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 5th U.S. Infantry during the Indian Wars . He was one of thirty-one men who received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during General Nelson A . Miles campaign against the Sioux Indians in the Montana Territory from October 1876 to January 1877 .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Cedar Creek , Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'October 21 , 1876 - January 8 , 1877', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Indian Wars', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_foreign-born_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_2', 'intro': 'The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously. Although Medals of Honor can be awarded only to members of the U.S. armed forces, being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite for eligibility to receive the medal. Since the American Civil War, hundreds of people born outside the United States have received the medal, the most recent of these recipients being Pedro Cano and Jesus S. Duran who received their medals in March 2014 for actions performed during World War II and the Vietnam War respectively. The large number of foreign-born recipients during the 19th and early 20th centuries was mostly due to immigration waves from Europe.'}
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The last sergeant to have won the honor served with what unit ?
4th U.S. Cavalry
08777cfcf65e8b5e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Southeast_Asian_people_by_net_worth', 'title': 'List of Southeast Asian people by net worth', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Age', 'Country', 'Worth ( USD )', 'Residence'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Kuok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Kuok', 'summary': "Robert Kuok Hock Nien ( simplified Chinese : 郭鹤年 ; traditional Chinese : 郭鶴年 ; pinyin : Guō Hènián ; born 6 October 1923 ) , is a Malaysian business magnate and investor . According to Forbes , his net worth is estimated at $ 12.8 billion as of March 2019 , making him the wealthiest person in Malaysia and 104th wealthiest in the world . As of April 2019 , according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index , Kuok has an estimated net worth of $ 18.4 billion , making him the 53rd richest person in the world . Robert Kuok is media-shy ; most of his businesses are privately held by him or his family . Apart from a multitude of businesses in Malaysia , his companies have investments in many countries throughout Asia . His business interests range from sugarcane plantations ( Perlis Plantations Bhd ) , sugar refineries , flour milling , animal feed , oil , mining , finance , hotel ( Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts ) , property , trading , freight and publishing . His biggest source of wealth is a stake in Wilmar International , the world 's largest listed palm oil trader company ."}]}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '12.4 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susilo Wonowidjojo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susilo_Wonowidjojo', 'summary': "Susilo Wonowidjojo is an Indonesian billionaire businessman . Wonowidjojo was born Cai Daoping ( 蔡道平 ) in Kediri , East Java to a prominent Chinese Indonesian ( Hokchia totok ) family . He is the son of Surya Wonowidjojo , founder of Gudang Garam , a major Indonesian kretek ( clove cigarette ) manufacturer . Mr. Susilo Wonowidjojo has been the President Director of PT Gudang Garam Tbk since June 2009 . Mr. Wonowidjojo served as Vice-President Director at PT Gudang Garam Tbk . He has been a Director of PT Gudang Garam Tbk since 1976 . With family , owns Gudang Garam , country 's largest clove cigarette maker ; name means salt warehouse . Shares hit 4-year high in wake of big deal in which British American Tobacco bought majority stake in its rival Bentoel International . Susilo was named president in June , replacing nonfamily member who left in February . He and brother Sumarto sit on company 's board while sister Juni Setiawati is a company commissioner . Brother Rachman Halim ran business until his 2008 death ."}]}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '10,5 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ananda Krishnan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ananda_Krishnan', 'summary': "Tatparanandam Ananda Krishnan ( Tamil : த . ஆனந்தகிருஷ்ணன் ) ( born 1 April 1938 ) is a Malaysian businessman and philanthropist , the Chairman of Usaha Tegas Sdn Bhd and founder of Yu Cai Foundation ( YCF ) . Nicknamed A.K. , currently [ update ] he is estimated to have a net worth of US $ 7.1 billion according to Forbes ' latest annual list of wealthiest people , making him the third-wealthiest in Malaysia and number 217 in the world . Ananda Krishnan shuns public exposure and is known to maintain a low profile for a person of his stature . The Central Bureau of Investigation of India sought arrest warrants for Ananda Krishnan for money laundering and was involved with financing the controversial 1MDB ."}]}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '9.9 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Sy & Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Sy', 'summary': "Henry Tan Chi Sieng Sy Sr. ( Chinese : 施至成 ; pinyin : Shī Zhìchéng ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Si Chì-sêng ; October 15 , 1924 - January 19 , 2019 ) was a Filipino business magnate , investor , and philanthropist known for his involvement in the Philippines ' retail industry . Born in Fujian , he moved with his family to the Philippines at age 12 . While his family returned to China , he stayed behind and founded ShoeMart , a small Manilla shoe store , in 1958 . Over the decades he developed ShoeMart into SM Investments , one of the largest conglomerates in the Philippines , including 77 SM malls in the Philippines and China , 62 department stores , 56 supermarkets and over 200 grocery stores . SM also owns Banco de Oro , the second-largest bank in the Philippines , and real estate holdings/ For eleven straight years until his death , Sy was named by Forbes as the richest person in the Philippines . Upon his death on January 19 , 2019 , his estimated net worth amounted to US $ 19 billion , making him the 53rd-richest person in the world ."}]}, {'value': '87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '9.1 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ng & Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ng_Teng_Fong', 'summary': 'Ng Teng Fong ( simplified Chinese : 黄廷芳 ; traditional Chinese : 黃廷芳 ; pinyin : Huáng Tíngfāng ; 24 August 1928 - 2 February 2010 ) was a Singaporean real estate tycoon with a major presence in Hong Kong . He is the father of Robert Ng . In 1997 , Forbes listed the two as the 30th richest people in the world .'}]}, {'value': '84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '8.9 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eka Tjipta Widjaja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eka_Tjipta_Widjaja', 'summary': 'Eka Tjipta Widjaja ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ ˈeka ˈtʃipta wiˈdʒaja ] ; ca . 1921 [ a ] -2019 , born in Quanzhou , China as Oei Ėk-Tjhong ( Chinese : 黃奕聰 ; pinyin : Huáng Yìcōng ) , was a Chinese-Indonesian business magnate who founded the Sinar Mas Group , one of the largest conglomerates in Indonesia . Immigrated to Indonesia with his family when he was a child , he traded copra in mid 1950s , moved into palm oil industry soon after , started a paper factory in the 1970s , and then entered financial services in the 1980s . At the time of his death , Sinar Mas has interests in paper , real estate , financial services , agribusiness , and telecom with holdings primarily in Indonesia , Singapore , Malaysia , and China , while Widjaja was listed by Forbes as the third richest person in Indonesia with a net worth of approximately US $ 8.6 Billion .'}]}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '8 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dhanin Chearavanont & Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhanin_Chearavanont', 'summary': "Dhanin Chearavanont or Chia Kok Min ( Thai : ธนินท์ เจียรวนนท์ , Chinese : 谢国民 ; pinyin : Xiè Guómín ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chhía2 Kok1-Mín5 ) ( born 1939 ) is a Thai-Chinese billionaire businessman , based in Bangkok . He is the senior chairman of CP Group , Thailand 's largest private company . Dhanin is head of the Chearavanont family , which was ranked by Forbes Asia in 2017 as Asia 's fourth-wealthiest family with a net worth of US $ 36.6 billion ."}]}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '7.4 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khoo & Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khoo', 'summary': 'Qiū is the Hanyu Pinyin transliteration of the Chinese family names 丘 , 邱 , and 秋 . They may be transliterated in various forms , as :'}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '6.7 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Kim Hua & family', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '6.5 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Shin Cheng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Shin_Cheng', 'summary': "Lee Shin Cheng ( 3 June 1939 - 1 June 2019 ) was a Malaysian business magnate , investor , and philanthropist . Lee Shin Cheng heads IOI Corporation Berhad , better known as IOI Group , as its executive chairman . IOI , which is listed on the Malaysian Stock Exchange or Bursa Malaysia , is a conglomerate managing oil palm plantations , producing specialty fats and oleochemicals , and developing property in Malaysia , Indonesia , the United States , and Europe . The IOI refinery in Rotterdam , Netherlands is the largest palm oil refinery in Europe . IOI 's oil palm plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia produce palm oil and palm kernel oil . These oils are made into specialty oils , metallic stearates and fats that are used in soaps , detergents , cosmetics and food additives . IOI Group is a leading real estate developer in Malaysia . Projects include townships , shopping malls , condominiums , office towers , and resorts ."}]}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '5.2 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teh Hong Piow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teh_Hong_Piow', 'summary': 'Teh Hong Piow ( simplified Chinese : 郑鸿标 ; traditional Chinese : 鄭鴻標 ; pinyin : Zhèng Hóng Biāo ) is the founder and Chairman of Public Bank Berhad in Malaysia . Teh is one of three individuals in Malaysia who are permitted to hold a stake of more than 10% in a domestic financial institution .'}]}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '5 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chaleo Yoovidhya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaleo_Yoovidhya', 'summary': 'Chaleo Yoovidhya ( Thai : เฉลียว อยู่วิทยา , RTGS : Chaliao Yuwitthaya , pronounced [ t͡ɕʰā.lǐa̯w jùː.wít.tʰā.jāː ] ; 17 August 1923 - 17 March 2012 ) was a Thai businessman and investor . He was the originator of Krating Daeng ( กระทิงแดง ) and was co-creator of the Red Bull brands of energy drinks . At the time of his death in 2012 at the age of 88 , he was listed as the third-richest person in Thailand , with an estimated net worth of US $ 5 billion .'}]}, {'value': '79', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '5 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charoen_Sirivadhanabhakdi', 'summary': "Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi ( Thai : เจริญ สิริวัฒนภักดี ; RTGS : Charoen Siriwatthanaphakdi ; born 2 May 1944 ) is a Thai billionaire businessman . He is the founder of Thai Beverage , the chairman of conglomerate TCC Group and Fraser and Neave , Ltd ( F & N ) . Sirivadhanabhakdi family is now Thailand 's largest property developer and landlord of 630,000 rai ( 100,800 hectares ) , plus commercial and retail buildings in Singapore . He also owns 50 hotels in Asia , the US , UK , and Australia , including Plaza Athénée in Manhattan and The Okura Prestige Bangkok . In 1988 , King Bhumibol of Thailand granted the family the name Sirivadhanabhakdi ."}]}, {'value': '67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '4.8 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucio Tan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucio_Tan', 'summary': 'Lucio C. Tan , Sr. ( simplified Chinese : 陈永栽 ; traditional Chinese : 陳永栽 ; pinyin : Chén Yǒngzāi ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tân Éng-chai ; born July 17 , 1934 ) is a Chinese Filipino billionaire businessman and educator with interests in banking , airline , liquor , tobacco , real estate industries , and education . In 2013 , Forbes magazine listed him as the second richest billionaire from the Philippines with a net worth of $ 7.5 billion .'}]}, {'value': '77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '4.5 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chirathivat & family', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '4.3 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quek Leng Chan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quek_Leng_Chan', 'summary': "Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan ( simplified Chinese : 郭令灿 ; traditional Chinese : 郭令燦 ; pinyin : Guō Lìng Càn ; born 1941 ) is a Malaysian tycoon who co-founded Hong Leong Group Malaysia . He is one of the richest men in Malaysia . In 2018 , Quek Leng Chan ranked # 217 on the Forbes World 's Billionaires list , with wealth listed at US $ 7.2 billion ."}]}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '4.2 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wee Cho Yaw & Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wee_Cho_Yaw', 'summary': 'Wee Cho Yaw , DUBC ( Chinese : 黃祖耀 ; pinyin : Huáng Zǔyào ) ( born 1929 ) is a Singaporean billionaire businessman , and the chairman of the United Overseas Bank ( UOB ) and United Industrial Corporation ( UIC ) in Singapore . Wee joined the board of directors of the United Chinese Bank ( now the United Overseas Bank ) in 1958 . He was appointed managing director of the bank two years later , and when his father Wee Kheng Chiang , founder of United Chinese Bank , retired in 1974 , Wee succeeded him as chairman . His son Wee Ee Chong succeeded him as chief executive officer of UOB .'}]}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '4.2 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Chandler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Chandler_(businessman)', 'summary': 'Richard Fred Chandler ( born 1958/59 ) is a New Zealand-born billionaire businessman . He is chairman of the Clermont Group , a Singapore-based business group that invests in public and private companies across a range of industries , including energy , financial services , consumer , and healthcare . Chandler has a reputation for buying struggling companies and successfully rebuilding them , according to Australian Broadcasting Corporation News . He also has been known to take a business approach to philanthropy .'}]}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '4 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kwee Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kwee_family_(Pontiac)', 'summary': 'The Kwee family is a Singaporean family that owns the Pontiac Land Group , a privately held luxury real estate developer and hotel owner based in Singapore . The Kwee brothers Kwee Liong Keng , Kwee Liong Tek , Kwee Liong Seen and Kwee Liong Phing collectively run the group .'}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '3.9 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Low Tuck Kwong', 'urls': []}, {'value': '63', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '3.7 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}], 'section_title': '2013', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_South_East_Asian_people_by_net_worth_2', 'intro': "Forbes magazine annually lists the world's wealthiest individuals - The World's Richest People. What follows is the list of billionaires (in US dollars) in Southeast Asia, for 2012 issued. Despite their small population, the vast majority of Southeast Asian billionaires of them are of Chinese descent. To date, Indonesia has the most top number of billionaires in the list of richest Southeast Asian people."}
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What is the difference in worth between the man who is the founder and Chairman of Public Bank Berhad and the person that heads IOI Corporation Berhad ?
0.2 billion
0877e0c195185856
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_trees', 'title': 'List of oldest trees', 'header': ['Name', 'Age ( years )', 'Species', 'Location', 'Country', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,069', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinus_longaeva', 'summary': "Pinus longaeva ( commonly referred to as the Great Basin bristlecone pine , intermountain bristlecone pine , or western bristlecone pine ) is a long-living species of bristlecone pine tree found in the higher mountains of California , Nevada , and Utah . Methuselah is a bristlecone pine that is 4,851 years old and has been credited as the oldest known living non-clonal organism on Earth but , subsequently , another specimen in the same forest has been measured to be 5,069 years old . To protect them , the exact locations of both of these trees is kept secret . In 1987 , the bristlecone pine was designated one of Nevada 's state trees ."}]}, {'value': 'White Mountains ( California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Mountains_(California)', 'summary': "The White Mountains of California and Nevada are a triangular fault-block mountain range facing the Sierra Nevada across the upper Owens Valley . They extend for approximately 60 mi ( 97 km ) as a greatly elevated plateau about 20 mi ( 32 km ) wide on the south , narrowing to a point at the north , with elevations generally increasing south to north . The range 's broad southern end is near the community of Big Pine , where Westgard Pass and Deep Springs Valley separate it from the Inyo Mountains . The narrow northern end is at Montgomery Pass , where U.S. Route 6 crosses . The Fish Lake Valley lies east of the range ; the southeast part of the mountains are separated from the Silver Peak Range by block faulting across the Furnace Creek Fault Zone , forming a feeder valley to Fish Lake Valley . The range lies within the eastern section of the Inyo National Forest ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tree cored by Edmund Schulman , age determined by Tom Harlan . However , core is missing and date is unconfirmed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Llangernyw Yew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Llangernyw_Yew', 'summary': 'The Llangernyw Yew ( [ ɬanˈgɛrnɨu ] ( listen ) ) is an ancient yew ( Taxus baccata ) in the village of Llangernyw , Conwy , North Wales . The tree is fragmented and its core part has been lost , leaving several enormous offshoots . The girth of the tree at the ground level is 10.75 m ( 35.3 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '4,000-5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Common Yew Taxus baccata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Common_Yew', 'summary': 'Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western , central and southern Europe , northwest Africa , northern Iran and southwest Asia . It is the tree originally known as yew , though with other related trees becoming known , it may now be known as common yew , English yew , or European yew . Primarily grown as an ornamental , most parts of the plant are poisonous , and consumption of the foliage can result in death .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taxus_baccata', 'summary': 'Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western , central and southern Europe , northwest Africa , northern Iran and southwest Asia . It is the tree originally known as yew , though with other related trees becoming known , it may now be known as common yew , English yew , or European yew . Primarily grown as an ornamental , most parts of the plant are poisonous , and consumption of the foliage can result in death .'}]}, {'value': 'Llangernyw , Conwy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Llangernyw', 'summary': 'Llangernyw ( [ ɬanˈgɛrnɨ̞u ] ( listen ) ) is a rural , mostly Welsh-speaking , village and community in Conwy County Borough , Wales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Conwy', 'summary': "Conwy ( Welsh pronunciation : [ 'kɔnwɨ̞ ] ( northern accents ) , Welsh pronunciation : [ 'kɔnwi ] ( southern accents ) , [ citation needed ] is a walled market town and community in Conwy County Borough on the north coast of Wales . The town , which faces Deganwy across the River Conwy , formerly lay in Gwynedd and prior to that in Caernarfonshire . The community , which includes Deganwy and Llandudno Junction , had a population of 14,208 at the 2001 census , and is a popular tourist destination . The population rose to 14,753 at the 2011 census . In the 2015 census The size of the resident population in Conwy County Borough on the 30th June 2015 was estimated to be 116,200 people . The town itself has a population of 4,065 . The name 'Conwy ' derives from the old Welsh words 'cyn ' ( chief ) and 'gwy ' ( water ) , the river being originally called the 'Cynwy ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': "Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain 's Church in Llangernyw village . One of the 50 Great British Trees", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_British_Trees', 'summary': "The Great British Trees were 50 trees selected by The Tree Council in 2002 to spotlight trees in Great Britain in honour of the Queen 's Golden Jubilee ."}]}, {'value': 'Sarv-e Abarkuh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarv-e_Abarkuh', 'summary': 'The Cypress of Abarkuh ( Persian : سرو ابرکوه Sarv-e Abarkuh ) , also called the Zoroastrian Sarv , is a Cupressus sempervirens tree in Abarkuh in Yazd Province of Iran . It is protected by the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran as a national natural monument and is indeed a major tourist attraction with a height of 25 metres and with a perimeter of 11.5 meters at its trunk and 18 meters higher up around its branches . It is estimated to be over four millennia old and is likely the oldest or second-oldest living lifeform in Asia . The exact age of the tree has been difficult to determine , but it is estimated to be between 4000 to 5000 years old . Favorable natural conditions of its location have been credited as the main reason for the trees longevity. [ who ? ] There is a legend about the tree , which says the tree was first planted by Zoroaster.Coordinates : 31°7′21.3″N 53°16′47.05″E / 31.122583°N 53.2797361°E / 31.122583 ; 53.2797361'}]}, {'value': '4,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mediterranean cypress Cupressus sempervirens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens', 'summary': "Cupressus sempervirens , the Mediterranean cypress ( also known as Italian cypress , Tuscan cypress , Persian cypress , or pencil pine ) , is a species of cypress native to the eastern Mediterranean region , in northeast Libya , southern Albania , coastal Bulgaria , southern coastal Croatia , southern Montenegro , southern Bosnia and Herzegovina , southern Greece , southern Turkey , Cyprus , northern Egypt , western Syria , Lebanon , Malta , Italy , Israel , western Jordan , South Caucasus , and also a disjunct population in Iran . [ citation needed ] Cupressus sempervirens is a medium-sized coniferous evergreen tree to 35 m ( 115 ft ) tall , with a conic crown with level branches and variably loosely hanging branchlets . It is very long-lived , with some trees reported to be over 1,000 years old . The foliage grows in dense sprays , dark green in colour . The leaves are scale-like , 2-5 mm long , and produced on rounded ( not flattened ) shoots . The seed cones are ovoid or oblong , 25-40 mm long , with 10-14 scales , green at first , maturing brown about 20-24 months after pollination . The male cones are 3-5 mm long , and release pollen in late winter . It is moderately susceptible to cypress canker , caused by the fungus Seiridium cardinale , and can suffer extensive dieback where this disease is common . The species name sempervirens comes from the Latin for 'evergreen ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Abarkuh , Yazd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abarkuh', 'summary': 'Abarkuh ( Persian : ابركوه , also Romanized as Abarkūh and Abar Kūh ; also known as Abarghoo , Abarkū , Abar Qū , and Abarqūh ) is a city and capital of Abarkuh County , Yazd Province , Iran . At the 2016 census , its population was 27,524 , in 5,880 families . Abarkuh is located at an altitude of 1510 metres ( 4954 feet ) . An ancient living cypress tree , the Sarv-e-Abarqu , is located here . Abarkooh has 4 Adobe ice houses which date back to Qajar dynasty . Adobe ice houses ( yakhchāl ) are ancient buildings used to store ice and food throughout the year , commonly used prior to the invention of the refrigerator in the past .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yazd_Province', 'summary': 'Yazd Province ( Persian : استان یزد , Ostān-e Yazd ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran . It is in the centre of the country , and its administrative center is the city of Yazd . In 2014 , it was placed in Region 5 .'}]}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': 'Also called Zoroastrian Sarv ,', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gümeli Porsuğu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gümeli_Porsuğu', 'summary': 'Gümeli Porsuğu , is yew tree ( Taxus baccata ) growing high in Zonguldak district of Black Sea Region , in Turkey . It is estimated to be 4,115 years old .'}]}, {'value': '4,115', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yew Taxus baccata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taxus_baccata', 'summary': 'Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western , central and southern Europe , northwest Africa , northern Iran and southwest Asia . It is the tree originally known as yew , though with other related trees becoming known , it may now be known as common yew , English yew , or European yew . Primarily grown as an ornamental , most parts of the plant are poisonous , and consumption of the foliage can result in death .'}]}, {'value': 'Zonguldak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zonguldak', 'summary': 'Zonguldak ( Turkish pronunciation : [ zoŋˈguɫdak ] ) is a city and the capital aa Zonguldak Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey . It was established in 1849 as a port town for the nearby coal mines in Ereğli and the coal trade remains its main economic activity . According to the 2009 census , Zonguldak has a population of 108,792 . The current mayor is Ömer Selim Alan , representing the AKP . Zonguldak is one of the highest income economies among Turkish cities .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': 'Alive , found in 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ancient Yew', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yew Taxus baccata', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tisbury , Wiltshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisbury,_Wiltshire', 'summary': 'Tisbury is a large village and civil parish approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) west of Salisbury in the English county of Wiltshire . With a population at the 2011 census of 2,253 it is a centre for communities around the upper River Nadder and Vale of Wardour . The parish includes the hamlets of Upper Chicksgrove and Wardour . Tisbury is the largest settlement within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( larger nearby settlements such as Salisbury and Shaftesbury are just outside it ) .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': "37 feet in circumference . Situated in the churchyard of St John 's , Tisbury . Carbon dated by David Bellamy", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bellamy', 'summary': 'David James Bellamy OBE ( 18 January 1933 - 11 December 2019 ) was an English botanist , television presenter , author and environmental campaigner .'}]}, {'value': 'The Senator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Senator_(tree)', 'summary': 'The Senator was the biggest and oldest bald cypress tree in the world , located in Big Tree Park , Longwood , Florida . At the time of its demise in 2012 , it was 125 feet ( 38 m ) tall , with a trunk diameter of 17.5 feet ( 5.3 m ) . The tree was thought to have been destroyed by a fire from a lightning strike , but it was later discovered that the fire was started by an arsonist .'}]}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pond cypress Taxodium ascendens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taxodium_ascendens', 'summary': 'Taxodium ascendens , also known as pond cypress , is a deciduous conifer of the genus Taxodium , native to North America . Many botanists treat it as a variety of bald cypress , Taxodium distichum ( as T. distichum var . imbricatum ) rather than as a distinct species , but it differs in ecology , occurring mainly in still blackwater rivers , ponds and swamps without silt-rich flood deposits . It predominates in cypress dome habitats .'}]}, {'value': 'Longwood , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longwood,_Florida', 'summary': 'Longwood is a city in Seminole County , Florida , United States . The population was 13,657 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destroyed in January 2012 by an addicted former model , who was taking illegal drugs inside the hollow tree and lit a fire to look for her things . She took photos of the fire with her cellphone and later sent them to friends , ultimately leading to her arrest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oliveira do Mouchão ( KNJ1/601 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,350', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'European olive tree Olea europea L. var . europaea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olive', 'summary': "The olive , known by the botanical name Olea europaea , meaning European olive , is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae , found in the Mediterranean Basin from Portugal to the Levant , the Arabian Peninsula , and southern Asia as far east as China , as well as the Canary Islands and Réunion . The species is cultivated in many places and considered naturalized in all the countries of the Mediterranean coast , as well as in Argentina , Saudi Arabia , Java , Norfolk Island , California , and Bermuda . Olea europaea is the type species for the genus Olea . The olive 's fruit , also called the olive , is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as the source of olive oil ; it is one of the core ingredients in Mediterranean cuisine . The tree and its fruit give their name to the plant family , which also includes species such as lilacs , jasmine , Forsythia , and the true ash trees ( Fraxinus ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mouriscas , Abrantes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mouriscas', 'summary': 'Mouriscas is a Portuguese freguesia ( civil parish ) , located in Abrantes Municipality , in Santarém District . The population in 2011 was 1,832 , in an area of 35.02 km² . The parish stands in the north bank of the Tagus River and borders the parishes of Concavada , Pego and Alferrarede . It also borders the Mação Municipality and Sardoal Municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': 'Alive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The President', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_(tree)', 'summary': 'The President is a giant sequoia located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in the United States , east of Visalia , California . It is not the tallest giant sequoia tree in the world with a height of about 247 feet ( 75 m ) , nor the widest at about 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) in diameter at the base , but it is the second-largest tree in the world , measured by volume of trunk , and the oldest-known living sequoia , about 3,200 years old . As of 2012 , the volume of its trunk measured at about 45,000 cubic feet ( 1,300 m3 ) , with an additional 9,000 cubic feet ( 250 m3 ) of branches . The tree was named after President Warren G. Harding in 1923 . Nearby trees include Chief Sequoyah , the 27th-largest giant sequoia in the world , and the Congress Group , two dense stands of medium-sized sequoias that represent the House and Senate .'}]}, {'value': '3,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sierra Nevada , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)', 'summary': 'The Sierra Nevada ( /siˌɛrə nɪˈvædə , -ˈvɑːdə/ , Spanish : [ ˈsjera neˈβaða ] , snowy range ) is a mountain range in the Western United States , between the Central Valley of California and the Great Basin . The vast majority of the range lies in the state of California , although the Carson Range spur lies primarily in Nevada . The Sierra Nevada is part of the American Cordillera , a chain of mountain ranges that consists of an almost continuous sequence of such ranges that form the western backbone of North America , Central America , South America and Antarctica . The Sierra runs 400 miles ( 640 km ) north-to-south , and is approximately 70 miles ( 110 km ) across east-to-west . Notable Sierra features include the General Sherman ( tree ) , the largest tree in the world by volume ; Lake Tahoe , the largest alpine lake in North America ; Mount Whitney at 14,505 ft ( 4,421 m ) , the highest point in the contiguous United States ; and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers from one-hundred-million-year-old granite , containing high waterfalls . The Sierra is home to three national parks , twenty wilderness areas , and two national monuments . These areas include Yosemite , Sequoia , and Kings Canyon National Parks ; and Devils Postpile National Monument . The character of the range is shaped by its geology and ecology . More than one hundred million years ago during the Nevadan orogeny , granite formed deep underground . The range started to uplift four million years ago , and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the range . The uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada , which are reflected by the presence of five life zones ( areas with similar plant and animal communities ) . Uplift continues due to faulting caused by tectonic forces , creating spectacular fault block escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra .'}, {'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fortingall Yew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortingall_Yew', 'summary': 'The Fortingall Yew is an ancient European yew ( Taxus baccata ) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire , Scotland . It is known for being one of the oldest trees in Britain , with modern estimates believing it to be between 2,000 and 3,000 years old .'}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Common Yew Taxus baccata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Common_Yew', 'summary': 'Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western , central and southern Europe , northwest Africa , northern Iran and southwest Asia . It is the tree originally known as yew , though with other related trees becoming known , it may now be known as common yew , English yew , or European yew . Primarily grown as an ornamental , most parts of the plant are poisonous , and consumption of the foliage can result in death .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taxus_baccata', 'summary': 'Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western , central and southern Europe , northwest Africa , northern Iran and southwest Asia . It is the tree originally known as yew , though with other related trees becoming known , it may now be known as common yew , English yew , or European yew . Primarily grown as an ornamental , most parts of the plant are poisonous , and consumption of the foliage can result in death .'}]}, {'value': 'Fortingall , Perthshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortingall', 'summary': "Fortingall is a small village in highland Perthshire , Scotland , in Glen Lyon . Its nearest sizable neighbours are Aberfeldy and Kenmore . Its Gaelic name is Fartairchill , which may be translated as something like : Escarpment Church , i.e . church at the foot of an escarpment or steep slope . According to a fabricated legend it was the birthplace of Pontius Pilate , but he was born well before the Roman conquest and became famous in the biblical account of Jesus 's death thirty years before the Romans first reached this part of Scotland . A number of other locations , including villages in Spain and Germany , make similar claims . It is also famous for its churchyard yew tree that is said to be the oldest living thing in Europe , over 5,000 years old ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Perthshire', 'summary': 'Perthshire ( /ˈpɜːrθʃər/ ( listen ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Pheairt ) , officially the County of Perth , is a historic county and registration county in central Scotland . Geographically it extends from Strathmore in the east , to the Pass of Drumochter in the north , Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west , and Aberfoyle in the south ; it borders the counties of Inverness-shire and Aberdeenshire to the north , Angus to the east , Fife , Kinross-shire , Clackmannanshire , Stirlingshire and Dunbartonshire to the south and Argyllshire to the west . It was a local government county from 1890 to 1930 . Perthshire is known as the big county , owed to its roundness and status as the 4th largest historic county in Scotland . It has a wide variety of landscapes , from the rich agricultural straths in the east , to the high mountains of the southern Highlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Alive . Possibly the oldest tree in Britain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alishan Sacred Tree', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formosan cypress Chamaecyparis formosensis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chamaecyparis_formosensis', 'summary': 'Chamaecyparis formosensis ( Formosan cypress , Taiwan cypress ; Chinese : 紅檜/红桧 hóngguì , Taiwan pron . hóngkuài ) is a species of Chamaecyparis , endemic to Taiwan , where it grows in the central mountains at moderate to high altitudes of 1000-2900 m. It is threatened by habitat loss and over-cutting for its valuable timber .'}]}, {'value': 'Alishan National Scenic Area , Chiayi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alishan_National_Scenic_Area', 'summary': "Alishan is 415 square kilometres ( 41,500 ha ) in area . Notable characteristics include mountain wilderness , four villages , waterfalls , high altitude tea plantations , the Alishan Forest Railway , and a number of hiking trails . The area is popular with tourists and mountain climbers . Alishan , itself has become one of the major landmarks associated with Taiwan . The area is famous for its production of high mountain tea and wasabi . [ citation needed ] Alishan is well known for its sunrises , and on a suitable morning one can observe the sun come up on a sea of clouds in the area between Alishan and Yüshan . Alishan , along with Taroko Gorge and Sun Moon Lake , is one of Taiwan 's most popular scenic attractions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chiayi_County', 'summary': 'Chiayi County ( Mandarin pinyin : jiā yì xiàn ; Hokkien POJ : Ka-gī-koān ) is a county in southwestern Taiwan surrounding but not including Chiayi City . It is the sixth largest county in Taiwan .'}]}, {'value': 'Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': 'Collapsed on July 1 , 1997 , following heavy rainstorms', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SOzzastru', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,000-4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olive Olea europaea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olive', 'summary': "The olive , known by the botanical name Olea europaea , meaning European olive , is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae , found in the Mediterranean Basin from Portugal to the Levant , the Arabian Peninsula , and southern Asia as far east as China , as well as the Canary Islands and Réunion . The species is cultivated in many places and considered naturalized in all the countries of the Mediterranean coast , as well as in Argentina , Saudi Arabia , Java , Norfolk Island , California , and Bermuda . Olea europaea is the type species for the genus Olea . The olive 's fruit , also called the olive , is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as the source of olive oil ; it is one of the core ingredients in Mediterranean cuisine . The tree and its fruit give their name to the plant family , which also includes species such as lilacs , jasmine , Forsythia , and the true ash trees ( Fraxinus ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Luras , Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luras', 'summary': "Luras ( Sardinian : Lùras , Gallurese : Lùris ) is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia , located about 190 kilometres ( 120 mi ) north of Cagliari and about 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) west of Olbia . Luras borders the following municipalities : Arzachena , Calangianus , Luogosanto , Sant'Antonio di Gallura , Tempio Pausania ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sardinia', 'summary': "Sardinia ( /sɑːrˈdɪniə/ sar-DIN-ee-ə ; Italian : Sardegna [ sarˈdeɲɲa ] ; Sardinian : Sardìgna [ saɾˈdiɲɲa ] or Sardìnnia [ saɾˈdinja ] ; Sassarese : Sardhigna ; Gallurese : Saldigna ; Algherese : Sardenya ; Tabarchino : Sardegna ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and politically one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily , and is located west of the Italian Peninsula , north of Tunisia , and to the immediate south of the French island of Corsica . The region of Sardinia is one of the five in Italy that enjoy some degree of domestic autonomy , granted by a specific Statute . Its official name is Regione Autonoma della Sardegna ( Sardinian : Regione Autònoma de Sardigna , lit . Autonomous Region of Sardinia ) . It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city , with Cagliari being the region 's capital and also its largest city . Sardinia 's indigenous language and the other minority languages ( Sassarese , Gallurese , Algherese Catalan and Ligurian Tabarchino ) spoken on the island are recognized by the regional law and enjoy equal dignity with Italian . Sardinia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic . The island 's most iconic civilization is the indigenous Nuragic one , which lasted from the 18th century BC to either 238 BC or the 2nd century AD in some areas and to the 6th century AD in the region known as Barbagia . After a period under a political and economic alliance between the Nuragic Sardinians and the Phoenicians , the island was partly conquered by Carthage and Rome , in the late 6th century BC and in 238 BC respectively ; the Roman occupation lasted for 700 years , followed in the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals and the Byzantines . Since the island was finding itself disconnected from Byzantium 's scope of territorial influence , the Sardinians provided themselves with a self-ruling political organization , leading to the birth of the four Judicates . As the Italian maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa struggled to exercise increasing political interference upon the indigenous states , the Crown of Aragon subsumed the island as the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1324 ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patriarca da Floresta [ pt ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jequitibá-rosa Cariniana legalis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cariniana_legalis', 'summary': 'Cariniana legalis is a species of woody plant in the family Lecythidaceae . It is found in south-eastern Brazil , where is known as jequitibá-branco or jequitibá-rosa , possibly Colombia , and possibly Venezuela . One of the biggest trees in the Atlantic Forest , there are some old trees in Santa Rita do Passa Quatro and near Petrópolis . One of these trees is more than 3 000 years old . It is threatened by habitat loss .'}]}, {'value': 'Santa Rita do Passa Quatro , São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Rita_do_Passa_Quatro', 'summary': 'Santa Rita do Passa Quatro is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . Elevation is 748 metres ( 2,454 ft ) . The population is 27,502 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 754 square kilometres ( 291 sq mi ) . The municipality holds the Cerrado Pé de Gigante Area of Relevant Ecological Interest and the Buriti de Vassununga Area of Relevant Ecological Interest . It contains the 2,071 hectares ( 5,120 acres ) Vassununga State Park , established in 1970 , which contains what may be the oldest tree in Brazil .'}, {'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_(state)', 'summary': 'São Paulo ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus . As the richest Brazilian state and a major industrial complex , often dubbed the locomotive of Brazil , the state is responsible for 33.9% of the Brazilian GDP . São Paulo also has the second highest Human Development Index ( HDI ) and GDP per capita , the fourth lowest infant mortality rate , the third highest life expectancy , and the third lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil , being by far , the safest state in the country . The homicide rate is 3.8 per 100 thousand as of 2018 , almost 1/4 of the Brazilian rate . São Paulo alone is richer than Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay and Bolivia combined . The economy of São Paulo State is the most developed in Brazil . With more than 46 million inhabitants in 2019 , São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian state , the most populous national subdivision in the Americas , and the third most populous political unit of South America , surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian Federation and Colombia . The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians , who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century ; of the Portuguese , who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region ; indigenous peoples , many distinct ethnic groups ; Africans , who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country . In addition , Arabs , Germans , Spanish , Japanese , Chinese , and Greeks also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population . The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 BC . In the early 16th century , the coast of the region was visited by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators . In 1532 Martim Afonso de Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas - the village of São Vicente , in the Baixada Santista .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Alive . Probably the oldest non- conifer in Brazil . Its name translates as Patriarch of the Forest . Located at the Vassununga State Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conifer', 'summary': 'The Pinophyta , also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae , or commonly as conifers , are a division of vascular land plants containing a single extant class , Pinopsida . They are gymnosperms , cone-bearing seed plants . All extant conifers are perennial woody plants with secondary growth . The great majority are trees , though a few are shrubs . Examples include cedars , Douglas firs , cypresses , firs , junipers , kauri , larches , pines , hemlocks , redwoods , spruces , and yews . As of 1998 , the division Pinophyta was estimated to contain eight families , 68 genera , and 629 living species . [ citation needed ] Although the total number of species is relatively small , conifers are ecologically important . They are the dominant plants over large areas of land , most notably the taiga of the Northern Hemisphere , but also in similar cool climates in mountains further south . Boreal conifers have many wintertime adaptations . The narrow conical shape of northern conifers , and their downward-drooping limbs , help them shed snow . Many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing . While tropical rainforests have more biodiversity and turnover , the immense conifer forests of the world represent the largest terrestrial carbon sink .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vassununga_State_Park', 'summary': 'The Vassununga State Park ( Portuguese : Parque Estadual Vassununga ) is a state park in the state of São Paulo , Brazil . It preserves an area of interior Atlantic Forest and cerrado , including a huge jequitibá-rosa ( Cariniana legalis ) tree that by some accounts is the oldest tree in Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Raintree', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Basin bristlecone pine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Basin_bristlecone_pine', 'summary': "Pinus longaeva ( commonly referred to as the Great Basin bristlecone pine , intermountain bristlecone pine , or western bristlecone pine ) is a long-living species of bristlecone pine tree found in the higher mountains of California , Nevada , and Utah . Methuselah is a bristlecone pine that is 4,851 years old and has been credited as the oldest known living non-clonal organism on Earth but , subsequently , another specimen in the same forest has been measured to be 5,069 years old . To protect them , the exact locations of both of these trees is kept secret . In 1987 , the bristlecone pine was designated one of Nevada 's state trees ."}]}, {'value': 'Spring Mountains , Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spring_Mountains', 'summary': 'The Spring Mountains are a mountain range of Southern Nevada in the United States , running generally northwest-southeast along the west side of Las Vegas and south to the border with California . Most land in the mountains is owned by the United States Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management and managed as the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area within the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest and the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nevada', 'summary': "Nevada ( /nɪˈvædə/ or /nɪˈvɑːdə/ ) is a state in the Western United States . It is bordered by Oregon to the northwest , Idaho to the northeast , California to the west , Arizona to the southeast , and Utah to the east . Nevada is the 7th most extensive , the 32nd most populous , and the 9th least densely populated of the U.S. states . Nearly three-quarters of Nevada 's people live in Clark County , which contains the Las Vegas-Paradise metropolitan area , including three of the state 's four largest incorporated cities . Nevada 's capital is Carson City . Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy . It is also known as the Battle Born State because it achieved statehood during the Civil War ( the words Battle Born also appear on the state flag ) ; as the Sagebrush State , for the native plant of the same name ; and as the Sage-hen State . Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid , much of it within the Great Basin . Areas south of the Great Basin are within the Mojave Desert , while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada lie on the western edge . About 86% of the state 's land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U.S. federal government , both civilian and military . Before European contact , American Indians of the Paiute , Shoshone , and Washoe tribes inhabited the land that is now Nevada . The first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada , USA . Estimated 3000 years old but never cored', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia [ Wikidata ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olive Olea europaea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olive', 'summary': "The olive , known by the botanical name Olea europaea , meaning European olive , is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae , found in the Mediterranean Basin from Portugal to the Levant , the Arabian Peninsula , and southern Asia as far east as China , as well as the Canary Islands and Réunion . The species is cultivated in many places and considered naturalized in all the countries of the Mediterranean coast , as well as in Argentina , Saudi Arabia , Java , Norfolk Island , California , and Bermuda . Olea europaea is the type species for the genus Olea . The olive 's fruit , also called the olive , is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as the source of olive oil ; it is one of the core ingredients in Mediterranean cuisine . The tree and its fruit give their name to the plant family , which also includes species such as lilacs , jasmine , Forsythia , and the true ash trees ( Fraxinus ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Iria de Azóia [ pt ] , Loures , Lisbon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loures', 'summary': "Loures ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈlowɾɨʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a city and a municipality in the central Portuguese Grande Lisboa Subregion . It is situated 13 km to the north of Lisbon . It was created on 26 July 1886 by a royal decree . The population in 2011 was 199,494 , in an area of 167.24 km² . It borders the municipalities of Odivelas , Sintra , Mafra , Arruda dos Vinhos , Vila Franca de Xira and Lisbon . The municipality is basically divided in three areas : the rustic one , to the north ( the parishes of Lousa , Fanhões , Bucelas , Santo Antão do Tojal and São Julião do Tojal ) , the urban one , to the south ( Frielas , Loures and Santo António dos Cavaleiros ) and the urban-industrial , to the east ( Apelação , Bobadela , Camarate , Moscavide , Portela de Sacavém , Prior Velho , Sacavém , Santa Iria de Azóia , São João da Talha and Unhos ) . Portela de Sacavém is the site of Portugal 's largest airport . In this eastern area , the ten local parishes claim to be independent from Loures , and form its own municipality set in the town of Sacavém . This struggle dates from the beginnings of the Portuguese Republic , and has a very strong support among the local population ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisbon', 'summary': "Lisbon ( /ˈlɪzbən/ ; Portuguese : Lisboa [ liʒˈboɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal , with an estimated population of 505,526 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2 . Lisbon 's urban area extends beyond the city 's administrative limits with a population of around 2.8 million people , being the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union . About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area , which represents approximately 27% of the country 's population . It is mainland Europe 's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast . Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus . The westernmost portions of its metro area form the westernmost point of Continental Europe , which is known as Cabo da Roca , located in the Sintra Mountains . Lisbon is recognised as an alpha-level global city because of its importance in finance , commerce , media , entertainment , arts , international trade , education and tourism . Lisbon is one of two Portuguese cities ( alongside Porto ) to be recognised as a global city . It is one of the major economic centres on the continent , with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe 's Atlantic coast . Additionally , Humberto Delgado Airport served 29 million passengers in 2018 , being the busiest airport in Portugal , the 3rd busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 20th busiest in Europe . The motorway network and the high-speed rail system of Alfa Pendular links the main cities of Portugal to Lisbon . The city is the 9th-most-visited city in Southern Europe , after Rome , Istanbul , Barcelona , Milan , Venice , Madrid , Florence and Athens , with 3,320,300 tourists in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': 'Magnificent Olive tree , probably the last one from a large olive grove . Studied by UTAD University and now classified Public interest tree by the Portuguese National Forest Authority ; Tree ID', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mother of the Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mother_of_the_Forest', 'summary': "The Mother of the Forest ( 667 BCE - c1856 CE ) [ citation needed ] was an ancient and huge Sequoiadendron giganteum tree . The tree lived in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in eastern central California , United States . The dead tree 's remains are within the Calaveras Grove of Big Trees State Park , in Calaveras County , California ."}]}, {'value': '2,520', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calaveras Big Trees State Park , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calaveras_Big_Trees_State_Park', 'summary': 'Calaveras Big Trees State Park is a state park of California , United States , preserving two groves of giant sequoia trees . It is located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) northeast of Arnold , California in the middle elevations of the Sierra Nevada . It has been a major tourist attraction since 1852 , when the existence of the trees was first widely reported , and is considered the longest continuously operated tourist facility in California .'}, {'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General Sherman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Sherman_(tree)', 'summary': 'General Sherman is a giant sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ) tree located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in Tulare County , in the U.S. state of California . By volume , it is the largest known living single-stem tree on Earth . While the General Sherman is the largest currently living tree , it is not the largest historically recorded tree . The Crannell Creek Giant , a coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) near Trinidad , California , is estimated to have been 15 to 25% larger than the General Sherman tree by volume . That tree was cut down in the mid-1940s . Another larger coast redwood , the Lindsey Creek tree with more than 90,000 cubic feet ( 2,500 cubic meters ) was reported felled by a storm in 1905 Humboldt Times Standard article .'}]}, {'value': '2,300-2,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum', 'summary': "Sequoiadendron giganteum ( giant sequoia ; also known as giant redwood , Sierra redwood , Sierran redwood , Wellingtonia or simply big tree - a nickname also used by John Muir ) is the sole living species in the genus Sequoiadendron , and one of three species of coniferous trees known as redwoods , classified in the family Cupressaceae in the subfamily Sequoioideae , together with Sequoia sempervirens ( coast redwood ) and Metasequoia glyptostroboides ( dawn redwood ) . Giant sequoia specimens are the most massive trees on Earth . The common use of the name sequoia usually refers to Sequoiadendron giganteum , which occurs naturally only in groves on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California . The oldest known giant sequoia is 3,200-3,266 years old The etymology of the genus name has been presumed - initially in The Yosemite Book by Josiah Whitney in 1868 - to be in honor of Sequoyah ( 1767-1843 ) , who was the inventor of the Cherokee syllabary . An etymological study published in 2012 concluded that Austrian Stephen L. Endlicher is actually responsible for the name . A linguist and botanist , Endlicher corresponded with experts in the Cherokee language including Sequoyah , whom he admired . He also realized that coincidentally the genus could be described in Latin as sequi ( meaning to follow ) because the number of seeds per cone in the newly-classified genus aligned in mathematical sequence with the other four genera in the suborder . Endlicher thus coined the name Sequoia as both a description of the tree 's genus and an honor to the indigenous man he admired ."}]}, {'value': 'Giant Forest , Sequoia National Park , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giant_Forest', 'summary': "The Giant Forest , famed for its giant sequoia trees , is within the United States ' Sequoia National Park . This montane forest , situated at over 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) above mean sea level in the western Sierra Nevada of California , covers an area of 1,880 acres ( 7.6 km2 ) . The Giant Forest is the most accessible of all giant sequoia groves , as it has over 40 miles ( 64 km ) of hiking trails . Five of the ten most massive trees on the planet are located within the Giant Forest . The largest of these , the General Sherman tree , measures 36.5 feet ( 11.1 m ) across the base . The giant sequoia tree is the most massive species of tree on earth , and one of just five tree species documented to grow to 300 feet ( 91 m ) in height ( the others are Coast Redwood , eucalyptus regnans , Douglas fir , and Sitka spruce ) . It is also among the longest-lived of all trees on the planet ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park', 'summary': "Sequoia National Park is an American national park in the southern Sierra Nevada east of Visalia , California . The park was established on September 25 , 1890 to protect 404,064 acres ( 631 sq mi ; 163,519 ha ; 1,635 km2 ) of forested mountainous terrain . Encompassing a vertical relief of nearly 13,000 feet ( 4,000 m ) , the park contains the highest point in the contiguous United States , Mount Whitney , at 14,505 feet ( 4,421 m ) above sea level . The park is south of , and contiguous with , Kings Canyon National Park ; both parks are administered by the National Park Service together as the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks . UNESCO designated the areas as Sequoia-Kings Canyon Biosphere Reserve in 1976 . The park is notable for its giant sequoia trees , including the General Sherman tree , the largest tree on Earth . The General Sherman tree grows in the Giant Forest , which contains five of the ten largest trees in the world . The Giant Forest is connected by the Generals Highway to Kings Canyon National Park 's General Grant Grove , home of the General Grant tree among other giant sequoias . The park 's giant sequoia forests are part of 202,430 acres ( 316 sq mi ; 81,921 ha ; 819 km2 ) of old-growth forests shared by Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks . The parks preserve a landscape that still resembles the southern Sierra Nevada before Euro-American settlement ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alive with a height of 83.8 meters ( 275 ft ) , a diameter of 11 m ( 36 ft ) at its base , and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m ( 52,513 cu ft ) , it is among the tallest , widest , and longest-lived of all trees on the planet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trunk_(botany)', 'summary': 'In botany , the trunk ( or bole ) is the stem and main wooden axis of a tree , which is an important feature in tree identification , and which often differs markedly from the bottom of the trunk to the top , depending on the species . The trunk is the most important part of the tree for timber production . Trunks occur both in true woody plants as well as non-woody plants such as palms and other monocots , though the internal physiology is different in each case . In all plants , trunks thicken over time due to formation of secondary growth ( or in monocots , pseudo-secondary growth ) . Trunks can be vulnerable to damage , including sunburn . Trunks which are cut down in logging are generally called logs and if cut to a specific length bolts . The term log is informally used in English to describe any felled trunk not rooted in the ground . A stump is the part of a trunk remaining in the ground after the tree has been felled .'}]}, {'value': 'Kayano Ōsugi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_sugi_of_Kayano', 'summary': 'The great sugi of Kayano ( 栢野大杉 , Kayano Ōsugi ) is a Cryptomeria ( Sugi ) tree at Yamanaka Onsen in Kaga , Ishikawa Prefecture , Japan . One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts of the Sugawara Shrine , it has received the distinction of designation as a Special Natural Monument from the Agency for Cultural Affairs of Japan . The tree stands 54.8 m tall . At the base , it measures 11.5 m in circumference and 3.41 m across . At chest height , it is 9.6 m around and 3.0 m across . The tree splits into two trunks 4.9 m above ground level . In 1928 , Professor Manabu Miyoshi of Tokyo Imperial University estimated the age of the tree to be 2,300 years . [ citation needed ] The other three are 8.8 m , 6.65 m and 7.8 m at chest height and natural monument of Ishikawa Prefecture . Jōmon period artifacts unearthed near the shrine establish that human habitation predates recorded history . Warriors including members of the Taira , Minamoto , Asakura , and the Togashi ( 富樫氏 ) clan are said to have come to the shrine . In 1947 , on the occasion of the second National Sports Festival of Japan ( held in Ishikawa Prefecture ) , Emperor Shōwa ( then known as Hirohito ) visited the great sugi .'}]}, {'value': '2,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cryptomeria', 'summary': "Cryptomeria ( literally hidden parts ) is a monotypic genus of conifer in the cypress family Cupressaceae , formerly belonging to the family Taxodiaceae . It includes only one species , Cryptomeria japonica ( syn . Cupressus japonica L.f. ) . It used to be considered by some to be endemic to Japan ( see remark below under 'Endemism ' ) , where it is known as sugi ( Japanese : 杉 ) . The tree is called Japanese cedar or Japanese redwood in English ."}]}, {'value': 'Yamanaka Onsen , Ishikawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamanaka_Onsen', 'summary': 'Yamanaka Onsen ( 山中温泉 , yamanaka onsen ) is a hot spring resort in the city of Kaga , Ishikawa Prefecture , Japan . As its name implies , it is in a mountainous region . The Daishoji River runs through the resort . It is a popular tourist spot for Japanese and foreign travelers . This hot spring has one hotel and 20 ryokan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Ishikawa Prefecture ( 石川県 , Ishikawa-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu island . Ishikawa Prefecture has a population of 1,140,573 ( 31 October , 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 4,186 km² ( 1,616 sq mi ) . Ishikawa Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture to the east , Gifu Prefecture to the southeast , and Fukui Prefecture to the south . Kanazawa is the capital and largest city of Ishikawa Prefecture , with other major cities including Hakusan , Komatsu , and Kaga . Ishikawa is located on the Sea of Japan coast and features the most of the Noto Peninsula which forms Toyama Bay , one of the largest bays in Japan . Ishikawa Prefecture is part of the historic Hokuriku region and formerly an important populated center that contained some of the wealthiest han ( domains ) of the Japanese feudal era . Ishikawa Prefecture is home to Kanazawa Castle , Kenroku-en one of the Three Great Gardens of Japan , Nyotaimori ( body sushi ) , and Kutani ware .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine . Its name translates as Great Sugi of Kayano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinto_shrine', 'summary': "A Shinto shrine ( 神社 , jinja , archaic : shinsha , meaning : place of the god ( s ) ) is a structure whose main purpose is to house ( enshrine ) one or more kami . Its most important building is used for the safekeeping of sacred objects , and not for worship . Although only one word ( shrine ) is used in English , in Japanese , Shinto shrines may carry any one of many different , non-equivalent names like gongen , -gū , jinja , jingū , mori , myōjin , -sha , taisha , ubusuna , or yashiro . ( For details , see the section Interpreting shrine names . ) Structurally , a Shinto shrine is usually characterized by the presence of a honden [ note 1 ] or sanctuary , where the kami is enshrined . The honden may however be completely absent , as for example when the shrine stands on a sacred mountain to which it is dedicated , and which is worshipped directly . The honden may also be missing when there are nearby altar-like structures called himorogi or objects believed to be capable of attracting spirits called yorishiro that can serve as a direct bond to a kami . There may be a haiden ( 拝殿 , meaning : hall of worship ) and other structures as well ( see below ) . However , a shrine 's most important building is used for the safekeeping of sacred objects rather than for worship . Miniature shrines ( hokora ) can occasionally be found on roadsides . Large shrines sometimes have on their precincts miniature shrines , sessha ( 摂社 ) or massha ( 末社 ) . [ note 2 ] The portable shrines ( mikoshi ) which are carried on poles during festivals ( matsuri ) enshrine kami and are therefore true shrines ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cryptomeria', 'summary': "Cryptomeria ( literally hidden parts ) is a monotypic genus of conifer in the cypress family Cupressaceae , formerly belonging to the family Taxodiaceae . It includes only one species , Cryptomeria japonica ( syn . Cupressus japonica L.f. ) . It used to be considered by some to be endemic to Japan ( see remark below under 'Endemism ' ) , where it is known as sugi ( Japanese : 杉 ) . The tree is called Japanese cedar or Japanese redwood in English ."}]}, {'value': 'Jōmon Sugi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jōmon_Sugi', 'summary': "Jōmon Sugi ( 縄文杉 ) is a large Cryptomeria tree ( yakusugi ) located on Yakushima , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , in Japan . It is the oldest and largest among the old-growth cryptomeria trees on the island , and is estimated to be between 2,170 and 7,200 years old . Other estimates of the tree 's age include at least 5,000 years , more than 6,000 years , and up to 7,000 years old . The tree 's name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory ."}]}, {'value': '2,170-7,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cryptomeria', 'summary': "Cryptomeria ( literally hidden parts ) is a monotypic genus of conifer in the cypress family Cupressaceae , formerly belonging to the family Taxodiaceae . It includes only one species , Cryptomeria japonica ( syn . Cupressus japonica L.f. ) . It used to be considered by some to be endemic to Japan ( see remark below under 'Endemism ' ) , where it is known as sugi ( Japanese : 杉 ) . The tree is called Japanese cedar or Japanese redwood in English ."}]}, {'value': 'Yakushima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakushima', 'summary': "Yakushima ( 屋久島 ) is one of the Ōsumi Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture , Japan . The island , 504.88 km2 ( 194.94 sq mi ) in area , has a population of 13,178 . Access to the island is by hydrofoil ferry ( 7 or 8 times a day from Kagoshima , depending on the season ) , slow car ferry ( once or twice a day from Kagoshima ) , or by air to Yakushima Airport ( 3 to 5 times daily from Kagoshima , once daily from Fukuoka and once daily from Osaka ) . Administratively , the whole island is the town of Yakushima . The town also serves neighbouring Kuchinoerabujima . The majority of the island is within the borders of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park . Yakushima 's electricity is more than 50% hydroelectric , and surplus power has been used to produce hydrogen gas in an experiment by Kagoshima University . The island has been a test site for Honda 's hydrogen fuel cell vehicle research . ( There are no hydrogen cars stationed on the island but electric cars are run by the municipality . )"}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk . Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jōmon_period', 'summary': 'The Jōmon period ( 縄文時代 , Jōmon jidai ) is the time in Japanese prehistory , traditionally dated between c. 14,000-300 BCE , recently refined to about 1000 BCE , during which Japan was inhabited by a hunter-gatherer culture , which reached a considerable degree of sedentism and cultural complexity . The name cord-marked was first applied by the American zoologist and orientalist Edward S. Morse , who discovered sherds of pottery in 1877 and subsequently translated it into Japanese as jōmon . The pottery style characteristic of the first phases of Jōmon culture was decorated by impressing cords into the surface of wet clay and is generally accepted to be among the oldest in East Asia and the world . The Jōmon period was rich in tools and jewellery made from bone , stone , shell and antler ; pottery figurines and vessels ; and lacquerware . It is often compared to pre-Columbian cultures of the North American Pacific Northwest and especially to the Valdivia culture in Ecuador because in these settings cultural complexity developed within a primarily hunting-gathering context with limited use of horticulture .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Japanese_prehistory', 'summary': "The history of Japan covers Japan and its relation to the world . It is characterized by isolationist , semi-open and expansionist periods . The very first human habitation in the Japanese archipelago has been traced to prehistoric times around 30,000 BC . The Jōmon period , named after its cord-marked pottery , was followed by the Yayoi in the first millennium BC when new technologies were introduced from continental Asia . During this period , the first known written reference to Japan was recorded in the Chinese Book of Han in the first century AD . Between the fourth century and the ninth century , Japan 's many kingdoms and tribes gradually came to be unified under a centralized government , nominally controlled by the Emperor . This imperial dynasty continues to reign over Japan . In 794 , a new imperial capital was established at Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) , marking the beginning of the Heian period , which lasted until 1185 . The Heian period is considered a golden age of classical Japanese culture . Japanese religious life from this time and onwards was a mix of native Shinto practices and Buddhism . Over the following centuries , the power of the Emperor and the imperial court gradually declined , passing first to great clans of civilian aristocrats - most notably the Fujiwara - and then to the military clans and their armies of samurai . The Minamoto clan under Minamoto no Yoritomo emerged victorious from the Genpei War of 1180-85 , defeating their rival military clan , the Taira ."}]}, {'value': 'Koca Katran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koca_Katran', 'summary': 'Koca Katran Lübnan sediri ( literally : Big old cedar of Lebanon ) is a monumental old cedar of Lebanon ( Cedrus libani ) in Antalya Province , southern Turkey . It is a registered natural monument of the country . Koca Katran is located within Çığlıkara Nature Reserve , a cedar forest , in Elmalı district of Antalya Province . The tree is 25 m ( 82 ft ) high and the circumference of its trunk is 8.23 m ( 27.0 ft ) at 2.62 m ( 8.6 ft ) diameter . The old tree was registered a natural monument in 1995 . The age of the cedar was dated as 2000 years old when it was registered .'}]}, {'value': '2,022', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanon Cedar Cedrus libani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanon_Cedar', 'summary': 'Cedrus libani , ( Arabic : أرز لبناني , French : Cèdre du Liban ) commonly known as the cedar of Lebanon or Lebanon cedar , is a species of cedar native to the mountains of the Eastern Mediterranean basin . It is an evergreen conifer that can reach 40 m ( 130 ft ) in height . It is the national emblem of Lebanon and is widely used as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens .'}]}, {'value': 'Antalya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antalya', 'summary': "Antalya ( Turkish pronunciation : [ anˈtalja ] ) is the fifth-most populous city in Turkey and the capital of Antalya Province . Located on Anatolia 's southwest coast bordered by the Taurus Mountains , Antalya is the largest Turkish city on the Mediterranean coast with over one million people in its metropolitan area . The city that is now Antalya was first settled around 200 BC by the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon , which was soon subdued by the Romans . Roman rule saw Antalya thrive , including the construction of several new monuments , such as Hadrian 's Gate , and the proliferation of neighboring cities . The city has changed hands several times , including to the Seljuk Sultanate in 1207 and an expanding Ottoman Empire in 1391 . Ottoman rule brought relative peace and stability for the next five hundred years . The city was transferred to Italian suzerainty in the aftermath of World War I , but was recaptured by a newly independent Turkey in the War of Independence . Antalya is Turkey 's biggest international sea resort , located on the Turkish Riviera . Large-scale development and governmental funding has promoted tourism . A record 12.5 million tourists passed through the city in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': 'Alive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ballyconnell Yew', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000-5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yew Taxus baccata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taxus_baccata', 'summary': 'Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western , central and southern Europe , northwest Africa , northern Iran and southwest Asia . It is the tree originally known as yew , though with other related trees becoming known , it may now be known as common yew , English yew , or European yew . Primarily grown as an ornamental , most parts of the plant are poisonous , and consumption of the foliage can result in death .'}]}, {'value': 'Ballyconnell , Annagh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballyconnell', 'summary': 'Ballyconnell ( Irish : Béal Átha Conaill , meaning Entrance to the Ford of Conall ) is a town in County Cavan , Ireland . It is situated on the N87 national secondary road at the junction of four townlands Annagh , Cullyleenan , Doon ( Tomregan ) and Derryginny in the parish of Tomregan , Barony of Tullyhaw . Ballyconnell won the Irish Tidy Towns Competition in 1971 and was also winner in 1975 . The town lies astride the Shannon-Erne Waterway which was re-opened in 1993 , formerly known as the Woodford Canal which was finally completed in 1860 . Prior to being canalised it was known as the River Grainne . The population of Ballyconnell , according to the 2016 Census , was 1,105 persons , an increase of 4% on the previous 2011 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Annagh,_County_Cavan', 'summary': 'Annagh is a townland in the Parish of Tomregan , Barony of Tullyhaw , County Cavan , Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Oldest tree in Ireland', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Old trees with estimated ages', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_oldest_trees_1', 'intro': "This is a list of the oldest-known trees, as reported in reliable sources. Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary. In addition, tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented tree-ring count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, this article presents three lists of oldest trees, each using varying criteria. There are three tables of trees, which are listed by age and species. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the centre is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old. The current record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada, in the United States."}
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What is the volume of the trunk of the tree found in the location that is Spanish for snowy range ?
