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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup_and_Europa_League_records_and_statistics', 'title': 'UEFA Cup and Europa League records and statistics', 'header': ['City', 'Winners', 'Runners-up', 'Winning clubs'], 'data': [{'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sevilla ( 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Madrid ( 3 ) , Real Madrid ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Madrid', 'summary': "Club Atlético de Madrid ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ðe maˈðɾið ] ; meaning Athletic Club of Madrid ) , commonly referred to as Atlético de Madrid or simply as Atlético or Atleti , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid , that play in La Liga . The club play their home games at the Metropolitano Stadium , which has a capacity of 68,456 . In terms of league titles won , Atlético Madrid are the third most successful club in Spanish football - behind Real Madrid and Barcelona . Atlético have won La Liga on 10 occasions , including a league and cup double in 1996 ; the Copa del Rey on 10 occasions ; two Supercopas de España and one Copa Eva Duarte ; in Europe , they won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1962 , were runners-up in 1963 and 1986 , were Champions League runners-up in 1974 , 2014 and 2016 , won the Europa League in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 , and won the UEFA Super Cup in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 as well as the 1974 Intercontinental Cup . Atlético 's home kit is red and white vertical striped shirts , with blue shorts , and blue and red socks . This combination has been used since 1911 . Throughout their history the club has been known by a number of nicknames , including Los Colchoneros ( The Mattress Makers ) , due to their first team stripes being the same colours as traditional mattresses . During the 1970s , they became known as Los Indios , which some attribute to the club 's signing several South American players after the restrictions on signing foreign players were lifted . However , there are a number of alternative theories which claim they were named so because their stadium is camped on the river bank , or because Los Indios ( The Indians ) were the traditional enemy of Los Blancos ( The Whites ) , which is the nickname of the club 's city rivals , Real Madrid . Felipe VI , the king of Spain , has been the honorary president of the club since 2003 . The club co-owned the Indian Super League franchise in Kolkata , formerly named Atlético de Kolkata , which won the competition twice , but in 2017 Atlético decided to end its franchise partnership with the ISL club due to broken commitments . Atlético also co-owns Liga MX club Atlético San Luis , and the Canadian Premier League side Atlético Ottawa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tottenham Hotspur ( 2 ) , Chelsea ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C.', 'summary': "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club , commonly referred to as Tottenham ( /ˈtɒtənəm/ ) or Spurs , is an English professional football club in Tottenham , London , that competes in the Premier League . Tottenham Hotspur Stadium has been the club 's home ground since April 2019 , replacing their former home of White Hart Lane , which had been demolished to make way for the new stadium on the same site . Their training ground is on Hotspur Way in Bulls Cross in the London Borough of Enfield . The club is owned by ENIC Group . Tottenham have played in a first ( home ) strip of white shirts and navy blue shorts since the 1898-99 season . The club 's emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football , with a Latin motto Audere est Facere ( To Dare Is to Do ) . Founded in 1882 , Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901 , the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League in 1888 . Tottenham were the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double , winning both competitions in the 1960-61 season . After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962 , in 1963 they became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition - the European Cup Winners ' Cup . They were also the inaugural winners of the UEFA Cup in 1972 , becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies . They have collected at least one major trophy in each of the six decades from the 1950s to 2000s - an achievement only matched by Manchester United . In total , Spurs have won two league titles , eight FA Cups , four League Cups , seven FA Community Shields , one European Cup Winners ' Cup and two UEFA Cups ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chelsea_F.C.', 'summary': "Chelsea Football Club are an English professional football club based in Fulham , London . Founded in 1905 , they compete in the Premier League , the top division of English football . Chelsea are among England 's most successful clubs ; they have been league champions six times and won over thirty competitive honours , including six European trophies . Their home ground is Stamford Bridge . Chelsea won their first major honour , the League Championship , in 1955 . They won the FA Cup for the first time in 1970 and their first European honour , the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1971 . After a period of decline in the late 1970s and 1980s , the club enjoyed a revival in the 1990s and had more success in cup competitions . The past two decades have been the most successful in Chelsea 's history : they won five of their six league titles and the UEFA Champions League during this period . Chelsea are one of five clubs to have won all three of UEFA 's main club competitions , and the only London club to have won the Champions League . Chelsea 's home kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks . The club 's crest features a ceremonial lion rampant regardant holding a staff . The club have rivalries with neighbouring teams Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur , and a historic rivalry with Leeds United ."}]}, {'value': 'Turin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turin', 'summary': "Turin ( /tjʊəˈrɪn , ˈtjʊərɪn/ tewr-IN , TEWR-in , Piedmontese : [ tyˈriŋ ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Torino [ toˈriːno ] ( listen ) ; Latin : Augusta Taurinorum , then Taurinum ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy . It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin , and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865 . The city is located mainly on the western bank of the Po River , in front of Susa Valley , and is surrounded by the western Alpine arch and Superga Hill . The population of the city proper is 875,698 ( 31 December 2018 ) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants . The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million . The city used to be a major European political centre . From 1563 , it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy , then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the House of Savoy , and the first capital of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1865 . Turin is sometimes called the cradle of Italian liberty for having been the birthplace and home of notable individuals who contributed to the Risorgimento , such as Cavour . Even though much of its political significance and importance had been lost by World War II , Turin became a major European crossroad for industry , commerce and trade , and is part of the famous industrial triangle along with Milan and Genoa . Turin is ranked third in Italy , after Milan and Rome , for economic strength . With a GDP of $ 58 billion , Turin is the world 's 78th richest city by purchasing power . As of 2018 , the city has been ranked by GaWC as a Gamma World city ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juventus ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventus_F.C.', 'summary': "Juventus Football Club ( from Latin : iuventūs , youth ; Italian pronunciation : [ juˈvɛntus ] ) , colloquially known as Juve ( pronounced [ ˈjuːve ] ) , is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin , Piedmont . Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students , the club has worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played home matches in different grounds around its city , the latest being the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium . Nicknamed Vecchia Signora ( the Old Lady ) , the club has won 35 official league titles , 13 Coppa Italia titles and eight Supercoppa Italiana titles , being the record holder for all these competitions ; two Intercontinental Cups , two European Cups / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint national record of three UEFA Cups , two UEFA Super Cups and a joint national record of one UEFA Intertoto Cup . Consequently , the side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ( FIGC ) ranking [ a ] whilst on the international stage occupies the 5th position in Europe and the eleventh in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies , having led the UEFA ranking during seven seasons since its inception in 1979 , the most for an Italian team and joint second overall . Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus , initially as an athletics club , it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section ( 1893 ) and has competed uninterruptedly in the top flight league ( reformulated as Serie A from 1929 ) since its debut in 1900 after changing its name to Foot-Ball Club Juventus , with the exception of the 2006-07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923 . [ b ] The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus the first professional sporting club ante litteram in the country , having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since the mid-1970s and becoming one of the first ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value , revenue and profit since the mid-1990s , being listed on the Borsa italiana since 2001 . Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles , and became the first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the 1976-77 UEFA Cup ( first Southern European side to do so ) , the 1983-84 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1984-85 European Champions ' Cup . With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup , it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies ; an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi , becoming in addition the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . In December 2000 , Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA 's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th Century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) , the highest for an Italian club in both . The club 's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide . Unlike most European sporting supporters ' groups , which are often concentrated around their own club 's city of origin , it is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora , making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ( anti-parochialism ) and italianità ( Italianness ) . Juventus players have won eight Ballon d'Or awards , four of these in consecutive years ( 1982-1985 , an overall record ) , among these the first player representing Serie A , Omar Sívori , as well as Michel Platini and three of the five recipients with Italian nationality as the former member of the youth sector Paolo Rossi ; they have also won four FIFA World Player of the Year awards , with winners as Roberto Baggio and Zinédine Zidane , a national record and third and joint second highest overall , respectively , in the cited prizes ."}]}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milan', 'summary': "Milan ( /mɪˈlæn/ , US also /mɪˈlɑːn/ , Italian : Milano [ miˈlaːno ] ( listen ) , Milanese : [ miˈlãː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northern Italy , capital of Lombardy , and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome . Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire , the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia . The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million while its metropolitan city has 3.23 million inhabitants . Its continuously built-up urban area , that stretches well beyond the boundaries of its administrative metropolitan city , is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants . The population within the wider Milan metropolitan area , also known as Greater Milan , is estimated at 8.2 million , making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and the 4th largest in the EU . Milan is considered a leading alpha global city , with strengths in the field of the art , commerce , design , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , services , research and tourism . Its business district hosts Italy 's stock exchange ( Italian : Borsa Italiana ) , and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies . In terms of GDP , it has the second-largest economy among EU cities after Paris , and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities . Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and one of the Four Motors for Europe . The city has been recognized as one of the world 's four fashion capitals thanks to several international events and fairs , including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair , which are currently among the world 's biggest in terms of revenue , visitors and growth . It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 . The city hosts numerous cultural institutions , academies and universities , with 11% of the national total enrolled students ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inter Milan ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inter_Milan', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Liverpool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool', 'summary': "Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside , England . As of 2018 , the population is approximately 494,814 . Liverpool is the ninth-largest English district by population , and the largest in Merseyside and the Liverpool City Region . It lies within the United Kingdom 's sixth-most populous urban area . Liverpool 's metropolitan area is the fifth-largest in the United Kingdom , with a population of 2.24 million . Liverpool is on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary , and historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the southwest of the county of Lancashire in North West England . It became a borough in 1207 and a city in 1880 . In 1889 , it became a county borough independent of Lancashire . Its growth as a major port was paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution . Along with handling general cargo , freight , and raw materials such as coal and cotton , the city merchants were involved in the Atlantic slave trade . In the 19th century , it was a major port of departure for English and Irish emigrants to North America . Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line , and was the port of registry of the ocean liners RMS Titanic , RMS Lusitania , RMS Queen Mary , and RMS Olympic ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liverpool ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool_F.C.', 'summary': "Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won six European Cups , more than any other English club , three UEFA Cups , four UEFA Super Cups ( both also English records ) , one FIFA Club World Cup , eighteen League titles , seven FA Cups , a record eight League Cups , fifteen FA Community Shields and one Football League Super Cup . Founded in 1892 , the club joined the Football League the following year and has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in English and European football in the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Kenny Dalglish led the club to a combined eleven League titles and four European Cups . Under the management of Rafael Benítez and captained by homegrown player Steven Gerrard , Liverpool became European champions for the fifth time in 2005 , before a sixth title was added under Jürgen Klopp in 2019 . Liverpool was the seventh highest-earning football club in the world in 2019 , with an annual revenue of €513.7 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at $ 2.183 billion . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Liverpool has long-standing rivalries with Manchester United and Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies : the Heysel Stadium disaster , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels , with 39 people - mostly Italians and Juventus fans - dying , after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition , and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . Red has been the main shirt colour ever since 1896 . The club 's anthem is You 'll Never Walk Alone ."}]}, {'value': 'Mönchengladbach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mönchengladbach', 'summary': 'Mönchengladbach ( German pronunciation : [ mœnçn̩ˈɡlatbax ] ( listen ) ) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is located west of the Rhine , halfway between Düsseldorf and the Dutch border .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borussia Mönchengladbach ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borussia_Mönchengladbach', 'summary': "Borussia VfL 1900 Mönchengladbach e.V. , commonly known as Borussia Mönchengladbach ( pronounced [ boˈʁʊsi̯aː mœnçn̩ˈɡlatbax ] ) , Mönchengladbach or Gladbach , ( abbreviated as Borussia MG ) , is a professional football club based in Mönchengladbach , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany , that plays in the Bundesliga , the top flight of German football . The club has won five League titles , three DFB-Pokals , and two UEFA Europa League titles . Borussia Mönchengladbach were founded in 1900 , with its name derived from a Latinized form of Prussia , which was a popular name for German clubs in the former Kingdom of Prussia . The team joined the Bundesliga in 1965 , and saw the majority of its success in the 1970s , where , under the guidance of Hennes Weisweiler , they captured five league championships with Die Fohlen [ diː ˈfoːlən ] team ; a term coined as the squad were young with a fast , aggressive playing style . Mönchengladbach also won two UEFA Cup titles during this period . Since 2004 , Borussia Mönchengladbach have played at Borussia-Park , having previously played at the Bökelbergstadion since 1919 . Based on membership , Borussia Mönchengladbach is the fifth largest club in Germany , with over 75,000 members . The club 's main rivals are FC Köln and Bayer Leverkusen ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothenburg', 'summary': "Gothenburg ( /ˈɡɒθənbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) ; abbreviated Gbg ; Swedish : Göteborg [ jœtɛˈbɔrj ] ( listen ) ) is the second-largest city in Sweden , fifth-largest in the Nordic countries , and capital of the Västra Götaland County . It is situated by Kattegat , on the west coast of Sweden , and has a population of approximately 570,000 in the city proper and about 1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area . Gothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified , primarily Dutch , trading colony , by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus . In addition to the generous privileges ( e.g . tax relaxation ) given to his Dutch allies from the then-ongoing Thirty Years ' War , the king also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast . At a key strategic location at the mouth of the Göta älv , where Scandinavia 's largest drainage basin enters the sea , the Port of Gothenburg is now the largest port in the Nordic countries . Gothenburg is home to many students , as the city includes the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology . Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927 . The original parent Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city . Other key companies are SKF and Astra Zeneca . Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 30 km ( 19 mi ) southeast of the city center . The smaller Göteborg City Airport , 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the city center , was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IFK Göteborg ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IFK_Göteborg', 'summary': "Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna Göteborg ( officially IFK Göteborg Fotboll ) , commonly known as IFK Göteborg , IFK ( especially locally ) or simply Göteborg , is a Swedish professional football club based in Gothenburg . Founded in 1904 , it is the only club in the Nordic countries that has won one of the main UEFA competitions , having won the UEFA Cup in both 1982 and 1987 . IFK is affiliated with Göteborgs Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Gamla Ullevi . The club colours are blue and white , colours shared both with the sports society which the club originated from , Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna , and with the coat of arms of the city of Gothenburg . Besides the two UEFA Cup titles , IFK have won 18 Swedish championship titles , second most in Swedish football after Malmö FF , and have the third most national cup titles with seven . The team has qualified for four group stages of the UEFA Champions League , and reached the semi-finals of the 1985-86 European Cup . IFK Göteborg is the only club team in any sport to have won the Radiosportens Jerringpris , an award for best Swedish sports performance of the year voted by the Swedish people , for the 1982 UEFA Cup victory . IFK is the most popular football club in Sweden , with diverse country-wide support . IFK Göteborg play in the highest Swedish league , Allsvenskan , where they have played for the majority of their history . They have played in the Swedish first tier continuously since 1977 , which is the longest ongoing top-flight tenure in Sweden . The club won its first Swedish championship in 1908 , four years after the founding , and has won at least one championship title in every decade since , except the 1920s , 1970s and 2010s . IFK Göteborg 's most successful period was from 1982 to 1996 , when the team prospered in European football and won 10 out of 15 Swedish championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Parma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parma', 'summary': "Parma ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈparma ] ( listen ) ; Emilian : Pärma ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its architecture , music , art , prosciutto ( ham ) , cheese and surrounding countryside . It is home to the University of Parma , one of the oldest universities in the world . Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name . The district on the far side of the river is Oltretorrente . Parma 's Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called Parma . The Italian poet Attilio Bertolucci ( born in a hamlet in the countryside ) wrote : As a capital city it had to have a river . As a little capital it received a stream , which is often dry ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parma ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913', 'summary': "Parma Calcio 1913 , commonly referred to as Parma , is an Italian football club based in Parma , Emilia-Romagna . It currently plays in Serie A . Founded as Parma Football Club in December 1913 , the club plays its home matches in the 26,969-seat Stadio Ennio Tardini , often referred to as simply Il Tardini , from 1923 . Financed by Calisto Tanzi , the club won eight trophies between 1992 and 2002 , a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish , as runners-up in the 1996-97 season . The club has won three Coppa Italia , one Supercoppa Italiana , two UEFA Cups , one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the Parmalat scandal which caused the parent company to collapse and resulted in the club operating in controlled administration until January 2007 . The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in Serie D but secured a record three straight promotions to return to Serie A in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rotterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotterdam', 'summary': "Rotterdam ( /ˈrɒtərdæm/ , UK also /ˌrɒtərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ˌrɔtərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is a city and municipality in the Netherlands . It is the second-largest Dutch city after the capital Amsterdam , and is located in the province of South Holland , at the mouth of the Nieuwe Maas channel leading into the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta at the North Sea . Its history goes back to 1270 , when a dam was constructed in the Rotte , after which people settled around it for safety . In 1340 , Rotterdam was granted city rights by the Count of Holland . The Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area , with a population of approximately 2.7 million , is the 13th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country . Located in the west of the Netherlands , Rotterdam is in the centre of the Rijnmond conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation . A major logistic and economic centre , Rotterdam is Europe 's largest seaport , and had previously been the largest port of the world for a long time . It has a population of 651,446 as of January 2020 and is home to over 180 nationalities . Rotterdam is known for its Erasmus University , its riverside setting , lively cultural life , maritime heritage and modern architecture . The near-complete destruction of the city centre in the World War II Rotterdam Blitz has resulted in a varied architectural landscape , including sky-scrapers ( an uncommon sight in other Dutch cities ) designed by renowned architects such as Rem Koolhaas , Piet Blom and Ben van Berkel . The Rhine , Meuse and Scheldt give waterway access into the heart of Western Europe , including the highly industrialized Ruhr . The extensive distribution system including rail , roads , and waterways have earned Rotterdam the nicknames Gateway to Europe and Gateway to the World ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feyenoord ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Feyenoord', 'summary': "Feyenoord Rotterdam ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈfɛiənoːrt ] ) is a Dutch professional football club in Rotterdam , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . Founded as Wilhelmina in 1908 , the club changed to various names before settling on being called after its neighborhood in 1912 as SC Feijenoord , updated in 1974 to SC Feyenoord , and then to Feyenoord Rotterdam in 1978 , when it split from the amateur club under its wing , SC Feyenoord . Since 1937 , Feyenoord 's home ground has been the Stadion Feijenoord , nicknamed De Kuip ( 'the tub ' ) , one of the largest stadiums in the Netherlands and Europe . Feyenoord is one of the most successful clubs in Dutch football , winning 15 Eredivisie titles , 13 KNVB Cups , and 4 Johan Cruyff Shields . Internationally , it has won one European Cup , two UEFA Cups , and one Intercontinental Cup . The club has played continuously in the top tier of the Dutch football system since gaining promotion to Eerste Klasse ( the Eredivisie 's forerunner competition ) in 1921 , more times than any other club in the country , including the likes of Ajax and PSV Eindhoven . Feyenoord is known as a people 's club with a huge national and international support . Its most successful period was the 1960s and 1970s , when Coen Moulijn and Ove Kindvall led the club to six league titles , two European trophies , and an Intercontinental Cup , thereby becoming the first Dutch club in history to win both the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup . In the 21st century , Feyenoord ended an 18-year league title drought in 2017 and won the 2002 UEFA Cup against Borussia Dortmund in its home stadium . Feyenoord has a longstanding rivalry with Ajax , a clash between two teams from the two biggest cities in the Netherlands , called De Klassieker ( The Classic ) . The club 's anthem is Hand in Hand . As of 2019 , Feyenoord will become a multi-sports club ; HC Feijenoord Field hockey , Sportclub Feyenoord ( amateur football team ) , and Feyenoord Basketbal are part of the club ."}]}, {'value': 'Porto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porto', 'summary': "Porto , [ a ] also known as Oporto in some languages , [ b ] is the second-largest city in Portugal , one of the Iberian Peninsula 's major urban areas . Porto city has a population of 237,559 and a metropolitan area with 2.4 million people ( 2019 ) in an area of 2,395 km2 ( 925 sq mi ) , making it the second-largest urban area in Portugal . It is recognized as a gamma-level global city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) Study Group , the only Portuguese city besides Lisbon to be recognised as a global city . Located along the Douro River estuary in northern Portugal , Porto is one of the oldest European centres , and its core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 , as Historic Centre of Oporto , Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar . The historic area is also a National Monument of Portugal . The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean . Its settlement dates back many centuries , when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire . Its combined Celtic-Latin name , Portus Cale , has been referred to as the origin of the name Portugal , based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin . In Portuguese , the name of the city includes a definite article : o Porto ( the port ) which is where its former English name Oporto comes from . Port wine , one of Portugal 's most famous exports , is named after Porto , since the metropolitan area , and in particular the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia , were responsible for the packaging , transport , and export of fortified wine . In 2014 and 2017 , Porto was elected The Best European Destination by the Best European Destinations Agency . Porto is on the Portuguese Way path of the Camino de Santiago ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Porto ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Porto', 'summary': "Futebol Clube do Porto , MHIH , OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ futɨˈβɔl ˈkluβ ( ɨ ) ðu ˈpoɾtu ] ) , commonly known as FC Porto or simply Porto , is a Portuguese professional sports club based in Porto . It is best known for the professional football team playing in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , Founded on 28 September 1893 , Porto is one of the Big Three ( Portuguese : Os Três Grandes ) teams in Portugal - together with Lisbon-based rivals Benfica and Sporting CP - that have appeared in every season of the Primeira Liga since its establishment in 1934 . They are nicknamed Dragões ( Dragons ) , for the mythical creature atop the club 's crest , and Azuis e brancos ( Blue-and-whites ) , for the shirt colours . The club supporters are called Portistas . Since 2003 , Porto have played their home matches at the Estádio do Dragão , which replaced the previous 103-year-old ground , the Estádio das Antas . Porto is the second most decorated team in Portugal , with 76 major trophies , of which 69 were achieved in domestic competitions . These comprise 28 Primeira Liga titles ( five of which were won consecutively between 1994-95 and 1998-99 , a Portuguese football record ) , 16 Taça de Portugal , 4 Campeonato de Portugal , and a record 21 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . Porto is the second team in Portuguese league history to have won two titles without any defeat , namely in the 2010-11 and 2012-13 seasons . In the former , Porto achieved the largest-ever difference of points between champion and runner-up in a three-points-per-win system ( 21 points ) , on their way to a second quadruple . In international competitions , Porto is the most decorated Portuguese team , with seven trophies . They won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League in 1987 and 2004 , the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 2003 and 2011 , the UEFA Super Cup in 1987 , and the Intercontinental Cup in 1987 and 2004 . In addition , they were runners-up in the 1983-84 European Cup Winners ' Cup and in the 2003 , 2004 and 2011 editions of the UEFA Super Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Brussels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brussels', 'summary': 'Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anderlecht ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht', 'summary': 'Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht , usually known as Anderlecht ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɑndərlɛxt ] , French : [ ɑ̃dəʁlɛkt ] , German : [ ˈandɐlɛçt ] ) or RSCA ( Dutch : [ ˌɛrɛseːˈjaː , -seːˈʔaː ] , French : [ ɛʁɛsse.ɑ ] , German : [ ˌɛɐ̯ʔɛs.tseːˈʔaː ] ) , is a Belgian professional football club based in Anderlecht , Brussels Capital-Region . Anderlecht plays in the Belgian First Division A and is the most successful Belgian football team in European competitions , with five trophies , as well as in the Belgian domestic league , with 34 championship wins . They have also won nine Belgian Cups and hold the record for most consecutive Belgian championship titles , winning five between the 1963-64 and 1967-68 seasons . Founded in 1908 , the club first reached the highest level in Belgian football in 1921-22 and have been playing in the first division continuously since 1935-36 and in Europe since 1964-65 . They won their first major trophy after World War II with a championship win in 1946-47 . Since then , they have never finished outside the top six of the Belgian first division . They are ranked 14th amongst all-time UEFA club competition winners , tenth in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics continental Clubs of the 20th Century European ranking and were 41st in the 2012 UEFA team rankings . In 1986 , they achieved their best UEFA ranking with a joint first place with Juventus . Anderlecht have been playing their matches in the Astrid Park in the municipality of Anderlecht since 1917 . Their current stadium , Constant Vanden Stock Stadium , was first opened in 1983 , and replaced the former Emile Versé Stadium . They play in purple and white outfits . They have long-standing rivalries with Club Brugge and Standard Liège .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ajax ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AFC_Ajax', 'summary': "Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈaːjɑks ] ) , also known as AFC Ajax , Ajax Amsterdam , or simply Ajax , is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . Historically , Ajax ( named after the legendary Greek hero ) has been the most successful club in the Netherlands , with 34 Eredivisie titles and 19 KNVB Cups . It has continuously played in the Eredivisie , since the league 's inception in 1956 and , along with Feyenoord and PSV Eindhoven , it is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated that competition . Ajax has historically been one of the most successful clubs in the world . According to the IFFHS , Ajax were the seventh-most successful European club of the 20th century and The World 's Club Team of the Year in 1992 . According to German magazine Kicker , Ajax were the second-most successful European club of the 20th century . The club is one of the five teams that has earned the right to keep the European Cup and to wear a multiple-winner badge ; they won consecutively in 1971-1973 . In 1972 , they completed the continental treble by winning the Eredivisie , KNVB Cup , and the European Cup . It also won the first organized UEFA Super Cup in 1972 against Glasgow Rangers ( played in 1973 ) . Ajax 's last international trophies were the 1995 Intercontinental Cup , 1995 UEFA Super Cup and the 1995 Champions League , where they defeated Milan in the final ; they lost the 1996 Champions League final on penalties to Juventus . In 1995 , Ajax was crowned as World Team of the Year by World Soccer magazine . Ajax is also one of four teams to win the continental treble and the Intercontinental Cup or Club World Cup in the same season/calendar year ; This was achieved in the 1971-72 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Eindhoven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eindhoven', 'summary': 'Eindhoven ( /ˈaɪnthoʊvən/ EYENT-hoh-vən , Dutch : [ ˈɛintɦoːvə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ) is the fifth-largest city and a municipality of the Netherlands , located in the south of the country . It had a population of 231,469 in 2019 , making it the largest city in the province of North Brabant . Eindhoven was originally located at the confluence of the Dommel and Gender . Neighbouring cities and towns include Son en Breugel , Nuenen , Geldrop-Mierlo , Helmond , Heeze-Leende , Waalre , Veldhoven , Eersel , Oirschot and Best . The agglomeration has a population of 337,487 . The metropolitan area consists of 419,045 inhabitants . The city region has a population of 753,426 . The Brabantse Stedenrij combined metropolitan area has about 2 million inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PSV Eindhoven ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven', 'summary': "The Philips Sport Vereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈfilɪps ˌspɔrt fəˈreːnəɣɪŋ ] ; [ nb 1 ] English : Philips Sports Union ) , abbreviated as PSV and internationally known as PSV Eindhoven [ ˌpeːjɛsˈfeː ˈɛintɦoːvə ( n ) ] , [ nb 2 ] is a sports club from Eindhoven , Netherlands , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . It is best known for its professional football department , which plays in the Eredivisie since its inception in 1956 . Along with Ajax and Feyenoord , PSV is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated the Eredivisie . The club was founded in 1913 as a team for Philips employees . PSV 's history contains two golden eras revolving around the UEFA Cup victory in 1978 and the 1987-88 European Cup victory as part of the seasonal treble in 1988 . The team has won the Eredivisie 24 times , the KNVB Cup nine times and the Johan Cruyff Shield ten times . Currently ( as of Nov 2018 ) , PSV is 39th on the UEFA club coefficients ranking . Throughout the years , PSV established itself as a stepping stone for future world class players like Ruud Gullit , Ronald Koeman , Romário , Ronaldo , Phillip Cocu , Jaap Stam , Park Ji-Sung , Ruud van Nistelrooy , and Arjen Robben . Since its foundation , it has played in the Philips Stadion and has upheld its club colours ( red and white ) . Its elaborate connection with Philips can be witnessed in its sponsoring , shared technology and board member ties . Fans have named themselves 'boeren ' ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈbuːrə ( n ) ] , Dutch for either peasants or farmers ) , taking pride in Eindhoven 's status of being a provincial city and their Brabantian heritage ."}]}, {'value': 'Frankfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankfurt', 'summary': "Frankfurt ( officially : Frankfurt am Main ( German : [ ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam ˈmaɪn ] ( listen ) ; Hessian : Frangford am Maa ; lit . Frank ford on the [ a ] Main ) ) is a metropolis and the largest city of the German federal state of Hesse , and its 746,878 ( 2017 ) inhabitants make it the fifth-largest city in Germany . On the River Main ( a tributary of the Rhine ) , it forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring city of Offenbach am Main , and its urban area has a population of 2.3 million . The city is at the centre of the larger Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region , which has a population of 5.5 million and is Germany 's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr Region . Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013 , the geographic centre of the EU is about 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the east of Frankfurt 's central business district . Like France and Franconia , the city is named after the Franks . Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect area ( Franconian dialects ) , Frankfurt was one of the host cities of the official tournaments of the 1974 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Frankfurt was a city state , the Free City of Frankfurt , for nearly five centuries , and was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire , as a site of imperial coronations ; it lost its sovereignty upon the collapse of the empire in 1806 and then permanently in 1866 , when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . It has been part of the federal state of Hesse since 1945 . Frankfurt is culturally , ethnically , and religiously diverse , with half of its population , and a majority of young people , having a migration background . A quarter of the population consists of foreign nationals , including many expatriates . Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce , culture , education , tourism and transportation ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt', 'summary': 'Eintracht Frankfurt e.V . ( German pronunciation : [ ˈʔaɪntʁaxt ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ] ) is a German professional sports club based in Frankfurt , Hesse , that is best known for its football club , currently playing in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system , The club was founded in 1899 and have won one German championship , five DFB-Pokals and one UEFA Cup . Since 1925 , their stadium has been the Waldstadion , which was renamed Commerzbank-Arena in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ipswich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ipswich', 'summary': "Ipswich ( /ˈɪpswɪtʃ/ ( listen ) ) is a historic county town in Suffolk , England . The town is located in East Anglia about 10 miles away from the mouth of the River Orwell and the North Sea . Ipswich is both on the Great Eastern Main Line railway and the A12 road , it is 66 miles ( 106 km ) north-east of London , 54 miles ( 89 km ) east-southeast of Cambridge , and 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of Norwich . Ipswich is surrounded by two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) ; Suffolk Coast and Heaths and Dedham Vale . Ipswich 's modern name is derived from the medieval name Gippeswic , likely taken either from an Old Saxon personal name or from an earlier name given to the Orwell Estuary ( although unrelated to the name of the River Gipping ) . It has also been known as Gyppewicus and Yppswyche . The town has been continuously occupied since the Saxon period , and is contested to be one of the oldest towns in the United Kingdom . Ipswich was a settlement of great economic importance to England throughout its history , particularly in trade . The town 's historical dock , present-day Ipswich Waterfront , was known as the largest and most important dock in the kingdom . Ipswich is a non-metropolitan district and is a large settlement despite its town status . The urban development of Ipswich overspills the borough boundaries significantly , with 75% of the town 's population living within the borough at the time of the 2011 Census , when it was the fourth-largest urban area in the United Kingdom 's East of England region , and the 42nd-largest urban area in England and Wales . In 2011 , the town of Ipswich was found to have a population of 133,384 , while the Ipswich built-up area is estimated to have a population of approximately 180,000 in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ipswich Town ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C.', 'summary': "Ipswich Town Football Club ( also known as Ipswich , The Blues , Town , or The Tractor Boys ) is a professional association football club based in Ipswich , Suffolk , England . They play in League One , the third tier of the English football league system , having been relegated from the Championship in the 2018/19 season . The club was founded in 1878 but did not turn professional until 1936 , and was subsequently elected to join the Football League in 1938 . They play their home games at Portman Road in Ipswich . The only fully professional football club in Suffolk , they have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with Norwich City in Norfolk , with whom they have contested the East Anglian derby 148 times since 1902 . The club 's traditional home colours are blue shirts with white shorts and blue socks . Ipswich have won the English league title once , in their first season in the top flight in 1961-62 , and have twice finished runners-up , in 1980-81 and 1981-82 . They won the FA Cup in 1977-78 , and the UEFA Cup in 1980-81 . They have competed in all three major European club competitions , and have never lost at home in European competition , defeating Real Madrid , A.C. Milan , Inter Milan , Lazio and Barcelona , among others ."}]}, {'value': 'Leverkusen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leverkusen', 'summary': "Leverkusen ( /ˈleɪvərkuːzən/ , German : [ ˈleːvɐˌkuːzn̩ ] ( listen ) , also [ leːɐˈkuːzn̩ ] ) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany on the eastern bank of the Rhine . To the south , Leverkusen borders the city of Cologne and to the north is the state capital Düsseldorf . With about 161,000 inhabitants , Leverkusen is one of the state 's smaller cities . The city is known for the pharmaceutical company Bayer and its associated sports club Bayer 04 Leverkusen ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayer Leverkusen ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen', 'summary': "Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH , also known as Bayer 04 Leverkusen [ ˌbaɪ̯ɐ ˈleːvɐˌkuːzn̩ ] , Bayer Leverkusen , Leverkusen or simply Bayer , is a German football club based in Leverkusen , North Rhine-Westphalia . The club plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of German football , and hosts matches at the BayArena . The club was founded in 1904 by employees of the German pharmaceutical company Bayer , whose headquarters are in Leverkusen and from which the club draws its name . It was formerly the best-known department of TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen , a sports club whose members also participate in athletics , gymnastics , basketball and other sports including the RTHC Bayer Leverkusen ( rowing , tennis and hockey ) . In 1999 the football department was separated from the sports club and is now a separate entity formally called Bayer 04 Leverkusen GmbH . The club 's main colours are red and black , both having been used as the main shirt colour and with red and black stripes also having been used as home colours . Bayer Leverkusen have won one DFB-Pokal and one UEFA Cup . Their local rivals are 1 . FC Köln ."}]}, {'value': 'Naples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naples', 'summary': "Naples ( /ˈneɪpəlz/ ; Italian : Napoli [ ˈnaːpoli ] ( listen ) ; Neapolitan : Napule [ ˈnɑːpələ , ˈnɑːpulə ] ; Ancient Greek : Νεάπολις , romanized : Neápolis ) [ a ] is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy after Rome and Milan . In 2017 , around 967,069 people lived within the city 's administrative limits while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,115,320 residents . Its continuously built-up metropolitan area ( that stretches beyond the boundaries of the Metropolitan City of Naples ) is the second or third largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the most densely populated cities in Europe . First settled by Greeks in the second millennium BC , Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban areas in the world . In the ninth century BC , a colony known as Parthenope or Παρθενόπη was established on the Island of Megaride , later refounded as Neápolis in the sixth century BC . The city was an important part of Magna Graecia , played a major role in the merging of Greek and Roman society and a significant cultural centre under the Romans . It served as the capital of the Duchy of Naples ( 661-1139 ) , then of the Kingdom of Naples ( 1282-1816 ) and finally of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861 . Naples is also considered a capital of the Baroque since the arrival of Caravaggio in the 17th century , and due to the artistic revolution his arrival occasioned . Between 1925 and 1936 , Naples was expanded and upgraded by Benito Mussolini 's government but subsequently sustained severe damage from Allied bombing during World War II , which led to extensive post-1945 reconstruction work . Naples has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades , helped by the construction of the Centro Direzionale business district and an advanced transportation network , which includes the Alta Velocità high-speed rail link to Rome and Salerno and an expanded subway network . Naples is the third-largest urban economy in Italy , after Milan and Rome . The Port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe and home of the Allied Joint Force Command Naples , the NATO body that oversees North Africa , the Sahel and Middle East ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Napoli ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli', 'summary': 'Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli , commonly referred to as Napoli ( pronounced [ ˈnaːpoli ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Naples , Campania that plays in Serie A , the top flight of Italian football . The club have won two league titles , five Coppa Italias , two Supercoppa Italiana titles , and one UEFA Cup . Formed in 1926 , the club saw relatively little success in its early years , winning one Coppa Italia until 1965 , where they were refounded . Napoli then saw increased success in the 1980s , after the club acquired Diego Maradona . During his time in Naples , Maradona helped the team win several trophies , which led to the club retiring his number 10 jersey . During this period , Napoli won their sole league titles , in 1987 and 1990 . Following his departure , however , Napoli struggled financially , and endured several relegations , prior to being refounded in 2004 by film producer Aurelio De Laurentiis . Under his guise , the club has stabilized , which has led to renewed on-field success , winning the 2012 and 2014 Coppa Italia titles . By attendance , Napoli have the fourth biggest fanbase in Italy , and were ranked as the fifth highest-earning football club in Serie A , with $ 182 million in revenue during the 2017-18 season . In 2018 , Forbes estimated the club is the fifth most valuable club in Italy , worth $ 379 million . Napoli are also one of the associate members of the European Club Association . Since 1959 , the club has played their home games at Stadio San Paolo , and have traditionally worn sky blue shirts and white shorts .'}]}, {'value': 'Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayern Munich ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich', 'summary': "Fußball-Club Bayern München e.V. , commonly known as FC Bayern München ( German pronunciation : [ ʔɛf tseː ˈbaɪɐn ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ) , FCB , Bayern Munich , or FC Bayern , is a German sports club based in Munich , Bavaria . It is best known for its professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system , and is the most successful club in German football history , having won a record 29 national titles and 19 national cups . FC Bayern was founded in 1900 by 11 football players , led by Franz John . Although Bayern won its first national championship in 1932 , the club was not selected for the Bundesliga at its inception in 1963 . The club had its period of greatest success in the middle of the 1970s when , under the captaincy of Franz Beckenbauer , it won the European Cup three consecutive times ( 1974-1976 ) . Overall , Bayern has reached ten European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals , most recently winning their fifth title in 2013 as part of a continental treble . Bayern has also won one UEFA Cup , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one FIFA Club World Cup and two Intercontinental Cups , making it one of the most successful European clubs internationally and the only German club to have won both international titles . Since the formation of the Bundesliga , Bayern has been the dominant club in German football , winning 29 titles , including seven consecutively since 2013 . They have traditional local rivalries with 1860 Munich and 1 . FC Nürnberg , as well as with Borussia Dortmund since the mid-1990s . Since the beginning of the 2005-06 season , Bayern has played its home games at the Allianz Arena . Previously the team had played at Munich 's Olympiastadion for 33 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Gelsenkirchen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gelsenkirchen', 'summary': "Gelsenkirchen ( UK : /ˈɡɛlzənkɪərxən/ , US : /ˌɡɛlzənˈkɪərxən/ , German : [ ˌɡɛlzn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Westphalian : Gelsenkiärken ) is the 11th largest city of Germany 's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and its 262,528 ( 2016 ) inhabitants make it the 25th largest city of Germany . On the Emscher River ( a tributary of the Rhine ) , it lies at the centre of the Ruhr , the largest urban area of Germany , of which it is the fifth largest city after Dortmund , Essen , Duisburg and Bochum . The Ruhr is located in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region , one of Europe 's largest urban areas . Gelsenkirchen is the fifth largest city of Westphalia after Dortmund , Bochum , Bielefeld and Münster , and it is one of the southernmost cities in the Low German dialect area . The city is home to the football club Schalke 04 , which is named after Gelsenkirchen-Schalke [ de ] . The club 's current stadium Veltins-Arena , however , is located in Gelsenkirchen-Erle [ de ] . Gelsenkirchen was first documented in 1150 , but it remained a tiny village until the 19th century , when the Industrial Revolution led to the growth of the entire area . In 1840 , when the mining of coal began , 6,000 inhabitants lived in Gelsenkirchen ; in 1900 the population had increased to 138,000 . In the early 20th century , Gelsenkirchen was the most important coal mining town in Europe . It was called the city of a thousand fires for the flames of mine gases flaring at night . In 1928 , Gelsenkirchen was merged with the adjoining cities of Buer and Gelsenkirchen-Horst [ de ] . The city bore the name Gelsenkirchen-Buer , until it was renamed Gelsenkirchen in 1930 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schalke 04 ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Schalke_04', 'summary': "Fußballclub Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04 e. V. , commonly known as FC Schalke 04 ( German : [ ɛf tseː ˈʃalkə nʊl fiːɐ̯ ] ) , Schalke , Schalke 04 or abbreviated as S04 ( German : [ ˈɛs nʊl fiːɐ̯ ] ) , is a professional German football and multi-sports club originally from the Schalke district of Gelsenkirchen , North Rhine-Westphalia . The 04 in the club 's name derives from its formation in 1904 . Schalke has long been one of the most popular professional football teams and multi-sports club in Germany , even though the club 's heyday was in the 1930s and 1940s . Schalke play in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . As of June 2018 , the club has 155,000 members , making it the second-largest sports club in Germany and the fourth-largest sports club in the world in terms of membership . [ not verified in body ] Other activities offered by the club include athletics , basketball , handball , table tennis , winter sports and eSports . Founded in 1904 , Schalke has won seven German championships , five DFB-Pokals , one DFL-Supercup and one UEFA Cup . Schalke also succeeded as the first German club to win a cup double in 1937 . Since 2001 , Schalke 's stadium has been the Veltins-Arena . Schalke holds a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Borussia Dortmund , arguably one of the most widespread and well-known rivalries in German football , and matches between the two teams are referred to as the Revierderby . Schalke was ranked as the seventh-best football team in Europe by UEFA 's 2015 UEFA club rankings . In terms of operating income , Schalke possesses the seventh-highest operating income of any football club at $ 64.4 million or £38.2 million ( €48 million ) , and 0% debt as of August 2014 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'General performances -- By city', 'section_text': 'As of 2018–19 season', 'uid': 'UEFA_Cup_and_Europa_League_records_and_statistics_1', 'intro': "This page details statistics of the Europa League and UEFA Cup. Unless notified these statistics concern all seasons since inception of the UEFA Cup in the 1971-72 season, including qualifying rounds. The UEFA Cup replaced the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in the 1971-72 season, so the Fairs Cup is not considered a UEFA competition, and hence clubs' records in the Fairs Cup are not considered part of their European record."}
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How many more wins do the teams that play in Spain have over teams from England ?
2
089086adf9ebc9a0
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delta_Sigma_Theta_chapters', 'title': 'List of Delta Sigma Theta chapters', 'header': ['Name', 'Chartered', 'Institution', 'Location', 'Status', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alpha ( Α )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 13 , 1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Howard University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_University', 'summary': 'Howard University ( Howard or simply HU ) is a private , federally chartered historically black university ( HBCU ) in Washington , D.C . It is categorized among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all sexes and races . It offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate , graduate , and professional degrees . U.S. News & World Report ranked Howard tied for 104th among national universities , and second among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) for 2020 . Howard is the only HBCU ranked in the top 40 on the Bloomberg Businessweek business school rankings . The Princeton Review ranked the school of business first in opportunities for minority students and in the top five for most competitive students . The National Law Journal ranked the law school among the top 25 in the nation for placing graduates at the most successful law firms .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington , District of Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_District_of_Columbia', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founding Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta ( Β )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 5 , 1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilberforce University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilberforce_University', 'summary': "Wilberforce University is a private historically black university in Wilberforce , Ohio . Affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) , it was the first college to be owned and operated by African Americans . It participates in the United Negro College Fund . Central State University , also in Wilberforce , Ohio began as a department of Wilberforce University where Ohio state legislators could sponsor scholarship students . The college was founded in 1856 by a unique collaboration between the Cincinnati , Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) to provide classical education and teacher training for black youth . The first board members were leaders both black and white . However , during the American Civil War ( 1861-65 ) , the student population declined and financial losses closed the college in 1863 . The AME Church purchased the institution to ensure its survival . AME Bishop Daniel Payne was one of the university 's original founders and became the first president after re-opening , the first African American to become a college president in the United States . Prominent white supporters and the US government donated funds for rebuilding after an arson fire in 1865 . The college attracted the top professors of the day , including W. E. B . Du Bois ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilberforce , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilberforce,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Wilberforce is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Greene County , Ohio , United States . The population was 2,271 at the 2010 census , up from 1,579 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Home of the Beta Hymn ;', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma ( Γ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The University of Pennsylvania ( Penn or UPenn ) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The University claims a founding date of 1740 [ note 2 ] and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded prior to the U.S . Declaration of Independence . Benjamin Franklin , Penn 's founder and first president , advocated an educational program that trained leaders in commerce , government , and public service , similar to a modern liberal arts curriculum . Penn has four undergraduate schools as well as twelve graduate and professional schools . Among its graduate and professional schools are the first school of medicine in North America ( Perelman School of Medicine , 1765 ) , the first collegiate business school ( Wharton School , 1881 ) , and the first student union building and organization ( Houston Hall , 1896 ) . In 2019 , the university had an endowment of $ 14.65 billion , the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States , as well as a research budget of $ 1.02 billion . The university 's athletics program , the Quakers , fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference . As of 2018 , distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state , 64 billionaires , 3 U.S. Supreme Court justices , 33 U.S . Senators , 44 U.S. Governors , 159 members of the U.S. House of Representatives , 8 signers of the U.S . Declaration of Independence , 12 signers of the U.S. Constitution , 24 members of the Continental Congress , and the current U.S. President , Donald Trump . Other notable alumni include 29 Rhodes Scholars , 15 Marshall Scholars , 16 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 48 Fulbright Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Delta Chapter Chartered at an Ivy League University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta ( Δ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 4 , 1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Iowa', 'summary': "The University of Iowa ( UI , U of I , UIowa , or simply Iowa ) is a public research university in Iowa City , Iowa . Founded in 1847 , it is the oldest and the second largest university in the state . The University of Iowa is organized into 12 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees . Located on an urban 1,880 acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River , the University of Iowa is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university is best known for its programs in health care , law , and the fine arts , with programs ranking among the top 25 nationally in those areas . The university was the original developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree and it operates the Iowa Writer 's Workshop , which has produced 17 of the university 's 46 Pulitzer Prize winners . Iowa is a member of the Association of American Universities , the Universities Research Association , and the Big Ten Academic Alliance . Among American universities , the University of Iowa was the first public university to open as coeducational , opened the first coeducational medical school , and opened the first Department of Religious Studies at a public university . The University of Iowa 's 33,000 students take part in nearly 500 student organizations . Iowa 's 22 varsity athletic teams , the Iowa Hawkeyes , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000 graduates ."}]}, {'value': 'Iowa City , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa', 'summary': "Iowa City is a city in Johnson County , Iowa , United States . It is the home of the University of Iowa and county seat of Johnson County , at the center of the Iowa City Metropolitan Statistical Area . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population at 76,290 in 2018 , making it the state 's fifth-largest city . The metropolitan area , which encompasses Johnson and Washington counties , has a population of over 171,000 . Iowa City was the second capital of the Iowa Territory and the first capital city of the State of Iowa . The Old Capitol building is a National Historic Landmark in the center of the University of Iowa campus . The University of Iowa Art Museum and Plum Grove , the home of the first Governor of Iowa , are also tourist attractions . In 2008 , Forbes magazine named Iowa City the second-best small metropolitan area for doing business in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Delta House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon ( E )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ohio State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ohio_State_University', 'summary': 'The Ohio State University ( OSU , commonly referred to as Ohio State ) is a public research university in Columbus , Ohio . Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862 , the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College . The college originally focused on various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor ( later , U.S. president ) Rutherford B. Hayes , and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University . The main campus in Columbus , Ohio , has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States . The university also operates regional campuses in Lima , Mansfield , Marion , Newark , and Wooster . The university has an extensive student life program , with over 1,000 student organizations ; intercollegiate , club and recreational sports programs ; student media organizations and publications , fraternities and sororities ; and three student governments . Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes . As of the 2016 Summer Olympics , athletes from Ohio State have won 104 Olympic medals ( 46 gold , 35 silver , and 23 bronze ) . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbus , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeta ( Ζ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 20 , 1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Cincinnati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati', 'summary': 'The University of Cincinnati ( UC or Cincinnati ) is a public research university in Cincinnati , Ohio . Founded in 1819 as Cincinnati College , it is the oldest institution of higher education in Cincinnati and has an annual enrollment of over 44,000 students , making it the second largest university in Ohio . It is part of the University System of Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cincinnati ( /ˌsɪnsɪˈnæti/ SIN-sih-NAT-ee ) is a major city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and is the government seat of Hamilton County . Settled in 1788 , the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers , the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky . The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area , the fastest growing economic power in the Midwestern United States based on increase of economic output , which had a population of 2,190,209 as of the 2018 census estimates . This makes it Ohio 's largest metropolitan area and the nation 's 29th-largest . With a city population estimated at 302,605 , Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and 65th in the United States . Cincinnati is also within a day 's drive of 49.70% of the United States populace , the most of any city in the United States . In the 19th century , Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the middle of the country . Throughout much of the 19th century , it was listed among the top 10 U.S. cities by population , surpassed only by New Orleans and the older , established settlements of the United States eastern seaboard , as well as being the sixth-biggest city for a period spanning 1840 until 1860 . Cincinnati was the first city founded after the American Revolution , as well as the first major inland city in the country . Cincinnati developed with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than East Coast cities in the same period . However , it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants , who founded many of the city 's cultural institutions . By the end of the 19th century , with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping , trade patterns had altered and Cincinnati 's growth slowed considerably ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eta ( Original )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syracuse University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syracuse_University', 'summary': "Syracuse University ( Syracuse , 'Cuse , or SU ) is a private research university in Syracuse , New York . The institution 's roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary , founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima , New York . After several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse , the university was established in 1870 , independent of the college . Since 1920 , the university has identified itself as nonsectarian , although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church . The campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse , east and southeast of downtown , on one of the larger hills . Its large campus features an eclectic mix of buildings , ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings . SU is organized into 13 schools and colleges , with nationally recognized programs in information studies and library science , architecture , communications , business administration , inclusive education and wellness , sport management , public administration , engineering and the College of Arts and Sciences . Syracuse University athletic teams , known as the Orange , participate in 20 intercollegiate sports . SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference , or ACC for all NCAA Division I athletics , except for the men 's rowing and women 's ice hockey teams . SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Syracuse , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York', 'summary': 'Syracuse ( /ˈsɪrəkjuːz , ˈsɛr- , -kjuːs/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Onondaga County , New York , United States . It is the fifth-most populous city in the state of New York following New York City , Buffalo , Rochester , and Yonkers . At the 2010 census , the city population was 145,252 , and its metropolitan area had a population of 662,577 . It is the economic and educational hub of Central New York , a region with over one million inhabitants . Syracuse is also well-provided with convention sites , with a downtown convention complex . Syracuse was named after the classical Greek city Syracuse ( Siracusa in Italian ) , a city on the eastern coast of the Italian island of Sicily . The city has functioned as a major crossroads over the last two centuries , first between the Erie Canal and its branch canals , then of the railway network . Today , Syracuse is at the intersection of Interstates 81 and 90 . Its airport is the largest in the region . Syracuse is home to Syracuse University , a major D-1 research university ; Le Moyne College , a nationally recognized jesuit liberal arts college ; SUNY Upstate Medical University , a public medical school ; and SUNY ESF , a public university focusing on forestry , the environment , and natural resources .'}]}, {'value': 'Reassigned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eta ( H )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 17 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Valley State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Valley_State_University', 'summary': "Fort Valley State University ( FVSU , formerly Fort Valley State College ) is a public historically black university in Fort Valley , Georgia . It is part of the University System of Georgia and a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . As the only 1890 land-grant university in Georgia , Fort Valley State University is a comprehensive institution that provides an education to over 2,500 students . Approximately 91% of the current student body is of African-American descent . The average age of undergraduates is 24 and the average age of graduate students is 33 . Roughly one-third of the students live on the campus , and 85% of the student body are full-time students . The university is located in the town of Fort Valley in Peach County , the original site of the state 's peach industry . Its 1,365-acre ( 5.52 km2 ) campus is Georgia 's second-largest public university in area ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theta ( Original )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cornell University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': 'Ithaca , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York', 'summary': "Ithaca /ˈɪθəkə/ is a city in the Finger Lakes region of New York . It is the seat of Tompkins County , as well as the largest community in the Ithaca-Tompkins County metropolitan area . This area contains the municipalities of the Town of Ithaca , the village of Cayuga Heights , and other towns and villages in Tompkins County . The city of Ithaca is located on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake , in Central New York , about 45 miles ( 72 km ) south-west of Syracuse . It is named after the Greek island of Ithaca . Additionally , Ithaca is located 247 miles ( 398 km ) southeast of Toronto , and 223 miles ( 359 km ) northwest of New York City . Ithaca is home to Cornell University , an Ivy League school of over 20,000 students , most of whom study at its local campus . In addition , Ithaca College is a private , nonsectarian , liberal arts college of over 7,000 students , located just south of the city in the Town of Ithaca , adding to the area 's college town atmosphere . Nearby is Tompkins Cortland Community College ( TC3 ) . These three colleges bring tens of thousands of students , who increase Ithaca 's seasonal population during the school year . The city 's voters are notably more liberal than those in the remainder of Tompkins County or in upstate New York , generally voting for Democratic Party candidates . As of 2010 , the city 's population was 30,014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reassigned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theta ( Θ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 25 , 1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duquesne University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duquesne_University', 'summary': "Duquesne University of the Holy Spirit ( /djuːˈkeɪn/ ) is a private Catholic university in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States . Founded by members of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit , Duquesne first opened its doors as the Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost in October 1878 with an enrollment of 40 students and a faculty of six . In 1911 , the college became the first Catholic university-level institution in Pennsylvania . It is the only Spiritan institution of higher education in the world . [ citation needed ] It is named for an 18th-century governor of New France , Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville . Duquesne has since expanded to over 9,300 graduate and undergraduate students within a self-contained 49-acre ( 19.8 ha ) hilltop campus in Pittsburgh 's Bluff neighborhood . The school maintains an associate campus in Rome and encompasses ten schools of study . The university hosts international students from more than 80 countries although most students - about 80% - are from Pennsylvania or the surrounding region . Duquesne is considered a research university with higher research activity institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . There are more than 93,000 living alumni of the university including two cardinals and the current bishop of Pittsburgh . The Duquesne Dukes compete in NCAA Division I. Duquesne men 's basketball appeared twice in national championship games in the 1950s and won the NIT championship in 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iota ( I )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 29 , 1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston City-Wide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First chapter of any Black sorority in the New England area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kappa ( Κ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 21 , 1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Berkeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Berkeley , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkeley,_California', 'summary': 'Berkeley ( /ˈbɜːrkli/ BURK-lee ) is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County , California . It is named after the 18th-century Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley . It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north . Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills . The 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580 . Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California system , the University of California , Berkeley , and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , which is managed and operated by the University . It also has the Graduate Theological Union , one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world . Berkeley is considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The first chapter of any Black Greek Lettered Organization to be Chartered west of the Rocky Mountains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lambda ( Λ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago City-Wide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Designed Sorority Crest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mu ( Μ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 21 , 1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh', 'summary': "The University of Pittsburgh ( Pitt ) is a state-related research university in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Pitt was founded as the Pittsburgh Academy in 1787 on the edge of the American frontier . It developed and was renamed as Western University of Pennsylvania by a change to its charter in 1819 . After surviving two devastating fires and various relocations within the area , the school moved to its current location in the Oakland neighborhood of the city ; it was renamed as the University of Pittsburgh in 1908 . Pitt was a private institution until 1966 when it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . The university is composed of 17 undergraduate and graduate schools and colleges at its urban Pittsburgh campus , home to the university 's central administration and 28,391 undergraduate , graduate , and professional students . The university also includes four undergraduate schools located at campuses within Western Pennsylvania : Bradford , Greensburg , Johnstown , and Titusville . The 132-acre Pittsburgh campus has multiple contributing historic buildings of the Schenley Farms Historic District , most notably its 42-story Gothic revival centerpiece , the Cathedral of Learning . The campus is situated adjacent to the flagship medical facilities of its closely affiliated University of Pittsburgh Medical Center ( UPMC ) , as well as the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh , Schenley Park , and Carnegie Mellon University . The university has an annual operating budget of approximately $ 2 billion . This includes nearly $ 940 million in research and development expenditures as of 2017 , the 16th-highest in the nation . A member of the Association of American Universities , Pitt is the third-largest recipient of federally sponsored health research funding among U.S. universities in 2018 and it is a major recipient of research funding from the National Institutes of Health ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nu ( N )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 7 , 1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Michigan', 'summary': "The University of Michigan ( UM , U-M , U of M , or UMich ) , often simply referred to as Michigan , is a public research university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The university is Michigan 's oldest ; it was founded in 1817 in Detroit , as the Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , 20 years before the territory became a state . The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of what is now known as Central Campus . Since its establishment in Ann Arbor , the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet ( 780 acres ; 3.2 km2 ) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus , two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn , and a Center in Detroit . The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States with annual research expenditures approaching $ 1.5 billion , Michigan is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 25 Nobel Prize winners , 6 Turing Award winners and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the University of Michigan . Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities , social sciences , and STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) as well as professional degrees in architecture , business , medicine , law , pharmacy , nursing , social work , public health , and dentistry . Michigan 's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people , one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world . Michigan 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines . They are members of the Big Ten Conference . More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events , winning more than 150 medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Ann Arbor , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County . The 2010 census recorded its population to be 113,934 . It is the principal city of the Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Washtenaw County . Ann Arbor is also included in the larger Southeast Michigan Combined Statistical Area . Ann Arbor is home to the University of Michigan . The university significantly shapes Ann Arbor 's economy as it employs about 30,000 workers , including about 12,000 in the medical center . The city 's economy is also centered on high technology , with several companies drawn to the area by the university 's research and development infrastructure . Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 , named for wives of the village 's founders , both named Ann , and the stands of bur oak trees . The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837 , and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century . During the 1960s and 1970s , the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics . Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism , such as opposition to the Vietnam War and support for the legalization of cannabis ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Sorority at University of Michigan/ First Delta Chapter in Michigan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xi ( Ξ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Louisville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Louisville', 'summary': "The University of Louisville ( UofL ) is a public research university in Louisville , Kentucky . It is part of the Kentucky state university system . When founded in 1798 , it was the first city-owned public university in the United States and one of the first universities chartered west of the Allegheny Mountains . The university is mandated by the Kentucky General Assembly to be a Preeminent Metropolitan Research University . The university enrolls students from 118 of 120 Kentucky counties , all 50 U.S. states , and 116 countries around the world . The University of Louisville School of Medicine is touted for the first fully self-contained artificial heart transplant surgery as well as the first successful hand transplantation in the United States . The University Hospital is also credited with the first civilian ambulance , the nation 's first accident services , now known as an emergency department ( ED ) , and one of the first blood banks in the US . Louisville is also known for its Louisville Cardinals athletics programs . Since 2005 , the Cardinals have made appearances in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball Final Four in 2005 , 2012 , and 2013 ( vacated ) , football Bowl Championship Series Orange Bowl in 2007 ( champions ) and Sugar Bowl in 2013 ( champions ) , the College Baseball World Series 2007 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 and 2019 , the women 's basketball Final Four in 2009 ( runner-up ) , 2013 ( runner-up ) , and 2018 , and the men 's soccer national championship game in 2010 . The Louisville Cardinals Women 's Volleyball program has three-peated as champions of the Big East Tournament ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) , and were Atlantic Coast Conference Champions in 2015 and 2017 . Women 's track and field program has won Outdoor Big East titles in 2008 , 2009 and 2010 and an Indoor Big East title in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisville , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Louisville ( US : /ˈluːəvəl/ ( listen ) LOO-ə-vəl , /ˈluːivɪl/ ( listen ) LOO-ee-vil , /ˈlʊvəl/ ( listen ) LUUV-əl , UK : /ˈluːivɪl/ ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 29th most-populous city in the United States . [ d ] It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class , the other being Lexington , the state 's second-largest city . [ e ] Louisville is the historical seat and , since 2003 , the nominal seat of Jefferson County , on the Indiana border . Named after King Louis XVI of France , Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark , making it one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachians . With nearby Falls of the Ohio as the only major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico , the settlement first grew as a portage site . It was the founding city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad , which grew into a 6,000-mile ( 9,700 km ) system across 13 states . Today , the city is known as the home of legendary boxer Muhammad Ali , the Kentucky Derby , Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) , the University of Louisville and its Cardinals , Louisville Slugger baseball bats , and three of Kentucky 's six Fortune 500 companies : Humana , Kindred Healthcare , and Yum ! Brands . Muhammad Ali International Airport , Louisville 's main commercial airport , hosts UPS 's worldwide hub . Since 2003 , Louisville 's borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County , after a city-county merger . The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government , abbreviated to Louisville Metro . Despite the merger and renaming , the term Jefferson County continues to be used in some contexts in reference to Louisville Metro , particularly including the incorporated cities outside the balance which make up Louisville proper ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Delta chapter chartered in Kentucky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omicron ( O )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Nebraska-Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska-Lincoln', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Lincoln , Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska', 'summary': "Lincoln is the capital of the U.S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Lancaster County . The city covers 96.194 square miles ( 249.141 km2 ) with a population of 287,401 in 2018 . It is the second-most populous city in Nebraska and the 70th-largest in the United States . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the state called the Lincoln Metropolitan and Lincoln-Beatrice Combined Statistical Areas . The statistical area is home to 356,083 people , making it the 105th-largest combined statistical area in the United States . The city was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster on the wild salt marshes of what was to become Lancaster County . In 1869 , the village of Lancaster became Nebraska 's state capital and was renamed Lincoln . The Bertram G. Goodhue-designed state capitol building was completed in 1932 and is the second tallest capitol in the United States . As the city is the seat of government for the state of Nebraska , the state and the United States government are major employers . The University of Nebraska was founded in Lincoln in 1869 . The university is the largest in Nebraska with 26,079 students enrolled and is the city 's third-largest employer . Other primary employers fall within the service and manufacturing industries , including a growing high-tech sector ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pi ( Π )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 23 , 1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Greek-lettered organization established at UCLA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rho ( Ρ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dec 7 , 1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_University', 'summary': "Columbia University ( also known as Columbia , and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York ) is a private Ivy League research university in New York City . Established in 1754 on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan , Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence , seven of which belong to the Ivy League . It has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Columbia was established as King 's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain in reaction to the founding of Princeton University in New Jersey . It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution , and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay . In 1896 , the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University . Columbia scientists and scholars have played an important role in the development of notable scientific fields and breakthroughs including : brain-computer interface ; the laser and maser ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; the first nuclear pile ; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas ; Thomas Hunt Morgan 's drosophila experiment - considered the origin of modern genetics ; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift ; and much of the initial research and planning of the Manhattan Project during World War II . The Columbia University Physics Department has been affiliated with 33 Nobel Prize winners as alumni , faculty or research staff , the third most of any American institution behind MIT and Harvard . In addition , 22 Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine have been affiliated with Columbia , the third most of any American institution . The university 's research efforts include the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory , Goddard Institute for Space Studies and accelerator laboratories with major technology firms such as IBM . Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D ."}]}, {'value': 'New York , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York,_New_York', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sigma ( Σ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clark Atlanta University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University', 'summary': 'Clark Atlanta University is a private historically black university in Atlanta , Georgia . It was formed in 1988 with the consolidation of Clark College ( founded in 1869 ) and Atlanta University ( founded in 1865 ) . Clark Atlanta University is a member of the United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) and is the largest collegiate institution in the Atlanta University Center Consortium .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter celebrates chartering as May 6 , 1931', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Single Letter Chapters', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Delta_Sigma_Theta_chapters_0', 'intro': "Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. was founded on January 13, 1913 at Howard University, and began to expand its membership early on when it chartered Beta Chapter at Wilberforce University in 1914, Gamma Chapter at the University of Pennsylvania in 1918 and Delta Chapter at the University of Iowa in 1919. Delta Sigma Theta continues to Charter new chapters at both the Collegiate and Alumnae level. Individual Chapters are Chartered, not Founded, as only the Perpetual body was founded, and the founding occurred in 1913. Delta Sigma Theta has more than 940 Chapters located in the United States, England, Japan (Tokyo and Okinawa), Germany, the Virgin Islands, Liberia, Bermuda, Jamaica, The Bahamas, South Korea and Nigeria. The sorority's chapters are organized into seven regions and further sub-divided by state. While initially Alumnae / Graduate Chapters were named using the Greek Alphabet, the perpetual body of Delta Sigma Theta voted at the Twenty-Fourth National Convention, held in Detroit, Michigan on December 26-30, 1956, to abandon this practice. Following the vote, the Greek Letter names for the Alumnae Chapters are no longer in use or recognized by the Grand Chapter. Alumnae Chapters are instead named using their Geographic Location. This list includes Active, Inactive, Reassigned, and Retired undergraduate Chapters."}
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How many have employment in the universiy in the city which houses the University of Michigan ?