45,000 cubic feet
08799e6532582a8d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_competition', 'title': 'Case competition', 'header': ['Competition', 'Country', 'University', 'Level', 'Teams', 'Inaugural Year'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alberta International Case Competition ( AIBC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberta School of Business', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Undergraduate Business Case Competition ( AUBCC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'QUT , UNSW , University of Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology', 'summary': 'Queensland University of Technology ( QUT ) is a public research university located in the urban coastal city of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . QUT is located on two campuses in the Brisbane area : Gardens Point and Kelvin Grove . The university in its current form was founded in 1989 , when the then Queensland Institute of Technology ( QIT ) was granted university status by the Queensland University of Technology Act 1988 , and by the subsequent merger of Brisbane College of Advanced Education with QUT in 1990 . In 2015 , QUT had enrolled 48,503 students , including 8,218 international students from more than 100 countries , 35,304 undergraduate students , 12,035 postgraduate students and 1,164 non-award students . The university had a total of 4,872 full-time equivalent ( FTE ) staff members ( academic , professional , full-time or fractional full-time and casual ) in 2015 , and an annual budget of over $ 900 million . In 2016 , the total revenue generated by QUT from its continuing operations was $ 992.519 million . QUT was a member of the Australian Technology Network of universities , but withdrew participation on 28 September 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'The University of New South Wales ( UNSW ; branded as UNSW Sydney ) is an Australian public research university located in the Sydney suburb of Kensington . In 2012 , UNSW recorded the highest median ATAR of any university in NSW and attracted the highest number of top 500 students from the state . Established in 1949 , it is ranked 4th in Australia , 43rd in the world according to the 2020 QS World University Rankings . The university comprises nine faculties , through which it offers bachelor , master and doctoral degrees . The main campus is located on a 38-hectare ( 94-acre ) site in the Sydney suburb of Kensington , 7 km ( about 4.3 miles ) from the Sydney central business district . The creative arts faculty , UNSW Art & Design , is located in Paddington , UNSW Canberra is located at the Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra and sub-campuses are located in the Sydney CBD , the suburbs of Randwick and Coogee . Research stations are located throughout the state of New South Wales . UNSW is one of the founding members of the Group of Eight , a coalition of Australian research-intensive universities , and of Universitas 21 , a global network of research universities . It has international exchange and research partnerships with over 200 universities around the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Melbourne', 'summary': "The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne , Australia . Founded in 1853 , it is Australia 's second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria . Its main campus is located in Parkville , an inner suburb north of the Melbourne central business district , with several other campuses located across Victoria . Melbourne is a sandstone university and a member of the Group of Eight , Universitas 21 , Washington University 's McDonnell International Scholars Academy , and the Association of Pacific Rim Universities . Since 1872 various residential colleges have become affiliated with the university . There are 10 colleges located on the main campus and in nearby suburbs offering academic , sporting and cultural programs alongside accommodation for Melbourne students and faculty . Melbourne comprises 10 separate academic units and is associated with numerous institutes and research centres , including the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research and the Grattan Institute . Amongst Melbourne 's 15 graduate schools the Melbourne Business School , the Melbourne Law School and the Melbourne Medical School are particularly well regarded . Times Higher Education ranked Melbourne 32nd globally in 2017-2018 , while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 38th in the world ( both first in Australia ) , and in the QS World University Rankings 2019 Melbourne ranks 39th globally and ranked sixth in the world according to the 2019 QS Graduate Employability Rankings . Four Australian prime ministers and five governors-general have graduated from the University of Melbourne . Ten Nobel laureates have been students or faculty , the most of any Australian university . The university 's coat of arms is a blue shield on which a depiction of Victory in white colour holds her laurel wreath over the stars of the Southern Cross ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS Case Competition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'Copenhagen Business School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copenhagen_Business_School', 'summary': "Copenhagen Business School ( Danish : Handelshøjskolen i København ) often abbreviated and referred to as CBS ( also in Danish ) , is a public university situated in Copenhagen , Denmark and is considered one of the most prestigious business schools in Western Europe and the world . CBS was established in 1917 by the Danish Society for the Advancement of Business Education and Research ( FUHU ) ; however , it was not until 1920 that accounting became the first full study programme at CBS . Today CBS has approximately 20,000 students and 2,000 employees , and offers a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programmes within business , typically with an interdisciplinary and international focus . CBS is accredited by EQUIS ( European Quality Improvement System ) , AMBA ( Association of MBAs ) , as well as AACSB ( Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ) , thus making it one of the few schools worldwide to hold the triple-crown accreditation , and along with Aarhus BSS , the only two in Denmark . The CBS campus is located in Frederiksberg , close to the center of Copenhagen , and centers on the school 's main campus of Solbjerg Plads , completed in 2000 . Since the Danish Universities Act of 2003 , CBS has had a Board of Directors with an external majority . The Board of Directors appoints the President of CBS , who is currently Nikolaj Malchow-Møller . Most of the programs are taught in English , and more than half of the faculty is recruited from abroad , making CBS an international academic environment . The university 's alumni include Søren Skou , CEO of A.P Moller-Maersk , Lise Kingo , Executive Director of the United Nations Global Compact , Fritz Henrik Schur Junior , Chairman of DONG Energy , David Heinemeier Hansson , creator of Ruby on Rails , Kasper Rørsted , CEO of Adidas , Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi , son of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi , Jacob Schram , CEO of Norwegian Air , Lars Dalgaard , founder of SuccessFactors , as well as several other entrepreneurs and Danish politicians ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgrade Business International Case Competition - BBICC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Belgrade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Belgrade', 'summary': 'The University of Belgrade ( Serbian : Универзитет у Београду , romanized : Univerzitet u Beogradu ) is a public university in Serbia . It is the oldest and largest university in Serbia , and one of the most important educational and research centers in Europe . Founded in 1808 as the Belgrade Higher School in revolutionary Serbia , by 1838 it merged with the Kragujevac-based departments into a single university . The University has around 97,700 enrolled students and over 4,800 members of academic staff . Since its founding , the University has educated more than 378,000 bachelors , around 25,100 magisters , 29,000 specialists and 14,670 doctors . The University comprises 31 faculties , 12 research institutes , the university library , and 9 university centres . The faculties are organized into 4 groups : social sciences and humanities ; medical sciences ; natural sciences and mathematics ; and technological sciences . On the prestigious Shanghai Ranking ( ARWU ) , the University of Belgrade ranks between 401st and 500th place , according to the most recent ( 2018 ) global ranking . In 2014 , it ranked 151-200 , specifically in the areas of mathematics and physics .'}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Engineering and Commerce Case Competition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Concordia University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Concordia_University', 'summary': "Concordia University ( French : Université Concordia ; commonly referred to as Concordia ) is a public comprehensive research university located in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Founded in 1974 following the merger of Loyola College and Sir George Williams University , Concordia is one of the three universities in Quebec where English is the primary language of instruction ( the others being McGill and Bishop 's ) . As of the 2018-19 academic year , there were 46,829 students enrolled in credit courses at Concordia , making the university among the largest in Canada by enrollment . The university has two campuses , set approximately 7 kilometres ( 4 miles ) apart : Sir George Williams Campus is the main campus , located in Downtown Montreal in an area known as Quartier Concordia ; and Loyola Campus in the residential district of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce . With four faculties , a school of graduate studies and numerous colleges , centres and institutes , Concordia offers over 300 undergraduate and 100 graduate programs and courses . The university 's John Molson School of Business consistently ranks among the top 10 Canadian business schools and the top 100 worldwide . Moreover , Concordia was ranked seventh in Canada and 229th among world universities in the International Professional Classification of Higher Education Institutions , a worldwide ranking compiled by the École des Mines de Paris that uses as its sole criterion the number of graduates occupying the rank of Chief Executive Officer at Fortune 500 companies . Concordia is a non-sectarian and coeducational institution , with more than 215,000 alumni worldwide . The university is a member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada , International Association of Universities , Canadian Association of Research Libraries , Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate , Canadian Bureau for International Education and Canadian University Press . The university 's varsity teams , known as the Stingers , compete in the Quebec Student Sport Federation of U Sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian Business Case Competition @ Nanyang ( ABCC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asian_Business_Case_Competition_@_Nanyang', 'summary': 'Asian Business Case Competition @ Nanyang is an international undergraduate business case competition in Singapore , established in 2007 . It is organised by Nanyang Business Schools case club Business Solutions and is backed by the Asian Business Case Centre . ABCC @ Nanyang is a student-led case competition with a focus on sustainability . Every year , the competition hosts undergraduate participants from business schools around the world , applying their knowledge and skills to solve real-life business problems . ABCC @ Nanyang has been certified carbon neutral by TheCarbonNeutral Company .'}]}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nanyang Technological University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University', 'summary': "The Nanyang Technological University , Singapore ( NTU ) is the second oldest public autonomous research university in Singapore . With a population of 33,500 students and 10,000 faculty and staff , NTU is the second largest university in Singapore . The University is organised into eight colleges and schools , including the College of Engineering , College of Science , Nanyang Business School , Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine , and College of Humanities , Arts and Social Sciences . NTU is also home to several autonomous institutions such as Singapore 's National Institute of Education , S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies , Earth Observatory of Singapore , Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering , Institute on Asian Consumer Insight , and the recently launched NTU Institute of Science and Technology for Humanity . NTU 's main campus covers 200 hectares ( 490 acres ) of land , making it the largest university campus in Singapore . The primary campus grounds are located in the western part of Singapore , along 50 Nanyang Avenue . It also has two other campuses in Singapore 's healthcare and start-up districts , Novena and one-north respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CaseIT MIS Case Competition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CaseIT', 'summary': "CaseIT is an international undergraduate business case competition focused in management information systems . Held annually in Vancouver , British Columbia , this student-organized event focuses on information technology case analysis . Over a span of six days in February , 20 international university teams compete in a 5-hour and 24-hour case deliberation . First round presentations are held in SFU 's Harbour Centre campus in Vancouver , while final-round presentations are held in the Segal Graduate School of Business , followed by an Awards Banquet where the top three universities are announced ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Beedie School of Business', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beedie_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The Beedie School of Business ( Beedie ) is the business school of Simon Fraser University with multiple campuses across the Lower Mainland of British Columbia , Canada . Simon Fraser University was founded in 1965 and by 1982 , the business discipline had grown to sufficient size to become its own distinct faculty , and the Bachelor of Business Administration ( BBA ) degree was established . [ citation needed ] . The Beedie School of Business operates on all three Simon Fraser University campuses , with over 3,800 undergraduate BBA students in the Vancouver suburbs of Burnaby and Surrey ; over 700 MBA and graduate students in the Segal Graduate School in downtown Vancouver and SFU Surrey ; non-credit programs at the director , executive and management levels ; and a PhD program . In 1968 , Beedie established the Executive MBA ( EMBA ) program , the first of its kind in Canada . Since 2000 , the school has launched the Management of Technology MBA , the Master of Science in Finance program , and a full-time and part-time MBA . In 2011 , the school launched the world 's first Executive MBA for the Americas in partnership with graduate business schools at Vanderbilt University ( U.S. ) , Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México ( Mexico ) and Institute of Management Foundation ( Brazil ) . That same year , it launched Canada 's first EMBA for Aboriginal Business and Leadership . In 2014 , the school introduced the Graduate Certificate in Science and Technology Commercialization , a part-time certificate program providing research scientists and engineers with the frameworks , perspectives , and techniques needed for fostering product development and commercialization . The Beedie School of Business has is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB ) and the European Quality Improvement System ( EQUIS ) . Beedie is ranked in the top ten business schools in Canada by Maclean 's . In 2011 the school received a donation in the amount of $ 22 million from alumnus Ryan Beedie and his father Keith , establishing the Beedie School of Business ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central European Case Competition ( CECC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': 'Case Solvers & Corvinus University of Budapest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Case_Solvers', 'summary': "Case Solvers is a company founded in September 2012 and run by young Hungarian professionals [ who ? ] . Case Solvers ' mission is to train young problem solvers , and to create a platform between graduates and the actors of the Labor Market . The organization was called Hungarian Business Case Society until 2013 , then it gradually took up the name 'Case Solvers ' . The team of 35 young Hungarians held more than 250 trainings to talented university students in 27 countries by 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Corvinus_University_of_Budapest', 'summary': 'Corvinus University of Budapest ( Hungarian : Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem ) is a university in Budapest , Hungary . Corvinus University of Budapest is a research university oriented towards education . The university currently has an enrollment of approximately 14,500 students , offering educational programmes in business administration , economics , and social sciences . Corvinus University accepts students at six faculties and offer courses leading to degrees at the bachelor , master and doctoral level in specialisations taught in Hungarian , English , French or German . The University was listed in the top 50 in the Financial Times European Masters in Management rankings , and was the first Hungarian university mentioned among the best in the area of agriculture . Ministers of finance , chairmen of the National Bank of Hungary and prime ministers studied at Corvinus .'}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Champions Trophy Case Competition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Auckland', 'summary': "The University of Auckland ( Māori : Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau ) is the largest university in New Zealand , located in the country 's largest city , Auckland . It is the highest-ranked university in the country , being ranked 83rd worldwide in the 2019/20 QS World University Rankings . Established in 1883 as a constituent college of the University of New Zealand , the university is made up of eight faculties ; these are spread over six campuses . It has more than 40,000 students , and more than 30,000 equivalent full-time students ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chulalongkorn International Business Case Competition ( CIBCC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Chulalongkorn University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University', 'summary': "Chulalongkorn University ( Thai : จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย , RTGS : Chulalongkon Mahawitthayalai , pronounced [ t͡ɕù.lāː.lōŋ.kɔ̄ːn mā.hǎː.wít.tʰā.jāː.lāj ] ) ( CU ) , nicknamed Chula ( Thai : จุฬาฯ ) , is a public and autonomous research university in Bangkok , Thailand . The university was originally founded during King Chulalongkorn 's reign as a school for training royal pages and civil servants in 1899 ( B.E . 2442 ) at the Grand Palace of Thailand . It was later established as a national university in 1917 , making it the oldest institute of higher education in Thailand . During the reign of Chulalongkorn 's son , King Vajiravudh , the Royal Pages School became the Civil Service College of King Chulalongkorn . The Rockefeller Foundation was instrumental in helping the college form its academic foundation . On 26 March 1917 , King Vajiravudh renamed the college Chulalongkorn University . Chulalongkorn University is a comprehensive and research-intensive university . It is ranked as the best university in Thailand in many surveys , quality of students , quality of research , quality in particular subjects , university reputation , environmental management systems . According to QS world university ranking 2017 , CU is placed 245th in the world , 45th in Asia , 1st in Thailand , and 201-250 in the world graduate employability ranking . It is also ranked as Thailand 's No . 1 university from various organizers such as Center for World University Rankings , Round university ranking , Academic Ranking of World Universities ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Citi International Case Competition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'HKUST', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HKUST', 'summary': "The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ( HKUST ; Chinese : 香港科技大學 ) is a public research university in Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong . Founded in 1991 by the British Hong Kong Government , it was the territory 's third institution to be granted university status . HKUST is commonly regarded as one of the fastest growing universities in the world . As of 2019 , the university was ranked seventh in Asia by QS and third by Times , and around top 40 internationally . It also ranked first in Times Higher Education Young University Rankings in 2019 and second by QS world 's under-50 universities in 2020 . Today , the university consists of four main academic schools , offering programs in science , engineering , business and management , humanities and social science , along with the Interdisciplinary Programs Office , HKUST Fok Ying Tung Graduate School / Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute , HKUST Jockey Club Institute for Advanced Study and HKUST Institute for Public Policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Global Business Case Competition ( GBCC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ritsumeikan_Asia_Pacific_University', 'summary': 'Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University ( 立命館アジア太平洋大学 , Ritsumeikan Ajia Taiheiyō Daigaku ) , commonly referred to as APU , is a private institution inaugurated April 2000 in Beppu , Ōita , Japan . APU was made possible through the collaboration of three parties from the public and private sectors : Ōita Prefecture , Beppu City and the Ritsumeikan Trust . The university has an enrollment of about 5,850 , including approximately 2,900 domestic , and 2,900 international students ( a 50-50 domestic-international ratio ) originating from 90 countries and regions . Half of the 172 full-time faculty members are also foreign nationals who come from 24 countries and regions .'}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thammasat Undergraduate Business Challenge ( TUBC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Thammasat University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thammasat_University', 'summary': "Thammasat University ( Abrv : TU Thai : มธ . ; Thai : มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ , RTGS : Mahawitthayalai Thammasat , pronounced [ tʰām.mā.sàːt ] ) is a public research university in Thailand with campuses in Tha Phra Chan area of Phra Nakhon District near the Grand Palace in the heart of Bangkok ; in Rangsit , 42 kilometers north of Bangkok ; in Pattaya , a resort city on the eastern seaboard of Thailand ; and in Lampang Province . As of 2019 [ update ] , Thammasat University has over 33,000 students enrolled in 33 faculties , colleges , and institutes and 2,700 academic staff . Thammasat is Thailand 's second oldest university . Officially established to be the national university of Thailand on 27 June 1934 , it was named by its founder , Pridi Banomyong , the University of Moral and Political Sciences ( Thai : มหาวิทยาลัยวิชาธรรมศาสตร์และการเมือง ; RTGS : Mahawitthayalai Wicha Thammasat Lae Kanmueang ) . It began as an open university , with 7,094 students studying law and politics in its first year . In 1952 , the university 's name was shortened to its present one by the military junta of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram . who became the first rector of the university . [ Note 1 ] In 1960 , the university ended its free-entry policy and became the first in Thailand to require passing national entrance examinations for admission . Thammasat today offers more than 240 academic programs in 33 different faculties and colleges on four campuses . Over the 80 years since its founding , Thammasat University has evolved from an open university for law and politics to an international university offering all levels of academic degrees in many fields and disciplines . It has graduated more than 300,000 undergraduate and graduate students ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Global Business Case Competition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Washington', 'summary': "The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grossman School of Business Family Enterprise Case Competition ( FECC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The University of Vermont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Vermont', 'summary': "The University of Vermont ( UVM ) , [ a ] officially The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College , is a public research university in Burlington , Vermont . It was founded in 1791 and is the state 's land-grant university . UVM is among the oldest universities in the United States and is the fifth institution of higher education established in the New England region of the U.S. northeast . It is also listed as one of the original eight Public Ivy institutions in the United States . The university 's Dudley H. Davis Center was the first student center in the United States to receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) Gold certification . The largest hospital complex in Vermont , the University of Vermont Medical Center , has its primary facility on the UVM campus and is affiliated with the Robert Larner College of Medicine ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate & Graduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HSBC/HKU Asia Pacific Business Case Competition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'The University of Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong', 'summary': 'The University of Hong Kong ( HKU ) is a public research university in Hong Kong . Founded in 1911 , its origins trace back to the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese , which was founded in 1887 . It is the oldest tertiary institution in Hong Kong . Also , HKU is the first university established by the British Empire in East Asia . HKU has always been the best university in Hong Kong and one of the best universities in Asia . As of 2019 , HKU ranks second in Asia by QS and fourth by THE , and around top 30 internationally . It has been commonly regarded as one of the most internationalized universities in the world as well as one of the most prestigious universities in Asia . Today , HKU has ten academic faculties with English as the main language of instruction . HKU also ranks highly in the sciences , dentistry , biomedicine , education , humanities , law , economics , business administration , linguistics , political science , and the social sciences . The University of Hong Kong was also the first team in the world to successfully isolate the coronavirus , the causative agent of SARS .'}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan MBA Case Competition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo-based MBA programs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graduate - MBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Graduate Competition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'HEC Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HEC_Montreal', 'summary': "HEC Montréal ( formerly French : École des hautes études commerciales de Montréal ) is a Canadian business school located in Montreal , Canada . Founded in 1907 , HEC Montréal is the graduate business school of the Université de Montréal and known as the first established school of management in Canada . The business school offers undergraduate , graduate and post-graduate programs including Bachelor of Business Administration ( BBA ) , Master of Science in Administration ( MSc ) , Master of Management ( MM ) , Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) and PhD in Administration , in addition to a joint Executive MBA program with McGill University . HEC Montréal was ranked first among Canada 's business schools for its MBA program by Canadian Business in 2016 , 17th worldwide among non-US business schools by Forbes and among Top 30 international business schools by Bloomberg BusinessWeek in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Graduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Case Competition @ Maastricht', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Maastricht University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maastricht_University', 'summary': "Maastricht University ( abbreviated as UM ; Dutch : Universiteit Maastricht ) is a public university in Maastricht , Netherlands . Founded in 1976 , it is the second youngest of the thirteen Dutch universities . In 2018 , 18,000 students studied at Maastricht University , 53% of whom were foreign students , with over 4,000 employees . About half of the bachelor 's programmes are fully offered in English , while the other half is taught wholly or partly in Dutch . Most of the master 's and doctoral programmes are in English . Besides traditional programmes , Maastricht University also has an honours liberal arts college : University College Maastricht and a Maastricht Science Programme in the same liberal arts tradition . The satellite University College Venlo opened in 2015 . Maastricht University regularly ranks as one of Europe 's leading universities . The University has been placed in the top 300 universities in the world by five major ranking tables . Amongst others , Maastricht University 's master 's programme in International Business is ranked 25 , being in the top 25 of the best business programmes in the world according to the Financial Times [ third-party source needed ] . The Times Higher Education World Ranking regularly quotes Maastricht University as one of the best young universities in the world ( 5th rank ) . In 2013 , Maastricht University was the second Dutch university to be rewarded the Distinctive Quality Feature for Internationalisation by the Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders ( NVAO ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshall International Case Competition ( MICC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Undergraduate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 teams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable competitions -- Invitational competitions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Case_competition_0', 'intro': "In a case competition, participants strive to develop the best solution to a business or education-related case study within an allocated time frame, typically with teams of two or more individuals pitted against each other in a head-to-head or broader relative ranking. Teams deliver presentations for judges and, while competitions vary in composition, a standard format and purpose exists. In terms of cumulative number of participants, the HSBC/HKU Asia Pacific Business Case Competition is the world's largest case competition, with over 130,000 participants since 2008 ."}
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What is the inaugural year of the competition whose university has more than 40,000 students ?
2008
087a1b3319718a82
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_ungulates', 'title': 'List of fictional ungulates', 'header': ['Name', 'Species', 'Program', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Barn_Farm', 'summary': "Big Barn Farm is a British live action and animated children 's comedy television series following the lives of four young animals on a farm which uses a combination of live-action and animation . It was produced by The Foundation and commissioned by Michael Carrington for the BBC children 's channel CBeebies . It was narrated by Ben Fairman in the first series and Dave Lamb in the second series ."}]}, {'value': 'Donkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Barn Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Barn_Farm', 'summary': "Big Barn Farm is a British live action and animated children 's comedy television series following the lives of four young animals on a farm which uses a combination of live-action and animation . It was produced by The Foundation and commissioned by Michael Carrington for the BBC children 's channel CBeebies . It was narrated by Ben Fairman in the first series and Dave Lamb in the second series ."}]}, {'value': 'A live-action donkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cranky Doodle Donkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_is_Magic', 'summary': "My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic is a Canadian-American animated fantasy television series created by Lauren Faust for Hasbro . The series is based on Hasbro 's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred to by collectors as the fourth generation ( G4 ) of the franchise . The series premiered on October 10 , 2010 , on The Hub cable channel ( which was renamed as Discovery Family in late 2014 ) , and ended on October 12 , 2019 . Hasbro selected animator Lauren Faust as the creative director and executive producer for the show . Faust sought to challenge the established nature of the existing My Little Pony line , creating more in-depth characters and adventurous settings ; she left the series during season 2 , to be replaced by Meghan McCarthy as showrunner for the remainder of the series . The show follows a studious anthropomorphic unicorn ( later an alicorn ) pony named Twilight Sparkle as her mentor Princess Celestia guides her to learn about friendship in the town of Ponyville . Twilight and her dragon assistant Spike become close friends with five other ponies : Applejack , Rarity , Fluttershy , Rainbow Dash , and Pinkie Pie . Each of the ponies represent a different facet of friendship , and Twilight discovers herself to be a key part of the magical artifacts known as the Elements of Harmony . The ponies travel on adventures and help others around Equestria while working out problems that arise in their own friendships . The series has become a major commercial success , becoming the most highly rated original production in the Hub Network 's broadcast history and leading to new merchandising opportunities for Hasbro , including books , clothing , collectible trading cards , and comics . Despite the target demographic of young girls , Friendship Is Magic has also gained a large following of older viewers , mainly young and middle-aged men , who call themselves bronies . Portions of the show have become part of the remix culture , and have formed the basis for a variety of internet memes ."}]}, {'value': 'A male Donkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matilda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_is_Magic', 'summary': "My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic is a Canadian-American animated fantasy television series created by Lauren Faust for Hasbro . The series is based on Hasbro 's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred to by collectors as the fourth generation ( G4 ) of the franchise . The series premiered on October 10 , 2010 , on The Hub cable channel ( which was renamed as Discovery Family in late 2014 ) , and ended on October 12 , 2019 . Hasbro selected animator Lauren Faust as the creative director and executive producer for the show . Faust sought to challenge the established nature of the existing My Little Pony line , creating more in-depth characters and adventurous settings ; she left the series during season 2 , to be replaced by Meghan McCarthy as showrunner for the remainder of the series . The show follows a studious anthropomorphic unicorn ( later an alicorn ) pony named Twilight Sparkle as her mentor Princess Celestia guides her to learn about friendship in the town of Ponyville . Twilight and her dragon assistant Spike become close friends with five other ponies : Applejack , Rarity , Fluttershy , Rainbow Dash , and Pinkie Pie . Each of the ponies represent a different facet of friendship , and Twilight discovers herself to be a key part of the magical artifacts known as the Elements of Harmony . The ponies travel on adventures and help others around Equestria while working out problems that arise in their own friendships . The series has become a major commercial success , becoming the most highly rated original production in the Hub Network 's broadcast history and leading to new merchandising opportunities for Hasbro , including books , clothing , collectible trading cards , and comics . Despite the target demographic of young girls , Friendship Is Magic has also gained a large following of older viewers , mainly young and middle-aged men , who call themselves bronies . Portions of the show have become part of the remix culture , and have formed the basis for a variety of internet memes ."}]}, {'value': 'A female Donkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ewenice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Barn_Farm', 'summary': "Big Barn Farm is a British live action and animated children 's comedy television series following the lives of four young animals on a farm which uses a combination of live-action and animation . It was produced by The Foundation and commissioned by Michael Carrington for the BBC children 's channel CBeebies . It was narrated by Ben Fairman in the first series and Dave Lamb in the second series ."}]}, {'value': 'Sheep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Barn Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Barn_Farm', 'summary': "Big Barn Farm is a British live action and animated children 's comedy television series following the lives of four young animals on a farm which uses a combination of live-action and animation . It was produced by The Foundation and commissioned by Michael Carrington for the BBC children 's channel CBeebies . It was narrated by Ben Fairman in the first series and Dave Lamb in the second series ."}]}, {'value': 'A live-action sheep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gobo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Barn_Farm', 'summary': "Big Barn Farm is a British live action and animated children 's comedy television series following the lives of four young animals on a farm which uses a combination of live-action and animation . It was produced by The Foundation and commissioned by Michael Carrington for the BBC children 's channel CBeebies . It was narrated by Ben Fairman in the first series and Dave Lamb in the second series ."}]}, {'value': 'Goat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Barn Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Barn_Farm', 'summary': "Big Barn Farm is a British live action and animated children 's comedy television series following the lives of four young animals on a farm which uses a combination of live-action and animation . It was produced by The Foundation and commissioned by Michael Carrington for the BBC children 's channel CBeebies . It was narrated by Ben Fairman in the first series and Dave Lamb in the second series ."}]}, {'value': 'A live-action goat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elliot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elliot_Moose', 'summary': "Elliot Moose is a series of children 's picture books , written and illustrated by Andrea Beck . In 1998 , they were adapted into a television series of the same name ."}]}, {'value': 'Moose', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elliot Moose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elliot_Moose_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Elliot Moose is a Canadian children 's live-action and animated television series produced by Nelvana for PBS in the United States ; the series premiered on September 30 , 1998 . The series is based on a series of children 's books by Andrea Beck , its 104 episodes show the adventures of a moose named Elliot who lives in a place called The Big House . He goes on adventures with his friends ; Beaverton , Lionel , Socks , and Paisley . The series was developed by Jed MacKay and produced by Marianne Culbert . The series was unique in that half of the stories were animated , and half were live action ; reflecting children 's real world of play and their imaginary world . The music was composed by Bruce Ley and Jed MacKay ."}]}, {'value': 'A puppet ungulate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lamb Chop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamb_Chop_(puppet)', 'summary': "Lamb Chop is a sock puppet anthropomorphic sheep created by late puppeteer and ventriloquist Shari Lewis . In 1957 the character , a female lamb , first appeared during Lewis ' guest appearance on Captain Kangaroo in March 1956 and later appeared on Hi Mom ( 1957-1959 ) , a local morning show that aired on WRCA-TV in New York , New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Sheep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various Shari Lewis shows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shari_Lewis', 'summary': "Phyllis Naomi Hurwitz ( January 17 , 1933 - August 2 , 1998 ) , better known as Shari Lewis , was an American ventriloquist , puppeteer , children 's entertainer , comedian , and television show host . She was best known as the original puppeteer of the sock puppet Lamb Chop , first appearing on Captain Kangaroo in March 1956 and then Hi Mom , a local morning television show that aired on WRCA-TV ( now WNBC-TV ) in New York City ."}]}, {'value': 'A puppet ewe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Barn_Farm', 'summary': "Big Barn Farm is a British live action and animated children 's comedy television series following the lives of four young animals on a farm which uses a combination of live-action and animation . It was produced by The Foundation and commissioned by Michael Carrington for the BBC children 's channel CBeebies . It was narrated by Ben Fairman in the first series and Dave Lamb in the second series ."}]}, {'value': 'Cattle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Barn Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Barn_Farm', 'summary': "Big Barn Farm is a British live action and animated children 's comedy television series following the lives of four young animals on a farm which uses a combination of live-action and animation . It was produced by The Foundation and commissioned by Michael Carrington for the BBC children 's channel CBeebies . It was narrated by Ben Fairman in the first series and Dave Lamb in the second series ."}]}, {'value': 'A live-action cow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mr. Moose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mr._Moose', 'summary': "Mr. Moose was a puppet character on the children 's television show Captain Kangaroo . He would tell riddles and knock-knock jokes that would result in hundreds of ping pong balls falling from above , and hitting the Captain on the head . Mr. Moose was created and played by Cosmo Allegretti , who also created and played Mr. Bunny Rabbit , Dancing Bear , and the Captain 's painter and handyman Dennis ."}]}, {'value': 'Moose', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain Kangaroo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Kangaroo', 'summary': "Captain Kangaroo was an American children 's television series that aired weekday mornings on the American television network CBS from 1955 to 1984 , making it the longest-running nationally broadcast children 's television program of its day . In 1986 , the American Program Service ( now American Public Television , Boston ) integrated some newly produced segments into reruns of past episodes , distributing the newer version of the series on PBS until 1993 . The show was conceived by Bob Keeshan , who also played the title character Captain Kangaroo , and who based the show on the warm relationship between grandparents and children . Keeshan had portrayed the original Clarabell the Clown on The Howdy Doody Show when it aired on NBC . Captain Kangaroo had a loose structure , built around life in the Treasure House where the Captain ( the name kangaroo came from the big pockets in his coat ) would tell stories , meet guests , and indulge in silly stunts with regular characters , both humans and puppets . Keeshan performed as the Captain more than 9,000 times over the nearly 30-year run of the show . The May 17 , 1971 , episode had two major changes on the show : The Treasure House was renovated and renamed The Captain 's Place and the Captain replaced his navy blue coat with a red coat . In September 1981 , CBS shortened the hour-long show to a half-hour , briefly retitled it Wake Up with the Captain , and moved it to an earlier time slot ; it was moved to weekends in September 1982 , and returned to an hour-long format . CBS cancelled Captain Kangaroo at the end of 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'A puppet moose', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muffin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mule', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muffin the Mule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muffin_the_Mule', 'summary': 'Muffin the Mule is a puppet character in a British television programme for children . The puppet had been made in 1933 for Hogarth Puppets . The original TV programmes featuring the character were presented by Annette Mills , sister of John Mills , and broadcast live by the BBC from their studios at Alexandra Palace from 1946 to 1952 . Mills and the puppet continued with programmes that were broadcast until 1955 , when Annette Mills died . The series then transferred to ITV in 1956 and 1957 . A modern animated version of Muffin the Mule aired on the CBeebies channel in Autumn 2005 in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'A puppet character made in 1933 for Hogarth Puppets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nuzzle and Scratch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuzzle_and_Scratch', 'summary': "Nuzzle and Scratch is a British children 's television programme , shown on CBeebies . It stars two eponymous puppet alpacas created and developed by Barry Quinn and Alan Robinson and written by various writers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nuzzle_and_Scratch', 'summary': "Nuzzle and Scratch is a British children 's television programme , shown on CBeebies . It stars two eponymous puppet alpacas created and developed by Barry Quinn and Alan Robinson and written by various writers ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpaca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nuzzle and Scratch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuzzle_and_Scratch', 'summary': "Nuzzle and Scratch is a British children 's television programme , shown on CBeebies . It stars two eponymous puppet alpacas created and developed by Barry Quinn and Alan Robinson and written by various writers ."}]}, {'value': 'A pair of puppet alpacas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpaca', 'summary': "The alpaca ( Vicugna pacos ) is a species of South American camelid descended from the vicuña . It is similar to , and often confused with , the llama . However , alpacas are often noticeably smaller than llamas . The two animals are closely related and can successfully cross-breed . Alpacas and llamas are related to the guanaco . There are two breeds of alpaca : the Suri alpaca and the Huacaya alpaca . Alpacas are kept in herds that graze on the level heights of the Andes of Southern Peru , Western Bolivia , Ecuador , and Northern Chile at an altitude of 3,500 m ( 11,500 ft ) to 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) above sea level . Alpacas are considerably smaller than llamas , and unlike llamas , they were not bred to be working animals but were bred specifically for their fiber . Alpaca fiber is used for making knitted and woven items , similar to sheep 's wool . These items include blankets , sweaters , hats , gloves , scarves , a wide variety of textiles and ponchos in South America , and sweaters , socks , coats and bedding in other parts of the world . The fiber comes in more than 52 natural colors as classified in Peru , 12 as classified in Australia , and 16 as classified in the United States . Alpacas communicate through body language ."}]}, {'value': 'Shaun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shaun_the_Sheep', 'summary': "Shaun the Sheep is a British stop-motion animated television series and spin-off of the Wallace and Gromit franchise . The series stars Shaun - a sheep previously featured in the 1995 short film A Close Shave and in the Shopper 13 short film from the 2002 Wallace and Gromit 's Cracking Contraptions series - and his madcap adventures around a small farm as the leader of his flock . The series was first aired in the UK on the CBBC block on BBC One on 5 March 2007 . It has been broadcast in 180 countries globally . The series consists of 150 seven-minute episodes . The fifth series contains 20 episodes and has been aired in the Netherlands from 1 December 2015 until 1 January 2016 . The series inspired its own spin-off , Timmy Time , which follows the adventures of Shaun 's small cousin and is aimed at younger viewers . A feature-length film , titled Shaun the Sheep Movie , was released theatrically in 2015 . A 30-minute film , titled Shaun the Sheep : The Farmer 's Llamas , was aired as a 2015 Christmas TV special . The second feature-length film , titled A Shaun the Sheep Movie : Farmageddon , was released theatrically in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sheep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shaun the Sheep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shaun_the_Sheep', 'summary': "Shaun the Sheep is a British stop-motion animated television series and spin-off of the Wallace and Gromit franchise . The series stars Shaun - a sheep previously featured in the 1995 short film A Close Shave and in the Shopper 13 short film from the 2002 Wallace and Gromit 's Cracking Contraptions series - and his madcap adventures around a small farm as the leader of his flock . The series was first aired in the UK on the CBBC block on BBC One on 5 March 2007 . It has been broadcast in 180 countries globally . The series consists of 150 seven-minute episodes . The fifth series contains 20 episodes and has been aired in the Netherlands from 1 December 2015 until 1 January 2016 . The series inspired its own spin-off , Timmy Time , which follows the adventures of Shaun 's small cousin and is aimed at younger viewers . A feature-length film , titled Shaun the Sheep Movie , was released theatrically in 2015 . A 30-minute film , titled Shaun the Sheep : The Farmer 's Llamas , was aired as a 2015 Christmas TV special . The second feature-length film , titled A Shaun the Sheep Movie : Farmageddon , was released theatrically in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'A stop-motion sheep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stop_motion', 'summary': 'Stop motion is an animated filmmaking technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exhibit independent motion or change when the series of frames is played back . Any kind of object can thus be animated , but puppets with movable joints ( puppet animation ) or plasticine figures ( clay animation or claymation ) are most commonly used . Puppets , models or clay figures built around an armature are used in model animation . Stop motion with live actors is often referred to as pixilation . Stop motion of flat materials such as paper , fabrics or photographs is usually called cutout animation .'}]}, {'value': 'Zaza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zebra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'De Fabeltjeskrant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/De_Fabeltjeskrant', 'summary': "Fabeltjeskrant [ ( də ) 'faːbəɫcəskrɑnt ] ( or De Fabeltjeskrant , Dutch for The Fables Newspaper ) is a Dutch children 's television series featuring puppetry and stop motion . Created in 1968 by Leen Valkenier and produced by Thijs Chanowski ( 1st series ) and Loek de Levita ( 2nd series ) , it ended in 1989 and was broadcast on the Dutch and Japanese channels NOS , RTL 4 RTL 8 and NHK and on Belgian channel VRT . From 1973 to 1975 it was broadcast also in the United Kingdom , on ITV , with the title The Daily Fable ."}]}, {'value': 'A puppet zebra', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Media -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_ungulates_5', 'intro': 'This list of fictional ungulates is a subsidiary to the list of fictional animals. The list is restricted to notable ungulate (hooved) characters from various works organized by medium. This paraphyletic list includes all fictional hooved characters except fictional horses, fictional pachyderms (elephants, hippopotamuses, and rhinoceroses), and fictional swine, as each has its own list.'}
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What is the name of the animal in the show produced by Thijs Chanowski ?
Zaza
087ec9a3cf080b1d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1992 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Place', 'Nation', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '38.875', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '38.650', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '38.500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '38.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Korea', 'summary': "North Korea ( Korean : 조선 ; MR : Chosŏn or literally 북조선 ; MR : Pukchosŏn ) , officially the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK or DPR Korea ; Korean : 조선민주주의인민공화국 , Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk ) , is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula , with Pyongyang as its capital and the largest city in the country . To the north and northwest , the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok ( known as the Yalu in Chinese ) and Tumen rivers , and to the south , it is bordered by South Korea , with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) separating the two . Nevertheless , North Korea , like its southern counterpart , claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands . In 1910 , Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan . At the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945 , Korea was divided into two zones , with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States . Negotiations on reunification failed , and in 1948 , separate governments were formed : the socialist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in the north , and the capitalist Republic of Korea in the south . An invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War ( 1950-1953 ) . The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire , but no peace treaty was signed . North Korea officially describes itself as a self-reliant socialist state , and formally holds elections , though they have been described by outside observers as sham elections . Outside observers also generally view North Korea as a Stalinist dictatorship , particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around the Kim dynasty . The Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) , led by a member of the ruling family , holds absolute power in the state and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland of which all political officers are required to be members . Juche , an ideology of national self-reliance , was introduced into the constitution in 1972 ."}]}, {'value': '38.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '38.200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '38.050', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '38.000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Group -- Final 6 ribbons', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1992_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships_6', 'intro': 'The XVI World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships were held in Brussels, Belgium, on November 20-22, 1992.'}
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What is the place number for the nation that has 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites ?
6
087f425159d066cc
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cass_County,_Nebraska', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Cass County, Nebraska', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashland Archeological Site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 10 , 1975 ( # 75001090 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Both sides of a small stream that meets Salt Creek immediately above its confluence with the Platte River 41°01′54″N 96°18′59″W / 41.031722°N 96.316389°W / 41.031722 ; -96.316389 ( Ashland Archeological Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Platte_River', 'summary': 'The Platte River /plæt/ is a major river in the state of Nebraska and is about 310 mi ( 500 km ) long . Measured to its farthest source via its tributary the North Platte River , it flows for over 1,050 miles ( 1,690 km ) . The Platte River is a tributary of the Missouri River , which itself is a tributary of the Mississippi River which flows to the Gulf of Mexico . The Platte over most of its length is a muddy , broad , shallow , meandering stream with a swampy bottom and many islands - a braided stream . These characteristics made it too difficult for canoe travel , and it was never used as a major navigation route by European-American trappers or explorers . [ citation needed ] The Platte is one of the most significant tributary systems in the watershed of the Missouri , draining a large portion of the central Great Plains in Nebraska and the eastern Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming . The river valley played an important role in the westward expansion of the United States , providing the route for several major emigrant trails , including the Oregon , California , Mormon and Bozeman trails . The first Europeans to see the Platte were French explorers and fur trappers about 1714 ; they first called it the Nebraskier ( Nebraska ) , a transliteration of the name given by the Otoe people , meaning flat water . This expression is very close to the French words rivière plate ( flat river ) , the probable origin of the name Platte River .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashland,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Ashland is a city in Saunders County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 2,453 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mynard_Road_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Mynard Road Bridge , now located near Ashland , Nebraska , is a historic Warren truss leg bedstead bridge that was built in 1900 . It was probably built by J.R. Sheeley and Company , of Lincoln , Nebraska and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 . The 50-foot ( 15 m ) Mynard Road Bridge was the longest of its engineering type remaining in the state of Nebraska when the historic inventory was done in 1992 , and was still used for vehicular traffic at that time . The bridge was originally situated on the Maynard Road and was built to span an unnamed stream , 4.7 mi ( 7.6 km ) southeast of Louisville , Nebraska . In 2000 , the bridge was relocated to be used as a pedestrian bridge at the Lee G. Simmons Conservation Park and Wildlife Safari .'}]}, {'value': 'June 29 , 1992 ( # 92000707 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County road over an unnamed stream , 4.7 miles ( 7.6 km ) southeast of Louisville 40°58′22″N 96°04′55″W / 40.972778°N 96.081944°W / 40.972778 ; -96.081944 ( Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Louisville is a city in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 1,106 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cass County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cass_County_Courthouse_(Nebraska)', 'summary': 'The Cass County Courthouse in Plattsmouth , Nebraska was built in 1891 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 . It was designed by architect William Gray . Built of brick , terra cotta , and stone , it is a two-story building , 80 by 102 feet ( 24 m × 31 m ) in plan . It has a tall ( 135 feet ( 41 m ) ) central clock tower , and four corner towers , each with steep hipped roofs and elaborate ornamentation .'}]}, {'value': 'January 10 , 1990 ( # 89002248 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main St. between 3rd and 4th Sts . 41°00′42″N 95°53′01″W / 41.011667°N 95.8835°W / 41.011667 ; -95.8835 ( Cass County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plattsmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plattsmouth,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Plattsmouth is a city and county seat of Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 6,502 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theodore Davis Site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 19 , 1972 ( # 72000743 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weeping Water', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weeping_Water,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Weeping Water is a city in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 1,050 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George E. Dovey House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_E._Dovey_House', 'summary': 'The George E. Dovey House , in Plattsmouth , Nebraska in Cass County , Nebraska , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018 . Also known as The Heights , it was built for businessman George E. Dovey around 1887 . It is Queen Anne in style . Queen Anne features include its steeply-pitched roof with intersecting , asymmetrical cross gables , multiple variations of spindle work throughout both the interior and exterior , a one-story veranda along the front elevation and wraps around to the side , and a rounded tower on a prominent corner of the house that extends past the roofline . Inside it has its original hardwood floors , pocket doors , elaborate woodwork , and period-appropriate wallpaper . It was deemed significant as a local example of a Late Victorian home in the Queen Anne subtype . It was listed along with the Velosco V. Leonard House , also in Plattsmouth . It is located at 423 N 4th St. in Plattsmouth .'}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 2018 ( # 100003091 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '423 N 4th St. 41°00′54″N 95°53′02″W / 41.0151°N 95.8838°W / 41.0151 ; -95.8838 ( George E. Dovey House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plattsmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plattsmouth,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Plattsmouth is a city and county seat of Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 6,502 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Elms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Elms_(Elmwood,_Nebraska)', 'summary': 'The Elms , also known as the Bess Streeter Aldrich House , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 . Built in 1922 in Prairie School style , it was home of author Bess Streeter Aldrich . It is a two-story frame house with brick veneer . It is located off one block off Nebraska Highway 1 at 204 East F Street .'}]}, {'value': 'March 24 , 1977 ( # 77000824 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '204 East F Street 40°50′39″N 96°17′31″W / 40.844206°N 96.291825°W / 40.844206 ; -96.291825 ( The Elms )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elmwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elmwood,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Elmwood is a village in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 634 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Fitzgerald House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 2 , 2006 ( # 06000100 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '513 E. 2nd St. 41°00′05″N 96°09′23″W / 41.00125°N 96.1565°W / 41.00125 ; -96.1565 ( Paul Fitzgerald House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Louisville is a city in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 1,106 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Gering House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 12 , 2006 ( # 06000604 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '423 N. 6th St. 41°00′54″N 95°53′09″W / 41.01506°N 95.88586°W / 41.01506 ; -95.88586 ( Paul Gering House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plattsmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plattsmouth,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Plattsmouth is a city and county seat of Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 6,502 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibson House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 20 , 1986 ( # 86000471 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '107 Clinton 40°52′15″N 96°08′41″W / 40.87072°N 96.14475°W / 40.87072 ; -96.14475 ( Gibson House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weeping Water', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weeping_Water,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Weeping Water is a city in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 1,050 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walker Gilmore Site ( 22CC28 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walker_Gilmore_Site', 'summary': 'The Walker Gilmore Site , designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 22CC28 , is a prehistoric archaeological site near Murray , Nebraska . First formally investigated in 1915 , it is the type site for the Sterns Creek focus , the first Woodland period culture identified in Nebraska . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 15 , 1966 ( # 66000441 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeastern quarter of the northeastern quarter of Section 28 , Township 11 North , Range 14 East 40°53′59″N 95°50′14″W / 40.899722°N 95.837222°W / 40.899722 ; -95.837222 ( Walker Gilmore Site ( 22CC28 ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murray,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Murray is a village in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 463 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James and Margaret Greer Farmstead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 21 , 2011 ( # 11000103 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6315 202nd St. 40°53′18″N 96°26′49″W / 40.888333°N 96.446944°W / 40.888333 ; -96.446944 ( James and Margaret Greer Farmstead )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alvo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvo,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Alvo is a village in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 132 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kehlbeck Farmstead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 26 , 1985 ( # 85002577 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avoca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avoca,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Avoca is a village in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 242 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Kupke Farmstead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 19 , 2012 ( # 12001073 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32618 Church Rd . 40°57′27″N 96°14′54″W / 40.957507°N 96.248392°W / 40.957507 ; -96.248392 ( Christian Kupke Farmstead )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murdock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murdock,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Murdock is a village in Cass County , Nebraska . The population was 236 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Velosco V. Leonard House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velosco_V._Leonard_House', 'summary': "The Velosco V. Leonard House , in Plattsmouth , Nebraska in Cass County , Nebraska , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018 . It was listed along with the George E. Dovey House , also in Plattsmouth . It is an Italianate home of photographer Velosco V. Leonard . Leonard 's studio is listed on the National Register within the Plattsmouth Main Street Historic District . It was built in 1883 . It was deemed significant as a fine representation of a Late Victorian home in the Italianate style . It is located at 323 N 6th St. in Plattsmouth ."}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 2018 ( # 100003092 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '323 N 6th St. 41°00′51″N 95°53′10″W / 41.0142°N 95.8862°W / 41.0142 ; -95.8862 ( Velosco V. Leonard House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plattsmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plattsmouth,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Plattsmouth is a city and county seat of Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 6,502 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manley School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manley_School', 'summary': 'The Manley School , at 115 Cherry St. in Manley , Nebraska , was built in 1931 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 . It was deemed to be a fine example of the Craftsman style of architecture applied to a public building . When listed in 2004 , the school had served for more than 70 years and was still in use . The 1931 school replaced one built in 1889 . Enrollment in the school District 96 was 45 students in 1888 , 75 in 1904 . It housed grades K-10 until 1950 . From 1982 on it was just K-6 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 30 , 2004 ( # 04001414 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '115 Cherry St. 40°55′14″N 96°10′04″W / 40.9205°N 96.16772°W / 40.9205 ; -96.16772 ( Manley School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manley,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Manley is a village in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 178 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McLaughlin-Waugh-Dovey House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 14 , 1980 ( # 80002443 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '414 B Ave. 41°00′49″N 95°53′05″W / 41.01353°N 95.88464°W / 41.01353 ; -95.88464 ( McLaughlin-Waugh-Dovey House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plattsmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plattsmouth,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Plattsmouth is a city and county seat of Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 6,502 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naomi Institute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naomi_Institute', 'summary': 'The Naomi Institute , also known as the Rock Bluff School , is located in the ghost town of Rock Bluff , Nebraska , three miles east of Murray . It was one of the earliest higher education institutions in Nebraska , founded in 1870 as a pioneer college . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 24 , 1977 ( # 77000825 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east of Murray 40°55′46″N 95°51′10″W / 40.92933°N 95.85289°W / 40.92933 ; -95.85289 ( Naomi Institute )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murray,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Murray is a village in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 463 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nehawka Flint Quarries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 26 , 1970 ( # 70000368 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nehawka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nehawka,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nehawka is a village in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 204 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nehawka Public Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nehawka_Public_Library', 'summary': 'The Nehawka Public Library in Nehawka , Nebraska was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 . It is a log cabin-style building which was built as a Civil Works Administration ( ? ) project in 1934 . It is located at the southeast corner of Elm Street and Maple Avenue in Nehawka .'}]}, {'value': 'December 5 , 2002 ( # 02001481 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southeast corner of Elm and Maple Streets . 40°49′45″N 95°59′19″W / 40.82906°N 95.98853°W / 40.82906 ; -95.98853 ( Nehawka Public Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nehawka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nehawka,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nehawka is a village in Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 204 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Capt . John O'Rourke House", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Capt._John_O'Rourke_House", 'summary': "The Capt . John O'Rourke House , at 424 N 6th St. in Plattsmouth , Nebraska , was built in 1881 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 . It is a two-story Italianate house , upon a full basement . It has a hipped roof with a deck with decorative iron cresting at the top of the roof . It has also been known as the Dugan House . It is also significant for association with Captain John O'Rourke , who was born in Limerick , Ireland in 1834 . He served as Captain of the 11th Wisconsin Light Artillery Battery in the American Civil War . A Captain John O'Rourke day was declared by the City of Plattsburgh and held for the first time on June 10 , 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 2 , 2006 ( # 06000102 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "424 N. 6th St. 41°00′54″N 95°53′11″W / 41.01508°N 95.8865°W / 41.01508 ; -95.8865 ( Capt . John O'Rourke House )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plattsmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plattsmouth,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Plattsmouth is a city and county seat of Cass County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 6,502 at the 2010 census .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cass_County,_Nebraska_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Cass County, Nebraska. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Cass County, Nebraska, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 29 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.'}
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What is the location of the historic place that was home of author Bess Streeter Aldrich ?