30,000
0890b7745f3ae6d2
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Spanish_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1999 Spanish Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Lap', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Häkkinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Häkkinen', 'summary': "Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( Finnish : [ ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen ] ( listen ) ; born 28 September 1968 ) , nicknamed The Flying Finn , is a Finnish former racing driver . He was the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion , driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls . Häkkinen currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies . Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships . He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom . After success in the series , Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992 . The following year , he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti . After four years which yielded minor success for Häkkinen , he scored his first Formula One victory in 1997 . He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the season ending Japanese Grand Prix ; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors ' Championship . Häkkinen repeated his World Championship success in 1999 , taking five victories . He finished as runner-up in the Drivers ' Championship in 2000 , behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport , which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 . For 2005 , he moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) series , where he secured his first victory that year ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:22.088', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Irvine', 'summary': "Edmund Irvine Jr. ( born 10 November 1965 ) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland . He competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2002 , and finished runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Scuderia Ferrari . He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship , achieving early success , before progressing to the Formula Three and Formula 3000 Championships . He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix , where he achieved early notoriety for his involvement in incidents on and off the track . He scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan , before moving to Ferrari in 1996 . His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and challenged McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen for the World Championship . He moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000 , scoring the team 's first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002 . Irvine retired from competitive motorsport at the end of the 2002 season . Since retiring , Irvine became a media personality in Great Britain . He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005 , but talks came to nothing . Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market , having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:22.219', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.131', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Coulthard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Coulthard', 'summary': "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:22.244', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.156', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Schumacher', 'summary': "Michael Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; German : [ ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix , Benetton and Ferrari , where he spent most of his career , as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever , and regarded by some as the greatest of all time , Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships , five of which he won consecutively . The most successful driver in the history of the sport , Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles ( 7 ) , the most Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , the most fastest laps ( 77 ) and the most races won in a single season ( 13 ) , and according to the official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) , Schumacher was statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen at the time of his retirement from the sport . After success in karting as a child , Schumacher won titles in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton for the rest of that season . He finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , before becoming the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill , albeit in controversial circumstances . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . In 1996 Schumacher moved to Ferrari , who had last won the Drivers ' Championship in 1979 , and helped them transform into the most successful team in Formula One history , as he came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 , including an unprecedented sixth and seventh title . In 2002 Schumacher won the title with a record six races remaining and finished on the podium in every race . In 2004 Schumacher won twelve out of the first thirteen races and went on to win a record 13 times as he won his final title . Schumacher retired from Formula One in 2006 , after finishing runner-up to Renault 's Fernando Alonso ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:22.277', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.189', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Alesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Alesi', 'summary': "Jean Alesi ( born Giovanni Alesi ; 11 June 1964 ) is a French racing driver of Italian origin . His father , Franco , was a mechanic from Alcamo , Sicily , and his mother was from Riesi . After successes in the minor categories , notably winning the 1989 Formula 3000 Championship , his Formula One career included spells at Tyrrell , Benetton , Sauber , Prost , Jordan and Ferrari , where he proved very popular among the tifosi . During his spell at Ferrari from 1991 to 1995 , his aggressive driving style , combined with the use of the number 27 on his car , led some journalists , and the tifosi , to compare him to Gilles Villeneuve and he won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix , but this proved to be the only win of his Formula One career . During his time in Formula One , Alesi was particularly good in the wet , and was a mercurial and passionate racer , whose emotions sometimes got the better of him . After leaving Formula One , from 2002 to 2006 Alesi raced in the DTM championship , winning some races , and his best result was a fifth place in the drivers ' championship . He raced in the Speedcar Series in 2008 and 2009 , and raced at Le Mans in 2010 . He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 and became the oldest professional driver to perform the rookie test for admission to the competition . For several years he was also a commentator for the Italian TV show Pole Position . In 2006 Alesi was awarded Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:22.388', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve', 'summary': "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:22.703', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.615', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rubens Barrichello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello', 'summary': "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ."}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:22.920', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.832', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz-Harald Frentzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz-Harald_Frentzen', 'summary': "Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( born 18 May 1967 ) , nicknamed HHF , is a German former racing driver . He finished runner-up in the 1997 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen-Honda', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:22.938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarno Trulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarno_Trulli', 'summary': "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.194', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.106', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralf Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher', 'summary': "Ralf Schumacher ( born 30 June 1975 ) is a German former racing driver . He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races . Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series . He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season . Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999 , finishing sixth in the Drivers ' Championship that year . He won his first Grand Prix in 2001 , en route to fourth place in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years . Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005 . However , his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One , as a result of internal pressure . After leaving Formula One , Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008 , achieving minor success , and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM , mentoring young drivers ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.303', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.215', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damon Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damon_Hill', 'summary': "Damon Graham Devereux Hill , OBE ( born 17 September 1960 ) is a British former racing driver . He is the son of Graham Hill , and , along with Nico Rosberg , one of only two sons of a Formula One world champion to also win the title . He started racing on motorbikes in 1981 , and after minor success moved on to single-seater racing cars . Despite progressing steadily up the ranks to the International Formula 3000 championship by 1989 , and often being competitive , he never won a race at that level . Hill became a test driver for the Formula One title-winning Williams team in 1992 . He was promoted to the Williams race team the following year after Riccardo Patrese 's departure and took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix . During the mid-1990s , Hill was Michael Schumacher 's main rival for the Formula One Drivers ' Championship , which saw the two clash several times on and off the track . Their collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix gave Schumacher his first title by a single point . Hill became champion in 1996 with eight wins , but was dropped by Williams for the following season . He went on to drive for the less competitive Arrows and Jordan teams , and in 1998 gave Jordan their first win . Hill retired from racing after the 1999 season . He has since launched several businesses and has made appearances playing the guitar with celebrity bands ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen-Honda', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.317', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.229', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Diniz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Diniz', 'summary': "Pedro Paulo Falleiros dos Santos Diniz ( born 22 May 1970 ) is a Brazilian businessman and former racing driver . Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen and achieved minor success , before progressing to car racing in the Brazilian Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Forti for the 1995 season . The following year he switched to Ligier and moved to Arrows for 1997 . In 1998 , he finished 14th in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently moved to Sauber for 1999 . He left Sauber after the 2000 season and bought a share in the Prost team , which folded a year later . Since leaving motorsport , Diniz founded the Formula Renault 2.0 Brazil Championship which he ran from 2002 and 2006 , later becoming a partner in Pão de Açúcar and operates an organic produce and dairy farm alongside his wife Tatiana Diniz . He is a Board Member of Food Tank , a non-profit organization that spotlights environmentally , socially , and economically sustainable ways of alleviating hunger , obesity , and poverty and works to create networks of people , organizations , and content to push for food system change . Diniz was considered a pay driver during his career due to his family backing , but he scored ten points during his Formula One career while most pay drivers did not score any ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:23.331', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.243', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Fisichella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella', 'summary': "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.333', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.245', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Herbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Herbert', 'summary': 'John Paul Johnny Herbert ( born 25 June 1964 ) is a retired British racing driver and television announcer . He raced in Formula One from 1989 to 2000 , for 7 different teams , winning three races and placed 4th in the 1995 championship . He also raced sports cars winning the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1991 driving a Mazda 787B . He enjoyed much success in lower-level motor racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.505', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.417', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Panis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Panis', 'summary': 'Olivier Panis ( born 2 September 1966 ) is a French professional racing driver . Panis drove in Formula One for ten seasons , scoring one win at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix for the Ligier team . As of 2019 , he is the last French driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix . He is the father of racing driver Aurélien Panis .'}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.559', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.471', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Salo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Salo', 'summary': 'Mika Juhani Salo ( born 30 November 1966 ) is a Finnish former professional racing driver . He competed in Formula One between 1994 and 2002 . His best ranking was 10th in the world championship in 1999 , when he stood in for the injured Michael Schumacher at Ferrari for six races , scoring two podiums . He also won the GT2 class in the 2008 and 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans .'}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.683', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.595', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alessandro Zanardi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alessandro_Zanardi', 'summary': 'Alessandro Zanardi ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈaːleks dzaˈnardi ] ; born 23 October 1966 ) is an Italian professional racing driver and paracyclist . He won the CART championship in 1997 and 1998 in North America . He also raced in Formula One from 1991-1994 and again in 1999 ; his best result was a sixth-place finish in 1993 . He returned to CART in 2001 , but a major crash in the 2001 American Memorial resulted in the amputation of his legs . He returned to racing less than two years after the accident ; competing in the FIA World Touring Car Championship for BMW Team Italy-Spain between 2003 and 2009 . In addition to continuing to race cars , Zanardi took up competition in handcycling , a form of paralympic cycling , with the stated goal of representing Italy at the 2012 Summer Paralympics . In September 2011 , Zanardi won his first senior international handcycling medal , the silver medal in the H4 category time trial at the UCI World Road Para-Cycling Championships . In September 2012 he won gold medals at the London Paralympics in the individual H4 time trial and the individual H4 road race , followed by a silver medal in the mixed H1-4 team relay , and in September 2016 he won a gold and a silver medal at the 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro .'}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.703', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.615', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Wurz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Wurz', 'summary': "Alexander Wurz ( born 15 February 1974 ) is an Austrian former professional racing driver , driver training expert and businessman . He competed in Formula One from 1997 until 2007 , and is also a two-time winner of the Le Mans 24 Hours . He is currently under contract to race for the Toyota factory racing team in the WEC ( World Endurance Championship ) . In Formula 1 , he is a commentator for TV and media , as well as being Williams F1 Team 's driver coach , [ citation needed ] chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association , and occasionally a driver steward ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.824', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.736', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro de la Rosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa', 'summary': 'Pedro Martínez de la Rosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾo ðe la ˈrosa ] ; born 24 February 1971 ) is a Spanish former Formula One driver who has participated in 107 Grands Prix for the Arrows , Jaguar , McLaren , Sauber and HRT teams , debuting on 7 March 1999 , becoming one of very few drivers to score a point at his first race . He has scored a total of 35 championship points , which includes a podium finish at the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix . On 21 November 2011 , De la Rosa signed a two-year contract to drive for the HRT F1 team , but he only remained with the team for one season , after HRT withdrew from the 2013 team list , leaving him without a drive for the 2013 season . On 16 January 2013 , De la Rosa was announced as the Ferrari development driver for the 2013 Formula One season . De la Rosa , along with Michael Schumacher was the last F1 driver that had raced in the sport in the 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '1:24.619', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.531', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toranosuke Takagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toranosuke_Takagi', 'summary': 'Toranosuke Takagi , known simply as Tora Takagi ( 高木 虎之介 ; born 12 February 1974 ) is a Japanese former racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '1:25.280', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.192', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1999_Spanish_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': 'The 1999 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 30 May 1999 at the Circuit de Catalunya near Barcelona, Spain. It was the fifth race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 65-lap race was won from pole position by Mika Häkkinen, driving a McLaren-Mercedes, with team-mate David Coulthard second and Michael Schumacher third in a Ferrari.'}
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Which constructor is based in Dearborn , Michigan ?
Ford
0891111123d0c55c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Yugoslavia at the 1984 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vlado Lisjak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vlado_Lisjak', 'summary': 'Vlado Lisjak ( born 29 April 1962 in Petrinja ) is a former Croatian Greco-Roman wrestler who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics for Yugoslavia . He won gold in the 68 kg category , beating Tapio Sipilä in the final . Because of his feat he won the Croatian Sportsman of the Year award in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1984 Summer Olympics , 20 wrestling events were contested . There were 10 weight classes in each of the freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling disciplines . Competition took place at the arena at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim , California .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 68 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_68_kg", 'summary': "The Men 's Greco-Roman 68 kg at the 1984 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Anaheim Convention Center , Anaheim , California ."}]}, {'value': '3 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Yugoslavia women 's national handball team Svetlana Anastasovska Alenka Cuderman Svetlana Dašić Slavica Dukić Dragica Đurić Mirjana Đurica Emilija Erčić Ljubinka Janković Jasna Kolar-Merdan Ljiljana Mugoša Svetlana Mugoša Mirjana Ognjenović Zorica Pavićević Jasna Ptujec Biserka Višnjić", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Yugoslavia_women's_national_handball_team", 'summary': "The Yugoslavia women 's national handball team was the national handball team of Yugoslavia . The team won the World Women 's Handball Championship in 1973 . Their achievements at the Olympic Games included a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , silver medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , and 4th place at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Svetlana_Anastasovska', 'summary': 'Svetlana Anastasovska-Obućina ( née Anastasovska , Serbian Cyrillic : Светлана Атанасовска-Обућина , born April 26 , 1961 in Belgrade ) is a former Serbian handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics , in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . In 1980 she won the silver medal with the Yugoslav team . She played all five matches and scored twelve goals . Four years later she won the gold medal as member of the Yugoslav team . She played all five matches and scored 13 goals . In 1988 she was part of the Yugoslav team which finished fourth in the Olympic tournament . She played one match .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alenka_Cuderman', 'summary': 'Alenka Cuderman ( born June 13 , 1961 ) is a former Yugoslav/Slovenian handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics . In 1984 she was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . She played three matches including the final .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Svetlana_Dašić', 'summary': 'Svetlana Kitić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Светлана Китић , born 19 June 1960 in Tuzla , SR Bosnia-Herzegovina , SFR Yugoslavia ) is a retired Yugoslav and Bosnian handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics for Yugoslavia , and was part of the Bosnian national team in the early 2000s . In 2010 , she was voted the best female handball player ever by the International Handball Federation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Slavica_Dukić', 'summary': 'Slavica Đukić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Славица Ђукић , German : Slavica Djukic , born 7 January 1960 in Veliko Gradište , Serbia , FPR Yugoslavia ) is a former Yugoslav/Austrian handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics , in the 1988 Summer Olympics , and in the 1992 Summer Olympics . In 1984 she was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . She played four matches as goalkeeper . Four years later she was part of the Yugoslav team which finished fourth . She played all five matches as goalkeeper . In 1992 she represented Austria at the Summer Olympics , finishing in fifth place .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dragica_Đurić', 'summary': "Dragica Đurić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Драгица Ђурић , born 26 March 1963 in Šabac , Serbia , FPR Yugoslavia ) is a former Serbian-Yugoslav handball player who played for the Yugoslavia national team and the Serbia and Montenegro national team . She has been the head coach of the Serbia women 's national team since February 2016 . Before that , she was the coach of the goalkeepers in the national team , and the manager of the Serbia women 's national team . Đurić was a member of the Yugoslavia national team which won the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics . She played one match as goalkeeper . Four years later , she was part of the Yugoslav team which finished fourth at the 1988 Summer Olympics . She played all five matches as goalkeeper ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mirjana_Đurica', 'summary': 'Mirjana Đurica ( Serbian Cyrillic : Мирјана Ђурица , born 11 March 1961 in Sombor , Serbia , FPR Yugoslavia ) is a former Yugoslav/Serbian handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics , in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . In 1980 she won the silver medal with the Yugoslav team . She played all five matches and scored one goal . Four years later she won the gold medal as member of the Yugoslav team . She played all five matches and scored 18 goals . In 1988 she was part of the Yugoslav team which finished fourth in the Olympic tournament . She played five matches and scored two goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emilija_Erčić', 'summary': 'Emilija Erčić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Емилија Ерчић , born 14 June 1962 in Belgrade ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics . She was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . She played three matches and scored two goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ljubinka_Janković', 'summary': 'Ljubinka Janković ( born September 23 , 1958 in Badovinci village near Bogatić , Serbia , former Yugoslavia ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . In 1984 she was a member of the Yugoslav handball team that won the gold medal . She played all five matches and scored six goals . Four years later , she was part of the Yugoslav team that finished fourth . She played all five matches and scored ten goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jasna_Kolar-Merdan', 'summary': 'Jasna Kolar-Merdan ( born 19 October 1956 in Mostar ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics , in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1992 Summer Olympics . In 1980 she won the silver medal with the Yugoslav team . She played all five matches and scored nine goals . Four years later she won the gold medal as member of the Yugoslav team . She played all five matches and scored 48 goals . She was the top scorer of the tournament . She was voted World Handball Player of 1990 by the International Handball Federation . In 1992 she was part of the Austrian team which finished fifth in the Olympic tournament . She played all four matches and scored 23 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ljiljana_Mugoša', 'summary': 'Ljiljana Mugoša Vučević ( Serbian : Љиљана Мугоша Вучевић ) , born April 10 , 1962 in Titograd , SR Montenegro , Yugoslavia is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . In 1984 , she was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . She played four matches and scored four goals . Four years later she was part of the Yugoslav team which finished fourth . She played all five matches and scored five goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Svetlana_Mugoša', 'summary': 'Svetlana Mugoša Antić ( Serbian : Светлана Мугоша Антић ) ; born November 13 , 1964 in Titograd , SR Montenegro , Yugoslavia ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . In 1984 , she was a member of the Yugoslav handball team , which won the gold medal . She played three matches and scored two goals . Four years later , she was part of the Yugoslav team that finished fourth . She played all five matches and scored 15 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mirjana_Ognjenović', 'summary': 'Mirjana Ognjenović ( born 17 September 1953 in Zagreb ) is a former Yugoslav/Croatian handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics . In 1980 she won the silver medal with the Yugoslav team . She played all five matches and scored eleven goals . Four years later she won the gold medal as member of the Yugoslav team . She played four matches including the final and scored ten goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zorica_Pavićević', 'summary': 'Zorica Dragović Pavićević ( Serbian : Зорица Драговић Павићевић ) , born 9 May 1956 in Danilovgrad , Montenegro is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics . She was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . She played four matches and scored two goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jasna_Ptujec', 'summary': 'Jasna Ptujec ( born 19 January 1959 in Zagreb ) is a former Yugoslav/Croatian handball player born in Croatian-Slovenian family . who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics . She was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . She played all five matches as goalkeeper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Biserka_Višnjić', 'summary': "Biserka Višnjić ( born 10 October 1953 in Trogir ) is a former Croatian handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics for the Yugoslavia women 's national handball team and in the 1984 Summer Olympics . In 1980 , she won the silver medal with the Yugoslav team . She played all five matches and scored 33 goals . She became the top scorer of the tournament . Four years later , she won the gold medal as member of the Yugoslav team . She played four matches including the final and scored fifteen goals ."}]}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Handball at the 1984 Summer Olympics featured competition for men and women . Due to the USSR-led boycott some strong handball nations from Eastern Bloc did not compete ; this gave an opportunity to the Yugoslav team to take both gold medals . Games were played at Titan Gym in Fullerton , California .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Handball at the 1984 Summer Olympics featured competition for men and women . Due to the USSR-led boycott some strong handball nations from Eastern Bloc did not compete ; this gave an opportunity to the Yugoslav team to take both gold medals . Games were played at Titan Gym in Fullerton , California .'}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matija Ljubek Mirko Nišović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matija_Ljubek', 'summary': 'Matija Ljubek ( Croatian pronunciation : [ ʎǔbek ] ; 22 November 1953 - 11 October 2000 ) was a Croatian sprint canoeist who competed in the 1970s and 1980s and later became a sports official . Born in Belišće , Osijek-Baranja , Ljubek competed in four Summer Olympics where he won four medals . This included two golds ( C-1 1000 m : 1976 , C-2 500 m : 1984 with Mirko Nišović ) , one silver ( C-2 1000 m : 1984 with Mirko Nišović ) , and one bronze ( C-1 500 m : 1976 ) . His trainer was Laszlo Hingl . He also won ten medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with four golds ( C-1 1000 m : 1978 , C-2 500 m : 1982 , 1983 ; C-2 10000 m : 1985 ) , three silvers ( C-1 10000 m : 1981 , C-2 1000 m : 1982 , 1985 ) , and three bronzes ( C-1 10000 m : 1975 , 1978 ; C-2 1000 m : 1983 ) . In 1976 he was awarded a Golden Badge award for best athlete of Yugoslavia . Ljubek later became vice-president of the Croatian Olympic Committee and served as chef de mission for the Croatian Olympic team . Ljubek died in 2000 when he was shot by an estranged brother-in-law while trying to defend his mother in Valpovo , Osijek-Baranja six days after returning from the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mirko_Nišović', 'summary': 'Mirko Nišović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Мирко Нишовић ; born July 2 , 1961 ) is a Yugoslav-born , Serbian sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1970s to the late 1980s . Competing in three Summer Olympics , he won two medals at Los Angeles in 1984 with a gold in the C-2 500 m and a silver in the C-2 1000 m events , in team with Matija Ljubek . Nišović also won six medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three golds ( C-2 500 m : 1982 , 1983 ; C-2 10000 m : 1985 ) , two silvers ( C-2 1000 m : 1982 , 1985 ) , and one bronze ( C-2 1000 m : 1983 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , twelve events in sprint canoe racing were contested on Lake Casitas . The women 's K-4 500 m event was introduced to the Olympic program at these Games ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's C-2 500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_C-2_500_metres", 'summary': "The men 's C-2 500 metres event was an open-style , pairs canoeing event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1984 Summer Olympics program ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šaban Trstena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šaban_Trstena', 'summary': 'Shaban Tërstena ( Albanian : Shaban Tërstena , Macedonian : Шабан Трстена , Serbo-Croatian : Šaban Trstena ) ( born 1 January 1965 ) , is a Macedonian Albanian former freestyle wrestler . Tërstena was born in Skopje , SFR Yugoslavia and is of Albanian heritage . Growing up in Čair , Tërstena joined the Liria Wrestling Club and was trained by notable coaches Mentaz Allajbegu and Hajrush Sinani , who had also trained notable wrestlers Shaban Sejdiu , Bajram Qorrolli , Abdulla Mehmeti , Mustaf Syla , Shend Kamberi and Adnan Elezi . Tërstena won the gold medal at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles and also won the silver medal at the Seoul Olympics in 1988 . Tërstena is currently the youngest to win any wrestling gold at the Olympics , being 19 years of age at the Los Angeles Olympics . In the 1984 European Championships , Tërstena won gold beating the then World Champion Valentin Yordanov . Tërstena would then win silver in 1983 , 1985 , 1986 , and the bronze in 1982 and 1988 . In the 1982 World Wrestling Championships , Tërstena reached bronze . During the three times he competed in the Mediterranean or Balkan Games , he won gold in all three . He has been pronounced the Best Macedonian athlete many times and once , in 1984 the best athlete of Yugoslavia . In 2000 he has been also pronounced the best Albanian athlete of the last century . He has won 715 matches out of 741 fights .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1984 Summer Olympics , 20 wrestling events were contested . There were 10 weight classes in each of the freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling disciplines . Competition took place at the arena at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim , California .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's freestyle 52 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_freestyle_52_kg", 'summary': "The Men 's Freestyle 52 kg at the 1984 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Anaheim Convention Center , Anaheim , California ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Yugoslavia men 's national water polo team Dragan Andrić Milivoj Bebić Perica Bukić Veselin Đuho Milorad Krivokapić Deni Lušić Igor Milanović Tomislav Paškvalin Zoran Petrović Andrija Popović Zoran Roje Goran Sukno Božo Vuletić", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Yugoslavia_men's_national_water_polo_team", 'summary': "Yugoslavia men 's national water polo team was the national water polo team that represented the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( 1920-1929 ) , the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1929-1941 ) , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia ( 1946-1963 ) , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( 1963-1992 ) . They were one of strongest waterpolo teams in history of sport , having won 7 Olympic , 4 World Championship , 5 World Cup and 12 European Championship medals . For the later official water polo teams , see :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Dragan_Andrić', 'summary': 'Dragan Andrić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Драган Андрић ; born June 6 , 1962 in Dubrovnik ) is a Yugoslav former water polo player , two times Olympic gold medalist . He played for VK Partizan , Pescara , CN Catalunya and coached Chios and Panathinaikos in Greece . Andrić coached FR Yugoslavian team at the 1996 Summer Olympics , national teams of Japan and Greece .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Milivoj_Bebić', 'summary': "Milivoj Bebić ( born 29 August 1959 ) is a retired Croatian water polo player . He won a silver Olympic gold medal winner with Yugoslavia at the 1980 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics . He was a former waterpolo player of the POŠK team of Split ( Croatia ) and , in Italy , of the Ortigia in Siracusa and Volturno Sporting Club of Santa Maria Capua Vetere ( where he also worked as coach , during the '90s ) . At the age of ten , Milivoj Bebić joined the Pošk water polo club . A prodigy almost from the start , he was asked to join the Yugoslavian national team at the age of 17 . It was playing with experienced veterans , like Hall of Famer Ratko Rudić and playing under the legendary coach , Vahlo Orlić , father of modern Yugoslav water polo , and Miro Čirčović , that Bebić developed the skills that made him one of the greatest offensive water polo players of all time . From 1979 to 1985 , nobody was better than Bebić . He helped the Yugoslavian national team and POŠK reach the top of the podium in nearly every tournament they entered . In 1980 , at the Moscow Olympics , Yugoslavia won the silver , losing to the Soviet Union by a single goal in the decisive game of the round-robin tournament . Four years later in Los Angeles , Yugoslavia again faced the home team in the deciding match and it looked like history would favor the home team once again , as the Americans held a five to three lead heading into the fourth quarter . But after Deni Lusic brought Yugoslavia to within one , it was Bebićs goal with three minutes three seconds that tied the score and allowed Yugoslavia to win the gold medal on the basis of Yugoslavias better goal differential in the round-robin tournament . During his career on the Yugoslavian national team , Bebić scored a record 620 goals in just 300 games and in 1982-1984 , he was judged by International Swimming and Water Polo Magazine as the best player in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Perica_Bukić', 'summary': "Perica Bukić ( born 20 February 1966 ) is a Croatian former professional water polo player and politician . He represented Yugoslavia at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California , where the team won the gold medal . Bukić was educated at the University of Zagreb , from which he received a degree in economics . During his active water polo years , he played for Solaris Šibenik , Mladost Zagreb , and Jadran Split . He later became the sports director of Mladost Zagreb . Bukić is a member of the Croatian Democratic Union . In the 2003 Croatian parliamentary election he attained a seat in the Croatian Parliament . In the 2007 Croatian parliamentary election he retained his seat . His term of office in the Parliament ended in January 2008 . In 2004 he was elected as the president of the Croatian Water Polo Federation , the sport 's governing body in Croatia . In July 2008 Bukić was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame . His son is Luka Bukić , who is also a water polo player ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Veselin_Đuho', 'summary': "Veselin Đuho ( born January 5 , 1960 ) is a former water polo player and current water polo coach from Croatia who was a two-time Olympic gold medalist for Yugoslavia at the 1984 and 1988 Olympics . Đuho was born in Foča ( PR Bosnia-Herzegovina , FPR Yugoslavia ) but moved to Dubrovnik as a child , where he started swimming in 1968 and joined VK Jug in 1974 . He spent most of his career in Jug , winning with them five Yugoslav league titles , two Yugoslav cup titles , and the European Championship in 1980 . Playing for the Yugoslavia men 's national water polo team , Đuho won the gold medal at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles and at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul , as well as the gold medal at the 1986 World Championship in Madrid , the gold medal at the 1987 World Cup , and silver medals at the 1985 European Championship in Sofia and the 1987 European Championship in Strasbourg . Later in his career he also played in Italy for Rari Nantes Salerno and Rari Nantes Cagliari , before retiring in 1993 to become Cagliari 's coach . He was the coach of VK Jug between 1997 and 2003 , during which time the club won the 2000 LEN Cup , the 2001 LEN Champions League , the Croatian First League in 2000 and 2001 , and the Croatian Cup in 2001 and 2003 . Đuho was then the coach of VK Koper before become the coach of Jug again in 2012 . In March 2014 Đuho was relieved of his coaching duties in Jug ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Milorad_Krivokapić_(water_polo)', 'summary': 'Milorad Krivokapić ( born 8 January 1956 ) is a retired Montenegrin water polo player . He won a silver Olympic gold medal winner with Yugoslavia at the 1980 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics . He is currently president of Serbian water polo association .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Deni_Lušić', 'summary': 'Deni Lušić ( born 14 April 1962 in Split ) is a Croatian water polo coach and former water polo player . He is a double Olympic gold medal winner with Yugoslavia at the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Igor_Milanović', 'summary': 'Igor Milanović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Игор Милановић ; born 18 December 1965 ) is a retired Serbian water polo player who is considered as the best water polo player of all time . Milanović had an illustrious professional career spanning twenty years . He is now a water polo coach .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tomislav_Paškvalin', 'summary': "Tomislav Paškvalin ( born 29 August 1961 ) is a retired Croatian water polo player . He is a double Olympic gold medal winner with Yugoslavia at the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics . As of 2014 , Paškvalin is a member of the Croatian Olympic Committee 's Supervisory Board . His son , Fran , was also an international water polo player ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Zoran_Petrović_(water_polo)', 'summary': "Zoran Petrović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Зоран Петровић ; born August 22 , 1960 in Belgrade ) is a Serbian former water polo player . As a member of Yugoslavia 's water polo team he won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrija_Popović', 'summary': 'Andrija Popović ( born 22 September 1959 ) is a Montenegrin politician and former professional water polo player . He is the president of the Liberal Party of Montenegro . Popović lives in Kotor . He is married to his wife Nevenka and has three children , Jelena , Andrea and Darja .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zoran_Roje', 'summary': "Zoran Roje ( born 7 October 1955 ) is a Croatian former water polo player and coach . As a member of Yugoslavia 's water polo team he won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics and a silver medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics . He was born in Split ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Goran_Sukno', 'summary': 'Goran Sukno ( born 6 April 1959 in Dubrovnik ) is a Croatian former water polo player . He was an Olympic gold medal winner as a member of the Yugoslav water polo team at the 1984 Summer Olympics . His son Sandro Sukno ( born 1990 ) is an international water polo player for Croatia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Božo_Vuletić', 'summary': 'Božo Vuletić ( born 1 July 1958 ) is a Croatian former water polo player and coach . He won an Olympic gold medal as a member of the Yugoslav water polo team at the 1984 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Water polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The water polo tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics was held from 1 to 10 August 1984 , at the Raleigh Runnels Memorial Pool in Malibu , California . The tournament featured 12 teams , playing two rounds of round-robin play : preliminaries and finals . Water polo was one of four Aquatics sports held at the 1984 games , along with swimming , diving , and synchronized swimming , which was held for the first time .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The water polo tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics was held from 1 to 10 August 1984 , at the Raleigh Runnels Memorial Pool in Malibu , California . The tournament featured 12 teams , playing two rounds of round-robin play : preliminaries and finals . Water polo was one of four Aquatics sports held at the 1984 games , along with swimming , diving , and synchronized swimming , which was held for the first time .'}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anton Josipović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anton_Josipović', 'summary': 'Anton Ante Josipović ( born 22 October 1961 ) is a former Yugoslav boxer from Bosnia and Herzegovina ( then part of Yugoslavia ) . He won the light heavyweight gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics . Though Croatian , he was born in Banja Luka , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Yugoslavia .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 1984 Summer Olympics took place in the Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles , California , United States . The boxing schedule began on July 29 and ended on August 11 . Twelve boxing events were contested with the participation of 354 fighters from 81 countries . A Soviet-led boycott resulted in the withdrawals of the Soviet Union , Cuba , East Germany , Bulgaria and other Eastern Bloc nations from boxing competitions . At the 1980 Summer Olympics , that was impacted by an American-led boycott , Cuban boxers won 10 medals , with 6 of them being gold , and had again been expected to do well . However , the nation withdrew from the games following the announcement of the Soviet boycott . Teófilo Stevenson , who was going to try for his fourth Olympic gold medal before the boycott was officially announced , had previously defeated Tyrell Biggs twice ( one by knockout ) and Hermenegildo Báez had previously defeated Henry Tillman . Soviet Alexander Yagubkin defeated both Biggs and Tillman during the USA-USSR duals . Cuban and Soviet boxers , however , were more seasoned than their American counterparts . While US athletes typically turned pro after the Olympics , while still in their early twenties , Cubans and the Soviets were not allowed to do so and stayed on in the amateurs , participating in multiple Olympic cycles . Journalist George Vecsey remarked after the conclusion of the games that Despite all the flag-waving euphoria in the United States over all those medals in Los Angeles , the Summer Games were a made-in-Disneyland reproduction of the Games because there were no Soviet runners , no Cuban boxers , no East German swimmers . Soviet runners and East German swimmers decades later were revealed to have been part of their respective nations ' state-sponsored doping schemes ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's light heavyweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Yugoslavia men 's national handball team Zlatan Arnautović Mirko Bašić Jovica Elezović Mile Isaković Pavle Jurina Milan Kalina Slobodan Kuzmanovski Dragan Mladenović Zdravko Rađenović Momir Rnić Branko Štrbac Veselin Vujović Veselin Vuković Zdravko Zovko", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_handball_team', 'summary': 'The Yugoslavia national handball team was the national handball team of Yugoslavia . It was organized by the Handball Federation of Yugoslavia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zlatan_Arnautović', 'summary': 'Zlatan Arnautović ( born 2 September 1956 in Prijedor , Bosnia and Herzegovina , then Yugoslavia ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics . In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth . He played all six matches as goalkeeper . Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal . He played all six matches as goalkeeper again .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mirko_Bašić', 'summary': 'Mirko Bašić ( born 14 September 1960 in Bjelovar , SFR Yugoslavia ) is a former Croatian handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . He has also played six EHF Champions League finals winning two in 1984-85 and 1985-86 as part of the famous RK Metaloplastika which dominated European handball in the 1980s ( often referred to as Handball Aliens ) . Bašić was a big influence on Thierry Omeyer who is regarded as the greatest goalkeeper in handball history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jovica_Elezović', 'summary': 'Jovica Elezović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Јовица Елезовић , born March 2 , 1956 in Vrbas ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics . In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth . He played four matches and scored five goals . Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal . He played all six matches and scored ten goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mile_Isaković', 'summary': 'Mile Isaković ( born January 17 , 1958 in Šabac ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics . In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth . He played five matches and scored thirteen goals . Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal . He played all six matches and scored 39 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pavle_Jurina', 'summary': "Pavle Pavo Jurina ( 2 January 1954 - 2 December 2011 ) was a Croatian handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics . Jurina was born in Našice . Standing at 1.94 m , he debuted as a handball player with the local team RK NEXE Našice ; in 1976 he moved to RK Partizan Bjelovar , winning the Yugoslav national championship in 1977 and 1979 . In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth in the handball Olympic tournament . He played all six matches and scored 33 goals . Jurina was elected three times as best Yugoslav player Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal in the Los Angeles Summer Olympics . He played all six matches and scored five goals . In 1984 he moved to Italy , where he played at Gaeta . In 1986/1987 Jurian played for German team TuS Schutterwald . Later he coached several Italian teams , including Gaeta , Città Sant'Angelo , Sassari and Alcamo . He died in 2011 for a cardiac malfunction ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Milan_Kalina', 'summary': 'Milan Kalina ( born 13 August 1956 in Belgrade ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics . He was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . He played five matches and scored 21 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Slobodan_Kuzmanovski', 'summary': 'Slobodan Kuzmanovski ( born 11 June 1962 in Šabac , Srbija ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . In 1984 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . He played all six matches and scored two goals . Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the bronze medal . He played four matches and scored seven goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dragan_Mladenović_(handball)', 'summary': 'Dragan Mladenović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Драган Младеновић ; born 18 October 1963 in Gnjilan ( Pirot ) ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics . He was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . He played two matches . His daughter , Kristina Mladenovic , is a French professional tennis player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zdravko_Rađenović', 'summary': 'Zdravko Rađenović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Здравко Рађеновић , born 5 September 1952 ) is a Bosnia and Herzegovina former handball player and OC BiH president , who competed for Yugoslavia national handball team on two Olympic tournaments .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Momir_Rnić_(handballer_born_1955)', 'summary': 'Momir Rnić ( born 3 February 1955 in Sečanj , Serbia , FPR Yugoslavia ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics , in the 1984 Summer Olympics , and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth . He played all six matches and scored seventeen goals . Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal . He played four matches and scored one goals . In 1988 he won the bronze medal with the Yugoslav team . He played all six matches and scored eighteen goals . His son Momir Rnić ia also a handballer , member of Serbia national handball team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Branko_Štrbac', 'summary': 'Štrbac Branko ( Serbian : Штрбац Бранко , born on 25 July 1957 ) is a former Serbian handball player . In 1984 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal at the Olympics . In 1982 he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the silver medal in Dortmund , Germany . He won three championships ( Yugoslav team season 1979/80 ; French team , USAM Nimes season 1987/88 ; Italian team , Cividin Trieste season 1990/91 ) including Yugoslavian cup by playing for RK Borac , season 1980/81 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Veselin_Vujović', 'summary': 'Veselin Vujović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Веселин Вујовић ; born 18 January 1961 ) is a Montenegrin former handball player and the current manager of RK Zagreb . As a player , he competed at the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics for the Yugoslavia national team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Veselin_Vuković', 'summary': "Veselin Vuković ( Serbian : Веселин Вуковић ; born 19 December 1958 in Struga ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics . He was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . He played all six matches and scored 19 goals . As a member of RK Metaloplastika he won two Champions ' League titles , 1985 and 1986 . After his retirement he was coach of RK Metaloplastika and assistant coach of the national team at the Sydney Olympics . After his Olympic experience he worked in Cyprus . Since 1 April 2010 he is the Serbia national handball team 's head coach . He coached national team at the 2012 European Championship , when the team won silver medal . He led the Serbian national team at the 2012 Olympics where they finished ninth ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Zdravko_Zovko', 'summary': 'Zdravko Zovko ( born 28 May 1955 in Bosanski Brod , Bosnia and Herzegovina ) is a former Croatian handball player who is currently the assistant coach of Győri Audi ETO KC .'}]}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Handball at the 1984 Summer Olympics featured competition for men and women . Due to the USSR-led boycott some strong handball nations from Eastern Bloc did not compete ; this gave an opportunity to the Yugoslav team to take both gold medals . Games were played at Titan Gym in Fullerton , California .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Handball at the 1984 Summer Olympics featured competition for men and women . Due to the USSR-led boycott some strong handball nations from Eastern Bloc did not compete ; this gave an opportunity to the Yugoslav team to take both gold medals . Games were played at Titan Gym in Fullerton , California .'}]}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Refik Memišević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Refik_Memišević', 'summary': 'Refik Memišević ( 14 May 1956 in Bačko Novo Selo - 4 January 2004 in Subotica ) was a Yugoslav wrestler who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1984 Summer Olympics , 20 wrestling events were contested . There were 10 weight classes in each of the freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling disciplines . Competition took place at the arena at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim , California .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman +100 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_+100_kg", 'summary': "The Men 's Greco-Roman +100 kg at the 1984 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Anaheim Convention Center , Anaheim , California ."}]}, {'value': '2 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan Janić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milan_Janić', 'summary': 'Milan Janić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Милан Јанић ; 14 June 1957 in Bačka Palanka - 1 January 2003 in Belgrade ) was a Serbian sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s for Yugoslavia . Competing in two Summer Olympics , he won a silver medal in the K-1 1000 m event at Los Angeles in 1984 . Janić also won six medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three golds ( K-1 10000 m : 1978 , 1979 , 1982 ) and three silvers ( K-1 1000 m : 1978 , K-1 1000 m : 1981 , 1983 ) . Three of his children are also accomplished canoeists : Nataša Janić , Mićo Janić and Stjepan Janić .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , twelve events in sprint canoe racing were contested on Lake Casitas . The women 's K-4 500 m event was introduced to the Olympic program at these Games ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's K-1 1000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_K-1_1000_metres", 'summary': "The men 's K-1 1000 metres event was an individual kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1984 Summer Olympics program ."}]}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matija Ljubek Mirko Nišović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matija_Ljubek', 'summary': 'Matija Ljubek ( Croatian pronunciation : [ ʎǔbek ] ; 22 November 1953 - 11 October 2000 ) was a Croatian sprint canoeist who competed in the 1970s and 1980s and later became a sports official . Born in Belišće , Osijek-Baranja , Ljubek competed in four Summer Olympics where he won four medals . This included two golds ( C-1 1000 m : 1976 , C-2 500 m : 1984 with Mirko Nišović ) , one silver ( C-2 1000 m : 1984 with Mirko Nišović ) , and one bronze ( C-1 500 m : 1976 ) . His trainer was Laszlo Hingl . He also won ten medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with four golds ( C-1 1000 m : 1978 , C-2 500 m : 1982 , 1983 ; C-2 10000 m : 1985 ) , three silvers ( C-1 10000 m : 1981 , C-2 1000 m : 1982 , 1985 ) , and three bronzes ( C-1 10000 m : 1975 , 1978 ; C-2 1000 m : 1983 ) . In 1976 he was awarded a Golden Badge award for best athlete of Yugoslavia . Ljubek later became vice-president of the Croatian Olympic Committee and served as chef de mission for the Croatian Olympic team . Ljubek died in 2000 when he was shot by an estranged brother-in-law while trying to defend his mother in Valpovo , Osijek-Baranja six days after returning from the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mirko_Nišović', 'summary': 'Mirko Nišović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Мирко Нишовић ; born July 2 , 1961 ) is a Yugoslav-born , Serbian sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1970s to the late 1980s . Competing in three Summer Olympics , he won two medals at Los Angeles in 1984 with a gold in the C-2 500 m and a silver in the C-2 1000 m events , in team with Matija Ljubek . Nišović also won six medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three golds ( C-2 500 m : 1982 , 1983 ; C-2 10000 m : 1985 ) , two silvers ( C-2 1000 m : 1982 , 1985 ) , and one bronze ( C-2 1000 m : 1983 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , twelve events in sprint canoe racing were contested on Lake Casitas . The women 's K-4 500 m event was introduced to the Olympic program at these Games ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's C-2 1000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_C-2_1000_metres", 'summary': "The men 's C-2 1000 metres event was an open-style , pairs canoeing event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1984 Summer Olympics program ."}]}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Redžep Redžepovski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redžep_Redžepovski', 'summary': "Redžep Redžepovski ( Macedonian : Реџеп Реџеповски ; born 14 December 1962 ) is a retired Macedonian flyweight boxer , who won silver medal for Yugoslavia in the flyweight division ( < 51 kg ) at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . In the final he was defeated by Steve McCrory of the United States . During the preliminary rounds of the 1984 Olympics , Redžepovski scored a controversial win over Australia 's Jeff Fenech , a future World Champion in three weight divisions . Fenech was initially given the decision , but after intervention by the Olympic Boxing Committee and a total recount , the decision was reversed with Redžepovski being awarded the win . Many of the other boxers and those in the press felt that Fenech had been unfairly robbed of a chance to win an Olympic medal and most boxing writers noted how political amateur boxing was , especially at the Olympic Games . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 1984 Summer Olympics took place in the Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles , California , United States . The boxing schedule began on July 29 and ended on August 11 . Twelve boxing events were contested with the participation of 354 fighters from 81 countries . A Soviet-led boycott resulted in the withdrawals of the Soviet Union , Cuba , East Germany , Bulgaria and other Eastern Bloc nations from boxing competitions . At the 1980 Summer Olympics , that was impacted by an American-led boycott , Cuban boxers won 10 medals , with 6 of them being gold , and had again been expected to do well . However , the nation withdrew from the games following the announcement of the Soviet boycott . Teófilo Stevenson , who was going to try for his fourth Olympic gold medal before the boycott was officially announced , had previously defeated Tyrell Biggs twice ( one by knockout ) and Hermenegildo Báez had previously defeated Henry Tillman . Soviet Alexander Yagubkin defeated both Biggs and Tillman during the USA-USSR duals . Cuban and Soviet boxers , however , were more seasoned than their American counterparts . While US athletes typically turned pro after the Olympics , while still in their early twenties , Cubans and the Soviets were not allowed to do so and stayed on in the amateurs , participating in multiple Olympic cycles . Journalist George Vecsey remarked after the conclusion of the games that Despite all the flag-waving euphoria in the United States over all those medals in Los Angeles , the Summer Games were a made-in-Disneyland reproduction of the Games because there were no Soviet runners , no Cuban boxers , no East German swimmers . Soviet runners and East German swimmers decades later were revealed to have been part of their respective nations ' state-sponsored doping schemes ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's flyweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jožef Tertei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jožef_Tertei', 'summary': 'Jožef Tertei ( born 5 May 1960 ) is a retired wrestler who competed for Yugoslavia . He won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics and finished in fifth place at the 1988 Summer Olympics in the heavyweight class ( under 100 kg ) . He won a silver medal at the 1983 World Wrestling Championships as well as three medals at European championships in 1982 , 1986 and 1988 , including a gold medal in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1984 Summer Olympics , 20 wrestling events were contested . There were 10 weight classes in each of the freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling disciplines . Competition took place at the arena at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim , California .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 100 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_100_kg", 'summary': "The Men 's Greco-Roman 100 kg at the 1984 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Anaheim Convention Center , Anaheim , California ."}]}, {'value': '3 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zoran Pančić Milorad Stanulov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoran_Pančić', 'summary': 'Zoran Pančić ( born 25 September 1953 in Novi Sad ) is a Serbian rower who competed for Yugoslavia . He and Milorad Stanulov are the only Serbs to win an Olympic medal in rowing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Milorad_Stanulov', 'summary': 'Milorad Stanulov ( born 20 February 1953 in Zrenjanin ) is a Serbian rower who competed for Yugoslavia . He and Zoran Pančić are only Serbs to win an Olympic medal in rowing .'}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics featured 14 events in total , for both men and women . Events were held at Lake Casitas . Due to the Eastern Bloc boycott of these Olympics , some of the strongest rowing nations like East Germany , the USSR or Bulgaria were not present . However , this boycott gave an opportunity to Romania , which was one of the few eastern European countries to come to the Games , going on to dominate in women 's sports , winning 5 gold medals in 6 events . Both Canada ( gold ) and USA ( silver ) had beaten the reigning ( boycotting ) two-time Olympic champions from East Germany in the men 's 8 twice at the Lucerne pre-olympic regatta . Steve Redgrave won his first of five consecutive gold medals . Elisabeta Oleniuc , later known as Elisabeta Lipă , also won her first gold medal . Twenty years later she won her fifth gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . The quadruple sculls events , as in 1976 and 1980 , were again held without coxswain for men and with coxswain for women ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's double sculls", 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirko Puzović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirko_Puzović', 'summary': "Mirko Puzović ( born April 24 , 1956 in Аranđelovac , Serbia ) is a retired boxer from Yugoslavia . At the 1984 Summer Olympics he won the bronze medal in the men 's light welterweight division ( - 63.5 kg ) . In the semifinals he was beaten by eventual winner Jerry Page of the United States . He did the same two years earlier at the World Championships in Munich , West Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 1984 Summer Olympics took place in the Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles , California , United States . The boxing schedule began on July 29 and ended on August 11 . Twelve boxing events were contested with the participation of 354 fighters from 81 countries . A Soviet-led boycott resulted in the withdrawals of the Soviet Union , Cuba , East Germany , Bulgaria and other Eastern Bloc nations from boxing competitions . At the 1980 Summer Olympics , that was impacted by an American-led boycott , Cuban boxers won 10 medals , with 6 of them being gold , and had again been expected to do well . However , the nation withdrew from the games following the announcement of the Soviet boycott . Teófilo Stevenson , who was going to try for his fourth Olympic gold medal before the boycott was officially announced , had previously defeated Tyrell Biggs twice ( one by knockout ) and Hermenegildo Báez had previously defeated Henry Tillman . Soviet Alexander Yagubkin defeated both Biggs and Tillman during the USA-USSR duals . Cuban and Soviet boxers , however , were more seasoned than their American counterparts . While US athletes typically turned pro after the Olympics , while still in their early twenties , Cubans and the Soviets were not allowed to do so and stayed on in the amateurs , participating in multiple Olympic cycles . Journalist George Vecsey remarked after the conclusion of the games that Despite all the flag-waving euphoria in the United States over all those medals in Los Angeles , the Summer Games were a made-in-Disneyland reproduction of the Games because there were no Soviet runners , no Cuban boxers , no East German swimmers . Soviet runners and East German swimmers decades later were revealed to have been part of their respective nations ' state-sponsored doping schemes ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's light welterweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aziz Salihu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aziz_Salihu', 'summary': 'Aziz Salihu ( born 1 May 1954 in Pristina , Kosovo ) is a retired Super heavyweight boxer of Kosovar Albanian descent . He represented Yugoslavia at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California , and won the bronze medal in the super heavyweight division ( > 91 kg ) , after a loss in the semifinals at the hands of Tyrell Biggs of the United States . Salihu also competed at the 1980 ( Moscow ) and 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , where he was eliminated in the quarterfinals .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 1984 Summer Olympics took place in the Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles , California , United States . The boxing schedule began on July 29 and ended on August 11 . Twelve boxing events were contested with the participation of 354 fighters from 81 countries . A Soviet-led boycott resulted in the withdrawals of the Soviet Union , Cuba , East Germany , Bulgaria and other Eastern Bloc nations from boxing competitions . At the 1980 Summer Olympics , that was impacted by an American-led boycott , Cuban boxers won 10 medals , with 6 of them being gold , and had again been expected to do well . However , the nation withdrew from the games following the announcement of the Soviet boycott . Teófilo Stevenson , who was going to try for his fourth Olympic gold medal before the boycott was officially announced , had previously defeated Tyrell Biggs twice ( one by knockout ) and Hermenegildo Báez had previously defeated Henry Tillman . Soviet Alexander Yagubkin defeated both Biggs and Tillman during the USA-USSR duals . Cuban and Soviet boxers , however , were more seasoned than their American counterparts . While US athletes typically turned pro after the Olympics , while still in their early twenties , Cubans and the Soviets were not allowed to do so and stayed on in the amateurs , participating in multiple Olympic cycles . Journalist George Vecsey remarked after the conclusion of the games that Despite all the flag-waving euphoria in the United States over all those medals in Los Angeles , the Summer Games were a made-in-Disneyland reproduction of the Games because there were no Soviet runners , no Cuban boxers , no East German swimmers . Soviet runners and East German swimmers decades later were revealed to have been part of their respective nations ' state-sponsored doping schemes ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's super heavyweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šaban Sejdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šaban_Sejdi', 'summary': 'Shaban Sejdiu ( Albanian : Shaban Sejdiu , Serbo-Croatian : Шабан Сејдиу ; born 6 May 1959 in Skopje ) is a former Yugoslav freestyle wrestler . Sejdiu was born in Bllace , SFR Yugoslavia and is of Albanian heritage . Shaban Sejdiu , as part of the Skopje Wrestling Club , was trained by notable coaches Risto Takov , who had also trained notable wrestlers Shaban Tërstena , Bajram Qorrolli , Abdulla Mehmeti , Mustaf Syla , Shend Kamberi and Adnan Elezi . Sejdiu competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics , in the 1980 Summer Olympics , in the 1984 Summer Olympics , and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . He received bronze medals in both the Moscow and Los Angeles Olympics . Sejdiu also competed in the 1977 World Wrestling Championships and 1981 Skopje , and received silver medals in both . Soviet wrestler and Olympic and Worlds gold medalist , Saypulla Absaidov , stopped him in both finals of the Moscow Olympics and the 1981 World Wrestling Championships . His daughter , Altuna Sejdiu is a successful singer in the Albanian speaking world .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1984 Summer Olympics , 20 wrestling events were contested . There were 10 weight classes in each of the freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling disciplines . Competition took place at the arena at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim , California .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's freestyle 74 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_freestyle_74_kg", 'summary': "The Men 's Freestyle 74 kg at the 1984 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Anaheim Convention Center , Anaheim , California ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Yugoslavia men 's national basketball team Dražen Dalipagić Sabit Hadžić Andro Knego Emir Mutapčić Mihovil Nakić Aleksandar Petrović Dražen Petrović Ratko Radovanović Ivan Sunara Branko Vukićević Rajko Žižić Nebojša Zorkić", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_basketball_team', 'summary': 'The SFR Yugoslavian national basketball team ( Serbo-Croatian : Košarkaška reprezentacija Jugoslavije / Кошаркашка репрезентација Југославије ; Slovene : Jugoslovanska košarkarska reprezentanca ; Macedonian : Кошаркарска репрезентација на Југославија ) represented the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1943 until 1992 in international basketball matches and was controlled by the Basketball Federation of Yugoslavia ( KSJ ) . After World War II , the team steadily improved their rankings and came to be one of the dominant forces of world basketball in the 1970s and the 1980s , along with the United States and Soviet Union , capturing 5 Olympic medals and 8 World Cups , 13 medals in total , along with another 13 on continental level ( at EuroBaskets ) . After the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 , national teams of the successor countries , particularly Serbia and Montenegro/Serbia , continued the strong performance in international competitions . Ten FIBA Hall of Fame members emerged from the Yugoslavian national team : Krešimir Ćosić , Dražen Dalipagić , Ivo Daneu , Mirza Delibašić , Vlade Divac , Dragan Kićanović , Radivoj Korać , Toni Kukoč , Dražen Petrović and Zoran Slavnić .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dražen_Dalipagić', 'summary': "Dražen Praja Dalipagić ( born 27 November 1951 ) is a Serbian retired professional basketball player and head coach . He was selected the best athlete of Yugoslavia in the year 1978 , and is one of the most decorated athletes in Yugoslavian history . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . Dalipagić was enshrined into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a player in 2004 , and into the FIBA Hall of Fame , also as a player , in 2007 . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors . During his professional playing career , he scored at least 50 points in a game 15 times . His single-game career scoring high was 70 points scored , achieved during an Italian League game , between Venezia and Virtus Bologna , on 25 January , 1987 . He was nicknamed The Sky Jumper ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sabit_Hadžić', 'summary': 'Sabit Hadžić ( 7 August 1957 - 3 March 2018 ) was a Bosnian basketball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1984 Summer Olympics . He also worked as a basketball coach . He died on 3 March 2018 after a reported stroke . He was 60 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andro_Knego', 'summary': 'Andrija Andro Knego ( born 21 October 1956 ) is a Croatian former professional basketball player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emir_Mutapčić', 'summary': 'Emir Mutapčić ( born 27 May 1960 ) is a former Bosnian professional basketball player and current assistant coach of Bayern Munich . He competed for Yugoslavia in the 1984 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mihovil_Nakić', 'summary': 'Mihovil Nakić-Vojnović ( born 31 July 1955 ) is a Croatian former professional basketball player . Standing at 2.04 m ( 6 ft 8 1⁄2 in ) , he played as a small forward .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aleksandar_Petrović_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Aleksandar Aco Petrović , commonly known as Aco Petrović ( born 16 February 1959 ) , is a Croatian professional basketball coach and former player . He currently serves as a head coach for the Brazil national team . Petrović is also the older brother of the late professional basketball player Dražen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dražen_Petrović', 'summary': "Dražen Petrović ( pronounced [ drǎʒen pětroʋitɕ ] ; 22 October 1964 - 7 June 1993 ) was a Croatian professional basketball player . A shooting guard , he initially achieved success playing professional basketball in Europe in the 1980s , before joining the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in 1989 . A star on multiple stages , Petrović earned two silver medals and one bronze in Olympic basketball , a gold and a bronze in the FIBA World Cup , a gold and a bronze in the FIBA EuroBasket , and two EuroLeague titles . He represented Yugoslavia 's national team and , later , Croatia 's national team . He earned four Euroscars , and was named Mr. Europa twice . In 1985 , he received the Golden Badge award for best athlete of Yugoslavia . Seeking a bigger arena after his career start in Europe , Petrović joined the NBA in 1989 , as a member of the Portland Trail Blazers . After playing mostly off the bench that year , Petrović experienced a breakthrough following a trade to the New Jersey Nets . While starting for the Nets , he became one of the league 's best shooting guards . Petrović 's career and life were cut short after he died in a car accident at the age of 28 . He received the Olympic Order in 1993 . Petrović is considered the crucial part of the vanguard to the present-day mass influx of European players into the NBA ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ratko_Radovanović', 'summary': 'Ratko Raša Radovanović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ратко Радовановић ; born 16 October 1956 ) is a Serbian former professional basketball player who competed for SFR Yugoslavia , at the 1980 Summer Olympics , and at the 1984 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Sunara', 'summary': 'Ivan Sunara ( born 27 March 1959 , in Drniš ) is a Croatian former basketball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1984 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Branko_Vukićević', 'summary': 'Branko Vukićević ( born 18 December 1961 ) is a Serbian former basketball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1984 Summer Olympics . Vukićević played for Cibona Zagreb until June 1991 , when he left for Belgrade after a dispute with the club management . He later received a sports pension from Serbia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rajko_Žižić', 'summary': "Rajko Žižić ( January 22 , 1955 - August 7 , 2003 ) was a Yugoslavian professional basketball player . The 6'11 , 243 pounder represented Yugoslavia at the 1976 Summer Olympics , the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 1984 Summer Olympics , winning silver , gold and bronze respectively . He died on August 7 , 2003 from a heart attack ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nebojša_Zorkić', 'summary': 'Nebojša Zorkić ( born 21 August 1961 ) is a former Serbian basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Basketball contests at the 1984 Summer Olympics was the eleventh appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . It took place at The Forum in Inglewood , United States from July 29 to August 10 . The United States won the gold medal in both events , the first in the women 's team history . Due to the boycott , the Soviet Union and Hungary withdrew from the tournament . The former , having already qualified for both events was replaced by West Germany in the men 's competition , while both nations ' women 's teams were replaced by Australia and South Korea ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Basketball contests at the 1984 Summer Olympics was the eleventh appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . It took place at The Forum in Inglewood , United States from July 29 to August 10 . The United States won the gold medal in both events , the first in the women 's team history . Due to the boycott , the Soviet Union and Hungary withdrew from the tournament . The former , having already qualified for both events was replaced by West Germany in the men 's competition , while both nations ' women 's teams were replaced by Australia and South Korea ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Yugoslavia men 's national football team Mirsad Baljić Mehmed Baždarević Vlado Čapljić Borislav Cvetković Stjepan Deverić Milko Đurovski Marko Elsner Nenad Gračan Tomislav Ivković Srečko Katanec Branko Miljuš Mitar Mrkela Jovica Nikolić Ivan Pudar Ljubomir Radanović Admir Smajić Dragan Stojković", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Yugoslavia national football team ( Serbo-Croatian : Fudbalska/nogometna reprezentacija Jugoslavije / Фудбалска/ногометна репрезентација Југославије ; Slovene : Jugoslovanska nogometna reprezentanca ; Macedonian : Фудбалска репрезентација на Југославија ) represented Yugoslavia in international association football . Although the team mainly represented the pre-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the post-war Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , various iterations of the state were formally constituted in football , including the :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mirsad_Baljić', 'summary': 'Mirsad Žvaka Baljić ( born 4 March 1962 ) is a former Bosnian-Herzegovinian football player who played as an offensive full-back . He got his nickname Žvaka ( chewing gum ) for his constant use of chewing gum during matches . He made his first football steps in FK Sarajevo youth team before temporarily leaving football because of medical problems . When he returned he went to FK Željezničar , and as one of their more talented youngsters , he got the opportunity to play in first team . His league debut came in 1980 when he was aged 18 . His biggest success at the club was reaching the UEFA Cup semifinals in 1984-1985 season under the guidance of Ivica Osim . He played in junior , Under-21 and olympic team of Yugoslavia . Later good form for FK Željezničar secured him a place in Yugoslav national football team for which he played 29 games and scored 3 goals . He was part of a 1990 FIFA World Cup Yugoslav squad . In 1988 , he moved to Swiss side FC Sion and stayed there until 1992 , before leaving to join FC Zürich . After two seasons there he left to FC Luzern . He lives and works in Switzerland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mehmed_Baždarević', 'summary': 'Mehmed Baždarević ( born 28 September 1960 ) is a Bosnian football manager and former player . His last job was as manager of French Ligue 2 side Paris FC . Baždarević played for Bosnian side Željezničar Sarajevo and French outfit Sochaux-Montbéliard , among others . Nicknamed Meša in the former Yugoslavia and Mécha in France , he is considered to be one of the best football players from Bosnia and Herzegovina . Internationally , Baždarević earned caps with Yugoslavia and took part playing at UEFA Euro 1984 . He also played for Bosnia and Herzegovina after the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1992 . He was the first captain of the Bosnian national side . He retired as a player in 1998 and moved into management .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vlado_Čapljić', 'summary': 'Vladan Vlado Čapljić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Владан Bлaдo Чaпљић ; born 22 March 1962 ) is a Bosnian football manager and former player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Borislav_Cvetković', 'summary': 'Borislav Boro Cvetković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Бopиcлaв Бopo Цвeткoвић ; born 30 September 1962 in Karlovac , SR Croatia , SFR Yugoslavia ) is a Croatian Serb football manager and former player . During his club career he played for Dinamo Zagreb , Red Star Belgrade , Ascoli , Maceratese , Casertana and Borac Čačak . He earned 11 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team , and participated in UEFA Euro 1984 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stjepan_Deverić', 'summary': 'Stjepan Deverić [ pronunciation ? ] ( born 20 August 1961 ) is a former Croatian and Yugoslav footballer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Milko_Đurovski', 'summary': "Milko Djurovski ( Macedonian : Милко Ѓуровски , also romanized as Milko Gjurovski , Serbo-Croatian : Milko Đurovski / Милко Ђуровски ; born 26 January 1963 ) is a Macedonian former footballer and the current manager of NK Veržej . He was regarded as one of the most talented Yugoslav players of his generation . Djurovski started out at Red Star Belgrade , making his senior debut in 1979 , aged 16 . He spent a total of seven seasons in their first team , winning two national championships ( 1981 and 1984 ) and two national cups ( 1982 and 1985 ) . In the summer of 1986 , Djurovski made a surprising and controversial move to Red Star 's bitter rivals Partizan . He stayed for four years at Stadion JNA , including an inactive season because of his compulsory military service . Some of his most memorable performances with the Crno-beli include a 1989-90 European Cup Winners ' Cup tie against Groningen , which eventually secured him a transfer to the Dutch club in 1990 . In his later years , Djurovski went on to play for several Slovenian clubs . Internationally , Djurovski represented both Yugoslavia and Macedonia . He earned six caps for Yugoslavia between 1984 and 1985 , scoring two goals . After the dissolution of the former country , Djurovski briefly played for his native Macedonia , making three appearances in 1994 . He had previously won the bronze medal for Yugoslavia at the 1984 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marko_Elsner', 'summary': 'Marko Elsner ( born 11 April 1960 ) is a retired Slovenian footballer who played as the defender . His late father Branko Elsner was a former coach and sons Luka and Rok are also footballers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nenad_Gračan', 'summary': 'Nenad Gračan ( born 23 January 1962 ) is a Croatian former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder , and is now a manager who most recently managed the Croatia national under-21 football team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tomislav_Ivković', 'summary': 'Tomislav Ivković ( born 11 August 1960 ) is a Croatian football manager and former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . During his playing career , which spanned two decades , he competed mostly in Portugal , appearing for five clubs including Sporting . He was also a Yugoslavian international in the late 1980s and early 1990s , representing the nation in one World Cup and one European Championship . In 2010 , Ivković started working as a manager .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Srečko_Katanec', 'summary': "Srečko Katanec [ ˈsretʃkɔ kaˈtanɛts ] ( listen ) ( born 16 July 1963 ) is a Slovenian football manager and a former player , capped for Yugoslavia and Slovenia . He is the current manager of Iraq national team . A former midfielder , who was also capable of playing as a defender , Katanec is regarded as one of the greatest Slovenian footballers of all time and represented Yugoslavia at the 1984 and 1988 Olympic Games , UEFA Euro 1984 , and the 1990 FIFA World Cup . After Slovenian independence , Katanec made five appearances for the newly formed Slovenian national team before retiring from professional football . During his club career , Katanec won a Yugoslavian league championship with Serbian club FK Partizan , and was a runner-up in the 1988-89 UEFA Cup with VfB Stuttgart . In a five-year spell at Sampdoria , Katanec won the Serie A championship , the Coppa Italia and the European Cup Winners ' Cup , as well as finishing runner-up to Barcelona in the 1992 European Cup Final at Wembley Stadium . Under his management , Slovenia qualified for its first ever UEFA European Championship and FIFA World Cup in 2000 and 2002 respectively . On 31 December 2012 , he returned to manage Slovenia for a second time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Branko_Miljuš', 'summary': 'Branko Miljuš ( born 17 August 1960 ) is a former Croatian footballer . He was born in Knin , PR Croatia , FPR Yugoslavia . During his club career he played for NK Hajduk Split , Real Valladolid and Vitória Setúbal . He earned 14 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team , and participated in UEFA Euro 1984 . He won a bronze medal playing for Yugoslavia in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . In his late career , Miljuš left Yugoslavia few years before the independence of Croatia , at the time tension of Serbs and Croats was rising .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mitar_Mrkela', 'summary': 'Mitar Mrkela ( Serbian Cyrillic : Mитap Mpкeлa ; born July 10 , 1965 in Belgrade ) is a retired Serbian football player , who was a member of the Yugoslavian team that won the bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jovica_Nikolić', 'summary': 'Jovica Nikolić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Јовица Николић ; born 11 July 1959 ) is a Serbian retired footballer who played as a central midfielder , and a manager .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Pudar', 'summary': 'Ivan Pudar ( born 16 August 1961 ) is a former Croatian football manager and former goalkeeper . During his club career he played for Hajduk Split , Spartak Subotica and Boavista F.C . He earned one cap for the Yugoslavia national football team , and was a reserve keeper in the squad that Miljan Miljanić took to the 1982 FIFA World Cup . After his retirement from playing , he became a manager , including a stint at Hajduk Split in 2007 . In July 2008 he took charge of the Croatian second division side , NK Trogir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ljubomir_Radanović', 'summary': 'Ljubomir Radanović ( Cyrillic : Љубомир Радановић ; born 21 July 1960 ) is a former Yugoslav and Montenegrin footballer who played as a defender .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Admir_Smajić', 'summary': 'Admir Smajić ( born 7 September 1963 ) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian former professional footballer and current football manager . He played for the Yugoslav national team and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dragan_Stojković', 'summary': 'Dragan Stojković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Драган Стојковић , pronounced [ drǎgan stǒːjkoʋitɕ ] ; born 3 March 1965 ) , also known under the nickname Piksi ( Пикси ) , is a Serbian former footballer who played as a midfielder . Stojković was long time captain of the Yugoslavia national football team and Red Star Belgrade , and is considered one of the best players in the history of Yugoslavian and Serbian football . He starred for Yugoslavia at the 1990 FIFA World Cup ( where he was named in the World Cup All-Star Team ) and 1998 FIFA World Cup where he captained the team . He is one of the five players to be awarded the title Star of the Red Star . He is widely considered to have never shown his true potential in Europe as injury prevented him from establishing himself at Marseille over the long term . Despite this , there is consensus among critics that he displayed an extraordinary ability throughout his career in spite of his chronic injuries , being most renowned in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The association football ( soccer ) tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics started on July 29 and ended on August 11 . It was the first Olympic soccer competition in which professionals were allowed . Until then , the amateur-only rule had heavily favored socialist countries from Eastern Europe whose players were professionals in all but name . However , as agreed with FIFA to preserve the primacy of the World Cup , the Olympic competition was restricted to players with no more than five A caps at tournament start , regardless of age . The soccer tournament was held in four venues :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The association football ( soccer ) tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics started on July 29 and ended on August 11 . It was the first Olympic soccer competition in which professionals were allowed . Until then , the amateur-only rule had heavily favored socialist countries from Eastern Europe whose players were professionals in all but name . However , as agreed with FIFA to preserve the primacy of the World Cup , the Olympic competition was restricted to players with no more than five A caps at tournament start , regardless of age . The soccer tournament was held in four venues :'}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Yugoslavia_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Yugoslavia competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States which took place from 29 July to 12 August 1984. Yugoslav athletes had competed in every Summer Olympic Games since their official debut in 1920. The Yugoslav Olympic Committee (JOK) sent a delegation of 139 athletes, 105 men and 34 women, competing in 16 sports, down from 164 competitors in 1980. Due to the Soviet-led boycott, Yugoslavia was one of only three Communist countries to take part at the Games, along with China and Romania. Yugoslavia left Los Angeles with a total of 18 Olympic medals (7 gold, 4 silver, and 7 bronze), finishing ninth in the overall medal standings, the best total in the history of Yugoslavia's participation in the Olympics. Five of these medals were won in team sports and included gold in both men's and women's handball tournaments, gold in the water polo tournament and bronze medals in men's football and basketball. The most successful sport was wrestling, winning the nation five medals, while the canoeing duo of Matija Ljubek and Mirko Nišović were the only Yugoslav athletes who won more than a single Olympic medal. For the first time in its history, Yugoslavia sent athletes to compete in rhythmic gymnastics, a new event introduced into the Olympic programme, with 14-year-old gymnast Danijela Simić the youngest participant in the entire Yugoslav delegation. Among the nation's medalists were canoeist Matija Ljubek, who took his third and fourth career Olympic medals, wrestler Šaban Sejdi, who won his second career Olympic bronze medal, rowers Zoran Pančić and Milorad Stanulov who won a bronze medal in double sculls after winning silver in the same event in 1980. Water polo coach Ratko Rudić led the national men's team to triumph in the tournament, a feat he would repeat in 1988."}
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At which venue did the future Mladost Zagreb sports director win a gold medal ?
Raleigh Runnels Memorial Pool
089716ede0007e11
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Humboldt_County', 'title': 'California Historical Landmarks in Humboldt County', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '842', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcata and Mad River Rail Road Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcata_and_Mad_River_Railroad', 'summary': 'The Arcata and Mad River Railroad ( reporting mark AMR ) , founded in 1854 , was the oldest working railroad in California . It operated on a unique narrow gauge until the 1940s when standard gauge rails were laid . Service ceased in 1983 due to landslides . It is California Historical Landmark # 842 .'}]}, {'value': '330 Railroad Ave', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Lake,_California', 'summary': 'Blue Lake ( formerly , Scottsville ) is a city in Humboldt County , California , United States . Blue Lake is located on the Mad River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) northeast of Eureka , at an elevation of 131 feet ( 40 m ) . The population was 1,253 at the 2010 census , up from 1,135 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '543', 'urls': []}, {'value': "California 's First Drilled Oil Wells", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petrolia,_California', 'summary': 'Petrolia ( formerly , New Jerusalem and Petrolea ) is an unincorporated community in Humboldt County , California , 10 miles ( 16 km ) southeast of Cape Mendocino , at an elevation of 121 feet ( 37 m ) above sea level , within ZIP Code 95558 , and area code 707 . Petrolia was the site of the first oil well drilled in California .'}]}, {'value': "Mattole Rd . & Front St. 40°19′28″N 124°17′13″W / 40.324383°N 124.287083°W / 40.324383 ; -124.287083 ( California 's First Drilled Oil Wells )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petrolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petrolia,_California', 'summary': 'Petrolia ( formerly , New Jerusalem and Petrolea ) is an unincorporated community in Humboldt County , California , 10 miles ( 16 km ) southeast of Cape Mendocino , at an elevation of 121 feet ( 37 m ) above sea level , within ZIP Code 95558 , and area code 707 . Petrolia was the site of the first oil well drilled in California .'}]}, {'value': '215', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Curtis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Curtis', 'summary': "Camp Curtis , California State Historic Landmark # 215 , was located about one mile north of Arcata , California , and served as the headquarters and garrison of the 1st Battalion California Volunteer Mountaineers from 1862 to 1865 . Before Camp Curtis , an older Camp on Janes ' Farm , was situated on a rise above Arcata and used by California Militia volunteers as early as 1858 during the local Indian Wars . Arcata was a trans-shipment point from boats to pack trains for interior mines . In the early 1860s , a ferry was maintained where the main road crossed the Mad River ( California ) at Essex . In early June 1862 , the ferry operator and his family were attacked . An older woman was killed and a younger woman injured by bullets , two men drowned while fleeing the attack , but the ferryman and three children survived uninjured . The injured woman claimed she saw at least one white man painted to look like an Indian . In 1862 , Captain Owsley arrived , establishing the official Camp Curtis on the same site as the volunteer camp . He and a party of 30 to 40 soldiers were charged with preventing the murder by Indians of any more citizens in that vicinity ."}]}, {'value': 'L.K . Wood Blvd-Frontage Rd . 40°53′28″N 124°04′46″W / 40.891039°N 124.079575°W / 40.891039 ; -124.079575 ( Camp Curtis )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcata,_California', 'summary': "Arcata ( meaning where there is a lagoon ) in Yurok or Oket'oh , originally Union Town or Union , is a city adjacent to the Arcata Bay ( northern ) portion of Humboldt Bay in Humboldt County , California , United States . At the 2010 census , Arcata 's population was 17,231 . Arcata , located 280 miles ( 450 km ) north of San Francisco ( via Highway 101 ) , is home to Humboldt State University . Arcata is also the location of the Arcata Field Office of the Federal Bureau of Land Management , which is responsible for the administration of natural resources , lands and mineral programs , including the Headwaters Forest , on approximately 200,000 acres of public land in Northwestern California ."}]}, {'value': '173', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centerville Beach Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centerville_Beach_Cross', 'summary': 'The Centerville Beach Cross is a monument that commemorates the 17 passengers and 21 crew members who died in the shipwreck of the SS Northerner on January 6 , 1860 . The vessel , owned by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company , struck a rock near Cape Mendocino and wrecked on Centerville Beach , in Humboldt County , California . The monument is registered as California Historical Landmark # 173 .'}]}, {'value': 'Centerville Rd . 40°34′11″N 124°21′06″W / 40.5698°N 124.35155°W / 40.5698 ; -124.35155 ( Centerville Beach Cross )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferndale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale,_California', 'summary': "Ferndale is a city in Humboldt County , California , United States . Its population was 1,371 at the 2010 census , down from 1,382 at the 2000 census . The city contains dozens of well-preserved Victorian storefronts and homes . Ferndale is the northern gateway to California 's Lost Coast and the city , which is sited on the edge of a wide plain near the mouth of the Eel River , is also located near the extensive preserves of coast redwood forests ."}]}, {'value': '477', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'City 40°48′13″N 124°09′59″W / 40.803706°N 124.1664°W / 40.803706 ; -124.1664 ( City of Eureka )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': '883', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferndale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale,_California', 'summary': "Ferndale is a city in Humboldt County , California , United States . Its population was 1,371 at the 2010 census , down from 1,382 at the 2000 census . The city contains dozens of well-preserved Victorian storefronts and homes . Ferndale is the northern gateway to California 's Lost Coast and the city , which is sited on the edge of a wide plain near the mouth of the Eel River , is also located near the extensive preserves of coast redwood forests ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 40°34′36″N 124°15′48″W / 40.576667°N 124.263333°W / 40.576667 ; -124.263333 ( Ferndale )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferndale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale,_California', 'summary': "Ferndale is a city in Humboldt County , California , United States . Its population was 1,371 at the 2010 census , down from 1,382 at the 2000 census . The city contains dozens of well-preserved Victorian storefronts and homes . Ferndale is the northern gateway to California 's Lost Coast and the city , which is sited on the edge of a wide plain near the mouth of the Eel River , is also located near the extensive preserves of coast redwood forests ."}]}, {'value': '154', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Humboldt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Humboldt_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': 'Fort Humboldt State Historic Park is a California state park , located in Eureka , California , United States . Displays interpret the former U.S. Army fort , which was staffed from 1853-1870 , the interactions between European Americans and Native Americans in roughly the same period , and both logging equipment and local narrow gauge railroad history of the region . Within the collection , there are trains , logging equipment , including a fully functional Steam Donkey engine , and an authentic Native American dug-out canoe . The Fort overlooks Humboldt Bay from a commanding position atop a bluff . The North Coast regional headquarters of the California State Parks system is located onsite .'}]}, {'value': '3431 Fort Ave. 40°46′37″N 124°11′20″W / 40.776944°N 124.188889°W / 40.776944 ; -124.188889 ( Fort Humboldt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': '882', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Humboldt Harbor Historical District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humboldt_Bay', 'summary': 'Humboldt Bay is a natural bay and a multi-basin , bar-built coastal lagoon located on the rugged North Coast of California , entirely within Humboldt County . It is the largest protected body of water on the West Coast between San Francisco Bay and Puget Sound , the second largest enclosed bay in California , and the largest port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , Oregon . The largest city adjoining the bay is Eureka , the regional center and county seat of Humboldt County , followed by the town of Arcata . These primary cities together with adjoining unincorporated communities and several small towns comprise a Humboldt Bay Area total population of nearly 80,000 people , which accounts for nearly 60% of the population of Humboldt County . In addition to being home to more than 100 plant species , 300 invertebrate species , 100 fish species , and 200 bird species , the bay and its complex system of marshes and grasses support hundreds of thousands of migrating and local shore birds . Commercially , this second largest estuary in California houses the largest oyster production operations on the West Coast , producing more than half of all oysters farmed in California . The Port of Humboldt Bay ( also referred to as the Port of Eureka ) is a deep water port with harbor facilities including large industrial docks at Fairhaven , Samoa , and Fields Landing designed to serve cargo and other vessels , while several marinas also located in Greater Eureka have the capacity to serve hundreds of small to mid-size boats and pleasure craft . Since the 1850s , the bay has been used extensively to export logs and forest products as part of the historic West coast lumber trade , with infrequent shipping occurring currently .'}]}, {'value': 'Harold Larsen Vista Pt . 40°45′14″N 124°12′55″W / 40.753758°N 124.215203°W / 40.753758 ; -124.215203 ( Humboldt Harbor Historical District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': '783', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacoby Building', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8th & H ( SE Corner )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcata,_California', 'summary': "Arcata ( meaning where there is a lagoon ) in Yurok or Oket'oh , originally Union Town or Union , is a city adjacent to the Arcata Bay ( northern ) portion of Humboldt Bay in Humboldt County , California , United States . At the 2010 census , Arcata 's population was 17,231 . Arcata , located 280 miles ( 450 km ) north of San Francisco ( via Highway 101 ) , is home to Humboldt State University . Arcata is also the location of the Arcata Field Office of the Federal Bureau of Land Management , which is responsible for the administration of natural resources , lands and mineral programs , including the Headwaters Forest , on approximately 200,000 acres of public land in Northwestern California ."}]}, {'value': '164', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Old Arrow Tree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Old_Arrow_Tree,_California', 'summary': 'The Old Arrow Tree is California Historical Landmark Number 164 . For many years , people placed twigs , arrows or feathers into the bark of the tree as they passed . There are two suggestions of why there were so many arrows in the tree . One story says that the Indians respected this tall , straight redwood , calling it a great warrior and that shooting it was a form of respect . The other tale is that it marks war between the Hoopa and Korbel tribes . The Korbel won and afterwards Indians passing the tree would put an arrow into it , to show they arrived in peace . There is no official marker at this location .'}]}, {'value': '40°52′01″N 123°57′01″W / 40.866861°N 123.950158°W / 40.866861 ; -123.950158 ( The Old Arrow Tree )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Korbel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korbel,_Humboldt_County,_California', 'summary': 'Korbel ( formerly North Fork ) is an unincorporated community in Humboldt County , California . It is located 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) east-southeast of Blue Lake , at an elevation of 154 feet ( 47 m ) . The ZIP Code is 95550 .'}]}, {'value': '838', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Indian Village of Tsurai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsurau,_California', 'summary': 'Tsurai ( also , Tschura , Tschura-Allequas , Tsurau , and Zoreisch ) is a former Yurok settlement in Humboldt County , California . It was located at Trinidad , at an elevation of 174 feet ( 53 m ) and is California State Historic Landmark # 838 .'}]}, {'value': '41°03′34″N 124°08′35″W / 41.059444°N 124.143056°W / 41.059444 ; -124.143056 ( Old Indian Village of Tsurai )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinidad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad,_California', 'summary': "Trinidad ( Yurok : Chuerey ) is a seaside city in Humboldt County , located on the Pacific Ocean 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of the Arcata-Eureka Airport and 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of the college town of Arcata . Situated at an elevation of 174 feet ( 53 m ) above its own North Coast harbor , Trinidad is one of California 's smallest incorporated cities by population ( 367 residents in 2010 , up from 311 residents in 2000 ) . Trinidad is noted for its spectacular coastline with ten public beaches and offshore rocks , part of the California Coastal National Monument , of which Trinidad is a Gateway City . Fishing operations related to Trinidad Harbor are vital to both local tourism and commercial fishery interests in the region ."}]}, {'value': '216', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Trinidad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad,_California', 'summary': "Trinidad ( Yurok : Chuerey ) is a seaside city in Humboldt County , located on the Pacific Ocean 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of the Arcata-Eureka Airport and 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of the college town of Arcata . Situated at an elevation of 174 feet ( 53 m ) above its own North Coast harbor , Trinidad is one of California 's smallest incorporated cities by population ( 367 residents in 2010 , up from 311 residents in 2000 ) . Trinidad is noted for its spectacular coastline with ten public beaches and offshore rocks , part of the California Coastal National Monument , of which Trinidad is a Gateway City . Fishing operations related to Trinidad Harbor are vital to both local tourism and commercial fishery interests in the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 41°03′33″N 124°08′35″W / 41.059167°N 124.143056°W / 41.059167 ; -124.143056 ( Town of Trinidad )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinidad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad,_California', 'summary': "Trinidad ( Yurok : Chuerey ) is a seaside city in Humboldt County , located on the Pacific Ocean 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of the Arcata-Eureka Airport and 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of the college town of Arcata . Situated at an elevation of 174 feet ( 53 m ) above its own North Coast harbor , Trinidad is one of California 's smallest incorporated cities by population ( 367 residents in 2010 , up from 311 residents in 2000 ) . Trinidad is noted for its spectacular coastline with ten public beaches and offshore rocks , part of the California Coastal National Monument , of which Trinidad is a Gateway City . Fishing operations related to Trinidad Harbor are vital to both local tourism and commercial fishery interests in the region ."}]}, {'value': '146', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinidad Head', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad_Head,_California', 'summary': "Trinidad Head ( Yurok : Chuerewa ' ) is a rocky promontory surrounded by sea stacks sheltering Trinidad Harbor , adjacent to the town of Trinidad in Humboldt County , California , USA , designated as California Historical Landmark # 146 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hwy 101 41°03′16″N 124°09′03″W / 41.054308°N 124.150914°W / 41.054308 ; -124.150914 ( Trinidad Head )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinidad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad,_California', 'summary': "Trinidad ( Yurok : Chuerey ) is a seaside city in Humboldt County , located on the Pacific Ocean 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of the Arcata-Eureka Airport and 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of the college town of Arcata . Situated at an elevation of 174 feet ( 53 m ) above its own North Coast harbor , Trinidad is one of California 's smallest incorporated cities by population ( 367 residents in 2010 , up from 311 residents in 2000 ) . Trinidad is noted for its spectacular coastline with ten public beaches and offshore rocks , part of the California Coastal National Monument , of which Trinidad is a Gateway City . Fishing operations related to Trinidad Harbor are vital to both local tourism and commercial fishery interests in the region ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Humboldt_County,_California_0', 'intro': 'List table of the properties and districts - listed on the California Historical Landmarks - within Humboldt County, Northern California.'}
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What is the elevation , in feet , of the place in Petrolia ?
121 feet
0898264574d27a5e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_original_programs_distributed_by_Netflix', 'title': 'List of original programs distributed by Netflix', 'header': ['Title', 'Genre', 'Premiere', 'Length'], 'data': [{'value': 'Trailer Park Boys : Swearnet Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys', 'summary': "Trailer Park Boys is a Canadian mockumentary television series created and directed by Mike Clattenburg . The show focuses on the misadventures of a group of trailer park residents , some of whom are ex-convicts , living in the fictional Sunnyvale Trailer Park in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia . The television series , a continuation of Clattenburg 's 1999 film of the same title , premiered on Showcase in 2001 . There are three films in the series : The Movie , released on October 6 , 2006 ; Countdown to Liquor Day , released on September 25 , 2009 ; and Do n't Legalize It , released on April 18 , 2014 . The seventh and final season of the series ' original run on Showcase ended in 2007 , with its final episode , Say Goodnight to the Bad Guys , premiering as a one-hour special on December 7 , 2008 . In 2013 , Robb Wells , John Paul Tremblay , and Mike Smith , the actors who portrayed Ricky , Julian , and Bubbles , purchased the rights to the show from the original producers and created their own internet streaming network , Swearnet . In March 2014 , Swearnet began co-producing new seasons of the show , partnering with the streaming service Netflix to produce an eighth and ninth season , as well as three new specials . Season 8 premiered on September 5 , 2014 , followed by Season 9 on March 27 , 2015 . Later that year , the show received the green light for two more seasons and began production on Season 10 . During that time , the Canadian government granted the cast and crew money to help produce the new season and a new spin-off series . Season 10 premiered on Netflix on March 28 , 2016 . A new 8-part series , Trailer Park Boys : Out of the Park : Europe , became available for streaming on Netflix on October 28 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mockumentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mockumentary', 'summary': "A mockumentary ( a portmanteau of mock and documentary ) or docucomedy is a type of movie or television show depicting fictional events but presented as a documentary . These productions are often used to analyze or comment on current events and issues by using a fictional setting , or to parody the documentary form itself . While mockumentaries are usually comedic , pseudo-documentaries are their dramatic equivalents . However , pseudo-documentary should not be confused with docudrama , a fictional genre in which dramatic techniques are combined with documentary elements to depict real events . Also , docudrama is different from docufiction ; a genre in which documentaries are contaminated with fictional elements . Mockumentaries are often presented as historical documentaries , with B roll and talking heads discussing past events , or as cinéma vérité pieces following people as they go through various events . Examples emerged during the 1950s when archival film footage became available . A very early example was a short piece on the Swiss Spaghetti Harvest that appeared as an April Fools ' prank on the British television program Panorama in 1957 . The term mockumentary , which originated in the 1960s , was popularized in the mid-1980s when This Is Spinal Tap director Rob Reiner used it in interviews to describe that film . Mockumentaries are often partly or wholly improvised , as an unscripted style of acting helps to maintain the pretense of reality . Comedic mockumentaries rarely have laugh tracks , also to sustain the atmosphere , although exceptions exist . Music is often employed to expose the ambiguities and fallacies of conventional storytelling ; for instance by pointing at the paradoxes of the distinction between diegetic and extradiegetic music ."}]}, {'value': 'October 1 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 hour , 15 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trailer Park Boys : Live at the North Pole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys', 'summary': "Trailer Park Boys is a Canadian mockumentary television series created and directed by Mike Clattenburg . The show focuses on the misadventures of a group of trailer park residents , some of whom are ex-convicts , living in the fictional Sunnyvale Trailer Park in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia . The television series , a continuation of Clattenburg 's 1999 film of the same title , premiered on Showcase in 2001 . There are three films in the series : The Movie , released on October 6 , 2006 ; Countdown to Liquor Day , released on September 25 , 2009 ; and Do n't Legalize It , released on April 18 , 2014 . The seventh and final season of the series ' original run on Showcase ended in 2007 , with its final episode , Say Goodnight to the Bad Guys , premiering as a one-hour special on December 7 , 2008 . In 2013 , Robb Wells , John Paul Tremblay , and Mike Smith , the actors who portrayed Ricky , Julian , and Bubbles , purchased the rights to the show from the original producers and created their own internet streaming network , Swearnet . In March 2014 , Swearnet began co-producing new seasons of the show , partnering with the streaming service Netflix to produce an eighth and ninth season , as well as three new specials . Season 8 premiered on September 5 , 2014 , followed by Season 9 on March 27 , 2015 . Later that year , the show received the green light for two more seasons and began production on Season 10 . During that time , the Canadian government granted the cast and crew money to help produce the new season and a new spin-off series . Season 10 premiered on Netflix on March 28 , 2016 . A new 8-part series , Trailer Park Boys : Out of the Park : Europe , became available for streaming on Netflix on October 28 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mockumentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mockumentary', 'summary': "A mockumentary ( a portmanteau of mock and documentary ) or docucomedy is a type of movie or television show depicting fictional events but presented as a documentary . These productions are often used to analyze or comment on current events and issues by using a fictional setting , or to parody the documentary form itself . While mockumentaries are usually comedic , pseudo-documentaries are their dramatic equivalents . However , pseudo-documentary should not be confused with docudrama , a fictional genre in which dramatic techniques are combined with documentary elements to depict real events . Also , docudrama is different from docufiction ; a genre in which documentaries are contaminated with fictional elements . Mockumentaries are often presented as historical documentaries , with B roll and talking heads discussing past events , or as cinéma vérité pieces following people as they go through various events . Examples emerged during the 1950s when archival film footage became available . A very early example was a short piece on the Swiss Spaghetti Harvest that appeared as an April Fools ' prank on the British television program Panorama in 1957 . The term mockumentary , which originated in the 1960s , was popularized in the mid-1980s when This Is Spinal Tap director Rob Reiner used it in interviews to describe that film . Mockumentaries are often partly or wholly improvised , as an unscripted style of acting helps to maintain the pretense of reality . Comedic mockumentaries rarely have laugh tracks , also to sustain the atmosphere , although exceptions exist . Music is often employed to expose the ambiguities and fallacies of conventional storytelling ; for instance by pointing at the paradoxes of the distinction between diegetic and extradiegetic music ."}]}, {'value': 'November 15 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 hour , 28 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': "BoJack Horseman Christmas Special : Sabrina 's Christmas Wish", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BoJack_Horseman', 'summary': "BoJack Horseman is an American adult animated web television series created by Raphael Bob-Waksberg . It stars Will Arnett , Amy Sedaris , Alison Brie , Paul F. Tompkins and Aaron Paul . Set primarily in Los Angeles , the series tells the story of BoJack Horseman ( Arnett ) , the washed-up star of a 1990s sitcom who plans his return to celebrity relevance with an autobiography to be written by his ghostwriter Diane Nguyen ( Brie ) . On his road back to stardom , BoJack also has to contend with the demands of his agent Princess Carolyn ( Sedaris ) , his roommate Todd Chavez ( Paul ) , and his former rival Mr. Peanutbutter ( Tompkins ) . The show is designed by cartoonist Lisa Hanawalt , who has been friends with Bob-Waksberg since high school and had previously worked with him on the webcomic Tip Me Over , Pour Me Out . The series premiered on August 22 , 2014 on Netflix and ended on January 31 , 2020 , with a total of 77 episodes over six seasons . The first five seasons consist of twelve episodes each , while the sixth and final season consists of sixteen episodes divided into two parts of eight episodes each . A one-off Christmas special was released on December 19 , 2014 . BoJack Horseman is widely regarded as one of the greatest animated television series of all time . Despite mixed reviews upon its debut , critics were significantly more positive towards the second half of the first season , and the subsequent seasons received near-universal acclaim . It is lauded for its realistic take on dealing with depression , trauma , addiction , self-destructive behavior , racism , sexism , sexuality , and the human condition . The series received numerous accolades , including four Critics ' Choice Television Awards for Best Animated Series , three Annie Awards and two Writers Guild of America Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Animation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animation', 'summary': "Animation is a method in which pictures are manipulated to appear as moving images . In traditional animation , images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film . Today , most animations are made with computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) . Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation , while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons , low bandwidth or faster real-time renderings . Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts , puppets or clay figures . Commonly the effect of animation is achieved by a rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other . The illusion - as in motion pictures in general - is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement , but the exact causes are still uncertain . Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope , zoetrope , flip book , praxinoscope and film . Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally . For display on the computer , techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed . Animation is more pervasive than many people realize . Apart from short films , feature films , animated GIF 's and other media dedicated to the display of moving images , animation is also prevalent in video games , motion graphics , user interfaces and visual effects ."}]}, {'value': 'December 19 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sense8 : Creating the World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sense8', 'summary': "Sense8 ( a play on the word sensate /ˈsɛnseɪt/ ) is an American science fiction drama web television series created by Lana and Lilly Wachowski and J. Michael Straczynski for Netflix . The production companies behind Sense8 include the Wachowskis ' Anarchos Productions ( replaced by Lana and her wife 's Venus Castina Productions in the second season ) , Straczynski 's Studio JMS , and Georgeville Television , with Unpronounceable Productions having been set up specifically for this show . The show 's first season introduced a multinational ensemble cast , with Aml Ameen , Doona Bae , Jamie Clayton , Tina Desai , Tuppence Middleton , Max Riemelt , Miguel Ángel Silvestre , and Brian J. Smith portraying eight strangers from different parts of the world who suddenly discover that they are sensates : human beings who are mentally and emotionally linked . Freema Agyeman , Terrence Mann , Anupam Kher , Naveen Andrews , and Daryl Hannah also star . In the second season Toby Onwumere replaces Ameen . The show explores subjects that its creators feel have not been emphasized in many science fiction shows to date , such as politics , identity , sexuality , gender , and religion . All episodes of the first season of Sense8 were written by the Wachowskis and Straczynski ; in the second season , Lilly Wachowski took a break from the show , and the episodes were written by just Lana Wachowski and Straczynski , with the exception of the series finale which was written by Lana , David Mitchell , and Aleksandar Hemon . Most episodes were directed by the Wachowskis ( or just Lana , in the second season ) , with the remainder being divided between their frequent collaborators James McTeigue , Tom Tykwer , and Dan Glass . Sense8 was filmed almost entirely on location in a multitude of cities around the world . The first season , consisting of 12 episodes , became available for streaming on Netflix on June 5 , 2015 , and was met with generally favorable critical reception . It was praised for its representation of LGBTQ characters and themes , winning the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Drama Series . It was also recognized with a Location Managers Guild award for its use of locations as an integral part of the story , and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music ."}]}, {'value': 'Making-of', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Making-of', 'summary': "In cinema , a making-of , also known as behind-the-scenes , the set or on the set is a documentary film that features the production of a film or television program . This is often referred to as the EPK ( electronic press kit ) video , due to its main usage as a promotional tool , either concurrent with theatrical release or as a bonus feature for the film 's DVD or Blu-ray release . Feature length documentaries on the making of other films has become a film genre in its own right . The making-of film may ultimately be more important than the film itself . In the case of Lost in La Mancha , the making-of video ended up documenting the collapse and abandonment of the feature film it was covering ( The Man Who Killed Don Quixote ) , and ultimately the making-of video was the only part of the production to see a commercial release as a theatrical documentary feature . Shorter making-of documentaries are often used as a bonus on DVDs , as it offers more insight into the film , how it was made , and to credit the film crew . Occasionally , some films have included a making of the making-of as a joke . The making-of is also often released for TV as a part of the promotion of the film ."}]}, {'value': 'August 8 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trailer Park Boys : Drunk , High And Unemployed Live In Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys', 'summary': "Trailer Park Boys is a Canadian mockumentary television series created and directed by Mike Clattenburg . The show focuses on the misadventures of a group of trailer park residents , some of whom are ex-convicts , living in the fictional Sunnyvale Trailer Park in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia . The television series , a continuation of Clattenburg 's 1999 film of the same title , premiered on Showcase in 2001 . There are three films in the series : The Movie , released on October 6 , 2006 ; Countdown to Liquor Day , released on September 25 , 2009 ; and Do n't Legalize It , released on April 18 , 2014 . The seventh and final season of the series ' original run on Showcase ended in 2007 , with its final episode , Say Goodnight to the Bad Guys , premiering as a one-hour special on December 7 , 2008 . In 2013 , Robb Wells , John Paul Tremblay , and Mike Smith , the actors who portrayed Ricky , Julian , and Bubbles , purchased the rights to the show from the original producers and created their own internet streaming network , Swearnet . In March 2014 , Swearnet began co-producing new seasons of the show , partnering with the streaming service Netflix to produce an eighth and ninth season , as well as three new specials . Season 8 premiered on September 5 , 2014 , followed by Season 9 on March 27 , 2015 . Later that year , the show received the green light for two more seasons and began production on Season 10 . During that time , the Canadian government granted the cast and crew money to help produce the new season and a new spin-off series . Season 10 premiered on Netflix on March 28 , 2016 . A new 8-part series , Trailer Park Boys : Out of the Park : Europe , became available for streaming on Netflix on October 28 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mockumentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mockumentary', 'summary': "A mockumentary ( a portmanteau of mock and documentary ) or docucomedy is a type of movie or television show depicting fictional events but presented as a documentary . These productions are often used to analyze or comment on current events and issues by using a fictional setting , or to parody the documentary form itself . While mockumentaries are usually comedic , pseudo-documentaries are their dramatic equivalents . However , pseudo-documentary should not be confused with docudrama , a fictional genre in which dramatic techniques are combined with documentary elements to depict real events . Also , docudrama is different from docufiction ; a genre in which documentaries are contaminated with fictional elements . Mockumentaries are often presented as historical documentaries , with B roll and talking heads discussing past events , or as cinéma vérité pieces following people as they go through various events . Examples emerged during the 1950s when archival film footage became available . A very early example was a short piece on the Swiss Spaghetti Harvest that appeared as an April Fools ' prank on the British television program Panorama in 1957 . The term mockumentary , which originated in the 1960s , was popularized in the mid-1980s when This Is Spinal Tap director Rob Reiner used it in interviews to describe that film . Mockumentaries are often partly or wholly improvised , as an unscripted style of acting helps to maintain the pretense of reality . Comedic mockumentaries rarely have laugh tracks , also to sustain the atmosphere , although exceptions exist . Music is often employed to expose the ambiguities and fallacies of conventional storytelling ; for instance by pointing at the paradoxes of the distinction between diegetic and extradiegetic music ."}]}, {'value': 'December 9 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 hour , 15 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marco Polo : One Hundred Eyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Polo_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Marco Polo is an American drama web television series inspired by Marco Polo 's early years in the court of Kublai Khan , the Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the founder of the Yuan dynasty ( 1271-1368 ) . The show premiered on Netflix on December 12 , 2014 . The series was written and created by John Fusco and stars Lorenzo Richelmy in the title role with Benedict Wong as Kublai Khan . The series was produced by The Weinstein Company . On January 7 , 2015 , Marco Polo was renewed by Netflix for a 10-episode second season , which premiered on July 1 , 2016 . On December 12 , 2016 , Netflix announced they had canceled Marco Polo after two seasons . Sources told The Hollywood Reporter that the series ' two seasons resulted in a $ 200 million loss for Netflix , and the decision to cancel the series was jointly taken by Netflix and The Weinstein Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Period drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Historical_period_drama', 'summary': 'A historical drama ( also period drama , costume drama , and period piece ) is a work set in a past time period , usually used in the context of film and television . Historical drama includes historical fiction and romances , adventure films , and swashbucklers . A period piece may be set in a vague or general era such as the Middle Ages or a specific period such as the Roaring Twenties . A religious work can qualify as period drama but not as historical one .'}]}, {'value': 'December 26 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puss in Book : Trapped in an Epic Tale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Puss_in_Boots', 'summary': 'The Adventures of Puss in Boots is an American computer-animated web television series . It stars the character Puss in Boots from the DreamWorks Animation Shrek franchise and its 2011 spin-off film , voiced by Eric Bauza . The series premiered with its first five episodes on Netflix on January 16 , 2015 ; the sixth and final season was released on January 26 , 2018 . It also premiered on Boomerang UK on September 3 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Animation / Interactive fiction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animation', 'summary': "Animation is a method in which pictures are manipulated to appear as moving images . In traditional animation , images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film . Today , most animations are made with computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) . Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation , while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons , low bandwidth or faster real-time renderings . Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts , puppets or clay figures . Commonly the effect of animation is achieved by a rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other . The illusion - as in motion pictures in general - is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement , but the exact causes are still uncertain . Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope , zoetrope , flip book , praxinoscope and film . Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally . For display on the computer , techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed . Animation is more pervasive than many people realize . Apart from short films , feature films , animated GIF 's and other media dedicated to the display of moving images , animation is also prevalent in video games , motion graphics , user interfaces and visual effects ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Interactive_fiction', 'summary': 'Interactive fiction , often abbreviated IF , is software simulating environments in which players use text commands to control characters and influence the environment . Works in this form can be understood as literary narratives , either in the form of interactive narratives or interactive narrations . These works can also be understood as a form of video game , either in the form of an adventure game or role-playing game . In common usage , the term refers to text adventures , a type of adventure game where the entire interface can be text-only , however , graphical text adventure games , where the text is accompanied by graphics ( still images , animations or video ) still fall under the text adventure category if the main way to interact with the game is by typing text . Some users of the term distinguish between interactive fiction , known as Puzzle-free , that focuses on narrative , and text adventures that focus on puzzles . Due to their text-only nature , they sidestepped the problem of writing for widely divergent graphics architectures . This feature meant that interactive fiction games were easily ported across all the popular platforms at the time , including CP/M ( not known for gaming or strong graphics capabilities ) . The number of interactive fiction works is increasing steadily as new ones are produced by an online community , using freely available development systems . The term can also be used to refer to digital versions of literary works that are not read in a linear fashion , known as gamebooks , where the reader is instead given choices at different points in the text ; these decisions determine the flow and outcome of the story . The most famous example of this form of printed fiction is the Choose Your Own Adventure book series , and the collaborative addventure format has also been described as a form of interactive fiction . The term interactive fiction is sometimes used also to refer to visual novels , a type of interactive narrative software popular in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'June 20 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buddy Thunderstruck : The Maybe Pile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buddy_Thunderstruck', 'summary': "Buddy Thunderstruck is an American stop motion tweens and teens ' comedy television series created by Ryan Wiesbrock as a Netflix Original series , produced by American Greetings Entertainment and Stoopid Buddy Stoodios and written by Tom Krajewski . The series stars Brian Atkinson , Ted Raimi , Harry Chaskin and Debi Derryberry . The first season was released on Netflix on March 10 , 2017 . When promoting the first series Netflix billed it as the 'outrageous , high-octane adventures of Buddy Thunderstruck , a truck-racing dog who brings guts and good times to the town of Greasepit ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Animation / Interactive fiction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animation', 'summary': "Animation is a method in which pictures are manipulated to appear as moving images . In traditional animation , images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film . Today , most animations are made with computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) . Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation , while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons , low bandwidth or faster real-time renderings . Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts , puppets or clay figures . Commonly the effect of animation is achieved by a rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other . The illusion - as in motion pictures in general - is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement , but the exact causes are still uncertain . Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope , zoetrope , flip book , praxinoscope and film . Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally . For display on the computer , techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed . Animation is more pervasive than many people realize . Apart from short films , feature films , animated GIF 's and other media dedicated to the display of moving images , animation is also prevalent in video games , motion graphics , user interfaces and visual effects ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Interactive_fiction', 'summary': 'Interactive fiction , often abbreviated IF , is software simulating environments in which players use text commands to control characters and influence the environment . Works in this form can be understood as literary narratives , either in the form of interactive narratives or interactive narrations . These works can also be understood as a form of video game , either in the form of an adventure game or role-playing game . In common usage , the term refers to text adventures , a type of adventure game where the entire interface can be text-only , however , graphical text adventure games , where the text is accompanied by graphics ( still images , animations or video ) still fall under the text adventure category if the main way to interact with the game is by typing text . Some users of the term distinguish between interactive fiction , known as Puzzle-free , that focuses on narrative , and text adventures that focus on puzzles . Due to their text-only nature , they sidestepped the problem of writing for widely divergent graphics architectures . This feature meant that interactive fiction games were easily ported across all the popular platforms at the time , including CP/M ( not known for gaming or strong graphics capabilities ) . The number of interactive fiction works is increasing steadily as new ones are produced by an online community , using freely available development systems . The term can also be used to refer to digital versions of literary works that are not read in a linear fashion , known as gamebooks , where the reader is instead given choices at different points in the text ; these decisions determine the flow and outcome of the story . The most famous example of this form of printed fiction is the Choose Your Own Adventure book series , and the collaborative addventure format has also been described as a form of interactive fiction . The term interactive fiction is sometimes used also to refer to visual novels , a type of interactive narrative software popular in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'July 14 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beat Bugs : All Together Now', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beat_Bugs', 'summary': "Beat Bugs is an Australian-Canadian animated children 's television series , created by Josh Wakely , and produced for Netflix by Grace : A Storytelling Company and Thunderbird Entertainment . The series is centered around five young anthropomorphised insects who live in an overgrown suburban backyard and learn life lessons while having adventures . Wakely acquired worldwide rights from Sony/ATV Music Publishing to a catalogue of music by the Beatles to feature in the series . The program features versions of songs by the popular rock group , performed by contemporary recording artists and interwoven into the narrative . Beat Bugs was produced in association with Beyond Entertainment , Atomic Cartoons and the Seven Network , an investor of the program . The series was first made available worldwide on Netflix on 3 August 2016 after premiering in Australia exclusively on 7TWO on 25 July 2016 . The program received an AWGIE Award in animation for an episode script in 2016 , an AACTA Award for Best Children 's Television Series and a Daytime Emmy Award in 2017 . The second season premiered in November 2016 on Netflix and 7TWO , and was followed by a 48-minute special in November 2017 . Additional episodes entered pre-production in 2018 . A staged production featuring the characters and themes of the show , Beat Bugs : A Musical Adventure , began playing in theaters in the U.S. in October 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Animation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animation', 'summary': "Animation is a method in which pictures are manipulated to appear as moving images . In traditional animation , images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film . Today , most animations are made with computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) . Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation , while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons , low bandwidth or faster real-time renderings . Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts , puppets or clay figures . Commonly the effect of animation is achieved by a rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other . The illusion - as in motion pictures in general - is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement , but the exact causes are still uncertain . Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope , zoetrope , flip book , praxinoscope and film . Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally . For display on the computer , techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed . Animation is more pervasive than many people realize . Apart from short films , feature films , animated GIF 's and other media dedicated to the display of moving images , animation is also prevalent in video games , motion graphics , user interfaces and visual effects ."}]}, {'value': 'November 21 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DreamWorks Home : For the Holidays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home:_Adventures_with_Tip_&_Oh', 'summary': "Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh is an American animated television series produced by DreamWorks Animation and animated by Titmouse , which debuted on July 29 , 2016 as a Netflix original series . It was developed by Ryan Crego and Thurop Van Orman , the latter of whom is the creator of Cartoon Network 's The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack . The series is based on the 2015 film Home , which in turn was based on the 2007 novel The True Meaning of Smekday by Adam Rex . With the exception of Matt Jones , who returned as the voice of Kyle , none of the original cast reprised their roles . The second season was released on January 27 , 2017 . A holiday special called Home for the Holidays was released on December 1 , 2017 . The fourth and final season was released on July 20 , 2018 . The series began airing on Universal Kids in March 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Animation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animation', 'summary': "Animation is a method in which pictures are manipulated to appear as moving images . In traditional animation , images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film . Today , most animations are made with computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) . Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation , while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons , low bandwidth or faster real-time renderings . Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts , puppets or clay figures . Commonly the effect of animation is achieved by a rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other . The illusion - as in motion pictures in general - is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement , but the exact causes are still uncertain . Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope , zoetrope , flip book , praxinoscope and film . Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally . For display on the computer , techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed . Animation is more pervasive than many people realize . Apart from short films , feature films , animated GIF 's and other media dedicated to the display of moving images , animation is also prevalent in video games , motion graphics , user interfaces and visual effects ."}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A StoryBots Christmas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_StoryBots_Christmas', 'summary': "A StoryBots Christmas is a children 's animated holiday special based on the characters from the digital educational program StoryBots and the original television series Ask the StoryBots and StoryBots Super Songs . It was created and produced by JibJab Bros. Studios ( now StoryBots Inc. ) and premiered exclusively on Netflix on December 1 , 2017 . It received six nominations for the 45th Daytime Emmy Awards and won two , including for Outstanding Special Class Animated Program . The special features an appearance by Ed Asner as Santa Claus . He received an Emmy nomination for the role ."}]}, {'value': 'Animation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animation', 'summary': "Animation is a method in which pictures are manipulated to appear as moving images . In traditional animation , images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film . Today , most animations are made with computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) . Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation , while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons , low bandwidth or faster real-time renderings . Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts , puppets or clay figures . Commonly the effect of animation is achieved by a rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other . The illusion - as in motion pictures in general - is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement , but the exact causes are still uncertain . Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope , zoetrope , flip book , praxinoscope and film . Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally . For display on the computer , techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed . Animation is more pervasive than many people realize . Apart from short films , feature films , animated GIF 's and other media dedicated to the display of moving images , animation is also prevalent in video games , motion graphics , user interfaces and visual effects ."}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stretch Armstrong : The Breakout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stretch_Armstrong_and_the_Flex_Fighters', 'summary': 'Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters is an American animated series produced by Hasbro Studios and distributed by Netflix . It is based on the 1970s action figure Stretch Armstrong . The Netflix series features a brand new superhero universe , new characters , new villains , and new lore . The series was developed by executive producers Kevin Burke , Victor Cook , and Chris Doc Wyatt . Victor Cook also oversaw the series as supervising director , Burke and Wyatt as story editors . Burke and Wyatt also wrote a tie-in comic book for IDW Publishing . The first season was released on Netflix on November 17 , 2017 . The second season was released on September 7 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Animation / Interactive fiction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animation', 'summary': "Animation is a method in which pictures are manipulated to appear as moving images . In traditional animation , images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film . Today , most animations are made with computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) . Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation , while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons , low bandwidth or faster real-time renderings . Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts , puppets or clay figures . Commonly the effect of animation is achieved by a rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other . The illusion - as in motion pictures in general - is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement , but the exact causes are still uncertain . Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope , zoetrope , flip book , praxinoscope and film . Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally . For display on the computer , techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed . Animation is more pervasive than many people realize . Apart from short films , feature films , animated GIF 's and other media dedicated to the display of moving images , animation is also prevalent in video games , motion graphics , user interfaces and visual effects ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Interactive_fiction', 'summary': 'Interactive fiction , often abbreviated IF , is software simulating environments in which players use text commands to control characters and influence the environment . Works in this form can be understood as literary narratives , either in the form of interactive narratives or interactive narrations . These works can also be understood as a form of video game , either in the form of an adventure game or role-playing game . In common usage , the term refers to text adventures , a type of adventure game where the entire interface can be text-only , however , graphical text adventure games , where the text is accompanied by graphics ( still images , animations or video ) still fall under the text adventure category if the main way to interact with the game is by typing text . Some users of the term distinguish between interactive fiction , known as Puzzle-free , that focuses on narrative , and text adventures that focus on puzzles . Due to their text-only nature , they sidestepped the problem of writing for widely divergent graphics architectures . This feature meant that interactive fiction games were easily ported across all the popular platforms at the time , including CP/M ( not known for gaming or strong graphics capabilities ) . The number of interactive fiction works is increasing steadily as new ones are produced by an online community , using freely available development systems . The term can also be used to refer to digital versions of literary works that are not read in a linear fashion , known as gamebooks , where the reader is instead given choices at different points in the text ; these decisions determine the flow and outcome of the story . The most famous example of this form of printed fiction is the Choose Your Own Adventure book series , and the collaborative addventure format has also been described as a form of interactive fiction . The term interactive fiction is sometimes used also to refer to visual novels , a type of interactive narrative software popular in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'March 13 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Monsters Save Halloween', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Monsters', 'summary': "Super Monsters is an American-Canadian children 's animated television series that premiered on Netflix on October 13 , 2017 . The series is about a group of preschool kids , whose parents are the world 's most famous monsters , trying to master their special powers while preparing for kindergarten . Super Monster Save Halloween was released on October 5 , 2018 . Super Monsters and the Wish Star was released on Netflix December 7 , 2018 . Super Monsters Furever Friends was released on April 16 , 2019 . Super Monsters Back to School was released on August 16 , 2019 . Super Monsters : Vida 's First Halloween was released on October 4 , 2019 . The series made its linear debut on Discovery Family on October 19 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Animation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animation', 'summary': "Animation is a method in which pictures are manipulated to appear as moving images . In traditional animation , images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film . Today , most animations are made with computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) . Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation , while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons , low bandwidth or faster real-time renderings . Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts , puppets or clay figures . Commonly the effect of animation is achieved by a rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other . The illusion - as in motion pictures in general - is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement , but the exact causes are still uncertain . Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope , zoetrope , flip book , praxinoscope and film . Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally . For display on the computer , techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed . Animation is more pervasive than many people realize . Apart from short films , feature films , animated GIF 's and other media dedicated to the display of moving images , animation is also prevalent in video games , motion graphics , user interfaces and visual effects ."}]}, {'value': 'October 5 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Club de Cuervos Presents : I , Potro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_de_Cuervos', 'summary': "Club de Cuervos , also known as Club of Crows , is a Mexican comedy-drama web television series produced by Gary Alazraki and Michael Lam . Premiering with its full first season on August 7 , 2015 , it is the first Spanish-language Netflix original series . The story centers on the football club Cuervos FC , based in the fictional city of Nuevo Toledo , Mexico , and the power struggle that follows the death of its long-time owner and patriarch . Club de Cuervos stars Luis Gerardo Méndez and Mariana Treviño as two siblings who fight over ownership and direction of the team . Scripted by both Mexican and American writers , the first season of Club de Cuervos was shot in Pachuca , Hidalgo . The series has received mostly positive reviews from critics , who praised the show 's pacing and originality . It was renewed for a second season on October 28 , 2015 . The second season premiered on December 10 , 2016 . Season three premiered on September 29 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mockumentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mockumentary', 'summary': "A mockumentary ( a portmanteau of mock and documentary ) or docucomedy is a type of movie or television show depicting fictional events but presented as a documentary . These productions are often used to analyze or comment on current events and issues by using a fictional setting , or to parody the documentary form itself . While mockumentaries are usually comedic , pseudo-documentaries are their dramatic equivalents . However , pseudo-documentary should not be confused with docudrama , a fictional genre in which dramatic techniques are combined with documentary elements to depict real events . Also , docudrama is different from docufiction ; a genre in which documentaries are contaminated with fictional elements . Mockumentaries are often presented as historical documentaries , with B roll and talking heads discussing past events , or as cinéma vérité pieces following people as they go through various events . Examples emerged during the 1950s when archival film footage became available . A very early example was a short piece on the Swiss Spaghetti Harvest that appeared as an April Fools ' prank on the British television program Panorama in 1957 . The term mockumentary , which originated in the 1960s , was popularized in the mid-1980s when This Is Spinal Tap director Rob Reiner used it in interviews to describe that film . Mockumentaries are often partly or wholly improvised , as an unscripted style of acting helps to maintain the pretense of reality . Comedic mockumentaries rarely have laugh tracks , also to sustain the atmosphere , although exceptions exist . Music is often employed to expose the ambiguities and fallacies of conventional storytelling ; for instance by pointing at the paradoxes of the distinction between diegetic and extradiegetic music ."}]}, {'value': 'October 19 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Rein : The Twelve Neighs of Christmas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Rein', 'summary': 'Free Rein is a British drama television series created and written by Vicki Lutas and Anna McCleery . The ten-part first series premiered on Netflix on 23 June 2017 . The show is produced in the UK by Lime Pictures . Although the island where the series is set is fictional and unnamed , it is based on the Isle of Wight but referred to as an island off the coast of England throughout the show . The scenes on the pier are shot in Beaumaris , located on the isle of Anglesey . The second series premiered on 6 July 2018 . Shortly afterwards , Free Rein was renewed for a third series , as well as two feature-length special episodes . Free Rein : The 12 Neighs of Christmas , premiered on 7 December 2018 . The second special , Free Rein : Valentines Day , premiered on 1 February 2019 . The third series , consisting of 10 episodes , premiered on 6 July 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Teen drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teen_drama', 'summary': 'A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children . More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/ [ [ adventure ( gen re ) |adventure ] ] themes .'}]}, {'value': 'December 7 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Monsters and the Wish Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Monsters', 'summary': "Super Monsters is an American-Canadian children 's animated television series that premiered on Netflix on October 13 , 2017 . The series is about a group of preschool kids , whose parents are the world 's most famous monsters , trying to master their special powers while preparing for kindergarten . Super Monster Save Halloween was released on October 5 , 2018 . Super Monsters and the Wish Star was released on Netflix December 7 , 2018 . Super Monsters Furever Friends was released on April 16 , 2019 . Super Monsters Back to School was released on August 16 , 2019 . Super Monsters : Vida 's First Halloween was released on October 4 , 2019 . The series made its linear debut on Discovery Family on October 19 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Animation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animation', 'summary': "Animation is a method in which pictures are manipulated to appear as moving images . In traditional animation , images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film . Today , most animations are made with computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) . Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation , while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons , low bandwidth or faster real-time renderings . Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts , puppets or clay figures . Commonly the effect of animation is achieved by a rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other . The illusion - as in motion pictures in general - is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement , but the exact causes are still uncertain . Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope , zoetrope , flip book , praxinoscope and film . Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally . For display on the computer , techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed . Animation is more pervasive than many people realize . Apart from short films , feature films , animated GIF 's and other media dedicated to the display of moving images , animation is also prevalent in video games , motion graphics , user interfaces and visual effects ."}]}, {'value': 'December 7 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince of Peoria : A Christmas Moose Miracle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_of_Peoria', 'summary': 'Prince of Peoria is an American comedy web television series , created by Nick Stanton and Devin Bunje , that premiered on November 16 , 2018 , on Netflix .'}]}, {'value': 'Sitcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitcom', 'summary': "A sitcom , clipping for situational comedy ( situation comedy in the U.S. ) , is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode . Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy , where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch , and stand-up comedy , where a comedian tells jokes and stories to an audience . Sitcoms originated in radio , but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms . A situational comedy television programme may be recorded in front of a studio audience , depending on the programme 's production format . The effect of a live studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track . During filming productions , the laugh track is usually pre-recorded . Critics disagree over the utility of the term sitcom in classifying shows that have come into existence since the turn of the century . Many contemporary American sitcoms use the single-camera setup and do not feature a laugh track , thus often resembling the dramedy shows of the 1980s and 1990s rather than the traditional sitcom . Other topics of debate have included whether or not cartoons , such as The Simpsons or Family Guy , can be classified as sitcoms ."}]}, {'value': 'December 17 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aggretsuko : We Wish You a Metal Christmas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aggretsuko', 'summary': 'Aggretsuko , also known by its original Japanese title Aggressive Retsuko ( Japanese : アグレッシブ烈子 , Hepburn : Aguresshibu Retsuko ) , is a Japanese anime musical comedy franchise based on the eponymous character created by Yeti for the mascot company Sanrio . The character first appeared in a series of animated shorts by Fanworks which aired on TBS Television ( Tokyo Broadcasting System Television ) between April 2016 and March 2018 . An original net animation ( ONA ) anime series adaptation was launched worldwide on Netflix in April 2018 . A second season premiered in June 2019 . In August 2019 , Netflix renewed the series for a third season . Courtesy of Oni Press , a comic book series is currently in production by Daniel Barnes and D.J . Kirkland . The first issue releases on February 5 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anime', 'summary': "Anime ( US : /ˈænəˌmeɪ/ , UK : /ˈænɪˌmeɪ/ ) ( Japanese : アニメ , Hepburn : anime , [ aɲime ] ( listen ) , plural : anime ) [ a ] is hand-drawn and computer animation originating from or associated with Japan . The word anime is the Japanese term for animation , which means all forms of animated media . Outside Japan , anime refers specifically to animation from Japan or as a Japanese-disseminated animation style often characterized by colorful graphics , vibrant characters and fantastical themes . The culturally abstract approach to the word 's meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan . Many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product . Some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of Orientalism . The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917 , and Japanese anime production has since continued to increase steadily . The characteristic anime art style emerged in the 1960s with the works of Osamu Tezuka and spread internationally in the late twentieth century , developing a large domestic and international audience . Anime is distributed theatrically , by way of television broadcasts , directly to home media , and over the Internet . It is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse broad and niche audiences . Anime is a diverse art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies . It combines graphic art , characterization , cinematography , and other forms of imaginative and individualistic techniques ."}]}, {'value': 'December 20 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Mirror : Bandersnatch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Mirror:_Bandersnatch', 'summary': "Black Mirror : Bandersnatch is a 2018 interactive film in the science fiction anthology series Black Mirror . It was written by series creator Charlie Brooker and directed by David Slade . Netflix released the standalone film on 28 December 2018 . In Bandersnatch , viewers make decisions for the main character , the young programmer Stefan Butler ( Fionn Whitehead ) , who is adapting a fantasy choose-your-own-adventure novel into a video game in 1984 . Other characters include Mohan Thakur ( Asim Chaudhry ) and Colin Ritman ( Will Poulter ) , both of whom work at a video game company , Butler 's father , Peter ( Craig Parkinson ) , and Butler 's therapist , Dr. Haynes ( Alice Lowe ) . The film is based on a planned Imagine Software video game of the same name which went unreleased after the company filed for bankruptcy . It also alludes to Lewis Carroll 's own works that feature the bandersnatch creature . A piece of science fiction and horror , Bandersnatch incorporates meta-commentary and rumination on free will . Brooker and executive producer Annabel Jones were approached by Netflix about making an interactive film in May 2017 , during which time Netflix had several interactive projects for children underway . Difficulty in writing the highly non-linear script led to the creation of a bespoke program called Branch Manager for Netflix ; the unique nature of the content required adaptations in the platform 's use of cache memory . Filming and production took longer than for typical Black Mirror episodes , resulting in the show 's fifth series being delayed . A quickly-deleted tweet from a Netflix account about the release of Bandersnatch led to widespread media speculation throughout December which Netflix declined to comment on ."}]}, {'value': 'Science fiction / drama / Interactive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Science_fiction', 'summary': 'Science fiction ( sometimes called sci-fi or just SF ) is a genre of speculative fiction that typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology , space exploration , time travel , parallel universes , and extraterrestrial life . It has been called the literature of ideas , and often explores the potential consequences of scientific , social , and technological innovations . Science fiction , whose roots go back to ancient times , is related to fantasy , horror , and superhero fiction , and contains many subgenres . However its exact definition has long been disputed among authors , critics , and scholars . Science fiction literature , film , television , and other media have become popular and influential over much of the world . Besides providing entertainment , it can also criticize present-day society , and is often said to inspire a sense of wonder .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Drama_(modern_genre)', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Interactive_film', 'summary': 'An interactive film , also known as movie game , is a video game that presents its gameplay in a cinematic , scripted manner , often through the use of full motion video of either animated or live action footage .'}]}, {'value': 'December 28 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 hour , 30 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Free Rein : Valentine 's Day", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Rein', 'summary': 'Free Rein is a British drama television series created and written by Vicki Lutas and Anna McCleery . The ten-part first series premiered on Netflix on 23 June 2017 . The show is produced in the UK by Lime Pictures . Although the island where the series is set is fictional and unnamed , it is based on the Isle of Wight but referred to as an island off the coast of England throughout the show . The scenes on the pier are shot in Beaumaris , located on the isle of Anglesey . The second series premiered on 6 July 2018 . Shortly afterwards , Free Rein was renewed for a third series , as well as two feature-length special episodes . Free Rein : The 12 Neighs of Christmas , premiered on 7 December 2018 . The second special , Free Rein : Valentines Day , premiered on 1 February 2019 . The third series , consisting of 10 episodes , premiered on 6 July 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Teen drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teen_drama', 'summary': 'A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children . More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/ [ [ adventure ( gen re ) |adventure ] ] themes .'}]}, {'value': 'February 1 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50 min', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Original programming -- Specials', 'section_text': 'These shows are one-time original events related to original TV shows .', 'uid': 'List_of_original_programs_distributed_by_Netflix_15', 'intro': "Netflix is an American global Internet streaming-on-demand media provider that has distributed a number of original programs, including original series, specials (including stand-up comedy specials), miniseries and documentaries and films. Netflix's original productions also include continuations of canceled series from other networks, as well as licensing or co-producing content from international broadcasters for exclusive broadcast in other territories, which is also branded in those regions as Netflix original content. Netflix previously produced content through Red Envelope Entertainment. Netflix's first original content series was House of Cards, released in 2013 and the company has since increased its original content. All programming is in English unless stated otherwise, is organized by its primary genre or format and is sorted by premiere date."}
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How many episodes were in the third season of the most recent work ?