40°50′39″N 96°17′31″W / 40.844206°N 96.291825°W / 40.844206 ; -96.291825 ( The Elms )
087f6a8c72967cf0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebertfest', 'title': 'Ebertfest', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Year', 'Starring', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lawrence of Arabia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)', 'summary': "Lawrence of Arabia is a 1962 British epic historical drama film based on the life of T. E. Lawrence . Directed by David Lean and produced by Sam Spiegel through his British company Horizon Pictures and Columbia Pictures , with the screenplay by Robert Bolt and Michael Wilson , it stars Peter O'Toole in the title role and Alec Guinness as Prince Faisal . The film , a British and American co-production , depicts Lawrence 's experiences in the Ottoman Empire 's provinces of Hejaz and Greater Syria during World War I , in particular his attacks on Aqaba and Damascus and his involvement in the Arab National Council . Its themes include Lawrence 's emotional struggles with the personal violence inherent in war , his own identity , and his divided allegiance between his native Britain and its army , and his new-found comrades within the Arabian desert tribes . The film also stars Jack Hawkins , Anthony Quinn , Omar Sharif , Anthony Quayle , Claude Rains and Arthur Kennedy . Lawrence of Arabia was nominated for ten Oscars at the 35th Academy Awards in 1963 ; it won seven , including Best Picture and Best Director . It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama and the BAFTA Awards for Best Film and Outstanding British Film . In the years since , it has been recognised as one of the greatest and most influential films in the history of cinema . The dramatic score by Maurice Jarre and the Super Panavision 70 cinematography by Freddie Young are also highly acclaimed . In 1991 , Lawrence of Arabia was deemed culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant and selected for preservation in the US Library of Congress National Film Registry . In 1998 , the American Film Institute placed it 5th on their 100 Years.100 Movies list of the greatest American films , and it ranked 7th on their 2007 updated list . In 1999 , the British Film Institute named the film the third-greatest British film of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'David Lean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Lean', 'summary': "Sir David Lean CBE ( 25 March 1908 - 16 April 1991 ) was an English film director , producer , screenwriter and editor . Widely considered as one of the most influential directors of all time , Lean was mostly famous for his large-scale epics such as The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) , Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) and A Passage to India ( 1984 ) . He also directed adaptations of Charles Dickens novels Great Expectations ( 1946 ) and Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) , and the romantic drama Brief Encounter ( 1945 ) . Originally a film editor in the early 1930s , Lean made his directorial debut with 1942 's In Which We Serve , which was the first of four collaborations with Noël Coward . Beginning with Summertime in 1955 , Lean began to make internationally co-produced films financed by the big Hollywood studios ; in 1970 , however , the critical failure of his film Ryan 's Daughter led him to take a fourteen-year break from filmmaking , during which he planned a number of film projects which never came to fruition . In 1984 he had a career revival with A Passage to India , adapted from E. M. Forster 's novel ; it was an instant hit with critics but proved to be the last film Lean would direct . Lean 's affinity for pictorialism and inventive editing techniques has led him to be lauded by directors such as Steven Spielberg , Stanley Kubrick , Martin Scorsese , and Ridley Scott . Lean was voted 9th greatest film director of all time in the British Film Institute Sight & Sound Directors ' Top Directors poll in 2002 . Nominated seven times for the Academy Award for Best Director , which he won twice for The Bridge on the River Kwai and Lawrence of Arabia , he has seven films in the British Film Institute 's Top 100 British Films ( with three of them being in the top five ) and was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1990 ."}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Peter O'Toole , Alec Guinness , Anthony Quinn", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Peter_O'Toole", 'summary': "Peter Seamus O'Toole ( /oʊˈtuːl/ ; 2 August 1932 - 14 December 2013 ) was a British stage and film actor of Irish descent . He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and began working in the theatre , gaining recognition as a Shakespearean actor at the Bristol Old Vic and with the English Stage Company before making his film debut in 1959 . He achieved international recognition playing T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) for which he received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor . He was nominated for this award another seven times - for Becket ( 1964 ) , The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) , Goodbye , Mr. Chips ( 1969 ) , The Ruling Class ( 1972 ) , The Stunt Man ( 1980 ) , My Favorite Year ( 1982 ) , and Venus ( 2006 ) - and holds the record for the most Academy Award nominations for acting without a win . In 2002 , O'Toole was awarded the Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements . He was additionally the recipient of four Golden Globe Awards , one British Academy Film Award and one Primetime Emmy Award ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alec_Guinness', 'summary': "Sir Alec Guinness , CH , CBE ( born Alec Guinness de Cuffe ; 2 April 1914 - 5 August 2000 ) was an English actor . After an early career on the stage , Guinness was featured in several of the Ealing Comedies , including The Ladykillers and Kind Hearts and Coronets ; in the latter of these he played nine different characters . He collaborated six times with director David Lean : Herbert Pocket in Great Expectations ( 1946 ) , Fagin in Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) , Col. Nicholson in The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor ) , Prince Faisal in Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , General Yevgraf Zhivago in Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) , and Professor Godbole in A Passage to India ( 1984 ) . He also portrayed Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucas 's original Star Wars trilogy ; for the original film , he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 50th Academy Awards . Guinness was one of three British actors , along with Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud , who made the transition from theatre to films after the Second World War . Guinness served in the Royal Naval Reserve during the war and commanded a landing craft during the invasion of Sicily and Elba . During the war he was granted leave to appear in the stage play Flare Path about RAF Bomber Command . Guinness won an Academy Award , a BAFTA , a Golden Globe and a Tony Award . In 1959 he was knighted by Elizabeth II for services to the arts . He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 , the Academy Honorary Award for lifetime achievement in 1980 and the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award in 1989 . Guinness appeared in nine films that featured in the BFI 's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century , which included five of Lean 's films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Quinn', 'summary': 'Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca ( April 21 , 1915 - June 3 , 2001 ) , known professionally as Anthony Quinn , was a Mexican-American actor , painter , writer and film director . He starred in numerous critically acclaimed movies , including La Strada , The Guns of Navarone , Zorba the Greek , Guns for San Sebastian , Lawrence of Arabia , The Shoes of the Fisherman , The Message , Lion of the Desert , Last Action Hero and A Walk in the Clouds . Quinn won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice : for Viva Zapata ! in 1952 and Lust for Life in 1956 . In addition , he received two Academy Award nominations in the Best Leading Actor category , along with five Golden Globe nominations . In 1987 , he was presented with the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award .'}]}, {'value': '1989 restoration . Pre-film introduction included Jack Valenti ( head of MPAA ) . Post-film Q & A included Robert Harris ( film restorer ) and Anne Coates ( film editor )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Valenti', 'summary': 'Jack Joseph Valenti ( September 5 , 1921 - April 26 , 2007 ) was a Special Assistant to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and the longtime president of the Motion Picture Association of America . During his 38-year tenure in the MPAA , he created the MPAA film rating system , and he was generally regarded as one of the most influential pro-copyright lobbyists in the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_A._Harris', 'summary': "Robert A. Harris ( date of birth unknown ) is an American film historian , archivist , film preservationist , and owner of New York-based The Film Preserve Ltd , a company specializing in film restoration . In a decade-long collaboration with James C. Katz at the end of the 20th century , [ third-party source needed ] Harris restored several films , including Lawrence of Arabia from 1962 , Spartacus from 1960 , My Fair Lady from 1964 , Vertigo from 1958 , and Rear Window from 1954 . In the 2000s he completed oversight on the restoration of Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will from 1935 , [ not verified in body ] and Francis Ford Coppola 's early 1970 's films , The Godfather and The Godfather Part II . Harris received the Nikola Tesla Award for Visionary Achievement in Filmmaking Technology by the International Press Academy in 2010 . The Robert A. Harris Collection of selections of film , video tape , and audio related to his restoration work is held and managed by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anne_V._Coates', 'summary': "Anne Voase CoatesOBE ( 12 December 1925 - 8 May 2018 ) was a British film editor with a more than 60-year-long career . She was perhaps best known as the editor of David Lean 's epic film Lawrence of Arabia in 1962 , for which she won an Oscar . Coates was nominated five times for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing for the films Lawrence of Arabia , Becket ( 1963 ) , The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) , In the Line of Fire ( 1993 ) and Out of Sight ( 1998 ) . In an industry where women accounted for only 16 percent of all editors working on the top 250 films of 2004 , and 80 percent of the films had absolutely no women on their editing teams at all , Coates thrived as a top film editor . She was awarded BAFTA 's highest honour , a BAFTA Fellowship , in February 2007 and was given an Academy Honorary Award , which are popularly known as a Lifetime Achievement Oscar , in November 2016 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ."}]}, {'value': 'Tarnation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarnation_(2003_film)', 'summary': 'Tarnation is a 2003 American documentary film by Jonathan Caouette . The film was created by Caouette from over 20 years of hundreds of hours of old Super 8 footage , VHS videotape , photographs , and answering machine messages to tell the story of his life and his relationship with his mentally ill mother Renee . The film was initially made for a total budget of $ 218.32 , using free iMovie software on a Mac . Film critic Roger Ebert , an early supporter , said $ 400,000 more was eventually spent by the distributor on sound , print , score and music/clip clearances to bring the film to theaters . The film went on to win the Best Documentary Award from the National Society of Film Critics , also was nominated for the Independent Spirits , the Gotham Awards , as well as the L.A. and London International Film Festivals .'}]}, {'value': 'Jonathan Caouette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Caouette', 'summary': 'Jonathan Caouette ( born November 26 , 1973 ) [ citation needed ] is an American film director , writer , editor and actor .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonathan Caouette , Renee Leblanc , Adolph Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Caouette', 'summary': 'Jonathan Caouette ( born November 26 , 1973 ) [ citation needed ] is an American film director , writer , editor and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Caouette', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Son_(2002_film)', 'summary': 'The Son ( French : Le fils ) is a 2002 Belgian-French mystery film directed by Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Pierre Dardenne and Luc Dardenne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dardenne_brothers', 'summary': "Brothers Jean-Pierre Dardenne ( French : [ daʁdɛn ] ; born 21 April 1951 ) and Luc Dardenne ( born 10 March 1954 ) , collectively referred to as the Dardenne brothers , are a Belgian filmmaking duo . They write , produce , and direct their films together . The Dardennes began making narrative and documentary films in the late 1970s . They came to international attention in the mid-1990s with La Promesse ( The Promise ) . They won their first major international film prize when Rosetta won the Palme d'Or at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival . Their work tends to reflect left-wing themes and points-of-view . In 2002 , Olivier Gourmet won Best Actor at Cannes for the Dardennes ' Le Fils ( The Son ) . In 2005 , they won the Palme d'Or a second time for their film LEnfant ( The Child ) , putting them in an elite club , at the time , of only seven . Their film , Le Silence de Lorna ( Lorna 's Silence ) , won Best Screenplay at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival and was released in Europe in the fall . Their film The Kid with a Bike won the Grand Prix at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival , received one Golden Globe nomination and eight Magritte Award nominations . Jean-Pierre was the jury president for the Cinéfoundation and Short Films sections of the 2012 Cannes Film Festival . In 2015 , their film Deux jours , une nuit ( Two Days , One Night ) received nine Magritte Award nominations ( winning three ) and one Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for Marion Cotillard ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Gourmet , Morgan Marinne , Isabella Soupart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Gourmet', 'summary': "Olivier Gourmet ( born 22 July 1963 ) is a Belgian actor . Gourmet was born in Namur . He won the Best Actor award at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival for his role in Le Fils by Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne . He also appeared in La Promesse , Rosetta and L'Enfant ."}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A was scheduled to include Dan Talbot ( art film distributor )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Once Upon a Time ... When We Were Colored', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time...When_We_Were_Colored', 'summary': 'Once Upon a Time . When We Were Colored is a 1996 period drama film directed by Tim Reid and the screenplay was written by Paul W. Cooper , the film is based on Clifton Taulberts real life and his non-fiction book Once Upon a Time When We Were Colored .'}]}, {'value': 'Tim Reid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Reid', 'summary': "Timothy Lee Reid ( born December 19 , 1944 ) is an American actor and film director best known for his roles in prime time American television programs , such as Venus Flytrap on WKRP in Cincinnati ( 1978-82 ) , Marcel Downtown Brown on Simon & Simon ( 1983-87 ) , Ray Campbell on Sister , Sister ( 1994-99 ) and William Barnett on That '70s Show ( 2004-06 ) . Reid starred in a CBS series , Frank 's Place , as a professor who inherits a Louisiana restaurant . Reid is the founder and president of Legacy Media Institute , a non-profit organization dedicated to bringing together leading professionals in the film and television industry , outstanding actors , and young men and women who wish to pursue a career in the entertainment media ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Freeman Jr. , Phylicia Rashad , Leon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Freeman_Jr.', 'summary': "Albert Cornelius Freeman Jr. ( March 21 , 1934 - August 9 , 2012 ) was an American actor , director , and educator . A life member of The Actors Studio , Freeman appeared in a wide variety of plays , ranging from Leroi Jones ' Slave/Toilet to Joe Papp 's revivals of Long Day 's Journey Into Night and Troilus and Cressida , and films , including My Sweet Charlie , Finian 's Rainbow , and Malcolm X , as well as television series and soap operas , such as One Life to Live , The Cosby Show , Law & Order , Homicide : Life on the Street and The Edge of Night ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phylicia_Rashad', 'summary': "Phylicia Rashād ( /fɪˈliːʃə rəˈʃɑːd/ fih-LI-shə rə-SHAHD ) ( née Ayers-Allen ; June 19 , 1948 ) is an American actress , singer and stage director . She is known for her role as Clair Huxtable on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show ( 1984-92 ) , which earned her Emmy Award nominations in 1985 and 1986 . She was dubbed The Mother of the black community at the 2010 NAACP Image Awards . In 2004 , Rashad became the first black actress to win the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play , which she won for her role in the revival of A Raisin in the Sun . Her other Broadway credits include Into the Woods ( 1988 ) , Jelly 's Last Jam ( 1993 ) , Gem of the Ocean ( 2004 ) , and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 2008 ) . She won a NAACP Image Award when she reprised her A Raisin in the Sun role in the 2008 television adaptation . She has also appeared in the films For Colored Girls ( 2010 ) , Good Deeds ( 2012 ) , Creed ( 2015 ) , and Creed II ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leon_Robinson', 'summary': 'Leon Preston Robinson , usually credited as simply Leon , ( born March 8 , 1962 ) is an American actor and singer , who began his professional career as a film actor in the early 1980s . Robinson is best known for his roles as David Ruffin in the TV Movie The Temptations ( 1998 ) , J.T . Matthews in the 1991 Robert Townsend film , The Five Heartbeats , Derice Bannock in the 1993 film , Cool Runnings , and as Shep in the 1994 basketball drama film , Above the Rim .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Tim Reid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tully', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tully_(2000_film)', 'summary': "Tully is a 2000 American drama film written and directed by Hilary Birmingham and starring Glenn Fitzgerald , Anson Mount , Bob Burrus , and Julianne Nicholson . The film was screened at the Los Angeles Independent Film Festival on April 14 , 2000 and received a limited release in the United States on November 1 , 2002 . It is based on an O. Henry Award-winning short story by author Tom McNeal . Originally titled The Truth About Tully , the film changed its name to avoid confusion with Jonathan Demme 's The Truth About Charlie ."}]}, {'value': 'Hilary Birmingham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenn Fitzgerald , Anson Mount , Bob Burrus , Julianne Nicholson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Fitzgerald', 'summary': "Glenn Fitzgerald ( born December 21 , 1971 ) is an American actor of stage , film , and television . Film roles include : Homicide Detective Anderson in Kathryn Bigelow 's Detroit ; Lonnie , the son of Alan Alda and Lily Tomlin 's characters , in David O. Russell 's cult classic Flirting with Disaster ; Neil , the boy at the key party that goes home with Sigourney Weaver 's character in Ang Lee 's The Ice Storm ; the Hasidic scholar husband of Renee Zellweger 's character in A Price Above Rubies ; the uptight assistant to Sean Connery 's character in Gus Van Sant 's Finding Forrester ; and the earnest antique dealer in love with Bruce Willis ' character 's wife in M. Night Shyamalan 's The Sixth Sense . He has also played diverse roles in several independent films , including a terminally ill pacifist forced to fight for his life in Series 7 : The Contenders ; a sociopathic skinhead opposite Ryan Gosling in The Believer ; the sensitive , kind brother in Tully ; and the reckless , drug-addled tank commander opposite Joaquin Phoenix in Buffalo Soldiers . Between film jobs Glenn has built a respected stage career , originating roles in Jon Robin Baitz 's Mizlansky/Zilinsky , opposite Nathan Lane and directed by Joe Mantello ; Kenneth Lonergan 's Lobby Hero ( Lucille Lortel Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor ) ; Will Eno 's The Realistic Joneses with Tracy Letts and Parker Posey , directed by Sam Gold ; Melissa James Gibson 's THIS at Playwrights Horizons with Julianne Nicholson ; David Lindsay-Abaire 's Ripcord directed by David Hyde Pierce with Holland Taylor ; and Sharr Whites The True with Edie Falco at The New Group . Fitzgerald has appeared in innovative productions of classic plays such as Hedda Gabler at New York Theatre Workshop directed by Ivo van Hove ; The Importance of Being Earnest at Williamstown Theater Festival directed by David Hyde Pierce and starring Tyne Daly ; Classic Stage Company 's Ivanov and Hamlet directed by Austin Pendleton alongside Ethan Hawke and Peter Sarsgaard and Othello at New York Theatre Workshop directed by Sam Gold with Daniel Craig and David Oyelowo . Television credits includes series regular Brian Darling on ABC 's Dirty Sexy Money , and guest starring roles on Six Feet Under , Billions , Madam Secretary , Elementary , Law & Order , Law & Order : Criminal Intent , Homicide : Life on the Street , CSI : Miami and FBI : Most Wanted . Fitzgerald is also a photographer whose intimate , behind-the-scenes portraits of theatre productions have been featured in the New York Times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anson_Mount', 'summary': "Anson Adams Mount IV ( born February 25 , 1973 ) is an American actor . He is known for his television roles as fictional character Cullen Bohannon in the AMC western drama series Hell on Wheels , Jim Steele on the short-lived NBC series Conviction , the Marvel Comics superhero Black Bolt in Marvel 's Inhumans , and Captain Christopher Pike in season 2 of Star Trek : Discovery . He also appeared in the film Tully ( 2000 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Julianne_Nicholson', 'summary': "Julianne Nicholson ( born July 1 , 1971 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her main and supporting roles in multiple indie or drama films and TV series . She played NYPD Detective Megan Wheeler on Law & Order : Criminal Intent , and also appeared in the HBO series Boardwalk Empire and Showtime 's Masters of Sex , as well as Ivy in the film adaptation of August : Osage County . In 2016 , she starred in the short-lived USA series Eyewitness ."}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Birmingham and Mount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Scapegoat ( short )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darren Ng', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darren Ng , Scott Honey , Cassandra Chan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Ng and Jeffrey Vance ( film historian )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeffrey_Vance', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Vance ( born May 21 , 1970 ) is an American film historian and author who has published books on movie stars including Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin .'}]}, {'value': 'The General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_General_(1926_film)', 'summary': 'The General is a 1926 American silent comedy film released by United Artists . It was inspired by the Great Locomotive Chase , a true story of an event that occurred during the American Civil War . The story was adapted from the memoir The Great Locomotive Chase by William Pittenger . The film stars Buster Keaton who co-directed it with Clyde Bruckman . At the time of its initial release , The General , an action-adventure-comedy made toward the end of the silent era , was not well received by critics and audiences , resulting in mediocre box office returns ( about half a million dollars domestically , and approximately one million worldwide ) . Because of its then-huge budget ( $ 750,000 supplied by Metro chief Joseph Schenck ) and failure to turn a significant profit , Keaton lost his independence as a filmmaker and was forced into a restrictive deal with MGM . In 1954 the film entered the public domain in the United States because its claimant did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication . The General has since been reevaluated , and is now often ranked among the greatest American films ever made , and was included in the first class of the Library of Congress National Film Registry in 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'Clyde Bruckman , Buster Keaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clyde_Bruckman', 'summary': 'Clyde Adolf Bruckman ( June 30 , 1894:131 - January 4 , 1955 ) was an American writer and director of comedy films during the late silent era as well as the early sound era of cinema . Bruckman collaborated with such comedians as Buster Keaton , W. C. Fields , Laurel and Hardy , The Three Stooges , Abbott and Costello , and Harold Lloyd .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Buster_Keaton', 'summary': "Joseph Frank Keaton ( October 4 , 1895 - February 1 , 1966 ) , known professionally as Buster Keaton , was an American actor , comedian , film director , producer , screenwriter , and stunt performer . He is best known for his silent films , in which his trademark was physical comedy with a consistently stoic , deadpan expression that earned him the nickname The Great Stone Face . Critic Roger Ebert wrote of Keaton 's extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929 when he worked without interruption on a series of films that make him the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies . His career declined afterward with a loss of artistic independence when he signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , his wife divorced him , and he descended into alcoholism . He recovered in the 1940s , remarried , and revived his career as an honored comic performer for the rest of his life , earning an Honorary Academy Award in 1959 . Many of Keaton 's films from the 1920s remain highly regarded , such as Sherlock Jr. ( 1924 ) , The General ( 1926 ) , and The Cameraman ( 1928 ) , with The General widely viewed as his masterpiece . Among its strongest admirers was Orson Welles , who stated that The General was cinema 's highest achievement in comedy , and perhaps the greatest film ever made . Keaton in 1996 was recognized as the seventh-greatest film director by Entertainment Weekly , and the American Film Institute ranked him in 1999 as the 21st greatest male star of classic Hollywood cinema ."}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buster Keaton , Marion Mack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buster_Keaton', 'summary': "Joseph Frank Keaton ( October 4 , 1895 - February 1 , 1966 ) , known professionally as Buster Keaton , was an American actor , comedian , film director , producer , screenwriter , and stunt performer . He is best known for his silent films , in which his trademark was physical comedy with a consistently stoic , deadpan expression that earned him the nickname The Great Stone Face . Critic Roger Ebert wrote of Keaton 's extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929 when he worked without interruption on a series of films that make him the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies . His career declined afterward with a loss of artistic independence when he signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , his wife divorced him , and he descended into alcoholism . He recovered in the 1940s , remarried , and revived his career as an honored comic performer for the rest of his life , earning an Honorary Academy Award in 1959 . Many of Keaton 's films from the 1920s remain highly regarded , such as Sherlock Jr. ( 1924 ) , The General ( 1926 ) , and The Cameraman ( 1928 ) , with The General widely viewed as his masterpiece . Among its strongest admirers was Orson Welles , who stated that The General was cinema 's highest achievement in comedy , and perhaps the greatest film ever made . Keaton in 1996 was recognized as the seventh-greatest film director by Entertainment Weekly , and the American Film Institute ranked him in 1999 as the 21st greatest male star of classic Hollywood cinema ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marion_Mack', 'summary': 'Joey Marion McCreery Lewyn ( April 8 , 1902 - May 1 , 1989 ) , best known by the stage name Marion Mack , was an American film actress and screenwriter . Mack is best known for co-starring with Buster Keaton in the 1926 silent comedy film , The General . After retiring from acting in 1928 , she wrote several short screenplays and took up a career in real estate .'}]}, {'value': 'Alloy Orchestra played live accompaniment . Post-film Q & A included Darren Ng and Jeffrey Vance ( film historian )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alloy_Orchestra', 'summary': "Alloy Orchestra is a musical ensemble based in Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States , that performs its own accompaniments to silent films of the classic movie era . Percussionists Terry Donahue and Ken Winokur and keyboardist Caleb Sampson founded the group in 1990 . After Sampson 's death in 1998 , the band was joined by keyboardist Roger Miller , better known as the guitarist of post-punk band Mission of Burma . They have released four collections of film music and have toured both North America and Europe in support of cinematic shows ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeffrey_Vance', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Vance ( born May 21 , 1970 ) is an American film historian and author who has published books on movie stars including Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin .'}]}, {'value': 'El Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Norte_(film)', 'summary': "El Norte ( English : The North ) is a 1983 British-American independent drama film , directed by Gregory Nava . The screenplay was written by Gregory Nava and Anna Thomas , based on Nava 's story . The movie was first presented at the Telluride Film Festival in 1983 , and its wide release was in January 1984 . The picture was partly funded by the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) , a non-profit public broadcasting television service in the United States . El Norte received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay in 1985 , the first American independent film to be so honored . In 1995 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . The drama features Zaide Silvia Gutiérrez and David Villalpando , in their first film roles , as two indigenous youths who flee Guatemala in the early 1980s due to the ethnic and political persecution of the Guatemalan Civil War . They head north and travel through Mexico to the United States , arriving in Los Angeles , California , after an arduous journey ."}]}, {'value': 'Gregory Nava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregory_Nava', 'summary': 'Gregory James Nava ( born April 10 , 1949 ) is an American film director , producer and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zaide Silvia Gutiérrez , David Villalpando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zaide_Silvia_Gutiérrez', 'summary': "Zaide Silvia Gutiérrez ( born November 2 , 1958 ) is a Mexican actress whose breakout role was the 1983 film El Norte . Gutiérrez attended the National Autonomous University of Mexico , and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts , with highest honors , in Dramatic Literature and Theater . Her graduate work includes Theater Directing ( Columbia University ) , Russian Literature , and Mexican Literature ( National Autonomous University of Mexico ) . She graduated with a double major in Mexican Literature and Film Direction at the Ivy League stated above . Since her debut in El Norte , Zaide appeared in over 35 feature films in Mexico , a country with a robust film industry . She has appeared in two films by director Alex Cox , El Patrullero in 1991 and Death and the Compass in 1996 . She also received a nomination for the Ariel Award for Best Supporting Actress for Por Si No Te Vuelvo a Ver in 1998 . In addition , she has appeared in many widely popular Latin American telenovelas , television productions , and both acts in and directs theatre . Zaide recently appeared in Gregory Nava 's Bordertown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Villalpando', 'summary': "David Villalpando ( born January 2 , 1959 in Mexico City , Mexico ) is a Mexican actor . His break out role was in the film El Norte ( 1983 ) . Since then he 's had small roles in US films such as The Arrival , The Mask of Zorro , and the John Sayles film Men with Guns ( 1997 ) . He was also in an episode in the television series Acapulco H.E.A.T. , and has done a lot of work in Mexican cinema ."}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Nava and Anna Thomas ( producer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Thomas', 'summary': "Anna Thomas ( born July 12 , 1948 ) is a film screenwriter , film producer and vegetarian cookbook writer . She was born in Stuttgart , Germany , to a Polish family and came to the United States as an infant . She grew up in Michigan and California . Thomas met her future husband Gregory Nava while working on her master 's degree at University of California , Los Angeles . They married in 1975 and have collaborated on many projects . They have two sons : Christopher ( born 1984 ) and Teddy ( born 1985 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'My Dog Skip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Dog_Skip_(film)', 'summary': 'My Dog Skip is a 2000 American family drama film , directed by Jay Russell and starring Frankie Muniz , Diane Lane , Luke Wilson , and Kevin Bacon with narration by Harry Connick Jr. Based on the autobiographical novel of the same name , the film tells the story of a 9-year-old Willie Morris as he is given a Jack Russell Terrier for his birthday , and how the dog fundamentally changes several aspects of his life . My Dog Skip was released on March 3 , 2000 , by Warner Bros. Family Entertainment , receiving generally positive reviews from critics . The film earned more than $ 35.5 million on a $ 4.5 million budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Jay Russell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Russell', 'summary': 'Jay Russell ( born January 10 , 1960 in North Little Rock , Arkansas ) , is an American film director , writer and producer . He graduated from Columbia University in 1985 with a MFA in screenwriting and directing , having studied with producer Michael Hausman and director Miloš Forman . His debut film , End of the Line ( 1987 ) , was a Sundance Institute project and was released by Orion Classics . He has since written projects for Paramount Pictures , Imagine Entertainment and TriStar Pictures and has directed numerous documentaries for PBS , Discovery Channel , Learning Channel , CBS , Fox , USA Network and NBC . Russell returned to feature film directing with the Warner Bros. family film My Dog Skip ( 2000 ) . He next directed two Disney features , Tuck Everlasting ( 2002 ) and Ladder 49 ( 2004 ) . His most recent films include The Water Horse ( 2007 ) and the Hallmark original film One Christmas Eve ( 2014 ) . Russell served as a producer on Whole Lotta Sole ( 2011 ) and the 2015 stage adaptation of the Cornell Woolrich thriller Rear Window , starring his End of the Line and My Dog Skip ( 2000 ) collaborator Kevin Bacon .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frankie Muniz , Diane Lane , Kevin Bacon , Luke Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankie_Muniz', 'summary': "Francisco Muniz IV ( born December 5 , 1985 ) is an American actor . He is best known for playing the title character in the Fox television family sitcom Malcolm in the Middle , which earned him an Emmy Award nomination and two Golden Globe Award nominations . At the height of his fame , he was considered as one of the most popular child actors and in 2003 , he was considered one of Hollywood 's most bankable teens . In 2008 , he put his acting career on hold to pursue an open-wheel racing career , and competed in the Atlantic Championship . From 2012 to 2014 , he was a drummer in the band Kingsfoil ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Diane_Lane', 'summary': "Diane Colleen Lane ( born January 22 , 1965 ) is an American actress . Born and raised in New York City , Lane made her screen debut in George Roy Hill 's 1979 film A Little Romance . She has since appeared in several notable films , including the 2002 film Unfaithful , which earned her Satellite , New York Film Critics Circle , and National Society of Film Critics awards for Best Actress in a Motion Picture ( Drama ) . Her performance in Unfaithful also garnered her Academy Award , Golden Globe , and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for Best Actress . Lane has starred in The Outsiders ( 1983 ) , Knight Moves ( 1992 ) , Judge Dredd ( 1995 ) , A Walk on the Moon ( 1999 ) , The Perfect Storm ( 2000 ) , Under the Tuscan Sun ( 2003 ) , Cinema Verite ( 2011 ) , Inside Out ( 2015 ) , Trumbo ( 2015 ) , and in the sixth season of House of Cards . She played Martha Kent in Man of Steel ( 2013 ) , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) , and Justice League ( 2017 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Bacon', 'summary': "Kevin Norwood Bacon ( born July 8 , 1958 ) is an American actor and musician . His films include musical-drama film Footloose ( 1984 ) , the controversial historical conspiracy legal thriller JFK ( 1991 ) , the legal drama A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) , the historical docudrama Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , and the mystery drama Mystic River ( 2003 ) . Bacon is also known for taking on darker roles such as that of a sadistic guard in Sleepers ( 1996 ) and troubled former child abuser in The Woodsman ( 2004 ) . He is also known for the hit comedies National Lampoon 's Animal House ( 1978 ) , Diner ( 1982 ) , Tremors ( 1990 ) and Crazy , Stupid , Love ( 2011 ) . His other well known films are Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) , Flatliners ( 1990 ) , The River Wild ( 1994 ) , Wild Things ( 1998 ) , Stir of Echoes ( 1999 ) , Hollow Man ( 2000 ) , Frost/Nixon ( 2008 ) , X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) , Black Mass ( 2015 ) and Patriots Day ( 2016 ) . He is equally prolific on television , having starred in the Fox drama series The Following ( 2013-2015 ) . For the HBO original film Taking Chance ( 2009 ) , Bacon won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award , also receiving a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . More recently Bacon portrayed the title character and was the series lead of the Amazon Prime web television series I Love Dick for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . The Guardian named him one of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination . In 2003 , Bacon received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry . Bacon has become associated with the concept of interconnectedness ( as in social networks ) , having been popularized by the game Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon . In 2007 , he created SixDegrees.org , a charitable foundation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Luke_Wilson', 'summary': 'Luke Cunningham Wilson ( born September 21 , 1971 ) is an American actor known for his roles in films such as Idiocracy , My Super Ex-Girlfriend , The Ridiculous 6 , Old School , Bottle Rocket , The Royal Tenenbaums , Blue Streak , Bongwater , and Legally Blonde . He was a member of the cast of the HBO television series Enlightened ( 2011-13 ) . He is the younger brother of actors Andrew Wilson and Owen Wilson .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Russell , Enzo ( dog actor ) , and Larry Madrid ( dog trainer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moose_(dog)', 'summary': 'Moose ( December 24 , 1990 - June 22 , 2006 ) was a Jack Russell Terrier who portrayed Eddie Crane on the American television sitcom Frasier .'}]}, {'value': 'Gates of Heaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gates_of_Heaven', 'summary': 'Gates of Heaven is a 1978 documentary film by Errol Morris about the pet cemetery business . It was made when Morris was unknown and did much to launch his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Errol Morris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Errol_Morris', 'summary': 'Errol Mark Morris ( born February 5 , 1948 ) is an American film director primarily of documentaries examining and investigating , among other things , authorities and eccentrics . His 1988 documentary The Thin Blue Line is cited among the best and most influential documentaries ever made . In 2003 , his documentary film The Fog of War : Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara won the Oscar for Best Documentary Feature .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Floyd McClure , Cal Harberts , Florence Rasmussen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Morris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'People I Know', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/People_I_Know', 'summary': 'People I Know is a 2002 crime drama film directed by Daniel Algrant and stars Al Pacino , Kim Basinger , and Téa Leoni . The film received mixed reviews , with Rotten Tomatoes giving a rating of 43% .'}]}, {'value': 'Dan Algrant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Algrant', 'summary': 'Daniel Algrant is an American film director . His works mostly have been independent . He directed three feature films : Naked in New York ( 1993 ) , People I Know ( 2002 ) , and Greetings from Tim Buckley ( 2012 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Pacino , Kim Basinger , Téa Leoni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Pacino', 'summary': "Alfredo James Al Pacino ( /pəˈtʃiːnoʊ/ ; Italian : [ paˈtʃiːno ] ; born April 25 , 1940 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . In a career spanning over five decades , he has received many awards and nominations , including an Academy Award , two Tony Awards and two Primetime Emmy Awards . He is one of the few performers to have received the Triple Crown of Acting . He has also been honored with the AFI Life Achievement Award , the Cecil B. DeMille Award , and the National Medal of Arts . A method actor and former student of the HB Studio and the Actors Studio , where he was taught by Charlie Laughton and Lee Strasberg , Pacino 's film debut came at the age of 29 with a minor role in Me , Natalie ( 1969 ) . He gained favorable notice for his first lead role as a heroin addict in The Panic in Needle Park ( 1971 ) . Wide acclaim and recognition came with his breakthrough role as Michael Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather ( 1972 ) , for which he received his first Oscar nomination , and he would reprise the role in the sequels The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) and The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) . His portrayal of Corleone is regarded as one of the greatest performances in film history . Pacino received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor for Serpico ( 1973 ) , The Godfather Part II , Dog Day Afternoon ( 1975 ) , and .And Justice for All ( 1979 ) , ultimately winning it for playing a blind military veteran in Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) . For his performances in The Godfather , Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) , Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) , and The Irishman ( 2019 ) , he earned Best Supporting Actor Oscar nominations . Other notable portrayals include Tony Montana in Scarface ( 1983 ) , Carlito Brigante in Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) , Benjamin Ruggiero in Donnie Brasco ( 1997 ) , Lowell Bergman in The Insider ( 1999 ) . He has also starred in the thrillers Heat ( 1995 ) , The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) , Insomnia ( 2002 ) , and appeared in 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kim_Basinger', 'summary': "Kimila Ann Basinger ( /ˈbeɪsɪŋər/ BAY-sing-ər ; born December 8 , 1953 ) is an American actress , singer and former fashion model . Following a successful modeling career in New York during the 1970s , Basinger moved to Los Angeles where she began her acting career on television in 1976 . She starred in several made-for-television films , including a remake of From Here to Eternity ( 1979 ) , before making her feature debut in the drama Hard Country ( 1981 ) . Hailed as a sex symbol of the 1980s and 1990s , Basinger came to prominence for her performance of Bond girl Domino Petachi in Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) . She subsequently received a Golden Globe Award nomination for her role in The Natural ( 1984 ) . She starred in the cult erotic film 9½ Weeks ( 1986 ) , and in Tim Burton 's blockbuster Batman ( 1989 ) , which remains the highest-grossing film of her career . For her femme fatale portrayal in L.A . Confidential ( 1997 ) , Basinger won the Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Her other films include Blind Date ( 1987 ) , Prêt-à-Porter ( 1994 ) , I Dreamed of Africa ( 2000 ) , 8 Mile ( 2002 ) , Cellular ( 2004 ) , Grudge Match ( 2013 ) and Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Téa_Leoni', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Téa Pantaleoni ( /ˈteɪ.ə pɑːntəleɪˈoʊni/ ; born February 25 , 1966 ) , better known by her stage name Téa Leoni , is an American actress and producer . In her early career , she starred in the television sitcoms Flying Blind ( 1992-93 ) and The Naked Truth ( 1995-98 ) . Her breakthrough role was in the 1995 action comedy film Bad Boys . In later years , Leoni had lead roles in films such as Deep Impact ( 1998 ) , The Family Man ( 2000 ) , Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) , Spanglish ( 2004 ) and Fun with Dick and Jane ( 2005 ) . In 2014 , she returned to television in the leading role in the CBS political drama series Madam Secretary .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Algrant , Bobby Zarem ( publicist ) , and Pacino via telephone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Zarem', 'summary': 'Robert Bobby Zarem ( born September 30 , 1936 ) is an American publicist . After starting his own publicity agency in 1974 , Zarem created lengthy , personalized pitch letters , a business style , and many campaigns . His clients have included Dustin Hoffman , Cher , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Michael Jackson , Diana Ross , Michael Douglas , Michael Caine , Sophia Loren , Ann-Margret , and Alan Alda , among others .'}]}, {'value': 'Invincible', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invincible_(2001_drama_film)', 'summary': "Invincible ( German : Unbesiegbar ) is a 2001 drama film written and directed by Werner Herzog . The film stars Tim Roth , Jouko Ahola , Anna Gourari , and Max Raabe . The film tells the story of a Jewish strongman in Germany . While basing his story on the real-life figure Zishe Breitbart ( a.k.a . Siegmund Breitbart ) , Herzog uses the bare facts of Breitbart 's life to weave fact and fiction ( e.g. , the story is set in 1932 Berlin , a full seven years after Breitbart 's death in 1925 ) to create an allegory of human strength , knowing oneself with honesty and pride in one 's heritage . The film features original score composed by German film composer Hans Zimmer , co-written with fellow composer Klaus Badelt . Along with films like The Pledge ( also co-written with Zimmer ) this marks one of the first projects of Badelt into the feature film industry , and one of several collaborations with Herzog as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Werner Herzog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werner_Herzog', 'summary': "Werner Herzog ( German : [ ˈvɛɐ̯nɐ ˈhɛɐ̯tsoːk ] ; born 5 September 1942 ) is a German film director , screenwriter , author , actor , and opera director . Herzog is a figure of the New German Cinema . His films often feature ambitious protagonists with impossible dreams , people with unique talents in obscure fields , or individuals who are in conflict with nature . Werner Herzog made his first film in 1961 at the age of 19 . Since then he has produced , written , and directed more than sixty feature films and documentaries , such as Aguirre , the Wrath of God ( 1972 ) , Heart of Glass ( 1976 ) , Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1978 ) , Fitzcarraldo ( 1982 ) , Lessons of Darkness ( 1992 ) , Little Dieter Needs to Fly ( 1997 ) , My Best Fiend ( 1999 ) , Invincible ( 2000 ) , Grizzly Man ( 2005 ) , Encounters at the End of the World ( 2007 ) , Bad Lieutenant : Port of Call New Orleans ( 2009 ) , and Cave of Forgotten Dreams ( 2010 ) . He has published more than a dozen books of prose , and directed as many operas . French filmmaker François Truffaut once called Herzog the most important film director alive . American film critic Roger Ebert said that Herzog has never created a single film that is compromised , shameful , made for pragmatic reasons , or uninteresting . Even his failures are spectacular . He was named one of the world 's 100 most influential people by Time magazine in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tim Roth , Jouko Ahola , Anna Gourari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Roth', 'summary': "Timothy Simon Roth ( born 14 May 1961 ) is an English actor and director . He made his debut in the television film Made in Britain ( 1982 ) . He gained critical acclaim for his role as Myron in The Hit ( 1984 ) , for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer . Among a group of prominent British actors of the era , the Brit Pack , Roth gained more attention for his performances in The Cook , the Thief , His Wife & Her Lover ( 1989 ) , Vincent & Theo ( 1990 ) and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) . He later earned international recognition for appearing in Quentin Tarantino 's films , such as Reservoir Dogs ( 1992 ) , Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , Four Rooms ( 1995 ) and The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) . For the historical drama Rob Roy ( 1995 ) , Roth won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He made his directorial debut with The War Zone ( 1999 ) , for which he received numerous accolades . Roth 's other notable films include Captives ( 1994 ) , Little Odessa ( 1994 ) , Everyone Says I Love You ( 1996 ) , Gridlock 'd ( 1997 ) , Deceiver ( 1997 ) , The Legend of 1900 ( 1998 ) , Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) , Invincible ( 2001 ) , Funny Games ( 2007 ) , The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) , Arbitrage ( 2012 ) , Broken ( 2012 ) , Selma ( 2014 ) and 600 Miles ( 2016 ) . He also starred as Cal Lightman on the Fox series Lie to Me and as Jack Worth in the Sky Atlantic series Tin Star ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jouko_Ahola', 'summary': 'Jouko Ahola ( born December 1 , 1970 ) is a Finnish former strongman , power-lifter and actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Gourari', 'summary': 'Anna Semyonovna Gourari ( Russian Анна Семёновна Гурарий , born in Kazan , Tatarstan , Russia ) is a classical concert pianist . She received her first piano education at the age of five from her parents , professors at Kazan Academy of Music . In 1979 she performed her first public concert . From that year onwards she studied at further renowned piano schools and with famous piano tutors . In 1990 she relocated together with her parents to Germany in order to study at the Hochschule für Musik with Ludwig Hoffmann in Munich . Anna Gourari quickly gained renown by winning important competitions :'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Herzog', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louie Bluie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry Zwigoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Zwigoff', 'summary': 'Terry Zwigoff ( born May 18 , 1949 ) [ citation needed ] is an American filmmaker whose work often deals with misfits , antiheroes , and themes of alienation .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Howard Armstrong , Ted Bogan , Jay Lynch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Armstrong_(musician)', 'summary': 'Howard Louie Bluie Armstrong ( March 4 , 1909 - July 30 , 2003 ) was an American string band and country blues musician , who played fiddle , mandolin , and guitar and sang . He was also a notable visual artist and raconteur .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ted_Bogan', 'summary': 'Theodore R. Ted Bogan ( May 10 , 1909 - January 29 , 1990 ) was an American country blues guitarist , singer and songwriter , best known for his work with Howard Armstrong and Carl Martin . His career spanned over 50 years . His finger-picking guitar style was much admired . He played in various string bands for most of his career , including Martin , Bogan & Armstrong ( or Martin , Bogan & the Armstrongs ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A was scheduled to include Barbara Ward Armstrong ( wife of subject )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweet Old Song', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leah Mahan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Howard Armstrong , Ray DeForest , Bob Frank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Armstrong_(musician)', 'summary': 'Howard Louie Bluie Armstrong ( March 4 , 1909 - July 30 , 2003 ) was an American string band and country blues musician , who played fiddle , mandolin , and guitar and sang . He was also a notable visual artist and raconteur .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A was scheduled to include Mahan and Barbara Ward Armstrong ( wife of subject )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Films -- 2004', 'section_text': 'Festival schedule [ 69 ]', 'uid': "Ebertfest:_Roger_Ebert's_Film_Festival_13", 'intro': "Ebertfest is an annual film festival held every April in Champaign, Illinois, United States, organized by the College of Media at the University of Illinois. Roger Ebert, the TV and Chicago Sun-Times film critic, was a native of the adjoining town of Urbana, Illinois and is an alumnus of the University. Founded in 1999 as Roger Ebert's Overlooked Film Festival, this event is the only long-running film festival created by a critic. Despite Eberts death in 2013, the festival continues to operate based on Eberts notes and vision for the kinds of films he championed."}
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What type of film was the newest film ?
documentary
087fa0f721aa712b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'title': 'List of schools in the Australian Capital Territory', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'District', 'Opened', 'Closed'], 'data': [{'value': 'Acton Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acton,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Acton ( postcode : 2601 ) is a suburb of Canberra , ACT , Australia . Acton covers an area west of the CBD , bordered by Black Mountain to the west and Lake Burley Griffin in the south . The Australian National University campus covers most of the suburb , though also located in Acton is the National Film and Sound Archive , a branch of the CSIRO and the National Museum of Australia . The population of Acton on census night 2016 was 2,086 people , mostly students living at the Australian National University .'}]}, {'value': 'North Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Canberra', 'summary': "North Canberra , also known as the Inner North , is a district of Canberra , the capital city of Australia , comprising 14 suburbs . At the 2016 census , it had 21,555 dwellings housing 53,002 people of the 397,397 people in the Australian Capital Territory . Many of Canberra 's oldest dwellings are in this district . North Canberra is located to the north and east of Canberra 's City , to the north of Lake Burley Griffin and west of Mount Majura and south of Mount Ainslie , and is bounded to the north by the Barton Highway and Federal Highway . It is one of the oldest parts of Canberra , and is built in part in accordance to Walter Burley Griffin 's designs ."}]}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canberra Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': "Civic is the city centre or central business district of Canberra . Civic is a common name for the district , but it is also called Civic Centre , City Centre , Canberra City and Canberra , and its official division name is City ( postcode : 2601 ) . Canberra 's City was established in 1927 , although the division name City was not gazetted until 20 September 1928 . Walter Burley Griffin 's design for Canberra included a Civic Centre with a separate Market Centre located at what is now Russell . However Prime Minister Stanley Bruce vetoed this idea and only the Civic Centre was developed ; the idea of the Market Centre was abandoned ."}]}, {'value': 'North Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Canberra', 'summary': "North Canberra , also known as the Inner North , is a district of Canberra , the capital city of Australia , comprising 14 suburbs . At the 2016 census , it had 21,555 dwellings housing 53,002 people of the 397,397 people in the Australian Capital Territory . Many of Canberra 's oldest dwellings are in this district . North Canberra is located to the north and east of Canberra 's City , to the north of Lake Burley Griffin and west of Mount Majura and south of Mount Ainslie , and is bounded to the north by the Barton Highway and Federal Highway . It is one of the oldest parts of Canberra , and is built in part in accordance to Walter Burley Griffin 's designs ."}]}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charnwood High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charnwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charnwood,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Charnwood is a suburb in the Belconnen district of Canberra located within the Australian Capital Territory , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Belconnen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belconnen', 'summary': 'The District of Belconnen is one of the original eighteen districts of the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) , used in land administration . The district is subdivided into 25 divisions ( suburbs ) , sections and blocks . The district of Belconnen is largely composed of Canberra suburbs . As at the 2016 census , the district had a population of 96,049 people ; and was the most populous district within the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . Belconnen is situated approximately 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) to the north-west of the central business district of Canberra , and surrounds an artificially created , ornamental lake , Lake Ginninderra . Lake Ginninderra was made possible by building a dam at an elbow of Ginninderra Creek . Exiting the lake , via a simple overflow , Ginninderra Creek continues , and runs north-west to its confluence with the Murrumbidgee River just beyond the north-western ACT border .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chifley Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chifley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chifley,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': "Chifley ( postcode : 2606 ) is a suburb of Canberra , Australia , in the district of Woden Valley . The suburb 's area is 1.6 square kilometres ( 0.62 sq mi ) . It was named after Joseph Benedict Chifley , Prime Minister of Australia from July 1945 to December 1949 . The streets of Chifley are named for scientists and educationalists . It is next to the suburbs of Pearce , Lyons and Phillip . Behind it stands Mount Taylor , which is a nature park . It is bordered by Hindmarsh Drive and Melrose Drive . A local shopping centre and Chifley Neighbourhood Oval are located in the suburb ."}]}, {'value': 'Woden Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woden_Valley', 'summary': "The District of Woden Valley is one of the original eighteen districts of the Australian Capital Territory used in land administration . The district is subdivided into divisions ( suburbs ) , sections and blocks . The district of Woden Valley lies entirely within the bounds of the city of Canberra , the capital city of Australia . The name of Woden Valley is taken from the name of a nearby homestead owned by Dr James Murray who named the homestead in October 1837 after the Old English god of wisdom , Woden . He named it this as he was to spend his life in the pursuit of wisdom . [ citation needed ] However , historian Dr Harold Koch considers that the name may have its origins in the Aboriginal word for possum , either wadyan or wadhan , influenced in interpretation by the term known to English speakers of 'Woden ' . In 1964 it was the first satellite city to be built , separate from the Canberra Central district . It has its own shopping centre , employment opportunities and accommodation with twelve suburbs arranged around the Woden Town Centre . At the 2016 census , the population of the district was 34,760 ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cook Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cook,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Cook ( postcode : 2614 ) is a suburb of the Belconnen district of Canberra , located within the Australian Capital Territory , Australia . At the 2016 census , Cook had a population of 2,805 people . The suburb of Cook is named after Captain James Cook and the sixth Prime Minister of Australia Sir Joseph Cook . The streets in Cook are named after notable women from Australian history .'}]}, {'value': 'Belconnen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belconnen', 'summary': 'The District of Belconnen is one of the original eighteen districts of the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) , used in land administration . The district is subdivided into 25 divisions ( suburbs ) , sections and blocks . The district of Belconnen is largely composed of Canberra suburbs . As at the 2016 census , the district had a population of 96,049 people ; and was the most populous district within the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . Belconnen is situated approximately 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) to the north-west of the central business district of Canberra , and surrounds an artificially created , ornamental lake , Lake Ginninderra . Lake Ginninderra was made possible by building a dam at an elbow of Ginninderra Creek . Exiting the lake , via a simple overflow , Ginninderra Creek continues , and runs north-west to its confluence with the Murrumbidgee River just beyond the north-western ACT border .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cotter River School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cotter Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cotter_Dam', 'summary': 'The Cotter Dam is a concrete gravity and rockfill embankment dam across the Cotter River , located in the Australian Capital Territory , Australia . The impounded reservoir is called the Cotter Reservoir which is a supply source of potable water for the city of Canberra and its environs .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deakin High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deakin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deakin,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Deakin ( postcode : 2600 ) is a suburb of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia . Development began in the 1920s , although the vast majority of the suburb was built after 1945 . It is a largely residential suburb . It includes the official residence of the Prime Minister , The Lodge , and the Royal Australian Mint .'}]}, {'value': 'South Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Canberra', 'summary': "South Canberra or the Inner South is a central district of Canberra , the capital city of Australia . South Canberra is located to the south of Canberra 's city centre , on the south bank of Lake Burley Griffin . It is one of the oldest parts of Canberra , and is built in part in accordance to Walter Burley Griffin 's designs . Unlike the later districts in Canberra that are built as separate satellite cities , South Canberra is only separated from North Canberra by Lake Burley Griffin . The two districts combined form the district of Central Canberra and share Civic as their central commercial area . According to the 2016 census , South Canberra 's population was 27,007 ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Downer Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Downer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Downer,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': "Downer is a suburb of Canberra , Australia , in the city 's inner north . The suburb is bounded by Northbourne Avenue , Antill Street and Philip Avenue . The suburb was gazetted in 1960 and named after Sir John Downer ( 1844-1915 ) Premier of South Australia and a member of the first Australian Senate in 1901 . There is no specific theme for street names . The buildings which make up the Downer community centre and former shops , were built for the CSIRO in 1930s , and the area now comprising Downer was an agricultural research facility for the CSIRO . The area now comprising the suburb was used between 1939-45 as a plantation for the growth of opium poppy to provide a source for medications in the unavailability of imported supplies . The large pine and gum trees which surround the block around the shops were planted in this time as a wind break for the CSIRO building . Large trees ( Camden Woolybutts ) along Swinden street were also planted then , as Swinden street was the driveway for the CSIRO building , where it connected to Northbourne Avenue . With the development of the suburb the trees became diseased during the 1980s and a program is underway to replace them with more amenable local varieties of gum . As of September 2008 , all but two or three of the older Swinden Street gums have been removed . Downer has a local oval between Frencham , Melba , Bonython and Bradfield streets , with a shopping centre . However , in 2005 the shopping centre was vacant due partly to the poor location of the centre away from major roads ."}]}, {'value': 'North Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Canberra', 'summary': "North Canberra , also known as the Inner North , is a district of Canberra , the capital city of Australia , comprising 14 suburbs . At the 2016 census , it had 21,555 dwellings housing 53,002 people of the 397,397 people in the Australian Capital Territory . Many of Canberra 's oldest dwellings are in this district . North Canberra is located to the north and east of Canberra 's City , to the north of Lake Burley Griffin and west of Mount Majura and south of Mount Ainslie , and is bounded to the north by the Barton Highway and Federal Highway . It is one of the oldest parts of Canberra , and is built in part in accordance to Walter Burley Griffin 's designs ."}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duntroon Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbell,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Campbell ( postcode : 2612 ) is a suburb of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia . Covering an area to the South East of the central business district , Campbell sits at the base of Mount Ainslie and is bounded to the south east by the Mount Pleasant Nature Reserve . At the 2016 census , Campbell had a population of 4,997 people .'}]}, {'value': 'North Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Canberra', 'summary': "North Canberra , also known as the Inner North , is a district of Canberra , the capital city of Australia , comprising 14 suburbs . At the 2016 census , it had 21,555 dwellings housing 53,002 people of the 397,397 people in the Australian Capital Territory . Many of Canberra 's oldest dwellings are in this district . North Canberra is located to the north and east of Canberra 's City , to the north of Lake Burley Griffin and west of Mount Majura and south of Mount Ainslie , and is bounded to the north by the Barton Highway and Federal Highway . It is one of the oldest parts of Canberra , and is built in part in accordance to Walter Burley Griffin 's designs ."}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fisher Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fisher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fisher,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Fisher is a suburb of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia located in the district of Weston Creek . Fisher was named after Andrew Fisher ( 1862-1928 ) , coal miner , founding member of the federal parliamentary Labor Party and Prime Minister of Australia for three terms between 1908 and 1915 ( ACTLIC , 2004 ) . The theme for the street names in Fisher is Australian mines and mining towns ( ACTPLA , 2003 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Weston Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston_Creek', 'summary': 'The District of Weston Creek is one of the original eighteen districts of the Australian Capital Territory used in land administration . The district is subdivided into divisions ( suburbs ) , sections and blocks . The district of Weston Creek lies entirely within the bounds of the city of Canberra , the capital city of Australia . The district comprises eight residential suburbs , situated to the west of the Woden Valley district and approximately 13 kilometres ( 8.1 mi ) southwest of the Canberra City centre . Situated adjacent to the district was the large Stromlo Forest pine plantation until the forest was destroyed by bushfires in 2001 and 2003 . Weston Creek was named in honour of Captain George Edward Weston , a former officer of the East India Company who arrived in Australia in 1829 , and was Superintendent of the Hyde Park Convict Barracks in Sydney . In 1841 , Weston was granted land in the district now known as Weston Creek . At the 2016 census , the population of the district was 22,988 .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flynn Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flynn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flynn,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': "Flynn ( postcode : 2615 ) is a suburb in the Belconnen district of Canberra , located within the Australian Capital Territory , Australia . The suburb is named after John Flynn , who was a Presbyterian Minister and Missionary who was mainly responsible for the formation of the Australian Inland Mission Aerial Medical service in 1928 . Flynn was the forerunner of the Flying Doctor Service in Australia . Streets in Flynn are named after workers in the flying doctor service and the suburb name 'Flynn ' was gazetted on 9 September 1971 . Flynn is located between Tillyard Drive , Kingsford Smith Drive and Ginninderra Drive and is next to the suburbs of Charnwood , Fraser , Melba , Latham and Spence . In 2011 , the median house price for the suburb of Flynn was A $ 475,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Belconnen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belconnen', 'summary': 'The District of Belconnen is one of the original eighteen districts of the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) , used in land administration . The district is subdivided into 25 divisions ( suburbs ) , sections and blocks . The district of Belconnen is largely composed of Canberra suburbs . As at the 2016 census , the district had a population of 96,049 people ; and was the most populous district within the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . Belconnen is situated approximately 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) to the north-west of the central business district of Canberra , and surrounds an artificially created , ornamental lake , Lake Ginninderra . Lake Ginninderra was made possible by building a dam at an elbow of Ginninderra Creek . Exiting the lake , via a simple overflow , Ginninderra Creek continues , and runs north-west to its confluence with the Murrumbidgee River just beyond the north-western ACT border .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ginninderra School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholls,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Nicholls is a suburb in the Canberra , Australia district of Gungahlin . It was named after Sir Douglas Nicholls ( 1906-1988 ) who was born at Cummeragunja Aboriginal mission , New South Wales and who was a footballer , pastor , activist and a former Governor of South Australia and was gazetted on 18 October 1991 . Streets are named after various sportsmen and sportswomen . Nicholls adjoins the suburbs of Kinlyside , Casey , Ngunnawal , Crace and Palmerston . The suburb is located approximately 2 km from the Gungahlin Town Centre and about 13 km from the centre of Canberra .'}]}, {'value': 'Gungahlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gungahlin', 'summary': "The District of Gungahlin is one of the original eighteen districts of the Australian Capital Territory used in land administration . Gungahlin Region is one of fastest growing regions within Australia . The district is subdivided into divisions ( suburbs ) , sections and blocks . Gungahlin is an Aboriginal word meaning either white man 's house or little rocky hill . As of 2013 [ update ] Gungahlin comprised eleven suburbs , including three currently under construction and a further seven suburbs planned . [ citation needed ] The town of Gungahlin was part of the original 1957 plan for future development in the ACT and in 1991 was officially launched as Canberra 's fourth town by the ACT Chief Minister . At the time , the population of Gungahlin was just 389 residents . According to the 2016 census , the population of the district was 70,871 , a increase from 46,971 in the 2011 census . This figure is expected to rise to 83,167 by the year 2020 . Within the district is Canberra 's northernmost town centre that is situated 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) north of Canberra city centre . The town centre is one of five satellites of Canberra , seated in Woden , Tuggeranong , Weston Creek and Belconnen ."}]}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ginninderra District High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holt,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Holt ( postcode : 2615 ) is a suburb in the Belconnen district of Canberra , located within the Australian Capital Territory , Australia . It was gazetted on 2 July 1970 and was named after Harold Holt , Prime Minister of Australia 1966-67 . Streets are named after sportsmen and sportswomen . Holt is bounded by Southern Cross Drive , Starke Street , MacNaughton Street , Drake Brockman Drive and the edge of the Woodhaven Green golf course . It also borders on open farm and bushland , and is a short distance away from the Molongolo river . Ginninderra Falls Tourist Park and Parkwood , a very small light industrial area , are also nearby . It adjoins the suburbs of Higgins , Latham , Macgregor and Strathnairn . The suburb contains Kippax Centre , a group centre serving the surrounding area , including the Kippax Fair shopping centre .'}]}, {'value': 'Belconnen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belconnen', 'summary': 'The District of Belconnen is one of the original eighteen districts of the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) , used in land administration . The district is subdivided into 25 divisions ( suburbs ) , sections and blocks . The district of Belconnen is largely composed of Canberra suburbs . As at the 2016 census , the district had a population of 96,049 people ; and was the most populous district within the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . Belconnen is situated approximately 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) to the north-west of the central business district of Canberra , and surrounds an artificially created , ornamental lake , Lake Ginninderra . Lake Ginninderra was made possible by building a dam at an elbow of Ginninderra Creek . Exiting the lake , via a simple overflow , Ginninderra Creek continues , and runs north-west to its confluence with the Murrumbidgee River just beyond the north-western ACT border .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Griffith Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Griffith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Griffith,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': "Griffith is an early inner-south suburb of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia . Griffith contains the Manuka Shopping Centre , one of the earliest shopping areas built in Canberra . Noted buildings in the suburb include the Russian Embassy and St Paul 's Anglican Church . Griffith , sized at approximately 3 km² , is one of Canberra 's oldest suburbs , with several of its streets designed according to Walter Burley Griffin 's original designs for Canberra . The suburb has 20 parks covering nearly 12% of the total area ."}]}, {'value': 'South Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Canberra', 'summary': "South Canberra or the Inner South is a central district of Canberra , the capital city of Australia . South Canberra is located to the south of Canberra 's city centre , on the south bank of Lake Burley Griffin . It is one of the oldest parts of Canberra , and is built in part in accordance to Walter Burley Griffin 's designs . Unlike the later districts in Canberra that are built as separate satellite cities , South Canberra is only separated from North Canberra by Lake Burley Griffin . The two districts combined form the district of Central Canberra and share Civic as their central commercial area . According to the 2016 census , South Canberra 's population was 27,007 ."}]}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gungahleen School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyneham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyneham,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Lyneham is a suburb of Canberra , Australia in the North Canberra district . It is named after Sir William Lyne , premier of the Australian state of New South Wales from 1899 to 1901 . The suburb name was gazetted in 1928 , but development did not commence until 1958 . The streets of Lyneham are named after artists and people associated with the development of early Canberra .'}]}, {'value': 'North Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Canberra', 'summary': "North Canberra , also known as the Inner North , is a district of Canberra , the capital city of Australia , comprising 14 suburbs . At the 2016 census , it had 21,555 dwellings housing 53,002 people of the 397,397 people in the Australian Capital Territory . Many of Canberra 's oldest dwellings are in this district . North Canberra is located to the north and east of Canberra 's City , to the north of Lake Burley Griffin and west of Mount Majura and south of Mount Ainslie , and is bounded to the north by the Barton Highway and Federal Highway . It is one of the oldest parts of Canberra , and is built in part in accordance to Walter Burley Griffin 's designs ."}]}, {'value': '1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hackett Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hackett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hackett,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Hackett is a northeast suburb of Canberra . It was named after Sir John Winthrop Hackett ( 1848-1916 ) , who was a newspaper editor and worker for the Federation of Australia . Streets in Hackett are named after scientists . Hackett is next to Watson , Dickson and Ainslie . It is bounded by Antill Street and Philip Avenue , and the Canberra Nature Park of Mount Ainslie/Mount Majura , with Mount Majura located behind Hackett to the east . Hackett has a neighbourhood oval , and shopping centre .'}]}, {'value': 'North Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Canberra', 'summary': "North Canberra , also known as the Inner North , is a district of Canberra , the capital city of Australia , comprising 14 suburbs . At the 2016 census , it had 21,555 dwellings housing 53,002 people of the 397,397 people in the Australian Capital Territory . Many of Canberra 's oldest dwellings are in this district . North Canberra is located to the north and east of Canberra 's City , to the north of Lake Burley Griffin and west of Mount Majura and south of Mount Ainslie , and is bounded to the north by the Barton Highway and Federal Highway . It is one of the oldest parts of Canberra , and is built in part in accordance to Walter Burley Griffin 's designs ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hall Primary School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hall_Primary_School', 'summary': "Hall Primary School was a rural primary school on the northern outskirts of Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory . It was Canberra 's oldest continually operating school , having opened in 1911 , until its closure was announced on 13 December 2006 , by the Education Minister , Andrew Barr as foreshadowed in the 2006-07 Australian Capital Territory budget . Integrated into the school is the Laurie Copping Museum that recreates a school room from 1911 . It was opened by the Governor-General in 2005 . The school was originally established in New South Wales and was the responsibility of the New South Wales government until 1913 when the ACT was created . The Commonwealth Government still pays the cost of interstate based Hall students by way of Commonwealth Grants Commission adjustments ."}]}, {'value': 'Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hall,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Hall is a township in the north of the Australian Capital Territory , Australia . At the 2016 census , the village had a population of 271 people . It is surrounded by open country and has a rural appearance . Hall has retained a village character . The township features historic buildings that existed before the establishment of Canberra .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Higgins Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Higgins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Higgins,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Higgins is a suburb in the Belconnen district of Canberra , located in the Australian Capital Territory , Australia . The suburb is named after politician and judge Henry Bournes Higgins ( 1851-1929 ) . It was gazetted on 6 June 1968 . The streets of Higgins are named after judges . Higgins had two government run schools , Higgins Primary ( now closed ) and Higgins Preschool ( now closed ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Belconnen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belconnen', 'summary': 'The District of Belconnen is one of the original eighteen districts of the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) , used in land administration . The district is subdivided into 25 divisions ( suburbs ) , sections and blocks . The district of Belconnen is largely composed of Canberra suburbs . As at the 2016 census , the district had a population of 96,049 people ; and was the most populous district within the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . Belconnen is situated approximately 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) to the north-west of the central business district of Canberra , and surrounds an artificially created , ornamental lake , Lake Ginninderra . Lake Ginninderra was made possible by building a dam at an elbow of Ginninderra Creek . Exiting the lake , via a simple overflow , Ginninderra Creek continues , and runs north-west to its confluence with the Murrumbidgee River just beyond the north-western ACT border .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holder High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holder,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'The suburb of Holder is a part of the Weston Creek District of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia , and is located 13 km to the southwest of the Canberra city centre . It sits on the western edge of the Canberra suburbs , and overlooks no longer bare land towards Mount Stromlo to the west and Belconnen to the north .'}]}, {'value': 'Weston Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston_Creek', 'summary': 'The District of Weston Creek is one of the original eighteen districts of the Australian Capital Territory used in land administration . The district is subdivided into divisions ( suburbs ) , sections and blocks . The district of Weston Creek lies entirely within the bounds of the city of Canberra , the capital city of Australia . The district comprises eight residential suburbs , situated to the west of the Woden Valley district and approximately 13 kilometres ( 8.1 mi ) southwest of the Canberra City centre . Situated adjacent to the district was the large Stromlo Forest pine plantation until the forest was destroyed by bushfires in 2001 and 2003 . Weston Creek was named in honour of Captain George Edward Weston , a former officer of the East India Company who arrived in Australia in 1829 , and was Superintendent of the Hyde Park Convict Barracks in Sydney . In 1841 , Weston was granted land in the district now known as Weston Creek . At the 2016 census , the population of the district was 22,988 .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holder Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holder,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'The suburb of Holder is a part of the Weston Creek District of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia , and is located 13 km to the southwest of the Canberra city centre . It sits on the western edge of the Canberra suburbs , and overlooks no longer bare land towards Mount Stromlo to the west and Belconnen to the north .'}]}, {'value': 'Weston Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston_Creek', 'summary': 'The District of Weston Creek is one of the original eighteen districts of the Australian Capital Territory used in land administration . The district is subdivided into divisions ( suburbs ) , sections and blocks . The district of Weston Creek lies entirely within the bounds of the city of Canberra , the capital city of Australia . The district comprises eight residential suburbs , situated to the west of the Woden Valley district and approximately 13 kilometres ( 8.1 mi ) southwest of the Canberra City centre . Situated adjacent to the district was the large Stromlo Forest pine plantation until the forest was destroyed by bushfires in 2001 and 2003 . Weston Creek was named in honour of Captain George Edward Weston , a former officer of the East India Company who arrived in Australia in 1829 , and was Superintendent of the Hyde Park Convict Barracks in Sydney . In 1841 , Weston was granted land in the district now known as Weston Creek . At the 2016 census , the population of the district was 22,988 .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Public schools -- Closed public schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory_4', 'intro': "This is a list of schools in the Australian Capital Territory, which houses Australia's capital city, Canberra. The Territory's education system consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6, high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 10, and secondary colleges, which are specialist Year 11-12 institutions. As a result of development in newer areas and mergers in existing areas, some schools accommodate more than one of the above year ranges. Certificates are awarded on the basis of continuous assessment of students' progress at the end of years 10 and 12 by the ACT Department of Education and Training."}
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What district is the school in whose suburb 's median house price was A $ 475,000 in 2011 ?