10
089847292d687ea6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(Japan)', 'title': 'List of Virtual Console games for Wii (Japan)', 'header': ['Title', 'Publisher', 'Release Date', 'CERO'], 'data': [{'value': "Bomberman '94", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bomberman_'94", 'summary': "Bomberman '94 ( ボンバーマン'94 , Bonbāman Nintī Fō ) is a video game from the Bomberman series which was developed and published by Hudson Soft for the PC Engine and released on December 10 , 1993 in Japan . It was later re-developed by Westone and re-published by Sega as Mega Bomberman on the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis in 1994 in other areas . The PC Engine Bomberman '94 was later released outside Japan through the Wii 's Virtual Console and the PlayStation 3 's PlayStation Network . The game supports single-player and multi-player modes . In single player , the player navigates several levels of mazes , destroying creatures with bombs . In multiplayer mode , players defeat each other with bombs . The Mega Drive/Genesis port had some differences , such as fewer options in multi-player , and some different music ( for example , Jammin ' Jungle 's music in the original version was reused as the first level in Super Bomberman 4 , but is entirely different in the other version ) . The original Bomberman '94 was first made available outside Japan in the North American Virtual Console . A port for mobile phones was released in 2008 ( renamed Bomberman '08 ) . The previous game , Bomberman '93 , was made available instead when Bomberman '94 was released in Japan 's Virtual Console . Bomberman '94 was released on the Japanese PlayStation Network on July 15 , 2009 for play on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable . It was later released in North America on June 2 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dungeon Explorer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dungeon_Explorer', 'summary': 'Dungeon Explorer [ a ] is an action role-playing game released for the PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 in 1989 . It is considered a pioneer title in the action role-playing game genre with its co-operative multiplayer gameplay , which allowed up to five players to play simultaneously .'}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaseiken Necromancer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaseiken_Necromancer', 'summary': "Jaseiken Necromancer ネクロマンサー ) is a fantasy role-playing video game for the PC Engine , PlayStation Network and the Virtual Console . The PC Engine version was only released in Japan . In February 2011 , the game was released as Necromancer on Apple 's App Store . The game is set to be released untranslated in the US on the TurboGrafx-16 Mini ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PC Genjin : Pithecanthropus Computerurus', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bonk's_Adventure", 'summary': "Bonk 's Adventure is a 2D platform game developed by Red Company and Atlus as the first game in the Bonk series that was released in 1989 in Japan and 1990 in North America for the TurboGrafx-16 . In Japan it was released as PC Genjin ( PC原人 ) in 1989 , a play on the Japanese name for the system , 'PC Engine ' . The game was re-released for the TurboGrafx-16 in the U.S. in 1992 on the Gate of Thunder 4-in-1 game CD-ROM . The game was later ported to the NES , Amiga and arcade systems under different titles ( FC Genjin and BC Genjin ) . A completely different game with the same name appeared on the Game Boy ( under the title GB Genjin in Japan ) . It is also available through Nintendo 's Virtual Console service , on the PlayStation Store and there is a version for mobile phones in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Star Soldier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Star_Soldier', 'summary': "Super Star Soldier ( スーパースターソルジャー , Sūpā Sutā Sorujā ) is a scrolling shooter video game developed by Kaneko and originally published by Hudson Soft in 1990 for the Japanese PC Engine and in 1991 for the North American TurboGrafx-16 . It is the sequel to Star Soldier , and part of a vertical-scrolling shooter series by Hudson Soft . According to the company , many people believed Super Star Soldier 's graphics were the best of any HuCard game . Although the game was popular in Japan , it received less attention from the rest of the world . The Mobile version of Super Star Soldier was released on September 3 , 2007 in Japan . Konami published it for the Virtual Console on Nintendo 's Wii system in North America on November 27 , 2006 , in Japan on December 2 , 2006 , and in Europe on December 8 , 2006 . The game has also been released on the Japanese PlayStation Store on August 19 , 2009 and on the North American PlayStation Store on June 3 , 2011 . It was also released on the Windows Store December 20 , 2013 and on Wii U Virtual Console on February 26 , 2014 , the first being released in Japan only while the Wii U Virtual Console version was released on April 6 , 2017 in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Takahashi Meijin no Shin Bōken Jima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Adventure_Island', 'summary': "New Adventure Island ( 高橋名人の新冒険島 , Takahashi Meijin no Shin Bōken Jima , Master Takahashi 's New Adventure Island ) is a side-scrolling platform game by Hudson Soft originally released for the PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 in 1992 and later re-released for the Virtual Console service in 2007 and the PlayStation Network in 2011 . It is the fourth game in the Adventure Island series , released shortly after Super Adventure Island for the SNES , but before Adventure Island 3 for the NES ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victory Run', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victory_Run', 'summary': "Victory Run ( ビクトリーラン栄光の13,000キロ - , Bikutoriran Eikou no 13,000 Kiroo , Victory Run : 13,000 Kilometers of Glory ) is a racing game released for the TurboGrafx-16 and is also available on the Nintendo Wii 's Virtual Console and on PlayStation Network . The game depicts the Paris-Dakar Rally , one of the earliest to do so . One of the unique features at the time of release of Victory Run was that the car 's parts degraded as they are used and/or abused . Degraded parts could be replaced , but only if the player has the correct type of spare part . The player can acquire up to 20 spare parts before the first race , but can not acquire any more spare parts after starting the first race ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R-Type part I ( not available from 2012-03-30 to 2013-09-17 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R-Type', 'summary': "R-Type [ a ] is a horizontal-scrolling shooter arcade game developed and released by Irem in 1987 . The player controls a star ship , the R-9 Arrowhead , in its efforts to destroy the Bydo , a powerful alien race bent on wiping out all of mankind . The R-9 can acquire a glowing orbicular device called a Force , protecting it from enemy fire and providing additional firepower . The arcade version was distributed by Nintendo in North America ; it is the last arcade title Nintendo distributed . R-Type was the first game to run on Irem 's 16-bit M72 arcade system . Initially a joke among staff , the Force was based on dung beetles . The development team drew inspiration from Gradius , Aliens and works by H.R . Giger . Music was composed by Masato Ishizaki , while character designs were done by AKIO . The game 's title stems from the word ray , as in a ray of light , in reference to the player 's raylike weapons used throughout the game . R-Type was celebrated by critics for its graphics and addictive gameplay , although it would receive criticism for its high difficulty level . It is commonly cited as one of the best shoot 'em up video games , as well as one of the greatest video games of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami , Irem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irem', 'summary': "Irem ( アイレムソフトウェアエンジニアリング株式会社 , Airemu Software Engineering ) is a Japanese video game console developer and publisher , and formerly a developer and manufacturer of arcade games as well . The company has its headquarters in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The full name of the company that currently uses the brand is Irem Software Engineering . It was established in 1997 by its parent company Nanao ( now Eizo ) for the purpose of taking over the development department of the original Irem Corporation , that had left the video game industry in 1994 to concentrate itself on the rental and sales of coin-op electronics . Irem Corporation was founded in 1974 as IPM and still exists today under the name of Apies . Irem is probably mostly known internationally for three 1980s arcade games : Moon Patrol ( 1982 ; licensed to Williams Electronics in North America ) , the earliest beat 'em up , Kung-Fu Master ( 1984 ) , and the scrolling shooter R-Type ( 1987 ) . Irem has been popular in Japan with games like Photoboy for the PC Engine and In the Hunt for arcades . As a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , Irem canceled the majority of its remaining video game projects , including Zettai Zetsumei Toshi 4 : Summer Memories and Poncotsu Roman Daikatsugeki Bumpy Trot 2 . Irem refocused to become primarily a slot-machine and pachinko developer , the industry it was in before turning to video games . Many Irem designers , including producer Kazuma Kujo , gathered to form a new company called Granzella to continue creating video games ."}]}, {'value': 'December 13 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nectaris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Military_Madness', 'summary': 'Military Madness ( Nectaris ( ネクタリス , Nekutarisu ) in Japan ) is sci-fi-themed , hex map turn-based strategy game for the TurboGrafx-16 . The first game in the Nectaris series , it was developed by Hudson Soft . The game was remade for PlayStation in 1998 . Released on Flip phones in 2008 . A 3D remake , Military Madness : Nectaris , was released for WiiWare , Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network in 2010 . An iPhone version , Military Madness : Neo Nectaris , was released in February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 20 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alien Crush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alien_Crush', 'summary': "Alien Crush is a pinball video game developed by Compile for the PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 . It was released in 1988 . It was later re-released on the Virtual Console and on the PlayStation Network . The game is the first installment in the Crush Pinball series . It was followed by three sequels , Devil 's Crush , Jaki Crush , and Alien Crush Returns ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'January 9 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moto Roader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moto_Roader', 'summary': "Moto Roader ( spelled Motoroader in Europe ) is a futuristic racing game developed by NCS for the TurboGrafx-16 . The game is the first in a series which includes Moto Roader 2 and Moto Roader MC . It is notable for having a possible five players race simultaneously , one more player than most games ' maximum number . It was released on the Wii 's Virtual Console in Europe on January 5 , 2007 , in North America on January 15 , 2007 , and in Japan on January 16 , 2007 . It was released on the Wii U 's Virtual Console in Japan on December 17 , 2014 , in North America and Europe on October 12 , 2017 , and in Australia on October 13 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'January 16 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R-Type part II ( not available from 2012-03-30 to 2013-09-17 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R-Type', 'summary': "R-Type [ a ] is a horizontal-scrolling shooter arcade game developed and released by Irem in 1987 . The player controls a star ship , the R-9 Arrowhead , in its efforts to destroy the Bydo , a powerful alien race bent on wiping out all of mankind . The R-9 can acquire a glowing orbicular device called a Force , protecting it from enemy fire and providing additional firepower . The arcade version was distributed by Nintendo in North America ; it is the last arcade title Nintendo distributed . R-Type was the first game to run on Irem 's 16-bit M72 arcade system . Initially a joke among staff , the Force was based on dung beetles . The development team drew inspiration from Gradius , Aliens and works by H.R . Giger . Music was composed by Masato Ishizaki , while character designs were done by AKIO . The game 's title stems from the word ray , as in a ray of light , in reference to the player 's raylike weapons used throughout the game . R-Type was celebrated by critics for its graphics and addictive gameplay , although it would receive criticism for its high difficulty level . It is commonly cited as one of the best shoot 'em up video games , as well as one of the greatest video games of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami , Irem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irem', 'summary': "Irem ( アイレムソフトウェアエンジニアリング株式会社 , Airemu Software Engineering ) is a Japanese video game console developer and publisher , and formerly a developer and manufacturer of arcade games as well . The company has its headquarters in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The full name of the company that currently uses the brand is Irem Software Engineering . It was established in 1997 by its parent company Nanao ( now Eizo ) for the purpose of taking over the development department of the original Irem Corporation , that had left the video game industry in 1994 to concentrate itself on the rental and sales of coin-op electronics . Irem Corporation was founded in 1974 as IPM and still exists today under the name of Apies . Irem is probably mostly known internationally for three 1980s arcade games : Moon Patrol ( 1982 ; licensed to Williams Electronics in North America ) , the earliest beat 'em up , Kung-Fu Master ( 1984 ) , and the scrolling shooter R-Type ( 1987 ) . Irem has been popular in Japan with games like Photoboy for the PC Engine and In the Hunt for arcades . As a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , Irem canceled the majority of its remaining video game projects , including Zettai Zetsumei Toshi 4 : Summer Memories and Poncotsu Roman Daikatsugeki Bumpy Trot 2 . Irem refocused to become primarily a slot-machine and pachinko developer , the industry it was in before turning to video games . Many Irem designers , including producer Kazuma Kujo , gathered to form a new company called Granzella to continue creating video games ."}]}, {'value': 'January 23 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soldier Blade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soldier_Blade', 'summary': "Soldier Blade [ a ] is a 1992 vertical-scrolling shooter video game developed and published by Hudson Soft for the TurboGrafx-16 . Controlling the titular starship , the player is tasked with completing each of the game 's seven stages in order to wipe out the Zeograd Army , an alien race bent on conquering Earth . Power capsules can be collected to give the Soldier Blade access to new weapons , and can even be destroyed to unleash a powerful screen-clearing superweapon . The game is the fourth entry in the Star Soldier series and shares many similarities with its predecessor Super Star Soldier , with Soldier Blade having a heavy emphasis on speed . The initial idea for Soldier Blade came from Hudson designer Uriko Uribo 's conversations with other employees over which game to use for the company 's upcoming Caravan video game tournament . With the event only six months away , Uribo was hesitant to begin production , however executives from Hudson pushed for him to go forward with the idea . Uribo was simultaneously working on several Game Boy games when development began , giving him less time to focus on the project until these games were completed . The game was originally titled Sonic Blaster F-92 , which was changed to Soldier Blade due to trademark issues with another developer . Miscommunication between Uribo and staff lead to several mechanics being altered or changed by mistake , such as several stronger enemies instead being easy to kill . Time and hardware constraints added pressure to the team , leading to several ideas being heavily modified or scrapped entirely . It began development on a 6-megabit HuCard , reduced to a 4-megabit one later on . Although the game was rushed to meet its deadline , Soldier Blade was liked by critics for its gameplay , visuals and power-up system , though some thought it lacked originality and felt inferior to Hudson 's previous shooters for the system , namely Blazing Lazers and Final Soldier ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'January 30 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vigilante ( not available from 2012-03-30 to 2013-09-17 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vigilante_(video_game)', 'summary': "Vigilante ( ビジランテ ) is a 1988 beat 'em up arcade game developed and published by Irem in Japan and Europe and published in North America by Data East . It is considered as a spiritual sequel to Irem 's earlier Kung-Fu Master ."}]}, {'value': 'Irem , Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irem', 'summary': "Irem ( アイレムソフトウェアエンジニアリング株式会社 , Airemu Software Engineering ) is a Japanese video game console developer and publisher , and formerly a developer and manufacturer of arcade games as well . The company has its headquarters in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The full name of the company that currently uses the brand is Irem Software Engineering . It was established in 1997 by its parent company Nanao ( now Eizo ) for the purpose of taking over the development department of the original Irem Corporation , that had left the video game industry in 1994 to concentrate itself on the rental and sales of coin-op electronics . Irem Corporation was founded in 1974 as IPM and still exists today under the name of Apies . Irem is probably mostly known internationally for three 1980s arcade games : Moon Patrol ( 1982 ; licensed to Williams Electronics in North America ) , the earliest beat 'em up , Kung-Fu Master ( 1984 ) , and the scrolling shooter R-Type ( 1987 ) . Irem has been popular in Japan with games like Photoboy for the PC Engine and In the Hunt for arcades . As a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , Irem canceled the majority of its remaining video game projects , including Zettai Zetsumei Toshi 4 : Summer Memories and Poncotsu Roman Daikatsugeki Bumpy Trot 2 . Irem refocused to become primarily a slot-machine and pachinko developer , the industry it was in before turning to video games . Many Irem designers , including producer Kazuma Kujo , gathered to form a new company called Granzella to continue creating video games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'February 6 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Be Ball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chew_Man_Fu', 'summary': 'Chew Man Fu ( Be Ball in Japan ) is an action video game for the TurboGrafx-16 released in 1990 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'February 13 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yokai Dochuki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokai_Dochuki', 'summary': "Yōkai Dōchūki [ a ] is a 1987 platform arcade game developed and released by Namco in Japan . The player controls a young boy named Tarosuke as he must make his way through Jigoku , the Japanese concept of Hell , in order to make his way to Buddha to determine his final fate . Tarosuke can fire small ki bullets at enemies to defeat them ; he can also charge them to increase their power . Enemies will drop money when defeated , which can be used to purchase weapons and other items in stores . It ran on the Namco System 1 arcade board . Yōkai Dōchūki was Namco 's very first 16-bit arcade game . A translated English version of the game is known to exist , renaming the game to Shadow Land , however it was never officially released . Upon release , Yōkai Dōchūki received a mixed to positive reception , with critics praising its protagonist and controls while criticizing its high difficulty . Ports for the PC-Engine and Family Computer were released in 1988 , as were versions for Japanese mobile phones in 2006 . In 2009 , the arcade version was ported to the Wii Virtual Console . Two spin-off games were released in 1990 , Kyūkai Dōchūki and F1 Dōchūki ."}]}, {'value': 'Namco Bandai Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namco_Bandai_Games', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'February 20 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wonder Momo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wonder_Momo', 'summary': "Wonder Momo [ a ] is a 1987 beat 'em up arcade game that was developed and published by Namco exclusively in Japan . It was the company 's last 8-bit arcade game ( and the last that ran upon their System 86 hardware ) , and was ported to the PC-Engine in 1989 , with both versions of the game later ported to the Wii Virtual Console . The game was also included in Namco Museum Encore for the Sony PlayStation and mobile on June 2005 . Wonder Momo inspired a webcomic series in 2012 , an anime miniseries in February 2014 , and a sequel game by WayForward Technologies in May 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Namco Bandai Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namco_Bandai_Games', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'February 27 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Double Dungeons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Double_Dungeons', 'summary': 'Double Dungeons is a role-playing video game developed by Masaya and published by NEC for the TurboGrafx-16 in 1989 in Japan and in 1990 in North America . Its unique selling point was that it supports simultaneously two-player gameplay . It was released for the Wii Virtual Console in Japan on March 6 , 2007 , in Europe on March 9 , 2007 , and in North America on March 12 , 2007 . It was released for the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan on February 10 , 2015 , in North America on September 28 , 2017 , in Europe on October 5 , 2017 , and in Australia on October 6 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft / Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'March 6 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fire Pro Wrestling Combination Tag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_Pro_Wrestling_Combination_Tag', 'summary': 'The following is a list of all video games in the Fire Pro Wrestling series produced by either Human Entertainment or Spike starting in 1989 . Most of the titles in the Fire Pro series were released exclusively in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Spike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spike_(company)', 'summary': "Spike Co. Ltd. ( スパイク , Supaiku ) was a Japanese video game developer and publisher . Most of the staff were part of Human Entertainment . Human 's Fire Pro Wrestling series is owned by Spike . In April 2012 , the company merged with Chunsoft to become Spike Chunsoft ."}]}, {'value': 'March 13 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Galaga '88", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Galaga_'88", 'summary': "Galaga '88 [ a ] is a 1987 fixed shooter arcade game by Namco . It is the third sequel for Galaxian ( following Galaga , and Gaplus ) . It features significantly improved graphics over the previous games in the series , including detailed backgrounds , larger enemies and greater ship details . Although it was well received , fewer cabinets of this game were produced than of Galaga and Gaplus . The game runs on Namco System 1 hardware . First ported on the NEC PC Engine , it was later released on the North American TurboGrafx-16 under the name Galaga '90 and the Sega Game Gear in Japan under the name of Galaga '91 [ b ] , and in Europe under the name of Galaga 2 . The backgrounds for Stages 15-17 ( the fourth block of stages ) consist of the green hexagonal space stations first seen in the 1981 Namco game Bosconian . Additionally , mines similar to those used in Bosconian are used as obliterable obstacles in these stages . The game Ridge Racer Revolution features Challenging Stage # 2 ( Dimension 1 ) during its loading sequence . Shooting all 40 enemies before they fly away unlocks all of the opponent cars . Ridge Racer 64 also has Challenging Stage # 2 ( Dimension 1 ) as a secret bonus but with background music from Ridge Racer 64 itself ."}]}, {'value': 'Namco Bandai Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namco_Bandai_Games', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'March 20 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Available titles -- PC Engine', 'section_text': 'There were 119 games available .', 'uid': 'List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(Japan)_3', 'intro': 'The following is the complete list of the 659 Virtual Console titles that were available for the Wii in Japan sorted by system and release dates. English translations are highlighted between parenthesis. The final update was on April 9, 2013 as the service has been discontinued in all regions while games are currently being added to the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console and Wii U Virtual Console services. Nintendo plans to discontinue the Wii Shop Channel. Purchasing of Wii Points for new games ended on March 26, 2018. In addition, the ability to purchase new software ended on January 31, 2019. Re-downloading purchased software is available, however Nintendo announced it will shut that facility down at a later date.'}
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What is the release date of the game that inspired a webcomic series in 2012 ?
February 27 , 2007
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NHL_playoff_series', 'title': 'List of NHL playoff series', 'header': ['Opponent', 'S', 'Occurrences', 'GP', 'Rec', '%'], 'data': [{'value': 'Toronto Maple Leafs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs', 'summary': "The Toronto Maple Leafs , officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs , are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum . The Maple Leafs ' broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications . For their first 14 seasons , the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena , before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931 . The Maple Leafs moved to their present home , Scotiabank Arena ( originally named the Air Canada Centre ) in February 1999 . The club was founded in 1917 , operating simply as Toronto and known then as the Toronto Arenas . Under new ownership , the club was renamed the Toronto St. Patricks in 1919 . In 1927 the club was purchased by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs . A member of the Original Six , the club was one of six NHL teams to have endured through the period of League retrenchment during the Great Depression . The club has won thirteen Stanley Cup championships , second only to the 24 championships of the Montreal Canadiens . The Maple Leafs history includes two recognized dynasties , from 1947 to 1951 ; and from 1962 to 1967 ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929 , 1934 , 1936 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1987 , 1988 , 1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1929_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1928-29 NHL season was the 12th season of the National Hockey League . Ten teams played 44 games each . This was the first Stanley Cup final that saw two United States-based teams compete for the cup . The Boston Bruins defeated the New York Rangers two games to none in the best-of-three final .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1934_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1933-34 NHL season was the 17th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Nine teams each played 48 games . The Chicago Black Hawks were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Detroit Red Wings three games to one .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1936_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1935-36 NHL season was the 19th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The St. Louis Eagles dropped out of the league , leaving eight teams . The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1939_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1938-39 NHL season was the 22nd season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Seven teams each played 48 games . The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs four games to one in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1940_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1939-40 NHL season was the 23rd season for the National Hockey League . Of the league 's seven teams , the Boston Bruins were the best in the 48-game regular season , but the Stanley Cup winners were the New York Rangers , who defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs in the best-of-seven final series 4-2 for their third Stanley Cup in 14 seasons of existence . It would be another 54 years before their fourth ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1942_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1941-42 NHL season was the 25th season of the National Hockey League . Seven teams played 48 games each . The Toronto Maple Leafs would win the Stanley Cup defeating the Detroit Red Wings winning four straight after losing the first three in a best-of-seven series , a feat only repeated three times in NHL history ( 1975 , 2010 , 2014 ) and once in Major League Baseball ( 2004 ) as of 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1943_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1942-43 NHL season was the 26th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Brooklyn Americans were dropped , leaving six teams to play a schedule of 50 games . This is the first season of the Original Six era of the NHL . The league 's long-time president Frank Calder died due to heart disease . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the Boston Bruins to win the Stanley Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1945_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1944-45 NHL season was the 28th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 50 games . The Toronto Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup in seven games versus the Detroit Red Wings .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1947_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1946-47 NHL season was the 30th season of the National Hockey League . The Toronto Maple Leafs defeated the Montreal Canadiens in the 1947 Stanley Cup Final to win their sixth Stanley Cup championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1948_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1948 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began with four teams on March 4 , 1948 . It concluded on April 14 , with the Toronto Maple Leafs defeating the Detroit Red Wings to win the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1949_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1948-49 NHL season was the 32nd season of the National Hockey League . In a rematch of the previous season , Toronto defeated Detroit in the Stanley Cup final to win the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1950_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1949-50 NHL season was the 33rd season of the National Hockey League . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the New York Rangers in seven games for the Stanley Cup . It was the Red Wings ' fourth championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1952_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1951-52 NHL season was the 35th season of the National Hockey League . The Detroit Red Wings won the Stanley Cup by sweeping the Montreal Canadiens four games to none .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1954_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1953-54 NHL season was the 37th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the Montreal Canadiens in the final to win the team 's sixth championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1955_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1954-55 NHL season was the 38th season of the National Hockey League . The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup champions as they defeated the Montreal Canadiens four games to three in the best-of-seven final series . The Canadiens were without star forward Maurice 'Rocket ' Richard who had been suspended for the playoffs , a suspension which led to the March 17 , 1955 Richard Riot in Montreal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1956_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1955-56 NHL season was the 39th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup champions as they beat the Detroit Red Wings four games to one in the best-of-seven final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1960_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1960 Stanley Cup playoffs was the tournament to determine the 1960 Stanley Cup professional ice hockey championship of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) The momentum did not stop for the regular-season champion Montreal Canadiens as they played the minimum number of games to win the Stanley Cup . Montreal , in the process , became the last Cup winners in NHL history to go undefeated in the playoffs to date . After winning the Stanley Cup , Maurice Richard retired from the NHL as a champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1961_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1960-61 NHL season was the 44th season of the National Hockey League . The Chicago Black Hawks defeated the Detroit Red Wings in the 1961 Stanley Cup Final four games to two to win the Stanley Cup . It was the first series since 1950 with two American-based teams . It was Chicago 's first Cup win since 1938 ; they would not win another until 2010 . Gordie Howe of the Red Wings became the first player in NHL history to achieve the career mark of 1,000 regular-season points . It would be seven more seasons before the Montreal Canadiens ' Jean Beliveau would match the feat ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1963_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1962-63 NHL season was the 46th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Toronto Maple Leafs won their second Stanley Cup in a row as they defeated the Detroit Red Wings four games to one .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1964_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1963-64 NHL season was the 47th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Toronto Maple Leafs won their third consecutive Stanley Cup by defeating the Detroit Red Wings four games to three in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1987_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1987 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1986-87 NHL season . It concluded on May 31 , with the Edmonton Oilers defeating the Philadelphia Flyers to win the Stanley Cup . In an attempt to reduce the number of first round upsets , the NHL expanded the best-of-five series in the first round to a best-of-seven series . The 1987 playoffs marked the second consecutive year that all four former WHA teams made the playoffs in the same year . It would not happen again until 1999 by which time 3 of those teams had moved , the Quebec Nordiques to Denver , the Winnipeg Jets to Phoenix , and the Hartford Whalers to Raleigh , North Carolina . For the second time ever and first time since 1978 , all of the Original Six teams made the playoffs in the same season . At the time the Philadelphia Flyers set an NHL playoff record by playing in 26 games during the playoffs . This record has since been equaled by four other teams ( 2004 Calgary Flames , 2014 Los Angeles Kings , 2015 Tampa Bay Lightning and 2019 St. Louis Blues ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1988_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1988 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 6 , after the conclusion of the 1987-88 NHL season . It concluded on May 26 , with the defending champion Edmonton Oilers defeating the Boston Bruins to win their second straight Stanley Cup and fourth in five years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1993_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began after the conclusion of the 1992-93 NHL season on April 18 and ended with the Montreal Canadiens defeating the Los Angeles Kings four games to one to win the Stanley Cup on June 9 . These playoffs featured an NHL record 28 overtime games , of which the Canadiens set a playoff record for most overtime games won in one year with ten . The Canadiens also won 11 consecutive games during the playoffs , tying an NHL record . The Presidents ' Trophy-winning Pittsburgh Penguins , who had won the Stanley Cup the previous two years , were the favourite to repeat . However , both conferences saw numerous upsets as the third place team in every division reached their respective conference finals . This was the first time since the 1979 NHL-WHA merger that the Edmonton Oilers had missed the playoffs . It was also the first time that longtime Oilers and then-New York Rangers captain Mark Messier had missed the playoffs in his career . This was the only year between 1984 and 1994 that the Boston Bruins and Montreal Canadiens did not face each other in the playoffs . This was the last time that the New York Islanders won a playoff round before 2016 . Montreal 's Cup championship remains the last time that a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup ."}]}, {'value': '117', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.478', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Blackhawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks', 'summary': "The Chicago Blackhawks ( spelled Black Hawks until 1986 , and known colloquially as the Hawks ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . They have won six Stanley Cup championships since their founding in 1926 . The Blackhawks are one of the Original Six NHL teams along with the Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , Toronto Maple Leafs , Boston Bruins and New York Rangers . Since 1994 , the club 's home rink is the United Center , which they share with the National Basketball Association 's Chicago Bulls . The club had previously played for 65 years at Chicago Stadium . The club 's original owner was Frederic McLaughlin , who owned the club until his death in 1944 . Under McLaughlin , a hands-on owner who fired many coaches during his ownership , the club won two Stanley Cup titles . The club was then owned by the Norris family , who as owners of the Chicago Stadium were the club 's landlord , and owned stakes in several of the NHL teams . At first , the Norris ownership was as part of a syndicate fronted by long-time executive Bill Tobin , and the team languished in favor of the Norris-owned Detroit Red Wings . After the senior James E. Norris died in 1952 , the Norris assets were spread among family members and James D. Norris became owner . Norris Jr. took an active interest in the team and under his ownership , the club won one Stanley Cup title in 1961 ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934 , 1941 , 1944 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1970 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1992 , 1995 , 2009 , 2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1934_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1933-34 NHL season was the 17th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Nine teams each played 48 games . The Chicago Black Hawks were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Detroit Red Wings three games to one .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1941_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1940-41 NHL season was the 24th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Seven teams each played 48 games . The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Detroit Red Wings four games to none in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1944_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1943-44 NHL season was the 27th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams played 50 games each . The Montreal Canadiens were the top team of the regular season and followed it up with the team 's fifth Stanley Cup championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1961_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1960-61 NHL season was the 44th season of the National Hockey League . The Chicago Black Hawks defeated the Detroit Red Wings in the 1961 Stanley Cup Final four games to two to win the Stanley Cup . It was the first series since 1950 with two American-based teams . It was Chicago 's first Cup win since 1938 ; they would not win another until 2010 . Gordie Howe of the Red Wings became the first player in NHL history to achieve the career mark of 1,000 regular-season points . It would be seven more seasons before the Montreal Canadiens ' Jean Beliveau would match the feat ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1963_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1962-63 NHL season was the 46th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Toronto Maple Leafs won their second Stanley Cup in a row as they defeated the Detroit Red Wings four games to one .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1964_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1963-64 NHL season was the 47th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Toronto Maple Leafs won their third consecutive Stanley Cup by defeating the Detroit Red Wings four games to three in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1965_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1964-65 NHL season was the 48th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . Jean Beliveau was the winner of the newly introduced Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs . The Montreal Canadiens won their first Stanley Cup since 1960 as they were victorious over the Chicago Black Hawks in a seven-game final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1966_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1965-66 NHL season was the 49th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Montreal Canadiens won their second consecutive Stanley Cup as they defeated the Detroit Red Wings four games to two in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1970_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1969-70 NHL season was the 53rd season of the National Hockey League . For the third straight season , the St. Louis Blues reached the Stanley Cup finals , and for the third straight year , the winners of the expansion West Division were swept four games to none . This time , however , it was at the hands of the Boston Bruins , as the defending champions Montreal Canadiens narrowly missed the playoffs , something that did not happen again for the next quarter century . With both the Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs missing the 1970 Stanley Cup playoffs , it was the first time in league history that neither of the NHL 's two Canadian teams ( at the time ) qualified for the playoffs ( something that has happened only once since , in 2016 , when all of the league 's then seven Canadian teams missed the playoffs ) . It was also the final season that teams wore their colored jerseys at home until the 2003-04 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1985_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1985 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 10 , after the conclusion of the 1984-85 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 30 with the champion Edmonton Oilers defeating the Philadelphia Flyers 8-3 to win the Final series four games to one and win the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1987_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1987 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1986-87 NHL season . It concluded on May 31 , with the Edmonton Oilers defeating the Philadelphia Flyers to win the Stanley Cup . In an attempt to reduce the number of first round upsets , the NHL expanded the best-of-five series in the first round to a best-of-seven series . The 1987 playoffs marked the second consecutive year that all four former WHA teams made the playoffs in the same year . It would not happen again until 1999 by which time 3 of those teams had moved , the Quebec Nordiques to Denver , the Winnipeg Jets to Phoenix , and the Hartford Whalers to Raleigh , North Carolina . For the second time ever and first time since 1978 , all of the Original Six teams made the playoffs in the same season . At the time the Philadelphia Flyers set an NHL playoff record by playing in 26 games during the playoffs . This record has since been equaled by four other teams ( 2004 Calgary Flames , 2014 Los Angeles Kings , 2015 Tampa Bay Lightning and 2019 St. Louis Blues ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1989_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1989 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 5 , after the conclusion of the 1988-89 NHL season . This was the final year that all of the Division Semifinals began with teams playing the first four games in a span of five days . The playoffs concluded on May 25 with the champion Calgary Flames defeating the Montreal Canadiens 4-2 to win the Stanley Cup Final series four games to two . It remains the last time that the Cup Finals was contested between two Canadian hockey teams . Montreal finished the regular season with 115 points , only two behind the league leader Calgary . They had last faced each other in 1986 , with Montreal winning in five games . Calgary was only the second opposing team in NHL history to win a Stanley Cup at the Montreal Forum ( the New York Rangers defeated the Montreal Maroons in 1928 ) and the first and only to do so against the Canadiens . Flames defenceman Al MacInnis won the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP , while Lanny McDonald , who ended the regular season with exactly 500 goals , got his name on the Cup in his last ever NHL game . Flames co-owner Sonia Scurfield became the first Canadian woman to have her name inscribed on the Stanley Cup . Wayne Gretzky and the Los Angeles Kings met the defending champion Oilers in the first round . Gretzky and the Kings defeated the defending Stanley Cup champions after falling behind 3 games to 1 . In the second round the Kings were swept by the eventual champion Calgary Flames in four games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1992_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1992 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 18 , after the conclusion of the 1991-92 NHL season . It was the 100th anniversary of the first awarding of the Stanley Cup , and it was won by the Pittsburgh Penguins , defeating the Chicago Blackhawks . The 1992 playoffs saw history being made , as for the first time ever , all four division winners were eliminated in the same round . In the division finals , the Norris Division champion Detroit Red Wings were swept by the Chicago Blackhawks in four straight games , and the Montreal Canadiens , who had won the Adams Division , suffered the same fate at the hands of the Boston Bruins . The Pittsburgh Penguins eliminated the Patrick Division titlists , the New York Rangers , in six games , while the Vancouver Canucks , the Smythe Division toppers , fell to the Edmonton Oilers , also in six games . A record 54 games were played in the first round , with six of the eight series going the full seven games , in addition three series featured teams coming back from 3-1 series deficits , the most in a single playoff year ; this record was equaled in 2003 . The only two series that did n't go seven games were the Oilers ' six-game win over the Kings , and the Blackhawks ' six-game win over the Blues . This was the last year the Hartford Whalers and Minnesota North Stars qualified for the playoffs . The franchises would not reach the post-season again until 1999 and 1994 respectively . By the time each franchise reached the playoffs again , they were known as the Carolina Hurricanes and the Dallas Stars , respectively . Video replay was used to decide a playoff game for the first time in game six of the Detroit-Minnesota division semifinal . Sergei Fedorov of the Red Wings appeared to hit the crossbar behind Minnesota goalie Jon Casey during the first overtime , but after the North Stars iced the puck immediately afterward , referee Rob Shick called for a video review , which determined that the puck had entered the goal just below the crossbar and caromed off the frame at the back of the net ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1995_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1995 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League was played between May 6 and June 24 , 1995 . The 1994-95 NHL regular season was shortened to 48 games , and the playoffs pushed to a later date , due to a lockout . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for the conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . In the Final , the New Jersey Devils swept the favored Detroit Red Wings in four games to win their first championship . This was the only time Patrick Roy missed the playoffs in his career . His team , the Montreal Canadiens , missed the playoffs for the first time since 1970 . The Canadiens and the Ottawa Senators missed the playoffs this year . Montreal and Ottawa would not miss the playoffs in the same year again until 2016 , when all Canadian teams missed the playoffs . The Quebec Nordiques played their last ever playoff series during this time . They would move to Denver , Colorado during the summer . For the first time since 1980 , no league semifinal/conference final games were played in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League began on April 15 , 2009 , after the 2008-09 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference ( the winner of each of the three divisions plus the five teams with highest point totals from the teams remaining ) , play a best-of-seven series for the conference quarterfinals , semifinals , and championships , and then the conference champions will play a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Columbus Blue Jackets made their first appearance in the playoffs in their nine-year history . Previously they had been the only franchise to have not made the playoffs . Also , home teams set a record by going 13-2 in the openers of all the series combined . There were no playoff games played in the Province of Ontario as this was the first time that the modern Ottawa Senators and the Toronto Maple Leafs both missed the playoffs in the same year . This was the most recent time that the Carolina Hurricanes were in the playoffs until 2019 . The Finals ended on June 12 , 2009 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the Detroit Red Wings four games to three to win the championship . They became just the second team , after the 1971 Montreal Canadiens , to win the championship after losing the first two games of the series on the road .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 30 , 2013 , following the conclusion of the 2012-13 NHL regular season . The regular season was shortened to 48 games , and the playoffs pushed to a later date , due to a lockout . The playoffs ended on June 24 , 2013 , with the Chicago Blackhawks defeating the Boston Bruins in six games to win the Stanley Cup . Patrick Kane won the Conn Smythe trophy as the playoffs MVP , with 19 points ( 9 goals and 10 assists ) . The Toronto Maple Leafs made the playoffs for the first time since 2004 , breaking one of the NHL 's longest playoff droughts . Since the 1967 expansion , only the Colorado Rockies/New Jersey Devils ( 1979-1987 ) , the Florida Panthers ( 2001-2011 ) , and Edmonton Oilers ( 2007-2016 ) have had longer playoff droughts . The New Jersey Devils and Philadelphia Flyers missed the playoffs this year , marking the first time this happened since the Devils ' move to the East Coast in 1982 . The 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs marked the first time since 1996 that every Original Six team has advanced to the playoffs in the same year . Also , this year marks the first time since 2004 that two Canadian teams have played each other in the playoffs . In all , four Canadian teams qualified for the playoffs ( Montreal , Ottawa , Toronto , and Vancouver ) , the most since 2006 . For the second time in three years , all three teams from California made the playoffs . For the first time since 2007 , and for only the third time in history , all four former WHA teams ; Carolina ( formerly the Hartford Whalers ) , Colorado ( formerly the Quebec Nordiques ) , Edmonton , and Phoenix ( formerly the Winnipeg Jets ) missed the playoffs in the same year ."}]}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7-9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.438', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Canadiens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens', 'summary': "The Montreal Canadiens [ note 3 ] ( French : Les Canadiens de Montréal ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club 's official name is le Club de hockey Canadien . The team is frequently referred to in English and French as the Habs . French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens ( or Le Canadien ) , Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge , La Sainte-Flanelle , Le Tricolore , Les Glorieux ( or Nos Glorieux ) , Le CH , Le Grand Club and Les Habitants ( from which Habs is derived ) . Founded in 1909 , the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide , and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL . One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises , the Canadiens ' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League 's Arizona Cardinals . The franchise is one of the Original Six teams , a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion . The team 's championship season in 1992-93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise . They have won 24 Stanley Cup championships , 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927 , when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup . On a percentage basis , as of 2014 [ needs update ] , the franchise has won 25.3% of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era , making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States , behind only the Boston Celtics ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937 , 1939 , 1942 , 1949 , 1951 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1958 , 1966 , 1978', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1937_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1936-37 NHL season was the 20th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Eight teams each played 48 games . The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the New York Rangers three games to two in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1939_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1938-39 NHL season was the 22nd season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Seven teams each played 48 games . The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs four games to one in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1942_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1941-42 NHL season was the 25th season of the National Hockey League . Seven teams played 48 games each . The Toronto Maple Leafs would win the Stanley Cup defeating the Detroit Red Wings winning four straight after losing the first three in a best-of-seven series , a feat only repeated three times in NHL history ( 1975 , 2010 , 2014 ) and once in Major League Baseball ( 2004 ) as of 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1949_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1948-49 NHL season was the 32nd season of the National Hockey League . In a rematch of the previous season , Toronto defeated Detroit in the Stanley Cup final to win the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1951_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1951 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began with four teams on March 28 , 1951 . It concluded on April 21 , with the Toronto Maple Leafs defeating the Montreal Canadiens to win the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1952_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1951-52 NHL season was the 35th season of the National Hockey League . The Detroit Red Wings won the Stanley Cup by sweeping the Montreal Canadiens four games to none .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1954_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1953-54 NHL season was the 37th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the Montreal Canadiens in the final to win the team 's sixth championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1955_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1954-55 NHL season was the 38th season of the National Hockey League . The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup champions as they defeated the Montreal Canadiens four games to three in the best-of-seven final series . The Canadiens were without star forward Maurice 'Rocket ' Richard who had been suspended for the playoffs , a suspension which led to the March 17 , 1955 Richard Riot in Montreal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1956_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1955-56 NHL season was the 39th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup champions as they beat the Detroit Red Wings four games to one in the best-of-seven final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1958_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1957-58 NHL season was the 41st season of the National Hockey League . The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup for the third consecutive season , defeating the Boston Bruins four games to two in the best-of-seven final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1966_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1965-66 NHL season was the 49th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Montreal Canadiens won their second consecutive Stanley Cup as they defeated the Detroit Red Wings four games to two in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1978_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1977-78 NHL season was the 61st season of the National Hockey League . The Montreal Canadiens won their third Stanley Cup in a row , defeating the Boston Bruins four games to two in the Stanley Cup Finals .'}]}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.583', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Bruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Bruins', 'summary': "The Boston Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Boston . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team has been in existence since 1924 , and is the league 's third-oldest team overall and the oldest in the United States . It is also an Original Six franchise , along with the Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Bruins have won six Stanley Cup championships , tied for fourth most of all-time with the Blackhawks and tied second-most of any American NHL team also with the Blackhawks ( behind the Red Wings , who have 11 ) . The first facility to host the Bruins was the Boston Arena ( today 's Matthews Arena ) - the world 's oldest ( built 1909-10 ) indoor ice hockey facility still in use for the sport at any level of competition - and following the Bruins ' departure from the Boston Arena , the team played its home games at the Boston Garden for 67 seasons , beginning in 1928 and concluding in 1995 , when they moved to the TD Garden ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1946 , 1953 , 1957 , 2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1941_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1940-41 NHL season was the 24th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Seven teams each played 48 games . The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Detroit Red Wings four games to none in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1942_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1941-42 NHL season was the 25th season of the National Hockey League . Seven teams played 48 games each . The Toronto Maple Leafs would win the Stanley Cup defeating the Detroit Red Wings winning four straight after losing the first three in a best-of-seven series , a feat only repeated three times in NHL history ( 1975 , 2010 , 2014 ) and once in Major League Baseball ( 2004 ) as of 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1943_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1942-43 NHL season was the 26th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Brooklyn Americans were dropped , leaving six teams to play a schedule of 50 games . This is the first season of the Original Six era of the NHL . The league 's long-time president Frank Calder died due to heart disease . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the Boston Bruins to win the Stanley Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1945_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1944-45 NHL season was the 28th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 50 games . The Toronto Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup in seven games versus the Detroit Red Wings .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1946_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1945-46 NHL season was the 29th season of the National Hockey League . The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup , defeating the Boston Bruins for the team 's sixth championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1953_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1952-53 NHL season was the 36th season of the National Hockey League . The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Boston Bruins four games to one in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1957_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1956-57 NHL season was the 40th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup for the second consecutive season , defeating the Boston Bruins four games to one in the best-of-seven final series . The final game was won with a clutch goal from Montreal defenseman Tom Johnson that clinched the Stanley Cup championship for the Canadiens 3-2 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2014 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 16 , 2014 and ended June 13 , 2014 when the Los Angeles Kings defeated the New York Rangers four games to one in the Stanley Cup Final . For the first time since 1973 , only one Canadian team qualified for the playoffs : the Montreal Canadiens . This was also the first time since the 1978 Stanley Cup playoffs that no playoff games were played in Western Canada . The Detroit Red Wings increased their consecutive playoff appearance streak to 23 seasons , the longest streak at the time and the fifth longest streak in NHL history . The Dallas Stars ended the league 's third longest active playoff appearance drought , qualifying for the postseason for the first time in six years . For the third time in four years , all three California-based teams again made the playoffs . The Columbus Blue Jackets won their first franchise playoff game on April 19 , 2014 , and their first ever franchise playoff home game at Nationwide Arena on April 23 , 2014 , both against the Pittsburgh Penguins . Three Original Six teams reached the Conference Finals , the first time this has occurred since 1979 . The 2013-14 playoffs opening round featured leads changing hands more so than any other year . After the Anaheim Ducks rallied from a 4-2 deficit to defeat the Dallas Stars in game six of their opening round series on April 27 , 2014 , an NHL record was broken for most multi-goal comebacks by all teams in the opening round , with ten . In all four rounds combined in the previous year 's playoffs , there were only eight such victories . It also marked just the fourth time in NHL playoff history that a team who led a series 3-0 in a seven-game series failed to advance , when the San Jose Sharks lost to the Los Angeles Kings in game seven of the opening round on April 30 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.375', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Blues', 'summary': "The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the six teams from the 1967 NHL expansion and is named after the W. C. Handy song Saint Louis Blues . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150-seat Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis , which has been their arena since moving from St. Louis Arena in 1994 . The Blues qualified for the playoffs in all but nine of their 52 seasons , appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals four times , and won the Stanley Cup in 2019 . Their 42 playoff appearances are the most for any NHL team outside of the Original Six , although the franchise struggled in the postseason throughout much of their history . While they made the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , they were swept each time . With the Blues ' victory in their fourth Stanley Cup Final , 49 years after their last appearance and in their 52nd year of existence , they became the final active team from the 1967 expansion to win their first Stanley Cup . The Blues have a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , with both teams having played in the same division since 1970 . The San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL are the two minor league affiliates of the Blues ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 , 1988 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1984 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 4 , after the conclusion of the 1983-84 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 19 with the Edmonton Oilers defeating the four time defending champion New York Islanders 5-2 to win the Stanley Cup Finals four games to one , the franchise 's first Stanley Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1988_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1988 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 6 , after the conclusion of the 1987-88 NHL season . It concluded on May 26 , with the defending champion Edmonton Oilers defeating the Boston Bruins to win their second straight Stanley Cup and fourth in five years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1991_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1991 Stanley Cup Playoffs for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) championship began on April 3 , 1991 , following the 1990-91 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , from the top four teams of the four divisions , played best-of-seven series with re-seeding after the division finals . The Conference Champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . This was the first of the 25 consecutive years in which the Detroit Red Wings qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs until their streak finally ended in 2017 . Their streak is tied for the third longest in NHL history , and was the longest active playoff appearance streak in the four major American professional sports . The finals concluded on May 25 with the Pittsburgh Penguins winning the Stanley Cup , defeating the Minnesota North Stars in the final series four games to two . Pittsburgh forward Mario Lemieux was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as Most Valuable Player of the playoffs . This was the first NHL playoffs without any series sweeps since the 1972-73 season . In addition , this season set the record for most playoff games played with 92 , which stood until 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1996_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1996 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 16 , 1996 . The 16 teams that qualified ( 8 from each conference ) played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . These playoffs are noted as being the first playoffs in which all Canadian teams were eliminated during the first round . The New Jersey Devils , who had won the Stanley Cup the year before , failed to qualify for these playoffs . This was the first time that both Florida teams - the Florida Panthers and Tampa Bay Lightning - made it to the playoffs . The playoffs ended on June 10 with the Colorado Avalanche sweeping the Florida Panthers in both teams ' first-ever Finals appearance . It was Colorado 's first-ever Stanley Cup championship in their inaugural season after relocating from Quebec City prior to the start of the regular season ; in the previous years , they were known as the Quebec Nordiques . Joe Sakic was named playoff MVP and awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . For the second time in three years and the last time until 2013 , all of the Original Six teams reached the playoffs . This is also the last time all three California-based teams missed the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1997_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1997 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 16 , 1997 , following the completion of the 1996-97 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarter-finals , semi-finals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Playoffs ended on June 7 , with the Detroit Red Wings defeating the Philadelphia Flyers in a four-game sweep to win their eighth Stanley Cup championship in their history , and their first in 42 years . Red Wings goaltender Mike Vernon was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoff 's Most Valuable Player . It was also the first time since 1967 that the Boston Bruins failed to qualify for the playoffs , ending their 29-year consecutive playoffs appearances record ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1998_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 22 , 1998 following the 1997-98 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-7 series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-7 series for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs concluded on June 16 with the Detroit Red Wings winning their second consecutive Stanley Cup championship , defeating the Washington Capitals , who appeared in their very first Finals , in a four-game sweep . Red Wings captain Steve Yzerman was named playoff MVP , and awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings were the last team to defend their Stanley Cup Championship until the Pittsburgh Penguins successfully defended their Stanley Cup title in 2017 . In the Eastern Semis , the Buffalo Sabres made history as they became the first team in NHL history to complete a four-game sweep of the Montreal Canadiens on Montreal ice . For the first time since 1969 the Chicago Blackhawks missed the playoffs . Also , both the Islanders and Rangers missed the playoffs in the same season for the first time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2002_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2002 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League began on April 17 , 2002 . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the Carolina Hurricanes on June 13 , 2002 , four games to one , to win their tenth championship in their history . The Hurricanes were in the Stanley Cup Final for the first time in their 23-year history , which includes their tenure as the Hartford Whalers . Red Wings defenseman Nicklas Lidstrom was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs . It was the ninth championship for Red Wings coach Scotty Bowman , who announced his retirement after the deciding game of the series . The Phoenix Coyotes would play their last playoff games at America West Arena and would miss the playoffs until 2010 , when they played in Glendale .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.714', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaheim Ducks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks', 'summary': 'The Anaheim Ducks are a professional ice hockey team based in Anaheim , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . Since their inception , the Ducks have played their home games at the Honda Center . The club was founded in 1993 by The Walt Disney Company as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , a name based on the 1992 film The Mighty Ducks . Disney sold the franchise in 2005 to Henry and Susan Samueli , who along with then-general manager Brian Burke , changed the name of the team to the Anaheim Ducks before the 2006-07 season . The Ducks have made the playoffs 14 times , won six Pacific Division titles ( 2006-07 , 2012-13 , 2013-14 , 2014-15 , 2015-16 , 2016-17 ) , two Western Conference championships ( 2002-03 and 2006-07 ) , and one Stanley Cup ( 2006-07 ) .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1997 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 16 , 1997 , following the completion of the 1996-97 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarter-finals , semi-finals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Playoffs ended on June 7 , with the Detroit Red Wings defeating the Philadelphia Flyers in a four-game sweep to win their eighth Stanley Cup championship in their history , and their first in 42 years . Red Wings goaltender Mike Vernon was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoff 's Most Valuable Player . It was also the first time since 1967 that the Boston Bruins failed to qualify for the playoffs , ending their 29-year consecutive playoffs appearances record ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 21 , 1999 , following the 1998-99 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarter-finals , semi-finals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . As of 2019 , this was the last time all four WHA teams made the playoffs . Despite his team being eliminated before the Stanley Cup Finals , Colorado Avalanche forward Peter Forsberg 's postseason scoring totals , with 24 points in 19 games , were not surpassed for the rest of the 1999 playoffs . This made him the first player to lead all playoff scorers despite not making the finals since the 1986 playoffs where Doug Gilmour and Bernie Federko each tallied 21 points in 19 postseason games for St. Louis who was also eliminated in the conference finals . The playoffs ended on June 19 , 1999 , with the Dallas Stars defeating the Buffalo Sabres to win their first Stanley Cup championship in their history . Brett Hull scored the controversial triple overtime goal in game six for Dallas , while Joe Nieuwendyk was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2003 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 9 , 2003 , following the 2002-03 regular season . The playoffs concluded on June 9 , 2003 , with the New Jersey Devils defeating the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in seven games . The 16 qualifying teams played best-of-seven series in the conference quarterfinals , semifinals , and finals . Each conference champion proceeded to the Stanley Cup Finals . These playoffs marked the first time the Minnesota Wild qualified , in only their third season in the NHL . The Minnesota Wild , a sixth-seed , made an unlikely advance to the Western Conference Finals as underdogs after being down three games to one in two consecutive rounds . This , along with the Canucks ' comeback against the Blues , made for three 3-1 series comebacks in the playoffs , the second time this had happened in NHL playoff history . Despite losing to the Devils in the Stanley Cup Finals , Mighty Ducks goaltender Jean-Sebastien Giguere was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Most Valuable Player during the playoffs , marking only the fifth time that the Trophy had ever been awarded to a player on the losing team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2007 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League began on April 11 , 2007 . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The series ended on June 6 with the Anaheim Ducks defeating the Ottawa Senators in five games to win their first ever championship . For the first time in NHL history , neither of the two teams that played in the previous year 's Stanley Cup Finals ( the Carolina Hurricanes and the Edmonton Oilers ) qualified for the playoffs . For the first time since 1994 , all four former WHA teams ; Carolina ( formerly the Hartford Whalers ) , Colorado ( formerly the Quebec Nordiques ) , Edmonton , and Phoenix ( formerly the Winnipeg Jets ) missed the playoffs in the same year , this would not happen again until 2013 . Also for the first time since 1994 , the Philadelphia Flyers missed the playoffs . This was the only time that the Atlanta Thrashers qualified for the playoffs in their twelve years in Georgia ( they became the new Winnipeg Jets in 2011 ) . Only two Original Six teams made the playoffs this year , the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings ( this included the Montreal Canadiens ' and the Toronto Maple Leafs ' first absence from the tournament together since 1970 ) . This only happened twice before in 2000 and 2001 , and would not happen again until 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League began on April 15 , 2009 , after the 2008-09 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference ( the winner of each of the three divisions plus the five teams with highest point totals from the teams remaining ) , play a best-of-seven series for the conference quarterfinals , semifinals , and championships , and then the conference champions will play a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Columbus Blue Jackets made their first appearance in the playoffs in their nine-year history . Previously they had been the only franchise to have not made the playoffs . Also , home teams set a record by going 13-2 in the openers of all the series combined . There were no playoff games played in the Province of Ontario as this was the first time that the modern Ottawa Senators and the Toronto Maple Leafs both missed the playoffs in the same year . This was the most recent time that the Carolina Hurricanes were in the playoffs until 2019 . The Finals ended on June 12 , 2009 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the Detroit Red Wings four games to three to win the championship . They became just the second team , after the 1971 Montreal Canadiens , to win the championship after losing the first two games of the series on the road .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 30 , 2013 , following the conclusion of the 2012-13 NHL regular season . The regular season was shortened to 48 games , and the playoffs pushed to a later date , due to a lockout . The playoffs ended on June 24 , 2013 , with the Chicago Blackhawks defeating the Boston Bruins in six games to win the Stanley Cup . Patrick Kane won the Conn Smythe trophy as the playoffs MVP , with 19 points ( 9 goals and 10 assists ) . The Toronto Maple Leafs made the playoffs for the first time since 2004 , breaking one of the NHL 's longest playoff droughts . Since the 1967 expansion , only the Colorado Rockies/New Jersey Devils ( 1979-1987 ) , the Florida Panthers ( 2001-2011 ) , and Edmonton Oilers ( 2007-2016 ) have had longer playoff droughts . The New Jersey Devils and Philadelphia Flyers missed the playoffs this year , marking the first time this happened since the Devils ' move to the East Coast in 1982 . The 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs marked the first time since 1996 that every Original Six team has advanced to the playoffs in the same year . Also , this year marks the first time since 2004 that two Canadian teams have played each other in the playoffs . In all , four Canadian teams qualified for the playoffs ( Montreal , Ottawa , Toronto , and Vancouver ) , the most since 2006 . For the second time in three years , all three teams from California made the playoffs . For the first time since 2007 , and for only the third time in history , all four former WHA teams ; Carolina ( formerly the Hartford Whalers ) , Colorado ( formerly the Quebec Nordiques ) , Edmonton , and Phoenix ( formerly the Winnipeg Jets ) missed the playoffs in the same year ."}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.667', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Avalanche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche', 'summary': "The Colorado Avalanche are a professional ice hockey team based in Denver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Avalanche are the only team in their division not based in the Central Time Zone ; the team is situated in the Mountain Time Zone . Their home arena is Pepsi Center , which they share with the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association . Their general manager is Joe Sakic . The Avalanche were founded in 1972 as the Quebec Nordiques and were one of the charter franchises of the World Hockey Association . The franchise joined the NHL in 1979 as a result of the NHL-WHA merger . Following the 1994-95 season , they were sold to the COMSAT Entertainment Group and relocated to Denver . In the club 's first season in Denver , the Avalanche won the Pacific Division and went on to sweep the Florida Panthers in the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals , becoming the first NHL team to win the Stanley Cup in the season following a relocation . Among teams in the major North American professional sports leagues , only the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Washington Redskins have also accomplished the feat . This was the first major professional sports championship a Denver-based team brought to the city . In the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals , the Avalanche defeated the New Jersey Devils 4-3 to win their second and most recent championship ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1996 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 16 , 1996 . The 16 teams that qualified ( 8 from each conference ) played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . These playoffs are noted as being the first playoffs in which all Canadian teams were eliminated during the first round . The New Jersey Devils , who had won the Stanley Cup the year before , failed to qualify for these playoffs . This was the first time that both Florida teams - the Florida Panthers and Tampa Bay Lightning - made it to the playoffs . The playoffs ended on June 10 with the Colorado Avalanche sweeping the Florida Panthers in both teams ' first-ever Finals appearance . It was Colorado 's first-ever Stanley Cup championship in their inaugural season after relocating from Quebec City prior to the start of the regular season ; in the previous years , they were known as the Quebec Nordiques . Joe Sakic was named playoff MVP and awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . For the second time in three years and the last time until 2013 , all of the Original Six teams reached the playoffs . This is also the last time all three California-based teams missed the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1997_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1997 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 16 , 1997 , following the completion of the 1996-97 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarter-finals , semi-finals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Playoffs ended on June 7 , with the Detroit Red Wings defeating the Philadelphia Flyers in a four-game sweep to win their eighth Stanley Cup championship in their history , and their first in 42 years . Red Wings goaltender Mike Vernon was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoff 's Most Valuable Player . It was also the first time since 1967 that the Boston Bruins failed to qualify for the playoffs , ending their 29-year consecutive playoffs appearances record ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 21 , 1999 , following the 1998-99 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarter-finals , semi-finals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . As of 2019 , this was the last time all four WHA teams made the playoffs . Despite his team being eliminated before the Stanley Cup Finals , Colorado Avalanche forward Peter Forsberg 's postseason scoring totals , with 24 points in 19 games , were not surpassed for the rest of the 1999 playoffs . This made him the first player to lead all playoff scorers despite not making the finals since the 1986 playoffs where Doug Gilmour and Bernie Federko each tallied 21 points in 19 postseason games for St. Louis who was also eliminated in the conference finals . The playoffs ended on June 19 , 1999 , with the Dallas Stars defeating the Buffalo Sabres to win their first Stanley Cup championship in their history . Brett Hull scored the controversial triple overtime goal in game six for Dallas , while Joe Nieuwendyk was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2000_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 12 , 2000 , and concluded on June 10 . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for Conference Quarterfinals , Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals , with each conference champion playing a best-of-seven series in the Stanley Cup Finals for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs ended when the New Jersey Devils defeated the reigning champion Dallas Stars in a six-game series to win their second Stanley Cup title in franchise history . Devils defenseman Scott Stevens was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs . The Calgary Flames and the Vancouver Canucks both missed the playoffs this year . This would not happen again until 2014 , when all four Western Canadian teams missed the playoffs . For the first time in history , only two Original Six teams made it to the playoffs ( Toronto and Detroit ) . This would only happen again in 2001 ( Toronto and Detroit ) , 2007 ( New York Rangers and Detroit ) , 2018 ( Boston and Toronto ) , and 2019 ( Boston and Toronto ) . Also for the first time , the Boston Bruins and the Montreal Canadiens missed the playoffs in the same season . In addition , both conference finals went to the maximum seven games . This did not happen again until 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2002_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2002 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League began on April 17 , 2002 . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the Carolina Hurricanes on June 13 , 2002 , four games to one , to win their tenth championship in their history . The Hurricanes were in the Stanley Cup Final for the first time in their 23-year history , which includes their tenure as the Hartford Whalers . Red Wings defenseman Nicklas Lidstrom was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs . It was the ninth championship for Red Wings coach Scotty Bowman , who announced his retirement after the deciding game of the series . The Phoenix Coyotes would play their last playoff games at America West Arena and would miss the playoffs until 2010 , when they played in Glendale .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2008 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 9 , 2008 , after the 2007-08 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Buffalo Sabres became the second team to miss the playoffs after winning the Presidents ' Trophy in the prior season . This would not happen again until 2015 . The Finals ended on June 4 , 2008 with the Detroit Red Wings defeating the Pittsburgh Penguins four games to two to win their eleventh championship and their fourth in eleven seasons . It was the first championship in the 16-year career of Red Wings winger Dallas Drake , who retired following the season . Red Wings winger Henrik Zetterberg was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs ' Most Valuable Player . Sidney Crosby and Zetterberg led the tournament with 27 points ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Rangers', 'summary': 'The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden in the borough of Manhattan , an arena they share with the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They are one of three NHL teams located in the New York metropolitan area ; the others being the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders . Founded in 1926 by Tex Rickard , the Rangers are one of the Original Six teams that competed in the NHL before its 1967 expansion , along with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs . The team attained success early on under the guidance of Lester Patrick , who coached a team containing Frank Boucher , Murray Murdoch , and Bun and Bill Cook to Stanley Cup glory in 1928 , making them the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the trophy . The team would then go onto win two additional Stanley Cups in 1933 and 1940 . Following this initial grace period , the franchise struggled between the 1940s and 1960s , whereby playoff appearances and success was infrequent . The team enjoyed a mini renaissance in the 1970s , where they made the Stanley Cup finals twice , albeit , losing to the Bruins in 1972 and the Canadiens in 1979 . The Rangers subsequently embraced a rebuild for much of the 1980s and early 1990s , which eventually paid dividends , where the team , led by Mark Messier , Brian Leetch , Adam Graves , and Mike Richter , captured their fourth Stanley Cup in 1994 . The team was unable to duplicate that success in the years that followed , and entered into another period of mediocrity . They endured a franchise-record seven-year postseason drought from 1998 to 2005 , and languished for the majority of the 2000s before enjoying another period of prosperity after the 2004-05 NHL Lockout .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933 , 1937 , 1941 , 1948 , 1950', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1933_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1932-33 NHL season was the 16th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Nine teams each played 48 games . The New York Rangers beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one for the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1937_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1936-37 NHL season was the 20th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Eight teams each played 48 games . The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the New York Rangers three games to two in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1941_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1940-41 NHL season was the 24th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Seven teams each played 48 games . The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Detroit Red Wings four games to none in the final series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1948_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1948 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began with four teams on March 4 , 1948 . It concluded on April 14 , with the Toronto Maple Leafs defeating the Detroit Red Wings to win the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1950_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1949-50 NHL season was the 33rd season of the National Hockey League . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the New York Rangers in seven games for the Stanley Cup . It was the Red Wings ' fourth championship ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks', 'summary': "The San Jose Sharks are a professional ice hockey team based in San Jose , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The franchise is owned by San Jose Sports & Entertainment Enterprises . Beginning play in the 1991-92 season , the Sharks initially played their home games at the Cow Palace , before they moved to their present home , now named SAP Center at San Jose , in 1993 . The SAP Center is known locally as the Shark Tank . The Sharks were founded in 1991 and were the first NHL franchise based in the San Francisco Bay Area since the California Golden Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976 . The Sharks have advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals once , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2016 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy once , as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2008-09 season . They have also won six division titles as a member of the Pacific Division since 1993 . The club is affiliated with the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 , 1995 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1994 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began after the conclusion of the 1993-94 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven game series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships ; and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs ended when the New York Rangers defeated the Vancouver Canucks in the seventh game of the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals . For the first time since joining the NHL , all four former WHA teams ( Edmonton , Hartford , Quebec , and Winnipeg ) failed to make the playoffs . Wayne Gretzky also missed the playoffs for the first time in his career . Conversely , the San Jose Sharks became the first post-1990 expansion team to make the playoffs . All series played between Central and Pacific Division teams had a 2-3-2 format to reduce travel . This remains the last time that two Canadian teams made it to the conference finals in the same year , let alone faced each other in that particular round .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1995_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1995 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League was played between May 6 and June 24 , 1995 . The 1994-95 NHL regular season was shortened to 48 games , and the playoffs pushed to a later date , due to a lockout . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for the conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . In the Final , the New Jersey Devils swept the favored Detroit Red Wings in four games to win their first championship . This was the only time Patrick Roy missed the playoffs in his career . His team , the Montreal Canadiens , missed the playoffs for the first time since 1970 . The Canadiens and the Ottawa Senators missed the playoffs this year . Montreal and Ottawa would not miss the playoffs in the same year again until 2016 , when all Canadian teams missed the playoffs . The Quebec Nordiques played their last ever playoff series during this time . They would move to Denver , Colorado during the summer . For the first time since 1980 , no league semifinal/conference final games were played in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2007 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League began on April 11 , 2007 . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The series ended on June 6 with the Anaheim Ducks defeating the Ottawa Senators in five games to win their first ever championship . For the first time in NHL history , neither of the two teams that played in the previous year 's Stanley Cup Finals ( the Carolina Hurricanes and the Edmonton Oilers ) qualified for the playoffs . For the first time since 1994 , all four former WHA teams ; Carolina ( formerly the Hartford Whalers ) , Colorado ( formerly the Quebec Nordiques ) , Edmonton , and Phoenix ( formerly the Winnipeg Jets ) missed the playoffs in the same year , this would not happen again until 2013 . Also for the first time since 1994 , the Philadelphia Flyers missed the playoffs . This was the only time that the Atlanta Thrashers qualified for the playoffs in their twelve years in Georgia ( they became the new Winnipeg Jets in 2011 ) . Only two Original Six teams made the playoffs this year , the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings ( this included the Montreal Canadiens ' and the Toronto Maple Leafs ' first absence from the tournament together since 1970 ) . This only happened twice before in 2000 and 2001 , and would not happen again until 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 14 , 2010 , after the 2009-10 NHL regular season . The Finals ended on June 9 , 2010 , with the Chicago Blackhawks defeating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games to win their fourth championship and their first since 1961 . Blackhawks center and team captain Jonathan Toews was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs ' most valuable player . This NHL post-season was noted for the unexpected playoff successes of two teams : the Philadelphia Flyers and Montreal Canadiens , who were the seventh and eighth seeds in their conference and were tied for points . The Flyers became the third NHL team to win a seven-game series after being down 3-0 ( the others being the 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs and the 1975 New York Islanders ) . The Flyers went on to play in the Stanley Cup Final , losing to Chicago . Meanwhile , the Canadiens became the first eighth-seeded team in NHL history to win a series against the first-seeded team after being down 3-1 in a series , when they beat the Washington Capitals in the first round . After upsetting the defending Cup champions Pittsburgh Penguins in the second round , the Canadiens became the first eighth-seeded team to compete in the Eastern Conference Finals since the current playoff format was implemented in 1994 . Previously , only the eighth-seeded 2006 Edmonton Oilers had accomplished a similar feat , winning the 2006 Western Conference Finals . As a result of the Canadiens having the eighth seed , the Flyers became the first seventh-seed to have home-ice advantage in the conference finals since the current playoff format was instituted . During the 2010 playoffs , 18 games went to overtime ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 13 , 2011 , after the conclusion of the 2010-11 NHL regular season . The first game of the Finals was held on June 1 , while the deciding seventh game was held on June 15 . The Boston Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in seven games in the Finals to capture their first Stanley Cup championship since 1972 , their sixth overall Stanley Cup win . Bruins goaltender Tim Thomas won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs . Bruins forward David Krejci led all playoff scorers with 23 points in 25 games .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona Coyotes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes', 'summary': "The Arizona Coyotes are a professional ice hockey team based in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale , Arizona . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Coyotes first played at America West Arena in downtown Phoenix , before moving to Glendale 's Gila River Arena in 2003 . In 2021 , the Coyotes are scheduled to return to the Central Division when an expansion team in Seattle joins the league . The Coyotes were founded on December 27 , 1971 , as the Winnipeg Jets of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . After the WHA had ceased operations , they were one of four franchises absorbed into the National Hockey League and then granted membership on June 22 , 1979 . The Jets moved to Phoenix on July 1 , 1996 , and were renamed the Phoenix Coyotes . In 2014 , the team was re-named to the present Arizona Coyotes . The Coyotes are owned by Alex Meruelo , who purchased the club in 2019 . The team is known for its instability under prior ownership . The NHL took ownership of the Phoenix Coyotes franchise in 2009 after then-owner Jerry Moyes turned it over to the league after declaring bankruptcy and the league kept control of the team until 2013 when they were able to find ownership willing to keep the team in Arizona . The Coyotes continue to be at odds with the city of Glendale and the use of Gila River Arena , but has signed a lease through the 2019-20 season ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996 , 1998 , 2010 , 2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1996 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 16 , 1996 . The 16 teams that qualified ( 8 from each conference ) played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . These playoffs are noted as being the first playoffs in which all Canadian teams were eliminated during the first round . The New Jersey Devils , who had won the Stanley Cup the year before , failed to qualify for these playoffs . This was the first time that both Florida teams - the Florida Panthers and Tampa Bay Lightning - made it to the playoffs . The playoffs ended on June 10 with the Colorado Avalanche sweeping the Florida Panthers in both teams ' first-ever Finals appearance . It was Colorado 's first-ever Stanley Cup championship in their inaugural season after relocating from Quebec City prior to the start of the regular season ; in the previous years , they were known as the Quebec Nordiques . Joe Sakic was named playoff MVP and awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . For the second time in three years and the last time until 2013 , all of the Original Six teams reached the playoffs . This is also the last time all three California-based teams missed the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1998_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 22 , 1998 following the 1997-98 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-7 series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-7 series for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs concluded on June 16 with the Detroit Red Wings winning their second consecutive Stanley Cup championship , defeating the Washington Capitals , who appeared in their very first Finals , in a four-game sweep . Red Wings captain Steve Yzerman was named playoff MVP , and awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings were the last team to defend their Stanley Cup Championship until the Pittsburgh Penguins successfully defended their Stanley Cup title in 2017 . In the Eastern Semis , the Buffalo Sabres made history as they became the first team in NHL history to complete a four-game sweep of the Montreal Canadiens on Montreal ice . For the first time since 1969 the Chicago Blackhawks missed the playoffs . Also , both the Islanders and Rangers missed the playoffs in the same season for the first time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 14 , 2010 , after the 2009-10 NHL regular season . The Finals ended on June 9 , 2010 , with the Chicago Blackhawks defeating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games to win their fourth championship and their first since 1961 . Blackhawks center and team captain Jonathan Toews was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs ' most valuable player . This NHL post-season was noted for the unexpected playoff successes of two teams : the Philadelphia Flyers and Montreal Canadiens , who were the seventh and eighth seeds in their conference and were tied for points . The Flyers became the third NHL team to win a seven-game series after being down 3-0 ( the others being the 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs and the 1975 New York Islanders ) . The Flyers went on to play in the Stanley Cup Final , losing to Chicago . Meanwhile , the Canadiens became the first eighth-seeded team in NHL history to win a series against the first-seeded team after being down 3-1 in a series , when they beat the Washington Capitals in the first round . After upsetting the defending Cup champions Pittsburgh Penguins in the second round , the Canadiens became the first eighth-seeded team to compete in the Eastern Conference Finals since the current playoff format was implemented in 1994 . Previously , only the eighth-seeded 2006 Edmonton Oilers had accomplished a similar feat , winning the 2006 Western Conference Finals . As a result of the Canadiens having the eighth seed , the Flyers became the first seventh-seed to have home-ice advantage in the conference finals since the current playoff format was instituted . During the 2010 playoffs , 18 games went to overtime ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 13 , 2011 , after the conclusion of the 2010-11 NHL regular season . The first game of the Finals was held on June 1 , while the deciding seventh game was held on June 15 . The Boston Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in seven games in the Finals to capture their first Stanley Cup championship since 1972 , their sixth overall Stanley Cup win . Bruins goaltender Tim Thomas won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs . Bruins forward David Krejci led all playoff scorers with 23 points in 25 games .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Stars', 'summary': "The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded during the 1967 NHL expansion as the Minnesota North Stars , based in Bloomington , Minnesota . Before the beginning of the 1978-79 NHL season , the team merged with the Cleveland Barons after the league granted them permission due to each team 's respective financial struggles . Ultimately , the franchise relocated to Dallas for the 1993-94 NHL season . The Stars played out of Reunion Arena from their relocation until 2001 , when the team moved less than 1.5 miles into the American Airlines Center . The Stars have won eight division titles in Dallas , two Presidents ' Trophies as the top regular season team in the league , the Western Conference championship twice , and in 1998-99 , the Stanley Cup . Joe Nieuwendyk won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs that year . In 2000 , Neal Broten was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . In 2009 , Brett Hull became the first Dallas Stars player inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , followed by Ed Belfour and Joe Nieuwendyk in 2011 and Mike Modano in 2014 . In 2010 , brothers Derian and Kevin Hatcher were inducted to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 , 1995 , 1998 , 2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1992 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 18 , after the conclusion of the 1991-92 NHL season . It was the 100th anniversary of the first awarding of the Stanley Cup , and it was won by the Pittsburgh Penguins , defeating the Chicago Blackhawks . The 1992 playoffs saw history being made , as for the first time ever , all four division winners were eliminated in the same round . In the division finals , the Norris Division champion Detroit Red Wings were swept by the Chicago Blackhawks in four straight games , and the Montreal Canadiens , who had won the Adams Division , suffered the same fate at the hands of the Boston Bruins . The Pittsburgh Penguins eliminated the Patrick Division titlists , the New York Rangers , in six games , while the Vancouver Canucks , the Smythe Division toppers , fell to the Edmonton Oilers , also in six games . A record 54 games were played in the first round , with six of the eight series going the full seven games , in addition three series featured teams coming back from 3-1 series deficits , the most in a single playoff year ; this record was equaled in 2003 . The only two series that did n't go seven games were the Oilers ' six-game win over the Kings , and the Blackhawks ' six-game win over the Blues . This was the last year the Hartford Whalers and Minnesota North Stars qualified for the playoffs . The franchises would not reach the post-season again until 1999 and 1994 respectively . By the time each franchise reached the playoffs again , they were known as the Carolina Hurricanes and the Dallas Stars , respectively . Video replay was used to decide a playoff game for the first time in game six of the Detroit-Minnesota division semifinal . Sergei Fedorov of the Red Wings appeared to hit the crossbar behind Minnesota goalie Jon Casey during the first overtime , but after the North Stars iced the puck immediately afterward , referee Rob Shick called for a video review , which determined that the puck had entered the goal just below the crossbar and caromed off the frame at the back of the net ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1995_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1995 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League was played between May 6 and June 24 , 1995 . The 1994-95 NHL regular season was shortened to 48 games , and the playoffs pushed to a later date , due to a lockout . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for the conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . In the Final , the New Jersey Devils swept the favored Detroit Red Wings in four games to win their first championship . This was the only time Patrick Roy missed the playoffs in his career . His team , the Montreal Canadiens , missed the playoffs for the first time since 1970 . The Canadiens and the Ottawa Senators missed the playoffs this year . Montreal and Ottawa would not miss the playoffs in the same year again until 2016 , when all Canadian teams missed the playoffs . The Quebec Nordiques played their last ever playoff series during this time . They would move to Denver , Colorado during the summer . For the first time since 1980 , no league semifinal/conference final games were played in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1998_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 22 , 1998 following the 1997-98 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-7 series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-7 series for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs concluded on June 16 with the Detroit Red Wings winning their second consecutive Stanley Cup championship , defeating the Washington Capitals , who appeared in their very first Finals , in a four-game sweep . Red Wings captain Steve Yzerman was named playoff MVP , and awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings were the last team to defend their Stanley Cup Championship until the Pittsburgh Penguins successfully defended their Stanley Cup title in 2017 . In the Eastern Semis , the Buffalo Sabres made history as they became the first team in NHL history to complete a four-game sweep of the Montreal Canadiens on Montreal ice . For the first time since 1969 the Chicago Blackhawks missed the playoffs . Also , both the Islanders and Rangers missed the playoffs in the same season for the first time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2008 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 9 , 2008 , after the 2007-08 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Buffalo Sabres became the second team to miss the playoffs after winning the Presidents ' Trophy in the prior season . This would not happen again until 2015 . The Finals ended on June 4 , 2008 with the Detroit Red Wings defeating the Pittsburgh Penguins four games to two to win their eleventh championship and their fourth in eleven seasons . It was the first championship in the 16-year career of Red Wings winger Dallas Drake , who retired following the season . Red Wings winger Henrik Zetterberg was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs ' Most Valuable Player . Sidney Crosby and Zetterberg led the tournament with 27 points ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary Flames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Flames', 'summary': "The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The club is the third major professional ice hockey team to represent the city of Calgary , following the Calgary Tigers ( 1921-1927 ) and Calgary Cowboys ( 1975-1977 ) . The Flames are one of two NHL franchises in Alberta ; the other is the Edmonton Oilers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Alberta . The team was founded in 1972 in Atlanta as the Atlanta Flames until relocating to Calgary in 1980 . The Flames played their first three seasons in Calgary at the Stampede Corral before moving into their current home arena , the Scotiabank Saddledome ( originally known as the Olympic Saddledome ) , in 1983 . In 1985-86 , the Flames became the first Calgary team since the 1923-24 Tigers to compete for the Stanley Cup . In 1988-89 , the Flames won their first and only championship . The Flames ' unexpected run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals gave rise to the Red Mile , and in 2011 the team hosted and won the second Heritage Classic outdoor game . The Flames have won two Presidents ' Trophies as the NHL 's top regular season team , and have claimed seven division championships . Individually , Jarome Iginla is the franchise leader in games played , goals and points and is a two-time winner of the Maurice Rocket Richard Trophy as the NHL 's leading goal scorer ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978 , 2004 , 2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1977-78 NHL season was the 61st season of the National Hockey League . The Montreal Canadiens won their third Stanley Cup in a row , defeating the Boston Bruins four games to two in the Stanley Cup Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs for the National Hockey League began on April 7 , 2004 , following the 2003-04 regular season . The playoffs ended with the Tampa Bay Lightning winning the Stanley Cup with a seven-game series win over the Calgary Flames on June 7 . It was Tampa Bay 's first Stanley Cup victory . It was the Flames ' third final appearance , as they came this far in 1986 and 1989 , winning the latter . The 16 qualified teams , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven games for Conference Quarterfinals , Semifinals and Finals . The winner of each conference proceeded to the Stanley Cup Finals . The format was identical to the one introduced for the 1999 playoffs . These playoffs marked the first time the Nashville Predators qualified , being in their sixth season in the NHL . Champions Tampa Bay saw playoff action for the third time . This would be the last time that all eastern Canadian teams would make the playoffs together until 2013 . Also , this was the last time , until 2019 that both Southern California teams , the Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks , missed the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2007 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League began on April 11 , 2007 . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The series ended on June 6 with the Anaheim Ducks defeating the Ottawa Senators in five games to win their first ever championship . For the first time in NHL history , neither of the two teams that played in the previous year 's Stanley Cup Finals ( the Carolina Hurricanes and the Edmonton Oilers ) qualified for the playoffs . For the first time since 1994 , all four former WHA teams ; Carolina ( formerly the Hartford Whalers ) , Colorado ( formerly the Quebec Nordiques ) , Edmonton , and Phoenix ( formerly the Winnipeg Jets ) missed the playoffs in the same year , this would not happen again until 2013 . Also for the first time since 1994 , the Philadelphia Flyers missed the playoffs . This was the only time that the Atlanta Thrashers qualified for the playoffs in their twelve years in Georgia ( they became the new Winnipeg Jets in 2011 ) . Only two Original Six teams made the playoffs this year , the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings ( this included the Montreal Canadiens ' and the Toronto Maple Leafs ' first absence from the tournament together since 1970 ) . This only happened twice before in 2000 and 2001 , and would not happen again until 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.667', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Maroons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Maroons', 'summary': "The Montreal Maroons ( officially the Montreal Professional Hockey Club ) were a professional men 's ice hockey team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They played in the NHL from 1924 to 1938 , winning the Stanley Cup in 1926 and 1935 . They were the last non-Original Six team to win the Stanley Cup until the expansion Philadelphia Flyers won in 1974 . Founded as a team for the English community in Montreal , they shared their home city with the Canadiens , who eventually came under the same ownership as the Maroons but were intended to appeal to the French Canadian population . This was the first time since 1918 , when the Montreal Wanderers folded , that Montreal would have a second hockey team . In order to accommodate the Maroons , a new arena was built for them in 1924 , the Montreal Forum . The Maroons were a highly competitive team , winning the Stanley Cup twice and finishing first in their division twice more . Some of the best players of the era played for the Maroons ; eleven players would be elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame , while five of the six head coaches of the Maroons were also honoured . Financial difficulties resulting from the Great Depression led to the Maroons suspending play after 1938 . Despite efforts to revive the team , the franchise was cancelled in 1947 , leaving the Canadiens as the sole team in Montreal . Since the Maroons ' demise , no NHL team that has won a Stanley Cup at any point in its history has subsequently folded or relocated ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932 , 1933 , 1936', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1932_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1931-32 NHL season was the 15th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Ottawa Senators and Philadelphia Quakers suspended operations , leaving eight teams to play 48 games each . In the Stanley Cup Finals , the Toronto Maple Leafs swept the New York Rangers in three games to win the franchise 's third Stanley Cup championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1933_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1932-33 NHL season was the 16th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Nine teams each played 48 games . The New York Rangers beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one for the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1936_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1935-36 NHL season was the 19th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The St. Louis Eagles dropped out of the league , leaving eight teams . The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one in the final series .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.667', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nashville Predators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville_Predators', 'summary': "The Nashville Predators are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville , Tennessee . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Predators have played their home games at Bridgestone Arena since 1998 . Their television broadcasting rights are held by Fox Sports Tennessee , and radio broadcasting rights are held by WPRT-FM . The club was founded in 1998 when the NHL granted an expansion franchise to Craig Leipold . After five seasons , the Predators qualified for their first Stanley Cup playoffs during the 2003-04 season . In 2008 , ownership of the club was transferred from Leipold to a locally based ownership group . The Predators advanced to their first Stanley Cup Finals in 2017 , but were defeated by the Pittsburgh Penguins in six games . In the following season , the Predators won their first Presidents ' Trophy and Central Division title . The Predators are presently affiliated with the minor league teams Milwaukee Admirals of the American Hockey League and Florida Everblades of the ECHL ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 , 2008 , 2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs for the National Hockey League began on April 7 , 2004 , following the 2003-04 regular season . The playoffs ended with the Tampa Bay Lightning winning the Stanley Cup with a seven-game series win over the Calgary Flames on June 7 . It was Tampa Bay 's first Stanley Cup victory . It was the Flames ' third final appearance , as they came this far in 1986 and 1989 , winning the latter . The 16 qualified teams , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven games for Conference Quarterfinals , Semifinals and Finals . The winner of each conference proceeded to the Stanley Cup Finals . The format was identical to the one introduced for the 1999 playoffs . These playoffs marked the first time the Nashville Predators qualified , being in their sixth season in the NHL . Champions Tampa Bay saw playoff action for the third time . This would be the last time that all eastern Canadian teams would make the playoffs together until 2013 . Also , this was the last time , until 2019 that both Southern California teams , the Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks , missed the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2008 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 9 , 2008 , after the 2007-08 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Buffalo Sabres became the second team to miss the playoffs after winning the Presidents ' Trophy in the prior season . This would not happen again until 2015 . The Finals ended on June 4 , 2008 with the Detroit Red Wings defeating the Pittsburgh Penguins four games to two to win their eleventh championship and their fourth in eleven seasons . It was the first championship in the 16-year career of Red Wings winger Dallas Drake , who retired following the season . Red Wings winger Henrik Zetterberg was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs ' Most Valuable Player . Sidney Crosby and Zetterberg led the tournament with 27 points ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 11 , 2012 , after the conclusion of the 2011-12 NHL regular season . These playoffs marked only the second time since the 1996 playoffs in which no Canadian teams advanced past the first round . These playoffs featured the return of the Florida Panthers to the postseason for the first time since the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , one of the longest playoff droughts in league history . The 2012 Stanley Cup Finals started on May 30 and ended on June 11 , with the Los Angeles Kings defeating the New Jersey Devils in six games to win their first Stanley Cup title . Kings goaltender Jonathan Quick , having recorded a 1.41 goals against average , was named the Conn Smythe Trophy winner as playoff MVP . After clinching a postseason spot in their 81st game of the regular season , the Kings became the first eighth-seeded team to win the Stanley Cup in NHL history ( and the second eighth seed to reach the Cup Finals after the 2005-06 Edmonton Oilers ) , also being the second team to eliminate the first , second , and third seeds from the playoffs in the same postseason after the 2003-04 Calgary Flames ( and the first team to do so in that order ) . In addition , the Kings became the first team to make the Final undefeated on the road ( with their 8-0 record ) . As the sixth seed in their conference , the Devils were the lowest-seeded team to have home-ice advantage in the Stanley Cup Finals , breaking a record they set when they won the Cup as a fourth seed in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.667', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers', 'summary': "The Edmonton Oilers are a professional ice hockey team based in Edmonton . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Oilers were officially founded in 1971 by W. D. Wild Bill Hunter and Dr. Chuck Allard . The team played its first season in 1972 , as one of the twelve founding franchises of the major professional World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . They were originally intended to be one of two WHA Alberta teams , along with the Calgary Broncos . However , when the Broncos relocated to Cleveland , Ohio , before the WHA 's first season began , the Oilers were renamed the Alberta Oilers . They returned to their current name in the following year , and subsequently joined the NHL in 1979 as one of four franchises absorbed through the NHL merger with the WHA . After joining the NHL , the Oilers went on to win the Stanley Cup on five occasions : 1983-84 , 1984-85 , 1986-87 , 1987-88 and 1989-90 . Along with the Pittsburgh Penguins , they are tied for the most championships won by any team since the NHL-WHA merger and also the most won by any team that joined the league in or after 1967 . Among all NHL teams , only the Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times since the League 's 1967 expansion . For their success in the 1980s , the Oilers team of this era has been honoured with dynasty status by the Hockey Hall of Fame . However , the Oilers began to struggle greatly shortly after the 2004-05 NHL lockout , having missed the playoffs every year since 2006 , with the exception of 2016-17 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987 , 1988 , 2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1987 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1986-87 NHL season . It concluded on May 31 , with the Edmonton Oilers defeating the Philadelphia Flyers to win the Stanley Cup . In an attempt to reduce the number of first round upsets , the NHL expanded the best-of-five series in the first round to a best-of-seven series . The 1987 playoffs marked the second consecutive year that all four former WHA teams made the playoffs in the same year . It would not happen again until 1999 by which time 3 of those teams had moved , the Quebec Nordiques to Denver , the Winnipeg Jets to Phoenix , and the Hartford Whalers to Raleigh , North Carolina . For the second time ever and first time since 1978 , all of the Original Six teams made the playoffs in the same season . At the time the Philadelphia Flyers set an NHL playoff record by playing in 26 games during the playoffs . This record has since been equaled by four other teams ( 2004 Calgary Flames , 2014 Los Angeles Kings , 2015 Tampa Bay Lightning and 2019 St. Louis Blues ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1988_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1988 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 6 , after the conclusion of the 1987-88 NHL season . It concluded on May 26 , with the defending champion Edmonton Oilers defeating the Boston Bruins to win their second straight Stanley Cup and fourth in five years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2006 Stanley Cup playoffs for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) championship began on April 21 , 2006 , following the 2005-06 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , seeded one through eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series with re-seeding after the Conference Quarterfinals . The conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Finals concluded on June 19 with the Carolina Hurricanes winning the Stanley Cup , defeating the Edmonton Oilers in the final series four games to three . Carolina goaltender Cam Ward was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as Most Valuable Player of the playoffs . The Edmonton Oilers would miss the playoffs each year thereafter until 2017 . This was also the last time that the Pittsburgh Penguins missed the playoffs . While the 2005-06 season introduced a shootout to break ties after five minutes of four-on-four overtime , the Stanley Cup playoffs retained their traditional format of unlimited 20-minute periods of five-on-five sudden-death overtime to break ties . The Western Conference made history in the first round when all four series were won by the lower-seeded teams ( conversely , all four series in the Eastern Conference were won by the higher-seeded teams ) . The eighth- and lowest-seeded Oilers proceeded to win the Western Conference and participate in the Stanley Cup Finals . Four Canadian teams qualified for the playoffs this year , this total was not equaled again until 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded on June 5 , 1967 , after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9 , 1966 , becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion . The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood , California , a suburb of Los Angeles , for thirty-two years , until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999-2000 season . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the Kings had many years marked by impressive play in the regular season only to be washed out by early playoff exits . Their highlights in those years included the strong goaltending of Rogie Vachon , and the Triple Crown Line of Charlie Simmer , Dave Taylor and Hall of Fame player Marcel Dionne , who had a famous upset of the uprising Edmonton Oilers in a 1982 playoff game known as the Miracle on Manchester . In 1988 , the Kings traded with the Oilers to get their captain Wayne Gretzky , leading to a successful phase of the franchise that raised hockey 's popularity in Los Angeles , and helped raise the sport 's profile in the American Sun Belt region . Gretzky , fellow Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille and defenseman Rob Blake led the Kings to the franchise 's sole division title in 1990-91 , and the Kings ' first Stanley Cup Final appearance in 1993 . After the 1993 Finals , the Kings entered financial problems , with a bankruptcy in 1995 , which led to the franchise being acquired by Philip Anschutz ( owner of Anschutz Entertainment Group , operators of Staples Center ) and Edward P. Roski . A period of mediocrity ensued , with the Kings only resurging as they broke a six-year playoff drought in the 2009-10 season , with a team that included goaltender Jonathan Quick , defenseman Drew Doughty , and forwards Dustin Brown , Anze Kopitar and Justin Williams . Under coach Darryl Sutter , who was hired early in the 2011-12 season , the Kings won two Stanley Cups in three years : 2012 , over the New Jersey Devils , and 2014 , against the New York Rangers while Quick and Williams respectively won the Conn Smythe Trophy ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000 , 2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 12 , 2000 , and concluded on June 10 . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for Conference Quarterfinals , Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals , with each conference champion playing a best-of-seven series in the Stanley Cup Finals for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs ended when the New Jersey Devils defeated the reigning champion Dallas Stars in a six-game series to win their second Stanley Cup title in franchise history . Devils defenseman Scott Stevens was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs . The Calgary Flames and the Vancouver Canucks both missed the playoffs this year . This would not happen again until 2014 , when all four Western Canadian teams missed the playoffs . For the first time in history , only two Original Six teams made it to the playoffs ( Toronto and Detroit ) . This would only happen again in 2001 ( Toronto and Detroit ) , 2007 ( New York Rangers and Detroit ) , 2018 ( Boston and Toronto ) , and 2019 ( Boston and Toronto ) . Also for the first time , the Boston Bruins and the Montreal Canadiens missed the playoffs in the same season . In addition , both conference finals went to the maximum seven games . This did not happen again until 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2001_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2001 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 11 , 2001 , and ended on June 9 , 2001 , when the Western Conference champion Colorado Avalanche defeated the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils to win its second Stanley Cup . Defenceman Ray Bourque , who had a 21-year tenure in Boston , won his first Stanley Cup in his final professional year . Joe Sakic , Swedish center Peter Forsberg , defenceman Rob Blake , and goalkeeper Patrick Roy claimed the Stanley Cup for the final time in their careers . Roy was also awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy , his third , the most by any player . No hat tricks were scored in the 2001 playoffs , and goaltenders combined for a record 19 shutouts . This was the first of ten consecutive seasons the Florida Panthers missed the playoffs , the longest playoff drought in NHL history .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Penguins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Penguins ( colloquially known as the Pens ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Penguins are one of two NHL franchises in Pennsylvania , the other being the Philadelphia Flyers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Pennsylvania . The club is owned by Mario Lemieux and Ronald Burkle , who purchased the Penguins in 1999 and brought the club out of bankruptcy . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the league 's expansion from six to twelve teams . The Penguins played in the Civic Arena , also known as The Igloo , from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009-10 season , when they moved to the Consol Energy Center , which was later renamed PPG Paints Arena . The 1992-93 Penguins won the franchise 's first-ever Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . In addition to their eight division titles , they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals , winning the Stanley Cup five times - in 1991 , 1992 , 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . Along with the Edmonton Oilers , the Penguins are tied for the most Stanley Cup championships among non-Original Six teams and sixth overall . With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017 , the Penguins became the first back-to-back champions in 19 years ( since the 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings ) and the first team to do so since the introduction of the NHL salary cap . They also became the fifth team to accomplish this feat multiple times ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008 , 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2008 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 9 , 2008 , after the 2007-08 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Buffalo Sabres became the second team to miss the playoffs after winning the Presidents ' Trophy in the prior season . This would not happen again until 2015 . The Finals ended on June 4 , 2008 with the Detroit Red Wings defeating the Pittsburgh Penguins four games to two to win their eleventh championship and their fourth in eleven seasons . It was the first championship in the 16-year career of Red Wings winger Dallas Drake , who retired following the season . Red Wings winger Henrik Zetterberg was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs ' Most Valuable Player . Sidney Crosby and Zetterberg led the tournament with 27 points ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League began on April 15 , 2009 , after the 2008-09 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference ( the winner of each of the three divisions plus the five teams with highest point totals from the teams remaining ) , play a best-of-seven series for the conference quarterfinals , semifinals , and championships , and then the conference champions will play a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Columbus Blue Jackets made their first appearance in the playoffs in their nine-year history . Previously they had been the only franchise to have not made the playoffs . Also , home teams set a record by going 13-2 in the openers of all the series combined . There were no playoff games played in the Province of Ontario as this was the first time that the modern Ottawa Senators and the Toronto Maple Leafs both missed the playoffs in the same year . This was the most recent time that the Carolina Hurricanes were in the playoffs until 2019 . The Finals ended on June 12 , 2009 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the Detroit Red Wings four games to three to win the championship . They became just the second team , after the 1971 Montreal Canadiens , to win the championship after losing the first two games of the series on the road .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Lightning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning', 'summary': 'The Tampa Bay Lightning are a professional ice hockey team based in Tampa , Florida . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club has won one Stanley Cup championship in their history , in 2003-04 . The team is often referred to as the Bolts , and the nickname was used on the former third jerseys . The Lightning plays home games in Amalie Arena in Tampa . The owner of the Lightning is Jeffrey Vinik , while Julien BriseBois serves as general manager . The team is currently coached by Jon Cooper , who has led the team since 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015 , 2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 15 , 2015 , and ended on June 15 , 2015 , with the Chicago Blackhawks defeating the Tampa Bay Lightning four games to two in the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals . The New York Rangers made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . They also came back from a 3-1 series deficit for the second consecutive year . The Detroit Red Wings increased their consecutive post-season appearance streak to 24 seasons , the longest current streak at the time and tied for the fourth-longest streak in NHL history . The Winnipeg Jets qualified for the playoffs for the first time since the former Atlanta Thrashers franchise relocated to Winnipeg in 2011 ; the only time that the Thrashers/Jets franchise made the post-season was in 2007 , and the last time that the city of Winnipeg hosted a playoff game was in 1996 , the season before the previous Winnipeg Jets team relocated to Phoenix , Arizona , to become the Coyotes . The Ottawa Senators became the first team in the NHL 's modern era ( since 1943-44 ) to overcome a 14-point deficit in the standings to clinch a playoff spot . Also , the Calgary Flames returned to the playoffs after a six-year absence . In total , five Canadian NHL teams qualified for the post-season , the most since 2004 . The Los Angeles Kings became the first defending Stanley Cup champions since the Carolina Hurricanes in 2007 to fail to make the playoffs . The Boston Bruins failed to make the playoffs for the first time since 2007 and became the first reigning Presidents ' Trophy winners to miss the post-season since the Buffalo Sabres in 2008 ( and the third overall ) . In addition , the San Jose Sharks failed to make the post-season for the first time since 2003 , ending the NHL 's second-longest active playoff streak ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 13 , 2016 and ended on June 12 , 2016 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the San Jose Sharks four games to two in the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals . For only the second time in league history ( 1970 being the only other time ) , none of the NHL 's Canadian-based teams , seven in total , qualified for the postseason . In addition , for the second season in a row and only the fifth time since joining the league in 1979 , all four former WHA teams ( the Edmonton Oilers , Arizona Coyotes , Carolina Hurricanes and Colorado Avalanche ) missed the playoffs . The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . This was the final season of the Detroit Red Wings ' 25-season playoff appearance streak , the longest streak at the time and tied for third longest in NHL history . The Florida Panthers qualified for the playoffs for only the second time since the 1999-2000 season - both times winning their division - and fifth time in franchise history . For the fourth time in six years , all three California-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . And , for only the second time ever ( 1996 being the only other time ) , both Florida-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . For the first time since 2006 , and only the third time in league history , all Original Six teams who made the playoffs ( three in total ) were eliminated in the first round . The New York Islanders won their first post-season series since the 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs , ending the third longest post-season win drought in NHL history . For the seventh consecutive season and eleventh out of thirteen seasons , a team from California was in the Western Conference Final ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carolina Hurricanes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes', 'summary': "The Carolina Hurricanes are a professional ice hockey team based in Raleigh , North Carolina . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Hurricanes play their home games at the 18,680-seat PNC Arena ( formerly known as RBC center ) . The franchise was formed in 1971 as the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . The Whalers saw success immediately , winning the Eastern Division in the WHA 's first three seasons , as well as becoming the inaugural Avco World Trophy Champions to cap off the 1972-73 season . The Whalers again competed for the World Trophy in 1978 , this time falling short to the Winnipeg Jets in a rematch of the 1973 Finals . The franchise joined the NHL in 1979 as part of the NHL-WHA merger , renaming themselves the Hartford Whalers . The team relocated to North Carolina in 1997 , rebranding themselves as the Hurricanes . Carolina advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in 2002 , where they were defeated by the Detroit Red Wings , 4-1 . The Hurricanes won the 2006 Stanley Cup over the Edmonton Oilers in seven games , giving the state of North Carolina its first major professional sports championship . On February 15 , 2020 , it was announced that the Hurricanes would host a Stadium Series game at Carter-Finley Stadium on February 20 , 2021 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2002 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League began on April 17 , 2002 . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the Carolina Hurricanes on June 13 , 2002 , four games to one , to win their tenth championship in their history . The Hurricanes were in the Stanley Cup Final for the first time in their 23-year history , which includes their tenure as the Hartford Whalers . Red Wings defenseman Nicklas Lidstrom was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs . It was the ninth championship for Red Wings coach Scotty Bowman , who announced his retirement after the deciding game of the series . The Phoenix Coyotes would play their last playoff games at America West Arena and would miss the playoffs until 2010 , when they played in Glendale .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Blue Jackets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets', 'summary': "The Columbus Blue Jackets are a professional ice hockey team based in Columbus , Ohio . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Blue Jackets began play as an expansion team in 2000 . In their initial years , the Blue Jackets struggled , failing to win 30 games in a season until the 2005-06 season . The team qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time in 2009 , but were swept . Columbus ultimately notched their first playoff game victory in the 2014 playoffs and five years later won their first playoff series in the 2019 playoffs against the Tampa Bay Lightning , becoming the first team in NHL history to sweep a Presidents ' Trophy winner in the first round . However , they are still the only team in the league which has never appeared in the conference finals . The Blue Jackets ' name and logos are inspired by Ohio 's Civil War history . The Blue Jackets play their home games at Nationwide Arena in downtown Columbus , which opened in 2000 . They are affiliated with the Cleveland Monsters of the AHL ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League began on April 15 , 2009 , after the 2008-09 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference ( the winner of each of the three divisions plus the five teams with highest point totals from the teams remaining ) , play a best-of-seven series for the conference quarterfinals , semifinals , and championships , and then the conference champions will play a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Columbus Blue Jackets made their first appearance in the playoffs in their nine-year history . Previously they had been the only franchise to have not made the playoffs . Also , home teams set a record by going 13-2 in the openers of all the series combined . There were no playoff games played in the Province of Ontario as this was the first time that the modern Ottawa Senators and the Toronto Maple Leafs both missed the playoffs in the same year . This was the most recent time that the Carolina Hurricanes were in the playoffs until 2019 . The Finals ended on June 12 , 2009 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the Detroit Red Wings four games to three to win the championship . They became just the second team , after the 1971 Montreal Canadiens , to win the championship after losing the first two games of the series on the road .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Detroit Red Wings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NHL_playoff_series_10', 'intro': 'This is a complete listing of National Hockey League (NHL) playoff series, grouped by franchise. Series featuring relocated teams[nb 1] are kept with their ultimate relocation franchises. Bolded years indicate wins. Years in italics indicate series in progress. Tables are sorted first by the number of series, then the number of wins, and then alphabetically.'}
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What is the number of playoff series played by the opponent that is currently coached by Jon Cooper , who has led the team since 2013 ?