Belconnen
088186c299299f25
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermountain_Healthcare', 'title': 'Intermountain Healthcare', 'header': ['Facility Name', 'City', 'State', 'Licensed Beds', 'Staffed Beds'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alta View Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alta_View_Hospital', 'summary': "Alta View Hospital is located in Sandy , Utah , United States , and is an Intermountain Healthcare member hospital . Hospital services include a 24-suite women 's center that features single-room birthing and facilitates over 1,800 births per year , a 46-bed medical/surgical unit , a 4-bed intensive care unit . Surgical services include a 7-suite surgical center for inpatient , outpatient and endoscopic procedures . Alta View Hospital has a 24-room emergency department ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandy,_Utah', 'summary': 'Sandy is a city in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , located in Salt Lake County , Utah , United States . The population of Sandy was 87,461 at the 2010 census , making it the sixth-largest city in Utah . The population is currently estimated to be about 96,145 according to the July 1 , 2017 United States Census estimates . Sandy is home to the Shops at South Town shopping mall ; the Jordan Commons entertainment , office and dining complex ; and the Mountain America Exposition Center . It is also the location of the soccer-specific Rio Tinto Stadium , which hosts Real Salt Lake and Utah Royals FC home games , and opened on October 8 , 2008 . The city is currently developing a walkable and transit-oriented city center called The Cairns . A formal master plan was adopted in January 2017 to accommodate regional growth and outlines developments and related guidelines through the next 25 years , while dividing the city center into distinct villages . The plan emphasizes sustainable living , walkability , human-scaled architecture , environmentally-friendly design , and nature-inspired design while managing population growth and its related challenges .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '71', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Fork Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Fork_Hospital', 'summary': "American Fork Hospital is a hospital located in American Fork , Utah , United States , is fully accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations , and is a service of Intermountain Healthcare , a nonprofit health care system serving the Intermountain West . Hospital services include a 27-suite women 's center that features single-room birthing and a 17-bed emergency department ."}]}, {'value': 'American Fork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Fork,_Utah', 'summary': 'American Fork is a city in north-central Utah County , Utah , United States , at the foot of Mount Timpanogos in the Wasatch Range , north of Utah Lake . It is part of the Provo-Orem Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 32,519 in 2018 , representing a nearly 20% growth since the 2000 census . The city has grown rapidly since the 1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '109', 'urls': []}, {'value': '109', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bear River Valley Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tremonton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tremonton,_Utah', 'summary': 'Tremonton is a city in Box Elder County , Utah , United States . The population was 7,647 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cassia Regional Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burley,_Idaho', 'summary': "Burley ( /ˈbʊrliː/ ) is a city in Cassia and Minidoka counties in the southern Idaho , United States . The population was 10,345 at the 2010 census . The city is the county seat of Cassia County . Burley is the principal city of the Burley , Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Cassia and Minidoka counties . Burley is the third-largest city in Idaho 's Magic Valley region after Twin Falls and Jerome . Along with nearby Rupert it forms the bulk of the Mini-Cassia area of southern Idaho ."}]}, {'value': 'Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho', 'summary': "Idaho ( /ˈaɪdəhoʊ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast , Wyoming to the east , Nevada and Utah to the south , and Washington and Oregon to the west . To the north , it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia . With a population of approximately 1.7 million and an area of 83,569 square miles ( 216,440 km2 ) , Idaho is the 14th largest , the 12th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital and largest city is Boise . Idaho prior to European settlement was inhabited by Native American peoples , some of whom still live in the area . In the early 19th century , Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country , an area disputed between the U.S. and the United Kingdom . It officially became U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863 , instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory . Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3 , 1890 , becoming the 43rd state . Forming part of the Pacific Northwest ( and the associated Cascadia bioregion ) , Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions . The state 's north , the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle , is closely linked with Eastern Washington with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone - the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone . The state 's south includes the Snake River Plain ( which has most of the population and agricultural land ) ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar City Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_City,_Utah', 'summary': 'Cedar City is the largest city in Iron County , Utah , United States . It is located 250 miles ( 400 km ) south of Salt Lake City , and 170 miles ( 270 km ) north of Las Vegas on Interstate 15 . It is the home of Southern Utah University , the Utah Shakespeare Festival , the Utah Summer Games , the Neil Simon Theatre Festival , and other events . As of the 2010 census the city had a population of 28,857 , up from 20,257 in 2000 . As of 2018 the estimated population was 33,055 .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta Community Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta,_Utah', 'summary': 'known for its weiners'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dixie Regional Medical Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dixie_Regional_Medical_Center', 'summary': 'Dixie Regional Medical Center ( DRMC ) is a 284-bed hospital located on two campuses in St. George , Utah , United States . DRMC is the major medical referral center for northwestern Arizona , southeastern Nevada and southern Utah . DRMC is fully accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and is a service of Intermountain Healthcare , a nonprofit health care system serving the Intermountain West . It is also a Level II Trauma Center .'}]}, {'value': 'St. George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._George,_Utah', 'summary': 'St. George is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Utah , United States . Located in the southwestern part of the state on the Arizona border , near the tri-state junction of Utah , Arizona and Nevada , it is the principal city of the St. George Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city lies in the northeasternmost part of the Mojave Desert , adjacent to the Pine Valley Mountains near the convergence of three distinct geological areas : the Mojave Desert , Colorado Plateau , and Great Basin . The city is 118 miles ( 190 km ) northeast of Las Vegas and 300 miles ( 480 km ) south-southwest of Salt Lake City on Interstate 15 . The St. George area is well known for its natural environment and proximity to several state and national parks . As of the 2018 U.S Census estimates , the city had a population of 87,178 , and the St. George metropolitan area had an estimated population of 171,700 . St. George is the seventh-largest city in Utah and most populous city in the state outside of the Wasatch Front .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '245', 'urls': []}, {'value': '245', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fillmore Community Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fillmore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fillmore,_Utah', 'summary': 'Fillmore is a city in Millard County , Utah , United States . The population was 2,435 at the 2010 United States Census . It is the county seat of Millard County . It is named for the thirteenth US President Millard Fillmore , who was in office when Millard County was created by the Utah Territorial legislature . Fillmore was the capital of the Utah Territory from 1851 to 1856 , although the territorial legislature met in Fillmore only one term ( 1855 ) . The original Utah Territorial Statehouse building still stands .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garfield Memorial Hospital & Clinics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garfield_Memorial_Hospital', 'summary': 'Garfield Memorial Hospital is a small hospital with 41 beds and two trauma rooms , located at 200 North 400 East in Panguitch , Utah , United States . In 2008 , the Department of Health and Human Services HCAHPS survey named Garfield the highest-rated hospital in the United States in terms of patient satisfaction . Although owned by Garfield County , it is part of the Intermountain Healthcare system ( a nonprofit health care system serving the Intermountain West ) and is fully accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations .'}]}, {'value': 'Panguitch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panguitch,_Utah', 'summary': 'Panguitch ( /ˈpæŋɡwɪtʃ/ PANG-gwitch ) is a city in and the county seat of Garfield County , Utah , United States . The population was 1,520 at the 2010 census , and was estimated in 2018 to be 1,691 . The name Panguitch comes from a Southern Paiute word meaning Big Fish , likely named after the plentiful nearby lakes hosting rainbow trout year-round .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heber Valley Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heber,_Utah', 'summary': 'Heber City is a city in northwestern Wasatch County , Utah , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intermountain Medical Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intermountain_Medical_Center', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Murray', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '472', 'urls': []}, {'value': '472', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intermountain Layton Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Layton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Layton,_Utah', 'summary': 'Layton is a city in Davis County , Utah , United States . It is part of the Ogden-Clearfield Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 67,311 , rising to an estimated 77,303 by 2018 . Layton is the most populous city in Davis County and the ninth most populous in Utah . Layton has direct access to Salt Lake City , Ogden , Salt Lake City International Airport , Antelope Island , and the FrontRunner commuter rail . Layton City is a leader in economic development for the region , with immediate adjacency to Hill Air Force Base , a large hospitality district ( 1,000+ hotel beds ) and conference center , the Layton Hills Mall , multiple nationally recognized retail and food chains , the East Gate Business Park , and the Weber State University-Davis campus . In 2014 , Layton contributed $ 1.34 billion worth of retail sales activity , the second largest market north of Salt Lake City and seventh largest in Utah .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LDS Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LDS_Hospital', 'summary': 'LDS Hospital ( formerly Deseret Hospital ) is a general urban hospital and surgical center in Salt Lake City , Utah . The hospital was originally owned by the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints but is now owned and operated by Intermountain Healthcare . LDS Hospital is accredited by the Joint Commission . The hospital has 262 inpatient beds .'}]}, {'value': 'Salt Lake City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salt_Lake_City', 'summary': "Salt Lake City ( often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah , as well as the seat of Salt Lake County , the most populous county in Utah . With an estimated population of 200,591 in 2018 , the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , which has a population of 1,222,540 ( 2018 estimate ) . Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area , a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along a 120-mile ( 190 km ) segment of the Wasatch Front , comprising a population of 2,606,548 ( as of 2018 estimates ) . It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin . The world headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) is located in Salt Lake City . The city was founded in 1847 by followers of the church , led by Brigham Young , who were seeking to escape persecution that they had experienced while living farther east . The Mormon pioneers , as they would come to be known , entered an arid valley and immediately began building , planning , and extending an extensive irrigation network which could feed the population and foster future growth . Salt Lake City 's street grid system is based on a standard compass grid plan , with the Salt Lake Temple at the origin . Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake , the city was named Great Salt Lake City . In 1868 , the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature dropped the word Great from the city 's name . Immigration of international members of the church , mining booms , and the construction of the first transcontinental railroad initially brought economic growth , and the city was nicknamed the Crossroads of the West . It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway , the first transcontinental highway , in 1913 ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Logan Regional Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logan_Regional_Hospital', 'summary': "Logan Regional Hospital is a 146-bed general hospital located in Logan , Utah . It is owned by Intermountain Healthcare . The hospital serves Cache Valley , including Cache County , Utah and Franklin County , Idaho , and western Wyoming . Logan Regional 's mission is Helping People Live the Healthiest Lives Possible . The hospital services include a Level III Trauma Center , Cancer Center , Women and Newborn Center , digital imaging services , and heart catheterization services . Logan Regional was named one of the United States ' 100 top hospitals in 2018 , marking the sixth consecutive year it has received this honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Logan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logan,_Utah', 'summary': 'Logan is a city in Cache County , Utah , United States . The 2010 census recorded the population was 48,174 , with an estimated population of 51,619 in 2018 . By 2050 the population of Logan is expected to double . Logan is the county seat of Cache County and the principal city of the Logan metropolitan area , which includes Cache County and Franklin County , Idaho . The Logan metropolitan area contained 125,442 people as of the 2010 census . and was declared by Morgan Quitno in 2005 and 2007 to be the safest in the United States in those years . Logan also is the location of the main campus of Utah State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '146', 'urls': []}, {'value': '128', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McKay-Dee Hospital Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McKay-Dee_Hospital_Center', 'summary': 'McKay-Dee Hospital is a not-for-profit community focused health system operated by Intermountain Healthcare . It is located in Ogden , Utah , United States . With 310 licensed beds , it is the 3rd largest hospital in the Intermountain system , and the 4th largest Hospital in Utah . Although not directly affiliated with the university , it is located just southwest of the main campus of Weber State University . McKay-Dee Hospital offers nationally ranked programs including the Heart and Vascular Institute and Newborn ICU . Other programs include the Huntsman-Intermountain Cancer Center , McKay-Dee Spine Institute , Emergency and Trauma Services and the new Stewart Rehab Center . McKay-Dee Hospital serves northern Utah and portions of southeast Idaho and western Wyoming .'}]}, {'value': 'Ogden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ogden,_Utah', 'summary': "Ogden /ˈɒɡdən/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County , Utah , United States , approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Salt Lake City . The population was 87,325 in 2018 , according to the US Census Bureau , making it Utah 's 7th largest city . The city served as a major railway hub through much of its history , and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce . Ogden is also known for its many historic buildings , proximity to the Wasatch Mountains , and as the location of Weber State University . Ogden is a principal city of the Ogden-Clearfield , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , which includes all of Weber , Morgan , Davis , and Box Elder counties . The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159 . In 2010 , Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family . Ogden has had a sister city relationship to Hof ( Germany ) since 1954 ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '321', 'urls': []}, {'value': '312', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orem Community Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orem_Community_Hospital', 'summary': 'Orem Community Hospital is located Orem , Utah , United States and is part of the Intermountain Healthcare system . Orem Community Hospital ( OCH ) specializes in outpatient services including obstetrics and same day surgery . Its relationship with Utah Valley Hospital means OCH has the backup and support of a larger hospital , while at the same time maintaining the personalized care expected from a community hospital . Orem Community features 24 LDRP rooms , where mothers labor , deliver , recover and spend their postpartum stay all in the same room . This is a unique birthing option in Utah County . In 2008 1,426 babies were delivered at the hospital . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Orem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orem,_Utah', 'summary': 'Orem is a city in Utah County , Utah , United States , in the northern part of the state . It is adjacent to Provo , Lindon , and Vineyard and is about 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of Salt Lake City . Orem is one of the principal cities of the Provo-Orem , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Utah and Juab counties . The population was 84,324 at the 2000 census , while the 2010 population was 88,328 making it the fifth-largest city in Utah . Utah Valley University is located in Orem . The Orem Owlz of the minor league baseball Pioneer League play their home games at the college . Orem uses the slogan Family City USA . In 2010 Forbes rated it the 5th best place to raise a family . Also , Time magazine rated the Provo-Orem area as the best place to live for spiritual well-being , due to a high population of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park City Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_City,_Utah', 'summary': "Park City is a city in Summit County , Utah , United States . It is considered to be part of the Wasatch Back . The city is 32 miles ( 51 km ) southeast of downtown Salt Lake City and 20 miles ( 32 km ) from Salt Lake City 's east edge of Sugar House along Interstate 80 . The population was 7,558 at the 2010 census . On average , the tourist population greatly exceeds the number of permanent residents . After a population decline following the shutdown of the area 's mining industry , the city rebounded during the 1980s and 1990s through an expansion of its tourism business . The city currently brings in a yearly average of $ 529.8 million to the Utah Economy as a tourist hot spot , $ 80 million of which is attributed to the Sundance Film Festival . The city has two major ski resorts : Deer Valley Resort and Park City Mountain Resort . Both ski resorts were the major locations for ski and snowboarding events at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Although they receive less snow and have a shorter ski season than do their counterparts in Salt Lake County , such as Snowbird resort , they are much easier to access . In 2015 , Park City Ski Resort and Canyons resorts merged creating the largest ski area in the U.S . In all , the resort boasts 17 slopes , 14 bowls , 300 trails and 22 miles of lifts ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Primary Children 's Hospital", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Primary_Children's_Hospital", 'summary': "Intermountain Primary Children 's Hospital ( formerly Primary Children 's Medical Center ) , is a 289-bed children 's hospital in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . It is owned by Intermountain Healthcare and operates in affiliation with the University of Utah School of Medicine . The hospital serves the states of Utah , Nevada , Idaho , Montana , and Wyoming , yielding an enormous geographic catchment area of approximately 400,000 square miles ."}]}, {'value': 'Salt Lake City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salt_Lake_City', 'summary': "Salt Lake City ( often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah , as well as the seat of Salt Lake County , the most populous county in Utah . With an estimated population of 200,591 in 2018 , the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , which has a population of 1,222,540 ( 2018 estimate ) . Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area , a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along a 120-mile ( 190 km ) segment of the Wasatch Front , comprising a population of 2,606,548 ( as of 2018 estimates ) . It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin . The world headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) is located in Salt Lake City . The city was founded in 1847 by followers of the church , led by Brigham Young , who were seeking to escape persecution that they had experienced while living farther east . The Mormon pioneers , as they would come to be known , entered an arid valley and immediately began building , planning , and extending an extensive irrigation network which could feed the population and foster future growth . Salt Lake City 's street grid system is based on a standard compass grid plan , with the Salt Lake Temple at the origin . Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake , the city was named Great Salt Lake City . In 1868 , the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature dropped the word Great from the city 's name . Immigration of international members of the church , mining booms , and the construction of the first transcontinental railroad initially brought economic growth , and the city was nicknamed the Crossroads of the West . It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway , the first transcontinental highway , in 1913 ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '289', 'urls': []}, {'value': '289', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riverton Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riverton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverton,_Utah', 'summary': 'Riverton is a city in Salt Lake County , Utah , United States . It is part of the Salt Lake City , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 38,753 at the 2010 census , but has since grown to 44,419 . Riverton is located in the rapidly growing southwestern corner of the Salt Lake Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '97', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sanpete Valley Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sanpete_Valley_Hospital', 'summary': 'The Sanpete Valley Hospital is a critical access hospital located in Mount Pleasant , Utah , United States . A full medical staff of general surgeons , radiologists and ten family practice physicians work at the hospital . Sanpete Valley Hospital is one of two hospitals located in Central Utah and is in Sanpete County . It is part of the Intermountain Healthcare system .'}]}, {'value': 'Mt . Pleasant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Utah', 'summary': 'Mount Pleasant is a city in Sanpete County , Utah , in the United States . Mt . Pleasant is known for its 19th-century main street buildings , for being home to Wasatch Academy , and for being the largest city in the northern half of the county . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 3,260 .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Hospitals', 'section_text': 'Intermountain Healthcare operates 23 hospitals in Utah and Idaho , [ 14 ] with 2,745 licensed beds , as listed in the table below :', 'uid': 'Intermountain_Healthcare_0', 'intro': 'Intermountain Healthcare is a not-for-profit healthcare system and is the largest healthcare provider in the Intermountain West of the United States. Intermountain Healthcare provides hospital and other medical services in Utah and Idaho and also offers integrated managed care under the insurance brand SelectHealth. Intermountain Healthcare is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has some 37,000 employees.'}
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What was the 2010 census population of the city whose hospital facilitates over 1,800 births per year ?
87,461
08821c6f15f024c8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goya_Award_for_Best_European_Film', 'title': 'Goya Award for Best European Film', 'header': ['Country', 'Awards', 'Nominations'], 'data': [{'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Awards by nation', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Goya_Award_for_Best_European_Film_0', 'intro': "The Goya Award for Best European Film (Spanish: Premio Goya a la mejor película europea) is one of the Goya Awards, Spain's principal national film awards."}
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null
How long has the nation with the most nominations had its current name since ?
1921
0883173c189fd03a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_NFL_Draft', 'title': '1973 NFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': "The 1973 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's eighth year in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team improved on their previous seasons output of 7-7 and achieved their best record until 1980 , but failed to reach a maiden playoff berth due to an unexpected home loss to a Cardinals team that had won only one of its last ten and was playing an unknown quarterback , Gary Keithley . Keithley completed only ten of thirty-two passes , but the Cardinals rushing game was completely unexpected and along with six field goals from Jim Bakken destroyed the Falcons after they had led 10-0 . A highlight for the 1973 Falcons was defeating the Vikings when that team was 9-0 and looking at emulating the previous seasons Dolphins perfect season . Despite the Falcons success between 2008 and 2012 , this was the last time the Falcons defeated the last unbeaten NFL team until they defeated the 14-0 Carolina Panthers in week 16 of the 2015 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Rolland Lawrence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolland_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Rolland Derenfro Bay Lawrence ( born March 24 , 1951 ) is a former professional American football cornerback who played his entire NFL career for the Atlanta Falcons from 1973 to 1980 . He was selected to his one and only Pro Bowl in 1977 . Lawrence played college football for the Tabor Bluejays in Hillsboro , Kansas . Lawrence still holds the Falcons record for most interceptions in a career with 39 .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Tabor College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tabor_Bluejays_football', 'summary': 'The Tabor Bluejays are the athletic teams that represent Tabor College in Hillsboro , Kansas . They are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , competing in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference ( KCAC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'KCAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_Collegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference ( KCAC ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA . The KCAC is the oldest conference in the NAIA and the second oldest in the United States , tracing its history to 1890 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1973 Dallas Cowboys season was their 14th in the league . The team matched their previous output of 10-4 . They qualified for the playoffs for the eighth straight season . After a 4-3 start the Cowboys won six of their last seven games to win the NFC East with a solid 10-4 record . In the Divisional Playoffs the Cowboys beat the Los Angeles Rams 27-16 in Texas Stadium to earn their fourth straight Championship Game Appearance . However , not even the home crowd at Texas Stadium could help the Cowboys as they fell to the Minnesota Vikings 27-10 .'}]}, {'value': 'Drew Pearson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Drew Pearson ( born January 12 , 1951 ) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Dallas Cowboys . He played college football at the University of Tulsa .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Tulsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team', 'summary': "The 1972 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1972 NCAA University Division football season . The Golden Hurricane compiled a 4-7 record , 3-1 against conference opponents , and finished in fourth place in the Missouri Valley Conference . The team began the season in its third year under Claude Hoot Gibson and went 1-5 in games under Gibson . Prior to the end of the season , Gibson was replaced by F. A . Dry and went 3-2 under Dry . The team 's statistical leaders included Todd Starks with 1,201 passing yards , Ed White with 675 rushing yards , and Drew Pearson with 690 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'MVC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference', 'summary': 'The Missouri Valley Conference ( also called MVC or simply The Valley ) is the third-oldest collegiate athletic conference in the United States . Currently , its members are located in the midwestern United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1973 Dallas Cowboys season was their 14th in the league . The team matched their previous output of 10-4 . They qualified for the playoffs for the eighth straight season . After a 4-3 start the Cowboys won six of their last seven games to win the NFC East with a solid 10-4 record . In the Divisional Playoffs the Cowboys beat the Los Angeles Rams 27-16 in Texas Stadium to earn their fourth straight Championship Game Appearance . However , not even the home crowd at Texas Stadium could help the Cowboys as they fell to the Minnesota Vikings 27-10 .'}]}, {'value': 'Larry Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Robinson_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Lawrence Cordill Robinson ( born April 6 , 1951 ) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League , who played for the Dallas Cowboys . He played college basketball for the University of Tennessee .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1972 Tennessee Volunteers football team ( variously Tennessee , UT or the Vols ) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1972 NCAA University Division football season . Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , the team was led by head coach Bill Battle , in his third year , and played their home games at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville , Tennessee . They finished the season with a record of ten wins and two losses ( 10-2 overall , 4-2 in the SEC ) and a victory over LSU in the 1972 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl . The Volunteers offense scored 297 points while the defense allowed 100 points .'}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Detroit_Lions_season', 'summary': "The 1973 Detroit Lions season was their 44th in the league . Don McCafferty , who served as an assistant under Don Shula during Shula 's stint as head coach of the Baltimore Colts , and whom as head coach himself coached the Colts to a Super Bowl V victory over the Dallas Cowboys , would replace Joe Schmidt as head coach . However , the team would still fail to improve on their previous season 's output of 8-5-1 , finishing a mediocre 6-7-1 . The team missed the playoffs for the third straight season ."}]}, {'value': 'Gary Danielson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Danielson', 'summary': 'Gary Dennis Danielson ( born September 10 , 1951 ) is a former professional American football player and a current college football commentator . Danielson was a quarterback in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played for the Detroit Lions from 1976 to 1984 and for the Cleveland Browns in 1985 , 1987 and 1988 . He is currently working for CBS Sports as a commentator for its college football coverage and previously held the same position for ABC Sports .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Purdue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team', 'summary': "The 1972 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University during the 1972 Big Ten Conference football season . It was Bob DeMoss ' final season as head coach of the team . This was the first time Purdue played an 11-game schedule . Every Big Ten team except the Boilermakers and Ohio State added an 11th game for the first time in 1971 . The Buckeyes did not play an 11-game slate until 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Los_Angeles_Rams_season', 'summary': "The 1973 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 36th year with the National Football League and the 28th season in Los Angeles . The Rams were 7-0 at home for the first time since 1945 . On the road , the Rams were 5-2 . The Rams donned new uniforms , which remained in use until 1994 , their final season in Los Angeles , and though they moved to St. Louis in 1995 , the uniform tradition continued until 1999 , where they won Super Bowl XXXIV , and wore them for Super Bowl LIII . The uniforms would return for their home games in 2018 and 2019 . The Rams finished the season with a brilliant 12-2 record and won the NFC West and appeared in the playoffs for the first time in the post-merger era . However , in their first post-merger playoff game , they lost to the Dallas Cowboys 27-16 . This would be the first of 8 straight division titles for the Rams , spanning from 1973-1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlie Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Smith_(wide_receiver)', 'summary': 'Charles Homeboy Albert Smith ( born July 26 , 1950 ) is a former American football wide receiver . He played eight seasons ( 1974-1981 ) in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Philadelphia Eagles . He played college football at Grambling State University .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Grambling State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grambling_State_University', 'summary': "Grambling State University ( GSU , Grambling , or Grambling State ) is a historically black public university in Grambling , Louisiana . The university is home of the Eddie G. Robinson Museum and is listed on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail . The university is a member-school of the University of Louisiana System . Grambling State 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Grambling State Tigers . The university is a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_New_York_Jets_season', 'summary': "The 1973 New York Jets season was the fourteenth season for the team and the fourth in the National Football League . It began with the team trying to improve upon its 7-7 record from 1972 under head coach Weeb Ewbank . The Jets finished with a record of 4-10 in the final season under head coach Weeb Ewbank , with their only wins coming against division rivals New England and Baltimore . The memorandum of understanding signed by team original owner ( as the New York Titans ) Harry Wismer gave Shea Stadiums co-tenants , the New York Mets , exclusive use of the stadium until they had completed their season . The Jets were required to open 1973 with several road games . As the Mets had a long playoff run to the World Series , the Jets ' first six games were on the road . The 1973 season would be the last for legendary coach Weeb Ewbank ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Demory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Demory', 'summary': 'Bill Demory ( born December 1 , 1950 ) is a retired American football quarterback . He is currently a professor of economics at Central Arizona College .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team', 'summary': "The 1972 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) during the 1972 NCAA University Division football season . In their fourth and final season under head coach Bob Weber , the Wildcats compiled a 4-7 record ( 4-3 against WAC opponents ) , finished in fourth place in the WAC , and were outscored by their opponents , 271 to 226 . The team played its home games in Arizona Stadium in Tucson , Arizona . The team 's statistical leaders included Bill Demory with 1,175 passing yards , Bob McCall with 1,148 rushing yards , and Barry Dean with 414 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'WAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_New_Orleans_Saints_season', 'summary': "The 1973 New Orleans Saints season was the team 's seventh as a member of the National Football League ( NFL ) . They improved on their previous season 's output of 2-11-1 , winning five games . The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the seventh consecutive season . New Orleans made a disastrous trade in January , dealing the No . 2 overall selection in the 1973 NFL Draft to the Baltimore Colts for defensive end Billy Newsome . The Colts used the traded pick to select LSU quarterback Bert Jones , who guided the team to three consecutive AFC East division championships from 1975 to 1977 . J.D . Roberts , who became the Saints ' second head coach midway through the 1970 season , was fired August 27 , two days after a 31-6 loss to the New England Patriots in the fourth exhibition game . Roberts was replaced by offensive backfield coach John North . Roberts ended his Saints tenure with a 7-25-3 mark . The Saints opened the year with a 62-7 loss to the Atlanta Falcons at home . The first quarter of that game was scoreless ."}]}, {'value': 'Elex Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elex_Price', 'summary': 'Elex Drummond Price ( August 11 , 1950 in Yazoo City , Mississippi ) is an American former defensive tackle who played eight seasons in the National Football League for the New Orleans Saints . He played college football at Alcorn State University .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Alcorn State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alcorn_State_Braves_football', 'summary': 'The Alcorn State Braves are the college football team representing the Alcorn State University . The Braves play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_St._Louis_Cardinals_(NFL)_season', 'summary': "The 1973 St. Louis Cardinals season was the 54th season the team was in the league . The team matched their previous output of 4-9-1 , finishing with that record for the third straight season . They failed to reach the playoffs for the 25th straight season ( not counting an appearance in the Playoff Bowl following the 1964 season ) . The game vs. the Oakland Raiders was the first between the teams , and the last until 1983 , by which time the Raiders have moved to Los Angeles . It would be the last time the Raiders played at the Cardinals until 1998 in Tempe , Arizona , and the Raiders ' last game in St. Louis until 2002 when they played the Rams . Their tied game , their first NFL game against the Denver Broncos , was the nearest they would come to beating that franchise until 2010 , and the only time the Broncos would play at Busch Memorial Stadium ( they would play at Edward Jones Dome in 2000 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Clarence Duren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_Duren', 'summary': 'Clarence Edward Duren ( born December 9 , 1950 ) is a former professional American football player who played safety for five seasons for the St. Louis Cardinals and the San Diego Chargers in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_California_Golden_Bears_football_team', 'summary': "The 1972 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific-8 Conference ( Pac-8 ) during the 1972 NCAA University Division football season . In their first year under head coach Mike White , the Golden Bears compiled a 3-8 record ( 3-4 against Pac-8 opponents ) , finished in fifth place in the Pac-8 , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 314 to 228 . The team 's statistical leaders included Steve Bartkowski with 944 passing yards , Steve Kemnitzer with 434 rushing yards , and Steve Sweeney with 785 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_St._Louis_Cardinals_(NFL)_season', 'summary': "The 1973 St. Louis Cardinals season was the 54th season the team was in the league . The team matched their previous output of 4-9-1 , finishing with that record for the third straight season . They failed to reach the playoffs for the 25th straight season ( not counting an appearance in the Playoff Bowl following the 1964 season ) . The game vs. the Oakland Raiders was the first between the teams , and the last until 1983 , by which time the Raiders have moved to Los Angeles . It would be the last time the Raiders played at the Cardinals until 1998 in Tempe , Arizona , and the Raiders ' last game in St. Louis until 2002 when they played the Rams . Their tied game , their first NFL game against the Denver Broncos , was the nearest they would come to beating that franchise until 2010 , and the only time the Broncos would play at Busch Memorial Stadium ( they would play at Edward Jones Dome in 2000 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pat Leahy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Leahy_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Patrick Joseph Leahy ( born March 19 , 1951 ) is a former placekicker in the National Football League for the New York Jets . He played college soccer at Saint Louis University .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Louis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Louis_Billikens_football', 'summary': 'The Saint Louis Billikens football team represented Saint Louis University in the sport of college football . The university fielded an intercollegiate squad from 1899 to 1949 , going undefeated in 1901 , 1904 and 1906 . The final home game for the Billikens was on November 24 , 1949 , a 35-0 loss against Houston . Saint Louis finished the 1949 season with a 2-6-1 record . St. Louis competed at the club level during the late 1960s and early 1970s . Although the school no longer has a football team , they made a lasting mark on the sport as the 1906 team , coached by Eddie Cochems , threw the first legal forward pass in college football history , Bradbury Robinson to Jack Schneider on September 5 , 1906 , vs. Carroll College at Waukesha , Wisconsin .'}]}, {'value': 'MVC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference', 'summary': 'The Missouri Valley Conference ( also called MVC or simply The Valley ) is the third-oldest collegiate athletic conference in the United States . Currently , its members are located in the midwestern United States .'}]}, {'value': 'San Diego Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_San_Diego_Chargers_season', 'summary': "The 1973 San Diego Chargers season was the franchise 's fourth season in the National Football League ( NFL ) , and its 14th overall . The team was coming off a season that ended with a 4-9-1 record . Although he was offered a five-year contract toward the end of the previous season , 1973 would prove to be Harland Svare 's final season as the team 's head coach . The team obtained quarterback Johnny Unitas in a trade with the Baltimore Colts , but Unitas was a shell of his former greatness . In the middle of the season he was replaced at quarterback by a rookie Dan Fouts , the team 's third-round pick in that year 's draft ."}]}, {'value': 'Ray Wersching', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Wersching', 'summary': 'Raimund Ray Wersching ( born August 21 , 1950 ) is an Austrian former placekicker in the NFL . He played in the NFL for a span of 15 years , from 1973 through 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_California_Golden_Bears_football_team', 'summary': "The 1972 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific-8 Conference ( Pac-8 ) during the 1972 NCAA University Division football season . In their first year under head coach Mike White , the Golden Bears compiled a 3-8 record ( 3-4 against Pac-8 opponents ) , finished in fifth place in the Pac-8 , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 314 to 228 . The team 's statistical leaders included Steve Bartkowski with 944 passing yards , Steve Kemnitzer with 434 rushing yards , and Steve Sweeney with 785 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '† = Pro Bowler [ 3 ]', 'uid': '1973_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1973 National Football League draft was held January 30-31, 1973, at the Americana Hotel in New York City, New York.'}
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What is the middle name of the player drafted by the Atlanta Falcons from Tabor College in the 1973 NFL Draft ?
Derenfro
0883bc8963a0cfac
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Vox', 'title': 'Charlie Vox', 'header': ['Year', 'Song', 'Artist', 'Album', 'Label', 'Certifications'], 'data': [{'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wasted My Time', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Michel'le", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Michel'le", 'summary': "Michel'le Denise Toussant ( /ˌmɪʃəˈleɪ/ ; born December 5 , 1970 ) , known mononymously as Michel'le , is an American R & B singer and songwriter . She is best known for her songs from the late 1980s to early 1990s . Her most notable songs were two Billboard R & B chart toppers No More Lies ( a top 10 hit on the Hot 100 ) and Something in My Heart . Between 2013 and 2015 , Michel'le was one of six members on the TV One reality show R & B Divas : Los Angeles . In 2016 , she was the subject of the biopic Surviving Compton : Dre , Suge & Michel'le ."}]}, {'value': 'Hung Jury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hung_Jury_(album)', 'summary': "Hung Jury is the second studio album by American singer Michel'le . It 's her first album in nearly nine years and her most recent studio album to date . The album was released on August 24 , 1998 on Death Row Records and Priority Records and was produced by Michel'le and Suge Knight . Two singles that were released were Hang Tyme and Can I Get a Witness ? ."}]}, {'value': 'Death Row / EMI Records', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Row_Records', 'summary': 'Death Row ( formerly Future Shock and Tha Row ) was an American record label founded in 1991 by Suge Knight and Dr. Dre . The label became a sensation by releasing multi-platinum hip-hop albums by West Coast-based artists such as Dr. Dre ( The Chronic ) , Snoop Dogg ( Doggystyle ) , Tha Dogg Pound ( Dogg Food ) , and Tupac Shakur ( All Eyez on Me ) during the 1990s . At its peak , Death Row was making over US $ 100,000,000 a year . By the late 1990s , the label began to decline after the death of its star artist , Tupac Shakur , imprisonment of co-founder Suge Knight , and the departures of Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg . Although Death Row was enjoying financial success , it was embroiled in controversies , lawsuits , and violence by its artists and associates . Death Row Records filed for bankruptcy in 2006 and was auctioned to WIDEawake Entertainment for $ 18,000,000 on January 15 , 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/EMI_Records', 'summary': 'EMI Records Limited ( EMI Records Ltd. ) was a British record label founded by the music company of the same name in 1972 as its flagship label , and launched in January 1973 as the successor to its Columbia and Parlophone record labels . The label was later launched worldwide . It has a branch in India called EMI Records India , run by director Mohit Suri .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Full Grown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlie Vox', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soul Plane ( The Motion Picture )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soul_Plane', 'summary': "Soul Plane is a 2004 American comedy film directed by Jessy Terrero , written by Bo Zenga and starring Tom Arnold , Kevin Hart , Method Man and Snoop Dogg . Supporting actors include Mo'Nique , Loni Love , K.D . Aubert , D.L . Hughley , Godfrey and Sofia Vergara ."}]}, {'value': 'MGM Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer', 'summary': "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. ( initialized as MGM ; often referred to as Metro ; common metonym : the Lion or Leo ) is an American media company , involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs . One of the world 's oldest film studios , MGM 's corporate headquarters are located at 245 North Beverly Drive in Beverly Hills , California . MGM was founded in 1924 when the entertainment entrepreneur Marcus Loew gained control of Metro Pictures , Goldwyn Pictures , and Louis B. Mayer Pictures . [ page needed ] In 1971 , it was announced that MGM was to merge with 20th Century Fox , but the plan never came to fruition . Over the next 39 years , the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until , on November 3 , 2010 , MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . MGM emerged from bankruptcy on December 20 , 2010 , at which time the executives of Spyglass Entertainment , Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum , became co-chairmen and co-CEOs of the holding company of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . As of 2017 , MGM co-produces , co-finances , and co-distributes a majority of its films with Sony Pictures , Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. MGM Resorts International , a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM , was created in 1973 as a division of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . The company was spun out in 1979 , with the studio 's then owner Kirk Kerkorian maintaining a large share , but it ended all affiliation with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1986 ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'As It Began', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crystal Kay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_Kay', 'summary': "Crystal Kay Williams ( クリスタル・ケイ・ウィリアムズ , Kurisutaru Kei Wiriamuzu , born February 26 , 1986 ) is a Japanese singer , songwriter , actress and radio host . After releasing her debut single Eternal Memories ( 1999 ) Crystal Kay gained fame for her third studio album , Almost Seventeen ( 2002 ) , which debuted at number 2 on the Japanese Oricon charts . Almost Seventeen eventually sold over 400,000 copies and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan . Crystal Kay , formerly signed to Epic Records , a sub-label of Sony Music Japan for 12 years , suddenly transferred to Delicious Deli Records , a sub-label of Universal Music Japan in 2011 . As of July 2009 , Crystal Kay has released ten albums . Her seventh studio album , All Yours ( 2007 ) became Crystal Kay 's first number-one release in her career when it debuted on top of the Oricon chart in June 2007 . Crystal Kay has sold over two million records in Japan as of 2009 . Throughout her career , Crystal Kay has collaborated with M-Flo and BoA , Chemistry as well as other well-known recording artists ."}]}, {'value': 'Motherland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epic / Sony Music Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epic/Sony_Records', 'summary': 'Epic/Sony Records is a Japanese record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Its founder was Shigeo Maruyama . Between 1978 and 1988 the label operated as a wholly owned subsidiary : Epic/Sony Inc. ( 株式会社EPIC・ソニー ) was established in August 1978 and was folded back into CBS/Sony Group in March 1988. Notable music artists for this company have included Motoharu Sano , Tetsuya Komuro , and Kimiko Itoh . In 2001 , it was re-established as Epic Records Japan Inc. ( 株式会社エピックレコードジャパン , Kabushiki Gaisha Epikku Rekoodo Japan ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan', 'summary': "Sony Music Entertainment ( Japan ) Inc. ( 株式会社ソニー・ミュージックエンタテインメント , Kabushiki gaisha Sonī Myūjikku Entateinmento ) , often abbreviated as SMEJ or simply SME , and also known as Sony Music Japan for short ( stylized as SonyMusic ) , is Sony 's music arm in Japan . SMEJ is directly owned by Sony Corporation and is operating independently from the United States-based Sony Music Entertainment due to its strength in the Japanese music industry . [ a ] Its subsidiaries include the Japanese animation production enterprise , Aniplex , which was established in September 1995 as a joint-venture between Sony Music Entertainment Japan and Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan , but which in 2001 became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan . It was prominent in the early to mid '90s producing and licensing music for animated series such as Roujin Z from acclaimed Japanese comic artist Katsuhiro Otomo and Capcom 's Street Fighter animated series . Until March 2007 , Sony Music Japan also had its own North American sublabel , Tofu Records . Releases of Sony Music Japan now appear on Columbia Records and/or Epic Records in North America . Sony does not have the trademark rights to the Columbia name in Japan , so releases under Columbia Records from another country appears on Sony Records in Japan , but retains the usage of the walking eye logo . The Columbia name and trademark is controlled by Nippon Columbia , which was , in fact , the licensee for the American Columbia Records up until 1968 , even though relations were officially severed as far back as World War II . Nippon Columbia also does not have direct relations with the British Columbia Graphophone Company ( an EMI subsidiary ) , so the licensee for the British Columbia Graphophone Company was actually Toshiba Musical Industries . With Sony Corporation of America 's buyout of Bertelsmann 's stake in Sony BMG , Sony Music Entertainment Japan stepped in to acquire outstanding shares of BMG Music Japan from Sony BMG , making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Japan ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stupid Like U', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deborah Cox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deborah_Cox', 'summary': "Deborah Cox ( born July 13 , 1974 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter , actress , and record producer . Born and raised in Toronto , Cox began performing on television commercials at age 12 , and entered various talent shows in her teenage years before becoming a professional backing vocalist for Celine Dion . In 1994 , she relocated to the United States and was signed to Arista Records by Clive Davis , releasing her self-titled debut album the following year . Her second studio album One Wish ( 1998 ) was certified platinum in the United States and was marked by the commercial success of the pop crossover single Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here , which would become Cox 's most successful entry on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , peaking at number two and remaining there for eight consecutive weeks . Cox signed with J Records for her third studio album The Morning After ( 2002 ) , which saw moderate commercial success . Cox ventured into acting in the 2000s , making her film debut in the Canadian drama film Love Come Down ( 2000 ) and her stage debut in 2004 , in the title role in the Broadway musical Aida . She has since appeared in smaller films and several musical productions , including the horror-drama Jekyll & Hyde , the biographical musical Josephine and the musical adaptation of The Bodyguard . Cox 's most recent studio albums , Destination Moon ( 2007 ) and The Promise ( 2008 ) , have been released through her own independent record label , Deco Recording Group . In 2017 , her single Let the World Be Ours Tonight became her 13th number-one hit on Billboard 's Dance Club Songs over the span of three consecutive decades . In 2016 , Billboard listed Cox at 23rd on its list of the Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists . An eight-time Juno Award nominee , she has won four awards and is often cited as Canada 's top R & B artist ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capitol / EMI France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capitol_Records', 'summary': "Capitol Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Capitol Music Group imprint . It was founded as the first West Coast-based record label of note in the United States in 1942 by Johnny Mercer , Buddy DeSylva , and Glenn E. Wallichs . Capitol was acquired by British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary in 1955 . EMI was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company a year later , making Capitol and the Capitol Music Group both a part of UMG . The label 's circular headquarter building in Hollywood is a recognized landmark of California . Capitol 's roster includes Megadeth , Paul McCartney , the Beach Boys , Brian Wilson , NF , Everclear , Katy Perry , Mary J. Blige , Halsey , the Beastie Boys , NCT 127 , SuperM , Neil Diamond , Luscious Jackson , Eagles , Beck , Avenged Sevenfold , Don Henley , Yellowcard , Sam Smith , Sparklehorse , Migos and Emeli Sandé ."}, {'url': '/wiki/EMI', 'summary': "EMI Group Limited ( originally an initialism for Electric and Musical Industries , also referred to as EMI Records Ltd. or simply EMI ) was a British transnational conglomerate founded in March 1931 in London . At the time of its break-up in 2012 , it was the fourth largest business group and record label conglomerate in the music industry , and was one of the Big Four record companies ( now the Big Three ) . Its labels included EMI Records , Parlophone , Virgin Records , and Capitol Records , which are now owned by other companies . The company was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index , but faced financial troubles and US $ 4 billion in debt , leading to its acquisition by Citigroup in February 2011 . Citigroup 's ownership was temporary , as EMI announced in November 2011 that it would sell its music arm to Vivendi 's Universal Music Group for $ 1.9 billion and its publishing business to a Sony/ATV consortium for around $ 2.2 billion . Other members of the Sony consortium include the estate of Michael Jackson , The Blackstone Group , and the Abu Dhabi-owned Mubadala Development Company . EMI 's locations in the United Kingdom , the United States , and Canada were all disassembled to repay debt , but the primary head office located outside those countries is still functional . It is currently owned by Sony/ATV Music Publishing , the music publishing division of Sony Music which bought another 70% stake in EMI Music Publishing ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherry Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherry_Girl/Unmei', 'summary': "Cherry Girl / Unmei ( 運命 / Fate ) is Koda Kumi 's 34th single under the Rhythm Zone label . This was her last single released before the release of her 2006 album , Black Cherry . The single charted # 2 on the Oricon charts . The song Cherry Girl became the official theme song to her film debut Cherry Girl , which was released on the second DVD of her album Black Cherry . The music video for the song featured clips from the film , which harbored a Charlie 's Angels theme ."}]}, {'value': 'Koda Kumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koda_Kumi', 'summary': 'Kumiko Kōda ( 神田 來未子 , Kōda Kumiko , born November 13 , 1982 ) , known professionally as Kumi Koda ( 倖田 來未 , Kōda Kumi ) , is a Japanese singer from Kyoto , known for her urban and R & B songs . After debuting with the single Take Back in December 2000 , Koda gained fame in March 2003 when the songs from her seventh single , Real Emotion/1000 no Kotoba , were used as themes for the video game Final Fantasy X-2 . Her popularity grew with the release of her fourth studio album Secret ( 2005 ) , her sixteenth single Butterfly ( 2005 ) , and her first greatest hits album Best : First Things ( 2005 ) , reaching the number-three , number-two , and number-one spots respectively . Though her early releases presented a conservative , quiet image , since as early as 2003 Koda has adopted a sexier and more provocative style . Because of this image , she has become a fashion leader among young women , setting trends such as the ero-kakkoii style . In 2006 and 2007 , Oricon named Koda as the top selling artist of the year . [ fn 1 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Black Cherry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Cherry_(Koda_Kumi_album)', 'summary': "Black Cherry is Koda Kumi 's fifth studio album and first original album since secret ( 2005 ) . It charted at No . 1 on Oricon , continuing the artist 's streak and staying at No . 1 for one month . It remained on the charts for sixty weeks . It was released in CD , CD+DVD and CD+2DVD , with the latter being a limited edition that carried her movie debut Cherry Girl . The entire film 's score was from the album ."}]}, {'value': 'Avex Trax Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avex_Trax', 'summary': 'Avex Trax ( エイベックス トラックス , Eibekkusu Torakkusu ) is a record label owned by Japanese entertainment conglomerate Avex Group . The label was launched in September 1990 , and was the first label by the Group .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan ( RIAJ ) : Million', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Japan', 'summary': "The Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) ( 日本レコード協会 , Nippon Rekōdo Kyōkai ) is an industry trade group composed of Japanese corporations involved in the music industry . It was founded in 1942 as the Japan Phonogram Record Cultural Association , and adopted its current name in 1969 . The RIAJ 's activities include promotion of music sales , enforcement of copyright law , and research related to the Japanese music industry . It publishes the annual RIAJ Year Book , a statistical summary of each year 's music sales , as well as distributing a variety of other data . Headquartered in Minato , Tokyo , the RIAJ has twenty member companies and a smaller number of associate and supporting members ; some member companies are the Japanese branches of multinational corporations headquartered elsewhere . The association is responsible for certifying gold and platinum albums and singles in Japan ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Final Goodbye', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rihanna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rihanna', 'summary': "Robyn Rihanna Fenty ( /riˈænə/ ree-AN-ə ; [ n 1 ] born February 20 , 1988 ) is a Barbadian singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman , who has been recognized for embracing various musical styles and reinventing her image throughout her career . Born in Saint Michael and raised in Bridgetown , Barbados , Rihanna moved to the US in 2005 , when she signed with Def Jam Recordings . She earned significant recognition following the release of her first two studio albums , Music of the Sun ( 2005 ) and A Girl like Me ( 2006 ) , both of which were influenced by Caribbean music and peaked within the top ten of the US Billboard 200 chart . Rihanna 's third studio album , Good Girl Gone Bad ( 2007 ) , incorporated more elements of dance-pop and catapulted her to greater stardom , establishing her status as a sex symbol and a leading figure in the music industry . Its international chart-topping single Umbrella earned Rihanna her first Grammy Award , winning Best Rap/Sung Collaboration . Rihanna extended her fusion of pop , dance , and R & B on her next four studio albums , Rated R ( 2009 ) , Loud ( 2010 ) , Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) , and the Grammy Award-winning Unapologetic ( 2012 ) . All four releases incorporated experimentation of various musical styles and consolidated Rihanna 's international chart success , Unapologetic being her first number-one album in the US . The records spawned a string of chart-topping singles , including Rude Boy , Only Girl ( In the World ) , What 's My Name ? , S & M , We Found Love , Diamonds , and Stay . Her eighth studio album , Anti ( 2016 ) , showcased her control over artistic creativity after her departure from Def Jam . It became her second US number-one album and featured the chart-topping single Work . Besides solo materials , Rihanna has collaborated with recording artists such as Drake , Eminem , and Calvin Harris . Having sold over 250 million records , Rihanna is one of the world 's best-selling music artists ."}]}, {'value': 'A Girl Like Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Girl_like_Me_(Rihanna_album)', 'summary': "A Girl like Me is the second studio album by Barbadian singer Rihanna . It was released on April 10 , 2006 , by Def Jam Recordings . For the production of the album , Rihanna worked with Evan Rogers , Carl Sturken , Stargate , J. R. Rotem and label-mate Ne-Yo , who wrote the album 's second single . A Girl like Me is a pop , reggae and R & B album influenced by Rihanna 's Caribbean roots . The album also incorporates elements of dancehall and rock , as well as ballads , which music critics were ambivalent towards . Some critics gave the album positive reviews , stating that Rihanna gracefully avoided the sophomore disappointment while others compared the album to her previous effort . A Girl like Me was released less than eight months after Rihanna 's debut album . It peaked at number five on the US Billboard 200 and on the UK Albums Chart . The album was successful in other countries as well , entering the top ten in Ireland , New Zealand , Australia and Japan , while topping the Canadian Albums Chart . A Girl like Me spawned four singles : SOS , which became Rihanna 's first single to reach number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , Unfaithful and Break It Off , both reaching the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . However , the album 's third single , We Ride , failed to reprise the success of the album 's other singles . The album was re-released as an expanded two-disc deluxe package in Germany , which includes remixes to both Rihanna 's debut single , Pon de Replay , and If It 's Lovin ' that You Want ."}]}, {'value': 'Def Jam / Universal Music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings', 'summary': "Def Jam Recordings is an American record label focused predominantly on hip hop , pop , and urban music , owned by Universal Music Group . In the UK , the label takes on the name Def Jam UK and is operated through Virgin EMI Records , while in Japan , it is known as Def Jam Japan , operating through Universal Music Japan . The label distributes releases of various record labels , including Kanye West 's GOOD Music , and Listen Up Forever Records , headed by producer , Ronny J . Current artists include Justin Bieber , Logic , Big Sean , Kanye West , Nas , 2 Chainz , Teyana Taylor , YG , Dave East , Jeezy , Jeremih , Valee , Pusha T , Amir Obé , Fabolous , Desiigner and Jhené Aiko ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Universal_Music_Group', 'summary': "Universal Music Group ( also known in the United States as UMG Recordings , Inc. and abbreviated as UMG ) is an American global music corporation that is majority owned by the French media conglomerate Vivendi , with Chinese tech company Tencent owning a minority stake . UMG 's global corporate headquarters are located in Santa Monica , California . The biggest music company in the world , it is one of the Big Three record labels , along with Sony Music and Warner Music Group . Ten percent of Universal Music Group was acquired by Tencent in January 2020 for US $ 3 billion . In 2019 , Fast Company named Universal Music Group the most innovative music company and listed UMG among the Top 50 most innovative companies in the world and amid the music industry 's digital transformation , Universal is redefining what a modern label should look like . UMG has signed licensing agreements with more than 400 platforms worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia ( ARIA ) : Platinum Canada ( CRIA ) : 2x Platinum France ( SNEP ) : Gold Germany ( BVMI ) : Gold Hungary ( MAHASZ ) : Gold Ireland ( IRMA ) : 2x Platinum Japan ( RIAJ ) : Gold Poland ( ZPAV ) : Gold Russia ( NFPF ) : Platinum Switzerland ( IFPI ) : Platinum United Kingdom ( BPI ) : Platinum United States ( RIAA ) : Platinum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association', 'summary': 'The Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) is a trade group representing the Australian recording industry which was established in 1983 by six major record companies , EMI , Festival , CBS , RCA , WEA and Universal replacing the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers ( AARM ) which was formed in 1956 . It oversees the collection , administration and distribution of music licenses and royalties . The association has more than 100 members , including small labels typically run by one to five people , medium size organisations and very large companies with international affiliates . ARIA is administered by a Board of Directors comprising senior executives from record companies , both large and small . As of October 2010 , the directors were Denis Handlin ( chair , CEO of Sony Music ) , George Ash ( Universal Music ) , Mark Poston ( EMI ) , Sebastian Chase ( MGM Distribution ) , David Vodica ( Rubber Records/Music ) and Tony Harlow ( WAR ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Music_Canada', 'summary': "Music Canada ( formerly Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) ) is a Toronto-based , non-profit trade organization that was founded 9 April 1963 to represent the interests of companies that record , manufacture , produce , promote and distribute music in Canada . It also offers benefits to some of Canada 's leading independent record labels and distributors ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l'Édition_Phonographique", 'summary': "The National Syndicate of Phonographic Publishing ( French : Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique ; SNEP ) is the inter-professional organisation that protects the interests of the French record industry . Originally known under the acronym SNICOP , the organisation was established in 1922 and has 48 member companies . SNEP 's responsibilities include collecting and distributing royalty payments for broadcast and performance , preventing copyright infringement of its members ' works ( including music piracy ) , and sales certification of silver , gold , platinum and diamond records and videos . SNEP also compiles weekly official charts of France 's top-selling music , including singles and albums ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie', 'summary': 'The Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( English : Federal Music Industry Association ) , or simply BVMI , represents the music industry in Germany . The association represents the interests of nearly 280 labels and music industry related enterprises , which comprise 90% of the music industry . Bundesverband Musikindustrie is a member of International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) , which is based in London , England . IFPI consists of music associations of 70 countries . BVMI works closely with GfK Entertainment ( formerly Media Control GfK International ) ( founded in 1976 ) which is in charge of publishing the music charts in Germany on weekly bases . Bundesverband Musikindustrie , which is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum certification awards , is led by Dieter Gorny , who has been the chairman since 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies', 'summary': 'The Hungarian Recording Industry Association ( Hungarian : Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége , more commonly abbreviated to MAHASZ or Mahasz ) is the Hungarian music industry association , founded in 1992 . MAHASZ issues the Hungarian Music Awards and maintains the music charts for Hungary .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association', 'summary': 'The Irish Recorded Music Association ( IRMA ) is a non-profit association set up in 1999 to promote certain interests of the music industry in the Republic of Ireland . It is particular active in addressing copyright issues , and it compiles the official music charts for Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Japan', 'summary': "The Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) ( 日本レコード協会 , Nippon Rekōdo Kyōkai ) is an industry trade group composed of Japanese corporations involved in the music industry . It was founded in 1942 as the Japan Phonogram Record Cultural Association , and adopted its current name in 1969 . The RIAJ 's activities include promotion of music sales , enforcement of copyright law , and research related to the Japanese music industry . It publishes the annual RIAJ Year Book , a statistical summary of each year 's music sales , as well as distributing a variety of other data . Headquartered in Minato , Tokyo , the RIAJ has twenty member companies and a smaller number of associate and supporting members ; some member companies are the Japanese branches of multinational corporations headquartered elsewhere . The association is responsible for certifying gold and platinum albums and singles in Japan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry', 'summary': "The Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry ( Polish : Związek Producentów Audio-Video , ZPAV ) is the organization that represents the interests of the music industry in Poland , and the Polish chapter of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) . Founded in 1991 , it is authorized by the Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage to act as a rights management organization in the field of phonogram and videogram producers ' rights . ZPAV publishes the Polish Music Charts and awards music recording sales certifications . It also issues the Fryderyk annual award for Polish music ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IFPI', 'summary': "The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) is the organisation that represents the interests of the recording industry worldwide . It is a non-profit members ' organisation registered in Switzerland and founded in Italy in 1933 . It operates a Secretariat based in London , with regional offices in Brussels , Hong Kong , and Miami ."}, {'url': '/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry', 'summary': "The BPI ( British Recorded Music Industry ) Limited , commonly known as the British Phonographic Industry or BPI , is the British recorded music industry 's trade association ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America', 'summary': 'The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) is a trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States . Its members consist of record labels and distributors , which the RIAA says create , manufacture and/or distribute approximately 85% of all legally sold recorded music in the United States . The RIAA headquarters is in Washington , D.C . The RIAA was formed in 1952 . Its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems , work with trade unions , and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations . Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve , the format of the stereophonic record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm , 45 rpm , and 78 rpm records . The RIAA says its current mission includes :'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monday Morning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monday_Morning_(Melanie_Fiona_song)', 'summary': "Monday Morning is a song by Canadian R & B singer Melanie Fiona from her debut album , The Bridge ( 2009 ) . The song was Produced by Peter Wade Keusch and Sidh Solanki , written by Peter Wade Keusch , Sidh Solanki , and Charlene Gilliam , and recorded at LaBronze Johnson Studios , NYC . It was released as the third single for the United States , as the song received airplay on adult top 40 radio stations . It was released to radio stations in Canada because hot adult contemporary radio station CKZZ-FM ( Virgin Radio 953 ) in Vancouver played it starting April 2010 , which made Monday Morning the fifth single from The Bridge released in Canada . In addition , another Canadian add was on Galaxie 's Pop Adult channel . [ clarification needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Melanie Fiona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melanie_Fiona', 'summary': "Melanie Fiona Hallim ( born July 4 , 1983 ) is a Canadian singer and songwriter . She was born and raised in Toronto , Ontario . She began her career in 2002 as part of the girl group trio X-Quisite , who was nominated for a Juno Award for R & B/Soul Recording of the Year for the group 's self-titled album . She went on to be part of The Renaissance ( with rapper Drake ) , and under the name Syren Hall , recorded some reggae songs . Hallim 's debut solo album The Bridge was released in 2009 , having collaborated with Future Cut , Vada Nobles , Stereotypes , J. Phoenix and Peter Wade Keusch . Her debut single , Give It to Me Right , was sent to radio stations on February 28 , 2009 , and peaked at number 20 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and number 41 on the UK Singles Chart . The second single , It Kills Me , became her breakout song on the Billboard Hot 100 where it entered the Top 50 , along with topping the Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart . The song earned Hallim a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance . The song Monday Morning is her biggest hit in Europe to date . The Bridge also earned her a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding New Artist . In 2012 , Hallim won two Grammy Awards for Best Traditional R & B Performance and Best R & B Song for the song Fool for You with CeeLo Green ."}]}, {'value': 'The Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bridge_(Melanie_Fiona_album)', 'summary': 'The Bridge is the debut album of Canadian R & B/soul singer Melanie Fiona , released under the SRC/Universal Motown label in June 2009 . It was released in the United States on November 10 , 2009 . The album debuted at number four on the Billboard Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and at number 57 on the Billboard 200 chart , where it later peaked at number 27 . The album received generally favorable reviews . As of February 2012 , the album has sold 450,000 copies in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'SRC / Universal Motown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SRC_Records', 'summary': 'SRC ( Street Records Corporation ) is an American record label created by former Loud Records CEO Steve Rifkind . It was a subsidiary of Universal Music Group and was distributed through Republic Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Universal_Motown_Records', 'summary': 'Universal Motown Records was an American record label that operated as a division of Universal Motown Republic Group . It was the contemporary incarnation of the legendary Motown Records label , and the urban half of UMG , although there were some rock artists on the label ( along with its sub-labels ) as well .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Very Very Hot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miro Gee feat . Angelique Cinelu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2AM LTD/ Universal Music Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Music_Group', 'summary': "Universal Music Group ( also known in the United States as UMG Recordings , Inc. and abbreviated as UMG ) is an American global music corporation that is majority owned by the French media conglomerate Vivendi , with Chinese tech company Tencent owning a minority stake . UMG 's global corporate headquarters are located in Santa Monica , California . The biggest music company in the world , it is one of the Big Three record labels , along with Sony Music and Warner Music Group . Ten percent of Universal Music Group was acquired by Tencent in January 2020 for US $ 3 billion . In 2019 , Fast Company named Universal Music Group the most innovative music company and listed UMG among the Top 50 most innovative companies in the world and amid the music industry 's digital transformation , Universal is redefining what a modern label should look like . UMG has signed licensing agreements with more than 400 platforms worldwide ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Namie Amuro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namie_Amuro', 'summary': "Namie Amuro ( 安室奈美恵 , Amuro Namie /nɑːmiˈeɪ/ NAH-mee-AY , born September 20 , 1977 ) is a former Japanese recording artist , producer , songwriter , dancer , model , actress and entrepreneur who was active between 1992 and 2018 . A leading figure of the Japanese entertainment industry since the early 90s , Amuro is known for breaking the youthful idol stereotype of J-Pop , changing the fashion trends and lifestyle of women in Japan , her experimentation across music styles , and for her visual imagery in music videos and live performances . Due to her career longevity , resilience , professionalism , efforts behind-the-scenes in the music industry , and her way of living , she is a pop culture icon in Japan and Asia . She has been referred to as the diva of the Heisei era and the Queen of Japanese Pop , and has been recognized as having the influence and career impact domestically equivalent to artists such as Janet Jackson and Madonna in Western music and pop culture . Born in Naha , Okinawa , Japan , Amuro debuted as the lead singer of the idol group Super Monkey 's when she was 14 years old . Despite early sales disappointments , she ventured into modeling and acting , attracting domestic attention with the group 's best-selling single Try Me ( Watashi o Shinjite ) . She signed to Avex Trax in 1995 and debuted as a solo artist with the single Body Feels Exit . Her 1996 studio album , Sweet 19 Blues , sold over 3 million copies , setting the record at the time for the biggest selling album by a female artist in Japan and the highest selling album debut in the world ( currently ranked # 15 in the world 's largest first week album sales ) . One of the singles from her album Concentration 20 ( 1997 ) , Can You Celebrate ? , is the best-selling single by a solo female artist in Japanese music history . From 1999 , Amuro partnered with international musicians and producers on her records , beginning with Genius 2000 ( 2000 ) . In the early 2000s , Amuro 's music evolved from pop to R & B , and Amuro saw a decline in sales . Play ( 2007 ) , her eighth studio album , heralded a period of commercial resurgence ."}]}, {'value': 'Checkmate !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Checkmate!_(Namie_Amuro_album)', 'summary': "Checkmate ! is a collaboration album by Japanese popsinger Namie Amuro , featuring a collection of her collaborations with other musicians released between 2003 and 2011 , as well as four new collaborations . The album was released on April 27 , 2011 , about one month after its original release date , due to 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . Two songs were released as digital downloads prior to the album , Wonder Woman in early March prior to the album 's postponement , as well as Make It Happen on April 20 , a week before the album 's release ."}]}, {'value': 'Avex Trax Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avex_Trax', 'summary': 'Avex Trax ( エイベックス トラックス , Eibekkusu Torakkusu ) is a record label owned by Japanese entertainment conglomerate Avex Group . The label was launched in September 1990 , and was the first label by the Group .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan ( RIAJ ) : 2x Platinum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Japan', 'summary': "The Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) ( 日本レコード協会 , Nippon Rekōdo Kyōkai ) is an industry trade group composed of Japanese corporations involved in the music industry . It was founded in 1942 as the Japan Phonogram Record Cultural Association , and adopted its current name in 1969 . The RIAJ 's activities include promotion of music sales , enforcement of copyright law , and research related to the Japanese music industry . It publishes the annual RIAJ Year Book , a statistical summary of each year 's music sales , as well as distributing a variety of other data . Headquartered in Minato , Tokyo , the RIAJ has twenty member companies and a smaller number of associate and supporting members ; some member companies are the Japanese branches of multinational corporations headquartered elsewhere . The association is responsible for certifying gold and platinum albums and singles in Japan ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Draw The Line', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yemi Marie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prize Music Entertainment', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Discography and Certifications -- Songwriting and production', 'section_text': 'A discography of songs written and/or produced by Charlene Gilliam a.k.a . Charlie Vox .', 'uid': 'Charlie_Vox_0', 'intro': "Charlie Vox (born Charlene Gilliam) is an American multi-gold and platinum songwriter, recording artist, singer and producer. She is the lead singer of the band Random Ax of Charlie. Charlie Vox has written and produced on singles and albums that have collectively sold in the excess of 8 million records worldwide. Charlie Vox's credits include Rihanna (Final Goodbye) and Melanie Fiona (Monday Morning). She has also worked alongside top producers Stargate (Ne-Yo, Shakira), Kosine of The Interns (Nicki Minaj, Big Sean) and Steve McKie (Jill Scott, Estelle). Charlie Vox's success extends across the pond as her international acclaim has also garnered enormous success in the Asia and European markets working with the likes of foreign superstars such as Kumi Koda, Naime Amuro and Crystal Kay."}
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When did the singer of Final Goodbye move to the US ?
2005
0883ddb81a70c8f0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Spain_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Spain at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucas Eguibar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucas_Eguibar', 'summary': 'Lucas Eguibar Bretón ( born 9 February 1994 in San Sebastián ) is a Spanish snowboarder .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding', 'summary': "Snowboarding is a recreational activity and Winter Olympic and Paralympic sport that involves descending a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard attached to a rider 's feet . The development of snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding , sledding , surfing and skiing . It was developed in the United States in the 1960s , became a Winter Olympic Sport at Nagano in 1998 and eventually was featured in the Winter Paralympics at Sochi in 2014 . Its popularity ( as measured by equipment sales ) in the United States peaked in 2007 and has been in a decline since ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rafael Nadal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Nadal', 'summary': "Rafael Rafa Nadal Parera ( Catalan : [ rəf ( ə ) ˈɛl nəˈðal pəˈɾeɾə ] , Spanish : [ rafaˈel naˈðal paˈɾeɾa ] ; born 3 June 1986 ) is a Spanish professional tennis player currently ranked world No . 2 in men 's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . Nadal has won 19 Grand Slam singles titles , the second-most in history for a male player , as well as a record 35 ATP Tour Masters 1000 titles , 20 ATP Tour 500 titles and the 2008 Olympic gold medal in singles . In addition , Nadal has held the world No . 1 ranking for a total of 209 weeks , including being the year-end No . 1 five times . In majors , Nadal has won a record twelve French Open titles , four US Open titles , two Wimbledon titles and one Australian Open title , and won at least one Grand Slam every year for a record ten consecutive years ( 2005-2014 ) . Nadal has won 84 career titles overall , including the most outdoor titles in the Open Era ( 82 ) and a record 59 titles on clay . With 81 consecutive wins on clay , Nadal holds the record for the longest single-surface win streak in the Open Era . Nadal has been involved in five Davis Cup titles with Spain , and currently has a 29-win streak and 29-1 record in singles matches at the event . In 2010 , at the age of 24 , he became the seventh male player and the youngest of five in the Open Era to achieve the singles Career Grand Slam . Nadal is the second male player after Andre Agassi to complete the singles Career Golden Slam , as well as the second male player after Mats Wilander to have won at least two Grand Slams on all three surfaces ( grass , hard court and clay ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis', 'summary': "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Fernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Fernández_(figure_skater)', 'summary': 'Javier Fernández López ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xaˈβjeɾ feɾˈnandeθ ˈlopeθ ] ; born 15 April 1991 ) is a former Spanish figure skater . He is the 2018 Olympic bronze medalist , a two-time World champion ( 2015 , 2016 ) , a two-time World bronze medalist ( 2013 , 2014 ) , a seven-time European champion ( 2013-2019 ) , a two-time Grand Prix Final silver medalist ( 2014 , 2015 ) , a three-time Rostelecom Cup champion ( 2014-2016 ) , a two-time Grand Prix in France champion ( 2016-2017 ) and an eight-time Spanish national champion ( 2010 , 2012-2018 ) . In addition to his bronze medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics , Fernández placed 14th at the 2010 Winter Olympics and 4th at the 2014 Winter Olympics . He is the first skater from Spain to medal at an Olympic Games , ISU Championship or a Grand Prix event . Fernández is the second man to break the 100-point barrier in the short program , the 200-point barrier in the long program , and the 300-point barrier in the total score . As of 24 May 2017 , he has the second highest personal best scores in both segments and third highest in the combined score . In recognition of his achievements , Fernández received the Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sports Merit by the Spanish government on 19 April 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating', 'summary': "Figure skating is a sport in which individuals , duos , or groups perform on figure skates on ice . It was the first winter sport to be included in the Olympic Games , when it was contested at the 1908 Olympics in London . The four Olympic disciplines are men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dance . Non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating , Theater on Ice , and four skating . From intermediate through senior-level competition , skaters generally perform two programs ( short and free skate ) , which may include spins , jumps , moves in the field , lifts , throw jumps , death spirals , and other elements or moves , depending on the discipline . The blade has a groove on the bottom creating two distinct edges : inside and outside . Judges prefer that skaters glide on one edge of the blade and not on both at the same time , which is referred to as a flat edge . During a spin , skaters use the sweet spot of the blade , formally called a rocker , which is the roundest portion of the blade , just behind the toe pick and near the middle of the blade . Skates used in singles and pair skating have a set of large , jagged teeth called toe picks on the front of the blade . Toe picks are mainly used for the take-off on jumps . Ice dance blades have smaller toe picks . Figure skaters compete at various levels from beginner up to the Olympic level ( senior ) at local , regional , sectional , national , and international competitions ."}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pau Gasol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pau_Gasol', 'summary': "Pau Gasol Sáez ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈpaw ɣəˈzɔl ] , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpau ɣaˈsol ] ; born July 6 , 1980 ) is a Spanish professional basketball player . He is a six-time NBA All-Star and a four-time All-NBA selection , twice on the second team and twice on the third team . Gasol has won two NBA championships , both with the Los Angeles Lakers . He was the NBA Rookie of the Year in 2002 with the Memphis Grizzlies , being the first non-American player to have won that award . He is the older brother of fellow NBA player Marc Gasol . Gasol was selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the third overall pick in the first round of the 2001 NBA draft , but his rights were traded to the Memphis Grizzlies . He currently holds the Grizzlies ' franchise record for free throws made and attempted . Following more than six seasons with Memphis , Gasol played for the Los Angeles Lakers ( from 2008 to 2014 ) , the Chicago Bulls ( from 2014 to 2016 ) , the San Antonio Spurs ( from 2016 to 2019 ) , and the Milwaukee Bucks ( 2019 ) . Internationally , Gasol has won two Olympic silver medals , an Olympic bronze medal , a FIBA World Cup title , and three EuroBasket titles with the Spanish national basketball team ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queralt Castellet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queralt_Castellet', 'summary': 'Queralt Castellet Ibáñez ( born 17 June 1989 in Sabadell ) is a Spanish snowboarder . She was silver medalist at the 2015 World Championships . She competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics , and finished tenth in halfpipe at the 2007 World Snowboard Championships . During the 2007-08 Snowboarding World Cup circuit she placed on the podium three times , and overall she placed third in the halfpipe section of the 2007-08 World Cup . At the 2010 Winter Olympics she scored a 44.3 on her first qualifying run , third highest . However , she suffered a concussion while practicing in the lead-up to the final and was subsequently forced to withdraw . At the World Cup , she has six victories , and seven additional podiums in halfpipe , and another podium in big air .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding', 'summary': "Snowboarding is a recreational activity and Winter Olympic and Paralympic sport that involves descending a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard attached to a rider 's feet . The development of snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding , sledding , surfing and skiing . It was developed in the United States in the 1960s , became a Winter Olympic Sport at Nagano in 1998 and eventually was featured in the Winter Paralympics at Sochi in 2014 . Its popularity ( as measured by equipment sales ) in the United States peaked in 2007 and has been in a decline since ."}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Cal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Cal', 'summary': 'David Cal Figueroa ( born 10 October 1982 in Cangas do Morrazo ) is a Spanish sprint canoeist who has competed since 1999 . Competing in three Summer Olympics , he has won five medals with a gold ( C-1 1000 m : 2004 Summer Olympics ) and four silvers ( C-1 500 m : 2004 , 2008 ; C-1 1000 m : 2008 and 2012 ; C-1 1000 m : 2012 ) . With this latest medal in the London 2012 Olympic Games , he became the Spanish athlete with more Olympic medals of all time . Cal was a junior world championship bronze medallist in Zagreb in 1999 ( C-1 1000 m ) . The following year he became European C-1 500 m junior champion at Boulogne , France in 2000 . He also won the C-1 1000 m bronze medal . He was a reserve at the Sydney Olympics . At the 2002 European under-23 championships in Zagreb , Croatia , Cal won the C-1 500 m bronze medal . Cal has competed on the senior circuit since 2003 , winning five medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships . This includes a gold ( C-1 500 m : 2007 ) , two silvers ( C-1 1000 m : 2003 , 2005 , 2011 ) , and a bronze ( C-1 1000 m : 2007 ) . Cal is 183 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) tall and weighs 91 kg ( 200 lbs ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing', 'summary': 'Canoeing is an activity which involves paddling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle . Common meanings of the term are limited to when the canoeing is the central purpose of the activity . Broader meanings include when it is combined with other activities such as canoe camping , or where canoeing is merely a transportation method used to accomplish other activities . Most present-day canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational activity . In some parts of Europe canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking , with a canoe being called an open canoe . A few of the recreational forms of canoeing are canoe camping and canoe racing . Other forms include a wide range of canoeing on lakes , rivers , oceans , ponds and streams .'}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2006 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games ( Italian : XX Giochi olimpici invernali ) and commonly known as Turin 2006 or Torino 2006 , was a winter multi-sport event which was held in Turin , Piedmont , Italy from February 10 to 26 , 2006 . This marked the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , the first being the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo . Italy also hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960 in Rome . Turin was selected as the host city for the 2006 Games in June 1999 . The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was Passion lives here . The official logo depicts a stylized profile of the Mole Antonelliana building , drawn in white and blue ice crystals , signifying the snow and the sky . The crystal web was also meant to portray the web of new technologies and the Olympic spirit of community . The Olympic mascots of the Games were Neve ( snow in Italian ) , a female snowball , and Gliz , a male ice cube . Italy will host the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo 20 years after these games ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'María José Rienda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/María_José_Rienda', 'summary': 'María José Rienda Contreras ( born 12 June 1975 in Granada , Spain ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer . She served as the President of the Consejo Superior de Deportes and Secretary of State for Sports of Spain from June 2018 to January 2020 . Rienda Contreras has 6 World Cup victories , all in giant slalom . Her victories in 2005 were the first Spanish World Cup victories since Blanca Fernández Ochoa won in December 1991 . María José Rienda Contreras represented Spain in five Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing', 'summary': "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabel Fernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabel_Fernández', 'summary': ''}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo', 'summary': "Judo ( 柔道 , jūdō , Japanese pronunciation : [ dʑɯꜜːdoː ] , lit . gentle way ) is generally categorized as a modern martial art , which has since evolved into a combat and Olympic sport . The sport was originally created in 1882 by Jigoro Kano ( 嘉納治五郎 ) as a physical , mental , and moral pedagogy in Japan . Judo 's most prominent feature is its competitive element , where the objective is to either throw or take down an opponent to the ground , immobilize or otherwise subdue an opponent with a pin , or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke . Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defences are a part of judo , but only in pre-arranged forms ( kata , 形 ) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice ( randori , 乱取り ) . A judo practitioner is called a judoka . The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū ( 古流 , traditional schools ) . Judo also spawned a number of derivative martial arts across the world , such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu , Krav Maga and Sambo ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 , was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . 2,399 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines , held throughout 165 sporting sessions . The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee ( SLOC ) , the first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that both events were organized by a single committee . Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games , after Missouri , New York , California , and Georgia . These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . The opening ceremony was held on February 8 , 2002 , and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24 , 2002 . Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen , and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters . Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics , although the two subsequent host cities ' populations were larger . Following a trend , the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games , with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Norway won the most gold medals while Germany won the most number of medals . The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid . Nevertheless , from sporting and business standpoints , this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history ; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iker Fernández', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding', 'summary': "Snowboarding is a recreational activity and Winter Olympic and Paralympic sport that involves descending a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard attached to a rider 's feet . The development of snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding , sledding , surfing and skiing . It was developed in the United States in the 1960s , became a Winter Olympic Sport at Nagano in 1998 and eventually was featured in the Winter Paralympics at Sochi in 2014 . Its popularity ( as measured by equipment sales ) in the United States peaked in 2007 and has been in a decline since ."}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuel Estiarte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Estiarte', 'summary': 'Manel Estiarte Duocastella ( born October 26 , 1961 in Manresa ) is a Spanish former water polo player born in Manresa , a municipality in Barcelona , Spain . He is currently a member of Pep Guardiolas technical staff at Manchester City FC . Highly accomplished in his sport , Estiarte has been voted Worlds Best Water Polo Player on seven consecutive occasions : 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , and 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Waterpolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterpolo', 'summary': "Water polo is a competitive team sport played in the water between two teams . The game consists of four quarters in which the two teams attempt to score goals by throwing the ball into the opposing team 's goal . The team with the most goals at the end of the game wins the match . Each team is made up of six field players and one goalkeeper . Except for the goalkeeper , players participate in both offensive and defensive roles . Water polo is typically played in an all-deep pool meaning that players can not touch the bottom . A game of water polo mainly consists of the players swimming to move about the pool , treading water ( often using the eggbeater kick technique ) , passing the ball and shooting at the goal . Teamwork , tactical thinking and game awareness are also highly important aspects in a game of water polo . Water polo is a highly physical and demanding sport and has frequently been cited as one of the toughest sports to play . Special equipment for water polo includes a water polo ball , a yellow-green ball which floats on the water ; numbered and coloured caps ; and two goals , which either float in the water or are attached to the side of the pool . The game is thought to have originated in Scotland in the late 19th century as a sort of water rugby . William Wilson is thought to have developed the game during a similar period ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1998 Winter Olympics , officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会 , Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai ) , and commonly known as Nagano 1998 , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 that were centered in Nagano , Japan . The Games also took place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba , Karuizawa , Nozawa Onsen , and Yamanouuchi . The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics ( which were later cancelled ) , as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics , but each time Nagano was eliminated at the national level by Sapporo . The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events . The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time . The Games saw the introduction of women 's ice hockey , curling and snowboarding . National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men 's ice hockey for the first time . Five countries , Azerbaijan , Kenya , Macedonia , Uruguay , and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics . The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals , including three gold . The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals , including three gold , which took his total Olympic medal total to 12 , including eight gold , which is a record for Winter Olympics . In ice hockey , professionals from the North American National Hockey League participated for the first time . Despite their participation , the Czech men 's ice hockey team won the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Jesús Gutiérrez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Jesús_Gutiérrez', 'summary': 'Juan Jesús Gutiérrez Cuevas ( born June 26 , 1969 in Reinosa , Cantabria ) is a Spanish cross country skier who competed from 1991 to 2006 . His best World Cup finish was third at a marathon event in France in 2000 . Gutiérrez also competed in five Winter Olympics , earning his best finish of 17th in the 30 km event at Salt Lake City in 2002 . His best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was sixth in the 50 km event at Thunder Bay in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross_country_skiing', 'summary': 'Cross-country skiing is a form of skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain , rather than using ski lifts or other forms of assistance . Cross-country skiing is widely practiced as a sport and recreational activity ; however , some still use it as a means of transportation . Variants of cross-country skiing are adapted to a range of terrain which spans unimproved , sometimes mountainous terrain to groomed courses that are specifically designed for the sport . Modern cross-country skiing is similar to the original form of skiing , from which all skiing disciplines evolved , including alpine skiing , ski jumping and Telemark skiing . Skiers propel themselves either by striding forward ( classic style ) or side-to-side in a skating motion ( skate skiing ) , aided by arms pushing on ski poles against the snow . It is practised in regions with snow-covered landscapes , including Northern Europe , Canada , Russia , the United States , Australia and New Zealand . Competitive cross-country skiing is one of the Nordic skiing sports . Cross-country skiing and rifle marksmanship are the two components of biathlon , ski-orienteering is a form of cross-country skiing , which includes map navigation along snow trails and tracks .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis Doreste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Doreste', 'summary': "Luis Doreste Blanco ( born 7 March 1961 in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Las Palmas ) is a Spanish sailor who won gold medal both in the 1984 Summer Olympics ( 470 class ) , and in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona ( Flying Dutchman ) . A member of Real Club Náutico de Gran Canaria , Doreste became World Champion in 1985 ( Flying Dutchman ) , and again in 1995 ( Soling ) . He is three times European Champion , from 1976 ( Optimist ) , 1985 ( 470 ) and 1988 ( Flying Dutchman ) . He is a four-time Olympian . Doreste took the Athlete 's Oath at Barcelona in 1992 . He is the brother of Manuel Doreste , Gustavo Doreste and José Doreste . He skippered Desafío Español 2007 at the 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing', 'summary': 'Sailing employs the wind - acting on sails , wingsails or kites - to propel a craft on the surface of the water ( sailing ship , sailboat , windsurfer , or kitesurfer ) , on ice ( iceboat ) or on land ( land yacht ) over a chosen course , which is often part of a larger plan of navigation . A course defined with respect to the true wind direction is called a point of sail . Conventional sailing craft can not derive power from sails on a point of sail that is too close into the wind . On a given point of sail , the sailor adjusts the alignment of each sail with respect to the apparent wind direction ( as perceived on the craft ) to mobilize the power of the wind . The forces transmitted via the sails are resisted by forces from the hull , keel , and rudder of a sailing craft , by forces from skate runners of an iceboat , or by forces from wheels of a land sailing craft to allow steering the course . In the 21st century , most sailing represents a form of recreation or sport . Recreational sailing or yachting can be divided into racing and cruising . Cruising can include extended offshore and ocean-crossing trips , coastal sailing within sight of land , and daysailing . Until the mid of the 19th century , sailing ships were the primary means for marine commerce , this period is known as Age of Sail .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect .'}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ainhoa Ibarra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ainhoa_Ibarra', 'summary': 'Ainhoa Ibarra Astellara ( born 27 October 1968 in Guernica ) is a Spanish former alpine skier who competed in the 1988 Winter Olympics , in the 1992 Winter Olympics , in the 1994 Winter Olympics , and in the 1998 Winter Olympics . Her best result was the 17th position in the giant slalom in Lillehammer 1994 . She disputed four World Championships , and her best result was the 8th position in the giant slalom in Sierra Nevada 1996 . In the World Cup she finished top-10 once .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing', 'summary': "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felipe , Prince of Asturias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_VI_of_Spain', 'summary': 'Felipe VI or Philip VI ( Spanish : [ feˈlipe ] ; [ b ] Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos ; born 30 January 1968 ) is King of Spain . He ascended the throne on 19 June 2014 upon the abdication of his father , King Juan Carlos I . His mother is Queen Sofía , and he has two older sisters , Infanta Elena , Duchess of Lugo , and Infanta Cristina . In 2004 , Felipe married TV news journalist Letizia Ortiz with whom he has two daughters , Leonor ( his heir presumptive ) and Sofía . In accordance with the Spanish Constitution , as monarch , he is head of state and commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armed Forces with military rank of Captain General , and also plays a role in promoting relations with Spanish America and the former Spanish East Indies , [ citation needed ] which are collectively called [ improper synthesis ? ] the nations of its historical community .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing', 'summary': 'Sailing employs the wind - acting on sails , wingsails or kites - to propel a craft on the surface of the water ( sailing ship , sailboat , windsurfer , or kitesurfer ) , on ice ( iceboat ) or on land ( land yacht ) over a chosen course , which is often part of a larger plan of navigation . A course defined with respect to the true wind direction is called a point of sail . Conventional sailing craft can not derive power from sails on a point of sail that is too close into the wind . On a given point of sail , the sailor adjusts the alignment of each sail with respect to the apparent wind direction ( as perceived on the craft ) to mobilize the power of the wind . The forces transmitted via the sails are resisted by forces from the hull , keel , and rudder of a sailing craft , by forces from skate runners of an iceboat , or by forces from wheels of a land sailing craft to allow steering the course . In the 21st century , most sailing represents a form of recreation or sport . Recreational sailing or yachting can be divided into racing and cruising . Cruising can include extended offshore and ocean-crossing trips , coastal sailing within sight of land , and daysailing . Until the mid of the 19th century , sailing ships were the primary means for marine commerce , this period is known as Age of Sail .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , were a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 8 to 23 February 1992 in Albertville , France . They were the last Winter Olympics to be held the same year as the Summer Olympics , and the first where the Winter Paralympics were held at the same site . Albertville was selected as host in 1986 , beating Sofia , Falun , Lillehammer , Cortina d'Ampezzo , Anchorage and Berchtesgaden . The games were the third Winter Olympics held in France , after Chamonix in 1924 and Grenoble in 1968 , and the fifth Olympics overall in the country . Only some of the skating and the opening and closing ceremonies took place in Albertville , while the rest of the events took place in the villages of Courchevel , La Plagne , Les Arcs , Les Menuires , Les Saisies , Méribel , Pralognan-la-Vanoise , Tignes and Val d'Isère . Sixty-four nations with 1,801 athletes participated in the games , including the Unified Team which represented non-Baltic former Soviet republics . Germany participated as a unified team following reunification in 1990 , while five newly independent European countries debuted , as did six warm-weather countries . Short track speed skating , moguls and women 's biathlon made their debut as an Olympic sport . The games were the last Winter Games until 2014 to have demonstration sports , consisting of curling , aerials , ski ballet and speed skiing . It was the last Olympics to have an outdoor speed skating rink . The games were succeeded by the 1992 Winter Paralympics from 25 March to 1 April . Norwegians won every male cross-country skiing race , with Bjørn Dæhlie and Vegard Ulvang both collecting three gold ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blanca Fernández Ochoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blanca_Fernández_Ochoa', 'summary': 'Blanca Fernández Ochoa ( 22 April 1963 - August 2019 ) was a World Cup alpine ski racer from Spain . Born in Madrid , she competed in four Winter Olympics , from 1980 through 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing', 'summary': "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Infanta Cristina of Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infanta_Cristina_of_Spain', 'summary': "Infanta Cristina of Spain ( Cristina Federica Victoria Antonia de la Santísima Trinidad de Borbón y de Grecia , born 13 June 1965 ) is the younger daughter of King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía . As of 2015 [ update ] she is sixth in the line of succession to the Spanish throne , after her brother King Felipe VI 's children , her sister Elena , and Elena 's children . From 2013 she was investigated and later tried for fraud relating to accusations of corruption involving a company owned by Cristina and her husband ."}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing', 'summary': 'Sailing employs the wind - acting on sails , wingsails or kites - to propel a craft on the surface of the water ( sailing ship , sailboat , windsurfer , or kitesurfer ) , on ice ( iceboat ) or on land ( land yacht ) over a chosen course , which is often part of a larger plan of navigation . A course defined with respect to the true wind direction is called a point of sail . Conventional sailing craft can not derive power from sails on a point of sail that is too close into the wind . On a given point of sail , the sailor adjusts the alignment of each sail with respect to the apparent wind direction ( as perceived on the craft ) to mobilize the power of the wind . The forces transmitted via the sails are resisted by forces from the hull , keel , and rudder of a sailing craft , by forces from skate runners of an iceboat , or by forces from wheels of a land sailing craft to allow steering the course . In the 21st century , most sailing represents a form of recreation or sport . Recreational sailing or yachting can be divided into racing and cruising . Cruising can include extended offshore and ocean-crossing trips , coastal sailing within sight of land , and daysailing . Until the mid of the 19th century , sailing ships were the primary means for marine commerce , this period is known as Age of Sail .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1988 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , was a multi-sport event celebrated in and around Calgary , Alberta , Canada , between February 13 and 28 , 1988 and were the first Winter Olympics to be held over a whole two week period . The host city was selected in 1981 over Falun , Sweden , and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy . Most events took place in Calgary while several skiing events were held in the mountain resorts of Nakiska and Canmore , west of the city . A then-record 57 nations competed and 1,423 athletes participated . As it had in Montreal in 1976 , Canada again failed to win a gold medal in an official medal event as the host nation . Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen and Dutch speed skater Yvonne van Gennip were individual medal leaders with each winning three gold medals . The games are also remembered for the heroic failure of British ski jumper Eddie The Eagle Edwards , and the Winter Olympic début of the Jamaica national bobsled team , both of which would be subjects of major feature films about their participation in the games . The Calgary games were at the time one of the most expensive Olympics ever held , but the organizing committee turned record television and sponsorship revenue into a net surplus that was used to maintain the facilities built for the Olympics and develop the Calgary region into the heart of Canada 's elite winter sports program . The five purpose-built venues continue to be used in their original functions , and have helped the country develop into one of the top nations in Winter Olympic competition ; Canada more than quintupled the five medals it won in Calgary at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ainhoa Ibarra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ainhoa_Ibarra', 'summary': 'Ainhoa Ibarra Astellara ( born 27 October 1968 in Guernica ) is a Spanish former alpine skier who competed in the 1988 Winter Olympics , in the 1992 Winter Olympics , in the 1994 Winter Olympics , and in the 1998 Winter Olympics . Her best result was the 17th position in the giant slalom in Lillehammer 1994 . She disputed four World Championships , and her best result was the 8th position in the giant slalom in Sierra Nevada 1996 . In the World Cup she finished top-10 once .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing', 'summary': "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alejandro Abascal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alejandro_Abascal', 'summary': "Alejandro Abascal García ( born 15 July 1952 in Santander , Cantabria ) is a Spanish sailor and Olympic Champion . He competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow and won a gold medal in the Flying Dutchman class , together with Miguel Noguer . This was Spain 's third Olympic Gold Medal , and their first since 1928 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing', 'summary': 'Sailing employs the wind - acting on sails , wingsails or kites - to propel a craft on the surface of the water ( sailing ship , sailboat , windsurfer , or kitesurfer ) , on ice ( iceboat ) or on land ( land yacht ) over a chosen course , which is often part of a larger plan of navigation . A course defined with respect to the true wind direction is called a point of sail . Conventional sailing craft can not derive power from sails on a point of sail that is too close into the wind . On a given point of sail , the sailor adjusts the alignment of each sail with respect to the apparent wind direction ( as perceived on the craft ) to mobilize the power of the wind . The forces transmitted via the sails are resisted by forces from the hull , keel , and rudder of a sailing craft , by forces from skate runners of an iceboat , or by forces from wheels of a land sailing craft to allow steering the course . In the 21st century , most sailing represents a form of recreation or sport . Recreational sailing or yachting can be divided into racing and cruising . Cruising can include extended offshore and ocean-crossing trips , coastal sailing within sight of land , and daysailing . Until the mid of the 19th century , sailing ships were the primary means for marine commerce , this period is known as Age of Sail .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1984 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games ( French : XIVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Serbo-Croatian : XIV . zimske olimpijske igre / XIV Зимске олимпијске игре ; Macedonian : XIV Зимски олимписки игри ; Slovene : XIV olimpijske zimske igre ) , was a winter multi-sport event which took place from 8-19 February 1984 in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , in what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina . Other candidate cities were Sapporo , Japan ; and Gothenburg , Sweden . It was the first Winter Olympic Games held in a socialist state and in a Slavic language-speaking country . It was also the second Olympics overall , as well as the second consecutive Olympics , to be held in a socialist and in a Slavic language-speaking country after the 1980 Summer Olympics were held in Moscow , Soviet Union . Furthermore , it was the first Olympics held in the Balkans after the first modern Games in Athens . The Sarajevo games have also been the only Olympics so far to be hosted by a Non-Aligned Movement member ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blanca Fernández Ochoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blanca_Fernández_Ochoa', 'summary': 'Blanca Fernández Ochoa ( 22 April 1963 - August 2019 ) was a World Cup alpine ski racer from Spain . Born in Madrid , she competed in four Winter Olympics , from 1980 through 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing', 'summary': "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1980 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad ( Russian : И́гры XXII Олимпиа́ды , tr . Igry XXII Olimpiady ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow , Soviet Union , in present-day Russia . The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe , and remain the only Summer Olympics held there , as well as the first Olympic Games to be held in a Slavic language-speaking country . They were also the only Olympic Games to be held in a communist country until 2008 in China . These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris , 3rd Baron Killanin . Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games - the smallest number since 1956 . Led by the United States , 66 countries boycotted the games entirely because of the Soviet-Afghan War . Some athletes from some of the boycotting countries ( they are not included in the list of 66 countries that boycotted the games entirely ) participated in the games under the Olympic Flag . The Soviet Union would later boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals , with the USSR and East Germany winning 127 out of 204 available golds .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herminio Menéndez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herminio_Menéndez', 'summary': 'Herminio Menéndez Rodríguez ( born December 20 , 1953 ) is a Spanish sprint canoer who competed from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s . Competing in four Summer Olympics , he won three medals with two silvers ( 1976 : K-4 1000 m , 1980 : K-2 500 m ) and one bronze ( 1980 : K-2 1000 m ) . Menéndez also won eight medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold ( K-4 1000 m : 1975 ) , a silver ( K-4 500 m : 1978 ) , and six bronzes ( K-1 4 x 500 m : 1975 . K-2 1000 m : 1982 , K-2 10000 m : 1979 , K-4 500 m : 1977 , K-4 1000 m : 1977 , 1978 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing', 'summary': 'Canoeing is an activity which involves paddling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle . Common meanings of the term are limited to when the canoeing is the central purpose of the activity . Broader meanings include when it is combined with other activities such as canoe camping , or where canoeing is merely a transportation method used to accomplish other activities . Most present-day canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational activity . In some parts of Europe canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking , with a canoe being called an open canoe . A few of the recreational forms of canoeing are canoe camping and canoe racing . Other forms include a wide range of canoeing on lakes , rivers , oceans , ponds and streams .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Spain at theOlympicsIOC codeESPNOCSpanish Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.coe.es ( in Spanish ) Medals Gold 46 Silver 64 Bronze 44 Total 154 Summer appearances19001904–1912192019241928193219361948195219561960196419681972197619801984198819921996200020042008201220162020Winter appearances19361948195219561960196419681972197619801984198819921994199820022006201020142018 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Spain at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Spain_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Spain at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'}
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Where were the Olympics held when Manuel Estiarte was flag bearer for Spain ?
Melbourne , Victoria
08842ca46973c3ba
hybridqa
{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_recipients_of_the_U-boat_service", 'title': "List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the U-boat service", 'header': ['Number', 'Name', 'Rank', 'Unit', 'Date of award', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Günther Prien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Günther_Prien', 'summary': "Günther Prien ( 16 January 1908 - presumed 8 March 1941 ) was a German U-boat commander during World War II . He was the first U-boat commander to receive the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross and the first member of the Kriegsmarine to receive the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . It was Germany 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Prien . [ Note 1 ] Under Prien 's command , the submarine U-47 was credited with sinking over 30 Allied ships totaling about 200,000 gross register tons ( GRT ) , along with the British battleship HMS Royal Oak at anchor in the Home Fleet 's anchorage in Scapa Flow ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-47', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-47_(1938)', 'summary': "German submarine U-47 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's navy ( Kriegsmarine ) during World War II . She was laid down on 25 February 1937 at Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 582 and went into service on 17 December 1938 under the command of Günther Prien . During U-47 's career , she sank a total of 31 enemy vessels and damaged eight more , including the British battleship HMS Royal Oak on 14 October 1939 . U-47 ranks as one of the most successful German U-boats of World War II ."}]}, {'value': '18 October 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded 5th Oak Leaves on 20 October 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herbert Schultze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herbert_Schultze', 'summary': "Herbert Emil Schultze ( 24 July 1909 - 3 June 1987 ) , was a German U-boat ( submarine ) commander of the Kriegsmarine ( the German navy in World War II ) . He commanded U-48 for eight patrols during the early part of the war , sinking 169,709 gross register tons ( GRT ) of shipping . Schultze was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Legally it was Nazi Germany 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Herbert Schultze , although the later higher ranked Swords and Diamonds grades to the Knight 's Cross had already been awarded in June and July 1941 . [ Note 1 ]"}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-48', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-48_(1939)', 'summary': "German submarine U-48 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II , and the most successful that was commissioned . During her two years of active service , U-48 sank 55 ships for a total of 321,000 tons ; she also damaged two more for a total of 12,000 tons over twelve war patrols conducted during the opening stages of the Battle of the Atlantic . U-48 was built at the Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 583 during 1938 and 1939 , being completed a few months before the outbreak of war in September 1939 and given to Kapitänleutnant ( Kptlt . ) Herbert Schultze . When war was declared , she was already in position in the North Atlantic , and received the news via radio , allowing her to operate immediately against Allied shipping ."}]}, {'value': '1 March 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded 15th Oak Leaves on 12 June 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karl Dönitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Dönitz', 'summary': 'Karl Dönitz ( sometimes spelled Doenitz ; German : [ ˈdøːnɪts ] ( listen ) ; 16 September 1891 - 24 December 1980 ) was a German admiral during the Nazi era who briefly succeeded Adolf Hitler as the German head of state in 1945 . As Supreme Commander of the Navy since 1943 , he played a major role in the naval history of World War II . He was controversially convicted of war crimes following the war . He began his career in the Imperial German Navy before World War I . In 1918 , he was commanding UB-68 when she was sunk by British forces . Dönitz was taken prisoner . While in a prisoner of war camp , he formulated what he later called Rudeltaktik ( pack tactic , commonly called wolfpack ) . At the start of World War II , he was the senior submarine officer in the Kriegsmarine , known as Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote ( BdU ) . In January 1943 , Dönitz achieved the rank of Großadmiral ( grand admiral ) and replaced Grand Admiral Erich Raeder as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy . Dönitz was the main enemy of Allied naval forces in the Battle of the Atlantic . From 1939-1943 the U-boats fought effectively but lost the initiative from May 1943 . Dönitz ordered his submarines into battle until 1945 to relieve the pressure on other branches of the Wehrmacht ( Nazi German Armed Force ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Konteradmiral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konteradmiral', 'summary': 'Konteradmiral , abbreviated KAdm or KADM , is the second lowest naval flag officer rank in the German Navy . It is equivalent to Generalmajor in the Heer and Luftwaffe or to Admiralstabsarzt and Generalstabsarzt in the Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr . In the German Navy Konteradmiral is equivalent to rear admiral , a two-star rank with a NATO code of OF-7 . However , in the former German-speaking naval forces of the Imperial German Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) , the Nazi Kriegsmarine , the East German Volksmarine and the Austro-Hungarian K.u.K . Kriegsmarine , Konteradmiral was an OF-6 one-star officer rank .'}]}, {'value': 'commander in chief of U-boat operations Befehlshaber der U-Boote', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commander_in_chief', 'summary': "A commander-in-chief , also called supreme commander , is the person that exercises supreme command and control over an armed forces or a military branch . As a technical term , it refers to military competencies that reside in a country 's executive leadership - a head of state or a head of government . Often , a commander-in-chief role if held by an official , need not be or have been a commissioned officer or even a veteran . Such countries follow the principle of civilian control of the military ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Befehlshaber_der_U-Boote', 'summary': "The Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote ( BdU ) was the supreme commander of the Kriegsmarine 's U-boat Arm ( Ubootwaffe ) during World War II . The term also referred to the Command HQ of the U-boat arm . The title was established on 17 October 1939 , when Karl Dönitz was promoted to rear admiral ( Konteradmiral ) . His previous title had been U-boat leader ( Führer der Unterseeboote ) , a position he had held from January 1936 . On 31 January 1943 Dönitz was promoted to grand admiral ( Großadmiral ) and became supreme commander ( Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine ) of the entire Kriegsmarine , replacing Erich Raeder . He retained the title , but was replaced as operational commander at BdU by his chief of staff Eberhard Godt . Godt 's successor was Admiral Hans Georg von Friedeburg , who held the position at the end of the war ."}]}, {'value': '21 April 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded 223rd Oak Leaves on 6 April 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Werner Hartmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werner_Hartmann', 'summary': "Werner Hartmann ( 11 December 1902 - 26 April 1963 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He was credited with sinking 26 ships , amounting to over 115,000 gross register tons ( GRT ) sunk , purportedly making him the 25th most successful U-boat commander of the war . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Korvettenkapitän', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korvettenkapitän', 'summary': 'Korvettenkapitän , short : KKpt / in lists : KK , ( English : Corvette captain ) is the lowest senior officer rank ( German : Stabsoffizier Rang ) in the German Navy / armed forces of Germany ( Bundeswehr ) .'}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-37', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-37_(1938)', 'summary': "German submarine U-37 was a Type IXA U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 15 March 1937 at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard in Bremen , launched on 14 May 1938 , and commissioned on 4 August 1938 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schuch as part of the 6th U-boat Flotilla . Between August 1939 and March 1941 , U-37 conducted eleven combat patrols , sinking 53 merchant ships , for a total of 200,124 gross register tons ( GRT ) ; and two warships , the British Hastings-class sloop HMS Penzance , and the French submarine Sfax ( Q182 ) . U-37 was then withdrawn from front-line service and assigned to training units until the end of the war . On 8 May 1945 the U-boat was scuttled in Sonderburg Bay , off Flensburg . U-37 was the sixth most successful U-boat in World War II ."}]}, {'value': '9 May 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded 645th Oak Leaves on 5 November 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otto Schuhart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otto_Schuhart', 'summary': "Otto Schuhart ( 4 September 1909 - 10 March 1990 ) commanded the U-boat U-29 in Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . He received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( German : Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) , a decoration awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or outstanding military leadership . Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain ) Schuhart is credited with the sinking of the aircraft carrier HMS Courageous on 17 September 1939 , the first British warship to be lost in the war . In total Schuhart claimed thirteen ships sunk on seven war patrols , for a total of 67,277 gross register tons ( GRT ) of Allied merchant shipping and one warship of 22,500 long tons ( 22,900 tonnes ) . Born in Hamburg , Schuhart joined the Reichsmarine ( navy ) of the Weimar Republic in 1929 . After a period of training on surface vessels he transferred to the U-boat force in 1936 . Following the sinking of HMS Courageous the entire crew of U-29 received the Iron Cross 2nd Class while Schuhart as commander received both classes of the Iron Cross , 2nd and 1st Class . After further six war patrols , Schuhart became commander of the 1 . U-Lehr Division ( 1st U-boat Training Division ) and later of the 21st U-boat Flotilla . He spent the last months of the war at the Naval Academy at Mürwik . After World War II he worked in various civil jobs and in 1955 rejoined military service in the Bundesmarine of the Bundeswehr of the Federal Republic of Germany . He retired in 1967 and died on 10 March 1990 in Stuttgart ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-29', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-29_(1936)', 'summary': "German submarine U-29 was a Type VIIA U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down on 2 January 1936 , launched on 29 August and commissioned on 10 November . During her career U-29 was involved in seven war patrols under the command of Kapitänleutnant Otto Schuhart ."}]}, {'value': '16 May 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilhelm Rollmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilhelm_Rollmann', 'summary': "Wilhelm Rollmann ( 5 August 1907 - 5 November 1943 ) was a German U-boat commander during World War II , in which he commanded the U-34 and U-848 . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany . He was killed in action in 1943 , when his U-boat was sunk by Allied aircraft ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-34', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-34_(1936)', 'summary': "German submarine U-34 was a Type VIIA U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down in September 1935 , launched in July 1936 and commissioned in September . U-34 is known alongside U-33 to take action in the Spanish Civil War executing Operation Ursula . As a result , U-34 became the first German submarine to sink another vessel since the end of World War I in 1918 . During World War II the boat carried out seven patrols , sinking 22 ships and capturing two more . She was sunk in a collision in the Baltic in August 1943 ."}]}, {'value': '31 July 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'killed in action 5 November 1943', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otto Kretschmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otto_Kretschmer', 'summary': "Otto Kretschmer ( 1 May 1912 - 5 August 1998 ) was a German naval officer and submariner in World War II and the Cold War . From September 1939 until his surrender in March 1941 , he sank 47 ships , a total of 274,333 tons . For this he received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords , among other awards . He earned the nickname Silent Otto both for his successful use of the silent running capability of U-boats as well as for his reluctance to transmit radio messages during patrols . After the war , he served in the German Federal Navy and retired in 1970 with the rank of Flottillenadmiral ( flotilla admiral ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-99', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-99_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-99 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down on 31 March 1939 at the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 593 . She was launched on 12 March 1940 under the command of Korvettenkapitän Otto Kretschmer and was assigned to the 7th U-boat Flotilla based in Kiel and later in St Nazaire . U-99 was one of the most successful German U-boats in the war , sinking 38 ships for a total tonnage of 244,658 gross register tons ( GRT ) of Allied shipping in eight patrols . She damaged five more ships and took one vessel as a prize ."}]}, {'value': '4 August 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded 6th Oak Leaves on 4 November 1940 and 5 . Swords on 26 December 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinrich Liebe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinrich_Liebe', 'summary': "Heinrich Liebe ( 29 January 1908 - 27 July 1997 ) was a German naval officer during World War II . He served as a U-boat commander and then in the High Command of the Kriegsmarine . Liebe was credited with sinking of 34 ships for a total of 187,267 gross register tons ( GRT ) . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . It was the country 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Liebe ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-38', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-38_(1938)', 'summary': "German submarine U-38 was a Type IXA U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine that operated during World War II . Her keel was laid down on 15 April 1937 , by DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen as yard number 943 . She was launched on 9 August 1938 and commissioned on 24 October with Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Liebe in command . U-38 conducted eleven patrols , as part of several flotillas . During her career , she sank over 30 enemy vessels and damaged a further one . U-38 ranks as one of the most successful U-boats in World War II . She was scuttled west of Wesermünde ( modern Bremerhaven ) on 5 May 1945 . Throughout the war , the U-Boat suffered no losses among her crew ."}]}, {'value': '14 August 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded 13th Oak Leaves on 10 June 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fritz-Julius Lemp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fritz-Julius_Lemp', 'summary': 'Fritz-Julius Lemp ( 19 February 1913 - 9 May 1941 ) was a captain in the Kriegsmarine during World War II and commander of U-28 , U-30 and U-110 . He sank the British passenger liner SS Athenia in September 1939 , in violation of the Hague conventions . Germanys responsibility for the sinking was suppressed by Admiral Karl Dönitz and the Nazi propaganda . Lemp died on 9 May 1941 when the U-boat he commanded was captured .'}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-30', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-30_(1936)', 'summary': "German submarine U-30 was a Type VIIA U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine that served during World War II . She was ordered in April 1935 in violation of the Treaty of Versailles , which prevented the construction and commissioning of any U-boats for the German navy , and as part of the German naval rearmament program known as Plan Z . She sank the liner SS Athenia , the first ship sunk in World War II , on 3 September 1939 , under the command of Fritz-Julius Lemp . She was retired from front-line service in September 1940 after undertaking eight war patrols , having sunk 17 vessels and damaging two others . U-30 then served in a training role until the end of the war when she was scuttled . She was later raised and broken up for scrap in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': '14 August 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'killed in action 9 May 1941', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hans-Rudolf Rösing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hans-Rudolf_Rösing', 'summary': "Hans-Rudolf Rösing ( 28 September 1905 - 16 December 2004 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II and later served in the Bundesmarine of the Federal Republic of Germany . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross , awarded by Nazi Germany to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership ."}]}, {'value': 'Korvettenkapitän', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korvettenkapitän', 'summary': 'Korvettenkapitän , short : KKpt / in lists : KK , ( English : Corvette captain ) is the lowest senior officer rank ( German : Stabsoffizier Rang ) in the German Navy / armed forces of Germany ( Bundeswehr ) .'}]}, {'value': 'chief of the 7 . Unterseebootsflottille and commander of U-48', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7._Unterseebootsflottille', 'summary': "The 7th U-boat Flotilla ( German 7 . Unterseebootsflottille ) , also known as Wegener Flotilla , was the seventh operational U-boat combat unit in Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine . Founded on June 25 , 1938 , under the command of Korvettenkapitän Werner Sobe , it was named in honour of Kapitänleutnant Bernd Wegener . Wegener , a U-boat commander during World War I , died on August 19 , 1915 , after his submarine U-27 was sunk by British Q-ship HMS Baralong , which was itself a much disputed battle with the Royal Navy accused of war crimes by the German Navy . The flotilla , under the name Wegener Flotilla , was founded in Kiel in June 1938 . In September 1940 , the flotilla left its base in Kiel and moved to St. Nazaire in France . After the change in location , the flotilla was renamed 7th U-boat Flotilla . This flotilla had one of the most famous emblems from World War II . The snorting bull emblem was first used by U-47 , which is famous for sinking the British battleship HMS Royal Oak in October 1939 . The emblem , based on a picture seen in a comic book , was adopted by the flotilla while based in St. Nazaire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-48_(1939)', 'summary': "German submarine U-48 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II , and the most successful that was commissioned . During her two years of active service , U-48 sank 55 ships for a total of 321,000 tons ; she also damaged two more for a total of 12,000 tons over twelve war patrols conducted during the opening stages of the Battle of the Atlantic . U-48 was built at the Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 583 during 1938 and 1939 , being completed a few months before the outbreak of war in September 1939 and given to Kapitänleutnant ( Kptlt . ) Herbert Schultze . When war was declared , she was already in position in the North Atlantic , and received the news via radio , allowing her to operate immediately against Allied shipping ."}]}, {'value': '29 August 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fritz Frauenheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fritz_Frauenheim', 'summary': "Fritz Frauenheim ( 9 January 1912 - 28 September 1969 ) was a German U-boat commander of the Second World War . From September 1939 until retiring from front line service in December 1940 , he sank 19 ships for a total of 78,853 gross register tons ( GRT ) , and damaged two others . For this he received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( German : Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) , among other commendations . The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-101', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-101_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-101 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She had a highly successful career ."}]}, {'value': '29 August 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Engelbert Endrass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Engelbert_Endrass', 'summary': "Engelbert Endrass ( German : Engelbert Endraß ) ( 2 March 1911 - 21 December 1941 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He commanded the U-46 and the U-567 , being credited with sinking 22 ships on ten patrols , for a total of 118,528 gross register tons ( GRT ) of Allied shipping , to purportedly become the 23rd highest claiming U-boat commander of World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . It was Germany 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Endrass ."}]}, {'value': 'Oberleutnant zur See', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberleutnant_zur_See', 'summary': 'Oberleutnant zur See ( OLt zS or OLZS in the German Navy , Oblt.z.S . in the Kriegsmarine ) is traditionally the highest rank of Lieutenant in the German Navy . It is grouped as OF-1a in NATO , equivalent to a Lieutenant Junior Grade in the United States Navy , and a Sub-Lieutenant in the British Royal Navy The rank was introduced in the Imperial German Navy by renaming the former rank of Premier Lieutenant in 1890 . Within the navy officers of this rank were simply addressed as Herr Oberleutnant . To distinguish naval officers from those of the army , the suffix zur See ( at sea ) was added in official communications , sometimes shortened to z.S . ( Oblt.z.S. ) . The rank has since been used by the Reichsmarine , Kriegsmarine , and Bundesmarine . In the Volksmarine the rank was originally used in the same way until the suffix zur See was dropped . In the Kriegsmarine engineers ( Ingenieur - Ing . ) of the same rank were distinguished as Oberleutnant ( Ing . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-46', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-46_(1938)', 'summary': "German submarine U-46 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She had a highly successful career during the war ."}]}, {'value': '5 September 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded 14th Oak Leaves on 10 June 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Günter Kuhnke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Günter_Kuhnke', 'summary': "Günter Kuhnke ( 7 September 1912 - 11 October 1990 ) was a Korvettenkapitän with the Kriegsmarine during World War II and later a Konteradmiral with the Bundesmarine . He was also a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( German : Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) . He commanded the U-28 , U-125 and U-853 , sinking eleven ships on nine patrols , for a total of 42,252 gross register tons ( GRT ) of Allied shipping plus the special service vessel HMS Prunella . He commanded 10th U-boat Flotilla from January 1942 until October 1944 , then 33rd U-boat Flotilla until May 1945 . Fregattenkapitän Günter Kuhnke commanded the destroyer Z-2 ( D171 ) ( formerly USS Ringgold ( DD-500 ) ) from 14 July 1959 until 15 November 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-28', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-28_(1936)', 'summary': "German submarine U-28 was a Type VIIA U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . Her keel was laid down on 2 December 1935 , by DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen . She was launched on 14 July 1936 , and commissioned into Kriegsmarine on 12 September 1936 , with Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Ambrosius in command . Ambrosius was succeeded by nine other commanding officers over the next eight years . U-28 conducted seven war patrols between 19 August 1939 and 15 November 1940 , all under the command of Kapitänleutnant Günter Kuhnke , sinking 13 ships totaling 56,272 gross register tons ( GRT ) and damaging two others totaling 10,067 GRT . After her third patrol , U-28 became a training vessel and was used to bring new U-boat crews up to standard . She was later sunk in an accident on 17 March 1944 and stricken on 4 August 1944 ."}]}, {'value': '19 September 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joachim Schepke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joachim_Schepke', 'summary': "Joachim Schepke ( 8 March 1912 - 17 March 1941 ) was a German U-boat commander during World War II . He was the seventh recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . It was Germany 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Joachim Schepke . Schepke is credited with the sinking of 36 Allied ships . During his career , he gained notoriety among fellow U-boat commanders for exaggerating the tonnage of ships sunk ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-100', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-100_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-100 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She , given her short-lived existence , was one of the most successful and deadly U-Boats to have served in the conflict ."}]}, {'value': '24 September 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded 7th Oak Leaves on 1 December 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hans Jenisch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hans_Jenisch', 'summary': "Hans Jenisch ( 19 October 1913 - 29 April 1982 ) was a Kapitänleutnant in Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II and a Kapitän zur See in West Germany 's Bundesmarine . He commanded the Type VIIA U-boat U-32 , sinking seventeen ships on seven patrols , for a total of 110,139 gross register tons ( GRT ) of Allied shipping , to become the 26th highest scoring U-boat ace of World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Oberleutnant zur See', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberleutnant_zur_See', 'summary': 'Oberleutnant zur See ( OLt zS or OLZS in the German Navy , Oblt.z.S . in the Kriegsmarine ) is traditionally the highest rank of Lieutenant in the German Navy . It is grouped as OF-1a in NATO , equivalent to a Lieutenant Junior Grade in the United States Navy , and a Sub-Lieutenant in the British Royal Navy The rank was introduced in the Imperial German Navy by renaming the former rank of Premier Lieutenant in 1890 . Within the navy officers of this rank were simply addressed as Herr Oberleutnant . To distinguish naval officers from those of the army , the suffix zur See ( at sea ) was added in official communications , sometimes shortened to z.S . ( Oblt.z.S. ) . The rank has since been used by the Reichsmarine , Kriegsmarine , and Bundesmarine . In the Volksmarine the rank was originally used in the same way until the suffix zur See was dropped . In the Kriegsmarine engineers ( Ingenieur - Ing . ) of the same rank were distinguished as Oberleutnant ( Ing . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-32', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-32_(1937)', 'summary': "German submarine U-32 was a Type VIIA U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . Her keel was laid down on 15 March 1936 by DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen as yard number 913 . She was launched on 25 February 1937 and commissioned on 15 April with Kapitänleutnant ( Kptlt . ) Werner Lott in command . On 15 August 1937 , Lott was relieved by Korvettenkapitän ( K.Kapt . ) Paul Büchel and on 12 February 1940 Oberleutnant zur See ( Oblt.z.S . ) Hans Jenisch took over , he was in charge of the boat until her loss ."}]}, {'value': '7 October 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor Oehrn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Oehrn', 'summary': 'Victor Otto Oehrn ( 21 October 1907-Gədəbəy , Azerbaijan - 26 December 1997-Bonn , Germany ) was a Fregattenkapitän with the Kriegsmarine during World War II . He commanded the U-boats U-14 and U-37 , sinking twenty-four ships on four patrols , for a total of 104,846 tons of Allied shipping , to stand 28th on the list of highest scoring U-Boat aces of World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-37', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-37_(1938)', 'summary': "German submarine U-37 was a Type IXA U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 15 March 1937 at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard in Bremen , launched on 14 May 1938 , and commissioned on 4 August 1938 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schuch as part of the 6th U-boat Flotilla . Between August 1939 and March 1941 , U-37 conducted eleven combat patrols , sinking 53 merchant ships , for a total of 200,124 gross register tons ( GRT ) ; and two warships , the British Hastings-class sloop HMS Penzance , and the French submarine Sfax ( Q182 ) . U-37 was then withdrawn from front-line service and assigned to training units until the end of the war . On 8 May 1945 the U-boat was scuttled in Sonderburg Bay , off Flensburg . U-37 was the sixth most successful U-boat in World War II ."}]}, {'value': '21 October 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerd Suhren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerd_Suhren', 'summary': "The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( German : Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) and its variants were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded for a wide range of reasons and across all ranks , from a senior commander for skilled leadership of his troops in battle to a low-ranking soldier for a single act of extreme gallantry . A total of 7,321 awards were made between its first presentation on 30 September 1939 and its last bestowal on 17 June 1945 . [ Note 1 ] This number is based on the acceptance by the Association of Knight 's Cross Recipients ( AKCR ) . Presentations were made to members of the three military branches of the Wehrmacht - the Heer ( army ) , Kriegsmarine ( Navy ) and Luftwaffe ( air force ) - as well as the Waffen-SS , the Reich Labour Service and the Volkssturm ( German national militia ) . There were also 43 recipients in the military forces of allies of the Third Reich . These recipients are listed in the 1986 edition of Walther-Peer Fellgiebel 's book , Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939-1945 - The Bearers of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939-1945 . Fellgiebel was the former chairman and head of the order commission of the AKCR . In 1996 a second edition of this book was published with an addendum delisting 11 of these original recipients . Author Veit Scherzer has cast doubt on a further 193 of these listings . The majority of the disputed recipients had received the award in 1945 , when the deteriorating situation of the Third Reich during the final days of World War II left a number of nominations incomplete and pending in various stages of the approval process . Listed here are the 603 recipients whose last name is in the range Schu-Sz ."}]}, {'value': 'Oberleutnant ( Ing . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberleutnant', 'summary': 'Oberleutnant ( OF-1a ) is the highest lieutenant officer rank in the armed forces of Germany ( Bundeswehr ) , Austrian Armed Forces , and Military of Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': 'chief engineer on U-37', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-37_(1938)', 'summary': "German submarine U-37 was a Type IXA U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 15 March 1937 at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard in Bremen , launched on 14 May 1938 , and commissioned on 4 August 1938 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schuch as part of the 6th U-boat Flotilla . Between August 1939 and March 1941 , U-37 conducted eleven combat patrols , sinking 53 merchant ships , for a total of 200,124 gross register tons ( GRT ) ; and two warships , the British Hastings-class sloop HMS Penzance , and the French submarine Sfax ( Q182 ) . U-37 was then withdrawn from front-line service and assigned to training units until the end of the war . On 8 May 1945 the U-boat was scuttled in Sonderburg Bay , off Flensburg . U-37 was the sixth most successful U-boat in World War II ."}]}, {'value': '21 October 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinrich Bleichrodt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinrich_Bleichrodt', 'summary': "Heinrich Bleichrodt ( 21 October 1909 - 9 January 1977 ) was one of the most successful German U-boat commanders of the Second World War . From October 1939 until retiring from front line service in December 1943 , he was credited with sinking 25 ships for a total of 152,320 gross register tons ( GRT ) . For this he received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , among other commendations . He earned the nickname Ajax during his time with the U-boats ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-48', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-48_(1939)', 'summary': "German submarine U-48 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II , and the most successful that was commissioned . During her two years of active service , U-48 sank 55 ships for a total of 321,000 tons ; she also damaged two more for a total of 12,000 tons over twelve war patrols conducted during the opening stages of the Battle of the Atlantic . U-48 was built at the Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 583 during 1938 and 1939 , being completed a few months before the outbreak of war in September 1939 and given to Kapitänleutnant ( Kptlt . ) Herbert Schultze . When war was declared , she was already in position in the North Atlantic , and received the news via radio , allowing her to operate immediately against Allied shipping ."}]}, {'value': '24 October 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded 125th Oak Leaves on 23 September 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolfgang Lüth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Lüth', 'summary': "Wolfgang Lüth ( 15 October 1913 - 14 May 1945 ) was the second most successful German U-boat captain of World War II . His career record of 46 merchant ships plus the French submarine Doris sunk during 15 war patrols , with a total displacement of 225,204 gross register tons ( GRT ) , was second only to that of Korvettenkapitän ( Lieutenant Commander ) Otto Kretschmer , whose 47 sinkings totaled 273.043 GRT . Lüth joined the Reichsmarine in 1933 . After a period of training on surface vessels , he transferred to the U-boat service in 1936 . In December 1939 he received command of U-9 , which he took on six war-patrols . In June 1940 he took command of U-138 for two patrols . In October 1940 he transferred again , this time to the ocean-going submarine U-43 for five war-patrols . After two patrols on U-181 , the second being his longest of the war , he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds . He was the first of two U-boat commanders to be so honored during World War II , the other recipient being Albrecht Brandi . Lüth 's last service position was commander of the Naval Academy Mürwik near Flensburg . He was accidentally shot and killed by a German sentry on the night of 13/14 May 1945 . On 16 May 1945 , Lüth was given the last state funeral in the Third Reich ."}]}, {'value': 'Oberleutnant zur See', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberleutnant_zur_See', 'summary': 'Oberleutnant zur See ( OLt zS or OLZS in the German Navy , Oblt.z.S . in the Kriegsmarine ) is traditionally the highest rank of Lieutenant in the German Navy . It is grouped as OF-1a in NATO , equivalent to a Lieutenant Junior Grade in the United States Navy , and a Sub-Lieutenant in the British Royal Navy The rank was introduced in the Imperial German Navy by renaming the former rank of Premier Lieutenant in 1890 . Within the navy officers of this rank were simply addressed as Herr Oberleutnant . To distinguish naval officers from those of the army , the suffix zur See ( at sea ) was added in official communications , sometimes shortened to z.S . ( Oblt.z.S. ) . The rank has since been used by the Reichsmarine , Kriegsmarine , and Bundesmarine . In the Volksmarine the rank was originally used in the same way until the suffix zur See was dropped . In the Kriegsmarine engineers ( Ingenieur - Ing . ) of the same rank were distinguished as Oberleutnant ( Ing . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-138', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-138_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-138 was a Type IID U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine in World War II . Her keel was laid down on 16 November 1939 by Deutsche Werke in Kiel as yard number 267 . She was launched on 18 May 1940 and commissioned on 27 June 1940 with Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang Lüth in command . U-138 conducted five patrols , sinking six ships totalling 48,564 gross register tons ( GRT ) and damaged one vessel of 6,993 GRT . She was scuttled on 18 June 1941 after being damaged by British warships west of Cadiz in Spain . There were no casualties from her crew of 28 ."}]}, {'value': '24 October 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded 142nd Oak Leaves 13 November 1942 , 29th Swords on 15 April 1943 and 7th Diamonds on 9 August 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reinhard Suhren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reinhard_Suhren', 'summary': "Reinhard Johann Heinz Paul Anton Suhren ( 16 April 1916 - 25 August 1984 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II and younger brother of Korvettenkapitän ( Ing . ) and Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross recipient Gerd Suhren . Suhren was born in Langenschwalbach , the second of three children , and grew up in the Weimar Republic and Third Reich . He joined the navy in 1935 and began his U-boat career in March 1938 . He spent a year as 1st watch officer on U-48 where he received the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his contribution in the sinking of 200,000 gross register tons ( GRT ) of merchant shipping . In April 1941 he took command of U-564 . As a commander , he is credited with the sinking of 18 merchant vessels of 95,544 GRT , 1 warship of 900 long tons ( 910 tonnes ) and damaged four merchant vessels of 28,907 GRT for which he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords . Suhren left the boat and became an instructor in October 1942 . He then served in the 27th U-boat Flotilla along with Korvettenkapitän Erich Topp . During the last year of the war Fregattenkapitän Suhren was the Führer der Unterseeboote Norwegen ( Leader of U-boats in Norwegian waters ) and from September 1944 the Commander-in-Chief of U-boats of the North Sea . After the war he worked in the petroleum industry and died of stomach cancer on 25 August 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oberleutnant zur See', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberleutnant_zur_See', 'summary': 'Oberleutnant zur See ( OLt zS or OLZS in the German Navy , Oblt.z.S . in the Kriegsmarine ) is traditionally the highest rank of Lieutenant in the German Navy . It is grouped as OF-1a in NATO , equivalent to a Lieutenant Junior Grade in the United States Navy , and a Sub-Lieutenant in the British Royal Navy The rank was introduced in the Imperial German Navy by renaming the former rank of Premier Lieutenant in 1890 . Within the navy officers of this rank were simply addressed as Herr Oberleutnant . To distinguish naval officers from those of the army , the suffix zur See ( at sea ) was added in official communications , sometimes shortened to z.S . ( Oblt.z.S. ) . The rank has since been used by the Reichsmarine , Kriegsmarine , and Bundesmarine . In the Volksmarine the rank was originally used in the same way until the suffix zur See was dropped . In the Kriegsmarine engineers ( Ingenieur - Ing . ) of the same rank were distinguished as Oberleutnant ( Ing . ) .'}]}, {'value': '1st officer on U-48', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-48_(1939)', 'summary': "German submarine U-48 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II , and the most successful that was commissioned . During her two years of active service , U-48 sank 55 ships for a total of 321,000 tons ; she also damaged two more for a total of 12,000 tons over twelve war patrols conducted during the opening stages of the Battle of the Atlantic . U-48 was built at the Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 583 during 1938 and 1939 , being completed a few months before the outbreak of war in September 1939 and given to Kapitänleutnant ( Kptlt . ) Herbert Schultze . When war was declared , she was already in position in the North Atlantic , and received the news via radio , allowing her to operate immediately against Allied shipping ."}]}, {'value': '3 November 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded 56th Oak Leaves on 31 December 1941 and 18th Swords on 1 September 1942', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Recipients -- Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross", 'section_text': "The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross is based on the enactment Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 1573 of 1 September 1939 Verordnung über die Erneuerung des Eisernen Kreuzes ( Regulation of the renewing of the Iron Cross ) .", 'uid': "List_of_Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_recipients_of_the_U-boat_service_3", 'intro': "The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) and its variants was the highest award in the military of the Third Reich. Recipients are grouped by grades of the Knight's Cross. During or shortly after World War II, 145 German sailors and officers of the U-boat service as part of the Kriegsmarine received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Among them, 29 officers received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), five the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern), and two won the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Swords and Diamonds (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten). Of these, 144 presentations were formally made and one recipient received the award after 11 May 1945, when Großadmiral Karl Dönitz ordered a cease of all promotions and illegalized all subsequent awards. The final recipient is therefore considered to have received the medal without legal authority."}
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What are the notes of the person who died on 24 December 1980 ?