2
0899c553a2cbdc1e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Tim_Hortons_Brier', 'title': '2013 Tim Hortons Brier', 'header': ['Player', 'Team', 'Position', 'Shots', 'Opponent'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mark Nichols', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Nichols_(curler)', 'summary': "Mark Nichols , ONL ( born on January 1 , 1980 in Labrador City , Newfoundland ) is a Canadian curler from St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador . He currently throws third rocks for the Brad Gushue rink . Nichols is a former Olympic champion curler , having played third for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics where the team won a gold medal . He also won a World championship with Gushue in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Manitoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba', 'summary': "Manitoba ( /ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen ) ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and is Canada 's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.369 million people . Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres ( 250,900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape , stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived on two major river systems , what is now called the Nelson in northern Manitoba and in the southeast along the Winnipeg River system . A Royal Charter in 1670 granted all the lands draining into Hudson 's Bay to the British company and they administered trade in what was then called Rupert 's Land . During the next 200 years , communities continued to grow and evolve , with a significant settlement of Michif in what is now Winnipeg . The assertion of Métis identity and self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba . There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province . Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Lead', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nova Scotia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Nova Scotia ( /noʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/ ) is a province in eastern Canada . With a population of 923,598 as of 2016 , it is the most populous of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and the four Atlantic provinces . It is the country 's second most-densely populated province and second-smallest province by area , both after neighbouring Prince Edward Island . Its area of 55,284 square kilometres ( 21,345 sq mi ) includes Cape Breton Island and 3,800 other coastal islands . The peninsula that makes up Nova Scotia 's mainland is connected to the rest of North America by the Isthmus of Chignecto , on which the province 's land border with New Brunswick is located . The province borders the Bay of Fundy to the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east , and is separated from Prince Edward Island and the island of Newfoundland by the Northumberland and Cabot straits , respectively . The land that comprises what is now Nova Scotia has been inhabited by the indigenous Miꞌkmaq people for thousands of years . France 's first settlement in North America , Port-Royal , was established in 1605 and intermittently served in various locations as the capital of the French colony of Acadia for over a hundred years . The Fortress of Louisbourg was a key focus point in the struggle between the British and French for control of the area , changing hands numerous times in the until France relinquished its claims with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . During the American Revolutionary War , thousands of Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia . In 1848 , Nova Scotia became the first British colony to achieve responsible government , and it federated in July 1867 with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada ( now Ontario and Quebec ) to form what is now the country of Canada . Nova Scotia 's capital and largest city is Halifax , which is today home to about 45 per cent of the province 's population , is the thirteenth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada , the largest city in Atlantic Canada , and Canadas second largest coastal city ( after Vancouver ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Harnden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Harnden', 'summary': 'Ryan Harnden ( born June 28 , 1986 ) is a Canadian curler . He currently throws lead stones for the Canadian champion Brad Jacobs rink . The team represented Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics , winning a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ontario', 'summary': "Northern Ontario is a primary geographic and administrative region of the Canadian province of Ontario , the other primary region being Southern Ontario . Most of the core geographic region is located on part of the Superior Geological Province of the Canadian Shield , a vast rocky plateau located mainly north of Lake Huron ( including Georgian Bay ) , the French River , Lake Nipissing , and the Mattawa River . The statistical region extends south of the Mattawa River to include all of the District of Nipissing . The southern section of this district lies on part of the Grenville Geological Province of the Shield which occupies the transitional area between Northern and Southern Ontario . The extended federal and provincial administrative regions of Northern Ontario have their own boundaries even further south in the transitional area that vary according to their respective government policies and requirements . Ontario government departments and agencies such as the Growth Plan for Northern Ontario and the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation define Northern Ontario as all areas north of , and including , the districts of Parry Sound and Nipissing for political purposes , while the federal government , but not the provincial , also includes the district of Muskoka . The statistical region has a land area of 806,000 km2 ( 310,000 mi2 ) and constitutes 88 per cent of the land area of Ontario , but with just 780,000 people it contains only about six per cent of the province 's population . The climate is characterized by extremes of temperature , extremely cold in winter and hot in summer . The principal industries are mining , forestry , and hydroelectricity . For some purposes , Northern Ontario is further subdivided into Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario . When the region is divided in this way , the three westernmost districts ( Rainy River , Kenora and Thunder Bay ) constitute Northwestern Ontario and the other districts constitute Northeastern Ontario . Northeastern Ontario contains two thirds of Northern Ontario 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Lead', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': 'Brad Jacobs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Jacobs_(curler)', 'summary': "Bradley Brad Jacobs ( born June 11 , 1985 ) is a Canadian curler from Prince , Ontario . He is an Olympic champion skip , having led Canada to a gold medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics . Jacobs is also the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier championship skip and the 2013 World Championship runner-up . He is an eight-time ( as of 2017 ) Northern Ontario provincial champion , and one time provincial junior champion . Jacobs and his team are well known for their physical fitness . They have been described as fitness freaks and are embracing curling 's athletic evolution as much or more than any other team ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ontario', 'summary': "Northern Ontario is a primary geographic and administrative region of the Canadian province of Ontario , the other primary region being Southern Ontario . Most of the core geographic region is located on part of the Superior Geological Province of the Canadian Shield , a vast rocky plateau located mainly north of Lake Huron ( including Georgian Bay ) , the French River , Lake Nipissing , and the Mattawa River . The statistical region extends south of the Mattawa River to include all of the District of Nipissing . The southern section of this district lies on part of the Grenville Geological Province of the Shield which occupies the transitional area between Northern and Southern Ontario . The extended federal and provincial administrative regions of Northern Ontario have their own boundaries even further south in the transitional area that vary according to their respective government policies and requirements . Ontario government departments and agencies such as the Growth Plan for Northern Ontario and the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation define Northern Ontario as all areas north of , and including , the districts of Parry Sound and Nipissing for political purposes , while the federal government , but not the provincial , also includes the district of Muskoka . The statistical region has a land area of 806,000 km2 ( 310,000 mi2 ) and constitutes 88 per cent of the land area of Ontario , but with just 780,000 people it contains only about six per cent of the province 's population . The climate is characterized by extremes of temperature , extremely cold in winter and hot in summer . The principal industries are mining , forestry , and hydroelectricity . For some purposes , Northern Ontario is further subdivided into Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario . When the region is divided in this way , the three westernmost districts ( Rainy River , Kenora and Thunder Bay ) constitute Northwestern Ontario and the other districts constitute Northeastern Ontario . Northeastern Ontario contains two thirds of Northern Ontario 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Skip', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Hebert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Hebert', 'summary': 'Benjamin Ben Hebert ( born March 16 , 1983 ) is a Canadian curler , a Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic gold medallist , 2008 World Champion and four time Brier Champion from Chestermere , Alberta . In 2019 , Hebert was named the greatest Canadian male lead in history in a TSN poll of broadcasters , reporters and top curlers .'}]}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': 'Lead', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nova Scotia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Nova Scotia ( /noʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/ ) is a province in eastern Canada . With a population of 923,598 as of 2016 , it is the most populous of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and the four Atlantic provinces . It is the country 's second most-densely populated province and second-smallest province by area , both after neighbouring Prince Edward Island . Its area of 55,284 square kilometres ( 21,345 sq mi ) includes Cape Breton Island and 3,800 other coastal islands . The peninsula that makes up Nova Scotia 's mainland is connected to the rest of North America by the Isthmus of Chignecto , on which the province 's land border with New Brunswick is located . The province borders the Bay of Fundy to the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east , and is separated from Prince Edward Island and the island of Newfoundland by the Northumberland and Cabot straits , respectively . The land that comprises what is now Nova Scotia has been inhabited by the indigenous Miꞌkmaq people for thousands of years . France 's first settlement in North America , Port-Royal , was established in 1605 and intermittently served in various locations as the capital of the French colony of Acadia for over a hundred years . The Fortress of Louisbourg was a key focus point in the struggle between the British and French for control of the area , changing hands numerous times in the until France relinquished its claims with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . During the American Revolutionary War , thousands of Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia . In 1848 , Nova Scotia became the first British colony to achieve responsible government , and it federated in July 1867 with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada ( now Ontario and Quebec ) to form what is now the country of Canada . Nova Scotia 's capital and largest city is Halifax , which is today home to about 45 per cent of the province 's population , is the thirteenth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada , the largest city in Atlantic Canada , and Canadas second largest coastal city ( after Vancouver ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Philippe Ménard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Ménard', 'summary': "Philippe Ménard ( born August 15 , 1986 ) is a Canadian curler from Boucherville , Quebec . He currently played for his brother , Jean-Michel 's team from 2011 to 2018 . He is known for wearing a bandana during play ."}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': 'Lead', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Columbia', 'summary': "British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest ."}]}, {'value': 'Craig Savill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Savill', 'summary': "Craig Edward Savill ( born October 25 , 1978 ) is a Canadian curler from Manotick , Ontario , Canada . He currently coaches the Czech men 's national team ."}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Lead', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newfoundland and Labrador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': "Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada . Situated in the country 's Atlantic region , it is composed of the insular region of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador to the northwest , with a combined area of 405,212 square kilometres ( 156,500 sq mi ) . In 2018 , the province 's population was estimated at 525,073 . About 92% of the province 's population lives on the island of Newfoundland ( and its neighbouring smaller islands ) , of whom more than half live on the Avalon Peninsula . The province is Canada 's most linguistically homogeneous , with 97.0% of residents reporting English ( Newfoundland English ) as their mother tongue in the 2016 census . Historically , Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish , as well as the extinct Beothuk language . In Labrador , the indigenous languages Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken . Newfoundland and Labrador 's capital and largest city , St. John 's , is Canada 's 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 per cent of the province 's population . St. John 's is the seat of government , home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction , the Newfoundland and Labrador Court of Appeal . A former colony and then dominion of the United Kingdom , Newfoundland gave up its independence in 1933 , following significant economic distress caused by the Great Depression and the aftermath of Newfoundland 's participation in World War I . It became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on 31 March 1949 , as Newfoundland . On 6 December 2001 , an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the province 's name to Newfoundland and Labrador ."}]}, {'value': 'Brent Laing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brent_Laing', 'summary': 'Brent George Laing ( born December 10 , 1978 ) is a Canadian curler from Shanty Bay , Ontario . He currently plays lead for John Epping . He grew up in Meaford , Ontario .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Second', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newfoundland and Labrador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': "Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada . Situated in the country 's Atlantic region , it is composed of the insular region of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador to the northwest , with a combined area of 405,212 square kilometres ( 156,500 sq mi ) . In 2018 , the province 's population was estimated at 525,073 . About 92% of the province 's population lives on the island of Newfoundland ( and its neighbouring smaller islands ) , of whom more than half live on the Avalon Peninsula . The province is Canada 's most linguistically homogeneous , with 97.0% of residents reporting English ( Newfoundland English ) as their mother tongue in the 2016 census . Historically , Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish , as well as the extinct Beothuk language . In Labrador , the indigenous languages Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken . Newfoundland and Labrador 's capital and largest city , St. John 's , is Canada 's 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 per cent of the province 's population . St. John 's is the seat of government , home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction , the Newfoundland and Labrador Court of Appeal . A former colony and then dominion of the United Kingdom , Newfoundland gave up its independence in 1933 , following significant economic distress caused by the Great Depression and the aftermath of Newfoundland 's participation in World War I . It became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on 31 March 1949 , as Newfoundland . On 6 December 2001 , an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the province 's name to Newfoundland and Labrador ."}]}, {'value': 'Marc Kennedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Kennedy', 'summary': 'Marc Kennedy ( born February 5 , 1982 ) is a Canadian curler , and Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic gold medallist from St. Albert , Alberta . In 2019 , Kennedy was named the greatest Canadian male second in history in a TSN poll of broadcasters , reporters and top curlers .'}]}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': 'Second', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince Edward Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island', 'summary': "Prince Edward Island ( PEI ) is a province of Canada and one of the three Maritime Provinces . It is the smallest province of Canada in both land area and population , but it is the most densely populated . Part of the traditional lands of the Mi'kmaq , it became a British colony in the 1700s and was federated into Canada as a province in 1873 . Its capital is Charlottetown . According to Statistics Canada , the province of PEI has 155,318 residents . The backbone of the island economy is farming ; it produces 25% of Canada 's potatoes . Other important industries include the fisheries , tourism , aerospace , bio-science , IT , and renewable energy . The island has several informal names : Garden of the Gulf , referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province ; and Birthplace of Confederation or Cradle of Confederation , referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864 , although PEI did not join Confederation until 1873 , when it became the seventh Canadian province . Historically , PEI is one of Canada 's older settlements and demographically still reflects older immigration to the country , with Scottish , Irish , English and French surnames being dominant . PEI is located about 200 kilometres ( 120 miles ) north of Halifax , Nova Scotia , and 600 kilometres ( 370 miles ) east of Quebec City and has a land area of 5,686.03 km2 ( 2,195.39 sq mi ) . The main island is 5,620 km2 ( 2,170 sq mi ) in size . It is the 104th-largest island in the world and Canada 's 23rd-largest island ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Nichols', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Nichols_(curler)', 'summary': "Mark Nichols , ONL ( born on January 1 , 1980 in Labrador City , Newfoundland ) is a Canadian curler from St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador . He currently throws third rocks for the Brad Gushue rink . Nichols is a former Olympic champion curler , having played third for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics where the team won a gold medal . He also won a World championship with Gushue in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Manitoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba', 'summary': "Manitoba ( /ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen ) ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and is Canada 's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.369 million people . Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres ( 250,900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape , stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived on two major river systems , what is now called the Nelson in northern Manitoba and in the southeast along the Winnipeg River system . A Royal Charter in 1670 granted all the lands draining into Hudson 's Bay to the British company and they administered trade in what was then called Rupert 's Land . During the next 200 years , communities continued to grow and evolve , with a significant settlement of Michif in what is now Winnipeg . The assertion of Métis identity and self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba . There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province . Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Lead', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ontario', 'summary': "Northern Ontario is a primary geographic and administrative region of the Canadian province of Ontario , the other primary region being Southern Ontario . Most of the core geographic region is located on part of the Superior Geological Province of the Canadian Shield , a vast rocky plateau located mainly north of Lake Huron ( including Georgian Bay ) , the French River , Lake Nipissing , and the Mattawa River . The statistical region extends south of the Mattawa River to include all of the District of Nipissing . The southern section of this district lies on part of the Grenville Geological Province of the Shield which occupies the transitional area between Northern and Southern Ontario . The extended federal and provincial administrative regions of Northern Ontario have their own boundaries even further south in the transitional area that vary according to their respective government policies and requirements . Ontario government departments and agencies such as the Growth Plan for Northern Ontario and the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation define Northern Ontario as all areas north of , and including , the districts of Parry Sound and Nipissing for political purposes , while the federal government , but not the provincial , also includes the district of Muskoka . The statistical region has a land area of 806,000 km2 ( 310,000 mi2 ) and constitutes 88 per cent of the land area of Ontario , but with just 780,000 people it contains only about six per cent of the province 's population . The climate is characterized by extremes of temperature , extremely cold in winter and hot in summer . The principal industries are mining , forestry , and hydroelectricity . For some purposes , Northern Ontario is further subdivided into Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario . When the region is divided in this way , the three westernmost districts ( Rainy River , Kenora and Thunder Bay ) constitute Northwestern Ontario and the other districts constitute Northeastern Ontario . Northeastern Ontario contains two thirds of Northern Ontario 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Harnden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Harnden', 'summary': 'Ryan Harnden ( born June 28 , 1986 ) is a Canadian curler . He currently throws lead stones for the Canadian champion Brad Jacobs rink . The team represented Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics , winning a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ontario', 'summary': "Northern Ontario is a primary geographic and administrative region of the Canadian province of Ontario , the other primary region being Southern Ontario . Most of the core geographic region is located on part of the Superior Geological Province of the Canadian Shield , a vast rocky plateau located mainly north of Lake Huron ( including Georgian Bay ) , the French River , Lake Nipissing , and the Mattawa River . The statistical region extends south of the Mattawa River to include all of the District of Nipissing . The southern section of this district lies on part of the Grenville Geological Province of the Shield which occupies the transitional area between Northern and Southern Ontario . The extended federal and provincial administrative regions of Northern Ontario have their own boundaries even further south in the transitional area that vary according to their respective government policies and requirements . Ontario government departments and agencies such as the Growth Plan for Northern Ontario and the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation define Northern Ontario as all areas north of , and including , the districts of Parry Sound and Nipissing for political purposes , while the federal government , but not the provincial , also includes the district of Muskoka . The statistical region has a land area of 806,000 km2 ( 310,000 mi2 ) and constitutes 88 per cent of the land area of Ontario , but with just 780,000 people it contains only about six per cent of the province 's population . The climate is characterized by extremes of temperature , extremely cold in winter and hot in summer . The principal industries are mining , forestry , and hydroelectricity . For some purposes , Northern Ontario is further subdivided into Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario . When the region is divided in this way , the three westernmost districts ( Rainy River , Kenora and Thunder Bay ) constitute Northwestern Ontario and the other districts constitute Northeastern Ontario . Northeastern Ontario contains two thirds of Northern Ontario 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Lead', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manitoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba', 'summary': "Manitoba ( /ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen ) ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and is Canada 's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.369 million people . Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres ( 250,900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape , stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived on two major river systems , what is now called the Nelson in northern Manitoba and in the southeast along the Winnipeg River system . A Royal Charter in 1670 granted all the lands draining into Hudson 's Bay to the British company and they administered trade in what was then called Rupert 's Land . During the next 200 years , communities continued to grow and evolve , with a significant settlement of Michif in what is now Winnipeg . The assertion of Métis identity and self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba . There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province . Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Statistics -- Perfect games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_Tim_Hortons_Brier_0', 'intro': "The 2013 Tim Hortons Brier, the Canadian men's national curling championship, was held from March 2 to 10 at Rexall Place in Edmonton, Alberta. This edition of the Brier marked the thirteenth time that Alberta has hosted the Brier, and the sixth time that Edmonton has hosted the Brier. In the final, Brad Jacobs of Northern Ontario defeated three-time Brier champion Jeff Stoughton of Manitoba with a score of 11-4 to win his first Brier title and Northern Ontario's first title since 1985. Jacobs and his team will represent Canada at the 2013 Ford World Men's Curling Championship in Victoria, British Columbia."}
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How many players from Norther Ontario had over 15 shots ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_India', 'title': 'List of shopping malls in India', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Year', 'Size ( gross leasable area )'], 'data': [{'value': 'LuLu International Shopping Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LuLu_International_Shopping_Mall', 'summary': 'LuLu International Shopping Mall is a shopping mall located in Kochi , Kerala . It is one of the largest shopping mall in India in terms of total area . With an average daily footfall of more than 80,000 , it is one of the most visited places in Kerala . Spanning 17 acres ( 6.9 ha ) with a total built up area of 1.5 million square feet including the multilevel car park the mall has a total retail space of 6.2 lakh square feet . A hotel and convention center totaling 0.35 million sq feet is also build along with the project . The mall was opened on March 2013 . It contains more than 225 outlets , including food courts , restaurants , family entertainment zones , a multiplex , ice skating rink and bowling alley . The estimated cost for this project is more than ₹16 billion or US $ 250 million . The property is owned and managed by Yusuff Ali M.A . Chairman and Managing Director of Lulu Group International . LuLu Mall in Kochi was their maiden retail venture in India .'}]}, {'value': 'Edapally , Kochi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,500,000 sq ft ( 230,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hilite Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilite_Mall', 'summary': 'HiLITE Mall is a shopping mall located in the city of Kozhikode in the Malabar region of Kerala . HiLITE Mall is located in Palazhi bypass junction on the National Highway 66 bypass where the bypass meets Pottammal - Palazhi road . The shopping mall covers a total built-up area of 1,500,000 sq ft ( 140,000 m2 ) and it is being constructed as a part of the HiLITE City which has 3,200,000 sq ft ( 300,000 m2 ) in first phase and 10,000,000 sq ft ( 930,000 m2 ) in the second phase , an integrated township project from HiLITE Builders . The mall location is very close to the IT Parks ( Government & ULCCS ) , which gives a decent footfalls during weekdays as well . The mall is being constructed in two phases , phase 1 is complete and phase 2 is under construction which is scheduled to complete by 2019 Q1 . Phase 2 will include an eight screen multiplex and NESTO Hypermarket chain.Hi Lite Mall is a huge mall , where locals prefer spending the evenings . There is ample paid parking at the mall . There are outlets of many well known brands , a food court , supermarkets , departmental stores as well as various avenues for entertainment . There is something for every age group and the mall also provided a good option for tourists to pass the time . Though , not unlike malls in other cities , it is worth a visit if there is time on hand .'}]}, {'value': 'Palazhi , Kozhikode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palazhi', 'summary': 'Palazhi is a suburb of Kozhikode city in India . It has risen to prominence quite recently because of the UL cyberpark , the Government Cyber park and the creation of a township called Hilite city and Landmark world and many other flat projectshere . Palazhi town is four kilometres from Thondayad junction in Kozhikode city . Metro International Cardiac Center and the Cradle Maternity hospital are situated at Palazhi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kozhikode', 'summary': 'Kozhikode ( [ koːɻikːoːɖ ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Calicut , is an Indian city , second-largest urban agglomeration in the State of Kerala and 20th largest in the country with a population of 2 million according to 2011 census . During classical antiquity and the Middle Ages , Kozhikode was dubbed the City of Spices for its role as the major trading point of Indian spices . A historical city , it was the capital of an independent kingdom ruled by the Samoothiris ( Zamorins ) in the Middle Ages . According to data compiled by economics research firm Indicus Analytics in 2009 on residences , earnings and investments , Kozhikode ranked as the second best city in India to reside in .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,400,000 sq ft ( 130,000 m ) ( total built area )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mall of Travancore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mall_of_Travancore', 'summary': 'Mall of Travancore is a shopping mall located in Trivandrum , Kerala , India . Developed by Malabar Developers , it is the first shopping mall in trivandrum . The mall was initiated by Malabar Developers in 2014 and was completed in 2018 . It has a built up area of 700,000 square feet ( 65,000 m2 ) . The mall has three floors of retail space , comprising more than 300 retailers .'}]}, {'value': 'Chakka , Thiruvananthapuram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram', 'summary': "Thiruvananthapuram ( IPA : [ t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm ] ( listen ) ) , commonly known by its former name Trivandrum , is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala . It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011 . The encompassing urban agglomeration population is around 1.68 million . Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland , Thiruvananthapuram is a major Information Technology hub in Kerala and contributes 55% of the state 's software exports as of 2016 . Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the Evergreen city of India , the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills . The Ays ruled the present region of Thiruvananthapuram until the 10th century . With their fall in the 10th century , the city was taken over by the Chera dynasty . The city was later taken over by the Kingdom of Venad in the 12th century . In the 17th century the king Marthanda Varma expanded the territory and founded the princely state of Travancore and Thiruvananthapuram was made capital of Travancore . Following India 's independence in 1947 , Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Travancore-Cochin state and remained capital when the new Indian state of Kerala was formed in 1956 . Thiruvananthapuram is a notable academic and research hub and is home to the University of Kerala , Kerala Technological University the regional headquarters of Indira Gandhi National Open University , and many other schools and colleges . Thiruvananthapuram is also home to research centres such as the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology , Indian Space Research Organisation 's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre , the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology , and a campus of the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '700,000 sq ft ( 65,000 m ) ( total built area )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centre Square Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_Square_Mall,_Kochi', 'summary': 'Centre Square Mall , is a shopping mall in the city of Kochi in Kerala , India . Located at the heart of the city in MG Road , the mall is spread over 2.5 acres with a total built up area of 630,000 square feet ( 59,000 m2 ) . It is owned and operated by Bridgeway Holding , a business group owned by social activist and Member of Parliament , P. V. Abdul Wahab .'}]}, {'value': 'MG Road , Kochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Road_(Kochi)', 'summary': 'Mahatma Gandhi Road , popularly known as M. G. Road , is the main artery as well as the commercial high street of the city of Kochi , in the state of Kerala , India . The road lies north-south with its boundaries at the Venduruthy bridge , Thevara in the south , and the Madhava Pharmacy Junction in the north , where it intersects the Banerji Road . The road was earlier part of the NH 47A ( Old Highway ) and was later handed over to Kochi Municipal Corporation . The highway was earlier known as Seventy Feet road . The total distance of the road is 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '630,000 sq ft ( 59,000 m ) ( total built area )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sobha City Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sobha_City_Mall', 'summary': 'Sobha City Mall is a shopping mall in Sobha City , Puzhakkal , Thrissur City , Kerala , India.The Mall opened on 17 December 2015 . It is built on 4.7 acres land and a super built up area of more than 600,000 square feet ( 56,000 m2 ) . The mall is centrally air-conditioned and have a six screen multiplex by INOX Leisure Limited . It offers luxury business hotel , office space , restaurants , food courts and a 600 car parking facility .'}]}, {'value': 'Puzhakkal , Thrissur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '600,000 sq ft ( 56,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Souk Grande', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Souk_Grande,_Kochi', 'summary': 'Gold Souk Grande is a shopping mall located in Kochi , India . Located at Vytilla , the busiest and one of the largest intersections in Kerala , the mall has a total floor space of 5,00,000 sq ft spread over five floors designed by designing firm WS Atkins . The mall opened on March 2011 with over 200 national and international brands when it was the largest mall in the state of Kerala . The property is owned and managed by Gold Souk group famous for establishing malls in other prominent cities across the country . It contains more than 150 outlets , including food courts , restaurants , family entertainment zones , a multiplex and bowling alley . KFC have their first outlet in Kerala here . There are also other food outlets like Pizza hut and Baskin Robbins . Big Bazzar provides a whole lot of range of clothing . The mall caters Kochi city including nearby localities like Thykoodam , Ponnurunni , Kaniampuzha and districts of Alappuzha , Thrissur , Idukki , Kottayam .'}]}, {'value': 'Vytilla , Kochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vytilla', 'summary': "Vyttila is an intersection as well as the name of a region in the city of Kochi , in the state of Kerala , India . It is the busiest as well as one of the largest intersections in Kerala . This node intersects the main north-south artery of the state of Kerala , namely , the Kochi Bypass , with three city roads of Kochi viz , the S. A . Road ( One of the city 's most prominent arterial road in the East-West direction ) , the Vyttila-Petta Road , and the Thammanam Road . The name Vyttila is said to be evolved from the word Vayal Thala meaning the main part of the paddy field . Once the area including Elamkulam , were paddy fields and paddy cultivation was the main source of income . The paddy field existed from Ernakulam , Girinagar , Panampilly Nagar , Gandhi Nagar , Jawahar Nagar , Kumarananshan Nagar and extended to Kaniyampuzha and Panamkutyy bridge . Some also say that because there existed a bunch of dacoits , who murdered and looted the travelers the name evolved from 'Vazhithala ' . Once the Puthenpalam bridge that connected Chilavennoor Lake and Chettichira was the only link from Vayalthala with Ernakulam . Vyttila hosts the Vyttilla Mobility Hub , which converges different ways of surface transport ( namely , local as well as long distance buses , rail , Metro Rail and inland water transport ) to the city onto a single node . Vyttila is also the name of the region in the city of Kochi , of which the Vyttila Intersection is a part . Until 1967 , Vyttila was a panchayat ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500,000 sq ft ( 46,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RP Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RP_Mall', 'summary': 'RP Mall is a shopping mall located at Kozhikode , India . The mall contains a multiplex in its second and third floor . The multiplex has six screens spread over an area of 25,000 sq.ft has a total capacity of 610 seats . The multiplex contains five public screens and a spa theatre for private screening . Two of the screens also has 3D facility . The mall has a multicusine food court and children play area . It is the first multiplex in the city of Kozhikode . The multiplex is named as PVS Film City .'}]}, {'value': 'Mavoor Road , Kozhikode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mavoor_Road', 'summary': "Mavoor Road is the busiest High street of Kozhikode city in Kerala , India . This road connects the Mananchira pond area with the Kozhikode Medical College . After the medical college , the road is extended further to the little village of Mavoor but the term 'Mavoor Road ' refers to the section between the city and the Medical college ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oberon Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberon_Mall', 'summary': 'Oberon Mall is a shopping mall located in the Indian city of Kochi . The mall was opened formally on 2 March 2009 , though it was launched in 2008 . The cost of construction of the mall is about ₹1 billion . It is built on an area of 39,600 square metres ( 426,000 sq ft ) across five floors of shops and office spaces and covering grounds of up to 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) . Oberon Mall was developed and promoted by the Oberon Group of Companies , India . The mall is one of the busiest shopping avenues for the city of Cochin . [ citation needed ] Wild Fish , a world-class seafood store from Abad Food Services which offers live , fresh and frozen seafood , opened their store in Oberon Mall . A fire broke out at Oberon Mall on May 2017 but no severe damage was reported'}]}, {'value': 'Edapally , Kochi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '350,000 sq ft ( 33,000 m ) ( total built area )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y Mall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triprayar , Kochi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '205,000 sq ft ( 100,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mall of Joy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mall_of_Joy,_Thrissur', 'summary': 'Mall of Joy is a shopping mall located in Thrissur , Kerala , India . The mall has a total floor space of 19,000 m2 ( 200,000 sq ft ) . It is the first of eight malls proposed by Joy Alukkas Group , with the one at Kottayam being second to start functioning .'}]}, {'value': 'Municipal Office Road , Thrissur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thrissur', 'summary': 'Thrissur ( ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) , also known by its former name Trichur ) is a city and headquarters of the Thrissur district in Kerala , India . It is the third largest urban agglomeration in Kerala after Kochi and Calicut urban areas and the 20th largest in India . Thrissur is also known as the cultural capital of Kerala because of its cultural , spiritual and religious leanings throughout history . The city is built around a 65-acre ( 26 ha ) hillock called the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan temple . Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin . It is located 268 kilometres ( 167 mi ) towards north-west of the state capital city Trivandrum . One of the main cultural events in Thrissur is the Thrissur Pooram , which attracts quite a number of tourists and travellers .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200,000 sq ft ( 19,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abad Nucleus Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abad_Nucleus_Mall', 'summary': "Nucleus Mall is a mall in Kochi , Kerala . It is located at Maradu , around 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) from the city centre . The mall is constructed and managed by ABAD Builders , a prominent builder of villas and apartments based in Kochi . The mall has a total floor space of 26,000 square metres ( 280,000 sq ft ) spread over 3 floors and is located in the developing suburban of Maradu , near to Thripunithura . The mall was opened with much gala on 5 November 2010 . The Mall is India 's first LEED certified gold rated green mall . Nucleus Mall has won Realty Plus Excellence Award for 2012 in the category of environment-friendly commercial project of the year in South India ."}]}, {'value': 'Maradu , Kochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maradu', 'summary': 'Maradu is a region in the city of Kochi in Kerala , India . It is located at about 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) from the city center . It was formed in May 1953 as a Grama Panchayath and was upgraded to the level of municipality in November 2010 . National highways NH 85 , NH 966 B and NH 66 passes through Maradu and has played a vital role in the development of the area . Maradu is well connected by waterways as well .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120,000 sq ft ( 11,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RP Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RP_Mall,_Kollam', 'summary': "The RP Mall is a shopping mall in the city of Kollam , Kerala , Owned by one of the business tycoons in India , B. Ravi Pillai 's RP Group . RP Mall was formerly known as K-Mall ( Kollam Mall ) and was the first mall venture from Malabar Developers and first of its kind in South kerala . Kollam was the third city in Kerala ( after Kochi and Kozhikode ) to adopt the shopping mall culture . The 210,000 sq.ft Mall is located on Kollam 's high street . RP Mall has about 100,000 sq ft ( 9,300 m2 ) of retail space , spread on seven floors . There is a 2,700 sq ft ( 250 m2 ) McDonald 's restaurant ."}]}, {'value': 'Chinnakada , Kollam', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100,000 sq ft ( 9,300 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'H & J Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/H&J_Mall', 'summary': 'The H & J Mall is a shopping mall in Karunagappally in Kollam Metropolitan Area , India . The mall is owned by the NRI business man from the Karunagappally , Mr. Hameed Kunju . The Mall is standing on the centre of the bustling trading town Karunagappally . It is the second shopping mall in Kollam Metropolitan Area . H & J Mall was inaugurated by film actor Mammootty on 29 March 2015 . The 210,000 sq ft ( 20,000 m2 ) 10-story mall is one of the important shopping destinations in Karunagappally . It features a Carnival Cinemas theater , dining area , escalator , and two lifts .'}]}, {'value': 'Karunagapally , Kollam', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120,000 sq ft ( 11,000 m )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Kerala', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_shopping_malls_in_Kolkata_8', 'intro': 'This is a list of shopping malls in India, sortable by name, location, year opened and size.'}
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Where is located mall that is owned by Bridgeway Holding ?
MG Road
089c4997156553ff
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Scotland', 'title': 'List of oldest buildings in Scotland', 'header': ['Building', 'Location', 'Council Area', 'First Built', 'Use', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Iona Nunnery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iona_Nunnery', 'summary': "The Iona Nunnery was an Augustinian convent located on the island of Iona in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland . It was established sometime after the foundation of the nearby Benedictine monastery in 1203 . Bethóc , daughter of Somerled , was first prioress . The ruins of the nunnery stand in a peaceful garden adjacent to Iona 's main ( and only ) village , Baile Mor . They form the most complete remains of a medieval nunnery extant in Scotland . After the Reformation , the priory was dissolved and reduced to a ruin ."}]}, {'value': 'Iona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iona', 'summary': 'Iona ( Scottish Gaelic : Ì Chaluim Chille , sometimes simply Ì ) is a small island in the Inner Hebrides off the Ross of Mull on the western coast of Scotland . It is mainly known for Iona Abbey , though there are other buildings on the island . Iona Abbey was a centre of Gaelic monasticism for three centuries and is today known for its relative tranquility and natural environment . It is a tourist destination and a place for spiritual retreats . Its modern Scottish Gaelic name means Iona of ( Saint ) Columba ( formerly anglicised Icolmkill ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Argyll and Bute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute', 'summary': 'Argyll and Bute ( Scottish Gaelic : Earra-Ghàidheal agus Bòd , pronounced [ ɛrˠəˈɣɛːəlˠ̪ akəs̪ ˈpɔːtʲ ] ) is one of 32 unitary authority council areas in Scotland and a lieutenancy area . The administrative centre for the council area is in Lochgilphead .'}]}, {'value': 'Founded 1207', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nunnery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nunnery', 'summary': 'A convent is either a community of priests , religious brothers , religious sisters , monks or nuns ; or the building used by the community , particularly in the Catholic Church , Lutheran Churches , and the Anglican Communion .'}]}, {'value': 'The remains , substantial and , at least in part , original were repaired in 1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iona Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iona_Abbey', 'summary': 'Iona Abbey is an abbey located on the island of Iona , just off the Isle of Mull on the West Coast of Scotland . It is one of the oldest Christian religious centres in Western Europe . The abbey was a focal point for the spread of Christianity throughout Scotland and marks the foundation of a monastic community by St. Columba , when Iona was part of the Kingdom of Dál Riata . Saint Aidan served as a monk at Iona , before helping to reestablish Christianity in Northumberland , on the island of Lindisfarne Iona Abbey is the spiritual home of the Iona Community , an ecumenical Christian religious order , whose headquarters are in Glasgow . The Abbey remains a popular site of Christian pilgrimage today .'}]}, {'value': 'Iona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iona', 'summary': 'Iona ( Scottish Gaelic : Ì Chaluim Chille , sometimes simply Ì ) is a small island in the Inner Hebrides off the Ross of Mull on the western coast of Scotland . It is mainly known for Iona Abbey , though there are other buildings on the island . Iona Abbey was a centre of Gaelic monasticism for three centuries and is today known for its relative tranquility and natural environment . It is a tourist destination and a place for spiritual retreats . Its modern Scottish Gaelic name means Iona of ( Saint ) Columba ( formerly anglicised Icolmkill ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Argyll and Bute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute', 'summary': 'Argyll and Bute ( Scottish Gaelic : Earra-Ghàidheal agus Bòd , pronounced [ ɛrˠəˈɣɛːəlˠ̪ akəs̪ ˈpɔːtʲ ] ) is one of 32 unitary authority council areas in Scotland and a lieutenancy area . The administrative centre for the council area is in Lochgilphead .'}]}, {'value': '1200-1220', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monastery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monastery', 'summary': 'A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics , monks or nuns , whether living in communities or alone ( hermits ) . A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel , church , or temple , and may also serve as an oratory , or in the case of communities anything from a single building housing only one senior and two or three junior monks or nuns , to vast complexes and estates housing tens or hundreds . A monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church , dormitory , cloister , refectory , library , balneary and infirmary . Depending on the location , the monastic order and the occupation of its inhabitants , the complex may also include a wide range of buildings that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the community . These may include a hospice , a school , and a range of agricultural and manufacturing buildings such as a barn , a forge , or a brewery . In English usage , the term monastery is generally used to denote the buildings of a community of monks . In modern usage , convent tends to be applied only to institutions of female monastics ( nuns ) , particularly communities of teaching or nursing religious sisters . Historically , a convent denoted a house of friars ( reflecting the Latin ) , now more commonly called a friary . Various religions may apply these terms in more specific ways .'}]}, {'value': 'The north transept is the only part of this early church to survive reasonably intact', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pluscarden Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pluscarden_Abbey', 'summary': 'Pluscarden Abbey is a Roman Catholic Benedictine monastery in the glen of the Black Burn , 6 miles south-west of Elgin , Moray , Scotland . It was founded in 1230 by Alexander II for the Valliscaulian Order . In 1454 , following a merger with the priory of Urquhart , Pluscarden Priory became a Benedictine House . The Scottish Reformation saw the decline of the priory , and by 1680 it was in a ruinous condition . Some work to arrest decay took place in the late 19th century . In 1948 , the priory became a house of the Subiaco Cassinese Congregation of Benedictines , and restoration began at the hands of monks from Prinknash Abbey in Gloucestershire . In 1966 , the priory received its independence from the mother-house ; it was elevated to abbatial status in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'Elgin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elgin,_Moray', 'summary': 'Elgin ( /ˈɛlɡɪn/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Eilginn , Scots : Ailgin ) is a town ( former cathedral city ) and formerly a Royal Burgh in Moray , Scotland . It is the administrative and commercial centre for Moray . The town originated to the south of the River Lossie on the higher ground above the floodplain where the town of Birnie is . There , the church of Birnie Kirk was built in 1140 and serves the community to this day . Elgin is first documented in the Cartulary of Moray in 1190 AD . It was created a royal burgh in the 12th century by King David I of Scotland , and by that time had a castle on top of the present day Lady Hill to the west of the town . The people of Elgin are collectively known as Elginites .'}]}, {'value': 'Moray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moray', 'summary': 'Moray ( /ˈmʌri/ MURR-ee ; Scottish Gaelic : Moireibh or Moireabh ; Latin : Moravia ; Old Norse : Mýræfi ) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland . It lies in the north-east of the country , with coastline on the Moray Firth , and borders the council areas of Aberdeenshire and Highland . Between 1975 and 1996 Moray , with similar boundaries , was a district of the then Grampian Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Founded 1230', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monastery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monastery', 'summary': 'A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics , monks or nuns , whether living in communities or alone ( hermits ) . A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel , church , or temple , and may also serve as an oratory , or in the case of communities anything from a single building housing only one senior and two or three junior monks or nuns , to vast complexes and estates housing tens or hundreds . A monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church , dormitory , cloister , refectory , library , balneary and infirmary . Depending on the location , the monastic order and the occupation of its inhabitants , the complex may also include a wide range of buildings that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the community . These may include a hospice , a school , and a range of agricultural and manufacturing buildings such as a barn , a forge , or a brewery . In English usage , the term monastery is generally used to denote the buildings of a community of monks . In modern usage , convent tends to be applied only to institutions of female monastics ( nuns ) , particularly communities of teaching or nursing religious sisters . Historically , a convent denoted a house of friars ( reflecting the Latin ) , now more commonly called a friary . Various religions may apply these terms in more specific ways .'}]}, {'value': 'Originally Valliscaulian , now a Benedictine House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valliscaulian_Order', 'summary': 'The Valliscaulian Order was a religious order of the Catholic Church . It was named after Vallis Caulium or Val-des-Choux , its first monastery , located in Burgundy . The order was founded at the end of the twelfth century and lasted until its absorption by the Cistercians in the eighteenth century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Benedictine', 'summary': "The Benedictines , officially the Order of Saint Benedict ( Latin : Ordo Sancti Benedicti , abbreviated as OSB ) , are a monastic Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that follow the Rule of Saint Benedict . They are also sometimes called the Black Monks , in reference to the colour of the members ' religious habits . Despite being called an order , the Benedictines do not operate under a single hierarchy but are instead organised as a collection of independent monastic communities , with each community ( monastery , priory or abbey ) within the order maintaining its autonomy . Unlike other religious orders , the Benedictines do not have a superior general or motherhouse with universal jurisdiction . Instead , the order is represented internationally by the Benedictine Confederation , an organization that was set up in 1893 to represent the order 's shared interests ."}]}, {'value': 'Ardchattan Priory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardchattan_Priory', 'summary': 'The Ardchattan Priory was a Valliscaulian monastic community in Ardchattan , Argyll , Scotland . It was founded in 1230 by Duncan MacDougal , Lord of Argyll . From the early 14th century , the Prior of Ardchattan held the chantership of Lismore Cathedral . In April 1510 it was incorporated as a cell of Beauly Priory and may have become Cistercian , but the evidence is slight . It was annexed to the bishopric of the Isles in 1615 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ardchattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardchattan', 'summary': "Ardchattan is a civil parish within Argyll and Bute in Scotland . It lies north of Oban , bordering Loch Etive and includes Glen Ure , Glen Creran , Barcaldine , Benderloch , Connel , Bonawe and Glen Etive . At the 2001 census , Ardchattan and Muckairn had a population of 2,443 , between them . Its name derives from the 6th-century Irish monk Saint Cathan , combined with the Goidelic element ard- , or heights . In the past Ardchattan has been co-joined with its neighbouring parish of Muckairn , on the other side of Loch Etive . Its most famous landmark is Ardchattan Priory , founded as a Valliscaulian priory around the year 1230 . The priory 's ruins and surrounding gardens are now open to the public ."}]}, {'value': 'Argyll and Bute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute', 'summary': 'Argyll and Bute ( Scottish Gaelic : Earra-Ghàidheal agus Bòd , pronounced [ ɛrˠəˈɣɛːəlˠ̪ akəs̪ ˈpɔːtʲ ] ) is one of 32 unitary authority council areas in Scotland and a lieutenancy area . The administrative centre for the council area is in Lochgilphead .'}]}, {'value': 'Founded 1230', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monastery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also Valliscaulian , and dedicated to St May and St John the Baptist . Now ruined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valliscaulian_Order', 'summary': 'The Valliscaulian Order was a religious order of the Catholic Church . It was named after Vallis Caulium or Val-des-Choux , its first monastery , located in Burgundy . The order was founded at the end of the twelfth century and lasted until its absorption by the Cistercians in the eighteenth century .'}]}, {'value': 'Fortrose Cathedral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortrose_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Fortrose Cathedral was the episcopal seat ( cathedra ) of the medieval Scottish diocese of Ross in the Highland region of Scotland . It is probable that the original site of the diocese was at Rosemarkie , but by the 13th century the canons had relocated a short distance to the south-west , to the site known as Fortrose or Chanonry . According to Gervase of Canterbury , in the early 13th century the cathedral of Ross was manned by Céli Dé ( culdees ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Fortrose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortrose', 'summary': "Fortrose ( /fɔːrtˈroʊz/ ; Scottish Gaelic : A ' Chananaich , Scots : Chainry ) is a town and former royal burgh in Highland , Scotland , United Kingdom . It is on the Moray Firth , about 6 miles ( 10 km ) north-east of Inverness . The town is known for its ruined 13th century cathedral , and as the home of the Brahan Seer . In the Middle Ages it was the seat of the bishopric of Ross , and formerly called Chanonry , for being the Chanory of Ross . The cathedral was largely demolished in the mid-seventeenth century by Oliver Cromwell to provide building materials for a citadel at Inverness . The vaulted south aisle , with bell-tower , and a detached chapter house ( used as the tollbooth of Fortrose after the Reformation ) remain . These fragments , though modest in scale , display considerable architectural refinement , and are in the care of Historic Scotland ( no entrance charge ) . The burgh is a popular location for trying to spot bottlenose dolphins ( see Chanonry Point ) in the Moray Firth . Fortrose shares a golf course with Rosemarkie . Set on the Chanonry Ness the course stretches out into the Moray Firth and offers good views of Fort George . The course is well known for its signature 4th Hole Lighthouse . The lighthouse in question is the Chanonry Point lighthouse which was designed by Alan Stevenson and was first lit 15 May 1846 ."}]}, {'value': 'Highland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1235', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Undercroft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The undercroft of the chapter house is only structure remaining from this date', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chapter_house', 'summary': 'A chapter house or chapterhouse is a building or room that is part of a cathedral , monastery or collegiate church in which larger meetings are held . When attached to a cathedral , the cathedral chapter meets there . In monasteries , the whole community often met there daily for readings and to hear the abbot or senior monks talk . When attached to a collegiate church , the dean , prebendaries and canons of the college meet there . The rooms may also be used for other meetings of various sorts ; in medieval times monarchs on tour in their territory would often take them over for their meetings and audiences . Synods , ecclesiastical courts and similar meetings often took place in chapter houses .'}]}, {'value': 'Inchmahome Priory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inchmahome_Priory', 'summary': 'Inchmahome Priory is situated on Inchmahome ( Inch meaning an island ) , the largest of three islands in the centre of Lake of Menteith , close to Aberfoyle , Scotland . The name Inchmahome comes from the Gaelic Innis MoCholmaig , meaning Island of St Colmaig . The priory was founded in 1238 by the Earl of Menteith , Walter Comyn , for a small community of the Augustinian order ( the Black Canons ) . The Comyn family were one of the most powerful in Scotland at the time , and had an imposing country house on Inch Talla , one of the other islands on the Lake of Menteith . There is some evidence that there was a church on the island before the priory was established . The priory has a long history of receiving many notable guests . King Robert the Bruce visited three times : in 1306 , 1308 and 1310 . His visits were likely politically motivated , as the first prior had sworn allegiance to Edward I , the English king . In 1358 the future King Robert II also stayed at the priory . In 1547 the priory served as a refuge for Queen Mary , aged four , hidden here for a few weeks following the disastrous defeat of the Scots army at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh during the Rough Wooing . The decline of the monastic orders in the 16th century was hastened by the fact that the heads of abbeys and priories became appointees of the local landowner , who often did not share the religious goals of the monks or ordained priests . In 1547 , the office passed to John , Lord Erskine , who later became head of Cambuskenneth and Dryburgh abbeys .'}]}, {'value': 'Inchmahome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inchmahome', 'summary': "Inchmahome , an anglicisation of Innis Mo Cholmaig ( my-Colmac 's island ) , is the largest of three islands in the Lake of Menteith , in Stirlingshire ."}]}, {'value': 'Stirling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stirling_(council_area)', 'summary': "The Stirling council area ( Scots : Stirlin ; Scottish Gaelic : Sruighlea ) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland , and has a population of about 94,330 ( 2017 estimate ) . It was created under the Local Government etc ( Scotland ) Act 1994 with the boundaries of the Stirling district of the former Central local government region , and it covers most of Stirlingshire ( except Falkirk ) and the south-western portion of Perthshire . Both counties were abolished for local government purposes under the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973 . The administrative centre of the area is the city of Stirling . The area borders the council areas of Clackmannanshire ( to the east ) , North Lanarkshire ( to the south ) , Falkirk ( to the south east ) , Perth and Kinross ( to the north and north east ) , Argyll and Bute ( to the north and north west ) , and both East and West Dunbartonshire to Stirling 's southwest . The majority of the population of the area is located in its southeast corner , in the city of Stirling and in the surrounding lowland communities : Bridge of Allan and Dunblane to the north , Bannockburn to the immediate south , and the three former coal mining communities of Cowie , Fallin , and Plean , known collectively as the Eastern Villages . The remaining 30 percent of the region 's population is sparsely distributed across the rural , mainly highland , expanse in the north of the region . The southern half of this rural area comprises the flat western floodplain of the River Forth , bounded on the south by the Touch Hills and the Campsie Fells . North of the glen lie the Trossachs mountains , and the northern half of the region is generally mountainous in character ."}]}, {'value': 'Founded 1238', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Much of the 13th-century building remains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nave Island Chapel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nave_Island', 'summary': 'Nave Island lies to the north of Islay in the Inner Hebrides near the mouth of Loch Gruinart . It is uninhabited .'}]}, {'value': 'Islay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Islay', 'summary': "Islay ( /ˈaɪlə/ ( listen ) EYE-lə ; Scottish Gaelic : Ìle ) is the southernmost island of the Inner Hebrides of Scotland . Known as The Queen of the Hebrides , it lies in Argyll just south west of Jura and around 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of the Northern Irish coast . The island 's capital is Bowmore where the distinctive round Kilarrow Parish Church and a distillery are located . Port Ellen is the main port . Islay is the fifth-largest Scottish island and the eighth-largest island of the British Isles , with a total area of almost 620 square kilometres ( 239 sq mi ) . [ Note 1 ] There is ample evidence of the prehistoric settlement of Islay and the first written reference may have come in the 1st century AD . The island had become part of the Gaelic Kingdom of Dál Riata during the Early Middle Ages before being absorbed into the Norse Kingdom of the Isles . The later medieval period marked a cultural high point with the transfer of the Hebrides to the Kingdom of Scotland and the emergence of the Clan Donald Lordship of the Isles , originally centred at Finlaggan . During the 17th century the Clan Donald star waned , but improvements to agriculture and transport led to a rising population , which peaked in the mid-19th century . This was followed by substantial forced displacements and declining resident numbers . Today , it has over 3,000 inhabitants and the main commercial activities are agriculture , malt whisky distillation and tourism . The island has a long history of religious observance and Scottish Gaelic is spoken by about a quarter of the population ."}]}, {'value': 'Argyll and Bute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute', 'summary': 'Argyll and Bute ( Scottish Gaelic : Earra-Ghàidheal agus Bòd , pronounced [ ɛrˠəˈɣɛːəlˠ̪ akəs̪ ˈpɔːtʲ ] ) is one of 32 unitary authority council areas in Scotland and a lieutenancy area . The administrative centre for the council area is in Lochgilphead .'}]}, {'value': 'Pre 1250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The site is within an enclosure that is likely to be several centuries older , The chimney is an 18th-century addition made by kelp harvesters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelp', 'summary': 'Kelps are large brown algae seaweeds that make up the order Laminariales . There are about 30 different genera . Despite its appearance , kelp is not a plant ; it is a heterokont . Kelp grows in underwater forests ( kelp forests ) in shallow oceans , and is thought to have appeared in the Miocene , 5 to 23 million years ago . The organisms require nutrient-rich water with temperatures between 6 and 14 °C ( 43 and 57 °F ) . They are known for their high growth rate - the genera Macrocystis and Nereocystis can grow as fast as half a metre a day , ultimately reaching 30 to 80 metres ( 100 to 260 ft ) . Through the 19th century , the word kelp was closely associated with seaweeds that could be burned to obtain soda ash ( primarily sodium carbonate ) . The seaweeds used included species from both the orders Laminariales and Fucales . The word kelp was also used directly to refer to these processed ashes .'}]}, {'value': 'Kelso Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelso_Abbey', 'summary': "Kelso Abbey is a ruined Scottish abbey in Kelso , Scotland . It was founded in the 12th century by a community of Tironensian monks first brought to Scotland in the reign of Alexander I . It occupies ground overlooking the confluence of the Tweed and Teviot waters , the site of what was once the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh and the intended southern centre for the developing Scottish kingdom at that time . Kelso thus became the seat of a pre-eminently powerful abbacy in the heart of the Scottish Borders . In the 14th century , Roxburgh became a focus for periodic attack and occupation by English forces and Kelso 's monastic community survived a number of fluctuations in control over the area , restoring the abbey infrastructure after episodes of destruction and ultimately retaining Scottish identity . From 1460 onwards , life for the abbey probably grew more settled , but came once again under attack in the early sixteenth century . By the mid-century , through a combination of turbulent events , the abbey effectively ceased to function and the building fell into ruin . Although the site of Kelso Abbey has not been fully excavated in modern times , evidence suggests that it was a major building with two crossings . The only remains standing today are the west tower crossing and part of the infirmary . The massive design and solid romanesque style of the tower indicate a very large building of formidable , semi-military construction and appearance , evidence of the importance with which Roxburgh was regarded when the abbacy was at the height of its power ."}]}, {'value': 'Kelso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelso,_Scottish_Borders', 'summary': "Kelso ( Scots : Kelsae Scottish Gaelic : Cealsaidh , ) is a market town in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland . Within the boundaries of the historic county of Roxburghshire , it lies where the rivers Tweed and Teviot have their confluence . The town has a population of 5,639 according to the 2011 census and based on the 2010 definition of the locality . Kelso 's main tourist draws are the ruined Kelso Abbey and Floors Castle , a William Adam designed house completed in 1726 . The Kelso Bridge was designed by John Rennie who later built London Bridge . Kelso is also notable for a long meteorological history . It held the UK record for lowest , official , January temperature at −26.7 °C ( −16.1 °F ) , from 1881 until 1982 . It also held the December record with the same temperature from 1879 to 1995 . The current record low is −27.0 °C ( −16.6 °F ) set in December 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Scottish Borders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Borders', 'summary': 'The Scottish Borders ( Scots : The Mairches , lit . The Marches ; Scottish Gaelic : Crìochan na h-Alba ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland . It borders the City of Edinburgh , Dumfries and Galloway , East Lothian , Midlothian , South Lanarkshire , West Lothian and , to the south-west , south and east , the English counties of Cumbria and Northumberland . The administrative centre of the area is Newtown St Boswells . The term Scottish Borders is also used to designate the areas of southern Scotland and northern England that bound the Anglo-Scottish border .'}]}, {'value': 'Completed 1248', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suffered significant damage during The Rough Wooing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Rough_Wooing', 'summary': "The Rough Wooing ( December 1543 - March 1551 ) was a war between Scotland and England . Following its break with Rome , England decided to attack Scotland , partly to destroy the Auld Alliance and prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for future invasion by France , partly to weaken Scotland , and partly to force Scotland to agree to a marriage alliance between Mary , Queen of Scots ( born 8 December 1542 ) , and the English heir apparent Edward , son of King Henry VIII . An invasion of France was also contemplated . War was declared by Henry in an attempt to force the Scots to agree to a marriage between Edward , who was six years old at the start of the war , and the infant queen , thereby creating a new alliance between Scotland and England . Upon Edward 's accession to the throne in 1547 at the age of nine , the war continued for a time under the direction of the Duke of Somerset before Somerset 's removal from power in 1549 and replacement by the Duke of Northumberland , who wished for a less costly foreign policy than his predecessor . It was the last major conflict between Scotland and England before the Union of the Crowns in 1603 , excepting perhaps the English intervention at the Siege of Leith in 1560 , and was part of the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the 16th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Arbroath Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbroath_Abbey', 'summary': "Arbroath Abbey , in the Scottish town of Arbroath , was founded in 1178 by King William the Lion for a group of Tironensian Benedictine monks from Kelso Abbey . It was consecrated in 1197 with a dedication to the deceased Saint Thomas Becket , whom the king had met at the English court . It was William 's only personal foundation - he was buried before the high altar of the church in 1214 . The last Abbot was Cardinal David Beaton , who in 1522 succeeded his uncle James to become Archbishop of St Andrews . The Abbey is cared for by Historic Environment Scotland and is open to the public throughout the year ( entrance charge ) . The distinctive red sandstone ruins stand at the top of the High Street in Arbroath ."}]}, {'value': 'Arbroath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbroath', 'summary': "Arbroath ( /ɑːrˈbroʊθ/ ) or Aberbrothock ( Scottish Gaelic : Obar Bhrothaig [ ˈopəɾ ˈvɾo.ɪkʲ ] ) is a former royal burgh and the largest town in the council area of Angus in Scotland , and has a population of 23,902 . It lies on the North Sea coast , around 16 miles ( 25.7 km ) ENE of Dundee and 45 miles ( 72.4 km ) SSW of Aberdeen . While there is evidence for settlement of the area now occupied by the town that dates back to the Iron Age , Arbroath 's history as a town begins in the High Middle Ages with the founding of Arbroath Abbey in 1178 . Arbroath grew considerably during the Industrial Revolution owing to the expansion of firstly the flax and secondly the jute industries and the engineering sector . A new harbour was built in 1839 and by the 20th century , Arbroath had become one of the larger fishing ports in Scotland . The town is notable as the home of the Declaration of Arbroath , as well as the Arbroath smokie . The town 's football team , Arbroath Football Club , hold the world record for the highest number of goals scored in a professional football match . They won 36-0 against Aberdeen Bon Accord in the Scottish Cup in 1885 ."}]}, {'value': 'Angus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angus,_Scotland', 'summary': 'Angus ( Scottish Gaelic : Aonghas ) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland , a registration county and a lieutenancy area . The council area borders Aberdeenshire , Dundee City [ disambiguation needed ] and Perth and Kinross . Main industries include agriculture and fishing . Global pharmaceuticals company GSK has a significant presence in Montrose in the north of the county . Angus was historically a county , known officially as Forfarshire from the 18th century until 1928 , bordering Kincardineshire to the north-east , Aberdeenshire to the north and Perthshire to the west ; southwards it faced Fife across the Firth of Tay ( essentially the same border as today minus Dundee ) . It remains a registration county and a lieutenancy area . In 1975 some of its administrative functions were transferred to the council district of the Tayside Region , and in 1995 further reform resulted in the establishment of the unitary Angus Council .'}]}, {'value': 'Completed mid-13th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The tower dates from the 13th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crossraguel Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossraguel_Abbey', 'summary': 'The Abbey of Saint Mary of Crossraguel is a ruin of a former abbey near the town of Maybole , South Ayrshire , Scotland . Although it is a ruin , visitors can still see the original monks church , their cloister and their dovecot ( pigeon tower ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Maybole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maybole', 'summary': 'Maybole ( Scottish Gaelic : Am Magh Baoghail , pronounced [ ə maɣ ˈpɯː.al ] ) is a burgh of barony and police burgh of South Ayrshire , Scotland . Pop . ( 2011 ) 4,760 . It is situated 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of Ayr and 50 miles ( 80 km ) southwest of Glasgow by the Glasgow and South Western Railway .'}]}, {'value': 'South Ayrshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Ayrshire', 'summary': "South Ayrshire ( Scots : Sooth Ayrshire ; Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Inbhir Àir a Deas , pronounced [ ˈʃirˠəxk iɲiˈɾʲaːɾʲ ə tʲes̪ ] ) is one of thirty-two council areas of Scotland , covering the southern part of Ayrshire . It borders onto Dumfries and Galloway , East Ayrshire and North Ayrshire . Following the 2017 council election , the Labour Party and the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) announced an agreement to control the council , supported by both independent councillors , despite the fact that the Conservatives emerged as the largest single party on the council with twelve of the twenty-eight elected members , with the SNP 's Douglas Campbell serving as Leader of the Council and Labour 's Helen Moonie returning as Provost ."}]}, {'value': 'Completed c. 1265', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beauly Priory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beauly_Priory', 'summary': "Beauly Priory was a Valliscaulian monastic community located at Insula de Achenbady , now Beauly , Inverness-shire . It was probably founded in 1230 . It is not known for certain who the founder was , different sources giving Alexander II of Scotland , John Byset , and both . The French monks , along with Bisset ( a nearby , recently settled landowner ) , had a strong enough French-speaking presence to give the location and the river the name beau lieu ( beautiful place ) and have it pass into English . An alternative story about the naming of Beauly village told by locals is that 'Mary , Queen of Scots ' was said to have been travelling through the area , probably on her way to Dingwall in her late teens and popped her head out of the Carriage window and uttered the words 'Beau Lieu ' ( Beautiful place ) . It is not the best documented abbey , and few of the priors of Beauly are known by name until the 14th century . It became Cistercian on 16 April 1510 , after the suppression of the Valliscaulian Order by the Pope . The priory was gradually secularized , and ruled by a series of commendatory abbots . The priory 's lands were given over to the bishop of Ross by royal charter on 20 October 1634 . The ruins today are still extensive and are one of the main visitor attractions in Inverness-shire . It is protected as a scheduled monument ."}]}, {'value': 'Beauly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beauly', 'summary': "Beauly ( /ˈbjuːli/ ( listen ) BEW-lee ; from French beau lieu , meaning 'beautiful place ' ; Scottish Gaelic : A ' Mhanachainn ) is a town in the Kilmorack Parish of the Scottish County of Inverness , on the River Beauly , 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Inverness by the Far North railway line . The town is now within the Highland council area . The land around Beauly is fertile - historically corn was grown extensively and more recently fruit has successfully been farmed . The town historically traded in coal , timber , lime , grain and fish ."}]}, {'value': 'Highland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Completed 1272', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monastery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Described by the monks as Prioratus de Bello Loco in 1230', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweetheart Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweetheart_Abbey', 'summary': 'The Abbey of Dulce Cor , better known as Sweetheart Abbey ( Gd : An Abaid Ur ) , was a Cistercian monastery founded in 1275 in what is now the village of New Abbey , in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire in Dumfries and Galloway , 8 miles ( 13 km ) south of Dumfries .'}]}, {'value': 'New Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Abbey', 'summary': "New Abbey is a village in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire in Dumfries and Galloway , Scotland . It is around 6 miles ( 10 km ) south of Dumfries . The summit of the prominent hill Criffel is 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) to the south . The village has a wealth of history including the ruined Cistercian abbey Sweetheart Abbey , founded by Lady Devorgilla in 1273 in memory of her husband John Balliol . She kept his embalmed heart close to her for the rest of her life . The monks named the abbey dulce cor ( sweet heart ) . The village has a watermill , the New Abbey Corn Mill . Loch Kindar has a crannog and the village has the remains of Kirk Kindar ( this was the parish church until just after 1633 when it was transferred to the refectory of the suppressed Sweetheart Abbey ) on an island located just outside the village . The village has a saw mill , a hotel , a village shop , a coffee shop , a primary school , a doctor 's surgery , a village hall , a bowling green , a football pitch - Maryfield Park ( home to Abbey Vale FC ) , a Church of Scotland church . A Roman Catholic church , St Mary 's , designed by the New Abbey born architect Walter Newall , closed in 2013 . It is now The Thomas Bagnall Centre with occasional retreats and Mass said here . Two burns flow through the village : the New Abbey Pow which runs into the River Nith Estuary and the Sheep Burn ."}]}, {'value': 'Dumfries and Galloway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway', 'summary': 'Dumfries and Galloway ( Scots : Dumfries an Gallowa ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Phrìs is Gall-Ghaidhealaibh ) is one of 32 unitary council areas of Scotland and is located in the western Southern Uplands . It comprises the historic counties of Dumfriesshire , Stewartry of Kirkcudbright and Wigtownshire , the latter two of which are collectively known as Galloway . The administrative centre is the town of Dumfries . Following the 1975 reorganisation of local government in Scotland , the three counties were joined to form a single region of Dumfries and Galloway , with four districts within it . Since the Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 , however , it has become a unitary local authority . For lieutenancy purposes , the historic counties are largely maintained with its three lieutenancy areas being Dumfries , Wigtown and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright . To the north , Dumfries and Galloway borders East Ayrshire , South Ayrshire and South Lanarkshire ; in the east the Borders ; and to the south the county of Cumbria in England and the Solway Firth . To the west lies the Irish Sea .'}]}, {'value': 'Founded 1273', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Cistercian monastery founded in 1275 by Dervorguilla of Galloway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cistercian', 'summary': "The Cistercians ( /sɪˈstɜːrʃənz/ ) officially the Order of Cistercians ( Latin : ( Sacer ) Ordo Cisterciensis , abbreviated as OCist or SOCist ) , are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint Benedict . They are also known as Bernardines , after the highly influential Bernard of Clairvaux ( though that term is also used of one of the Franciscan Orders in Poland and Lithuania ) ; or as White Monks , in reference to the colour of the cuccula or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits , as opposed to the black cuccula worn by Benedictine monks . The term Cistercian ( French Cistercien ) , derives from Cistercium , the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux , near Dijon in eastern France . It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded Cîteaux Abbey in 1098 , with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict . The best known of them were Robert of Molesme , Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding , who were the first three abbots . Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order . By the end of the 12th century , the order had spread throughout France and into England , Wales , Scotland , Ireland , Spain , Portugal , Italy , Scandinavia and Eastern Europe . The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict . Rejecting the developments the Benedictines had undergone , the monks tried to replicate monastic life as it had been in Saint Benedict 's time ; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity . The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour , especially agricultural work in the fields , a special characteristic of Cistercian life . The Cistercians also made major contributions to culture and technology in medieval Europe : Cistercian architecture is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture ; and the Cistercians were the main force of technological diffusion in fields such as agriculture , hydraulic engineering , and metallurgy . The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency , and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Monastery', 'summary': 'A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics , monks or nuns , whether living in communities or alone ( hermits ) . A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel , church , or temple , and may also serve as an oratory , or in the case of communities anything from a single building housing only one senior and two or three junior monks or nuns , to vast complexes and estates housing tens or hundreds . A monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church , dormitory , cloister , refectory , library , balneary and infirmary . Depending on the location , the monastic order and the occupation of its inhabitants , the complex may also include a wide range of buildings that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the community . These may include a hospice , a school , and a range of agricultural and manufacturing buildings such as a barn , a forge , or a brewery . In English usage , the term monastery is generally used to denote the buildings of a community of monks . In modern usage , convent tends to be applied only to institutions of female monastics ( nuns ) , particularly communities of teaching or nursing religious sisters . Historically , a convent denoted a house of friars ( reflecting the Latin ) , now more commonly called a friary . Various religions may apply these terms in more specific ways .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dervorguilla_of_Galloway', 'summary': "Dervorguilla of Galloway ( c. 1210 - 28 January 1290 ) was a 'lady of substance ' in 13th century Scotland , the wife from 1223 of John , 5th Baron de Balliol , and mother of John I , a future king of Scotland . The name Dervorguilla or Devorgilla was a Latinisation of the Gaelic Dearbhfhorghaill ( alternative spellings , Derborgaill or Dearbhorghil ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dunstaffnage Chapel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oban', 'summary': 'Oban ( /ˈoʊbən/ ( listen ) OH-bən ; An t-Òban in Scottish Gaelic meaning The Little Bay ) is a resort town within the Argyll and Bute council area of Scotland . Despite its small size , it is the largest town between Helensburgh and Fort William . During the tourist season , the town can play host to up to 25,000 people . [ citation needed ] Oban occupies a setting in the Firth of Lorn . The bay is a near perfect horseshoe , protected by the island of Kerrera ; and beyond Kerrera , the Isle of Mull . To the north is the long low island of Lismore and the mountains of Morvern and Ardgour .'}]}, {'value': 'Argyll and Bute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute', 'summary': 'Argyll and Bute ( Scottish Gaelic : Earra-Ghàidheal agus Bòd , pronounced [ ɛrˠəˈɣɛːəlˠ̪ akəs̪ ˈpɔːtʲ ] ) is one of 32 unitary authority council areas in Scotland and a lieutenancy area . The administrative centre for the council area is in Lochgilphead .'}]}, {'value': 'pre 1275', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adjacent to Dunstaffnage Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunstaffnage_Castle', 'summary': "Dunstaffnage Castle ( Scottish Gaelic : Caisteal Dhùn Stadhainis ) is a partially ruined castle in Argyll and Bute , western Scotland . It lies 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) N.N.E . of Oban , situated on a platform of conglomerate rock on a promontory at the south-west of the entrance to Loch Etive , and is surrounded on three sides by the sea . The castle dates back to the 13th century , making it one of Scotland 's oldest stone castles , in a local group which includes Castle Sween and Castle Tioram . Guarding a strategic location , it was built by the MacDougall lords of Lorn , and has been held since the 15th century by the Clan Campbell . To this day there is a hereditary Captain of Dunstaffnage , although they no longer reside at the castle . Dunstaffnage is maintained by Historic Scotland , and is open to the public , although the 16th century gatehouse is retained as the private property of the Captain . The prefix dun in the name means fort in Gaelic , while the rest of the name derives from Norse stafr-nis , headland of the staff ."}]}, {'value': 'Balmerino Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balmerino_Abbey', 'summary': "Balmerino Abbey , or St Edward 's Abbey , in Balmerino , Fife , Scotland , was a Cistercian monastic community which has been ruinous since the 16th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Balmerino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balmerino', 'summary': "Balmerino ( Scottish Gaelic : Baile Mearna means settlement of St Mearnaig . St Merinoch/Mernoc ( Irish Mearnóg ) was a famed navigator ( pers Iain Mac an Táilleir , Sabhal Mór Ostaig ) however the abundance of prosaic farming names derived from Gaelic in the area makes Baile Marruineach a likely derivation meaning a farm that was good for dairy produce ( Dwelly ) . Balmerino is a small village and former monastic centre in Fife , Scotland . It is the home of Balmerino Abbey and the former abbots of Balmerino who were great regional landlords . It became a secular lordship ( see Lord Balmerino ) at the beginning of the 17th century and fell into ruin . The Abbey ruins and grounds are managed by the National Trust for Scotland and are famed for the ancient sweet chestnut tree and the display of aconites which flower in February . The village is now an official Conservation Area . Balmerino is also celebrated by a poem by William McGonagall - widely recognised to be the English language 's worst poet : Beautiful Balmerino ."}]}, {'value': 'Fife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fife', 'summary': "Fife ( /faɪf/ , Scottish English : [ fɐi̯f ] ; Scottish Gaelic : Fìobha ; Scots : Fife ) is a council area and historic county of Scotland . It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth , with inland boundaries to Perth and Kinross ( i.e . the historic counties of Perthshire and Kinross-shire ) and Clackmannanshire . By custom it is widely held to have been one of the major Pictish kingdoms , known as Fib , and is still commonly known as the Kingdom of Fife within Scotland . Fife is one of the six local authorities part of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region . It is a lieutenancy area , and was a county of Scotland until 1975 . It was very occasionally known by the anglicisation Fifeshire in old documents and maps compiled by English cartographers and authors . A person from Fife is known as a Fifer . Fife was a local government region divided into three districts : Dunfermline , Kirkcaldy and North-East Fife . Since 1996 the functions of the district councils have been exercised by the unitary Fife Council . Fife is Scotland 's third largest local authority area by population . It has a resident population of just under 367,000 , over a third of whom live in the three principal towns of Dunfermline , Kirkcaldy and Glenrothes ."}]}, {'value': 'Completed c. 1286', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founded in 1231 , badly damaged in the 16th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Culross Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culross_Abbey', 'summary': 'Culross Abbey is a former Cistercian abbey in Culross , Scotland , headed by the Abbot or Commendator of Culross . Part of it is still used as the local parish church by the Church of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Culross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culross', 'summary': 'Culross ( /ˈkurəs/ ) ( Gaelic : Cuileann Ros ) is a village and former royal burgh , and parish , in Fife , Scotland . According to the 2006 estimate , the village has a population of 395 . Originally , Culross served as a port city on the Firth of Forth and is believed to have been founded by Saint Serf during the 6th century . The civil parish had a population of 4,348 in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fife', 'summary': "Fife ( /faɪf/ , Scottish English : [ fɐi̯f ] ; Scottish Gaelic : Fìobha ; Scots : Fife ) is a council area and historic county of Scotland . It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth , with inland boundaries to Perth and Kinross ( i.e . the historic counties of Perthshire and Kinross-shire ) and Clackmannanshire . By custom it is widely held to have been one of the major Pictish kingdoms , known as Fib , and is still commonly known as the Kingdom of Fife within Scotland . Fife is one of the six local authorities part of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region . It is a lieutenancy area , and was a county of Scotland until 1975 . It was very occasionally known by the anglicisation Fifeshire in old documents and maps compiled by English cartographers and authors . A person from Fife is known as a Fifer . Fife was a local government region divided into three districts : Dunfermline , Kirkcaldy and North-East Fife . Since 1996 the functions of the district councils have been exercised by the unitary Fife Council . Fife is Scotland 's third largest local authority area by population . It has a resident population of just under 367,000 , over a third of whom live in the three principal towns of Dunfermline , Kirkcaldy and Glenrothes ."}]}, {'value': 'Late 13th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founded before 1217 , parts of the nave are early-13th-century , but most of the original structures are c. 1300', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '13th century -- Religious buildings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Oldest_buildings_in_Scotland_5', 'intro': 'This article lists the oldest extant freestanding buildings in Scotland. In order to qualify for the list a structure must:'}
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What monastery 's members were responsible for the restoration of the abbey in the council area called Moravia in Latin ?