Awarded 223rd Oak Leaves on 6 April 1943
08853f3af0ec46c9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Presbyterian churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kuhn Memorial Presbyterian Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'APRHS 444', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barboursville , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barboursville,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Barboursville is a village in Cabell County , West Virginia , United States . It is located near the second largest city in the state , Huntington . The population was 3,964 at the 2010 census . Barboursville is a part of the Huntington-Ashland , WV-KY-OH , Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) . As of the 2010 census , the MSA had a population of 287,702 . New definitions from February 28 , 2013 placed the population at 363,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Davis Memorial Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davis_Memorial_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Davis Memorial Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church at 450 Randolph Avenue in Elkins , Randolph County , West Virginia , United States . It was originally built in 1894 and 1895 after designs prepared by the Baltimore architect Charles E. Cassell . In 1921 , an Akron plan Sunday School building was added to the north by Clarence L. Harding of Washington D. C. The building consists of a nave , an engaged tower , and a gable roofed structure located perpendicular to the nave . It is built of a granular conglomerate stone consisting of large , transparent quartz crystals bound in clay or silica . The style is Gothic , with Romanesque and eclectic influences . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': '1894 built 1984 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '450 Randolph Ave. 38°55′39″N 79°50′51″W / 38.92750°N 79.84750°W / 38.92750 ; -79.84750 ( Davis Memorial Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elkins , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elkins,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Elkins is a city in and the county seat of Randolph County , West Virginia , United States . The community was incorporated in 1890 and named in honor of Stephen Benton Elkins , a U.S . Senator from West Virginia . The population was 7,094 at the 2010 census . Elkins is home to Davis and Elkins College and to the Mountain State Forest Festival , held in early October every year .'}]}, {'value': 'Elk Branch Presbyterian Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'APRHS 117', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duffields , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duffields,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Duffields is an unincorporated community in Jefferson County , West Virginia , United States . Duffields depot is the second oldest surviving B & O depot , named for the pre-Civil War landowner who constructed it ( Richard Duffields ) , and has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 . No longer in railroad use , it is expected to become a museum . During the American Civil War , a Confederate infantry company ( Company H of the 2nd Virginia Infantry ) was recruited from the area . The depot became a strategic target , most famous for its capture by Confederate Capt . John S. Mosby on June 29 , 1864 , as well as a raid his Rangers made on a Union army pay train on October 14 , 1864 ( the Greenback raid ) . The modern community is served by the Duffields MARC Train station , located on the Brunswick Line . Services to Washington , D.C. and Martinsburg , West Virginia are provided on weekdays .'}]}, {'value': 'French Creek Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Creek_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'French Creek Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located in French Creek , Upshur County , West Virginia . It was built in 1866 by settlers from New England , and is a simple rectangular frame building with a white weatherboard exterior . It measures 50 feet by 40 feet and has a gable roof topped by a belfry . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': '1866 built 1974 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rte . 2 38°53′6″N 80°18′7″W / 38.88500°N 80.30194°W / 38.88500 ; -80.30194 ( French Creek Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French Creek , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Creek,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'French Creek is an unincorporated community in Upshur County , West Virginia , United States . French Creek is 9½ miles south of the county seat , Buckhannon , West Virginia , on West Virginia Route 20 . It is home to the West Virginia State Wildlife Center - formerly the French Creek Game Farm - a zoological park featuring native and introduced fauna . Popular exhibits at the center include American bison , North American river otters , black bears and mountain lions .'}]}, {'value': 'Glady Presbyterian Church and Manse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glady_Presbyterian_Church_and_Manse', 'summary': 'Glady Presbyterian Church and Manse is a historic Presbyterian church and parsonage at the junction of Randolph Ave. and 1st Street in Glady , Randolph County , West Virginia . The church was built in 1905 , and is a Late Gothic Revival style building . It sits on a stone pier foundation , has wood drop siding and a standing seam metal , front gable roof with exposed , curved rafter ends under the eaves . It features a pyramidal steeple . The manse was built in 1908 , and is a simple , two-story , American Foursquare building on a concrete block foundation and a hipped roof . Also on the property is a privy built by the Works Progress Administration about 1935 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '1905 built 2005 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jct . of Randolph Ave. and 1st St. 38°47′52″N 79°43′10″W / 38.79778°N 79.71944°W / 38.79778 ; -79.71944 ( Glady Presbyterian Church and Manse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glady , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glady,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Glady is an unincorporated community in Randolph County , West Virginia , United States . Glady is 11 miles ( 18 km ) southeast of Elkins . Glady had a post office , which closed on May 14 , 2011 . The community was named for the glades along the Glady Fork River , near the original town site .'}]}, {'value': 'Gormania Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gormania_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Gormania Presbyterian Church , now known as Gormania United Methodist Church , is a historic Presbyterian church on Mabis Avenue , 0.1 miles south of US 50 in Gormania , Grant County , West Virginia . It was built in 1888 , and is a single-story ornate wooden structure in a late form of the Gothic Revival style . It features a corner entrance bell tower and tall spire . A rear addition including three Sunday school rooms was built in 1925 . It was occupied by a Presbyterian congregation until the 1980s . In 1994 , the Gormania United Methodist Church purchased the building . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '1888 built 2005 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mabis Ave. , 0.1 mi . S of US 50 39°17′40″N 79°20′46″W / 39.29444°N 79.34611°W / 39.29444 ; -79.34611 ( Gormania Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gormania , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gormania,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Gormania is an unincorporated community along the North Branch Potomac River in Grant County , West Virginia . Gormania lies on the Northwestern Turnpike ( US 50 ) , which crosses the North Branch into Gorman , Maryland via Gormania Bridge . It is named for United States Senator from Maryland , Arthur P. Gorman ( March 11 , 1839 - June 4 , 1906 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Huntersville Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huntersville_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Huntersville Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church on CR 21 at WV 39 in Huntersville , Pocahontas County , West Virginia . It was built in 1854 , and is a two-story , rectangular frame building , two bays wide and three bays deep . It features a three-story bell tower centered on the front facade and added in 1896 . The second floor was added at the same time by Huntersville Masonic Lodge Number 65 for use as a lodge hall . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '1854 , 1895-1896 built 1978 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 21 at WV 39 38°11′23″N 80°1′6″W / 38.18972°N 80.01833°W / 38.18972 ; -80.01833 ( Huntersville Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huntersville , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huntersville,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Huntersville is a census-designated place ( CDP ) located in Pocahontas County , West Virginia in the Alleghany Mountains . As of the 2010 census , its population was 73 . It is located six miles east of Marlinton and four miles west of Minnehaha Springs . Huntersville received its name because it was a rendezvous for trappers and hunters who came to trade pelts for supplies . It served as the county seat of Pocahontas County until 1891 when the county 's residents voted to move the seat to Marlinton . A local newspaper called The Pocahontas Times is distributed in the area . Huntersville has many sportsman opportunities . Because of its proximity to Knapps Creek flowing nearby , fishermen can catch trout , bass , sun perch , and other fish . Native brook trout streams are also tucked away in quiet places close to the town . Hunting is a big tradition that still lives on in this community because of the vast stretches of Monongahela National Forest that borders the town . The Huntersville Presbyterian Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church/Calvary Temple Evangelical Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church/Calvary_Temple_Evangelical_Church', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church , also known as the Calvary Temple Evangelical Church , is a historic church at 946 Market Street in Parkersburg , Wood County , West Virginia . It was built in 1894 , and is a two-story , brick and stone church building in a combined Romanesque / Gothic Revival style . It features a corner bell tower . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 , and it is a contributing property to the Avery Street Historic District , which was designated and listed on the National Register in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': '1894 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '946 Market St. 39°16′8″N 81°33′16″W / 39.26889°N 81.55444°W / 39.26889 ; -81.55444 ( First Presbyterian Church/Calvary Temple Evangelical Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parkersburg , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parkersburg,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Parkersburg is a city in and the county seat of Wood County , West Virginia , United States . Located at the confluence of the Ohio and Little Kanawha rivers , it is the state 's third-largest city and the largest city in the Parkersburg-Marietta-Vienna metropolitan area . The population was 31,492 at the 2010 census . Its peak population was 44,797 in 1960 . The city is about 14 miles south of Marietta , Ohio . The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad reached Parkersburg in 1857 , but lacked a crossing over the Ohio River until after the American Civil War . When the B & O completed the Parkersburg Bridge ( CSX ) 1868-1870 to Belpre , it was the longest railroad bridge in the world . The Bureau of the Public Debt , an agency of the U.S. Treasury Department , was relocated from the Washington , D.C. metropolitan area in the late 20th century and headquartered in Parkersburg . In October 2012 , it was merged with the Financial Management Service to form the Bureau of the Fiscal Service ."}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'APRHS 211', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Albans , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Albans,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'St. Albans is a city in Kanawha County , West Virginia , United States , at the confluence of the Kanawha and Coal Rivers . The population was 11,044 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'West Liberty Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Liberty_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'West Liberty Presbyterian Church , also known as West Liberty Federated Church , is a historic Presbyterian church located at West Liberty , Ohio County , West Virginia . It was built in 1873 to a design by Wheeling architect Stanton M. Howard . It is a simple rectangle in form with a projecting vestibule , in the Late Victorian Gothic style . It is constructed of brick and stone , with steeply pitched roofs , parapet gables , and an open belfry . The church was active in founding West Liberty Academy in 1838 , which is now West Liberty University . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . It has since been demolished , and the site redeveloped as a small park .'}]}, {'value': '1873 built 1980 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main St. 40°10′7″N 80°35′36″W / 40.16861°N 80.59333°W / 40.16861 ; -80.59333 ( West Liberty Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Liberty , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Liberty,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'West Liberty is a town in Ohio County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 1,542 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Wheeling , West Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church , Wheeling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wheeling , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Wheeling is a city in Ohio and Marshall counties in the U.S. state of West Virginia . Located almost entirely in Ohio County , of which it is the county seat , it lies along the Ohio River in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . Wheeling was originally a settlement in the British colony of Virginia and later an important city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . Wheeling was the first state capital of West Virginia . Due to its location along major transportation routes , including the Ohio River , National Road , and the B & O Railroad , Wheeling became a manufacturing center in the late nineteenth century . After experiencing the closing of factories and substantial population loss following World War II , Wheeling 's major industries now include healthcare , education , law and legal services , entertainment and tourism , and energy . Wheeling is the principal city of the Wheeling , WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the MSA had a population of 147,950 , and the city itself had a population of 28,486 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'West Virginia', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States_43', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Presbyterian churches in the United States, where a church is notable either as a congregation or as a building. In the United States, numerous churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are noted on state or local historic registers. Also more than 300 Presbyterian historic sites have been listed by the Presbyterian Historical Society onto the American Presbyterian/Reformed Historic Sites Registry (APRHS); those sites which are churches are . in progress . being added here.'}
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In which county is this unincorporated community located that has this historic church with dimensions of 50 feet by 40 feet and a gable roof ?
Upshur County
088541c637ad5611
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway', 'title': 'Norway', 'header': ['Number', 'County ( fylke )', 'Administrative centre', 'Most populous municipality', 'Geographical region'], 'data': [{'value': '03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oslo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'City of Oslo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'Oslo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Norway', 'summary': "Eastern Norway ( Bokmål : Østlandet , Nynorsk : Austlandet ) is the geographical region of the south-eastern part of Norway . It consists of the counties Vestfold og Telemark , Viken , Oslo and Innlandet . Eastern Norway is by far the most populous region of Norway . It contains the country 's capital , Oslo , which is Norway 's most populous city . In Norwegian , the region is called Østlandet and Austlandet ( The east land ) in contrast to Vestlandet ( The west land ) ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rogaland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogaland', 'summary': "Rogaland is the region 's Old Norse name , which was revived in modern times . During Denmark 's rule of Norway until the year 1814 , the county was named Stavanger amt , after the large city of Stavanger . The first element is the plural genitive case of rygir which is probably referring to the name of an old Germanic tribe ( see Rugians ) . The last element is land which means land or region . In Old Norse times , the region was called Rygjafylki ."}]}, {'value': 'Stavanger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stavanger', 'summary': "Stavanger ( /stəˈvæŋər/ , also UK : /stæˈ-/ , US usually /stɑːˈvɑːŋər , stəˈ-/ , Norwegian : [ stɑˈvɑ̀ŋər ] ( listen ) ) is a city and municipality in Norway . It is the fourth largest city and third largest metropolitan area in Norway ( through conurbation with neighbouring Sandnes ) and the administrative centre of Rogaland county . The municipality is the fourth most populous in Norway . Located on the Stavanger Peninsula in Southwest Norway , Stavanger counts its official founding year as 1125 , the year the Stavanger Cathedral was completed . Stavanger 's core is to a large degree 18th- and 19th-century wooden houses that are protected and considered part of the city 's cultural heritage . This has caused the town centre and inner city to retain a small-town character with an unusually high ratio of detached houses , and has contributed significantly to spreading the city 's population growth to outlying parts of Greater Stavanger . The city 's rapid population growth in the late 20th century was primarily a result of Norway 's booming offshore oil industry . Today the oil industry is a key industry in the Stavanger region and the city is widely referred to as the Oil Capital of Norway . [ failed verification ] Norwegian energy company Equinor , the largest company in the Nordic region , is headquartered in Stavanger . Multiple educational institutions for higher education are located in Stavanger . The largest of these is the University of Stavanger . Domestic and international military installations are located in Stavanger , including the NATO Joint Warfare Centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Stavanger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stavanger', 'summary': "Stavanger ( /stəˈvæŋər/ , also UK : /stæˈ-/ , US usually /stɑːˈvɑːŋər , stəˈ-/ , Norwegian : [ stɑˈvɑ̀ŋər ] ( listen ) ) is a city and municipality in Norway . It is the fourth largest city and third largest metropolitan area in Norway ( through conurbation with neighbouring Sandnes ) and the administrative centre of Rogaland county . The municipality is the fourth most populous in Norway . Located on the Stavanger Peninsula in Southwest Norway , Stavanger counts its official founding year as 1125 , the year the Stavanger Cathedral was completed . Stavanger 's core is to a large degree 18th- and 19th-century wooden houses that are protected and considered part of the city 's cultural heritage . This has caused the town centre and inner city to retain a small-town character with an unusually high ratio of detached houses , and has contributed significantly to spreading the city 's population growth to outlying parts of Greater Stavanger . The city 's rapid population growth in the late 20th century was primarily a result of Norway 's booming offshore oil industry . Today the oil industry is a key industry in the Stavanger region and the city is widely referred to as the Oil Capital of Norway . [ failed verification ] Norwegian energy company Equinor , the largest company in the Nordic region , is headquartered in Stavanger . Multiple educational institutions for higher education are located in Stavanger . The largest of these is the University of Stavanger . Domestic and international military installations are located in Stavanger , including the NATO Joint Warfare Centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Norway', 'summary': 'Western Norway ( Norwegian : Vestlandet , Vest-Norge , Vest-Noreg ) is the region along the Atlantic coast of southern Norway . It consists of the counties Rogaland , Vestland and Møre og Romsdal . The region has a population of approximately 1.3 million people . The largest city is Bergen and the second-largest is Stavanger . Historically the regions of Agder , Vest-Telemark , Hallingdal , Valdres and northern parts of Gudbrandsdal have been included in Western Norway . Western Norway , as well as other parts of historical regions of Norway , shares a common history with Denmark , the Faroe Islands and Iceland and to a lesser extent the Netherlands and Britain . For example , the Icelandic horse is a close relative of the Fjord horse and both the Faroese and Icelandic languages are based on the Old West Norse . In early Norse times , people from Western Norway became settlers at the Western Isles in the Northern Atlantic , so that Orkney , Shetland , the Faroe Islands and Iceland . During the Viking age settlements were made at the Hebrides , Man and Ireland proper . In early modern time , Western Norway has had much emigration to the United States , Canada , and to a lesser extent to the United Kingdom . This applies particularly to the US states of Minnesota , North and South Dakota , Wisconsin , Montana , and the Canadian province of Manitoba . The Icelandic and Faroese people , and many people in the British Isles , are descendants of Norsemen and Vikings who emigrated from Western Norway during the Viking Age .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Møre og Romsdal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Møre_og_Romsdal', 'summary': 'The name Møre og Romsdal was created in 1936 . The first element refers to the districts of Nordmøre and Sunnmøre , and the last element refers to Romsdal . Until 1919 , the county was called Romsdalens amt , and from 1919-1935 Møre fylke . For hundreds of years ( 1660-1919 ) , the region was called Romsdalen amt , after the Romsdalen valley in the present-day Rauma Municipality . The Old Norse form of the name was Raumsdalr . The first element is the genitive case of a name Raumr derived from the name of the river Rauma , i.e . The Dale of Rauma . Raumr may refer to stream or current , or to booming or thundering waterfalls like Sletta waterfall . The name may also refer to Raum the Old , one of the sons of Nór , the eponymous Saga King of Norway . [ citation needed ] [ disputed - discuss ] Since the majority of the residents of the county lived in the Sunnmøre region , there was some controversy over the name . In 1919 , many of the old county names were changed and this county was renamed Møre fylke . The name Møre was chosen to represent the region where the majority of the county residents lived .'}]}, {'value': 'Molde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Molde', 'summary': 'Molde ( Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈmɔ̂ldə ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county , Norway . It is located in the traditional district of Romsdal . The municipality is located on the Romsdal Peninsula , surrounding the Fannefjord and Moldefjord . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Molde which is also the administrative centre of Møre og Romsdal county , the commercial hub of the Romsdal region , and the seat of the Diocese of Møre . Other main population centres in the municipality include the villages of Hjelset , Kleive , Nesjestranda , Midsund , Nord-Heggdal , Eidsvåg , Rausand , Boggestranda , Myklebostad , Eresfjord , and Eikesdalen . Molde has a maritime , temperate climate , with cool-to-warm summers , and relatively mild winters . The city is nicknamed The Town of Roses . It is an old settlement which emerged as a trading post in the late Middle Ages . Formal trading rights were introduced in 1614 , and the town was incorporated through a royal charter in 1742 . Molde was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) The town continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries , becoming a centre for Norwegian textile and garment industry , as well as the administrative centre for the region , and a major tourist destination . After World War II , Molde experienced accelerated growth , merging with Bolsøy Municipality and parts of Veøy Municipality on 1 January 1964 , and has become a centre for not only administrative and public services , but also academic resources and industrial output . The 363-square-kilometre ( 140 sq mi ) municipality is the 254th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Ålesund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ålesund', 'summary': "Ålesund ( Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈôːləsʉn ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal County , Norway . It is part of the traditional district of Sunnmøre and the centre of the Ålesund Region . The town of Ålesund is the administrative centre of Ålesund Municipality , as well as the principle shipping town of the Sunnmøre district . The town is a sea port and is noted for its concentration of Art Nouveau architecture . Although sometimes internationally spelled by its older name Aalesund , this spelling is obsolete in Norwegian . However , the local football club Aalesunds FK still carries that spelling , having been founded before the official change . The 99-square-kilometre ( 38 sq mi ) municipality is the 382nd largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Ålesund is the 17th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 47,199 . The municipality 's population density is 506.6 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 1,312/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 14% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Norway', 'summary': 'Western Norway ( Norwegian : Vestlandet , Vest-Norge , Vest-Noreg ) is the region along the Atlantic coast of southern Norway . It consists of the counties Rogaland , Vestland and Møre og Romsdal . The region has a population of approximately 1.3 million people . The largest city is Bergen and the second-largest is Stavanger . Historically the regions of Agder , Vest-Telemark , Hallingdal , Valdres and northern parts of Gudbrandsdal have been included in Western Norway . Western Norway , as well as other parts of historical regions of Norway , shares a common history with Denmark , the Faroe Islands and Iceland and to a lesser extent the Netherlands and Britain . For example , the Icelandic horse is a close relative of the Fjord horse and both the Faroese and Icelandic languages are based on the Old West Norse . In early Norse times , people from Western Norway became settlers at the Western Isles in the Northern Atlantic , so that Orkney , Shetland , the Faroe Islands and Iceland . During the Viking age settlements were made at the Hebrides , Man and Ireland proper . In early modern time , Western Norway has had much emigration to the United States , Canada , and to a lesser extent to the United Kingdom . This applies particularly to the US states of Minnesota , North and South Dakota , Wisconsin , Montana , and the Canadian province of Manitoba . The Icelandic and Faroese people , and many people in the British Isles , are descendants of Norsemen and Vikings who emigrated from Western Norway during the Viking Age .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nordland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordland', 'summary': 'The county is divided into traditional districts . These are Helgeland in the south ( south of the Arctic Circle ) , Salten in the centre , and Ofoten in the northeast . In the northwest lie the archipelagoes of Lofoten and Vesterålen .'}]}, {'value': 'Bodø', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bodø', 'summary': "Bodø ( pronounced [ ˈbûːdøː ] ( listen ) ; Lule Sami : Bådåddjo , Swedish : Bodö ) is a municipality in Nordland county , Norway . It is part of the traditional region of Salten . The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Bodø ( which is also the capital of Nordland county ) . Some of the notable villages in Bodø include Misvær , Skjerstad , Saltstraumen , Løding , Løpsmarka , Kjerringøy , Sørvær , and Fenes . The municipality of Bodø is located just north of the Arctic Circle and the town of Bodø is the largest urban area and town in Nordland county , and the second-largest town in North Norway . The 1,395-square-kilometre ( 539 sq mi ) municipality is the 62nd largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Bodø is the 16th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 51,588 . The municipality 's population density is 39.3 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 102/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 12% over the last decade . Bodø was named one of the European Capital of Culture for 2024 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bodø', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bodø', 'summary': "Bodø ( pronounced [ ˈbûːdøː ] ( listen ) ; Lule Sami : Bådåddjo , Swedish : Bodö ) is a municipality in Nordland county , Norway . It is part of the traditional region of Salten . The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Bodø ( which is also the capital of Nordland county ) . Some of the notable villages in Bodø include Misvær , Skjerstad , Saltstraumen , Løding , Løpsmarka , Kjerringøy , Sørvær , and Fenes . The municipality of Bodø is located just north of the Arctic Circle and the town of Bodø is the largest urban area and town in Nordland county , and the second-largest town in North Norway . The 1,395-square-kilometre ( 539 sq mi ) municipality is the 62nd largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Bodø is the 16th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 51,588 . The municipality 's population density is 39.3 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 102/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 12% over the last decade . Bodø was named one of the European Capital of Culture for 2024 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Norway', 'summary': 'Northern Norway ( Bokmål : Nord-Norge , Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈnûːrˌnɔrɡə ] , Nynorsk : Nord-Noreg ; Northern Sami : Davvi-Norga ) is a geographical region of Norway , consisting of the two northernmost counties Nordland and Troms og Finnmark , in total about 35% of the Norwegian mainland . Some of the largest towns in Northern Norway ( from south to north ) are Mo i Rana , Bodø , Narvik , Harstad , Tromsø and Alta . Northern Norway is often described as the land of the midnight sun and the land of the northern lights . Further north , halfway to the North Pole , is the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard , traditionally not regarded as part of Northern Norway . The region is multi-cultural , housing not just Norwegians but also the indigenous Sami people , Norwegian Finns ( known as Kvens , distinct from the Forest Finns of Southern Norway ) and Russian populations ( mostly in Kirkenes ) . The Norwegian language dominates in most of the area ; Sami speakers are mainly found inland and in some of the fjord areas of Nordland , Troms and particularly Finnmark - though ethnic Sámi who do not speak the language are found more or less everywhere in the region . Finnish is spoken in only a few communities in the east of Finnmark .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viken_(county)', 'summary': "Viken is a county in Eastern Norway that was established on 1 January 2020 by the forced merger of Akershus , Buskerud and Østfold with the addition of three other municipalities . It takes its name from Viken , Scandinavia , the historical region in western Sweden that before the middle ages also included areas in today 's southeastern Norway , but has entirely different borders and does not include key parts of the historical region . Both its creation and its name are subjects of strong controversy and Viken is opposed by the counties concerned ; the elected regional assembly and county executive of Viken County have declared the disestablishment of Viken in 2021 as the main political goal of Viken County , while refusing to do anything to merge the counties in practice . The governing platform of Viken County describes Viken as an ill-considered construct . In practice the existing counties will continue to function with separate county administrations based on their existing infrastructure , in anticipation of their formal reestablishment . [ citation needed ] The county seat is Oslo , which has been the seat of Akershus county since the middle ages . All of Viken is located within the historical Akershus , which historically included most of Eastern Norway ."}]}, {'value': 'Oslo , Drammen , Sarpsborg and Moss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Drammen', 'summary': 'Drammen is a city in Viken , Norway . The port and river city of Drammen is centrally located in the eastern and most populated part of Norway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarpsborg', 'summary': "Sarpsborg [ ˈsɑ̀ʂ.bɔr ] or [ ˈsɑ̀rps.bɔrg ] , historically Borg , is a city and municipality in Viken county , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Sarpsborg . Sarpsborg is part of the fifth largest urban area in Norway when paired with neighbouring Fredrikstad . As of 1 January 2018 , according to Statistics Norway these two municipalities have a total population of 136,127 with 55,840 in Sarpsborg and 81,278 in Fredrikstad . Borregaard Industries is , and always has been , the most important industry in the city . The city is also the home of Borg Bryggerier , part of the Hansa Borg Bryggerier , which is Norway 's second largest brewery-group ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Moss', 'summary': 'Mosses are small flowerless plants that typically form dense green clumps or mats , often in damp or shady locations . The individual plants are usually composed of simple leaves that are generally only one cell thick , attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting water and nutrients . Although some species have conducting tissues , these are generally poorly developed and structurally different from similar tissue found in vascular plants . Mosses do not have seeds and after fertilisation develop sporophytes with unbranched stalks topped with single capsules containing spores . They are typically 0.2-10 cm ( 0.1-3.9 in ) tall , though some species are much larger . Dawsonia , the tallest moss in the world , can grow to 50 cm ( 20 in ) in height . Mosses are commonly confused with lichens , hornworts , and liverworts . Lichens may superficially resemble mosses , and sometimes have common names that include the word moss ( e.g. , reindeer moss or Iceland moss ) , but they are not related to mosses . :3 Mosses were formerly grouped with the hornworts and liverworts as non-vascular plants in the division bryophytes , all of them having the haploid gametophyte generation as the dominant phase of the life cycle . This contrasts with the pattern in all vascular plants ( seed plants and pteridophytes ) , where the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant . Mosses are now classified on their own as the division Bryophyta . There are approximately 12,000 species .'}]}, {'value': 'Bærum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bærum', 'summary': "Bærum ( [ ˈbæ̂ːrʉm ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Viken County , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Sandvika . Bærum was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 . A suburb of Oslo , Bærum is located on the west coast of the city . Bærum has the highest income per capita in Norway and the highest proportion of university-educated individuals . Bærum , particularly its eastern neighbourhoods bordering West End Oslo , is one of Norway 's priciest and most fashionable residential areas , leading Bærum residents to be frequently stereotyped as snobs in Norwegian popular culture . The municipality has been voted the best Norwegian place to live in considering governance and public services to citizens ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Norway', 'summary': "Eastern Norway ( Bokmål : Østlandet , Nynorsk : Austlandet ) is the geographical region of the south-eastern part of Norway . It consists of the counties Vestfold og Telemark , Viken , Oslo and Innlandet . Eastern Norway is by far the most populous region of Norway . It contains the country 's capital , Oslo , which is Norway 's most populous city . In Norwegian , the region is called Østlandet and Austlandet ( The east land ) in contrast to Vestlandet ( The west land ) ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innlandet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Innlandet', 'summary': 'Innlandet is a county in Norway . It was created on 1 January 2020 with the merger of the old counties of Oppland and Hedmark ( the municipalities of Jevnaker and Lunner were transferred to the neighboring county of Viken on the same date ) . The new county has an area of 52,113 square kilometres ( 20,121 sq mi ) , making it the second largest county in Norway after Troms og Finnmark county .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamar and Lillehammer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamar', 'summary': "Hamar [ ˈhɑ̂ːmɑr ] ( listen ) is a town in Hamar Municipality in Innlandet county , Norway . It is part of the traditional region of Hedmarken . The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Hamar . The municipality of Hamar was separated from Vang as a town and municipality of its own in 1849 . Vang was merged back into Hamar on 1 January 1992 . The town is located on the shores of Mjøsa , Norway 's largest lake , and is the principal city of Hedmark county . It is bordered to the northwest by the municipality of Ringsaker , to the north by Åmot , to the east by Løten , and to the south by Stange ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lillehammer', 'summary': "Lillehammer ( Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈlɪ̂lːəhɑmər ] ) is a town and municipality in Innlandet county , Norway . It is part of the traditional region of Gudbrandsdal . The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Lillehammer . As of 2018 , the population of the town of Lillehammer was 28,034 . The city centre is a late nineteenth-century concentration of wooden houses , which enjoys a picturesque location overlooking the northern part of lake Mjøsa and the river Lågen , surrounded by mountains . Lillehammer hosted the 1994 Winter Olympics and 2016 Winter Youth Olympics . Before Oslo 's withdrawal from consideration , it was included as part of a bid to host events in the 2022 Winter Olympics if Oslo were to win the rights to hold the Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Ringsaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ringsaker', 'summary': 'The municipality ( originally the parish ) is named after the old Ringsaker farm ( Old Norse : Ringisakr ) , since the first church was built there . The first element is the genitive case of ringir or ringi , of unknown meaning . One proposal is that Ringir or Hringir ( Lord of the Ring ) may have been an epithet or alias for the Norse god Ullr , based on a ceremony mentioned in the poem Atlakviða where an oath is sworn by hringi Ullar ( the ring of Ullr ) . The last element is akr , meaning acre or any field generally .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Norway', 'summary': "Eastern Norway ( Bokmål : Østlandet , Nynorsk : Austlandet ) is the geographical region of the south-eastern part of Norway . It consists of the counties Vestfold og Telemark , Viken , Oslo and Innlandet . Eastern Norway is by far the most populous region of Norway . It contains the country 's capital , Oslo , which is Norway 's most populous city . In Norwegian , the region is called Østlandet and Austlandet ( The east land ) in contrast to Vestlandet ( The west land ) ."}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vestfold og Telemark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vestfold_og_Telemark', 'summary': "Vestfold og Telemark ( lit . Vestfold and Telemark ) , is a Norwegian county that consists of two distinct and separate traditional regions , the former counties of Telemark and most of Vestfold . The county capital is Skien , which is also the county 's largest city . While Skien is the capital of the county municipality , the seat of the County Governor is Tønsberg . It borders the counties of Viken , Vestland , Rogaland and Agder . Telemark voted against the merger , on the basis that the regions have nothing in common and do not constitute a natural geographical , cultural , social or political entity ; regardless the Storting voted on 7 January 2018 to merge the counties by force , and the merger took effect on 1 January 2020 . Unlike Telemark or Vestfold , it does not form a traditional or cultural region , but is a purely administrative entity ."}]}, {'value': 'Skien and Tønsberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skien', 'summary': "Skien [ ˈʃêːən ] ( listen ) is a city and municipality in Vestfold og Telemark county in Norway . In modern times it is regarded as part of the traditional region of Grenland , although historically it belonged to Grenmar/Skiensfjorden , while Grenland referred the Norsjø area and Bø . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Skien . Skien is also the capital of Vestfold og Telemark county . Skien is one of Norway 's oldest cities , with an urban history dating back to the Middle Ages , and received privileges as a market town in 1358 . From the 15th century , the city was governed by a 12-member council . The modern municipality of Skien was established on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) . The rural municipalities of Gjerpen and Solum were merged into the municipality of Skien on 1 January 1964 . The conurbation of Porsgrunn/Skien is reckoned by Statistics Norway to be the seventh largest urban area in Norway , straddling an area of three municipalities : Skien municipality ( about 62% of the population ) , Porsgrunn ( 30% ) , and Bamble ( 8% ) . This area is home to more than 100,000 people . Skien was historically Norway 's most important port town for shipping timber and one of Norway 's leading commercial cities with extensive contact with neighbouring countries , particularly Denmark . [ citation needed ] The city was the birthplace of playwright Henrik Ibsen , and many of his famous dramas are set in places reminiscent of 19th-century Skien ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tønsberg', 'summary': "Tønsberg [ ˈtœ̂nsbær ( ɡ ) ] ( listen ) , historically Tunsberg , is a city and municipality in Vestfold in Vestfold og Telemark county , southern Norway , located around 102 kilometres ( 63 miles ) south-southwest of Oslo on the western coast of the Oslofjord near its mouth onto the Skagerrak . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Tønsberg . The municipality has a population of 41,239 and covers an area of 107 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Tønsberg is generally regarded as the oldest city in Norway , founded by Vikings in the 9th century . Tønsberg was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) . The rural municipality of Sem was merged into the municipality of Tønsberg on 1 January 1988 . The neighboring municipality of Re was merged into Tønsberg on 1 January 2020 . It is home to Tønsberg Fortress on Castle Mountain , which includes ruins from Castrum Tunsbergis , Norway 's largest castle in the 13th century . An outdoor music festival is held at Tønsberg Fortress every July . Tønsberg is also home of Oseberg Mound , where the 9th-century Oseberg Ship was excavated ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandefjord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandefjord', 'summary': "The name Sandefjord , which dates to 1200 A.D. , originates from the ancient farm name Sandar . The first element is the genitive case of the name of the parish and former municipality of Sandar . The name Sandar derives from the Old Norse term sandar , which is the plural form of sandr , translating to 'stretch of sand ' ( sandstrekning ) . The name Sandefjord was first mentioned in chapter 169 of Sverris saga from the year 1200 . It was then referring to the fjord which is now known as Sandefjordsfjord ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Norway', 'summary': "Eastern Norway ( Bokmål : Østlandet , Nynorsk : Austlandet ) is the geographical region of the south-eastern part of Norway . It consists of the counties Vestfold og Telemark , Viken , Oslo and Innlandet . Eastern Norway is by far the most populous region of Norway . It contains the country 's capital , Oslo , which is Norway 's most populous city . In Norwegian , the region is called Østlandet and Austlandet ( The east land ) in contrast to Vestlandet ( The west land ) ."}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agder', 'summary': 'Agder is a county ( fylke ) and historical district of Norway in the southernmost region of Norway . Before 1 January 2020 , the region was divided in two counties , Vest-Agder and Aust-Agder . Since the early 1900s , the term Sørlandet ( south country ) has been more commonly used for this region , sometimes with the inclusion of neighbouring Rogaland . Prior to that time , the area was considered a part of Western Norway . The area was a medieval petty kingdom , and after the unification of Norway , the area became known as Egdafylki and later yet called Agdesiden , a county within the kingdom of Norway . The name Agder was not used after 1662 when the area was split into smaller governmental units called Nedenæs , Råbyggelaget , Lister , and Mandal . The name was resurrected in 1919 when two counties of Norway that roughly corresponded to the old Agdesiden county were renamed as Aust-Agder ( East Agder ) and Vest-Agder ( West Agder ) . Even before joining the two counties in 2020 , there was significant cooperation between the two units , such as the University of Agder that had campuses in both Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder , and many other institutions such as the Diocese of Agder og Telemark , the Agder Court of Appeal , and the Agder Police District .'}]}, {'value': 'Kristiansand and Arendal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristiansand', 'summary': 'Kristiansand [ a ] ( /ˈkrɪstʃənsænd/ , also US : /ˈkrɪstiənsɑːn/ , Norwegian : [ krɪstjɑnˈsɑnː ] ( listen ) ) , historically spelled Christianssand and Christiansand , is a city and municipality Agder county , Norway . It is the fifth largest city in Norway and the municipality is the sixth largest in Norway , with a population of around 112,000 as of January 2020 , following the incorporation of the municipalities of Søgne and Songdalen into the new and revised municipality of greater Kristiansand . In addition to the city itself , Statistics Norway counts four other densely populated areas in the municipality : Skålevik in Flekkerøy with a population of 3,526 in the Vågsbygd borough , Strai with a population of 1,636 in the Grim borough , Justvik with a population of 1,803 in the Lund borough , and Tveit with a population of 1,396 ( as of January 2012 [ update ] ) in the Oddernes borough . Kristiansand is divided into five boroughs : Grim , which is located northwest in Kristiansand with a population of 15,000 ; Kvadraturen , which is the centre and downtown Kristiansand with a population of 5,200 ; Lund , the second largest borough ; Søgne , with a population of around 12,000 and incorporated into the municipality of Kristiansand as of January 2020 ; Oddernes , a borough located in the west ; and Vågsbygd , the largest borough with a population of 36,000 , located in the southwest . Kristiansand is connected by four main roads : European Route E18 from Oslo , Aust-Agder and covers the eastern part of Kristiansand ; European route E39 from Stavanger , Flekkefjord and the coast towns and villages in Vest-Agder ; Norwegian National Road 9 from Evje , Setesdal and Grim ; and Norwegian National Road 41 from Telemark , northern Aust-Agder , Birkeland , Tveit and the airport Kristiansand Airport , Kjevik . Varodd Bridge is a large bridge and a part of E18 , which stretches over Topdalsfjorden . Tourism is important in Kristiansand , and the summer season is the most popular for tourists . Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement park is the largest zoo in Norway . It receives over 900,000 visitors every year . Markens Street is the main pedestrian street in downtown Kristiansand . Bystranda is a city beach located in Kvadraturen ; in addition , Hamresanden beach is the longest beach in Kristiansand . Hamresanden Camping is a popular family camp during the summer season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arendal', 'summary': "Arendal ( Urban East Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈɑ̂ːɳɖɑːl ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Agder county in southeastern Norway . Arendal belongs to the region of Sørlandet . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Arendal ( which is also the seat of Aust-Agder county ) . Some of the notable villages in Arendal include Rykene , Eydehavn , Færvik , Strengereid , Kongshavn , Kilsund , Brattekleiv , Torsbudalen , Longum , Saltrød , Staubø , Vrengen , and Kolbjørnsvik . The offices of UNEP/GRID-Arendal are also located in the city of Arendal . The 270-square-kilometre ( 100 sq mi ) municipality is the 288th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Arendal is the 20th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 44 800 . The municipality 's population density is 174.7 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 452/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 11.3% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Kristiansand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristiansand', 'summary': 'Kristiansand [ a ] ( /ˈkrɪstʃənsænd/ , also US : /ˈkrɪstiənsɑːn/ , Norwegian : [ krɪstjɑnˈsɑnː ] ( listen ) ) , historically spelled Christianssand and Christiansand , is a city and municipality Agder county , Norway . It is the fifth largest city in Norway and the municipality is the sixth largest in Norway , with a population of around 112,000 as of January 2020 , following the incorporation of the municipalities of Søgne and Songdalen into the new and revised municipality of greater Kristiansand . In addition to the city itself , Statistics Norway counts four other densely populated areas in the municipality : Skålevik in Flekkerøy with a population of 3,526 in the Vågsbygd borough , Strai with a population of 1,636 in the Grim borough , Justvik with a population of 1,803 in the Lund borough , and Tveit with a population of 1,396 ( as of January 2012 [ update ] ) in the Oddernes borough . Kristiansand is divided into five boroughs : Grim , which is located northwest in Kristiansand with a population of 15,000 ; Kvadraturen , which is the centre and downtown Kristiansand with a population of 5,200 ; Lund , the second largest borough ; Søgne , with a population of around 12,000 and incorporated into the municipality of Kristiansand as of January 2020 ; Oddernes , a borough located in the west ; and Vågsbygd , the largest borough with a population of 36,000 , located in the southwest . Kristiansand is connected by four main roads : European Route E18 from Oslo , Aust-Agder and covers the eastern part of Kristiansand ; European route E39 from Stavanger , Flekkefjord and the coast towns and villages in Vest-Agder ; Norwegian National Road 9 from Evje , Setesdal and Grim ; and Norwegian National Road 41 from Telemark , northern Aust-Agder , Birkeland , Tveit and the airport Kristiansand Airport , Kjevik . Varodd Bridge is a large bridge and a part of E18 , which stretches over Topdalsfjorden . Tourism is important in Kristiansand , and the summer season is the most popular for tourists . Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement park is the largest zoo in Norway . It receives over 900,000 visitors every year . Markens Street is the main pedestrian street in downtown Kristiansand . Bystranda is a city beach located in Kvadraturen ; in addition , Hamresanden beach is the longest beach in Kristiansand . Hamresanden Camping is a popular family camp during the summer season .'}]}, {'value': 'Southern Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Norway', 'summary': 'Southern Norway ( Norwegian : Sørlandet ; lit . The Southland ) is the geographical region ( landsdel ) along the Skagerrak coast of southern Norway . The region is an informal description since it does not have any governmental function . It roughly corresponds to the old petty kingdom of Agder as well as the two former counties of Vest-Agder and Aust-Agder . From New Year 2020 , the two counties have been merged into one county , Agder . The total combined area of Vest-Agder and Aust-Agder counties is 16,493 square kilometres ( 6,368 sq mi ) . The name is relatively new , having first been used in Norway around 1900 . The region includes coastal areas along the Skagerrak and extends inland to the Setesdalsheiene mountains . There are many large valleys running from the mountains to the south and east to the sea . The highest point in the region is Sæbyggjenuten at 1,507 m ( 4,944 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vestland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vestland', 'summary': 'Vestland is a county in Norway established on January 1 , 2020 . It consists of the former counties of Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane , with the exception of Hornindal municipality , which became part of Volda municipality in Møre og Romsdal county .'}]}, {'value': 'Bergen and Leikanger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bergen', 'summary': "Bergen ( Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈbæ̀rɡn̩ ] ( listen ) ) , historically Bjørgvin , is a city and municipality in Vestland on the west coast of Norway . At the end of the first quarter of 2018 [ update ] , the municipality 's population was 280,216 , and the Bergen metropolitan region has about 420,000 inhabitants . Bergen is the second-largest city in Norway . The municipality covers 465 square kilometres ( 180 sq mi ) and is on the peninsula of Bergenshalvøyen . The city centre and northern neighbourhoods are on Byfjorden , 'the city fjord ' , and the city is surrounded by mountains ; Bergen is known as the 'city of seven mountains ' . Many of the extra-municipal suburbs are on islands . Bergen is the administrative centre of Hordaland , and consists of eight boroughs : Arna , Bergenhus , Fana , Fyllingsdalen , Laksevåg , Ytrebygda , Årstad , and Åsane . Trading in Bergen may have started as early as the 1020s . According to tradition , the city was founded in 1070 by king Olav Kyrre and was named Bjørgvin , 'the green meadow among the mountains ' . It served as Norway 's capital in the 13th century , and from the end of the 13th century became a bureau city of the Hanseatic League . Until 1789 , Bergen enjoyed exclusive rights to mediate trade between Northern Norway and abroad and it was the largest city in Norway until the 1830s when it was overtaken by the capital , Christiania ( now known as Oslo ) . What remains of the quays , Bryggen , is a World Heritage Site ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leikanger', 'summary': "Leikanger ( Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈlæ̂ɪkɑŋər ] ( listen ) ) is a former municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county , Norway . It was located on the northern shore of the Sognefjorden in the traditional district of Sogn . The administrative center was the village of Hermansverk , which also was the administrative center of the old Sogn og Fjordane county . The Leikanger/Hermansverk urban area had 2,144 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , about 90% of the municipal population . This urban area is often called Systrond , which is why a person from Leikanger is often called Systrending . The 180-square-kilometre ( 69 sq mi ) municipality is the 342nd largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Leikanger is the 302nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,331 . The municipality 's population density is 13.1 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 34/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 8.1% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Bergen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bergen', 'summary': "Bergen ( Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈbæ̀rɡn̩ ] ( listen ) ) , historically Bjørgvin , is a city and municipality in Vestland on the west coast of Norway . At the end of the first quarter of 2018 [ update ] , the municipality 's population was 280,216 , and the Bergen metropolitan region has about 420,000 inhabitants . Bergen is the second-largest city in Norway . The municipality covers 465 square kilometres ( 180 sq mi ) and is on the peninsula of Bergenshalvøyen . The city centre and northern neighbourhoods are on Byfjorden , 'the city fjord ' , and the city is surrounded by mountains ; Bergen is known as the 'city of seven mountains ' . Many of the extra-municipal suburbs are on islands . Bergen is the administrative centre of Hordaland , and consists of eight boroughs : Arna , Bergenhus , Fana , Fyllingsdalen , Laksevåg , Ytrebygda , Årstad , and Åsane . Trading in Bergen may have started as early as the 1020s . According to tradition , the city was founded in 1070 by king Olav Kyrre and was named Bjørgvin , 'the green meadow among the mountains ' . It served as Norway 's capital in the 13th century , and from the end of the 13th century became a bureau city of the Hanseatic League . Until 1789 , Bergen enjoyed exclusive rights to mediate trade between Northern Norway and abroad and it was the largest city in Norway until the 1830s when it was overtaken by the capital , Christiania ( now known as Oslo ) . What remains of the quays , Bryggen , is a World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Norway', 'summary': 'Western Norway ( Norwegian : Vestlandet , Vest-Norge , Vest-Noreg ) is the region along the Atlantic coast of southern Norway . It consists of the counties Rogaland , Vestland and Møre og Romsdal . The region has a population of approximately 1.3 million people . The largest city is Bergen and the second-largest is Stavanger . Historically the regions of Agder , Vest-Telemark , Hallingdal , Valdres and northern parts of Gudbrandsdal have been included in Western Norway . Western Norway , as well as other parts of historical regions of Norway , shares a common history with Denmark , the Faroe Islands and Iceland and to a lesser extent the Netherlands and Britain . For example , the Icelandic horse is a close relative of the Fjord horse and both the Faroese and Icelandic languages are based on the Old West Norse . In early Norse times , people from Western Norway became settlers at the Western Isles in the Northern Atlantic , so that Orkney , Shetland , the Faroe Islands and Iceland . During the Viking age settlements were made at the Hebrides , Man and Ireland proper . In early modern time , Western Norway has had much emigration to the United States , Canada , and to a lesser extent to the United Kingdom . This applies particularly to the US states of Minnesota , North and South Dakota , Wisconsin , Montana , and the Canadian province of Manitoba . The Icelandic and Faroese people , and many people in the British Isles , are descendants of Norsemen and Vikings who emigrated from Western Norway during the Viking Age .'}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trøndelag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trøndelag', 'summary': 'The Old Norse form of the name was Þrǿndalǫg . The first element is the genitive plural of þrǿndr which means person from Trøndelag , while the second is lǫg ( plural of lag which means law ; district/people with a common law ( compare Danelaw , Gulaþingslǫg and Njarðarlǫg ) . A parallel name for the same district was Þróndheimr which means the homeland ( heim ) of the þrǿndr . Þróndheimr may be older since the first element has a stem form without umlaut .'}]}, {'value': 'Steinkjer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steinkjer', 'summary': "Steinkjer is a municipality in Trøndelag county , Norway . It is part of the Innherad region . The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Steinkjer which is located on the inner part of the Trondheimsfjord . The town is also the administrative centre for Trøndelag county . Other populated areas in Steinkjer include the villages of Ogndal , Hyllbrua , Gaulstad , Beitstad , Bartnes , Vellamelen , Stod , Binde , Sunnan , Byafossen , Følling , Kvam , Lerkehaug , Mære , Sparbu , Vassaunet , Vekre , Malm , Follafoss , Sela , and Verrastranda . The 1,565-square-kilometre ( 604 sq mi ) municipality is the 45th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Steinkjer is the 52nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 22,096 . The municipality 's population density is 15.5 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 40/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 6.9% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Trondheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trondheim', 'summary': 'Trondheim ( UK : /ˈtrɒndhaɪm , ˈtrɒnhaɪm/ , US : /ˈtrɒnheɪm/ , Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈtrɔ̂n ( h ) æɪm ] ( listen ) ; Southern Sami : Tråante ) , historically Kaupangen , Nidaros and Trondhjem , is a city and municipality in Trøndelag county , Norway . It has a population of 200,000 ( 01/01/2020 ) , and is the third most populous municipality in Norway , although the fourth largest urban area . Trondheim lies on the south shore of Trondheim Fjord at the mouth of the River Nidelva . The city is dominated by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology ( NTNU ) , the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research ( SINTEF ) , St. Olavs University Hospital and other technology-oriented institutions . The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post , and it served as the capital of Norway during the Viking Age until 1217 . From 1152 to 1537 , the city was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros ; since then , it has remained the seat of the Lutheran Diocese of Nidaros and the Nidaros Cathedral . It was incorporated in 1838 . The current municipality dates from 1964 , when Trondheim merged with Byneset , Leinstrand , Strinda and Tiller . The city functions as the seat of the County Mayor of Trøndelag county , but not as the administrative centre , which is Steinkjer . This is to make the county more efficient and not too centralized , as Trøndelag is the second largest county in Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Trøndelag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trøndelag', 'summary': 'The Old Norse form of the name was Þrǿndalǫg . The first element is the genitive plural of þrǿndr which means person from Trøndelag , while the second is lǫg ( plural of lag which means law ; district/people with a common law ( compare Danelaw , Gulaþingslǫg and Njarðarlǫg ) . A parallel name for the same district was Þróndheimr which means the homeland ( heim ) of the þrǿndr . Þróndheimr may be older since the first element has a stem form without umlaut .'}]}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Troms og Finnmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troms_og_Finnmark', 'summary': 'Troms og Finnmark ( Northern Sami : Romsa ja Finnmárku or Kven : Tromssa ja Finmarkku ) is a county in northern Norway that was established on January 1 , 2020 . The county is the result of a regional reform in Norway . It was formed by the merger of the former Finnmark and Troms counties plus Tjeldsund Municipality from Nordland county . The administrative centre of the new county will be based in the city of Tromsø ( the seat of the old Troms county ) , but the county governor will be based out of the town of Vadsø ( the seat of the old Finnmark county ) . On 1 January 2019 , Elisabeth Aspaker was appointed as the County Governor of Troms og Finnmark . Previously , she had been the County Governor of Troms county . The merger has not been popular , especially in the old Finnmark county . A county-wide non-binding referendum was held and about 87% of Finnmark residents who voted , voted against the merger , but the Storting did not reverse its decision to merge the county . Some political parties have since been campaigning to reverse the merger in the next parliamentary term .'}]}, {'value': 'Tromsø and Vadsø', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tromsø', 'summary': "Tromsø ( /ˈtrɒmsoʊ/ , also UK : /ˈtrɒmsɜː/ ; Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈtrʊ̂msœ ] ( listen ) ; Northern Sami : Romsa ; Kven : Tromssa , Swedish : Tromsö ) is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark county , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Tromsø . Tromsø lies in Northern Norway . The 2,521-square-kilometre ( 973 sq mi ) municipality is the 18th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Tromsø is the 9th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 71,590 ( 2014 ) . The municipality 's population density is 30.6 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 79/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 15.9% over the last decade . It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway and the third largest north of the Arctic Circle anywhere in the world ( following Murmansk and Norilsk ) . Most of Tromsø , including the city centre , is located on the island of Tromsøya , 350 kilometres ( 217 mi ) north of the Arctic Circle . In 2017 , the city of Tromsø had a population of about 65,000 people spread out over Tromsøya and parts of Kvaløya and the mainland . Tromsøya is connected to the mainland by the Tromsø Bridge and the Tromsøysund Tunnel , and to the island of Kvaløya by the Sandnessund Bridge . The municipality is warmer than most other places located on the same latitude , due to the warming effect of the Gulf Stream . Tromsø is even milder than places much farther south of it elsewhere in the world , such as on the Hudson Bay and in Far East Russia , with the warm-water current allowing for both relatively mild winters and tree growth in spite of its very high latitude ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vadsø', 'summary': "Vadsø [ ˈvɑ̂dsøː ] ( listen ) ( Northern Sami : Čáhcesuolu ; Kven : Vesisaari ) is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark County , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Vadsø , which was the administrative centre of the former Finnmark county . Other settlements in Vadsø include Ekkerøy , Kiby , Krampenes , Skallelv , Valen , and Vestre Jakobselv . The 1,258-square-kilometre ( 486 sq mi ) municipality is the 77th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Vadsø is the 173rd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 6,033 . The municipality 's population density is 4.9 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 13/sq mi ) and its population has decreased by 0.5% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Tromsø', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tromsø', 'summary': "Tromsø ( /ˈtrɒmsoʊ/ , also UK : /ˈtrɒmsɜː/ ; Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈtrʊ̂msœ ] ( listen ) ; Northern Sami : Romsa ; Kven : Tromssa , Swedish : Tromsö ) is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark county , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Tromsø . Tromsø lies in Northern Norway . The 2,521-square-kilometre ( 973 sq mi ) municipality is the 18th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Tromsø is the 9th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 71,590 ( 2014 ) . The municipality 's population density is 30.6 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 79/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 15.9% over the last decade . It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway and the third largest north of the Arctic Circle anywhere in the world ( following Murmansk and Norilsk ) . Most of Tromsø , including the city centre , is located on the island of Tromsøya , 350 kilometres ( 217 mi ) north of the Arctic Circle . In 2017 , the city of Tromsø had a population of about 65,000 people spread out over Tromsøya and parts of Kvaløya and the mainland . Tromsøya is connected to the mainland by the Tromsø Bridge and the Tromsøysund Tunnel , and to the island of Kvaløya by the Sandnessund Bridge . The municipality is warmer than most other places located on the same latitude , due to the warming effect of the Gulf Stream . Tromsø is even milder than places much farther south of it elsewhere in the world , such as on the Hudson Bay and in Far East Russia , with the warm-water current allowing for both relatively mild winters and tree growth in spite of its very high latitude ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Norway', 'summary': 'Northern Norway ( Bokmål : Nord-Norge , Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈnûːrˌnɔrɡə ] , Nynorsk : Nord-Noreg ; Northern Sami : Davvi-Norga ) is a geographical region of Norway , consisting of the two northernmost counties Nordland and Troms og Finnmark , in total about 35% of the Norwegian mainland . Some of the largest towns in Northern Norway ( from south to north ) are Mo i Rana , Bodø , Narvik , Harstad , Tromsø and Alta . Northern Norway is often described as the land of the midnight sun and the land of the northern lights . Further north , halfway to the North Pole , is the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard , traditionally not regarded as part of Northern Norway . The region is multi-cultural , housing not just Norwegians but also the indigenous Sami people , Norwegian Finns ( known as Kvens , distinct from the Forest Finns of Southern Norway ) and Russian populations ( mostly in Kirkenes ) . The Norwegian language dominates in most of the area ; Sami speakers are mainly found inland and in some of the fjord areas of Nordland , Troms and particularly Finnmark - though ethnic Sámi who do not speak the language are found more or less everywhere in the region . Finnish is spoken in only a few communities in the east of Finnmark .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Politics and government -- Administrative divisions', 'section_text': "Main articles : Administrative divisions of Norway , Counties of Norway , Municipalities of Norway , List of towns and cities in Norway , and Dependencies of Norway See also : Sápmi ( area ) Norway , a unitary state , is divided into eleven first-level administrative counties ( fylke ) . The counties are administered through directly elected county assemblies who elect the County Governor . Additionally , the King and government are represented in every county by a fylkesmann , who effectively acts as a Governor . [ 151 ] As such , the Government is directly represented at a local level through the County Governors ' offices . The counties are then sub-divided into 356 second-level municipalities ( kommuner ) , which in turn are administered by directly elected municipal council , headed by a mayor and a small executive cabinet . The capital of Oslo is considered both a county and a municipality . Norway has two integral overseas territories : Jan Mayen and Svalbard , the only developed island in the archipelago of the same name , located miles away to the north . There are three Antarctic and Subantarctic dependencies : Bouvet Island , Peter I Island , and Queen Maud Land . On most maps , there had been an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land and the South Pole until 12 June 2015 when Norway formally annexed that area . [ 152 ] An administrative map of Norway , showing the 19 fylker , the Svalbard ( Spitsbergen ) and Jan Mayen islands , which are part of the Norwegian kingdom 96 settlements have city status in Norway . In most cases , the city borders are coterminous with the borders of their respective municipalities . Often , Norwegian city municipalities include large areas that are not developed ; for example , Oslo municipality contains large forests , located north and south-east of the city , and over half of Bergen municipality consists of mountainous areas . Norway and its overseas administrative divisions The counties of Norway are :", 'uid': 'Norway_0', 'intro': "Norway (Norwegian: Norge (Bokmål) or Noreg (Nynorsk); Northern Sami: Norga; Lule Sami: Vuodna; Southern Sami: Nöörje), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway. [note 2] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom. Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island. Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres (148,729 sq mi) and a population of 5,312,300 (as of August 2018). The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden (1,619 km or 1,006 mi long). Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, and the Skagerrak strait to the south, with Denmark on the other side. Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. The maritime influence also dominates Norway's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts, whereas the interior, while colder, is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes. Even during polar night in the north, temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline. The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country. Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway. Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg."}
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The city with the highest income per capita in Norway is a municipality in a county that was established when ?