Prinknash Abbey
089d416ad576f859
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_York_Red_Bulls_season', 'title': '2013 New York Red Bulls season', 'header': ['#', 'Position :', 'Player', 'Transferred to', 'Fee', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': '99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Angulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Angulo', 'summary': 'José Angulo ( born 13 January 1988 ) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a forward for USL Championship club Hartford Athletic .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Riverhounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Riverhounds', 'summary': "Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC is an American professional soccer team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1998 and beginning play in 1999 , the club plays in the Eastern Conference of the USL Championship , the second tier of the American soccer pyramid . Since 2013 , the Riverhounds have played their home games at the 5,000-seat Highmark Stadium , a soccer-specific stadium located in Station Square . Their current head coach is Bob Lilley . Saint Lucian international David Flavius currently holds the club records for most appearances and goals which he set over his eight seasons with the Riverhounds between 1999 and 2006 . In June 2017 , the Riverhounds entered into a developmental partnership with the Ocean City Nor'easters of the Premier Development League , running through the 2018 season . In 2013 , the Riverhounds organization announced its intentions to join Major League Soccer by 2023 ( however , as of 2019 , the MLS has not listed Pittsburgh in a list of possible expansion cities ) . Highmark Stadium initially seated 3,500 spectators , though the stadium is designed to be capable of being expanded to 18,500 ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jhonny Arteaga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jhonny_Arteaga', 'summary': 'Jhonny Alexandre Arteaga ( born 24 November 1986 in Cali ) is a Colombian former footballer and current football coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Riverhounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Riverhounds', 'summary': "Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC is an American professional soccer team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1998 and beginning play in 1999 , the club plays in the Eastern Conference of the USL Championship , the second tier of the American soccer pyramid . Since 2013 , the Riverhounds have played their home games at the 5,000-seat Highmark Stadium , a soccer-specific stadium located in Station Square . Their current head coach is Bob Lilley . Saint Lucian international David Flavius currently holds the club records for most appearances and goals which he set over his eight seasons with the Riverhounds between 1999 and 2006 . In June 2017 , the Riverhounds entered into a developmental partnership with the Ocean City Nor'easters of the Premier Development League , running through the 2018 season . In 2013 , the Riverhounds organization announced its intentions to join Major League Soccer by 2023 ( however , as of 2019 , the MLS has not listed Pittsburgh in a list of possible expansion cities ) . Highmark Stadium initially seated 3,500 spectators , though the stadium is designed to be capable of being expanded to 18,500 ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corey Hertzog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corey_Hertzog', 'summary': 'Corey Hertzog ( born August 1 , 1990 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Reno 1868 in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Vancouver Whitecaps FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_Whitecaps_FC', 'summary': "Vancouver Whitecaps FC is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Vancouver , British Columbia that competes in the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The Whitecaps were the 17th team to enter Major League Soccer and replaced the USSF Division 2 team of the same name in the city . The club has been owned and managed by the same group since their USSF days , having graduated to MLS after the conclusion of the USSF 's 2010 season . The MLS version of the team is a phoenix club , and the third to carry the legacy of the Whitecaps name . In the 2012 season , the team became the first Canadian team to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Gunnar Solli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Gunnar_Solli', 'summary': 'Jan Gunnar Solli ( born 19 April 1981 in Arendal ) is a Norwegian footballer . He has played as a right back for the most of his career , but also plays defensive midfielder and right winger .'}]}, {'value': 'Vålerenga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vålerenga_Fotball', 'summary': "Vålerenga Fotball ( Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈvôːlərəŋɑ ] or [ ˈvôːɽəŋɑ ] ( listen ) ) is a Norwegian association football club from Oslo and a part of the multi-sport club Vålerengens IF . Founded in 1913 , the club is named after the neighbourhood of Vålerenga . Vålerenga 's home ground is Intility Arena , located in Valle-Hovin . Vålerenga are five-time league champions and four-time Norwegian Football Cup champions , having last won the league in 2005 and the cup in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teemu Tainio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teemu_Tainio', 'summary': 'Teemu Tainio ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈteːmu ˈtɑinio ] ; born 27 November 1979 ) is a Finnish football coach and former player . He is the current head coach of FC Haka . He began his career with his local club , TP-47 , before moving to FC Haka in 1996 . A year later , he moved to France to play for Auxerre . After eight years there , he joined English club Tottenham Hotspur , where he spent three years before joining Sunderland . After a loan spell with Birmingham City during the 2009-10 season , he moved to Dutch club Ajax , before joining the New York Red Bulls in 2011 . After two seasons in the United States , he returned to Finland to finish his career with HJK . He mostly played in a variety of midfield positions during his career , and also at right-back under Juande Ramos at Tottenham .'}]}, {'value': 'HJK Helsinki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HJK_Helsinki', 'summary': "Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi ( literally The Football Club of Helsinki ) , commonly known as HJK Helsinki , or simply as HJK , is a professional football club based in Helsinki , Finland . The club competes in the Finnish Veikkausliiga . Founded in 1907 , the club has spent most of its history in the top tier of Finnish football . The club 's home ground is the 10,770-seat Telia 5G -areena , where they have played since 2000 . Generally considered Finland 's biggest club , HJK is the most successful Finnish club in terms of championship titles with 29 . The club has also won 13 Finnish Cups and 5 Finnish League Cups . Many of Finland 's most successful players have played for HJK before moving abroad . The club has also similar success with women 's Naisten Liiga . HJK is the only Finnish club that has participated in the UEFA Champions League group stage . In 1998 , they beat Metz in the play-off round to clinch their place in the competition for the following season . HJK has also participated in the UEFA Europa League , in 2014-15 , defeating Rapid Wien in the play-off round . The club 's highest score in a European competition came during the 2011-12 season , with a 13-0 aggregate victory over Welsh champions Bangor City , which included a 10-0 home win ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonathan Borrajo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Borrajo', 'summary': 'Jonathan Borrajo ( born June 2 , 1987 ) is a former American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'Mjøndalen IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mjøndalen_IF', 'summary': 'Mjøndalen IF is a Norwegian sports club located in Mjøndalen , Buskerud , Norway . Of the different athletic endeavours that the club supports , it may be best known in Norway for its bandy national championship teams and internationally for its association football national championship teams that have competed in UEFA championships . Founded in 1910 , it has sections for association football , bandy , baseball , cycling , gymnastics , handball , judo and skiing . The club formerly had a section for athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Keel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Keel', 'summary': 'Stephen Keel ( born April 11 , 1983 in Littleton , Colorado ) is a former American soccer player who most recently played for FC Dallas in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'FC Dallas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dallas', 'summary': "FC Dallas is an American professional soccer club based in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 as a charter club of the league . The club was founded in 1995 as the Dallas Burn before adopting its current name in 2004 . Dallas plays its home games at their 20,500-capacity soccer-specific Toyota Stadium , where they have played since 2005 . In the club 's early years , Dallas played their home games in the Cotton Bowl . The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group led by brothers Clark Hunt and Dan Hunt , who is the team 's president . The Hunt family also owns the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs and part of the Chicago Bulls . FC Dallas in 2016 won their first Supporters ' Shield . In 2010 they were runners-up in the MLS Cup , losing to the Colorado Rapids in extra time . The team has won the U.S. Open Cup on two occasions ( in 1997 and again in 2016 ) . Their fully owned USL affiliate , North Texas SC , won the 2019 USL League One regular season and overall championship titles , the third division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyler Ruthven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler_Ruthven', 'summary': 'Tyler Ruthven ( born July 18 , 1988 ) is a former American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'IK Brage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IK_Brage', 'summary': 'Idrottsklubben Brage , also known as IK Brage or simply Brage , is a Swedish football club located in Borlänge . The club is affiliated with Dalarnas Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Domnarvsvallen . The club colours , reflected in their crest and kit , are green and white . The club can be seen as a continuation of IK Blixt which was founded in the early 1920s but merged into Domnarvets GoIF in 1923 . Two years later the merger was split and IK Blixt changed their name to IK Brage , after the Norse god Bragi . The club has played a total of 18 seasons in Allsvenskan , which is the highest level of the Swedish football league system . They currently play in the second highest level ( Superettan ) where the season lasts from April to November . IK Brage also recently spent time in the third division Division 1 ( 2014-2017 ) and fourth division Division 2 between 2005 and 2009 ) but has mainly played in the two highest Swedish divisions since its foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Gaudette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Gaudette', 'summary': "William Gaudette ( born September 14 , 1981 in Hummelstown , Pennsylvania ) is an American-born Puerto Rican footballer who is currently unattached and played for the Puerto Rican national team . Gaudette commenced his soccer career at Lower Dauphin High School , period in which he had the opportunity to train with a talented Brazilian host brother before matriculating onto St. John 's University at the college level and becoming an All-American . Also suiting up for the Brooklyn Knights of the USL Premier Development League during the collegiate off-season . After an exceptional career at St. John 's , the Columbus Crew selected him 9th overall in the 2005 MLS Draft . His tenure with the Crew saw him serve primarily as backup to Jon Busch due to injury . In 2008 , Gaudette was transferred to the Puerto Rico Islanders of the USL First Division , where he would transform himself into an elite goalkeeper in North America . His contributions led the club to its first regular season championship , as well as leading the Islanders to the playoff finals . His crucial performances in the CONCACAF Champions League provided Puerto Rico with stunning results over regional powerhouses . In February 2010 he was ranked 17th in the USL First Division Top 25 of the Decade , which announced a list of the best and most influential USL players of the previous decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Free Agent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeremy Vuolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Vuolo', 'summary': 'Jeremy Joseph Vuolo ( born September 5 , 1987 ) is a former American soccer player for Major League Soccer and the North American Soccer League and currently a pastor and reality television star . After marrying Jinger Duggar ( one of the 19 Duggar children of 19 Kids and Counting ) , he currently appears on the spinoff series Counting On .'}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio Scorpions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio_Scorpions', 'summary': "The San Antonio Scorpions were an American professional soccer team based in San Antonio , Texas , United States . Founded in 2010 , the team made its debut in the North American Soccer League in 2012 . The Scorpions played at Toyota Field , a soccer specific stadium that was completed in 2013 . The club operated differently from most professional sports clubs in terms of its operating profit . As part of owner Gordon Hartman 's Soccer for a Cause , all net profits from Scorpions operations went towards funding Morgan 's Wonderland , a special needs park located in the Longhorn Quarry , next to STAR Soccer Complex and Toyota Field . On December 22 , 2015 , it was announced that Toyota Field and S.T.A.R . Soccer Complex were sold to the City of San Antonio and Bexar County , a deal which was accompanied by an agreement for Spurs Sports and Entertainment to operate the facilities and field San Antonio FC , which plays in the USL ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sébastien Le Toux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Le_Toux', 'summary': "Sébastien Le Toux ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ sebastjɛ̃ lə tu ] ; born 10 January 1984 ) is a retired French footballer who spent the majority of his professional career at Philadelphia Union and last played for D.C. United . The versatile attacker , who became Philadelphia 's first All-Star representative in 2010 , was widely regarded as one of the hardest workers in the league . Le Toux won the MLS Individual Fair Play Award in both 2010 and 2011 . Le Toux racked up over 263 career MLS appearances with 59 goals and 57 assists in nine years in MLS ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Union', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Union is an American professional soccer team based in Chester , Pennsylvania . The Union competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member club of the league 's Eastern Conference . The club began play in 2010 as an expansion team of the league . The club plays their home matches at Subaru Park , a soccer-specific stadium located in Chester on the banks of the Delaware River . Jim Curtin is the Union 's head coach . The Union finished as runners-up in the 2014 , 2015 and 2018 U.S. Open Cup tournaments . In the 2014 edition , they lost to the Seattle Sounders FC 3-1 in extra time , and to Sporting Kansas City 6-7 on penalties after a 1-1 draw in the 2015 edition . They lost 3-0 to the Houston Dynamo in the final of the 2018 edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Traded for Josué Martínez and undisclosed allocation money', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josué_Martínez', 'summary': 'Josué Isaac Martinez Areas ( born 25 March 1990 ) is a Costa Rican footballer who currently plays for Pérez Zeledón in the Costa Rican Primera División .'}]}, {'value': 'December 6 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rafael Márquez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Márquez', 'summary': "Rafael Márquez Álvarez ( Spanish : [ rafaˈel ˈmaɾkes ] ( listen ) ; born 13 February 1979 ) is a Mexican former professional footballer . He played as a central defender , sweeper , or defensive midfielder . Nicknamed El Káiser , Márquez is regarded as the best defender in Mexico 's history and one of the best Mexican players of all time . Márquez began his career with Atlas in 1996 , playing in over 70 games with the club before moving to France in 1999 with Monaco , where he won the Ligue 1 title . In 2003 , Márquez transferred to Barcelona , becoming the first ever Mexican to represent the club . He would go on to play in over 200 games during seven seasons with Barcelona , and win numerous championships . In 2006 , he became the first Mexican player to win the UEFA Champions League when Barcelona defeated Arsenal in the final . In 2010 Márquez joined the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer . After being released from the club in 2012 , he moved back to Mexico , this time to play for Club León . After captaining the team to two back-to-back league titles in 2013 and 2014 , Márquez transferred to Hellas Verona of the Italian Serie A . He returned to boyhood club Atlas in 2015 , and announced his retirement from football in April 2018 . A Mexican international since 1997 , Márquez has been capped 146 times for the national team , having won the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup , and the 2003 and 2011 editions of the CONCACAF Gold Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Club León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_León', 'summary': "Club León , simply known as León , is a Mexican professional football club based in the city of León , Guanajuato , Mexico . León has won the Liga MX México Primera División ( Mexico First Division ) title seven times : in 1948 , 1949 , 1952 , 1956 , 1992 , Apertura 2013 , and most recently Clausura 2014 . They became the first Mexican Campeonísimo ( winner of the League and the México Cup in the same year ) in 1949 . In 1993 León was the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup runner-up , losing the final match against Costa Rican team Deportivo Saprissa , in one of the greatest upsets among the defeats in the club 's history . They are also only the second Liga MX team to win back-to-back championships in short tournaments . They also qualified for the Champion 's Cup in 1998 , but were eliminated in the semi-final . The team has been a consistent contender for the Primera División A title since relegation from the Primera División in 2002 ; they failed to obtain the promotion due to constant mediocre performances in the play-offs despite good appearances during the regular season until the Clausura 2012 Tournament when León defeated Correcaminos UAT 6-2 and after ten years were finally promoted to the Primera División . In the Apertura 2013 season they became champions after defeating América 5-1 , giving them their sixth championship star . The next season , Clausura 2014 , they became champions for the second year in a row defeating Pachuca 4-3 , giving them their seventh championship star and becoming bicampeones . In recent years , Club Leon games have even attracted non-Spanish speaking football fans ; in addition to new Spanish-language broadcast partnerships with Fox Sports Latinoamérica in Mexico and Telemundo / NBC Deportes in the U.S . Since 2016 , Univision Deportes holds the U.S. broadcasting rights to León home games . León is ranked No ."}]}, {'value': 'Released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 12 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor Pálsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Pálsson', 'summary': 'Guðlaugur Victor Pálsson ( born 30 April 1991 ) is an Icelandic professional footballer who currently plays for SV Darmstadt 98 in the German 2 . Bundesliga . He has previously played for Liverpool , Dagenham & Redbridge , Hibernian , New York Red Bulls , NEC , Helsingborgs IF , Esbjerg fB and FC Zürich . Victor has also represented Iceland internationally .'}]}, {'value': 'NEC Nijmegen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/N.E.C._(football_club)', 'summary': "NEC Nijmegen , commonly NEC or N.E.C . ( pronounced [ ˌɛneːˈseː ] ) , is a Dutch football club from the city of Nijmegen that plays in the Eerste Divisie . The oldest remnant of the club , Eendracht ( Dutch for unity ) , stems back to 15 November 1900 . In 1910 , Eendracht merged with Nijmegen to form the Nijmegen Eendracht Combinatie ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈnɛimeːɣə ( n ) ˈeːndrɑxt ˌkɔmbiˈnaː ( t ) si ] ) . The team 's home ground is the 12,500-seat Stadion de Goffert . The club was runner-up in the KNVB Cup competition of 1973 , 1983 , 1994 and 2000 . It played in UEFA Cup tournaments of 1983 , 2003 , and 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract termination', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joel Lindpere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joel_Lindpere', 'summary': 'Joel Lindpere ( born 5 October 1981 ) is an Estonian football coach and former professional player . Lindpere played as a midfielder for Nõmme Kalju , Lelle , Flora , Valga , CSKA Sofia , Tromsø , New York Red Bulls , Chicago Fire and Baník Ostrava . He also made 107 appearances for the Estonia national team , scoring 7 goals .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Traded for an International Roster Slot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MLS_International_Roster_Slots', 'summary': 'MLS International Roster Slots are an important piece of roster composition in Major League Soccer . MLS employs a variety of mechanisms to promote parity and domestic player development which include player entry drafts , expansion drafts , allocation drafts , weighted lotteries , and a limit on the number of international roster slots available for each team . The limit on the number of international roster slots makes each slot a valuable commodity for teams to utilize through player signings or trades with other teams . The MLS roster rules for 2019 state :'}]}, {'value': 'January 4 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilman Conde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilman_Conde', 'summary': 'Wilman Fernando Conde Roa , Jr. ( born August 29 , 1982 in Cali ) is a Colombian footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Free Agent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contract termination', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 23 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenny Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Cooper', 'summary': 'Kenneth Scott Kenny Cooper , Jr. ( born 21 October 1984 ) is an American association football player who is currently a free agent . A forward , Cooper began his soccer career with Manchester United but failed to break through to the first team . He has since played for clubs in Portugal , Germany , England , the United States , and Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'FC Dallas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dallas', 'summary': "FC Dallas is an American professional soccer club based in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 as a charter club of the league . The club was founded in 1995 as the Dallas Burn before adopting its current name in 2004 . Dallas plays its home games at their 20,500-capacity soccer-specific Toyota Stadium , where they have played since 2005 . In the club 's early years , Dallas played their home games in the Cotton Bowl . The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group led by brothers Clark Hunt and Dan Hunt , who is the team 's president . The Hunt family also owns the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs and part of the Chicago Bulls . FC Dallas in 2016 won their first Supporters ' Shield . In 2010 they were runners-up in the MLS Cup , losing to the Colorado Rapids in extra time . The team has won the U.S. Open Cup on two occasions ( in 1997 and again in 2016 ) . Their fully owned USL affiliate , North Texas SC , won the 2019 USL League One regular season and overall championship titles , the third division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Traded for undisclosed allocation money', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 4 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josué Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josué_Martínez', 'summary': 'Josué Isaac Martinez Areas ( born 25 March 1990 ) is a Costa Rican footballer who currently plays for Pérez Zeledón in the Costa Rican Primera División .'}]}, {'value': 'Deportivo Saprissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Saprissa_S.A.D.', 'summary': "Deportivo Saprissa is a Costa Rican sports club , mostly known for its football team . The club is located in San Juan de Tibás , San José , and play their home games at the Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá . The team 's signature colours are purple ( burgundy ) and white . The club was founded in 1935 and has competed in the Costa Rican first division since 1949 . The name of the team comes from one of the club 's main founders , Ricardo Saprissa . One of the most popular nicknames for the team El Monstruo Morado ( The Purple Monster ) can be traced back to 1987 , when the Costa Rican newspaper Diario Extra gave the team the nickname during a derby , because of the club 's enormous following . A reporter commented that the sea of fans in the stands at the Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá in Tibás wearing purple , and the tremendous noise they were generating , made him feel like he was in the presence of a thousand headed monster . Saprissa immediately adopted the nickname El Monstruo Morado . Saprissa won 34 Primera División de Costa Rica championships , including six consecutive national titles in the 70s . It stands as one of the more successful teams in the CONCACAF region as well , having won the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup three times - in 1993 , 1995 , and 2005 . Saprissa has also won five Central American crowns in 1972 , 1973 , 1978 , 1998 , and 2003 . For the period 1 September 2007 to 31 August 2008 the club was ranked the 106th best team in the world by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics , an organization recognized by FIFA ."}]}, {'value': 'Waived', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 29 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rafinha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grêmio Barueri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grêmio_Barueri_Futebol', 'summary': "Grêmio Barueri Futebol Ltda. , generally known as Grêmio Barueri , or just as Barueri , was a Brazilian football club from Barueri , São Paulo state . The club was formerly known as Grêmio Recreativo Barueri and Grêmio Prudente Futebol Ltda . The club was founded in 1989 , in the city of Barueri , on the north-western outskirts of metropolitan São Paulo . The club and the city of Barueri failed to reach an agreement about training facilities and the concession of the Arena , causing the club to move to Presidente Prudente in the countryside , about 600 km from the state capital . The move was formalized by the end of February 2010 , and it was announced that a change of insignia and kit would follow within the next weeks . The club moved back to Barueri in 2011 . The club 's home stadium was the Arena Barueri , which has a maximum capacity of about 31,452 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Waived', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juninho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juninho_Pernambucano', 'summary': 'Antônio Augusto Ribeiro Reis Júnior ( born 30 January 1975 ) , commonly known as Juninho or Juninho Pernambucano [ note 1 ] is a Brazilian former footballer , who is currently sporting director of Olympique Lyonnais . Noted for his bending free kicks , he is widely considered to be the greatest free kick-taker of all time and holds the record for the highest number of goals scored through free kicks with 75 . Juninho began his professional career in 1993 with Brazilian club Sport do Recife . Two years later he joined Vasco da Gama where he played over 100 matches and won six titles . In 2001 , he joined Ligue 1 side Olympique Lyonnais where he played for the next eight years , winning seven consecutive league titles and scoring 100 goals in 350 official appearances for the club . Following his departure from Lyon in 2009 , Juninho played in Qatar with Al-Gharafa and in the United States with New York Red Bulls . The latter stint was wedged between two spells back at Vasco , where he ultimately retired in 2013 . Having made his international debut in 1999 , Juninho played 40 games for the Brazilian national team and scored six goals . He represented Brazil at the 2001 Copa América and was part of the squad which won the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup before retiring from international football after the 2006 World Cup . From 2013 to 2018 , Juninho was a football commentator for Brazilian sports network Rede Globo .'}]}, {'value': 'Vasco da Gama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CR_Vasco_da_Gama', 'summary': "Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi dʒi ʁɛˈgataʃ ˈvaʃku dɐ ˈgɐ̃mɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club that was founded on August 21 , 1898 ( although the professional football department started on November 5 , 1915 ) , by Portuguese immigrants , and still has a strong fanbase among the Portuguese community of Rio de Janeiro . It is one of the most popular clubs in Brazil , with more than 30 million supporters . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Vasco is mostly known for its football team . It plays in the Campeonato Carioca , the state of Rio de Janeiro 's premier state league and in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first tier of Brazilian football league system . Its statute defines the club as a sportive , recreative , educational , assistant and philanthropic non-profit organization of public utility . Their home stadium is São Januário , with a capacity of 21,880 , the third biggest in Rio de Janeiro ( after Maracanã and Engenhão ) , but some matches ( especially the city derbies ) are played at the Maracanã ( capacity of about 80,000 ) . They play in black shirts with a white diagonal sash that contains a Cross pattée , black shorts and black socks . The club is named after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract Terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 3 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digão_(footballer,_born_1985)', 'summary': 'Rodrigo Manuel Izecson dos Santos Leite ( born 14 October 1985 ) , known as Digão ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ dʒiˈɡɐ̃w ] ) , is a Brazilian retired professional footballer who played as a central defender . After signing with A.C. Milan at the age of 19 , he spent several years on loans with various teams , mainly in Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Retired', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contract Terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 19 , 2013', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Player management -- Transfers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_New_York_Red_Bulls_season_1', 'intro': "The 2013 New York Red Bulls season was the club's eighteenth season in Major League Soccer, the top division of American soccer."}
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In what season did Corey Hertzog 's team became the first Canadian organization to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs ?
2012
089d7757fdf09ee0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kazakhstan_Premier_League', 'title': '2009 Kazakhstan Premier League', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Venue', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aktobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Aktobe', 'summary': 'Football Club Aktobe ( Kazakh : Aqtóbe Fýtbol Klýby ) , commonly referred to as FC Aktobe or simply Aktobe , is a professional football club based in Aktobe . They play in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . Formed as Aktyubinets in 1967 , they became Aktobemunai in 1996 , Aktobe in 1997 , Aktobe-Lento in 2000 and finally Aktobe again in 2005 . Their home ground is the 13,500 seat Central Stadium . Aktobe have won five league titles , one Kazakhstan Cup and three Kazakhstan Super Cup . The club has also won two Soviet Second League titles in 1981 and 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Aktobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aktobe', 'summary': 'Aktobe ( Kazakh : Ақтөбе , romanized : Aqtóbe ; Russian : Актобе́ , romanized : Aktobe ) is a city on the Ilek River in Kazakhstan . It is the administrative center of Aktobe Region . In 2020 , it had a population of 500 803 people . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Aktobe Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aktobe_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Koblandy batyr stadium ( Kazakh : Қобыланды батыр стадионы , Qobylandy batyr stadıony ) is the main football arena of the city and for FC Aktobe . It was constructed in 1975 . On the opening day on August 28 , 1975 , Aktyubinets played against CSKA Moscow . Match ended with score 1:0 in favor of visiting team . Kopeykin scored the goal . The stadium is one of the best attended in Kazakhstan with capacity of just under 13,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '13,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atyrau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Atyrau', 'summary': "Football Club Atyrau ( Kazakh : Атырау футбол клубы , Atyraý fýtbol klýby ) are a professional football club based in Atyrau , who play in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . The club 's home ground is the 8,690-seat Munaishy Stadium , where they have played since their inception ."}]}, {'value': 'Atyrau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atyrau', 'summary': 'Atyrau ( Kazakh : Атырау , Atyraý , أتيراو , pronounced [ ɑtəˈrɑw ] ; Russian : Атырау , pronounced [ ɐtɨˈraʊ ] ) , known as Guryev ( Russian : Гурьев , pronounced [ ˈɡurʲjɪf ] ) until 1991 , is a city in Kazakhstan , and the capital of Atyrau Region . It is located at the mouth of the Ural River on the Caspian Sea , 2,700 kilometres ( 1,700 miles ) west of Almaty and 351 kilometres ( 218 miles ) east of the Russian city of Astrakhan . Modern Atyrau is famous for its oil and gas industries . It has 154,100 inhabitants ( 2007 ) , up from 142,500 ( 1999 census ) , 90% ethnic Kazakhs ( up from 80% ) , the rest being mostly Russians and other ethnic groups such as Tatars and Ukrainians .'}]}, {'value': 'Munayshy Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munayshy_Stadium', 'summary': 'Munayshy Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Atyrau , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Atyrau . Coordinates : 47°05′39″N 51°54′30″E / 47.094085°N 51.908324°E / 47.094085 ; 51.908324'}]}, {'value': '0 8,660', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irtysh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Irtysh_Pavlodar', 'summary': "FC Irtysh Pavlodar ( Kazakh : Ертіс Футбол Клубы , Ertis Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club based at the Central Stadium in Pavlodar . Irtysh won the Kazakhstan Premier league in 1993 ( as Ansat ) , 1997 , 1999 , 2002 and 2003 . The club is also founding members of the top league and never relegated to lower levels . Irtysh have participated in the AFC Champions League a number of times , reaching the semi-finals in 2001 ( the final year of Kazakhstan 's AFC affiliation ) , and played in UEFA Champions League qualifying round in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pavlodar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pavlodar', 'summary': "One of the oldest cities in northern Kazakhstan , Pavlodar was founded in 1720 as Koryakovsky , an Imperial Russian outpost . The settlement was created to establish control over the region 's salt lakes , an important source of valuable salt . In 1861 the settlement was renamed Pavlodar and incorporated as a town . Pavlodar 's significance was due in large measure to the substantial agricultural and salt-producing industries that had developed there despite the town 's relatively small population . Pavlodar 's population numbered only about 8,000 in 1897 . The name Pavlodar means The Gift of Paul , and was chosen to commemorate the birth of the Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia . After 1955 , the Soviet Government 's Virgin Lands Campaign provided the impetus for the rapid growth and development of modern Pavlodar . Under the program , large numbers of young men and women from throughout the Soviet Union were relocated to the city ; industrial and commercial activity was increased ; and from the mid-1960s on , Pavlodar grew to become a major industrial centre of both the Kazakh SSR and of the Soviet Union because of a major arms and armour manufacturing facility located in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Pavlodar Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pavlodar_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'Pavlodar Central Stadium ( Kazakh : Орталық стадион , Ortalyq stadıon ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Pavlodar , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Irtysh .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaisar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Kaisar', 'summary': 'FC Kaysar ( Kazakh : Қайсар Футбол Клубы , Qaısar Fýtbol Klýby ) are a Kazakh football club based in the Gany Muratbayev Stadium in Kyzylorda . They are founding members of the Kazakhstan Premier League and have missed only three seasons following relegations . The most successful was the season of 1998 , where they won the Kazakhstan Cup and came fourth in the league .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyzylorda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyzylorda', 'summary': 'Kyzylorda ( Kazakh : Қызылорда , romanized : Qyzylorda , قىزىلوردا ) , formerly known as Kzyl-Orda ( Russian : Кзыл-Орда ) , Ak-Mechet ( Ак-Мечеть ) , Perovsk ( Перовск ) , and Fort-Perovsky ( Форт-Перовский ) , is a city in south-central Kazakhstan , capital of Kyzylorda Region and former capital of the Kazak ASSR from 1925 to 1929 . The city has a population of 157,400 ( 1999 Census ) . It historically developed around the Syr Darya River and the site of a Kokand fortress . Population : 188,682 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 157,364 ( 1999 Census results ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Gany Muratbayev Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gany_Muratbayev_Stadium', 'summary': 'Gani Muratbayev Stadium ( Kazakh : Ғани Мұратбаев стадион , Ǵanı Muratbaev stadıon ) is a multi-use stadium in Kyzylorda , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Kaisar . It is named after the founder of Kazakhstan Young Communist League Gany Muratbayev .'}]}, {'value': '0 7,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazakhmys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Kazakhmys', 'summary': 'FC Kazakhmys ( Kazakh : Qazaqmys Fýtbol Klýby ) are defunct Kazakhstani football club . They were based in Satpayev , Karagandy Province . They won the First Division 2007 , but were not able to start in the Premier League 2008 due to financial difficulties . In the 2008 season the club became champion again and promoted to the Kazakhstan Premier League . In May 2011 due to lack of funds it was announced discontinuity of the club . In 2015 Gadaleta Investment LLP ( a company registered in Bermuda ) expressed its interest in taking over the relevant licence and franchise through the Molfetta Eurasia Sport Trust .'}]}, {'value': 'Satpaev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satpaev', 'summary': "Satbayev ( Kazakh : Сәтбаев , romanized : Sátbaev ) , until 1990 Nikolsk , is a city in Kazakhstan 's Karaganda Region . The city is named after Kanysh Satbayev , one of the founders of Soviet metallogeny , principal advocate and the first president of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences . Population : 60,105 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 58,652 ( 1999 Census results ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazakhmys Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 2,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyzylzhar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Kyzylzhar', 'summary': 'FC Kyzylzhar SK ( Kazakh : Қызылжар СК Футбол Клубы , Qyzyljar SK Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakhstani football club , playing in the north Kazakh city of Petropavl at the Karasai Stadium . They are founding members of Kazakhstan Premier League . Kyzylzhar is the name of a district in the city . They are two time runners-up of the Premier league ( 1999 and 2000 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Petropavl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petropavl', 'summary': 'Petropavl ( Kazakh : Петропавл , romanized : Petropavl ) or Petropavlovsk ( Russian : Петропавловск , tr . Petropavlovsk ) , is a city on the Ishim River in northern Kazakhstan close to the border with Russia , about 261 km west of Omsk along the Trans-Siberian Railway . It is the capital of the North Kazakhstan Region . Population : 201,446 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 203,523 ( 1999 Census results ) . The city is also known colloquially in the Kazakh language as Kyzylzhar ( Kazakh : Қызылжар , romanized : Qyzyljar ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Avangard Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avangard_Stadium', 'summary': 'Karasai Stadium ( Kazakh : Қарасай стадионы , Karasaı stadıony ) , previously known as Avangard Stadium , is a multi-use stadium in Petropavl , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Kyzylzhar .'}]}, {'value': '11,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lokomotiv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Astana', 'summary': "Astana Football Club ( Kazakh : Astana Fýtbol Klýby ) is a professional football club based in Nur-Sultan . They play in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . The club 's home ground is the 30,254-seat Astana Arena stadium . The club colours , reflected in their badge and kit , are sky blue and yellow . Founded as Lokomotiv Astana in 2009 , the club changed its name to Astana in 2011 . They are members of the Astana Presidential Club , an association of the main sports teams in Astana supported by the Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna . The short history of the club already boasts five league titles , three Kazakhstan Cups and three Kazakhstan Super Cups . The club 's strongest rivalry is with Kairat , among fans their matches are known as the Two Capitals Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Astana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astana', 'summary': "Nur-Sultan ( US : /ˌnʊərsʊlˈtɑːn/ ; Kazakh : Nur-Sultan , Нұр-Сұлтан ; Russian : Нур-Султан ) , previously named Astana [ a ] ( Kazakh : Astana , Russian : Астана ) from 1998 to 2019 , is the capital city of Kazakhstan . In March 2019 , it was renamed to Nur-Sultan after the departing Kazakh president , Nursultan Nazarbayev . It stands on the banks of the Ishim River in the northern portion of Kazakhstan , within the Akmola Region , though administered separately from the region as a city with special status . A 2017 official estimate reported a population of 1,029,556 within the city limits , making it the second-largest city in the country , behind Almaty , the capital from 1991 to 1997 . Akmola ( from 1998 Astana and from 2019 Nur-Sultan ) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997 , and since then has developed economically into one of the most modernized cities in Central Asia . On 23 March 2019 , following a unanimous vote in Kazakhstan 's parliament , the city was renamed Nur-Sultan , after former Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev . Modern Nur-Sultan is a planned city , much like other planned capitals . After it became the capital of Kazakhstan , the city cardinally changed its shape . The Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa designed the master plan of Astana . As the seat of the Government of Kazakhstan , Nur-Sultan is the site of the Parliament House , the Supreme Court , the Ak Orda Presidential Palace and numerous government departments and agencies . It is home to many futuristic buildings , hotels and skyscrapers ."}]}, {'value': 'K. Munaitpasov Stadium , Astana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazhimukan_Munaitpasov_Stadium_(Astana)', 'summary': 'Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium ( Kazakh : Қажымұқан Мұңайтпасов стадион , Qajymuqan Muńaıtpasov stadıon ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nur-Sultan , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for Soccermatches and is the home stadium of FC Astana-64 . The stadium holds 12,350 people . Coordinates : 51°09′46″N 71°24′48″E / 51.1627392°N 71.4133121°E / 51.1627392 ; 71.4133121'}]}, {'value': '12,350', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Okzhetpes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Okzhetpes', 'summary': 'Football Club Okzhetpes ( Kazakh : Оқжетпес Футбол Клубы , Oqjetpes Fýtbol Klýby ) are a Kazakhstani football based in the Torpedo Stadium in Kokshetau . The club currently play in the Kazakhstan Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Kokshetau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kokshetau', 'summary': 'Kokshetau ( Kazakh : Көкшетау , romanized : Kókshetaý ) , formerly known as Kokchetav ( Russian : Кокчетав , until 1993 ) is the administrative center of Aqmola Region , northern Kazakhstan . Population : 135,106 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 123,389 ( 1999 Census results ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Torpedo Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torpedo_Stadium_(Kokshetau)', 'summary': 'Okzhetpes Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kokshetau , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Okzhetpes . Coordinates : 53°17′7″N 69°23′30″E / 53.28528°N 69.39167°E / 53.28528 ; 69.39167'}]}, {'value': '0 6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ordabasy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Ordabasy', 'summary': 'FC Ordabasy ( Kazakh : Ордабасы Футбол Клубы , Ordabasy Fýtbol Klýby ) is a football club from Kazakhstan based at the K. Munaitpasov Stadium in Shymkent . Ordabasy was formed in July 2000 as FC Dostyk , following the merger of two existing Kazakhstan Premier League sides , FC Zhiger and FC Tomiris .'}]}, {'value': 'Shymkent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shymkent', 'summary': "Shymkent ( Kazakh : Shymkent , Шымкент , شىمكەنت ; Yañalif : Şьmkent ) ( Kazakh pronunciation : [ ʃɯmˈkɛnt ] ) , known until 1993 as Chimkent ( Uzbek : Chimkent , Чимкент , چىمكېنت ; Yañalif : Çimkent ( Uzbek pronunciation : [ tʃɨmˈkɛnt ] ) ) ; Russian : Чимкент , romanized : Čimkent ( Russian pronunciation : [ ˈtɕɨmˈkʲɛnt ] ) ) , is a city in Kazakhstan . It is near the border with Uzbekistan . It is one of three Kazakh cities which have the status equal to that of a region ( the city of republican significance ) . It is the third most populous city in Kazakhstan , only behind Almaty and Nur-Sultan , with an estimated population of 1,002,291 as of June 1 , 2018 . Because Shymkent has never been capital of Kazakhstan , it is therefore the most populous of Kazakhstan 's cities in terms of cities that have never been capital . According to regional and city officials , the millionth resident of Shymkent was born on 17 May 2018 . It is a regional cultural centre . Shymkent is situated 690 kilometres ( 430 mi ) west of Almaty and 1,483 kilometres ( 920 mi ) south of Nur-Sultan . It is also 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) to the north of Toshkent , Uzbekistan ."}]}, {'value': 'K. Munaitpasov Stadium , Shymkent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazhimukan_Munaitpasov_Stadium_(Shymkent)', 'summary': 'Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium ( Kazakh : Қажымұқан Мұңайтпасұлы , Qajymuqan Muńaıtpasuly ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Shymkent , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity of 20,000 people . The stadium is named after Kazhymukan Munaitpasov , a Kazakh wrestler and repeated World Champion in Greco-Roman wrestling .'}]}, {'value': '37,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakhter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Shakhter_Karagandy', 'summary': 'Football Club Shakhter ( Kazakh : Шахтер футбол клубы ) , commonly referred to as FC Shakhter Karagandy ( Kazakh : Қарағанды/Qarağandı [ qɑɾɑˈʁɑndə ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Караганда/Karaganda ) , is a professional football club based in Karagandy , Kazakhstan . They have been members of the Kazakhstan Premier League since its foundation in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Karagandy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karagandy', 'summary': "Karaganda or Qaraghandy ( Kazakh : Қарағанды/Qaraǵandy , pronounced [ qɑɾɑˈʁɑndə ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Караганда , pronounced [ kərəɡɐnˈda ] ) is the capital of Karaganda Region in the Republic of Kazakhstan . It is the fourth most populous city in Kazakhstan , behind Almaty ( Alma-Ata ) , Nur-Sultan and Shymkent . Population : 459,778 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 436,864 ( 1999 Census results ) . Karaganda is approximately 230 km south-east of Kazakhstan 's capital Nur-Sultan ( formerly known as Astana ) . In the 1940s up to 70% of the city 's inhabitants were ethnic Germans . [ citation needed ] Most of the ethnic Germans were Soviet Volga Germans who were collectively deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan on Stalin 's order when Hitler invaded Soviet-annexed eastern Poland and the Soviet Union proper in 1941 . Until the 1950s , many of these deportees were interned in labor camps , often simply because they were of German descent . The population of Karaganda fell by 14% from 1989-1999 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union ; it was once Kazakhstan 's second-largest city after Almaty . Over 100,000 people have since emigrated to Germany . There is also a concentration of ethnic Poles in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Shakhtyor Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakhtyor_Stadium_(Karagandy)', 'summary': 'Shakhtyor Stadium ( Kazakh : Шахтёр стадионы , Shahtıor stadıony ) is a multi-use stadium in Karaganda , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Shakhter . Coordinates : 49°49′07″N 73°04′30″E / 49.818618°N 73.075122°E / 49.818618 ; 73.075122'}]}, {'value': '19,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taraz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Taraz', 'summary': 'FC Taraz ( Kazakh : Taraz Fýtbol Klýby ) are a Kazakhstani football club based at the Taraz Central Stadium in Taraz . A leading club in the early years of the Kazakhstan Premier League , they were champions in 1996 , and Kazakhstan Cup winners in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Taraz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taraz', 'summary': 'Taraz ( Kazakh : Тараз , romanized : Taraz ; known to Europeans as Talas ) is a city and the administrative center of Jambyl Region in Kazakhstan , located on the Talas ( Taraz ) River in the south of the country near the border with Kyrgyzstan . It had a population of 330,100 ( 1999 Census ) , up 9% from 1989 , making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the country , after Nur-Sultan and Turkistan . One of the oldest cities in Kazakhstan and in Transoxania , built and populated by the ancient Sogdians , Taraz celebrated its official 2000th anniversary ( recognized by UNESCO ) in 2001 , dating from a fortress built in the area by a Xiongnu Chanyu named Zhizhi and was a site of the Battle of Zhizhi in 36 BCE . The city was first recorded under the name Talas in 568 CE by Menander Protector . The medieval city of Talas was a major trade centre along the Silk Road . Talas was later described by Xuanzang , who passed Talas in 629 and later wrote : Traveling westward from the Thousand Springs 140 or 150 li , we come to the city of Daluosi . The city is 8 or 9 li in diameter ; and was settled by Hu ( foreign , non-Oriental ) merchants from various nations . The products and the climate are about the same as Suyab . The Talas alphabet , a variant of the Turkic runiform Orkhon script , is named for the town . Talas secured a place in history by virtue of the Battle of Talas ( 751 CE ) , which was fought between forces of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and those of the Arab Abbasid Caliphate . The battle took place somewhere along the Talas River in the Talas valley . One of its indirect outcomes was the introduction of paper to the west , via the Arab capture of Chinese paper makers .'}]}, {'value': 'Taraz Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taraz_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'Taraz Central Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Taraz , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Taraz . Coordinates : 42°54′06″N 71°22′56″E / 42.901751°N 71.382224°E / 42.901751 ; 71.382224'}]}, {'value': '12,525', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tobol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Tobol', 'summary': 'FC Tobol ( Kazakh : Тобыл Футбол Клубы , Tobyl Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club based at the Central Stadium in Kostanay . They have been members of the Kazakhstan Premier League since its foundation in 1992 . They won the Kazakhstan Premier League in 2010 , and finished no lower than fourth place between the 2002 and 2010 seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Kostanay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kostanay', 'summary': 'Kostanay ( Kazakh : Қостанай , romanized : Qostanaı , قوستاناي ; Russian : Костанай , romanized : Kostanay ) is a city located on the Tobol River in northern Kazakhstan . It was known as Nikolayevsk ( Russian : Николаевск ) until 1895 and then as Kustanay ( Russian : Кустанай ) until 1997 . Kostanay is the administrative center of the Kostanay Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Kostanay Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kostanay_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'Kostanay Central Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kostanay , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Tobol . The stadium holds 8,323 people .'}]}, {'value': '0 8,323', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vostok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Vostok', 'summary': "FC Vostok ( Kazakh : Восток Футбол Клубы , Vostok Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club from Oskemen ( Ust-Kamenogorsk ) , and a founding member of the Kazakhstan Premier League in 1992 . The club 's best finish in the league was 5th place in 1997 and again in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oskemen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oskemen', 'summary': 'Oskemen ( Kazakh : Өскемен , romanized : Óskemen ) or Ust-Kamenogorsk ( Russian : Усть-Каменого́рск ) is the administrative center of East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan . It is served by Oskemen Airport . Population : 303,720 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 310,950 ( 1999 Census results ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Vostok Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vostok_Stadium', 'summary': 'Vostok Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Oskemen , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Vostok .'}]}, {'value': '0 8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhetysu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Zhetysu', 'summary': 'Jetisu Taldykorgan ( Kazakh : Жетісу Талдықорған футбол клубы , Jetisý Taldyqorǵan Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club based at the Zhetysu stadium in Taldykorgan . Founding members of the Kazakhstan Premier League , they missed five seasons because of relegations .'}]}, {'value': 'Taldykorgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taldykorgan', 'summary': 'Taldykorgan ( Kazakh : Талдықорған , romanized : Taldyqorǵan , Taldıqorğan ) , known as Taldy-Kurgan until 1993 , is the capital ( called an administrative center ) of Almaty Region , Kazakhstan . According to the 2010 Kazakh Census Results , the population 143,407 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zhetysu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhetysu_Stadium', 'summary': 'Zhetysu Stadium ( Kazakh : Жетісу стадионы , Jetisý stadıony ) is a multi-use stadium in Taldykorgan , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches of FC Zhetysu . Coordinates : 45°01′11″N 78°21′54″E / 45.019716°N 78.365103°E / 45.019716 ; 78.365103'}]}, {'value': '0 4,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Team overview', 'section_text': 'AktobeAtyrauIrtyshKaisarKazakhmysKyzylzharLokomotivOkzhetpesOrdabasyShakhterTarazTobolVostokZhetysu Locations of teams in the 2009 Kazakhstan Premier League', 'uid': '2009_Kazakhstan_Premier_League_0', 'intro': 'Kazakhstan Premier League 2009 was the 18th season of the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest football league competition in Kazakhstan. It started on 7 March 2009 and ended in November 2009. Aktobe were the defending champions.'}
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Of the stadiums with a capacity of less than 10,000 , which one is the venue for the team that was the founding members of the Kazakhstan Premier League , but missed five seasons because of relegations ?