1 January 2020
08860ece106a3761
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_transmitting_station', 'title': 'Oxford transmitting station', 'header': ['Frequency', 'UHF', 'kW', 'Operator', 'System'], 'data': [{'value': '482.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Local 1 ( That 's Oxfordshire )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/That's_TV", 'summary': "That 's TV is a local television network in England , Scotland and Wales , licensed to operate services in several conurbations . That 's Television Ltd is owned by That 's Media Ltd , which is based at The Flint Glass Works in the Ancoats neighbourhood of Manchester ."}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T', 'summary': 'DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial ; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February , 1998 . This system transmits compressed digital audio , digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream , using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( COFDM or OFDM ) modulation . It is also the format widely used worldwide ( including North America ) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point . It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators .'}]}, {'value': '538.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SDN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks', 'summary': 'S4C Digital Networks ( SDN ) is a company that operates one of the six multiplexes of channels on digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom . It is now wholly owned by ITV plc .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T', 'summary': 'DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial ; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February , 1998 . This system transmits compressed digital audio , digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream , using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( COFDM or OFDM ) modulation . It is also the format widely used worldwide ( including North America ) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point . It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators .'}]}, {'value': '554.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arqiva', 'summary': 'Arqiva /ɑːrˈkiːvə/ is a British telecommunications company which provides infrastructure and broadcast transmission facilities in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , along with commercial WiFi and smart meter facilities for Scotland and the north of England . The company headquarters is located at Crawley Court in the village of Crawley , Hampshire , just outside Winchester . Its main customers are broadcasters and mobile phone network operators , and its main asset is a network of over 1,000 radio and television transmission sites . It is owned by a consortium of investors led by CPP ( Canada Pension Plan ) and the Australian investment house Macquarie Bank . Arqiva is a patron of The Radio Academy . Through its NOW Digital subsidiary , it operates various local digital radio ensembles .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T', 'summary': 'DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial ; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February , 1998 . This system transmits compressed digital audio , digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream , using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( COFDM or OFDM ) modulation . It is also the format widely used worldwide ( including North America ) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point . It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators .'}]}, {'value': '602.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arqiva', 'summary': 'Arqiva /ɑːrˈkiːvə/ is a British telecommunications company which provides infrastructure and broadcast transmission facilities in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , along with commercial WiFi and smart meter facilities for Scotland and the north of England . The company headquarters is located at Crawley Court in the village of Crawley , Hampshire , just outside Winchester . Its main customers are broadcasters and mobile phone network operators , and its main asset is a network of over 1,000 radio and television transmission sites . It is owned by a consortium of investors led by CPP ( Canada Pension Plan ) and the Australian investment house Macquarie Bank . Arqiva is a patron of The Radio Academy . Through its NOW Digital subsidiary , it operates various local digital radio ensembles .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T', 'summary': 'DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial ; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February , 1998 . This system transmits compressed digital audio , digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream , using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( COFDM or OFDM ) modulation . It is also the format widely used worldwide ( including North America ) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point . It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators .'}]}, {'value': '634.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T', 'summary': 'DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial ; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February , 1998 . This system transmits compressed digital audio , digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream , using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( COFDM or OFDM ) modulation . It is also the format widely used worldwide ( including North America ) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point . It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators .'}]}, {'value': '658.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital 3 & 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digital_3&4', 'summary': 'Digital 3 & 4 is a consortium consisting of ITV plc , STV Group plc and the Channel Four Television Corporation , which operates a multiplex broadcasting from a number of transmitter sites in the United Kingdom , carrying television and radio channels , together with interactive services , from both ITV and Channel 4 . Unlike other multiplexes , the regional ITV broadcaster has control over which services are to be broadcast on their allotted amount of the capacity , leading to small regional differences across the country .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T', 'summary': 'DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial ; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February , 1998 . This system transmits compressed digital audio , digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream , using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( COFDM or OFDM ) modulation . It is also the format widely used worldwide ( including North America ) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point . It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators .'}]}, {'value': '674.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local 2 ( not yet on air )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T', 'summary': 'DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial ; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February , 1998 . This system transmits compressed digital audio , digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream , using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( COFDM or OFDM ) modulation . It is also the format widely used worldwide ( including North America ) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point . It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators .'}]}, {'value': '682.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T2', 'summary': 'DVB-T2 is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Second Generation Terrestrial ; it is the extension of the television standard DVB-T , issued by the consortium DVB , devised for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television . DVB has been standardized by ETSI . This system transmits compressed digital audio , video , and other data in physical layer pipes ( PLPs ) , using OFDM modulation with concatenated channel coding and interleaving . The higher offered bit rate , with respect to its predecessor DVB-T , makes it a system suited for carrying HDTV signals on the terrestrial TV channel ( though many broadcasters still use plain DVB-T for this purpose ) . As of 2019 [ update ] , it was implemented in broadcasts in the United Kingdom ( Freeview HD , eight channels across two multiplexes , plus an extra multiplex in Northern Ireland carrying three SD channels ) , Italy ( Europa 7 HD , twelve channels ) , Finland ( 21 channels , five in HD ) , Germany ( six HD ( 1080p50 ) channels , with 40 in planning ) , the Netherlands ( Digitenne , 30 HD ( 1080p50 ) channels ) , Sweden ( five channels ) , Thailand ( 41 SD , 9 HD channels ) Flanders ( 18 SD Channels ) , Serbia ( eight channels ) , Ukraine ( 32 SD and HD channels in four nationwide multiplexes ) , Croatia ( two pay-TV multiplexes , one experimental multiplex to be used for regular TV broadcasting in HEVC and 1080p50 once legacy DVB-T transmissions cease ) , Denmark ( two pay-TV multiplexes with 20 channels ) , Romania ( 8 SD channels , 1 HD channel ) and some other countries .'}]}, {'value': '746.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Com7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T2', 'summary': 'DVB-T2 is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Second Generation Terrestrial ; it is the extension of the television standard DVB-T , issued by the consortium DVB , devised for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television . DVB has been standardized by ETSI . This system transmits compressed digital audio , video , and other data in physical layer pipes ( PLPs ) , using OFDM modulation with concatenated channel coding and interleaving . The higher offered bit rate , with respect to its predecessor DVB-T , makes it a system suited for carrying HDTV signals on the terrestrial TV channel ( though many broadcasters still use plain DVB-T for this purpose ) . As of 2019 [ update ] , it was implemented in broadcasts in the United Kingdom ( Freeview HD , eight channels across two multiplexes , plus an extra multiplex in Northern Ireland carrying three SD channels ) , Italy ( Europa 7 HD , twelve channels ) , Finland ( 21 channels , five in HD ) , Germany ( six HD ( 1080p50 ) channels , with 40 in planning ) , the Netherlands ( Digitenne , 30 HD ( 1080p50 ) channels ) , Sweden ( five channels ) , Thailand ( 41 SD , 9 HD channels ) Flanders ( 18 SD Channels ) , Serbia ( eight channels ) , Ukraine ( 32 SD and HD channels in four nationwide multiplexes ) , Croatia ( two pay-TV multiplexes , one experimental multiplex to be used for regular TV broadcasting in HEVC and 1080p50 once legacy DVB-T transmissions cease ) , Denmark ( two pay-TV multiplexes with 20 channels ) , Romania ( 8 SD channels , 1 HD channel ) and some other countries .'}]}, {'value': '754.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Com8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T2', 'summary': 'DVB-T2 is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Second Generation Terrestrial ; it is the extension of the television standard DVB-T , issued by the consortium DVB , devised for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television . DVB has been standardized by ETSI . This system transmits compressed digital audio , video , and other data in physical layer pipes ( PLPs ) , using OFDM modulation with concatenated channel coding and interleaving . The higher offered bit rate , with respect to its predecessor DVB-T , makes it a system suited for carrying HDTV signals on the terrestrial TV channel ( though many broadcasters still use plain DVB-T for this purpose ) . As of 2019 [ update ] , it was implemented in broadcasts in the United Kingdom ( Freeview HD , eight channels across two multiplexes , plus an extra multiplex in Northern Ireland carrying three SD channels ) , Italy ( Europa 7 HD , twelve channels ) , Finland ( 21 channels , five in HD ) , Germany ( six HD ( 1080p50 ) channels , with 40 in planning ) , the Netherlands ( Digitenne , 30 HD ( 1080p50 ) channels ) , Sweden ( five channels ) , Thailand ( 41 SD , 9 HD channels ) Flanders ( 18 SD Channels ) , Serbia ( eight channels ) , Ukraine ( 32 SD and HD channels in four nationwide multiplexes ) , Croatia ( two pay-TV multiplexes , one experimental multiplex to be used for regular TV broadcasting in HEVC and 1080p50 once legacy DVB-T transmissions cease ) , Denmark ( two pay-TV multiplexes with 20 channels ) , Romania ( 8 SD channels , 1 HD channel ) and some other countries .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Services transmitted from the Oxford site as of June 2018 – listed by frequency -- Digital Television from 23 May 2018', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Oxford_transmitting_station_3', 'intro': 'The Oxford transmitting station (sometimes known as the Beckley transmitter) is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility, situated on land 129.5 metres (425 ft) above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level) to the north east of the city of Oxford, in Oxfordshire, England (grid reference SP567105). It has a guyed steel lattice mast which is 154.4 metres (507 ft) in height to the top of the main steel structure. The UHF television antenna, which consist of a vertical array of transmitting panels, is mounted above the steel structure. The total height of the mast to the top of this UHF antenna is 165.7 metres (544 ft). It is owned and operated by Arqiva.'}
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What is the name of the operator with a DVB-T system and operates six muliplexes , but is now wholly owned by ITV plc ?
SDN
0887164171e61235
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Canada', 'title': 'List of the busiest airports in Canada', 'header': ['Rank', 'Airport', 'Serves', 'Total passengers', 'Annual change'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Pearson International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport', 'summary': "Lester B. Pearson International Airport ( IATA : YYZ , ICAO : CYYZ ) , branded as Toronto Pearson International Airport ( simply known as Toronto Pearson , Pearson Airport or Pearson ) , is the primary international airport serving Toronto , its metropolitan area , and its surrounding region known as the Golden Horseshoe . It is the largest and busiest airport in Canada , the second-busiest international air passenger gateway in the Americas , and the 30th-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic , handling 49.5 million passengers in 2018 . The airport is named in honour of Lester B. Pearson , Nobel Peace Prize laureate and 14th Prime Minister of Canada . Toronto Pearson is located 22.5 kilometres ( 14.0 mi ) northwest of Downtown Toronto with the majority of the airport situated in the city of Mississauga and a small portion of the airfield extending into Toronto 's western district of Etobicoke . It features five runways and two passenger terminals along with numerous cargo and maintenance facilities on a site that covers 1,867 hectares ( 4,613 acres ) . Pearson Airport is the primary hub for Air Canada . It also serves as a hub for WestJet , cargo airline FedEx Express , and as a base of operations for Air Transat and Sunwing Airlines . Pearson is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority ( GTAA ) as part of Transport Canada 's National Airports System , and is the largest airport in the world with facilities for United States border preclearance . An extensive network of non-stop domestic flights is operated from Toronto Pearson by several airlines to all major and many secondary cities across all provinces of Canada . As of 2019 , over 75 airlines operate around 1,250 daily departures from the airport to more than 180 destinations across all six of the world 's inhabited continents ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area', 'summary': 'The Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) is the most populous metropolitan area in Canada . It consists of the central city , Toronto , along with 25 surrounding suburbs , distributed among four regional municipalities : Durham , Halton , Peel , and York . The southwestern periphery of the Greater Toronto Area begins in Burlington , and extends along Lake Ontario past Downtown Toronto to Clarington , the eastern end . The northern periphery is made up of several municipalities , although Brock is the northernmost . The Greater Toronto Area combined with the city of Hamilton , located west of Halton Region , forms the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) . The Greater Toronto Area anchors a much larger urban agglomeration known as the Golden Horseshoe . According to the 2016 census , the Greater Toronto Area has a population of 6,417,516 .'}]}, {'value': '41,036,847', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.4%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Vancouver International Airport ( IATA : YVR , ICAO : CYVR ) is an international airport in Richmond , British Columbia . It is the primary international airport serving Vancouver , about 12 km ( 7.5 mi ) from Downtown Vancouver . It is the second busiest airport in Canada by aircraft movements ( 306,799 ) and passengers ( 25.9 million ) , behind Toronto Pearson International Airport . It is often described as a trans-Pacific hub , with more direct flights to China than any other airport in North America or Europe . It is a hub for Air Canada and WestJet , and an operating base for Air Transat . Vancouver International Airport is one of eight Canadian airports that have US Border Preclearance facilities . It is also one of the few major international airports to have a terminal for scheduled floatplanes . The airport has won several notable international best airport awards . It won the Skytrax Best North American Airport award in 2007 and 2010 through 2019 , for a record 10 consecutive years . The airport also made the list of top 10 airports in the world for the first time in 2012 , rated at 9th ( 2012 ) , 8th ( 2013 ) , and 9th ( 2014 ) overall . It is the only North American airport included in the top 10 for 2013 and 2014 . YVR also retains the distinction of Best Canadian Airport in the regional results .'}]}, {'value': 'Metro Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metro_Vancouver', 'summary': "Metro Vancouver is a political body and corporate entity designated by provincial legislation as one of the regional districts in British Columbia , Canada . The official legal name is the Metro Vancouver Regional District ( MVRD ) . The organization was known as the Regional District of Fraser-Burrard for nearly one year upon incorporating in 1967 , and as the Greater Vancouver Regional District ( GVRD ) from 1968 to 2017 . The MVRD is under the direction of 23 local authorities ; it delivers regional services , sets policy and acts as a political forum . The regional district 's most populous city is Vancouver , and Metro Vancouver 's administrative offices are located in the City of Burnaby . The MVRD 's boundaries match those of the Vancouver census metropolitan area ( CMA ) as identified by Statistics Canada ."}]}, {'value': '20,315,978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montréal–Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_International_Airport', 'summary': "Montréal-Trudeau International Airport ( IATA : YUL , ICAO : CYUL ) ( French : Aéroport International Montréal-Trudeau ) or Montréal-Trudeau , formerly known as Montréal-Dorval International Airport ( Aéroport international Montréal-Dorval ) , is an international airport in Dorval , Quebec . It is the primary international airport serving Montreal , 20 km ( 12 mi ) from Downtown Montreal . The airport terminals are located entirely in the suburb of Dorval , while one runway is located in the Montreal borough of Saint-Laurent . Air Canada , the country 's flag carrier , also has its corporate headquarters complex on the Saint-Laurent side of the airport . It also serves Greater Montreal and adjacent regions in Quebec and eastern Ontario , as well as the states of Vermont and northern New York in the United States . The airport is named in honour of Pierre Elliott Trudeau , the 15th Prime Minister of Canada and father of current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau . The airport is one of two managed and operated by Aéroports de Montréal ( ADM ) , a not-for-profit corporation without share capital ; the other being Montréal-Mirabel northwest of Montreal , which was initially intended to replace the one in Dorval but now deals almost solely with cargo . Montréal-Trudeau is owned by Transport Canada which has a 60-year lease with Aéroports de Montréal , as per Canada 's National Airport Policy of 1994 . Trudeau is the busiest airport in the province of Quebec and the third-busiest airport in Canada by both passenger traffic and aircraft movements , with 20.3 million passengers and 236,908 movements in 2019 . It is one of eight Canadian airports with United States border preclearance and is one of the main gateways into Canada with 13.1 million or 65% of its passengers being on non-domestic flights , the highest proportion amongst Canada 's airports during 2018 . It is one of four Air Canada hubs and , in that capacity , serves mainly Quebec , the Atlantic Provinces and Eastern Ontario . On an average day , 53,000 passengers transit through Montréal-Trudeau ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Montreal', 'summary': "Greater Montreal is the most populous metropolitan area in Quebec , and the second most populous in Canada after Greater Toronto . In 2015 , Statistics Canada identified Montreal 's Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) as 4,258.31 square kilometres ( 1,644.14 sq mi ) with a population of 4,027,100 . A smaller area of 3,838 square kilometres ( 1,482 sq mi ) is governed by the Montreal Metropolitan Community ( MMC ) ( French : Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal , CMM ) . This level of government is headed by a president ( currently Montreal mayor Valérie Plante ) . The inner ring is composed of densely populated municipalities located in close proximity to Downtown Montreal . It includes the entire Island of Montreal , Laval , and the Urban Agglomeration of Longueuil . The outer ring is composed of low-density municipalities located on the fringe of Metropolitan Montreal . Most of these cities and towns are semi-rural . Specifically , the term off-island suburbs refers to those suburbs that are located on the North Shore of the Mille-Îles River , those on the South Shore that were never included in the megacity of Longueuil , and those on the Vaudreuil-Soulanges Peninsula . Communities in that area are also informally referred to as the 450 , after the telephone area code that has served the region since 1998 . Due to their proximity to Montreal 's downtown core , some suburbs on the South Shore ( Longueuil , Brossard , Saint-Lambert , and Boucherville ) are usually not included in the off-island suburbs even though they are on the mainland ."}]}, {'value': '15,517,382', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_International_Airport', 'summary': "Calgary International Airport ( IATA : YYC , ICAO : CYYC ) , branded as YYC Calgary International Airport , is an international airport that serves the city of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . It is located approximately 17 km ( 11 mi ) northeast of downtown and covers an area of 21.36 km2 ( 8.25 sq mi ) . With 17.34 million passengers and 244,027 aircraft movements in 2017 , Calgary International is the busiest airport in Alberta and the fourth-busiest in Canada by both measures . The region 's petroleum and tourism industries have helped foster growth at the airport , which has nonstop flights to an array of destinations in North and Central America , Europe , and Asia . Calgary serves as the headquarters for WestJet and is a hub for Air Canada . Built in the late 1930s , the site has since grown to house four runways , two terminal buildings with 5 concourses for passengers , warehouses for cargo handling , and other infrastructure . The Calgary Airport Authority operates the property while paying rent to the federal government . Close to the airport is the Deerfoot Trail freeway for transport into the city , and public transit also serves the airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': '15,475,759', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.4%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport', 'summary': "Edmonton International Airport ( IATA : YEG , ICAO : CYEG ) is the primary air passenger and air cargo facility in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region of the Canadian province of Alberta . Operated by Edmonton Airports , it is located 14 nautical miles ( 26 km ; 16 mi ) south southwest of Downtown Edmonton in Leduc County on Highway 2 opposite of the city of Leduc . The airport offers scheduled non-stop flights to major cities in Canada , the United States , Mexico , the Caribbean , Central America and Europe . It is a hub facility for Northern Alberta and Northern Canada . The airport has a catchment area encompassing Central and Northern Alberta , northern British Columbia , and Yukon , the Northwest Territories and western Nunavut . Total catchment area is 1.8 million residents . It is Canada 's largest major airport by total land area , the 5th busiest airport by passenger traffic and 9th busiest by aircraft movements . It served 8,254,121 passengers in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton Metropolitan Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': "The Edmonton Metropolitan Region ( EMR ) , also commonly referred to as the Alberta Capital Region , Greater Edmonton or Metro Edmonton , is a conglomeration of municipalities centred on Alberta 's provincial capital of Edmonton . The EMR 's commonly known boundaries are coincident with those of the Edmonton census metropolitan area ( CMA ) as delineated by Statistics Canada . However , its boundaries are defined differently for Edmonton Metropolitan Region Board administrative purposes . The EMR is considered a major gateway to northern Alberta and the Canadian North , particularly for many companies , including airlines and oil/natural gas exploration . Located within central Alberta and at the northern end of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor , the EMR is the northernmost metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}, {'value': '7,981,076', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_Macdonald–Cartier_International_Airport', 'summary': "Ottawa/Macdonald-Cartier International Airport or Macdonald-Cartier International Airport ( L'aéroport international Macdonald-Cartier in French ) , ( IATA : YOW , ICAO : CYOW ) in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada is an international airport named after the Canadian statesmen and two of the founding fathers of Canada , Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir George-Étienne Cartier . Located in the south end of the city , 5.5 nautical miles ( 10.2 km ; 6.3 mi ) south of downtown Ottawa , it is Canada 's sixth-busiest airport , Ontario 's second-busiest airport by airline passenger traffic , and Canada 's sixth-busiest by aircraft movements , with 5,110,801 passengers and 150,815 aircraft movements in 2018 . The airport was the home base for First Air . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada , and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency . The airport is one of eight Canadian airports that have United States border preclearance facilities . The airport used to be a military base known as CFB Ottawa South/CFB Uplands . Although it is no longer a Canadian Forces Base , it is still home to the Royal Canadian Air Force 's 412 Transport Squadron , which provides air transport for Canadian and foreign government officials ."}]}, {'value': 'National Capital Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)', 'summary': "The National Capital Region ( French : Région de la capitale nationale ) , also referred to as Canada 's Capital Region and Ottawa-Gatineau ( formerly Ottawa-Hull ) , is an official federal designation for the Canadian capital of Ottawa , Ontario , the neighbouring city of Gatineau , Quebec , and surrounding urban and rural communities . The term National Capital Region is often used to describe the Ottawa-Gatineau metropolitan area , although the official boundaries of the NCR do not precisely correspond to the statistical metropolitan area . Unlike capital districts in some other federal countries , such as the District of Columbia in the United States or the Australian Capital Territory in Australia , the National Capital Region is not a separate political or administrative entity . Its component parts are within the provinces of Ontario and Quebec . Defined by the National Capital Act , the National Capital Region consists of an area of 4,715 km2 ( 1,820 sq mi ) that straddles the Ottawa River , which serves as the boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec . This area is smaller than that of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , which is 6,287 km2 ( 2,427 sq mi ) in size . Ottawa-Gatineau is the only CMA in the nation to fall within two provinces ."}]}, {'value': '4,656,360', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halifax Stanfield International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halifax_Stanfield_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Halifax Stanfield International Airport ( IATA : YHZ , ICAO : CYHZ ) is a Canadian airport in Goffs , Nova Scotia , a rural community of the Halifax Regional Municipality . It serves the Halifax area , mainland Nova Scotia and adjacent areas in the neighbouring Maritime provinces . The airport is named in honour of Robert Stanfield , the 17th Premier of Nova Scotia and leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada . The airport , owned by Transport Canada since it opened in 1960 , has been operated since 2000 by the Halifax International Airport Authority ( HIAA ) . It forms part of the National Airports System . Halifax Stanfield is the 8th busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic . It handled a total of 4,316,079 passengers in 2018 and 84,045 aircraft movements in 2017 . It is a hub for Air Canada Express , Cougar Helicopters , Maritime Air Charter , PAL Airlines and SkyLink Express .'}]}, {'value': 'Halifax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Halifax , officially known as the Halifax Regional Municipality ( HRM ) , is the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia . It had a population of 403,131 in 2016 , with 316,701 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour . The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996 : Halifax , Dartmouth , Bedford , and Halifax County . Halifax is a major economic centre in Atlantic Canada , with a large concentration of government services and private sector companies . Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence , Dalhousie University , Saint Mary 's University , the Halifax Shipyard , various levels of government , and the Port of Halifax . Agriculture , fishing , mining , forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of the municipality ."}]}, {'value': '3,702,705', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_James_Armstrong_Richardson_International_Airport', 'summary': "Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport ( commonly known as Winnipeg International Airport or simply Winnipeg Airport ) ( IATA : YWG , ICAO : CYWG ) is an international airport located in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . It is the seventh busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic , serving 4,484,343 passengers in 2018 , and the 11th busiest airport by aircraft movements . It is a hub for passenger airlines Calm Air , Perimeter Airlines , Flair Airlines , and cargo airline Cargojet . It is also a focus city for WestJet . The airport is co-located with Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg . An important transportation hub for the province of Manitoba , Winnipeg International Airport is the only commercial international airport within the province as the other airports of entry serve domestic flights and general aviation only . The airport is operated by the Winnipeg Airport Authority as part of Transport Canada 's National Airports System and is one of eight Canadian airports that has US Border Pre-clearance facilities . Winnipeg 's distance to other major population centres makes Winnipeg International Airport the primary airport for a large area including parts of neighbouring provinces and territories ( Saskatchewan , Nunavut , etc. ) . Daily non-stop flights are operated from Winnipeg International Airport to destinations across Canada as well as to the United States , Mexico , and the Caribbean . In addition , regularly scheduled flights to numerous small remote communities in Northern Manitoba , Northwestern Ontario , and Nunavut , are also served from the airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '3,778,035', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Bishop_Toronto_City_Airport', 'summary': "Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport ( IATA : YTZ , ICAO : CYTZ ) is a regional airport located on the Toronto Islands in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The airport is often referred to as Toronto Island Airport and was previously known as Port George VI Island Airport and Toronto City Centre Airport . The airport 's name honours Billy Bishop , the Canadian World War I flying ace and World War II Air Marshal . It is used by civil aviation , air ambulances , and regional airlines using turboprop planes . In 2018 , it was ranked Canada 's ninth-busiest airport , and the sixth-busiest Canadian airport that serves the U.S . Conceived in the 1930s as the main airport for Toronto , the construction of the airport was completed in 1939 by the Toronto Harbour Commission ( THC ) . At the same time , the THC built Malton Airport as an alternate , but nearby Malton ( today Toronto Pearson International Airport ) became Toronto 's main passenger airline hub instead , leaving the island airport for general aviation and military purposes . During the 1940s and 1950s , several political leaders proposed an expansion of the island airport to enable scheduled passenger airlines and reduce the annual operating costs . Malton was sold in 1962 to the Government of Canada in exchange for an expansion and improvements to the island airport . After the expansion , civil flights increased to a peak of over 200,000 annual flights in the 1960s . Although regional airlines were introduced in the 1970s , the annual number of flights went into decline and closure was discussed . In 1983 , a 50-year tripartite agreement between the Government of Canada , the City of Toronto government and the Harbour Commission , which limited noise and banned jet use for scheduled airlines , allowed airport operations to continue ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area', 'summary': 'The Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) is the most populous metropolitan area in Canada . It consists of the central city , Toronto , along with 25 surrounding suburbs , distributed among four regional municipalities : Durham , Halton , Peel , and York . The southwestern periphery of the Greater Toronto Area begins in Burlington , and extends along Lake Ontario past Downtown Toronto to Clarington , the eastern end . The northern periphery is made up of several municipalities , although Brock is the northernmost . The Greater Toronto Area combined with the city of Hamilton , located west of Halton Region , forms the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) . The Greater Toronto Area anchors a much larger urban agglomeration known as the Golden Horseshoe . According to the 2016 census , the Greater Toronto Area has a population of 6,417,516 .'}]}, {'value': '2,500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_International_Airport', 'summary': "Victoria International Airport ( IATA : YYJ , ICAO : CYYJ ) serves Victoria , British Columbia , Canada . It is 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) north northwest of Victoria on the Saanich Peninsula , with the bulk of the airport ( including the passenger terminal ) in North Saanich , and a small portion of the airfield extending into Sidney . The airport is run by the Victoria Airport Authority . YYJ has many nonstop daily flights to Vancouver International Airport ( YVR , about 15 minutes ) , which is a major airport serving many global routes . Additionally , Victoria International has nonstop service to Seattle ( SEA ) , Toronto ( YYZ ) , Montreal ( YUL , summer only ) , Calgary ( YYC ) , Edmonton ( YEG ) , and several smaller cities in British Columbia and Yukon . The airport also has seasonal ( late fall to early spring ) nonstop service to several Mexican resort destinations . Non-stop service between Victoria and the United States will decrease by 50% beginning in September 2019 when Delta Airlines permanently ends its three daily flights , after which only Alaska Airlines will fly the Victoria - Seattle route . Victoria International Airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with no more than 450 passengers , when unloaded from the aircraft in stages , or 120 normally . YYJ does not have United States customs and border preclearance , however many passengers fly first to Vancouver International Airport ( YVR ) , which does have U.S. preclearance . In 2018 , YYJ served 2,048,627 passengers and had 120,936 aircraft movements , making it Canada 's 11th busiest airport in terms of passengers . It was British Columbia 's third busiest airport in terms of passengers and aircraft movements ."}]}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Victoria ( Saanich : METULIYE mətúliyə ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia , located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada 's Pacific coast . The city has a population of 85,792 , and the Greater Victoria Area has a population of 367,770 . Victoria is the 7th most densely populated city in Canada with 4,405.8 people per square kilometre , which is a greater population density than Toronto . Victoria is the southernmost major city in Western Canada , and is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from British Columbia 's largest city of Vancouver on the mainland . The city is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from Seattle by airplane , ferry , or the Victoria Clipper passenger-only ferry which operates daily , year round between Seattle and Victoria , and 40 km ( 25 mi ) from Port Angeles , Washington , by ferry Coho across the Strait of Juan de Fuca . Named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and , at the time , British North America , Victoria is one of the oldest cities in the Pacific Northwest , with British settlement beginning in 1843 . The city has retained a large number of its historic buildings , in particular its two most famous landmarks , Parliament Buildings ( finished in 1897 and home of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia ) and the Empress hotel ( opened in 1908 ) . The city 's Chinatown is the second oldest in North America after San Francisco 's . The region 's Coast Salish First Nations peoples established communities in the area long before non-native settlement , possibly several thousand years earlier , which had large populations at the time of European exploration . Known as The Garden City , Victoria is an attractive city and a popular tourism destination with a regional technology sector that has risen to be its largest revenue-generating private industry . Victoria is in the top twenty of world cities for quality-of-life , according to Numbeo . The city has a large non-local student population [ citation needed ] , who come to attend the Victoria College of Art , the Canadian College of Performing Arts , and high school programs run by the region 's three school districts ."}]}, {'value': '1,710,825', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelowna International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelowna_International_Airport', 'summary': "Kelowna International Airport ( IATA : YLW , ICAO : CYLW ) is a Canadian airport located approximately 10 minutes or 6.2 nautical miles ( 11.5 km ; 7.1 mi ) northeast of Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada , on Highway 97 . The single runway airport operates scheduled air service to Vancouver , Toronto , Calgary , Edmonton , Victoria , and Seattle , as well as less frequent seasonal service to Cancún , Puerto Vallarta , Los Cabos , and Phoenix . Currently , the airport handles up to 38 commercial departures a day , or approximately 266 departures per week . Three major airlines serve the airport ; Air Canada , Alaska Airlines , and WestJet . In 2018 , YLW overtook Victoria International Airport to become Canada 's 10th busiest airport by passenger traffic with 2,080,372 , representing a 9.9% increase over 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kelowna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelowna', 'summary': "Kelowna ( /kəˈloʊnə/ ) is a city on Okanagan Lake in the Okanagan Valley in the southern interior of British Columbia , Canada . It serves as the head office of the Regional District of the Central Okanagan . The name Kelowna derives from an Okanagan language term for grizzly bear . The Kelowna metropolitan area has a population of 217,214 ; the third-largest metropolitan area in the province , behind only Vancouver and Victoria . Additionally , the City of Kelowna is the seventh-largest city in the province . It ranks as the 22nd-largest in Canada and is the largest inland city in British Columbia . Kelowna 's city proper contains 211.82 square kilometres ( 81.78 sq mi ) , and the census metropolitan area contains 2,904.86 square kilometres ( 1,121.57 sq mi ) . In 2019 , it was estimated that Kelowna 's population had grown to 217,229 the metropolitan area and 142,146 in the city proper . Nearby communities include the City of West Kelowna ( also referred to as Westbank , Westside ) to the west across Okanagan Lake , Lake Country and Vernon to the north , and Peachland to the southwest , and further to the south , Summerland and Penticton ."}]}, {'value': '1,593,606', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Québec_City_Jean_Lesage_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport , also known as Jean Lesage International Airport ( French : Aéroport international Jean-Lesage de Québec , or Aéroport de Québec ) ( IATA : YQB , ICAO : CYQB ) is the primary airport serving the Canadian city of Québec . Located 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ; 6.9 mi ) west southwest of the city , it is the eleventh-busiest airport in Canada , with 1,670,880 passengers and 121,680 aircraft movements in 2017 . More than 10 airlines offer 360 weekly flights to destinations across Canada , the United States , Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean and Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Quebec City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec_City', 'summary': "Quebec City ( /kwɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) or /kəˈbɛk/ ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ; French : Ville de Québec , Western Abnaki : Kephek ) , officially Québec , is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec . As of July 2016 the city has a population of 531,902 , and the metropolitan area had a population of 800,296 . It is the eleventh largest city and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Canada . The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec , an Algonquin [ note 1 ] word meaning where the river narrows , because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant . Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement here in 1608 , and adopted the Algonquin name . Quebec City is one of the oldest European cities in North America . The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec ( Vieux-Québec ) are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico . This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the Historic District of Old Québec . The city 's landmarks include the Château Frontenac hotel that dominates the skyline and the Citadelle of Quebec , an intact fortress that forms the centrepiece of the ramparts surrounding the old city and includes a secondary royal residence . The National Assembly of Quebec ( provincial legislature ) , the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec ( National Museum of Fine Arts of Quebec ) , and the Musée de la civilisation ( Museum of Civilization ) are found within or near Vieux-Québec ."}]}, {'value': '1,584,713', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's International Airport", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_International_Airport", 'summary': "St. John 's International Airport ( IATA : YYT , ICAO : CYYT ) is in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . It is an international airport located at the northern limits of St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador that serves the St. John 's metropolitan area and the Avalon Peninsula . The airport is part of the National Airports System , and is operated by St. John 's International Airport Authority Inc . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with no more than 165 passengers . However , they can handle up to 450 if the aircraft is unloaded in stages ."}]}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city , excluding Greenland . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest cities in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of 1 July 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': '1,536,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saskatoon_John_G._Diefenbaker_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport ( IATA : YXE , ICAO : CYXE ) is an international airport located 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) northwest of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada . The airport is served by passenger , courier and air freight operators . It is named for John Diefenbaker , the 13th Prime Minister of Canada . The airport has nine passenger bridges , three ground loading positions , 32 check-in points and a customs/immigration arrivals area . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with no more than 200 passengers . However , they can handle up to 300 if the aircraft is unloaded in stages . In 2017 , the airport saw a total of 1.46 million passengers pass through , which was an increase of 0.6% over the previous year .'}]}, {'value': 'Saskatoon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saskatoon', 'summary': "Saskatoon ( /ˌsæskəˈtuːn/ ) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . It straddles a bend in the South Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province . It is located along the Trans-Canada Yellowhead Highway , and has served as the cultural and economic hub of central Saskatchewan since its founding in 1882 as a Temperance colony . With a 2016 census population of 246,376 , Saskatoon is the largest city in the province , and the 17th largest Census Metropolitan Area in Canada , with a 2016 census population of 295,095 . The City of Saskatoon has estimated its population to be 278,500 as of July 2018 , while Statistics Canada has estimated the CMA 's population to be 323,809 as of 2017 . Saskatoon is home to the University of Saskatchewan , the Meewasin Valley Authority which protects the South Saskatchewan River and provides for the city 's popular riverbank park spaces , and Wanuskewin Heritage Park , a National Historic Site of Canada and UNESCO World Heritage applicant representing 6,000 years of First Nations history . The Rural Municipality of Corman Park No . 344 , the most populous rural municipality in Saskatchewan , surrounds the city and contains many of the developments associated with it , including Wanuskewin . Saskatoon is named after the saskatoon berry which is native to the region , and is itself derived from the Cree misâskwatômina . The city has a significant Indigenous population and several urban Reserves . The city has nine river crossings and is nicknamed Paris of the Prairies and Bridge City . Historic neighbourhoods of Saskatoon include Nutana and Riversdale , which were separate towns before amalgamating with the town of Saskatoon and incorporating as a city in 1906 ."}]}, {'value': '1,443,446', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regina International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regina_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Regina International Airport ( IATA : YQR , ICAO : CYQR ) is an international airport located in Regina , Saskatchewan , Canada , located 2 nautical miles ( 3.7 km ; 2.3 mi ) south-west and 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) west south-west of the city centre . It is run by the Regina Airport Authority . It was , in 2010 , the second busiest Nav Canada airport in Saskatchewan ( Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker being the busiest ) . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with no more than 120 passengers . However , they can handle up to 250 if the aircraft is unloaded in stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Regina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Regina ( /rɪˈdʒaɪnə/ ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . The city is the second-largest in the province , after Saskatoon , and a cultural and commercial centre for southern Saskatchewan . As of the 2016 census , Regina had a city population of 215,106 , and a Metropolitan Area population of 236,481 . It is governed by Regina City Council . The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Sherwood No . 159 . Regina was previously the seat of government of the North-West Territories , of which the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta originally formed part , and of the District of Assiniboia . The site was previously called Wascana ( Buffalo Bones in Cree ) , but was renamed to Regina ( Latin for Queen ) in 1882 in honour of Queen Victoria . This decision was made by Queen Victoria 's daughter Princess Louise , who was the wife of the Governor General of Canada , the Marquess of Lorne . Unlike other planned cities in the Canadian West , on its treeless flat plain Regina has few topographical features other than the small spring run-off , Wascana Creek . Early planners took advantage of such opportunity by damming the creek to create a decorative lake to the south of the central business district with a dam a block and a half west of the later elaborate 260-metre ( 850 ft ) long Albert Street Bridge across the new lake . Regina 's importance was further secured when the new province of Saskatchewan designated the city its capital in 1906 ."}]}, {'value': '1,255,957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.5%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort McMurray International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_McMurray_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Fort McMurray International Airport ( IATA : YMM , ICAO : CYMM ) is located 7 nautical miles ( 13 km ; 8.1 mi ) southeast of Fort McMurray , Alberta , Canada . YMM is the largest airport in northern Alberta . It has daily flights to Edmonton , Calgary , Fort Chipewyan and Toronto through airlines Air Canada , WestJet , McMurray Aviation and Northwestern Air . Sunwing airline used to fly to seasonal vacation destinations in Mexico 2012-2015 . The airport is managed by the Fort McMurray Airport Authority , a community-based not-for-profit organization that has operated YMM since 2010 . The airport has seen a significant rise in passengers over the last ten years due to the intense development of the Athabasca oil sands . Flights are frequently booked to capacity because of the high transient worker population and people unwilling to drive on Alberta Highway 63 . In 2014 , YMM served 1,308,416 passengers , ranking it as the 15th busiest airport in Canada . As a result , a new $ 258 million airport terminal facility opened in 2014 that can accommodate 1.5 million passengers per year . Following the opening of the new terminal , passenger numbers took a nosedive , declining every year to just 639,923 in 2018 , ranking it the 20th busiest airport in Canada . Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) established permanent service at the airport in 2013 . As of 2018 there are no international flights and no CBSA agents at the airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Wood Buffalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Wood_Buffalo', 'summary': 'The Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo ( sometimes RMWB ) is a specialized municipality located in northeastern Alberta . Formed as a result of the amalgamation of the City of Fort McMurray and Improvement District No . 143 on April 1 , 1995 , it is the second largest municipality in Alberta by area . It is home to vast oil sand deposits , also known as the Athabasca oil sands , helping to make the region one of the fastest growing industrial areas in Canada . Until the Alberta electoral boundary re-distribution of 2004 , the municipality was divided between the provincial electoral districts of Fort McMurray ( the community itself ) and Athabasca-Wabasca ( the surrounding area ) . The re-distribution amalgamated the municipality into a single electoral district covering the entire municipality . As a result , the new Wood Buffalo electoral district became the most populous such district in Alberta . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '1,099,663', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thunder Bay International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thunder_Bay_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Thunder Bay International Airport , ( IATA : YQT , ICAO : CYQT ) , is an airport in the city of Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada . With 108,130 aircraft movements in 2012 , it was the fourth busiest airport in Ontario and the 16th busiest airport in Canada . During the same year , more than 761,000 passengers went through the airport . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with up to 40 passengers .'}]}, {'value': 'Thunder Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thunder_Bay', 'summary': "Thunder Bay is a city in , and the seat of , Thunder Bay District , Ontario , Canada . It is the most populous municipality in Northwestern Ontario with a population of 107,909 as of the Canada 2016 Census , and the second most populous in Northern Ontario after Greater Sudbury . Located on Lake Superior , the census metropolitan area of Thunder Bay has a population of 121,621 , and consists of the city of Thunder Bay , the municipalities of Oliver Paipoonge and Neebing , the townships of Shuniah , Conmee , O'Connor , and Gillies , and the Fort William First Nation . European settlement in the region began in the late 17th century with a French fur trading outpost on the banks of the Kaministiquia River . It grew into an important transportation hub with its port forming an important link in the shipping of grain and other products from western Canada , through the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the east coast . Forestry and manufacturing played important roles in the city 's economy . They have declined in recent years , but have been replaced by a knowledge economy based on medical research and education . Thunder Bay is the site of the Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute . The city takes its name from the immense Thunder Bay at the head of Lake Superior , known on 18th-century French maps as Baie du Tonnerre ( Bay of Thunder ) . The city is often referred to as the Lakehead , or Canadian Lakehead , because of its location at the end of Great Lakes navigation on the Canadian side of the border ."}]}, {'value': '772,519', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Moncton International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Moncton_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport , ( GMIA , French : Aéroport international Roméo-LeBlanc du Grand Moncton ) or Moncton/Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport ( IATA : YQM , ICAO : CYQM ) is located in the city of Dieppe 4 nautical miles ( 7.4 km ; 4.6 mi ) east northeast of downtown Moncton , New Brunswick , Canada . Originally named Greater Moncton International Airport , the airport was renamed in 2016 , in honour of former Governor General Roméo LeBlanc . The GMIA handled 665,630 passengers and 111,887 aircraft movements in 2017 . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport currently can handle aircraft with up to 300 passengers . Nevertheless , planes as large as the 580 passenger Boeing 747 have been handled . GMIA is home to the Moncton Flight College , the largest flight college in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Moncton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moncton', 'summary': "Moncton ( /ˈmʌŋktən/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔŋktœn ] ) is one of three major urban centres in the Canadian province of New Brunswick , along with Saint John and the capital city of Fredericton . Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley , Moncton lies at the geographic centre of the Maritime Provinces . The city has earned the nickname Hub City due to its central inland location in the region and its history as a railway and land transportation hub for the Maritimes . The city proper has a population of 71,889 ( 2016 ) and a land area of 142 km2 ( 55 sq mi ) . Greater Moncton has a population of 144,810 ( 2016 ) , making it the largest city and census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in New Brunswick , and the second-largest city and CMA in the Maritime Provinces . The CMA includes the neighbouring city of Dieppe and the town of Riverview , as well as adjacent suburban areas in Westmorland and Albert counties . Although the Moncton area was first settled in 1733 , Moncton was officially founded in 1766 with the arrival of Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants from Philadelphia . Initially an agricultural settlement , Moncton was not incorporated until 1855 . The city was named for Lt. Col. Robert Monckton , the British officer who had captured nearby Fort Beauséjour a century earlier . A significant wooden shipbuilding industry had developed in the community by the mid-1840s , allowing for the civic incorporation in 1855 . However , the shipbuilding economy collapsed in the 1860s , causing the town to lose its civic charter in 1862 . Moncton regained its charter in 1875 after the community 's economy rebounded , mainly due to a growing railway industry ."}]}, {'value': '644,275', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_International_Airport_(Ontario)', 'summary': 'London International Airport ( IATA : YXU , ICAO : CYXU ) is located 5 nautical miles ( 9.3 km ; 5.8 mi ) northeast of the city of London , Ontario , Canada . In 2018 , the airport handled 514,685 passengers , and , in 2011 , was the 20th busiest in Canada in terms of aircraft movements , with 94,747 . Air Canada Express , Swoop , WestJet and WestJet Encore serve London International Airport . It also provides services for cargo airlines . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with no more than 180 passengers ; however , they can handle up to 450 if the aircraft is unloaded in stages .'}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London,_Ontario', 'summary': "London is a city in southwestern Ontario , Canada , along the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor . The city had a population of 383,822 according to the 2016 Canadian census . London is at the confluence of the Thames River , approximately 200 km ( 120 mi ) from both Toronto and Detroit ; and about 230 km ( 140 mi ) from Buffalo , New York . The city of London is a separated municipality , politically separate from Middlesex County , though it remains the county seat . London and the Thames were named in 1793 by John Graves Simcoe , who proposed the site for the capital city of Upper Canada . The first European settlement was between 1801 and 1804 by Peter Hagerman . The village was founded in 1826 and incorporated in 1855 . Since then , London has grown to be the largest southwestern Ontario municipality and Canada 's 11th largest metropolitan area , having annexed many of the smaller communities that surrounded it . London is a regional centre of healthcare and education , being home to the University of Western Ontario ( which brands itself Western University ) , Fanshawe College , and several hospitals ( including a University Hospital ) . The city hosts a number of musical and artistic exhibits and festivals , which contribute to its tourism industry , but its economic activity is centred on education , medical research , insurance , and information technology . London 's university and hospitals are among its top ten employers . London lies at the junction of Highway 401 and 402 , connecting it to Toronto , Windsor and Sarnia ."}]}, {'value': '481,943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince George Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_George_Airport', 'summary': 'Prince George Airport ( IATA : YXS , ICAO : CYXS ) is an airport that serves Prince George , British Columbia , Canada , and the surrounding area . It is located just within the southern boundary of the city , 2.8 nautical miles ( 5.2 km ; 3.2 mi ) southeast , and is run by the Prince George Airport Authority . In 2019 , 496,714 passengers used Prince George Airport . The airport offers multiple flights every business day between Prince George and Vancouver serviced by Air Canada via its Air Canada Express affiliate , WestJet and its affiliate WestJet Encore , and Central Mountain Air ( CMA ) . CMA and Northern Thunderbird Air also have scheduled and charter services to many points in northern and central British Columbia as well as Edmonton , Alberta . WestJet flies a weekly non-stop flight to Puerto Vallarta , Mexico from November through to April . In January 2015 , Pacific Coastal Airlines set up shop at Prince George offering two non-stop flights a day to Victoria , BC . Air Canada Express and WestJet Encore both operate Bombardier Q400 turboprop into the airport while WestJet operates Boeing 737 jet liners . In February 2015 , Prince George hosted the 2015 Canada Winter Games . Approximately 15,000 people came to the city by air for the games . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . The airport can handle aircraft with up to 30 passengers or 120 if they are unloaded in stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Prince George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Prince George is the largest city in northern British Columbia , Canada , with a population of 86,622 in the metropolitan area . It is often called the province 's Northern Capital or sometimes the Spruce Capital because it is the hub city for Northern BC . It is situated at the confluence of the Fraser and Nechako rivers , and at the crossroads of Highway 16 and Highway 97 ."}]}, {'value': '470,849', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.6%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "2015 -- Canada 's 20 busiest airports by passenger traffic", 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Canada_6', 'intro': "The following is a list of the busiest airports in Canada. The airports are ranked by passenger traffic and aircraft movements. For each airport, the lists cite the city served by the airport as designated by Transport Canada, not necessarily the municipality where the airport is physically located. Since 2010, Toronto-Pearson and Vancouver International have been the two busiest airports by both passengers served and aircraft movements. Toronto-Pearson's location within the most populous metropolitan region of Canada solidifies its top spot amongst all of Canada's airports, serving more passengers and having more aircraft movements than the top two other airports combined. Given its advantageous position on the west coast of Canada, Vancouver International has long served as Canada's hub for flights bound for Asia and Oceania."}
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What is the IATA for the airport in the urban agglomeration known as the Golden Horseshoe ?
YYZ
0889d9130f154aa9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup_qualification', 'title': 'Rugby World Cup qualification', 'header': ['Tournament', 'Automatically qualified', 'Qualified via competition', 'Eliminated in repechage'], 'data': [{'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Rugby_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1987 Rugby World Cup was the first Rugby World Cup . New Zealand and Australia agreed to co-host the tournament . New Zealand hosted 20 matches - 17 pool stage matches , two quarter-finals and the final - while Australia hosted 12 matches - seven pool matches , two quarter-finals and both semi-finals . The event was won by co-hosts New Zealand , who were the strong favourites and won all their matches comfortably . France were losing finalists , and Wales surprise third-place winners : Australia , having been second favourites , finished fourth after conceding crucial tries in the dying seconds of both the semi-final against France and the third-place play-off against Wales . Sixteen teams competed in the inaugural tournament . Seven of the 16 places were automatically filled by the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) members - New Zealand , Australia , England , Scotland , Ireland , Wales and France . South Africa was unable to compete because of the international sporting boycott due to apartheid . There was no qualification process to fill the remaining nine spots . Instead invitations were sent out to Argentina , Fiji , Italy , Canada , Romania , Tonga , Japan , Zimbabwe and the United States . This left Western Samoa controversially excluded , despite their better playing standard than some of the teams invited . The USSR were to be invited but they declined the invitation on political grounds , allegedly due to the continued IRFB membership of South Africa .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia New Zealand Fiji Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Asia_and_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'In qualification for the 1991 Rugby World Cup , Asia and Oceania were combined . The qualifying round-robin tournament was played in Japan in April 1990 . The top two teams ( Western Samoa and Japan ) qualified for the finals and were allocated to Pool 3 and Pool 2 , respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia Fiji New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Samoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'For the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa , the Oceania teams from Australia , New Zealand and Western Samoa were granted automatic entry due to reaching the quarter-final stages of the 1991 tournament . Oceania was granted one further qualifying place , which was decided by a simple home and away play-off between Fiji and Tonga in 1993 . Each team lost their home match , but Tonga won the play-off on aggregate score .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia Western Samoa New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'For the 1999 Rugby World Cup qualifiers , the Oceanian Federation was allocated three places in the final tournament and one place in the repechage . Seven teams played in the Oceania qualifiers that were held over three stages from 1996 to 1998 . Australia , Fiji and Western Samoa were the top three sides and secured their places as Oceania 1 , Oceania 2 and Oceania 3 , respectively , for RWC 99 . Tonga qualified for the repechage tournament .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia Fiji Samoa Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'In qualification for the 2003 Rugby World Cup , a number of positions were available to Oceania nations . Fiji , Samoa and the Tonga would eventually qualify , joining automatic qualifiers Australia and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Fiji Samoa Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'In qualification for the 2007 Rugby World Cup , there were two places available for Oceania teams , and one place in the repechage . In the group rounds , there were three points awarded for a win , two for a draw , and one for a loss . There were no bonus points awarded .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Fiji Samoa Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'There was one qualifier for Rugby World Cup 2011 from the Oceania region . The qualifying process began with the 2009 Oceania Nations Cup , with the winner going on to play Samoa . The first stage was the four team Oceania Nations Cup . The Cup was played as a straight knock-out . The winner then advanced to the final qualifier against Samoa , a two legged playoff to decide the Oceania Qualifier who faced South Africa , Wales , Fiji , and the African qualifier ( Namibia ) in Pool D Oceania was the only region not to send a team to the 20th place playoff .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia Fiji New Zealand Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Samoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'The Federation of Oceania Rugby Unions ( FORU ) section of the 2015 Rugby World Cup qualification involved five teams competing for one spot in the final tournament in England .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia New Zealand Samoa Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Fiji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': "Qualifying for the 2019 Rugby World Cup for Oceania Rugby began in June 2016 , where across 2 years , 3 teams competed for two direct qualification spots from Oceania . Two places were available to Oceania in a cross-regional play-off series ' to qualify for the World Cup and or advance through the Repechage . Two teams from the Oceania region , New Zealand and Australia , qualified automatically for the 2019 World Cup by finishing in the top 12 in the 2015 World Cup . Fiji and Tonga qualified by finishing first and second ( on aggregate ) in the 2016 and 2017 Pacific Nations Cup competitions . Samoa advanced to the cross regional play-off where they would play a team from Europe for a place in the World Cup ; the loser would move to the Repechage . Tahiti won the 2017 Oceania Rugby Cup to advance to the second cross regional play-off , but were disqualified in March 2018 after a World Rugby investigation found they had fielded two ineligible players in their match against the Cook Islands . The Cook Islands were then declared winner of the Oceania Rugby Cup and will advance to the regional playoff to play a team from Asia for a place in the Repechage ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Fiji Samoa Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Cook Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cook_Islands_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Cook Islands is a third tier rugby union playing nation . They began playing international rugby in the early 1971 . Thus far , the Cook Islands have not made an appearance at any of the World Cups .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Qualification by continent -- Oceania', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Rugby_World_Cup_qualification_4', 'intro': 'Rugby World Cup qualification is a process that determines which nations will compete at the Rugby World Cup. Unlike previous tournaments (where eight teams, the quarter-finalists from the preceding World Cup, qualified automatically and twelve places were available through qualification) the 2011 World Cup will be contested by twelve automatic qualifiers / seeds (the teams who finished in the top three of the groups at the 2007 World Cup) and eight qualifiers. The qualification system for the remaining eight places will be region-based with Europe and the Americas allocated two qualifying places, Africa, Asia and Oceania one place each, with the last place determined by a play-off.'}
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In what tournament year was the automatically qualified country one that has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams ?
1991
088bce072b747c33
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_1999_(France)', 'title': 'List of number-one singles of 1999 (France)', 'header': ['Pos', 'Artist', 'Title', 'Sales*'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis Cabrel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Cabrel', 'summary': "Francis Christian Cabrel ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ fʁɑ̃sis kʁistjɑ̃ kabʁɛl ] ; born November 23 , 1953 in Agen , Nouvelle-Aquitaine ) is a French singer-songwriter-composer and guitarist . He has released a number of albums falling mostly within the realm of folk , with occasional forays into blues or country . Several of his songs , such as L'Encre de Tes Yeux , Petite Marie , Je l'Aime à Mourir , and La Corrida , have become enduring favorites in French music . Cabrel is considered one the most influential French musical artists of all time . His first hit song was Petite Marie , in 1974 ; since then he has sold 21 million albums . The song was about the woman who soon became his wife , Mariette , to whom he was still married in 2016 . An unauthorized biography was published in 2015 . Cabrel , who is one of the most private French singers , attempted to have the book suppressed ."}]}, {'value': 'Hors saison', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,711,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Hallyday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday', 'summary': "Jean-Philippe Léo Smet ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑ̃ filip leo smɛt ] ; 15 June 1943 - 6 December 2017 ) , better known by his stage name Johnny Hallyday ( [ ʒɔni alidɛ ] ) , was a French rock and roll and pop singer and actor , credited for having brought rock and roll to France . During a career spanning 57 years , he released 79 albums and sold more than 110 million records worldwide , mainly in the French-speaking world , making him one of the best-selling artists in the world . He won 5 diamond albums , 40 golden albums , 22 platinum albums and 10 Music Victories . He sang an estimated 1,154 songs and performed 540 duets with 187 artists . Credited for his strong voice and his spectacular shows , he sometimes arrived by entering a stadium through the crowd and once by jumping from a helicopter above the Stade de France , where he performed 9 times . Among his 3,257 shows completed in 187 tours , the most memorable were at Parc des Princes in 1993 , at the Stade de France in 1998 , just after France 's win in the 1998 FIFA World Cup , as well as at the Eiffel Tower in 2000 , which had record-breaking ticket sales for a French artist . [ citation needed ] A million spectators gathered to see his performance at the Eiffel Tower , with some 10 million watching on television . Usually working with the best French artists and musicians of his time , he collaborated with Charles Aznavour , Michel Berger and Jean-Jacques Goldman , while his shows were produced by Jean-Claude Camus , considered to be one of the greatest producers in France . Hugely popular in France , he was referred to as simply Johnny and seen as a national monument ( the only singer since Edith Piaf ) and a part of the French cultural legacy . He was a symbol of the Trente Glorieuses when he emerged in 1960 and a familiar figure to four generations . More than 2,500 magazine covers and 190 books were dedicated to him during his lifetime , making him one of the persons most widely covered by the media in France . His death from cancer in 2017 was followed by a popular tribute during which a million people attended the procession and 15 million others watched the ceremony on TV ."}]}, {'value': 'Sang pour sang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sang_pour_sang', 'summary': "Sang pour sang is a 1999 album recorded by French singer Johnny Hallyday . It was released on 13 September 1999 , and achieved huge success in France and Belgium ( Wallonia ) , where it topped the charts and stayed on the charts for respectively two and one years . It provided five top 15 singles in France : Vivre pour le meilleur ( No . 2 ) , Un jour viendra ( No . 6 ) , Sang pour sang ( No . 9 ) , Partie de cartes ( No . 13 ) and Pardon ( No . 9 ) . David Hallyday , Johnny 's son , participated in the composition of all the songs of the album , along with Miossec and Zazie ."}]}, {'value': '1,627,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Notre Dame de Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_(musical)', 'summary': 'Notre-Dame de Paris is a sung-through French musical which debuted on 16 September 1998 in Paris . It is based upon the novel Notre-Dame de Paris ( The Hunchback of Notre-Dame ) by the French novelist Victor Hugo . The music was composed by Riccardo Cocciante ( also known as Richard Cocciante ) and the lyrics are by Luc Plamondon . Since its debut , it has been professionally played in Belgium , Canada , China , France , Italy , Japan , Lebanon , Luxembourg , Poland , Russia , Singapore , South Korea , Spain , Switzerland , Taiwan , Turkey , United Kingdom and United States , and has been translated into eight languages ( English , Spanish , Italian , Russian , Korean , Flemish , Polish , and Kazakh ) . A shorter version in English was performed in 2000 in Las Vegas , Nevada ( United States ) and a full-length London production , also in English , ran for seventeen months . Several songs from the show , such as Vivre , Belle and Le temps des cathédrales , have been released as singles with a huge success in French speaking countries . Notre-Dame de Paris , according to the Guinness Book of Records , had the most successful first year of any musical ever . The score has been recorded at least seven times to date ( 2007 ) : the original French concept album , which featured Israeli singer Achinoam Nini ( aka Noa ) as Esmeralda was followed by a live , complete recording of the original Paris cast . A complete recording of the score in Italian was made , along with a single disc of highlights in Spanish from the Barcelona production . The original London cast album featured several of the original Paris stars , but only preserved a fraction of the score in English .'}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame de Paris', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,119,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mylène Farmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mylène_Farmer', 'summary': 'Mylène Jeanne Gautier ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ milɛn ʒan ɡotje ] ; born 12 September 1961 ) , known professionally as Mylène Farmer , is a French singer , songwriter , occasional actress , writer , and entrepreneur . She was born in Pierrefonds , Quebec , to a French family , and brought up in France . She has sold more than 30 million records in France and is among the most successful recording artists of all-time in France . She holds the record for the most number one hits in the French charts , with twenty to date - eight of which were consecutive . Fifteen of her albums have also reached number one in France .'}]}, {'value': 'Innamoramento', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Innamoramento', 'summary': 'Innamoramento is the fifth studio album by Mylène Farmer , released on 7 April 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '1,007,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manau_(group)', 'summary': "Manau ( pronounced [ mano ] ) is a French hip hop group formed in 1998 , known for their fusing of traditional Celtic melodies with modern hip hop beats . It was initially composed of Martial Tricoche , Cédric Soubiron , and R.V . ( Hervé ) Lardic until R.V . 's departure and replacement by Gregor Gandon . Although the band is currently based in Paris , all of the members can trace their roots back to Brittany . The group 's name comes from the old Gaelic name for the Isle of Man ."}]}, {'value': 'Panique celtique', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,371,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manu Chao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manu_Chao', 'summary': 'Manu Chao ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈmanu ˈtʃao ] ; born José-Manuel Thomas Arthur Chao , June 21 , 1961 ) is a French musician of Spanish descent . He sings in French , Spanish , English , Italian , Arabic , Catalan , Galician , Portuguese , Greek and occasionally in other languages . Chao began his musical career in Paris , busking and playing with groups such as Hot Pants and Los Carayos , which combined a variety of languages and musical styles . With friends and his brother Antoine Chao , he founded the band Mano Negra in 1987 , achieving considerable success , particularly in Europe . He became a solo artist after its breakup in 1995 , and since then tours regularly with his live band , Radio Bemba .'}]}, {'value': 'Clandestino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clandestino', 'summary': "Clandestino is the first full-length solo album by Manu Chao , released in 1998 . The album contains many soundbites throughout , two of which are bits of a speech by Subcomandante Marcos and , like Chao 's subsequent albums , was mostly recorded by the musician himself in various locations around the world , using a small laptop - which is referred to in the liner notes as Estudio Clandestino . The French edition of Rolling Stone magazine named this album the 67th greatest French rock album ( out of 100 ) . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die ."}]}, {'value': '1,848,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emile & Images', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jusqu'au bout de la nuit", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,174,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Céline Dion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Céline_Dion', 'summary': "Céline Marie Claudette Dion CC OQ ( /seɪˌliːn diˈɒn/ , also UK : /- ˈdiːɒn/ , French : [ selin maʁi klodɛt djɔ̃ ] , Quebec French : [ - d͡zjɔ̃ ] ; born 30 March 1968 ) is a Canadian singer . Born into a large family from Charlemagne , Quebec , she emerged as a teen star in her homeland with a series of French-language albums during the 1980s . She first gained international recognition by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest , where she represented Switzerland . After learning to speak English , she signed on to Epic Records in the United States . In 1990 , Dion released her debut English-language album , Unison , establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world . During the 1990s , she achieved worldwide fame after releasing several best-selling English albums , such as Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) , which were both certified diamond in the US . She also scored a series of international number-one hits , including The Power of Love , Think Twice , Because You Loved Me , It 's All Coming Back to Me Now , My Heart Will Go On , and I 'm Your Angel . Dion continued releasing French albums between each English record ; D'eux ( 1995 ) became the best-selling French-language album of all time , while S'il suffisait d'aimer ( 1998 ) , Sans attendre ( 2012 ) , and Encore un soir ( 2016 ) , were all certified diamond in France . During the 2000s , she built her reputation as a highly successful live performer with A New Day . in Las Vegas Strip ( 2003-07 ) , which remains the highest-grossing concert residency of all time , as well as the Taking Chances World Tour ( 2008-09 ) , one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time . Dion 's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R & B to gospel and classical . Her recordings are mainly in French and English , although she also sings in Spanish , Italian , German , Latin , Japanese , and Mandarin Chinese ."}]}, {'value': "S'il suffisait d'aimer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/S'il_suffisait_d'aimer", 'summary': "S'il suffisait d'aimer ( retitled S'il suffisait d'aimer ( If Only Love Could Be Enough ) for the US release ) is a French-language studio album by Canadian singer Celine Dion , released by Columbia Records on 7 September 1998 . The album was mainly written and produced by French singer-songwriter , Jean-Jacques Goldman . It garnered favorable reviews from music critics and became the second best-selling French-language album of all time , after Dion 's own D'eux ( 1995 ) . It includes three hit singles : Zora sourit , S'il suffisait d'aimer and On ne change pas . S'il suffisait d'aimer won the Juno Award for Best Selling Francophone Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '1,492,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Offspring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Offspring', 'summary': "The Offspring is an American rock band from Garden Grove , California , formed in 1984 . Originally formed under the name Manic Subsidal , the band 's current lineup consists of lead vocalist and guitarist Bryan Dexter Holland , bassist Todd Morse , guitarist Kevin Noodles Wasserman and drummer Pete Parada . Over the course of their 36-year career , they have released nine studio albums and experienced lineup changes , most noticeably with their drummers . Their longest-serving drummer was Ron Welty , who replaced original drummer James Lilja in 1987 , and stayed with the band for 16 years ; he was replaced by Atom Willard in 2003 , and then four years later by Parada . Gregory Greg K. Kriesel , one of the co-founders of The Offspring , was their bassist until 2018 when he parted ways due to business disputes with the band , leaving Holland as the sole remaining original member . Kriesel was replaced by Todd Morse of H2O , who had previously worked with The Offspring as their touring guitarist . The Offspring is often credited - alongside fellow California punk bands Green Day , Rancid , Bad Religion , NOFX and Pennywise - for reviving mainstream interest in punk rock in the 1990s . They have sold over 40 million records worldwide , being considered one of the best-selling punk rock bands of all time . The Offspring achieved its first commercial success with their third studio album Smash ( 1994 ) , which has sold over eleven million copies worldwide , setting a record for most albums sold on an independent record label , and was the first album released on Epitaph to obtain gold and platinum status . After switching record labels from Epitaph to Columbia in 1996 , the Offspring continued their commercial success with its next six studio albums : Ixnay on the Hombre ( 1997 ) , Americana ( 1998 ) , Conspiracy of One ( 2000 ) , Splinter ( 2003 ) , Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace ( 2008 ) and Days Go By ( 2012 ) ; the first four were certified platinum , multi-platinum , platinum and gold status by the RIAA respectively . The band is currently in production of their tenth studio album , tentatively due for release in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Americana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Americana_(The_Offspring_album)', 'summary': "Americana is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band the Offspring , released on November 17 , 1998 , by Columbia Records . Following a worldwide tour in support of its previous album Ixnay on the Hombre ( 1997 ) , the band commenced work on a new album in July 1998 . Americana was a major success upon its release , debuting at number six on the US Billboard 200 and selling over 175,000 copies in its first week of sales . It is the band 's second best-selling album after their 1994 breakout Smash , and has sold over ten million copies worldwide . Americana spawned the hit singles Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) , Why Do n't You Get a Job ? , and The Kids Are n't Alright , and was promoted with a worldwide tour and an appearance at the infamous Woodstock 1999 festival . Americana 's one-year gap is the shortest between two Offspring albums to date ."}]}, {'value': '584,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Notre Dame de Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_(musical)', 'summary': 'Notre-Dame de Paris is a sung-through French musical which debuted on 16 September 1998 in Paris . It is based upon the novel Notre-Dame de Paris ( The Hunchback of Notre-Dame ) by the French novelist Victor Hugo . The music was composed by Riccardo Cocciante ( also known as Richard Cocciante ) and the lyrics are by Luc Plamondon . Since its debut , it has been professionally played in Belgium , Canada , China , France , Italy , Japan , Lebanon , Luxembourg , Poland , Russia , Singapore , South Korea , Spain , Switzerland , Taiwan , Turkey , United Kingdom and United States , and has been translated into eight languages ( English , Spanish , Italian , Russian , Korean , Flemish , Polish , and Kazakh ) . A shorter version in English was performed in 2000 in Las Vegas , Nevada ( United States ) and a full-length London production , also in English , ran for seventeen months . Several songs from the show , such as Vivre , Belle and Le temps des cathédrales , have been released as singles with a huge success in French speaking countries . Notre-Dame de Paris , according to the Guinness Book of Records , had the most successful first year of any musical ever . The score has been recorded at least seven times to date ( 2007 ) : the original French concept album , which featured Israeli singer Achinoam Nini ( aka Noa ) as Esmeralda was followed by a live , complete recording of the original Paris cast . A complete recording of the score in Italian was made , along with a single disc of highlights in Spanish from the Barcelona production . The original London cast album featured several of the original Paris stars , but only preserved a fraction of the score in English .'}]}, {'value': "L'intégrale", 'urls': []}, {'value': '864,500', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top Ten Best Sales -- Albums', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_French_number-one_hits_of_1999_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of the French SNEP Top 100 Singles & Top 75 Albums number-ones of 1999.'}
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The musical with over 2 million in sales was composed by which musical artist ?
Riccardo Cocciante
088c45812f7accf2
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of bus transit systems in the United States', 'header': ['System', 'Locale', 'Major city ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bay Town Trolley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_Town_Trolley', 'summary': "The Bay Town Trolley is the primary provider of mass transportation in Bay County , Florida . The system is referred to as a trolley service , because most of the buses in the agency 's fleets are designed in the style of tourist trolleys . In 2009 , the agency expanded from provided weekday-only to Monday-Saturday service all year round . Previously , buses only ran on Saturdays during the peak tourist season ."}]}, {'value': 'Bay County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Bay County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 168,852 ( Estimate of 185,287 as of 1 July 2018 [ update ] ) . Its county seat is Panama City . Bay County is included in the Panama City , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county is best known for its white sand beaches and emerald green water , where large pods of dolphins swim year-round . These beaches attract hundreds of thousands of visitors from all over the world each year .'}]}, {'value': 'Panama City , Panama City Beach , and Lynn Haven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panama_City,_Florida', 'summary': 'Panama City is a city and the county seat of Bay County , Florida , United States . Located along U.S. Route 98 , it is the largest city between Tallahassee and Pensacola . It is the more populated of two principal cities of the Panama City-Lynn Haven , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 36,484 . The city was catastrophically damaged when Hurricane Michael made landfall as a Category 5 hurricane on October 10 , 2018 . When Panama City was incorporated in 1909 , its original city limits were 15th Street ( Hwy 98 ) on the north , Balboa Avenue on the west and Bay Avenue on the east .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Panama_City_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': "Panama City Beach is a resort town in Bay County , Florida , United States , on the Gulf of Mexico coast . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 12,018 . The city is often referred to under the umbrella term of Panama City . Panama City Beach 's slogan is The World 's Most Beautiful Beaches due to the unique , sugar-white sandy beaches of northwest Florida . Panama City Beach has been a popular vacation destination , especially among people in the Southern United States . The city is also a very popular spring break destination , due to the popularity of the beach and its proximity to most of the Southern United States , and relative proximity as a drive destination for the Midwest . The MTV show Floribama Shore was set in the city - Filming took place over the Summer of 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynn_Haven,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lynn Haven is a city in Bay County , Florida , United States , north of Panama City . The population was 18,493 at the 2010 census . Like many communities in Bay County , the city was severely damaged by Category 5 Hurricane Michael on October 10 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Broward County Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broward_County_Transit', 'summary': 'Broward County Transit ( also known as BCT ) is the public transit authority in Broward County , Florida . It is the second-largest transit system in Florida after Miami-Dade Transit . It currently operates the only public bus system in Broward County . Besides serving Broward County , It also serves portions of Palm Beach County and Miami-Dade County , where it overlaps its service with Miami-Dade Transit and Palm Tran .'}]}, {'value': 'Broward County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida', 'summary': "Broward County is a county in southeastern Florida , US . According to a 2018 census report , the county had a population of 1,951,260 , making it the second-most populous county in the state of Florida and the 17th-most populous county in the United States . The county seat is Fort Lauderdale . Broward County is one of the three counties in South Florida that make up the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The county has 31 municipalities , which consist of 24 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas . It is also Florida 's seventh-largest county in terms of land area , with 1,322.8 square miles ( 3,426 km2 ) . Broward County 's urbanized area occupies 427.8 square miles of land . The largest portion of the county is the Conservation Area that extends west to border Collier County . The conservation area is 796.9 square miles and consists of wetlands , much of which are part of the Everglades National Park . At its widest points , the County stretches approximately 50.3 miles east to west and approximately 27.4 miles from north to south , averaging 5 to 25 feet in elevation ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Lauderdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Lauderdale ( /ˈlɔːdərdeɪl/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida , 28 miles ( 45 km ) north of Miami . It is the county seat of Broward County . As of the 2018 [ update ] census , the city has an estimated population of 182,595 . Fort Lauderdale is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The city is a popular tourist destination , with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F ( 24.2 °C ) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year . Greater Fort Lauderdale , encompassing all of Broward County , hosted 13 million overnight visitors in 2018 . There were over 560 hotels , and nearly 36,000 hotel rooms . From that , the county collected nearly $ 87 million from its 5% hotel development tax it charges . Additionally , 3.89 million cruise passengers passed through its Port Everglades , making it the 3rd largest cruise port in the world.Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants , 63 golf courses , 12 shopping malls , 16 museums , 132 nightclubs , 278 parkland campsites , and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts . Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War . The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale ( 1782-1838 ) , younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale . William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort .'}]}, {'value': 'Citrus Connection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Citrus_Connection', 'summary': 'Citrus Connection is the public transit system of Lakeland , Florida , operated by the Lakeland Area Mass Transit District ( LAMTD ) . The system operates a fleet of 33 buses on 14 routes in the Lakeland area , including service provided for Winter Haven Area Transit to the neighboring cities of Auburndale , Winter Haven and Bartow . The system also operates paratransit service with 15 Handy buses . Citrus Connection has operated since 1982 . LAMTD is financed by a property tax and by funding from federal , state and city government . In September 2008 , the Polk Transit Authority was established with a view to the eventual consolidation of the LAMTD and Winter Haven Area Transit , and the extension of transit service throughout Polk County .'}]}, {'value': 'Polk County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Polk County is located in the U.S. state of Florida . The county population was 602,095 , as of the 2010 census . Its county seat is Bartow , and its largest city is Lakeland . Polk County comprises the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area . This MSA is the 87th-most populous metropolitan statistical area and the 89th-most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1 , 2012 . The center of population of Florida is located in Polk County , near the city of Lake Wales . Polk County is home to one public university , one state college , and four private universities . One Fortune 500 company , Publix Super Markets , has headquarters in the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Lakeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lakeland is a city in Polk County , Florida , along Interstate 4 east of Tampa . The westernmost city in Polk County , it is part of the Tampa Bay Area . According to the 2018 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , the city had a population of 110,516 . Lakeland is a principal city of the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area . Native Americans lived in the area from soon after the end of the last ice age until the end of the Second Seminole War . European-American settlers arrived in Lakeland from South Carolina in the 1870s . The city expanded in the 1880s with the arrival of rail service , with the first freedmen railway workers settling here in 1883 . They and European immigrants also came because of new jobs in the large phosphate industry that developed . Lakeland is home to the 1,267-acre Circle B Bar Reserve .'}]}, {'value': 'Collier Area Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collier_Area_Transit', 'summary': 'Collier Area Transit ( CAT ) is the public transportation system in Collier County , Florida . Regular transit bus service and the paratransit system are administered by the Collier County Department of Alternative Transportation Modes . Service is provided to Immokalee , Marco Island , Golden Gate and the City of Naples area , seven days a week from 6 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. depending on the route .'}]}, {'value': 'Collier County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Collier County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 321,520 . Its county seat is East Naples , where the county offices were moved from Everglades City in 1962 . Collier County comprises the Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Cape Coral-Fort Myers-Naples Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Naples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naples,_Florida', 'summary': "Naples is a city in Collier County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 19,539 . Naples is a principal city of the Naples-Marco Island , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a population of about 322,000 as of 2015 . Naples is one of the wealthiest cities in the United States , with the sixth-highest per capita income in the country in 2012 , and the second-highest proportion of millionaires per capita in the US ."}]}, {'value': 'Disney Transport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_Transport', 'summary': "Disney Transport is a mass public transit system of the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista and Bay Lake , Florida . The transportation system provides free service to guests of the resort and consists of buses , a monorail system , a gondola lift system , watercraft , and parking lot trams . Most of the routes operated by Disney Transport are buses that run along the resort 's public roads maintained by the Reedy Creek Improvement District and private roads . None of these modes of transportation charge a fare , which makes the entire network free to use ."}]}, {'value': 'Walt Disney World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walt_Disney_World', 'summary': "In 1959 , Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim , California , which had opened in 1955 . Market surveys at the time revealed that only 5% of Disneyland 's visitors came from east of the Mississippi River , where 75% of the population of the United States lived . Additionally , Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland and wanted more control over a larger area of land in the next project . Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando , Florida - one of many - in November 1963 . After witnessing the well-developed network of roads and taking the planned construction of both Interstate 4 and Florida 's Turnpike into account , with McCoy Air Force Base ( later Orlando International Airport ) to the east , Disney selected a centrally located site near Bay Lake . To avoid a burst of land speculation , Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres ( 48 sq mi ; 123 km2 ) of land . In May 1965 , some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County . In addition , two large tracts totaling $ 1.5 million were sold , and smaller tracts of flatlands and cattle pastures were purchased by exotically named companies such as the Ayefour Corporation , Latin-American Development and Management Corporation and the Reedy Creek Ranch Corporation . Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street , U.S.A. in Magic Kingdom . The smaller parcels of land acquired were called outs . They were five-acre ( 2 ha ) lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company and sold to investors . Most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land , which was mostly swamp at the time ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escambia County Area Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escambia_County_Area_Transit', 'summary': 'Escambia County Area Transit ( ECAT ) is the transit agency that serves the greater Pensacola , Escambia County , Florida area . It is owned by the Escambia County government which began managing the agency in 1971 . ECAT served 1.23 million riders in October 2016 - September 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Escambia County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escambia_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Escambia County is the westernmost and oldest county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population is 297,619 . Its county seat and largest city is Pensacola . Escambia County is included in the Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent , Florida , Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county population has continued to increase as the suburbs of Pensacola have developed .'}]}, {'value': 'Pensacola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida', 'summary': 'Pensacola ( /ˌpɛnsəˈkoʊlə/ ) is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle , and the county seat of Escambia County , Florida . As of 2019 , the population was estimated to be 52,713 . Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola Metropolitan Area , which had an estimated 494,883 residents as of 2018 [ update ] . Pensacola is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the Gulf Coast region , the largest between New Orleans and Tampa . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559 , predating the establishment of St. Augustine by 6 years , although the settlement was abandoned due to a hurricane and not re-established until 1698 . Pensacola is a seaport on Pensacola Bay , which is protected by the barrier island of Santa Rosa and connects to the Gulf of Mexico . A large United States Naval Air Station , the first in the United States , is located southwest of Pensacola near Warrington ; it is the base of the Blue Angels flight demonstration team and the National Naval Aviation Museum . The main campus of the University of West Florida is situated north of the city center . The area was originally inhabited by Muskogean-speaking peoples . The Pensacola people lived there at the time of European contact , and Creek people frequently visited and traded from present-day southern Alabama . Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559 . In 1698 the Spanish established a presidio in the area , from which the modern city gradually developed .'}]}, {'value': 'Hillsborough Area Regional Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillsborough_Area_Regional_Transit', 'summary': 'Hillsborough Area Regional Transit ( also known as the Hillsborough Transit Authority ( HART ) ) provides public transportation for Hillsborough County , Florida . The agency provides fixed-route local and express bus service , door-to-door paratransit service ( HARTplus ) , flex-route neighborhood connector service ( HARTflex ) , a lightened version of Bus Rapid Transit ( MetroRapid ) , and manages the TECO Line Streetcar System .'}]}, {'value': 'Hillsborough County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Hillsborough County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . In the 2010 census , the population was 1,229,226 , making it the fourth-most populous county in Florida and the most populous county outside the Miami metropolitan area . A 2018 estimate has the population of Hillsborough County at 1,436,888 people , which itself is greater than the populations of 12 states according to their 2018 population estimates . Its county seat and largest city is Tampa . Hillsborough County is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Tampa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa,_Florida', 'summary': "Tampa is a major city in , and the county seat of , Hillsborough County , Florida , United States . It is on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay , near the Gulf of Mexico . Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay Area . With a population of 392,890 in 2018 , Tampa is the third-largest city in Florida , after Miami and Jacksonville . The bay 's port is the largest in the state , near downtown 's Channel District . Bayshore Boulevard runs along the bay , and is east of the historic Hyde Park neighborhood . Today , Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . For U.S. Census purposes , Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The four-county area is composed of roughly 3.1 million residents , making it the second largest metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) in the state , and the fourth largest in the Southeastern United States , behind Washington , D.C. ; Miami ; and Atlanta . The Greater Tampa Bay area , has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas . The city had a population of 335,709 at the 2010 census , and an estimated population of 392,890 in 2018 . As of 2018 , Tampa 's annual growth rate is 1.63% ."}]}, {'value': 'I-Ride Trolley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I-Ride_Trolley', 'summary': "International Drive , commonly known as I-Drive , is a major 11.1-mile ( 17.9 km ) thoroughfare in Orlando , Florida , United States , and is the city 's main tourist strip . I-Drive is located several miles southwest of proper Downtown Orlando in the southernmost limits of the city . The International Drive area serves a similar purpose to that of the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas as the core of the tourism area ."}]}, {'value': 'International Drive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Drive', 'summary': "International Drive , commonly known as I-Drive , is a major 11.1-mile ( 17.9 km ) thoroughfare in Orlando , Florida , United States , and is the city 's main tourist strip . I-Drive is located several miles southwest of proper Downtown Orlando in the southernmost limits of the city . The International Drive area serves a similar purpose to that of the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas as the core of the tourism area ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_FL', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacksonville Transportation Authority', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacksonville_Transportation_Authority', 'summary': 'The Jacksonville Transportation Authority ( JTA ) is the independent agency responsible for public transit in the city of Jacksonville , Florida , and roadway infrastructure that connects northeast Florida . However , they do not maintain any roadways .'}]}, {'value': 'Duval County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duval_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Duval County is a county in the State of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 864,263 , with a 2018 estimate at 950,181 , the seventh most populous in Florida . Its county seat is Jacksonville , with which the Duval County government has been consolidated since 1968 . Duval County was established in 1822 , and is named for William Pope Duval , Governor of Florida Territory from 1822 to 1834 . Duval County is included in the Jacksonville , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Jacksonville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida', 'summary': "Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida as well as the southeastern United States , and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . It is the seat of Duval County , with which the city government consolidated in 1968 . Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits . As of 2018 , Jacksonville 's population was estimated to be 903,889 . The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,523,615 and is the fourth largest metropolitan area in Florida . Jacksonville is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River in the First Coast region of northeast Florida , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the Georgia state line and 328 miles ( 528 km ) north of Miami . The Jacksonville Beaches communities are along the adjacent Atlantic coast . The area was originally inhabited by the Timucua people , and in 1564 was the site of the French colony of Fort Caroline , one of the earliest European settlements in what is now the continental United States . Under British rule , a settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed , known as Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford to the British . A platted town was established there in 1822 , a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain ; it was named after Andrew Jackson , the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States . Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port . Its riverine location facilitates Naval Station Mayport , Naval Air Station Jacksonville , the U.S. Marine Corps Blount Island Command , and the Port of Jacksonville , Florida 's third largest seaport ."}]}, {'value': 'LakeXpress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LakeXpress', 'summary': 'LakeXpress is the public transportation agency that serves the Lake County , Florida . The service was instituted in 2007 to relieve traffic congestion along U.S. Route 441 . [ citation needed ] Buses operate Monday through Friday and the bureau is currently in the process of transitioning from a flag stop to a designated stop system . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Lake County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lake County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 297,052 . Its county seat is Tavares , and its largest city is Clermont . Lake County is included in the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Tavares', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tavares,_Florida', 'summary': 'Tavares ( pronounced tuh-vair-ees ) is a city in the central portion of the U.S. state of Florida . It is the county seat of Lake County . The population at the 2010 census was 13,951 , and in 2018 the population was estimated to be 17,472 . It is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area . The name is a popular Portuguese surname and toponym .'}]}, {'value': 'LeeTran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LeeTran', 'summary': 'LeeTran is the transit bus service operated by the Lee County Transit Department , providing service to Bonita Springs , Cape Coral , Fort Myers , Fort Myers Beach and much of the unincorporated area of Lee County , Florida . Buses operate Monday through Saturday between 5:00 a.m. and 9:45 p.m. , depending on the route ; and at various times on Sunday . Trolleys operate Monday through Sunday between 6:30 a.m. and 9:25 p.m .'}]}, {'value': 'Lee County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lee County is located in southwest Florida on the Gulf Coast . As of the 2010 census , the population was 618,754 . The county seat is Fort Myers ( with a 2018 estimated population of 82,254 ) , and the largest city is Cape Coral with an estimated 2018 population of 189,343 . Lee County comprises the Cape Coral-Fort Myers , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area . Lee County was created in 1887 from Monroe County . Today , Fort Myers is the center of a popular tourist area in Southwest Florida and the seat of Lee County . It is about 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Tampa at the meeting point of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caloosahatchee River . Currently , Lee County is the spring home of the Boston Red Sox and Minnesota Twins MLB teams for spring training .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Myers or Ft. Myers , is the county seat and commercial center of Lee County , Florida , United States . It has grown rapidly in recent years . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 62,298 and in 2018 was estimated at 82,254 . Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within Florida . The winter estates of Thomas Edison ( Seminole Lodge ) and Henry Ford ( The Mangoes ) are major attractions . The city is named after Colonel Abraham Myers , the quartermaster general of the Confederate States Army .'}]}, {'value': 'Lynx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lynx_(Orlando)', 'summary': 'Lynx ( stylized as LYNX ) is a bus system run by the Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority , serving the greater Orlando , Florida area in Orange , Seminole , and Osceola counties with limited service to Polk County . Bus routes are referred to as Links . The standard adult one-way fare is $ 2 with free single transfers valid for 90 minutes ( not valid on the same Link or for round trips ) . LYNX runs the zero-fare LYMMO Bus in Downtown Orlando , connecting many downtown destinations to parking and the LYNX Central Station by controlling traffic signals on a three-mile route along a fully separate right-of-way or a combination of separate right-of-way and mixed traffic . All LYNX buses , except the Lymmo , have bike racks ( 2 - 3 bike capacity ) for use at no extra charge . Other LYNX services include a commuter assistance Vanpool program ; Access LYNX paratransit service ; NeighborLink ( formerly PickUpLine ) community circulators ; and the Road Rangers roadside assistance program on Interstate 4 between Kissimmee and Daytona Beach , sponsored by State Farm . Bus stop signs were designed with a lynx paw in place of the traditional bus stop signs , which show a bus ; although newer signs have been placed , adding the paw to the traditional sign . Also , the route numbers are usually attached to the bus stop signs . The budget for fiscal year 2019 , which runs from October 2018 through September 2019 is $ 142,371,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Orange , Osceola , and Seminole Counties , with extensions into Lake and Polk Counties', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida', 'summary': "Orange County is a county in the state of Florida , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,145,956 , making it Florida 's fifth-most populous county . The county seat is Orlando . Orange County is the central county of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Osceola_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Osceola County ( /ɒsiˈoʊlə/ , o-si-OH-lə ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 268,685 . Its county seat is Kissimmee . Osceola County is included in the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , Fla. Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seminole_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Seminole County ( /ˈsɛmɪnoʊl/ , SEM-i-nohl ) is a county in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 422,718 . Its county seat and largest city is Sanford . Seminole County is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , Florida Metropolitan Statisticial Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_County,_FL', 'summary': 'Lake County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 297,052 . Its county seat is Tavares , and its largest city is Clermont . Lake County is included in the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Polk_County,_FL', 'summary': 'Polk County is located in the U.S. state of Florida . The county population was 602,095 , as of the 2010 census . Its county seat is Bartow , and its largest city is Lakeland . Polk County comprises the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area . This MSA is the 87th-most populous metropolitan statistical area and the 89th-most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1 , 2012 . The center of population of Florida is located in Polk County , near the city of Lake Wales . Polk County is home to one public university , one state college , and four private universities . One Fortune 500 company , Publix Super Markets , has headquarters in the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Orlando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Manatee County Area Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manatee_County_Area_Transit', 'summary': 'Manatee County Area Transit ( MCAT ) provides public transportation for Manatee County , Florida and is operated by the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Manatee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manatee_County,_Florida', 'summary': "Manatee County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 US Census , the population was 322,833 . Manatee County is part of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton Metropolitan Statistical Area . Its county seat and largest city is Bradenton . The county was created in 1855 and named for the Florida manatee , Florida 's official marine mammal . Features of Manatee County include access to the southern part of the Tampa Bay estuary , the Sunshine Skyway Bridge , and the Manatee River . Manatee County ranks 15th among Florida counties in population ."}]}, {'value': 'Bradenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradenton,_Florida', 'summary': "Bradenton ( /ˈbreɪdəntən/ BRAY-dən-tən ) is a city in Manatee County , Florida , United States . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's 2018 population to be 57,644 . Bradenton is a principal city of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton metropolitan statistical area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 821,573 . It is the county seat ."}]}, {'value': 'Metrobus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami-Dade_Transit', 'summary': "Miami-Dade Transit ( MDT ) is the primary public transit authority of Miami , Florida , United States and the greater Miami-Dade County area . It is the largest transit system in Florida and the 15th-largest transit system in the United States . Ridership dropped 27% from 2010 to 2018 . From 2014 to 2018 , each year there were less riders than the prior year . MDT operates the rapid transit Metrorail , the Downtown Metromover people mover , Metrobus , and paratransit STS systems . Metrorail is composed of two rail lines ( Green and Orange lines ) with 23 stations radiating from the city center towards outlying neighborhoods north and south of Downtown . Metromover operates throughout the Downtown and Brickell neighborhoods , and is composed of three rail loops and 22 stations . Metrobus operates over 93 routes , including the South Dade Transitway . MDT 's main transit stations are Government Center in Downtown , and the Miami Intermodal Center in Grapeland Heights , near Miami International Airport . As of 2011 , MDT has a daily passenger ridership of 336,067 , and accounts for over 15% of Miamians ' daily transportation . MDT has seen growing passenger ridership since 1998 , with ridership increasing 79% since then . The opening of the new Metrorail Orange Line in April 2012 is expected to significantly increase usage of the system ."}]}, {'value': 'Miami-Dade County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida', 'summary': "Miami-Dade County is a county in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Florida . According to a 2018 census report , the county had a population of 2,761,581 , making it the most populous county in Florida and the seventh-most populous county in the United States . It is also Florida 's third largest county in terms of land area , with 1,946 square miles ( 5,040 km2 ) . The county seat is Miami , the principal city in South Florida . Miami-Dade County is one of the three counties in South Florida that make up the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The county is home to 34 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas . The northern , central and eastern portions of the county are heavily urbanized with many high-rise buildings along the coastline , including South Florida 's central business district , Downtown Miami . Southern Miami-Dade County includes the Redland and Homestead areas , which make up the agricultural economy of the region . Agricultural Redland makes up roughly one third of Miami-Dade County 's inhabited land area , and is sparsely populated , a stark contrast to the densely populated , urban northern portion of the county . The county also includes portions of two national parks . To the west it extends into the Everglades National Park and is populated only by a Miccosukee tribal village . East of the mainland , in Biscayne Bay , is Biscayne National Park and the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserves ."}]}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami', 'summary': 'Miami , officially the City of Miami , is the seat of Miami-Dade County , and the cultural , economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States . The city covers an area of about 56 square miles ( 150 km2 ) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east . Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914 . The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people , the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation . The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises , 55 of which exceed 490 ft ( 149 m ) . Miami is a major center and leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States , with a GDP of $ 344.9 billion as of 2017 . In 2018 , Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC . In 2019 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities , the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality . Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States , and is home to many large national and international companies .'}]}, {'value': 'Palm Tran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palm_Tran', 'summary': 'Palm Tran is the public transit bus system run by the Palm Beach County Government , serving Palm Beach County , Florida . During fiscal year 2015 , Palm Tran provided 10,773,132 one-way passenger trips and 889,056 paratransit trips to Palm Beach County . Palm Tran also serves a portion of Broward County , Florida where it overlaps with Broward County Transit . Palm Tran has four main facilities ( North Campus in West Palm Beach , South Campus in Delray Beach , Palm Tran Connection/Military Trail and the Belle Glade Facility ) with its main headquarters in West Palm Beach on Electronics Way . The current Executive Director is Clinton B. Forbes .'}]}, {'value': 'Palm Beach County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida', 'summary': "Palm Beach County is a county in the state of Florida that is directly north of Broward County . According to a 2018 census report , the county had a population of 1,485,941 , making it the third-most populous county in the state of Florida and the 25th-most populous county in the United States . The largest city and county seat is West Palm Beach . Named after one of its oldest settlements , Palm Beach , the county was established in 1909 , after being split from Dade County . The county 's modern-day boundaries were established in 1963 . Palm Beach County is one of the three counties in South Florida that make up the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The area had been increasing in population since the late 19th century , with the incorporation of West Palm Beach in 1894 and after Henry Flagler extended the Florida East Coast Railway and built the Royal Poinciana Hotel , The Breakers , and Whitehall . In 1928 , the Okeechobee hurricane struck Palm Beach County and caused thousands of deaths . More recently , the county acquired national attention during the 2000 presidential election , when a controversial recount occurred . As of 2004 , Palm Beach County is Florida 's wealthiest county , with a per capita personal income of $ 44,518 . It leads the state in agricultural productivity ; agriculture is Palm Beach County 's second-largest industry , after real estate development . Palm Beach Countys revenue from property taxes , sales taxes and tourist development taxes reached record levels in Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2018 , according to the Clerk & Comptroller , Palm Beach Countys annual financial report , Checks & Balances : Your Guide to County Finances ."}]}, {'value': 'West Palm Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'West Palm Beach is a city in and the county seat of Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . It is located immediately to the west of the adjacent Palm Beach , which is situated on a barrier island across the Lake Worth Lagoon . The population was 99,919 at the 2010 census . West Palm Beach is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,158,824 people in 2017 . It is the oldest incorporated municipality in the south Florida area , having been incorporated as a city two years before Miami in November 1894 . West Palm Beach is located approximately 68 miles ( 109 km ) north of Downtown Miami .'}]}, {'value': 'Pasco County Public Transportation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasco_County_Public_Transportation', 'summary': 'Pasco County Public Transportation ( or PCPT ) provides public transportation in Pasco County , Florida . The agency operates both fixed bus and paratransit services .'}]}, {'value': 'Pasco County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Pasco County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . According to the 2010 census , the population was 464,697 . Its county seat is Dade City , and its largest city is New Port Richey . The county is named after Samuel Pasco . Pasco County is included in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Tampa Bay Area and is primarily a bedroom community for Tampa . It includes numerous parks and trails located along rivers , the Gulf of Mexico , lakes , and highway/railroad right-of-ways . Several nudist resorts are located in Pasco . West Pasco includes retirement areas , commercial fishing , and suburbs of Tampa . The Suncoast Parkway and U.S. 19 both pass through Pasco .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Richey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Richey,_Florida', 'summary': 'Port Richey is a city in Pasco County , Florida , United States . It is a suburban city included in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 2,671 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinellas_Suncoast_Transit_Authority', 'summary': 'The Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority ( PSTA ) provides public transportation for Pinellas County , Florida . The authority manages a bus system that encompasses over 40 bus routes - including 2 express routes to Tampa , 3 flex-route neighborhood connectors ( the PSTA North County Connector ) , the Central Avenue Trolley , and the Suncoast Beach Trolley .'}]}, {'value': 'Pinellas County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Pinellas County ( pih-NEL-ess ) is a county located in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 916,542 . The county is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . Clearwater is the county seat , and St. Petersburg is the largest city .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Petersburg and Clearwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida', 'summary': 'St. Petersburg is a city in Pinellas County , Florida , United States . As of the 2018 census estimate , the population was 265,098 , making it the fifth-most populous city in Florida and the largest in the state that is not a county seat ( the city of Clearwater is the seat of Pinellas County ) . St. Petersburg is the fifth largest city in Florida and the second-largest city in the Tampa Bay Area , after Tampa . Together with Clearwater , these cities comprise the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area , the second-largest in Florida with a population of around 2.8 million . St. Petersburg is located on the Pinellas peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , and is connected to mainland Florida to the north . St. Petersburg was founded in 1888 by John C. Williams , who purchased the land , and by Peter Demens , who brought the railroad industry into the area . As a part of a coin toss bet , the winner , Peter Demens , named the land after Saint Petersburg , Russia , while Williams opted to name the first hotel built which was named the Detroit Hotel , both named after their home towns respectively . St. Petersburg was incorporated as a town on February 29 , 1892 and re-incorporated as a city on June 6 , 1903 . The city is often referred to by locals as St. Pete . Neighboring St. Pete Beach formally shortened its name in 1994 after a vote by its residents . St. Petersburg is governed by a mayor and city council . With an average of some 361 days of sunshine each year , and a Guinness World Record for logging the most consecutive days of sunshine ( 768 days between 1967 and 1969 ) , it is nicknamed The Sunshine City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida', 'summary': "Clearwater is a city located in Pinellas County , Florida , United States , northwest of Tampa and St. Petersburg . To the west of Clearwater lies the Gulf of Mexico and to the southeast lies Tampa Bay . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 107,685 . Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County and is the smallest of the three principal cities in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metropolitan area , most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . Cleveland Street is one of the city 's historic avenues , and the city includes Spectrum Field and Coachman Park . The city is separated by the Intracoastal Waterway from Clearwater Beach . Clearwater is the home of Clearwater Marine Aquarium , where bottlenose dolphins Winter and Hope live . The global headquarters of the Church of Scientology is located in Clearwater ."}]}, {'value': 'Ride Solution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ride_Solution', 'summary': "The Ride Solution is a non-profit agency that provides public transportation in the city of Palatka , as well as other communities in Putnam County , Florida . The Palatka Union Depot serves as the systems hub , offering access to Greyhound and Amtrak routes . Inter-county routes connect Putnam County to Jacksonville 's JTA transit system , and the Gainesville Regional Transit System . Due to the diffused population and rural nature of Putnam County , adequate public transportation is difficult to accomplish . As such , a secondary goal of Ride Solution is to address rural transportation issues ."}]}, {'value': 'Putnam County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Putnam_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Putnam County is a county located in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 74,364 . Its county seat is Palatka . Putnam County comprises the Palatka , FL Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Jacksonville-St. Marys-Palatka , FL-GA Combined Statistical Area . The county is centrally located between Jacksonville , Gainesville , St. Augustine , and Daytona Beach .'}]}, {'value': 'Palatka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palatka,_Florida', 'summary': 'Palatka ( /ˈpəlætkə/ ( listen ) ) is a city in Putnam County , Florida , United States . The population was 10,558 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Putnam County . Palatka is the principal city of the Palatka Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is home to 72,893 residents . The city is also home to St. Johns River State College , St. Johns River Water Management District Headquarters , and Ravine Gardens State Park . The area is well known for its local festivals , most notably the Florida Azalea Festival and the Blue Crab Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Regional Transit System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gainesville_Regional_Transit_System', 'summary': 'Gainesville Regional Transit System is the local area transit corporation that serves the Gainesville , Alachua County , Florida area , the University of Florida and Santa Fe College campuses . It presently serves 40 city routes ( 19 on Saturdays , 16 on Sundays ) , 10 campus routes , and five Later Gator routes . Paratransit ( ADA ) service is also provided to anyone with a Gainesville address .'}]}, {'value': 'Alachua County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alachua_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Alachua County ( /əˈlætʃuə/ ə-LATCH-oo-ə ) is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 247,336 . The county seat is Gainesville , the home of the University of Florida since 1906 , when the campus opened with 106 students . Alachua County is included in the Gainesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county is known for its diverse culture , local music , and artisans . Much of its economy revolves around the university , which had nearly 55,000 students in fall 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gainesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida', 'summary': "Gainesville is the county seat of , and the largest city in , Alachua County , Florida , and is both the principal city of the Gainesville , Florida , metropolitan statistical area and the largest city in North Central Florida . In 2018 the US Census Bureau estimated Gainesville 's population at 133,857 , a 7.4% increase from 2010 , and the metropolitan statistical area 's population at 288,212 . Gainesville is home to the University of Florida , the fifth-largest university campus by enrollment in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Sarasota County Area Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarasota_County_Area_Transit', 'summary': 'Sarasota County Area Transit ( SCAT ) provides public transportation for Sarasota County , Florida and is operated by the county . SCAT maintains 38 fixed-line bus routes plus a dial-a-ride paratransit service ( SCAT Plus ) . The majority of the routes operate from Monday through Saturday with select service on Sundays .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarasota County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarasota_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Sarasota County is located in Southwest Florida on the Gulf Coast . As of the 2010 US Census , the population was 379,448 . Its county seat is Sarasota ( with an estimated 2018 population of 57,738 ) and its largest city is North Port with an estimated 2016 population of 64,274 . Sarasota County is part of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarasota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida', 'summary': 'Sarasota ( /ˌsærəˈsoʊtə/ ) is a city in Sarasota County on the southwestern coast of the U.S. state of Florida . The area is renowned for its cultural and environmental amenities , beaches , resorts , and the Sarasota School of Architecture . The city is at the southern end of the Tampa Bay Area , north of Fort Myers and Punta Gorda . Its official limits include Sarasota Bay and several barrier islands between the bay and the Gulf of Mexico . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , in 2018 Sarasota had a population of 57,738 . In 1986 it became designated as a certified local government . Sarasota is a principal city of the Sarasota metropolitan area , and is the seat of Sarasota County . The islands separating Sarasota Bay from the gulf near the city , known as keys , include Lido Key and Siesta Key , which are famous worldwide for the quality of their sandy beaches . The keys that are included in the boundary of Sarasota are Lido Key , St. Armands Key , Otter Key , Casey Key , Coon Key , Bird Key , and portions of Siesta Key . Previously , Siesta Key was named Sarasota Key . At one time , it and all of Longboat Key were considered part of Sarasota and confusing contemporaneous references may be found discussing them . Longboat Key is the largest key separating the bay from the gulf , but it was evenly divided by the new county line of 1921 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Florida', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States_9', 'intro': 'The following is a list of presently-operating bus transit systems in the United States with regular service. The list excludes charter buses, private bus operators, paratransit systems, and trolleybus systems. Figures for daily ridership, number of vehicles, and daily vehicle revenue miles are accurate as of 2009 and come from the FTA National Transit Database.'}
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In what year was the locale split from Dade County for the system which services one of the major cities with `` beach '' included in their name ?
1909
088d92a5979f5145
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Abel', 'title': 'Jake Abel', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '2005-2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Threshold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Threshold_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Threshold is an American science fiction drama television series that first aired on CBS in September 2005 . Produced by Brannon Braga , David S. Goyer and David Heyman , the series focuses on a secret government project investigating the first contact with an extraterrestrial species . The series was first shown on Friday nights , but was moved to Tuesday in an effort to boost ratings . This plan backfired , with the show registering a sharp drop in its ratings on its first Tuesday night showing on November 22 , 2005 , and CBS canceled the series on November 23 , 2005 , with four episodes left unaired . The remaining episodes were aired on Sky1 , a channel in the United Kingdom owned by Sky , who co-produced the series with CBS . The entire series was released on DVD on August 22 , 2006 . The series first aired on the Sci Fi Channel on Friday , October 13 , 2006 , at 10:00 pm , following a new episode of Battlestar Galactica .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian Janklow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episodes : Blood of the Children , The Order The Crossing', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Go Figure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go_Figure_(film)', 'summary': 'Go Figure is 2005 Disney Channel Original Movie , starring Jordan Hinson . Walt Disney Records released the Go Figure soundtrack on June 7 , featuring the title track by Everlife along with a music video .'}]}, {'value': 'Spencer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Disney Channel Original Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_Channel_Original_Movie', 'summary': "Many television films have been produced for the United States cable network , Disney Channel , since the service 's inception in 1983 . In its early years , such movies were referred to as Disney Channel Premiere Films . From late 1997 onward , these television films have been branded under the Disney Channel Original Movies ( DCOM ) banner . Most of these films were subsequently released on VHS , DVD , or , more recently , Blu-ray . However , many more in the Disney television film library have never been released in any home video format . Originally , DCOMs were released on DVD months after they premiered on Disney Channel , but starting with Princess Protection Program , DVDs for DCOMs have been released one week after they premiere on Disney Channel . Also , although DCOMs have been produced in widescreen HD format since mid-2005 , the 2009 release of Princess Protection Program became the first DCOM to receive a widescreen DVD transfer . The highest-rated premiere for the brand came in August 2007 , when High School Musical 2 set a record for basic cable with 17.2 million viewers . The second highest-rated premiere is held by Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie , which premiered with 11.4 million viewers . Other major DCOM franchises include Camp Rock , The Cheetah Girls , Twitches , Halloweentown , the Teen Beach films , the Zenon trilogy , and The Descendants series . During the Memorial Day holiday weekend of 2016 , Disney Channel began to air many of the older DCOMs in a marathon format . The marathon began in celebration of its 100th Disney Channel Original Movie , Adventures in Babysitting ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Suite Life of Zack & Cody', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Suite_Life_of_Zack_&_Cody', 'summary': "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody is an American teen sitcom created by Danny Kallis and Jim Geoghan . The series aired on Disney Channel from March 18 , 2005 , to September 1 , 2008 with 4 million viewers , making it the most successful premiere for Disney Channel . The series was nominated for an Emmy Award three times and was also nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award three times . The series is set in the Tipton Hotel in Boston and centers on Zack Martin and Cody Martin ( Dylan and Cole Sprouse ) , troublesome twins who live at the Tipton Hotel . The series ' other main characters include the Tipton hotel 's ditzy heiress London Tipton ( Brenda Song ) , the hotel 's candy counter girl Maddie Fitzpatrick ( Ashley Tisdale ) , the manager , Mr. Marion Moseby ( Phill Lewis ) , and the boys ' single mother who is also the Hotel 's lounge singer , Carey Martin ( Kim Rhodes ) . The series is the third Disney Channel Original to have more than 65 episodes , after That 's So Raven and Kim Possible . Reruns aired on Disney XD until 2014 . Reruns of the show aired on Disney Channel until April 14 , 2017 . [ citation needed ] The Suite Life spawned a sequel series , also starring the Sprouse twins in their respective roles as Zack and Cody , called The Suite Life on Deck , which aired on the Disney Channel from 2008 to 2011 . A TV movie based on both series , The Suite Life Movie , premiered on Disney Channel on March 25 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kirk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Twins at the Tipton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_The_Suite_Life_of_Zack_&_Cody_episodes', 'summary': 'The following is an episode list for the Disney Channel situation comedy , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , which aired three seasons spanning three years starting March 18 , 2005 before ending on September 1 , 2008 to make way for the sequel , The Suite Life on Deck .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cold Case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cold_Case_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Cold Case is an American police procedural television series which ran on CBS from September 28 , 2003 to May 2 , 2010 . The series revolved around a fictionalized Philadelphia Police Department division that specializes in investigating cold cases . On May 18 , 2010 , CBS announced the cancellation of the series after seven seasons and 156 episodes . The series aired in syndication , and also on Ion Television in the U.S. and on Viva in Canada . Sleuth also aired the series occasionally . In 2011 , the show aired on MyNetworkTV . The show made its debut on the new over-the-air channel Start TV when it launched on September 3 , 2018 . It also airs on MBC Action and through the Roku channel . Due to licensing issues related to the use of contemporary music in each episode , none of the seasons have been released on DVD .'}]}, {'value': 'Doug Sommer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Saving Sammy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Cold_Case_episodes', 'summary': 'This is an episode list for the CBS television series Cold Case . Seasons one through three and season six comprised 23 hour-long episodes each , while season four included an additional episode for a total of 24 . Season five comprised the fewest episodes , with 18 , as it aired during the 2007-08 Writers Guild of America strike . The last season , season seven , which finished its run in May 2010 , began airing on September 2009 and consisted of 22 episodes . A total of 156 episodes were aired over seven seasons .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CSI : Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CSI:_Miami', 'summary': "CSI : Miami ( Crime Scene Investigation : Miami ) is an American police procedural drama television series that premiered on September 23 , 2002 , on CBS . Starring David Caruso as Lieutenant Horatio Caine , Emily Procter as Detective Calleigh Duquesne , and Kim Delaney as Lieutenant Megan Donner , the series is the first direct spin-off of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , transplanting the same template and trickery - gory crimes , procedural plot and dazzling graphics - into [ a new city ] while retaining the essence of the original idea . CSI : Miami is executive produced by Carol Mendelsohn , Anthony E. Zuiker , and Ann Donahue , with the latter acting as show-runner . The series ended on April 8 , 2012 , after 10 seasons and 232 episodes . Following the series finale , Nina Tassler credited CSI : Miami as a key player in CBS 's rise to the top , stating that the series leaves an amazing television legacy - a signature look and style [ and ] global popularity . In 2006 , BBC News published an article stating that CSI : Miami was the world 's most popular television series , featuring in more countries ' top ten rankings for 2005 than any other series ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlie Sheridan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Stand Your Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stand_Your_Ground_(CSI:_Miami)', 'summary': 'The sixth season of CSI : Miami premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 and ended May 19 , 2008 . The series stars David Caruso and Emily Procter .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Life_(NBC_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Life is an American crime drama television series created by Rand Ravich that aired for two seasons on NBC . It was produced by Universal Media Studios under the supervision of executive producers Rand Ravich , Far Shariat , David Semel , and Daniel Sackheim . Semel also directed the pilot . The series stars Damian Lewis as Charlie Crews , a detective released from prison after serving twelve years for a crime he did not commit . Life premiered on September 26 , 2007 , on NBC and aired on Wednesday nights at 10 ET . On May 4 , 2009 , NBC announced its cancellation , a month after the final episode had been aired . The series was later made available for streaming through Hulu and Netflix .'}]}, {'value': 'Tate McNeil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Not for Nothing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Life_episodes', 'summary': 'The following is a list of episodes for Life , an American police drama television program created by Rand Ravich that aired for two seasons on NBC . It was produced by Universal Media Studios under the supervision of executive producers Rand Ravich , Far Shariat , David Semel , and Daniel Sackheim . Semel also directed the pilot . The series stars Damian Lewis as Charlie Crews , a detective released from prison after serving twelve years for a crime he did not commit . Life premiered on September 26 , 2007 on NBC and aired on Wednesday nights at 10 EST . On May 4 , 2009 , NBC announced Life would not be returning for a third season .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CSI : NY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CSI:_NY', 'summary': 'CSI : NY ( Crime Scene Investigation : New York , stylized as CSI : NY/Crime Scene Investigation ) is an American police procedural television series that ran on CBS from September 22 , 2004 , to February 22 , 2013 , for a total of nine seasons and 197 original episodes . The show follows the investigations of a team of NYPD forensic scientists and police officers identified as Crime Scene Investigators ( instead of the actual title of Crime Scene Unit Forensic Technicians ( CSU ) ) as they unveil the circumstances behind mysterious and unusual deaths , as well as other crimes . The series is an indirect spin-off from the veteran series CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and a direct spin-off from CSI : Miami , during an episode in which several of the CSI : NY characters made their first appearances . It is the third series in the CSI franchise . Originally in 2004 , CSI : NY was produced in partnership with the Canadian media company Alliance Atlantis . The company dissolved after season three in 2007 , and all production after that was done under the purview of CBS Paramount Television . The show was filmed at the CBS Studio Center , with many of the outside scenes shot in and around Los Angeles . Occasionally , scenes were filmed on location in New York City . The series ended its ninth and final season on February 22 , 2013 . It was canceled by CBS on May 10 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Sheridan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Rush to Judgement', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rush_to_Judgement_(CSI:_NY_episode)', 'summary': "The fifth season of CSI : NY originally aired on CBS between September 2008 and May 2009 . It consisted of 25 episodes . Its regular time slot continued on Wednesdays at 10pm/9c . The premiere , Veritas , concluded the story from the previous season 's cliffhanger finale , Hostage . CSI : NY - The Fifth Season was released on DVD in the U.S. on September 29 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ER_(TV_series)', 'summary': "ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and medical doctor Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19 , 1994 , to April 2 , 2009 , with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons . It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television , in association with Warner Bros. Television . ER follows the inner life of the emergency room ( ER ) of fictional County General Hospital in Chicago , Illinois , and various critical issues faced by the room 's physicians and staff . The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey 's Anatomy , and the 5th longest medical drama across the globe ( behind BBC 's Casualty and Holby City , and Poland 's Na dobre i na złe ) . It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards , including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award , and received 124 Emmy nominations . ER won 116 awards in total , including the Peabody Award , while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series . As of 2014 , ER has grossed over $ 3 billion in television revenue ."}]}, {'value': 'Dylan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : A Long , Strange Trip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ER_(season_15)', 'summary': 'The fifteenth and final season of the American fictional drama television series ER premiered on September 25 , 2008 and concluded on April 2 , 2009 , in a two-hour episode preceded by a one-hour retrospective special . The season consists of 22 episodes .'}]}, {'value': '2009-2010 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Supernatural', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "Supernatural is an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke . It was first broadcast on September 13 , 2005 , on The WB , and subsequently became part of successor The CW 's lineup . Starring Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester , the series follows the two brothers as they hunt demons , ghosts , monsters , and other supernatural beings . The series is produced by Warner Bros. Television , in association with Wonderland Sound and Vision . Along with Kripke , executive producers have been McG , Robert Singer , Phil Sgriccia , Sera Gamble , Jeremy Carver , John Shiban , Ben Edlund and Adam Glass . Former executive producer and director Kim Manners died of lung cancer during production of the fourth season . The series is filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia and surrounding areas and was in development for nearly ten years , as creator Kripke spent several years unsuccessfully pitching it . The pilot was viewed by an estimated 5.69 million viewers , and the ratings of the first four episodes prompted The WB to pick up the series for a full season . Originally , Kripke planned the series for three seasons but later expanded it to five . The fifth season concluded the series ' main storyline , and Kripke departed the series as showrunner . The series has continued on for several more seasons with new showrunners , including Sera Gamble , Jeremy Carver , Robert Singer and Andrew Dabb . With its eleventh season , Supernatural became the longest-running American live-action fantasy TV series ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Milligan / Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Supernatural_characters', 'summary': 'Supernatural is an American television drama series created by writer and producer Eric Kripke , and was initially broadcast by The WB . After its first season , The WB and UPN merged to form The CW , which is the current broadcaster for the show in the United States . The show features two main characters , Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester , brothers who travel across the country in a black 1967 Chevrolet Impala to hunt demons , supernatural creatures , and other paranormal entities , many of them based on folklore , myths , and American urban legends . In addition , Supernatural chronicles the relationship between the brothers and their father , John Winchester , as they seek to avenge and understand the murder of their mother Mary Winchester at the hands of the demon Azazel . Supernatural has featured many other recurring guests that take part in story arcs that span a portion of a season . Occasionally , the recurring guest storylines will span multiple seasons . After the death of their father in the second season , the hunter Bobby Singer becomes a father figure to Sam and Dean . As the series progresses , recurring guests appear at various times to help move the overall storyline of the show such as the demon Crowley or the angel Castiel . The series also features recurring appearances from other demons , angels , and hunters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_angels_in_Supernatural', 'summary': "The following characters are angels of God appearing in the American television series Supernatural . Angels are portrayed as extremely powerful beings . Merely perceiving their true form - even psychically - typically results in blindness , as the appearance of their natural visage is overwhelming ; it is capable of burning an individual 's eyes from their sockets , although certain special people are able to withstand their true appearances and voices . Because their true appearances can not be safely perceived by humans and because they are spirits with no physical being , they often take on humans as vessels in order to exist in and interact with the physical world , though only with the hosts ' consent . Angels require a particular vessel to reach their full potential , people being chosen to be their hosts or true vessels . Most angels are portrayed as emotionless authoritarian beings . A number have been shown to have disdain for humanity , whom they believe are flawed and inferior creations , though Lucifer is the only angel who refused to kneel before humans at God 's command . All angels , fallen or not , consider themselves family , each being brothers and sisters and referring to God as their Father . However , most angels have not actually met or spoken to God . According to Anna Milton , only four angels have actually met God and seen his true face . This number later proves to be false , and six angels are said to have met him - Michael , Gabriel , Raphael , Lucifer , Metatron and Gadreel . This increased to seven after Castiel meets him.The highest-ranking angels currently command the lesser-ranking , their former leader God having disappeared and left the angels to protect humanity in His place ."}]}, {'value': "Episodes : Jump the Shark , Point of No Return , Swan Song , Our Father , Who Are n't in Heaven", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supernatural_(season_4)', 'summary': "The fourth season of Supernatural , an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke , premiered September 18 , 2008 , and concluded on May 14 , 2009 , on The CW . This season focuses on brothers Sam ( Jared Padalecki ) and Dean Winchester ( Jensen Ackles ) encountering angels for the first time in their lives as hunters of the supernatural ; this marks the introduction of eventual series regular , the angel Castiel ( Misha Collins ) . The angels intervene to rescue Dean from Hell and bring him back to life after he was trapped there in the third season finale No Rest for the Wicked . They explain that they have arrived on Earth for the first time in thousands of years in order to prevent demons from freeing the fallen angel Lucifer from Hell , as Lucifer would then cause the Apocalypse . The demons are led by the Winchesters ' enemy , and Dean 's murderer , Lilith . However , it becomes increasingly clear that something is wrong with Heaven and that the angels have their own agendas . Despite an initially happy reunion , tension grows between Sam and Dean because Dean fears Sam 's growing demonic powers and distrusts Sam 's returning demonic ally Ruby ( Genevieve Cortese ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supernatural_(season_5)', 'summary': 'The fifth season of Supernatural , an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke , premiered September 10 , 2009 , and concluded on May 13 , 2010 , on The CW . Season five regular cast members include Jared Padalecki , Jensen Ackles and Misha Collins , who was promoted to series regular this season . After the conclusion of this season , series creator Eric Kripke stepped down as showrunner . The fifth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 7 , 2010 . The season follows Sam and Dean as they set out to take down Lucifer , whom Sam had inadvertently released from Hell at the end of the previous season . Mark Pellegrino plays the role of Lucifer . Paris Hilton guest stars in the episode Fallen Idols , in which she plays Leshii , a pagan god that takes the form of various well-known faces including herself . The season also features the return of Jo and her mother Ellen Harvelle , as well as hunter Rufus Turner , the Trickster and the prophet Chuck Shurley .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Swan_Song_(Supernatural)', 'summary': "Swan Song is the fifth-season finale of The CW television series Supernatural . It is the 22nd episode of the fifth season , and is the show 's 104th episode overall . Steve Boyum directed the episode with teleplay written by series creator Eric Kripke and story written by Eric Gewirtz . The episode aired on Thursday , May 13 , 2010 , and concluded the series ' originally slated storyline . The narrative follows the series ' protagonists Sam ( Jared Padalecki ) and Dean Winchester ( Jensen Ackles ) - brothers who travel the continental United States hunting supernatural creatures - as they attempt to stop the Apocalypse ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supernatural_(season_15)', 'summary': 'The fifteenth and final season of Supernatural , an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke , premiered on The CW on October 10 , 2019 . The season will consist of 20 episodes and airs on Thursdays at 8:00 pm ( ET ) and will move to Mondays at 8:00 pm beginning March 16 , 2020 . The series finale is scheduled to air on May 18 , 2020 . This is the fourth and final season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Grey 's Anatomy", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Grey's_Anatomy_(TV_series)", 'summary': "Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27 , 2005 , on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement . The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns , residents , and attending doctors , as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is an allusion to Gray 's Anatomy , a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray . Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series ; she is also one of the executive producers , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although the series is set in Seattle ( at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , later renamed ) , it is filmed primarily in Los Angeles , California . The series is designed to be racially diverse and uses color-blind casting . It revolves around the title character , Dr. Meredith Grey , played by Ellen Pompeo , first featured as an intern . The original cast consisted of nine star-billed actors : Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , T. R. Knight , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. , Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey . The cast has undergone major changes through the series ' run , with many members leaving and being replaced by others . In its fifteenth season , the show has a large ensemble of fourteen actors , including three characters from the original cast ( Meredith Grey , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber ) . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a sixteenth season which premiered on September 26 , 2019 . The series ' success catapulted such long-running cast members as Pompeo , Dempsey , Chambers , Capshaw and Oh to worldwide recognition ; they were among the top five highest-earning television actors in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyler Moser', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Poker Face', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Grey's_Anatomy_(season_8)", 'summary': "The eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 22 , 2011 , with a special two-hour episode and ended on May 17 , 2012 with the eighth season having a total of 24 episodes . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company , and overseen by showrunners Shonda Rhimes , Tony Phelan and Joan Rater . This season follows the story-line of Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) as they try to save their marriage and adopt Zola after Meredith tampered with the Alzheimer 's trial in the previous season . Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) also struggles to forgive Meredith because Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr. ) takes the blame for Meredith and stepping down , and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) takes his place as Chief of Surgery . Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) decides to have an abortion , putting her relationship with Hunt at odds . Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) co-parent their baby with Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) who continues to have an on/off relationship with Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) . Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) deals with the fallout of his decision to tell Owen about Meredith altering the Alzheimer 's trial , and becomes an outcast by the other residents . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) marries Henry Burton ( Scott Foley ) , who later dies of a heart condition , leaving her devastated . The season hit the series ' low for ratings as it ended with an average of 10.92 million viewers ranking at no . 34 and in the 18-49 key demographic ranked at no . 12 . Loretta Devine garnered critical acclaim for her portrayal of Adele Webber and earned numerous nominations including the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series and the Critics ' Choice Television Awards ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Another Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Another_Life_(2019_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Another Life is an American science fiction drama web television series created by Aaron Martin that premiered on Netflix on July 25 , 2019 . The series stars Katee Sackhoff , Selma Blair , Tyler Hoechlin , Justin Chatwin , Samuel Anderson , Elizabeth Ludlow , Blu Hunt , A.J . Rivera , Alexander Eling , Alex Ozerov , Jake Abel , JayR Tinaco , Jessica Camacho , Parveen Dosanjh , Greg Hovanessian , Chanelle Peloso , Barbara Williams and Lina Renna . In October 2019 , the series was renewed for a second season .'}]}, {'value': 'Sasha Harrison', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main role', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Jake_Abel_1', 'intro': "Jacob Allen Abel (born November 18, 1987) is an American actor and singer who is known for playing Adam Milligan in the CW series Supernatural (2009-10, 2019), Luke Castellan in the film adaptation of Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010), and its sequel, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013), Mark James in the film adaptation of I Am Number Four (2011), Ian O'Shea in The Host (2013), and Mike Love in Love & Mercy."}
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Which book author is creator of the show in which Jake Abel played Dylan in 2009 ?
Michael Crichton