Zhetysu Stadium
089e979921ea1a12
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia', 'title': 'List of soccer clubs in Australia', 'header': ['Club', 'League/Division', 'Lvl', 'State', 'City'], 'data': [{'value': 'Garuda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Zone All Age', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': "Darwin ( /ˈdɑːrwɪn/ ( listen ) DAR-win ) is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia , situated on the Timor Sea . It is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory , with a population of 148,564 . It is the smallest , wettest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities , and acts as the Top End 's regional centre . Darwin 's proximity to South East Asia makes it a link between Australia and countries such as Indonesia and East Timor . The Stuart Highway begins in Darwin , extends southerly across central Australia through Tennant Creek and Alice Springs , concluding in Port Augusta , South Australia . The city is built upon a low bluff overlooking the harbour . Its suburbs begin at Lee Point in the north and stretch to Berrimah in the east . Past Berrimah , the Stuart Highway goes on to Darwin 's satellite city Palmerston and its suburbs . The Darwin region , like much of the Top End , experiences a tropical climate with a wet and dry season . A period known locally as the build up leading up to Darwin 's wet season sees temperature and humidity increase . Darwin 's wet season typically arrives in late November to early December and brings with it heavy monsoonal downpours , spectacular lightning displays , and increased cyclone activity . During the dry season , the city has clear skies and mild sea breezes from the harbour ."}]}, {'value': 'Gawler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gawler_SC', 'summary': 'Gawler Eagles FC provides organised soccer games for boys and girls , men and women from 5 years to over 50 years old , and is affiliated with the Football Federation of South Australia . The club proudly represents the Gawler community in the colours of royal blue and yellow . Games are played home/away on Saturdays and Sundays . Home games are at Karbeethan Reserve in Evanston Gardens , a few minutes West from Gawler .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues State League 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_State_League_2', 'summary': "The South Australian NPL State League 2 is the third tier state-level football ( soccer ) competition in South Australia , ranked fourth tier in the national pyramid . The league is part of the National Premier Leagues ( NPL ) structure implemented by Football Federation Australia in 2012 . It is conducted by the Football Federation South Australia , the state 's governing body . The competition will include SAASL teams Fulham United and Adelaide Vipers and also Collegiate Soccer League team Mount Barker United . This league structure will remain until the end of the 2018 season , with allowances for new teams entering State League 2 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gawler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gawler,_South_Australia', 'summary': "Gawler is the oldest country town on the Australian mainland in the state of South Australia , and is named after the second Governor ( British Vice-Regal representative ) of the colony of South Australia , George Gawler . It is about 40-44 km ( 25-27 mi ) north of the centre of the state capital , Adelaide , and is close to the major wine producing district of the Barossa Valley . Topographically , Gawler lies at the confluence of two tributaries of the Gawler River , the North and South Para rivers , where they emerge from a range of low hills . Historically a semi-rural area , Gawler has been swept up in Adelaide 's growth in recent years , and is now considered an outer northern suburb of Adelaide . It is counted as a suburb in the Outer Metro region of the Greater Adelaide Planning Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Gazy Auburn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NSW State League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NSW_State_League', 'summary': 'The NSW State League is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from New South Wales . The league sits at Level 4 on the New South Wales league system ( Level 5 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football NSW , the governing body of the sport in the southern region of the state ( the northern region governed by Northern NSW Football ) . For the 2016 season it was announced that the State League 2 would become the NSW State League as State League 1 became NPL NSW 3 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Geelong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_SC', 'summary': 'Geelong Soccer Club is a soccer club in Geelong , Australia founded in the 1950s . In 2019 , it competed in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 West . Geelong SC plays out of Genis Steel Park in Corio , Victoria and is backed by the local Macedonian Australian community .'}]}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_1', 'summary': 'The Victorian State League Division 1 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from Victoria . The league is divided in two divisions : North-West and South-East . It sits at Level 3 on the Victorian league system ( Level 4 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football Federation Victoria , the governing body of the sport in the state .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geelong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong', 'summary': "Geelong ( /dʒɪˈlɒŋ/ ) is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River , in the state of Victoria , Australia . Geelong is 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) south-west of the state capital , Melbourne . It is the second largest Victorian city , with an estimated urban population of 268,277 as of June 2018 . Geelong runs from the plains of Lara in the north to the rolling hills of Waurn Ponds to the south , with Corio Bay to the east and the Barrabool Hills to the west . Geelong is the administrative centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality , which covers urban , rural and coastal areas surrounding the city , including the Bellarine Peninsula . [ note 1 ] Geelong was named in 1827 , with the name derived from the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the region , Djillong , thought to mean land or cliffs or tongue of land or peninsula . Geelong City is also known as the 'Gateway City ' due to its central location to surrounding Victorian regional centres like Ballarat in the north west , Torquay , Great Ocean Road and Warrnambool in the southwest , Hamilton , Colac and Winchelsea to the west , and the state capital of Melbourne in the north east . The area was first surveyed in 1838 , three weeks after Melbourne . The post office was open by June 1840 ( the second to open in the Port Phillip District ) . The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the wool industry of the Western District . During the gold rush , Geelong experienced a brief boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district . The city then diversified into manufacturing , and during the 1860s , it became one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills , ropeworks , and paper mills ."}]}, {'value': 'Geelong Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Rangers_FC', 'summary': 'Geelong Rangers Football Club is an Australian soccer club based in Geelong , Australia . The club currently competes in the Victorian State League Division 2 North-West , the regionalized fifth division of the Australian soccer league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_2', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 2 is the fourth tier soccer competition behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 and Victorian State League Division 1 in Victoria , Australia , and the fifth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geelong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong', 'summary': "Geelong ( /dʒɪˈlɒŋ/ ) is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River , in the state of Victoria , Australia . Geelong is 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) south-west of the state capital , Melbourne . It is the second largest Victorian city , with an estimated urban population of 268,277 as of June 2018 . Geelong runs from the plains of Lara in the north to the rolling hills of Waurn Ponds to the south , with Corio Bay to the east and the Barrabool Hills to the west . Geelong is the administrative centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality , which covers urban , rural and coastal areas surrounding the city , including the Bellarine Peninsula . [ note 1 ] Geelong was named in 1827 , with the name derived from the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the region , Djillong , thought to mean land or cliffs or tongue of land or peninsula . Geelong City is also known as the 'Gateway City ' due to its central location to surrounding Victorian regional centres like Ballarat in the north west , Torquay , Great Ocean Road and Warrnambool in the southwest , Hamilton , Colac and Winchelsea to the west , and the state capital of Melbourne in the north east . The area was first surveyed in 1838 , three weeks after Melbourne . The post office was open by June 1840 ( the second to open in the Port Phillip District ) . The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the wool industry of the Western District . During the gold rush , Geelong experienced a brief boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district . The city then diversified into manufacturing , and during the 1860s , it became one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills , ropeworks , and paper mills ."}]}, {'value': 'Gillen Scorpions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Zone Premier League', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alice Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alice_Springs', 'summary': "Alice Springs ( Eastern Arrernte : Mparntwe ) is the third-largest town in the Northern Territory of Australia . Known as Stuart until 31 August 1933 , the name Alice Springs was given by surveyor William Whitfield Mills after Alice , Lady Todd ( née Alice Gillam Bell ) , wife of the telegraph pioneer Sir Charles Todd . Now colloquially known as The Alice or simply Alice , the town is situated roughly in Australia 's geographic centre . It is nearly equidistant from Adelaide and Darwin . The area is known as Mparntwe to its original inhabitants , the Arrernte , who have lived in the Central Australian desert in and around what is now Alice Springs for tens of thousands of years . Alice Springs had an urban population of 26,534 in June 2018 , having reduced at an average annual rate of -1.16% year-on-year over the preceding five years . The city 's population accounts for approximately 10% of the population of the Northern Territory . The town straddles the usually dry Todd River on the northern side of the MacDonnell Ranges . The surrounding region is known as Central Australia , or the Red Centre , an arid environment consisting of several different deserts . Temperatures in Alice Springs can vary dramatically , with an average maximum in summer of 35.6 °C ( 96.1 °F ) and an average minimum in winter of 5.1 °C ( 41.2 °F ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gisborne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gisborne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gisborne,_Victoria', 'summary': "Gisborne ( /ˈɡɪzbərn/ ) is a town in the Macedon Ranges , approximately 54 kilometres ( 34 mi ) north-west of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . In June 2018 Gisborne had a population of 13,963 . Known for its country homesteads , tree-lined streets , restaurants and cafes , Gisborne is the largest town in the Macedon Ranges Shire . The town has become a popular 'tree change ' destination for Melbourne residents seeking large leafy blocks , a quiet lifestyle and lovely little community within easy commuting distance from the city . As such , the town has grown substantially over the past 5-10 years , with an increase of almost 2,600 residents since 2011 , although planning controls have been implemented to protect the character and outstanding natural beauty of the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Glen Waverley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenorchy Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenorchy_Knights_FC', 'summary': 'Glenorchy Knights Football Club is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in Glenorchy , Tasmania . Founded in 1957 , the club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Tasmania , with matches played at KGV Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Southern Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Championship', 'summary': "The Southern Championship is an association football league in Southern Tasmania . It is jointly with the Northern Championship , the second highest level soccer competition in Tasmania . Nationally , it sits below the A-League and NPL Tasmania . It is controlled by the Football Federation Tasmania ( FFT ) . Prior to the 2015 season it was known as the Southern Premier League and for sponsorship reasons as the Forestry Tasmania Southern Premier League Between 2001 and 2012 the Southern and Northern Premier Leagues were jointly the state 's highest level of soccer competition ( but still nationally below the NSL and A-League ) . During this period the two regional leagues determined a southern and northern champion , who then had a play-off for the state championship ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hobart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart', 'summary': "Hobart ( /ˈhoʊbɑːrt/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania . With a population of approximately 240,342 ( over 45% of Tasmania 's population ) , it is the least populated Australian state capital city , and second smallest if territories are taken into account ( after Darwin , Northern Territory ) . The city is located in the state 's south-east on the estuary of the River Derwent , making it the most southern of Australia 's capital cities . Its skyline is dominated by the 1,271-metre ( 4,170 ft ) Mount Wellington , and its harbour forms the second-deepest natural port in the world , with much of the city 's waterfront consisting of reclaimed land . The metropolitan area is often referred to as Greater Hobart , to differentiate it from the City of Hobart , one of the five local government areas that cover the city . Founded in 1804 as a British penal colony , Hobart is Australia 's second oldest capital city after Sydney , New South Wales . Prior to British settlement , the Hobart area had been occupied for possibly as long as 35,000 years , by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe , a sub-group of the Nuennone , or South-East tribe . The descendants of these Aboriginal Tasmanians often refer to themselves as 'Palawa ' . Since its foundation , the city has expanded from the mouth of Sullivans Cove in a generally north-south direction along both banks of the River Derwent , from 22 km inland from the estuary at Storm Bay to the point where the river reverts to fresh water at Bridgewater . Penal transportation ended in the 1850s , after which the city experienced periods of growth and decline . The early 20th century saw an economic boom on the back of mining , agriculture and other primary industries , and the loss of men who served in the world wars was counteracted by an influx of immigration . Despite the rise in migration from Asia and other non-English speaking regions , Hobart 's population remains predominantly ethnically Anglo-Celtic , and has the highest percentage of Australian-born residents among Australia 's capital cities ."}]}, {'value': 'GHFA Spirit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladesville_Hornsby_Football_Association_Spirit_FC', 'summary': "North West Sydney Spirit FC is an Australian soccer club . It was the successor of the defunct Northern Spirit FC , a semi professional soccer club based in North Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales . Northern Spirit entered the National Soccer League in the 1998-99 season . Its founding was inspired in part by the success Perth Glory was enjoying as a mainstream club ( as opposed to the league 's mainstay European migrant founded clubs ) , as well as an opportunity to tap into the previously unrepresented northern suburbs of Sydney . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_NSW_2', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues NSW 2 is an Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from New South Wales . The league sits at Level 2 on the New South Wales league system , behind the National Premier Leagues NSW , ( Level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football NSW , the governing body of the sport in the southern region of the state ( the northern region governed by Northern NSW Football ) . Prior to 2013 , the league was formerly known as the NSW Super League .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Gladesville Ryde Magic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladesville_Ryde_Magic_FC', 'summary': "Gladesville Ryde Magic Football Club is an Australian semi-professional football club based in North Ryde , New South Wales . The club currently has senior squads competing in the NSW National Premier League 3 and youth squads competing in the NSW National Premier League 2 . The club also has a number of junior squads who compete in the Football NSW Skills Acquisitions Program . Until 2018 , the club 's home ground was Magdala Park , situated in North Ryde on the leafy Lane Cove River . The 2018 season brought with it the inception of a new home ground , Fortress Magic , at the newly upgraded Christie Park . Since its establishment , Gladesville Ryde Magic FC has implemented development programs for football players to participate and excel at the highest level possible . The club has a philosophy to incorporate playing systems and development outcomes that create a superior learning environment . They aim to provide the infrastructure and support to allow players to realise the opportunity to experience an enhanced football environment , above that provided in community football ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_NSW_3', 'summary': 'The NSW NPL3 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from New South Wales . The league sits at Level 3 on the New South Wales league system ( Level 4 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football NSW , the governing body of the sport in the southern region of the state ( the northern region governed by Northern NSW Football ) . At the conclusion of the 2015 season it was announced that the State League 1 would become the NPL3'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Granville Rage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Granville_Rage_FC', 'summary': "The Granville Rage are an Australian semi-professional soccer club , located in the Greater Western Sydney suburb of Granville . The club was founded in 2000 . They currently play in the National Premier Leagues NSW 4 Men 's competition , they have played in the NSW Super League , the second tier of football in New South Wales below the NSW Premier League ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Green Gully', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Gully_SC', 'summary': 'Green Gully Soccer Club is an Australian football club based in Melbourne , Victoria . Green Gully is one of the largest clubs in Melbourne , having participated in the now defunct National Soccer League between 1984-1986 . The club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Victoria , with matches played at Green Gully Reserve in Kealba . Green Gully have won the Victorian state league title nine times , second only to South Melbourne FC with ten . It is one of six state league teams to eliminate an A-League team in the FFA Cup , alongside Blacktown City FC , Heidelberg United FC , Redlands United FC , Adelaide City FC and the Bentleigh Greens SC .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria', 'summary': "The National Premier Leagues Victoria , commonly known as NPL Victoria , is a semi-professional soccer league in Victoria , Australia . As a subdivision of the nationwide NPL , the league is the highest level within the Victorian soccer league system , serving jointly as the second tier within the overall Australian pyramid . Administered by Football Victoria , NPL Victoria is the latest iteration of first division competitions in the state . Historically known as the Victorian State League and later as the Victorian Premier League , the league was first founded in 1908 . It adopted its current branding in 2014 , following Football Federation Australia 's 2012 National Competition Review . NPL Victoria is contested by 14 clubs . Running from February to September each year , the league sees teams play 26 regular season fixtures , once at home and once away against each other club . The first-placed team at the conclusion of the regular season is termed the premier . The top six-placed clubs then play a knock-out finals series , with the winner becoming the champion . The bottom-placed teams operate a system of promotion and relegation with the division below , NPL 2 . The league premier qualifies as Victoria 's representative in the national finals series , whilst the champion plays against the Dockerty Cup winner in the FV Community Shield ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast_City_FC', 'summary': 'Gold Coast City FC is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in Gold Coast , Queensland . The club was formed in 1966 as Palm Beach SC before changing their name in 2016 when joining the Queensland NPL . The club currently competes in the National Premier League Queensland .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Queensland', 'summary': "The National Premier League Queensland , run by Football Queensland , is the top tier state-level football ( soccer ) competition in Queensland . The conference is a sub division of the National Premier Leagues . The inaugural season kicked off in March 2013 and consisted of 12 teams . Each team will be expected to field a senior team , five junior men 's teams from under-12 to under-20 starting in 2013 and women 's junior teams in under-13 , under-15 , and under-17 starting in 2014 . Each club has been granted a 5-year licence and there is no promotion or relegation from the league during this period . It was announced on December 16 , 2016 that there would be promotion and relegation to the FQPL as of the 2018 season and that the league would be expanded to 14 teams . This announcement came with the addition of the Football Queensland Premier League , a new tier immediately below the National Premier League . Peninsula Power and Eastern Suburbs were the first two teams promoted to the NPL from the FQPL for the 2019 season . No teams were relegated in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland', 'summary': "The Gold Coast is a coastal city in the Australian state of Queensland , approximately 66 kilometres ( 41 mi ) south-southeast of the state capital Brisbane and immediately north of the border with New South Wales . With a estimated population of 679,127 , at June 2018 ( including 76,779 in the adjacent Tweed Valley of New South Wales ) , the Gold Coast is the sixth-largest city in Australia , making it the largest non-capital city , and Queensland 's second-largest city . Gold Coast is a major tourist destination with its sunny subtropical climate and has become widely known for its surfing beaches , high-rise dominated skyline , theme parks , nightlife , and rainforest hinterland . The city is part of the nation 's entertainment industry with television productions and a major film industry . The city hosted the 2018 Commonwealth Games which ran from 4 to 15 April 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast_United_FC', 'summary': "Gold Coast United FC is an association football ( soccer ) club based on the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia . The earliest incarnation of the club formed in 1966 and its home ground was at Nikiforides Family Park in Broadbeach . The first era of Gold Coast United senior teams competed in the Brisbane leagues until the club disbanded after the 1979 season , allowing Broadbeach United Soccer Club to form its first senior team in 1980 at the same grounds . Twenty-eight years later the club was revived and was officially announced as a professional expansion team for the A-League 's 2009-2010 season on 28 August 2008 . It was the second bid accepted by the league , with an unrelated bid known as Gold Coast Galaxy FC preceding it . The club was owned by Clive Palmer , the wealthiest man in Queensland , until the FFA took over the club 's A-League licence in February 2012 , and officially folding on 25 March 2012 and its intellectual property being surrendered to Football Federation Australia . In their first two A-League seasons , Gold Coast were one of the strongest clubs in the A-League , finishing in the top four on both occasions and making the finals series . Although in their third season , the teams form dropped due to off-field instability surrounding player contracts , coaching staff and community support . Since their inception , Gold Coast were criticised about their low attendance . In their first season , they averaged close to 5,500 people and in their second season , they averaged just under 3,300 people per game , making them the lowest attended team . On 29 February 2012 , the FFA revoked Palmer 's Gold Coast United A-League licence . On August 3 , 2017 , it was announced that they would be joining the National Premier League Queensland to compete in both Men 's and Women 's competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Queensland', 'summary': "The National Premier League Queensland , run by Football Queensland , is the top tier state-level football ( soccer ) competition in Queensland . The conference is a sub division of the National Premier Leagues . The inaugural season kicked off in March 2013 and consisted of 12 teams . Each team will be expected to field a senior team , five junior men 's teams from under-12 to under-20 starting in 2013 and women 's junior teams in under-13 , under-15 , and under-17 starting in 2014 . Each club has been granted a 5-year licence and there is no promotion or relegation from the league during this period . It was announced on December 16 , 2016 that there would be promotion and relegation to the FQPL as of the 2018 season and that the league would be expanded to 14 teams . This announcement came with the addition of the Football Queensland Premier League , a new tier immediately below the National Premier League . Peninsula Power and Eastern Suburbs were the first two teams promoted to the NPL from the FQPL for the 2019 season . No teams were relegated in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland', 'summary': "The Gold Coast is a coastal city in the Australian state of Queensland , approximately 66 kilometres ( 41 mi ) south-southeast of the state capital Brisbane and immediately north of the border with New South Wales . With a estimated population of 679,127 , at June 2018 ( including 76,779 in the adjacent Tweed Valley of New South Wales ) , the Gold Coast is the sixth-largest city in Australia , making it the largest non-capital city , and Queensland 's second-largest city . Gold Coast is a major tourist destination with its sunny subtropical climate and has become widely known for its surfing beaches , high-rise dominated skyline , theme parks , nightlife , and rainforest hinterland . The city is part of the nation 's entertainment industry with television productions and a major film industry . The city hosted the 2018 Commonwealth Games which ran from 4 to 15 April 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Golden Plains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bannockburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bannockburn,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Bannockburn is a rural township near Geelong , Victoria , Australia , 88 km southwest of Melbourne . It is located in Golden Plains Shire . In the 2016 census , Bannockburn had a population of 5,283 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gosnells City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gosnells_City_FC', 'summary': 'Gosnells City Football Club is a football ( soccer ) club based in Thornlie , Western Australia . The club currently ( 2019 ) competes in the Football West State League Division 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Football West State League Division 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_West_State_League_Division_1', 'summary': 'The Football West State League Division 1 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from Western Australia . The league sits at Level 2 on the Western Australian league system ( Level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football West , the governing body of the sport in the state . The league has been officially called the All Flags State League Division 1 due to sponsorship arrangements since 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perth', 'summary': "Perth ( /ˈpɜːrθ/ ( listen ) PURTH ) is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia ( WA ) . It is named after the city of Perth , Scotland and is Australia 's fourth-most populous city , with a population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth . Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia , with most of the metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain , a narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp . The first areas settled were on the Swan River at Guildford , with the city 's central business district and port ( Fremantle ) both later founded downriver . Captain James Stirling founded Perth in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony . It gained city status ( currently vested in the smaller City of Perth ) in 1856 and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929 . The city inherited its name due to the influence of Sir George Murray , then Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . The city 's population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century . During Australia 's involvement in World War II , Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the Pacific Theatre , and a US Navy Catalina flying boat fleet was based at Matilda Bay . An influx of immigrants after the war , predominantly from Britain , Italy , Greece , and Yugoslavia , led to rapid population growth . This was followed by a surge in economic activity flowing from several mining booms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries that saw Perth become the regional headquarters for several large mining operations . As part of Perth 's role as the capital of Western Australia , the state 's Parliament and Supreme Court are in the city , as is Government House , the residence of the Governor of Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Goulburn Stags', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State League Division 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_Football_State_League', 'summary': 'The Capital Football State League is an amateur soccer league system based in the Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) region . The league system is organised and run by Capital Football and represents levels two and below in the ACT league pyramid beneath the National Premier Leagues Capital Football for both men and women .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Capital Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goulburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goulburn,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Goulburn /ˈɡoʊlbərn/ is a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of the Australian state of New South Wales , approximately 195 kilometres ( 121 mi ) south-west of Sydney , and 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) north-east of Canberra . It was proclaimed as Australia 's first inland city through letters patent by Queen Victoria in 1863 . Goulburn had a population of 23,835 at June 2018 . Goulburn is the seat of Goulburn Mulwaree Council . Goulburn is a railhead on the Main Southern line , a service centre for the surrounding pastoral industry , and also stopover for those travelling on the Hume Highway . It has a central park and many historic buildings . It is also home to the monument the Big Merino , a sculpture that is the world 's largest concrete-constructed sheep ."}]}, {'value': 'Goulburn Strikers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goulburn_Strikers_FC', 'summary': 'The Goulburn Strikers Football Club is an Australian football ( soccer ) club based in Goulburn , New South Wales , Australia . Established in 2001 , the club was known until 2009 as Southern Tablelands Football Association STFA Strikers . The club currently competes in the ACT State League , hosting matches at their home ground Strikers Park .'}]}, {'value': 'State League Division 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_Football_State_League', 'summary': 'The Capital Football State League is an amateur soccer league system based in the Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) region . The league system is organised and run by Capital Football and represents levels two and below in the ACT league pyramid beneath the National Premier Leagues Capital Football for both men and women .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Capital Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goulburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goulburn,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Goulburn /ˈɡoʊlbərn/ is a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of the Australian state of New South Wales , approximately 195 kilometres ( 121 mi ) south-west of Sydney , and 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) north-east of Canberra . It was proclaimed as Australia 's first inland city through letters patent by Queen Victoria in 1863 . Goulburn had a population of 23,835 at June 2018 . Goulburn is the seat of Goulburn Mulwaree Council . Goulburn is a railhead on the Main Southern line , a service centre for the surrounding pastoral industry , and also stopover for those travelling on the Hume Highway . It has a central park and many historic buildings . It is also home to the monument the Big Merino , a sculpture that is the world 's largest concrete-constructed sheep ."}]}, {'value': 'Goulburn Valley Suns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goulburn_Valley_Suns_FC', 'summary': "Goulburn Valley Suns are a semi-professional association football club based in Shepparton , Victoria . The club was established in 2013 and currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 . The Suns ' home base in John McEwen Reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Victoria 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria_2', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 , commonly referred to as NPL Victoria 2 , is a regional Australian semi-professional soccer league comprising teams from Victoria . The league sits at level 2 on the Victorian league system , behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , ( level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football Federation Victoria , the governing body of the sport in the state .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shepparton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shepparton', 'summary': 'Shepparton ( /ˈʃɛpərtən/ ) is a city located on the floodplain of the Goulburn River in northern Victoria , Australia , approximately 181 kilometres ( 112 mi ) north-northeast of Melbourne . As at June 2018 the estimated population of Shepparton , including the adjacent town of Mooroopna , was 51,631 . It began as a sheep station and river crossing in the mid-19th century , before undergoing a major transformation as a railway town . Today it is an agricultural and manufacturing centre , and the centre of the Goulburn Valley irrigation system , one of the largest centres of irrigation in Australia . It is also a major regional service city and the seat of local government and civic administration for the City of Greater Shepparton , which includes the surrounding towns of Tatura , Merrigum , Mooroopna , Murchison , Dookie , Toolamba and Grahamvale .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Alphabetically -- G', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia_6', 'intro': 'This is a list of soccer clubs in Australia. The Australian soccer league system consists of a national league - A-League (men) and W-League (women) - a state/territory-based second tier National Premier Leagues (NPL) structure and other state-based leagues. Promotion and relegation exists in some states between NPL and state leagues, however not between the A-League and the NPL. Included are all clubs playing in state (or territory)-wide leagues, or where states are split into two separate leagues.'}
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What team plays in the division once dubbed the NSW Super League ?
GHFA Spirit
089ff6e3d4b19548
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of bus transit systems in the United States', 'header': ['System', 'Locale', 'Major city ( s ) /county ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'MetroBus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MetroBus_(St._Louis)', 'summary': 'MetroBus is the public bus service for the Greater St. Louis Region connected with the MetroLink light rail system . It is managed by the Bi-State Development Agency and uses a shared fare system with the MetroLink system .'}]}, {'value': 'Greater St. Louis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_St._Louis', 'summary': "Greater St. Louis is a bi-state metropolitan area that completely surrounds and includes the independent city of St. Louis ( its principal city ) . It includes parts of both the U.S. states of Missouri and Illinois . The city core is on the Mississippi Riverfront on the border with Illinois in the geographic center of the metro area . The Mississippi River bisects the metro area in half geographically between Illinois and Missouri ; however , the Missouri half is much more populous . St. Louis is the largest metro area in Missouri and the second largest in Illinois . St. Louis County is independent of the City of St. Louis and their two populations are generally tabulated separately . The St. Louis , MO-IL metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) - and the focus of this page - includes the City of St. Louis ; the Illinois counties of Bond , Calhoun , Clinton , Jersey , Macoupin , Madison , Monroe , and St. Clair ( known collectively as the Metro East ) ; and the Missouri counties of Franklin , Jefferson , Lincoln , St. Charles , St. Louis County ( separate from and not inclusive of the city of St. Louis ) , and Warren . The larger St. Louis-St. Charles-Farmington , MO-IL combined statistical area ( CSA ) includes all of the aforementioned MSA , plus the Farmington , MO micropolitan statistical area , which includes St. Francois County , Missouri , and the Centralia , IL micropolitan statistical area , which includes Marion County , Illinois . As of 2017 data , the MSA is the 21st-largest in the country that year with a population of 2,807,338 ; however , the CSA is the 19th-largest in the United States , with a population of 2,911,945 . Due to nearly zero growth in St. Louis paired with rapid growth in the Sun Belt and Florida , the St. Louis MSA fell out of the top 20 largest MSAs in the United States in 2017 for the first time since 1840 . As of 2018 , Greater St. Louis is home to the headquarters of ten of Missouri 's eleven Fortune 500 companies , six Fortune 1,000 companies , and two of the top 30 largest private companies in America , as ranked by Forbes . The metropolitan area received the All-America City Award in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , St. Charles East St. Louis , Chesterfield ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Charles,_Missouri', 'summary': "Saint Charles ( commonly abbreviated St. Charles ) is a city in , and the county seat of , St. Charles County , Missouri , United States . The population was 65,794 at the 2010 census , making St. Charles the ninth-largest city in Missouri . Situated on the Missouri River , it is a northwestern suburb of St. Louis . Founded circa 1769 as Les Petites Côtes , or The Little Hills in French , by Louis Blanchette , a French-Canadian fur trader , when the area was nominally ruled by Spain following the Seven Years ' War , St. Charles is the third-oldest city in Missouri . For a time , it played a significant role in the United States ' westward expansion as a river port and starting point of the Boone 's Lick Road to the Boonslick . St. Charles was settled primarily by French-speaking colonists from Canada in its early days and was considered the last civilized stop by the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804 , which was exploring the western territory after the United States made the Louisiana Purchase . The city served as the first Missouri capital from 1821 to 1826 , and is the site of the Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne shrine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois', 'summary': "East St. Louis is a city in St. Clair County , Illinois , United States within Greater St. Louis . It is located directly across the Mississippi River from Downtown St. Louis and the Gateway Arch National Park . East St. Louis is in what is defined as the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois . Once a bustling industrial center , like many cities in the Rust Belt , East St. Louis has been severely affected by loss of jobs due to industrial restructuring during the second half of the 20th century . In 1950 , East St. Louis was the fourth-largest city in Illinois when its population peaked at 82,366 . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 27,006 , less than one-third of the 1950 census . A recent addition to the city 's waterfront is the Gateway Geyser . Located on the grounds of Malcolm W. Martin Memorial Park , the fountain is the second-tallest in the world . Designed to complement the Gateway Arch across the river in St. Louis , it shoots water to a height of 630 feet ( 190 m ) , the same height as the Arch ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chesterfield,_Missouri', 'summary': "Chesterfield is a city in St. Louis County , Missouri , United States , and a western suburb of St. Louis . As of the 2010 census , the population was 47,484 , making it the state 's fourteenth-largest city . The broader valley of Chesterfield was originally referred to as Gumbo Flats , derived from its soil , which though very rich and silty , became like a gumbo when wet ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Area Transportation Authority', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Area_Transportation_Authority', 'summary': "The Kansas City Area Transportation Authority ( KCATA ) is a public transit agency in metropolitan Kansas City . It operates the Metro Area Express ( MAX ) bus rapid transit service in Kansas City , Missouri , and 78 local bus routes in seven counties of Missouri and Kansas . The KCATA is a bi-state agency formed by an interstate compact between Kansas and Missouri in 1965-6 . Authorized by both states ' legislatures and an act of Congress , the agency 's jurisdiction includes Cass , Clay , Jackson and Platte counties in Missouri and Johnson , Leavenworth and Wyandotte counties in Kansas . The agency is governed by a board of ten commissioners , five from each state . Operations began in 1969 , when the KCATA took over bus routes previously run by the Kansas City Public Service Company . In 2014 , KCATA , Johnson County Transit , UG Transit and IndeBus announced that all services will be merged into one service , RideKC . The merge will start in 2015 and last through 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Metro Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Metro_Area', 'summary': 'The Kansas City metropolitan area is a bi-state 14-county metropolitan area straddling the border between the U.S. states of Missouri and Kansas , anchored by Jackson County , Missouri , and Johnson County , Kansas . Its most-populous municipality is Kansas City , Missouri ( KCMO ) . With a population of 2,487,053 ( 2018 estimate ) , it ranks as the second-largest metropolitan area in Missouri ( after Greater St. Louis ) and the largest metropolitan area in Kansas . Alongside KCMO , the area includes a number of other cities and suburbs , the largest being Overland Park , Kansas ; Kansas City , Kansas ; Olathe , Kansas ; and Independence , Missouri ; each over 100,000 in population . The Mid-America Regional Council ( MARC ) serves as the Council of Governments and the Metropolitan Planning Organization for the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City , Blue Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Kansas City ( abbreviated KC or KCMO ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018 , making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States . It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053 . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City , Kansas , ( KCK/Wyandotte County ) in Kansas . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 , the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued , and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . In 2017 , the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high . Sitting on Missouri 's western boundary with Kansas , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers , the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km2 ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Along with Independence , one of its major suburbs , it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County . Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Blue Springs is a city located in the U.S. state of Missouri within Jackson County . Blue Springs is located 19 miles ( 31 km ) east of downtown Kansas City and is the 9th largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area . As of the 2010 United States Census [ update ] the population was 52,575 , tying it for 10th largest city in the state of Missouri with St. Peters .'}]}, {'value': 'City Utilities of Springfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_Utilities_of_Springfield', 'summary': 'City Utilities of Springfield ( CU ) is a community-owned utility serving southwest Missouri with electricity , natural gas , water , telecommunications and transit services . CU provides service to over 106,000 customers . CU is responsible for the generation , transmission , and distribution of electric power ; the acquisition , transportation , and distribution of natural gas ; and the acquisition , treatment , and distribution of water ; plus the operation of the bus transportation system . The CU service territory covers approximately 320 square miles ( 830 km2 ) , which includes all of the city of Springfield , portions of Greene County , and a part of northern Christian County . The utility is owned by the community and governed by an eleven-member Board of Public Utilities , nine of whom are customers inside the city limits and two who reside outside the city limits . Board members are appointed by City Council for three-year terms . The Board normally meets on the last Thursday of each month . The Board makes policy decisions for CU and appoints the General Manager , who is the Chief Executive Officer .'}]}, {'value': 'Springfield Metropolitan Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Missouri', 'summary': "The Springfield , Missouri metropolitan area , as defined by the United States Census Bureau , is an area consisting of five counties in southwestern Missouri , anchored by the city of Springfield , the state 's third largest city . Other primary population centers in the metro area include Nixa , Ozark , Republic , Marshfield , Bolivar , and Willard . Currently , the city limits of Springfield reach the Ozark City limits at the Christian County line on US 65 , the city limits of Republic at James River Freeway on the southwest side of the city , and the Strafford city limits on Route 744 on the northeast side of the city . As of the 2010 census , the MSA had a population of 436,712 ."}]}, {'value': 'Springfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri', 'summary': "Springfield is the third largest city in the state of Missouri and the county seat of Greene County . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 159,498 . As of 2018 , the Census Bureau estimated its population at 168,122 . It is the principal city of the Springfield metropolitan area , which has a population of 462,369 and includes the counties of Christian , Dallas , Greene , Polk , and Webster . Springfield 's nickname is Queen City of the Ozarks and it is known as the Birthplace of Route 66 . It is home to three universities , Missouri State University , Drury University , and Evangel University ."}]}, {'value': 'JeffTran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JeffTran', 'summary': "JeffTran is a public transit agency in Jefferson City , Missouri . It operates six regular fixed bus routes with two transport hubs and on call curb to curb paratransit service during typical weekday business hours . During the school year , JeffTran also provides three afternoon specialty tripper routes for all passengers , but is intended to take high school students on a direct route from a school to a transport hub . In 2016 , JeffTran provided service to 299,408 riders , down from 313,750 riders in 2015 . Live bus tracking is also available through DoubleMap 's website and their Android and Apple apps for passengers ' convenience ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Jefferson City , officially the City of Jefferson and informally Jeff City or Jefferson , is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri and the 15th most populous city in the state . It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area , the second-most-populous metropolitan area in Mid-Missouri and the fifth-largest in the state . Most of the city is in Cole County , with a small northern section extending into Callaway County . Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson , the third President of the United States . Jefferson City is located on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau on the southern side of the Missouri River in a region known as Mid-Missouri . It is 30 miles south of Columbia , Missouri [ citation needed ] , and sits at the western edge of the Missouri Rhineland , one of the major wine-producing regions of the Midwest . The city is dominated by the domed Capitol , which rises from a bluff overlooking the Missouri River to the north ; Lewis and Clark passed the bluff on their historic expedition upriver before Europeans established any settlement there . Many of Jefferson City 's primary employers are in service and manufacturing industries . Jefferson City is also home to Lincoln University , a public historically black land-grant university founded in 1866 by the 62nd Regiment of U.S . Colored Troops with support from the 65th Regiment of U.S . Colored Troops ."}]}, {'value': 'Jefferson City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Jefferson City , officially the City of Jefferson and informally Jeff City or Jefferson , is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri and the 15th most populous city in the state . It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area , the second-most-populous metropolitan area in Mid-Missouri and the fifth-largest in the state . Most of the city is in Cole County , with a small northern section extending into Callaway County . Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson , the third President of the United States . Jefferson City is located on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau on the southern side of the Missouri River in a region known as Mid-Missouri . It is 30 miles south of Columbia , Missouri [ citation needed ] , and sits at the western edge of the Missouri Rhineland , one of the major wine-producing regions of the Midwest . The city is dominated by the domed Capitol , which rises from a bluff overlooking the Missouri River to the north ; Lewis and Clark passed the bluff on their historic expedition upriver before Europeans established any settlement there . Many of Jefferson City 's primary employers are in service and manufacturing industries . Jefferson City is also home to Lincoln University , a public historically black land-grant university founded in 1866 by the 62nd Regiment of U.S . Colored Troops with support from the 65th Regiment of U.S . Colored Troops ."}]}, {'value': 'GOCOMO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia Metropolitan Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri,_metropolitan_area', 'summary': "The Columbia metropolitan area is the region centered around the City of Columbia in the U.S. state of Missouri . Located in Mid-Missouri , it consists of five counties : Boone , Audrain , Randolph , Cooper , and Howard . The population was estimated at 256,640 in 2017 , making it the 4th largest metropolitan area in Missouri . Columbia is home to the University of Missouri , and is Missouri 's fourth most-populous and fastest growing city , with an estimated 121,717 residents as of 2017 . Other significant cities in the area include Moberly , Mexico , Boonville , Vandalia , Centralia , and Fayette . The area was originally called the Boonslick and settled mainly by Kentuckians following the Boone 's Lick Road starting around 1812 . The town of Franklin , now washed into the Missouri River , was an early commercial center and start of the Santa Fe Trail . Columbia was founded as county seat of Boone County in 1821 . The region was considered for the location of the Missouri State Capitol , but eventually a site was chosen 30 miles south of Columbia and Jefferson City was created to serve that purpose . Today , Interstate 70 , and U.S . Highways 63 , 54 , 24 , and 40 link the urban areas . The U.S. Census defines the Columbia MSA as Boone , Cooper , and Howard counties while the addition of Audrain and Randolph form the combined statistical area ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri', 'summary': "Columbia /kəˈlʌmbiə/ is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri . It is the county seat of Boone County and home to the University of Missouri . Founded in 1821 , it is the principal city of the five-county Columbia metropolitan area . It is Missouri 's fourth most-populous and fastest growing city , with an estimated 123,180 residents in 2018 . As a Midwestern college town , Columbia has a reputation for progressive politics , persuasive journalism , and public art . The tripartite establishment of Stephens College ( 1833 ) , the University of Missouri ( 1839 ) , and Columbia College ( 1851 ) , which surround the city 's Downtown to the east , south , and north , has made the city a center of learning . At its center is 8th Street , also known as the Avenue of the Columns , which connects Francis Quadrangle and Jesse Hall to the Boone County Courthouse and the City Hall . Originally an agricultural town , the cultivation of the mind is Columbia 's chief economic concern today . Never a major center of manufacturing , the city also depends on healthcare , insurance , and technology businesses . Companies such as Shelter Insurance , Carfax , and Slackers CDs and Games , were founded in the city . Cultural institutions include the State Historical Society of Missouri , the Museum of Art and Archaeology , and the annual True/False Film Festival . The Missouri Tigers , the state 's only major college athletic program , play football at Faurot Field and basketball at Mizzou Arena as members of the rigorous Southeastern Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Tiger Line', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mizzou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Missouri', 'summary': "The University of Missouri ( Mizzou , MU , or Missouri ) is a public research university in Columbia , Missouri . It is Missouri 's largest university and the flagship of the four campus University of Missouri System . Founded in 1839 , it was the first public university west of the Mississippi River . It is a member of the Association of American Universities as well as a land-grant and space-grant institution . Enrolling 30,046 students in 2019 , it offers over 300 degree programs in thirteen major academic divisions . Its well-known Missouri School of Journalism was founded by Walter Williams in 1908 as the world 's first journalism school ; It publishes a daily newspaper , the Columbia Missourian , and operates an NBC affiliate KOMU . The University of Missouri Research Reactor Center is the world 's most powerful university research reactor and is the United States sole source of isotopes used in nuclear medicine . The university operates University of Missouri Health Care , running a number of hospitals and clinics in Mid-Missouri . Its NCAA Division I athletic teams are known as the Missouri Tigers , and compete in the Southeastern Conference . The American tradition of homecoming is claimed to have originated at Missouri . The campus is home to the State Historical Society of Missouri , and the Museum of Art and Archaeology . Its historic center , Francis Quadrangle , is a National Historic District ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri', 'summary': "Columbia /kəˈlʌmbiə/ is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri . It is the county seat of Boone County and home to the University of Missouri . Founded in 1821 , it is the principal city of the five-county Columbia metropolitan area . It is Missouri 's fourth most-populous and fastest growing city , with an estimated 123,180 residents in 2018 . As a Midwestern college town , Columbia has a reputation for progressive politics , persuasive journalism , and public art . The tripartite establishment of Stephens College ( 1833 ) , the University of Missouri ( 1839 ) , and Columbia College ( 1851 ) , which surround the city 's Downtown to the east , south , and north , has made the city a center of learning . At its center is 8th Street , also known as the Avenue of the Columns , which connects Francis Quadrangle and Jesse Hall to the Boone County Courthouse and the City Hall . Originally an agricultural town , the cultivation of the mind is Columbia 's chief economic concern today . Never a major center of manufacturing , the city also depends on healthcare , insurance , and technology businesses . Companies such as Shelter Insurance , Carfax , and Slackers CDs and Games , were founded in the city . Cultural institutions include the State Historical Society of Missouri , the Museum of Art and Archaeology , and the annual True/False Film Festival . The Missouri Tigers , the state 's only major college athletic program , play football at Faurot Field and basketball at Mizzou Arena as members of the rigorous Southeastern Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Inde*Bus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_Missouri', 'summary': "Independence is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri . It lies within Jackson County , of which it is the county seat . Independence is a satellite city of Kansas City , Missouri , and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area . In 2010 , it had a total population of 116,830 . Independence is known as the Queen City of the Trails because it was a point of departure for the California , Oregon , and Santa Fe Trails . Independence was also the hometown of U.S. President Harry S. Truman ; the Truman Presidential Library and Museum is located in the city , and Truman and First Lady Bess Truman are buried here . The city is also sacred to many Latter Day Saints , with Joseph Smith 's 1831 Temple Lot being located here , as well as the headquarters of several Latter Day Saint factions ."}]}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_Missouri', 'summary': "Independence is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri . It lies within Jackson County , of which it is the county seat . Independence is a satellite city of Kansas City , Missouri , and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area . In 2010 , it had a total population of 116,830 . Independence is known as the Queen City of the Trails because it was a point of departure for the California , Oregon , and Santa Fe Trails . Independence was also the hometown of U.S. President Harry S. Truman ; the Truman Presidential Library and Museum is located in the city , and Truman and First Lady Bess Truman are buried here . The city is also sacred to many Latter Day Saints , with Joseph Smith 's 1831 Temple Lot being located here , as well as the headquarters of several Latter Day Saint factions ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Joseph Transit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Joseph ( informally St. Joe ) is a small city in and the county seat of Buchanan County , Missouri , United States . Small parts of St. Joseph extend into Andrew County , Missouri . Saint Joseph is known for hosting the Kansas City Chiefs Training Camp every year at Missouri Western State University . Saint Joseph is filled with many lush forests and parks as well as its very own go kart track and mini golf course . It is the principal city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Buchanan , Andrew , and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County , Kansas . As of the 2010 census , St. Joseph had a total population of 76,780 , making it the eighth largest city in the state , and the third largest in Northwest Missouri . St. Joseph is located roughly thirty miles north of the Kansas City , Missouri city limits and approximately 125 miles south of Omaha , Nebraska . The city was named after the town 's founder Joseph Robidoux and the biblical Saint Joseph . the city is located on the Missouri River . It is the birthplace of hip hop star Eminem as well as the death place of Jesse James ; it is also the starting point of the Pony Express . St. Joseph is also home to Missouri Western State University ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Joseph ( informally St. Joe ) is a small city in and the county seat of Buchanan County , Missouri , United States . Small parts of St. Joseph extend into Andrew County , Missouri . Saint Joseph is known for hosting the Kansas City Chiefs Training Camp every year at Missouri Western State University . Saint Joseph is filled with many lush forests and parks as well as its very own go kart track and mini golf course . It is the principal city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Buchanan , Andrew , and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County , Kansas . As of the 2010 census , St. Joseph had a total population of 76,780 , making it the eighth largest city in the state , and the third largest in Northwest Missouri . St. Joseph is located roughly thirty miles north of the Kansas City , Missouri city limits and approximately 125 miles south of Omaha , Nebraska . The city was named after the town 's founder Joseph Robidoux and the biblical Saint Joseph . the city is located on the Missouri River . It is the birthplace of hip hop star Eminem as well as the death place of Jesse James ; it is also the starting point of the Pony Express . St. Joseph is also home to Missouri Western State University ."}]}, {'value': 'Cape Girardeau Transit Authority', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cape Girardeau , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri', 'summary': "Cape Girardeau ( /ˈkeɪp dʒɪˈrɑːrdoʊ/ , French : Cap-Girardeau [ kap ʒiʁaʁdo ] ( listen ) ; colloquially referred to as Cape ) is a city in Cape Girardeau County in the U.S. state of Missouri . It is located approximately 115 miles ( 185 km ) southeast of St. Louis and 175 miles ( 282 km ) north of Memphis . As of the 2018 United States Census Bureau estimates , the city 's population was 39,853 , making it the 17th-largest city in Missouri , and the largest city in Southeast Missouri . An emerging college town , it is the home of Southeast Missouri State University ."}]}, {'value': 'Cape Girardeau County , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Girardeau_County', 'summary': "Cape Girardeau County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri ; its eastern border is formed by the Mississippi River . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the population was 75,674 . The county seat is Jackson , the first city in the US to be named in honor of President Andrew Jackson . Officially organized on October 1 , 1812 , the county is named after Ensign Sieur Jean Baptiste de Girardot , an official of the French colonial years . The cape in the county 's name is named after a former promontory rock overlooking the Mississippi River ; this feature was demolished during railroad construction . Cape Girardeau County is the hub of the Cape Girardeau-Jackson , MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area . Its largest city is Cape Girardeau ."}]}, {'value': 'West Plains Transit System', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Plains , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Plains,_Missouri', 'summary': 'West Plains is a city in Howell County , Missouri , United States . The population was 11,986 at the 2010 Census . It is the county seat of Howell County .'}]}, {'value': 'West Plains , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Plains', 'summary': 'West Plains is a city in Howell County , Missouri , United States . The population was 11,986 at the 2010 Census . It is the county seat of Howell County .'}]}, {'value': 'Bluff Area Transit Service', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poplar Bluff , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poplar_Bluff,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Poplar Bluff is a small city in Butler County in Southeast Missouri , United States . It is the county seat of Butler County and is known as The Gateway to the Ozarks among other names . The population was 17,023 at the 2010 census . The Poplar Bluff Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of all of Butler County . The city is at the crossroads of U.S. Route 60 and U.S. Route 67 .'}]}, {'value': 'Poplar Bluff , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poplar_Bluff', 'summary': 'Poplar Bluff is a small city in Butler County in Southeast Missouri , United States . It is the county seat of Butler County and is known as The Gateway to the Ozarks among other names . The population was 17,023 at the 2010 census . The Poplar Bluff Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of all of Butler County . The city is at the crossroads of U.S. Route 60 and U.S. Route 67 .'}]}, {'value': 'KIRK-TRAN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirksville , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirksville,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Kirksville is a city in and the county seat of Adair County , Missouri , United States . Located in the Benton Township , its population was 17,505 at the 2010 census . Kirksville is home to two colleges : Truman State University and A.T . Still University .'}]}, {'value': 'Kirksville , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirksville', 'summary': 'Kirksville is a city in and the county seat of Adair County , Missouri , United States . Located in the Benton Township , its population was 17,505 at the 2010 census . Kirksville is home to two colleges : Truman State University and A.T . Still University .'}]}, {'value': 'Excelsior Springs Transportation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Excelsior Springs , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Excelsior_Springs,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Excelsior Springs is a city in Clay and Ray counties in the U.S. state of Missouri and part of the Kansas City metropolitan area . The population was 11,084 at the 2010 census . It is located approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) northeast of central Kansas City , Missouri .'}]}, {'value': 'Excelsior Springs , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Excelsior_Springs,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Excelsior Springs is a city in Clay and Ray counties in the U.S. state of Missouri and part of the Kansas City metropolitan area . The population was 11,084 at the 2010 census . It is located approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) northeast of central Kansas City , Missouri .'}]}, {'value': 'Chillicothe Transit System', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chillicothe , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chillicothe,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Chillicothe is a city in the state of Missouri and the county seat of Livingston County , Missouri , United States . The population was 9,515 at the 2010 census . The name Chillicothe is Shawnee for big town , and was named after their Chillicothe , located since 1774 about a mile from the present-day city .'}]}, {'value': 'Chillicothe , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chillicothe,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Chillicothe is a city in the state of Missouri and the county seat of Livingston County , Missouri , United States . The population was 9,515 at the 2010 census . The name Chillicothe is Shawnee for big town , and was named after their Chillicothe , located since 1774 about a mile from the present-day city .'}]}, {'value': 'City of Houston Bus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Houston is a city in Texas County , Missouri , United States . The population was 2,081 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Texas County .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Houston is a city in Texas County , Missouri , United States . The population was 2,081 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Texas County .'}]}, {'value': 'Dunklin County Transit System', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kennett , Missouri , Malden , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kennett,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Kennett is a city in , and the county seat of , Dunklin County , Missouri , United States . The city is located in the southeast corner ( or Bootheel ) of Missouri , 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) east of Arkansas and 20 miles ( 32 km ) from the Mississippi River . It has a population of 10,932 according to the 2010 Census . Kennett is the largest city in the Bootheel , a mostly agricultural area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Malden,_Missouri', 'summary': "Malden is a city in the northeast corner of Dunklin County , Missouri , United States , located near the intersection of Missouri Route 25 and U.S. Route 62 . The population was 4,277 at the 2010 census . Malden is within Missouri 's 8th congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'Dunklin County , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunklin_County,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Dunklin County is a county located in the Bootheel of the U.S. state of Missouri . As of the 2010 census , the population was 31,953 . The largest city and county seat is Kennett . The county was officially organized on February 14 , 1845 , and is named in honor of Daniel Dunklin , a Governor of Missouri who died the year before the county was organized . Dunklin County comprises the Kennett , MO Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Transit System', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Madrid , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Madrid,_Missouri', 'summary': 'New Madrid ( Spanish : Nueva Madrid ) is a city in New Madrid County , Missouri , United States . The population was 3,116 at the 2010 census . New Madrid is the county seat of New Madrid County . The city is located 42 miles ( 68 km ) southwest of Cairo , Illinois , and north of an exclave of Fulton County , Kentucky , across the Mississippi River .'}]}, {'value': 'New Madrid , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Madrid,_Missouri', 'summary': 'New Madrid ( Spanish : Nueva Madrid ) is a city in New Madrid County , Missouri , United States . The population was 3,116 at the 2010 census . New Madrid is the county seat of New Madrid County . The city is located 42 miles ( 68 km ) southwest of Cairo , Illinois , and north of an exclave of Fulton County , Kentucky , across the Mississippi River .'}]}, {'value': 'OATS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warrensburg , Missouri , and Sedalia , Missouri , Southwest Missouri to Springfield , Missouri , Camdenton , Missouri to Columbia , Missouri & Jefferson City , Missouri , Northeast Missouri to Columbia , Missouri & St. Louis , Northwest Missouri to St. Joseph , Missouri & Kansas City , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warrensburg,_Missouri', 'summary': "Warrensburg is a city in Johnson County , Missouri , United States . The population was 18,838 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Johnson County . The Warrensburg Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of Johnson County . It is home to the University of Central Missouri . Warrensburg has 8,438 farms and is the home to the 80 's hairband Warrant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sedalia,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Sedalia is a city located approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) south of the Missouri River and , as the county seat of Pettis County , Missouri , United States , it is the principal city of the Sedalia Micropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 21,387 . Sedalia is also the location of the Missouri State Fair and the Scott Joplin Ragtime Festival . U.S . Routes 50 and 65 intersect in the city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri', 'summary': "Springfield is the third largest city in the state of Missouri and the county seat of Greene County . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 159,498 . As of 2018 , the Census Bureau estimated its population at 168,122 . It is the principal city of the Springfield metropolitan area , which has a population of 462,369 and includes the counties of Christian , Dallas , Greene , Polk , and Webster . Springfield 's nickname is Queen City of the Ozarks and it is known as the Birthplace of Route 66 . It is home to three universities , Missouri State University , Drury University , and Evangel University ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Camdenton,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Camdenton is a city in of Camden County , Missouri , United States . Its population was 3,718 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Camden County . The city is enveloped by the Lower Niangua arm of the Lake of the Ozarks and serves as a popular trade point for visitors to the area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri', 'summary': "Columbia /kəˈlʌmbiə/ is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri . It is the county seat of Boone County and home to the University of Missouri . Founded in 1821 , it is the principal city of the five-county Columbia metropolitan area . It is Missouri 's fourth most-populous and fastest growing city , with an estimated 123,180 residents in 2018 . As a Midwestern college town , Columbia has a reputation for progressive politics , persuasive journalism , and public art . The tripartite establishment of Stephens College ( 1833 ) , the University of Missouri ( 1839 ) , and Columbia College ( 1851 ) , which surround the city 's Downtown to the east , south , and north , has made the city a center of learning . At its center is 8th Street , also known as the Avenue of the Columns , which connects Francis Quadrangle and Jesse Hall to the Boone County Courthouse and the City Hall . Originally an agricultural town , the cultivation of the mind is Columbia 's chief economic concern today . Never a major center of manufacturing , the city also depends on healthcare , insurance , and technology businesses . Companies such as Shelter Insurance , Carfax , and Slackers CDs and Games , were founded in the city . Cultural institutions include the State Historical Society of Missouri , the Museum of Art and Archaeology , and the annual True/False Film Festival . The Missouri Tigers , the state 's only major college athletic program , play football at Faurot Field and basketball at Mizzou Arena as members of the rigorous Southeastern Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Jefferson City , officially the City of Jefferson and informally Jeff City or Jefferson , is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri and the 15th most populous city in the state . It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area , the second-most-populous metropolitan area in Mid-Missouri and the fifth-largest in the state . Most of the city is in Cole County , with a small northern section extending into Callaway County . Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson , the third President of the United States . Jefferson City is located on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau on the southern side of the Missouri River in a region known as Mid-Missouri . It is 30 miles south of Columbia , Missouri [ citation needed ] , and sits at the western edge of the Missouri Rhineland , one of the major wine-producing regions of the Midwest . The city is dominated by the domed Capitol , which rises from a bluff overlooking the Missouri River to the north ; Lewis and Clark passed the bluff on their historic expedition upriver before Europeans established any settlement there . Many of Jefferson City 's primary employers are in service and manufacturing industries . Jefferson City is also home to Lincoln University , a public historically black land-grant university founded in 1866 by the 62nd Regiment of U.S . Colored Troops with support from the 65th Regiment of U.S . Colored Troops ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri', 'summary': "Columbia /kəˈlʌmbiə/ is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri . It is the county seat of Boone County and home to the University of Missouri . Founded in 1821 , it is the principal city of the five-county Columbia metropolitan area . It is Missouri 's fourth most-populous and fastest growing city , with an estimated 123,180 residents in 2018 . As a Midwestern college town , Columbia has a reputation for progressive politics , persuasive journalism , and public art . The tripartite establishment of Stephens College ( 1833 ) , the University of Missouri ( 1839 ) , and Columbia College ( 1851 ) , which surround the city 's Downtown to the east , south , and north , has made the city a center of learning . At its center is 8th Street , also known as the Avenue of the Columns , which connects Francis Quadrangle and Jesse Hall to the Boone County Courthouse and the City Hall . Originally an agricultural town , the cultivation of the mind is Columbia 's chief economic concern today . Never a major center of manufacturing , the city also depends on healthcare , insurance , and technology businesses . Companies such as Shelter Insurance , Carfax , and Slackers CDs and Games , were founded in the city . Cultural institutions include the State Historical Society of Missouri , the Museum of Art and Archaeology , and the annual True/False Film Festival . The Missouri Tigers , the state 's only major college athletic program , play football at Faurot Field and basketball at Mizzou Arena as members of the rigorous Southeastern Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Joseph ( informally St. Joe ) is a small city in and the county seat of Buchanan County , Missouri , United States . Small parts of St. Joseph extend into Andrew County , Missouri . Saint Joseph is known for hosting the Kansas City Chiefs Training Camp every year at Missouri Western State University . Saint Joseph is filled with many lush forests and parks as well as its very own go kart track and mini golf course . It is the principal city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Buchanan , Andrew , and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County , Kansas . As of the 2010 census , St. Joseph had a total population of 76,780 , making it the eighth largest city in the state , and the third largest in Northwest Missouri . St. Joseph is located roughly thirty miles north of the Kansas City , Missouri city limits and approximately 125 miles south of Omaha , Nebraska . The city was named after the town 's founder Joseph Robidoux and the biblical Saint Joseph . the city is located on the Missouri River . It is the birthplace of hip hop star Eminem as well as the death place of Jesse James ; it is also the starting point of the Pony Express . St. Joseph is also home to Missouri Western State University ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Kansas City ( abbreviated KC or KCMO ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018 , making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States . It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053 . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City , Kansas , ( KCK/Wyandotte County ) in Kansas . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 , the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued , and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . In 2017 , the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high . Sitting on Missouri 's western boundary with Kansas , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers , the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km2 ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Along with Independence , one of its major suburbs , it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County . Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Missouri', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States_25', 'intro': 'The following is a list of presently-operating bus transit systems in the United States with regular service. The list excludes charter buses, private bus operators, paratransit systems, and trolleybus systems. Figures for daily ridership, number of vehicles, and daily vehicle revenue miles are accurate as of 2009 and come from the FTA National Transit Database.'}
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What is the name of the mostly agricultural area that lies in the southeast corner of Missouri and has as its largest city one of the two locales of the Dunklin County Transit System ?
Bootheel
08a16df184c7f10e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_football_transfers_summer_2009_(August)', 'title': 'List of Italian football transfers summer 2009 (August)', 'header': ['Date', 'Name', 'Nat', 'Moving from', 'Moving to', 'Fee'], 'data': [{'value': '1 August 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefano Pietribiasi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefano_Pietribiasi', 'summary': 'Stefano Pietribiasi ( born 8 May 1985 ) , with the nickname Condoraccio , is an Italian footballer who plays as a striker for A.C Trento Calcio .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sambenedettese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.S._Sambenedettese_Calcio', 'summary': 'S.S. Sambenedettese S.r.l . is an Italian association football club , based in San Benedetto del Tronto , Marche . Sambenedettese currently plays in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Vicenza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicenza_Calcio', 'summary': "L.R . Vicenza Virtus , commonly referred to as Vicenza , is an Italian football club based in Vicenza , Veneto . Founded in 1902 as Associazione del Calcio in Vicenza , they became Lanerossi Vicenza in 1953 , then Vicenza Calcio from 1990 to 2018 , a year which saw the club going bankrupt and being put under controlled administration in order to preserve the Serie C spot at the end of the 2017-18 season . Renzo Rosso , owner of Diesel , merged its Bassano Virtus and some of the assets of Vicenza Calcio into one team , which will play in Vicenza , while the two sides will preserve their distinct youth teams . Vicenza is the oldest team in Veneto ; officially founded on 9 March 1902 by the then dean of Liceo Lioy , Tito Buy , and the physical education teacher of the same school , Libero Antonio Scarpa . The club currently plays in Italy 's Serie C , having spent the entire 1960s , most of the 1970s and a large part of the 1990s in Serie A ."}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claudio Cafiero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claudio_Cafiero', 'summary': 'Claudio Cafiero ( born September 19 , 1989 ) is an Italian professional football player who currently plays for S.S.D . Città di Campobasso . On 16 August 2016 he was signed by Lupa Roma F.C . on loan .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Roma', 'summary': "Associazione Sportiva Roma ( BIT : ASR , LSE : 0MT1 ; Rome Sport Association ) , commonly referred to as Roma ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈroːma ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Rome . Founded by a merger in 1927 , Roma have participated in the top-tier of Italian football for all of their existence except for 1951-52 . Roma have won Serie A three times , in 1941-42 , 1982-83 and 2000-01 , as well as winning nine Coppa Italia titles and two Supercoppa Italiana titles . In European competitions , Roma won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1960-61 and were runners-up in the 1983-84 European Cup and the 1990-91 UEFA Cup . Fifteen players have won the FIFA World Cup while playing at Roma : Ferraris , Guaita and Masetti ( 1934 ) ; Donati , Monzeglio and Serantoni ( 1938 ) ; Bruno Conti ( 1982 ) ; Rudi Voller and Berthold ( 1990 ) ; Aldair ( 1994 ) ; Candela ( 1998 ) ; Cafu ( 2002 ) ; Daniele De Rossi , Simone Perrotta and Francesco Totti ( 2006 ) . Since 1953 , Roma have played their home matches at the Stadio Olimpico , a venue they share with city rivals Lazio . With a capacity of over 72,000 , it is the second-largest of its kind in Italy , with only the San Siro able to seat more . The club plan to move to a new stadium , though this is yet to start construction . The club 's home colours are Tyrian purple and gold , which gives Roma their nickname I Giallorossi ( The Yellow and Reds ) . These colours have often been combined with white shorts . Their club badge features a she-wolf , an allusion to the founding myth of Rome ."}]}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino_Calcio', 'summary': 'San Marino Calcio , better known as San Marino , was a Sammarinese football club based in the city of Serravalle . Founded in 1959 and re-founded in 1973 and again in 2000 , it was the only football club based in the Republic of San Marino authorized by the FIGC to compete in the Italian football league From the historical point of view , the highest level reached by the club is the third national series , in which the best result is a tenth place . This makes it therefore the only San Marino football team to have played in a professional league ( as the national tournament of San Marino is in fact amateur ) . On 4 July 2019 the sports title of the San Marino Calcio is transferred to the Cattolica Calcio , which takes the name of Cattolica Calcio San Marino and which is admitted to the Serie D championship . The company retains its legal and administrative headquarters in the Republic of San Marino , but sporting activity takes place in Cattolica and the colors become yellow and red . The club was founded in 1960 as S.S. Serenissima ( Società Sportiva Serenissima ) . Serenissima merged with S.S. Juvenes in 1973 , changing its name to A.C. San Marino ( Associazione Calcio San Marino ) and in 1988-89 to its current name , San Marino Calcio . The club currently plays in Serie D. San Marino Calcio was dissolved in July 2019 , being replaced with a new club , Cattolica S.M . Calcio .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giacomo Di Donato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giacomo_Di_Donato', 'summary': 'Giacomo Di Donato ( born 8 February 1988 ) is a former Italian footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vicenza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicenza_Calcio', 'summary': "L.R . Vicenza Virtus , commonly referred to as Vicenza , is an Italian football club based in Vicenza , Veneto . Founded in 1902 as Associazione del Calcio in Vicenza , they became Lanerossi Vicenza in 1953 , then Vicenza Calcio from 1990 to 2018 , a year which saw the club going bankrupt and being put under controlled administration in order to preserve the Serie C spot at the end of the 2017-18 season . Renzo Rosso , owner of Diesel , merged its Bassano Virtus and some of the assets of Vicenza Calcio into one team , which will play in Vicenza , while the two sides will preserve their distinct youth teams . Vicenza is the oldest team in Veneto ; officially founded on 9 March 1902 by the then dean of Liceo Lioy , Tito Buy , and the physical education teacher of the same school , Libero Antonio Scarpa . The club currently plays in Italy 's Serie C , having spent the entire 1960s , most of the 1970s and a large part of the 1990s in Serie A ."}]}, {'value': 'Valenzana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valenzana_Calcio', 'summary': 'Valenzana Mado is an Italian football club , based in Valenza , Piedmont . Currently it plays in Eccellenza Piedmont and Aosta Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladislav Mirchev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladislav_Mirchev', 'summary': 'Vladislav Mirchev ( Bulgarian : Владислав Мирчев ; born 23 January 1987 ) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays for Chernomorets Balchik as a forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spartak Varna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PFC_Spartak_1918', 'summary': 'FC Spartak Varna ( Bulgarian : ФК Спартак Варна ) is a Bulgarian association football phoenix club based in Varna , which currently competes in the Second League . Spartak plays its home matches at the local Stadion Spartak . Spartak established itself as one of the pioneering teams in Bulgarian football . They won the Bulgarian league in 1932 , and were runners up in 1931 and 1933 . Spartak have spent the majority of their existence in the first two tiers of Bulgarian football , although their last top flight participation has been during the season 2008-09 . Their nickname is the Falcons , and they have a very heated rivalry with fellow Varna-based club , Cherno More Varna . Matches between the two sides are known as the Derby of Varna .'}]}, {'value': 'Ancona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Ancona', 'summary': 'Associazione Calcio Ancona , commonly referred to as Ancona , was an Italian football club based in Ancona , Marche . It was founded in 1905 as Unione Sportiva Anconitana , changing its name to Ancona Calcio in 1982 and being refounded in 2004 ( using clause in the Article 52 of N.O.I.F . ) with its last denomination . Since 2010 the club is in liquidation and the current liquidator is Giorgio Paolo Raffaele Perrotti . [ citation needed ] Another club of the city , U.S. Ancona 1905 claimed as the phoenix club . However , the club also folded in 2017 , with a second phoenix club was founded in amateur league . The nicknames of the team were i Dorici ( The Dorians ) and i Biancorossi ( The Red and Whites ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodrigue Boisfer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodrigue_Boisfer', 'summary': 'Rodrigue Boisfer ( born 24 January 1981 ) is a French footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie B team Gubbio .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C.', 'summary': "Genoa Cricket and Football Club , commonly referred to as Genoa ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈdʒɛːnoa ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Genoa , Liguria . Established on 7 September 1893 , it is Italy 's fourth oldest football team ( after Torino F.C.C. , Nobili Torino and Internazionale Torino ) , and the oldest active Italian football team , with over 125 years of activity . During their long history , Genoa have won the Italian Championship nine times . Genoa 's first title came at the inaugural championship in 1898 and their most recent was in 1923-24 . They have also won the Coppa Italia once . Historically , Genoa are the fourth most successful Italian club in terms of championships won . This slew of early successes may lie at the origin of the love professed for the team by the godfather of Italian sports journalists Gianni Brera ( 1919-92 ) , who , despite having been born nowhere near Genoa , always declared himself a supporter of the team . Brera went as far as creating the nickname Vecchio Balordo ( Old Fool or Cranky Old One ) for Genoa . The club has played its home games at the 36,536 capacity Stadio Luigi Ferraris since 1911 . Since 1946 , the ground has been shared with local rivals Sampdoria . Genoa has spent most of its post-war history going up and down between Serie A and Serie B , with two brief spells in Serie C ."}]}, {'value': 'Gubbio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Gubbio_1910', 'summary': 'Associazione Sportiva Gubbio 1910 is an Italian association football club , based in Gubbio , Umbria . The club play in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea Soncin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Soncin', 'summary': 'Andrea Soncin ( born 5 September 1978 ) is an Italian footballer who plays for Montebelluna .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ascoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascoli_Calcio_1898', 'summary': 'Ascoli Calcio 1898 F.C. , commonly referred to as Ascoli , is an Italian football club based in Ascoli Piceno , Marche . The club was formed in 1898 and currently play in Serie B , having returned to it after two seasons spent in Serie A and eight in Serie B. Ascoli played in Serie A during the periods 1974-1976 , 1978-1985 , 1986-1990 , 1991-1992 , and 2005-2007 . The team traditionally play in vertical black and white stripes .'}]}, {'value': 'Padova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calcio_Padova', 'summary': "Calcio Padova , commonly referred to as Padova , is an Italian football club based in Padua , Veneto . Founded in 1910 , Padova currently play in Serie C , having last been in Serie A in 1996 . The team 's official colours are white and red . The team was refounded in 2014 after the sports title was awarded to Biancoscudati Padova for the 2014-15 Serie D season as a phoenix club . The old holder of the title was in the process of liquidation after it was expelled from 2014-15 Lega Pro . The original Padova was renamed to Football Padova in order to allow the new iteration of Padova to use the original name of the club , Calcio Padova in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabiano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabiano_Lima_Rodrigues', 'summary': 'Fabiano Lima Rodrigues ( born 27 June 1979 ) , known as Fabiano , is a Brazilian footballer who played as a left-wingback .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C.', 'summary': "Genoa Cricket and Football Club , commonly referred to as Genoa ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈdʒɛːnoa ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Genoa , Liguria . Established on 7 September 1893 , it is Italy 's fourth oldest football team ( after Torino F.C.C. , Nobili Torino and Internazionale Torino ) , and the oldest active Italian football team , with over 125 years of activity . During their long history , Genoa have won the Italian Championship nine times . Genoa 's first title came at the inaugural championship in 1898 and their most recent was in 1923-24 . They have also won the Coppa Italia once . Historically , Genoa are the fourth most successful Italian club in terms of championships won . This slew of early successes may lie at the origin of the love professed for the team by the godfather of Italian sports journalists Gianni Brera ( 1919-92 ) , who , despite having been born nowhere near Genoa , always declared himself a supporter of the team . Brera went as far as creating the nickname Vecchio Balordo ( Old Fool or Cranky Old One ) for Genoa . The club has played its home games at the 36,536 capacity Stadio Luigi Ferraris since 1911 . Since 1946 , the ground has been shared with local rivals Sampdoria . Genoa has spent most of its post-war history going up and down between Serie A and Serie B , with two brief spells in Serie C ."}]}, {'value': 'Vicenza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicenza_Calcio', 'summary': "L.R . Vicenza Virtus , commonly referred to as Vicenza , is an Italian football club based in Vicenza , Veneto . Founded in 1902 as Associazione del Calcio in Vicenza , they became Lanerossi Vicenza in 1953 , then Vicenza Calcio from 1990 to 2018 , a year which saw the club going bankrupt and being put under controlled administration in order to preserve the Serie C spot at the end of the 2017-18 season . Renzo Rosso , owner of Diesel , merged its Bassano Virtus and some of the assets of Vicenza Calcio into one team , which will play in Vicenza , while the two sides will preserve their distinct youth teams . Vicenza is the oldest team in Veneto ; officially founded on 9 March 1902 by the then dean of Liceo Lioy , Tito Buy , and the physical education teacher of the same school , Libero Antonio Scarpa . The club currently plays in Italy 's Serie C , having spent the entire 1960s , most of the 1970s and a large part of the 1990s in Serie A ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Feltscher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Feltscher', 'summary': 'Frank Feltscher Martínez ( born 17 May 1988 ) is a Swiss-Venezuelan football midfielder of who plays for Rionegro Águilas .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lecce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Lecce', 'summary': "Unione Sportiva Lecce , commonly referred to as Lecce ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈlettʃe ] ) , is an Italian football club based in Lecce , Apulia . It currently plays in Serie A , the highest level of the Italian football pyramid , and plays its home games at Stadio Via del Mare which has a capacity of 31,533 spectators . Lecce 's current coach is Fabio Liverani who joined in September 2017 leading the giallorossi to a double promotion from Serie C to Serie B first and Serie A TIM after . The club was formed in 1908 and has spent a large part of their recent history bouncing between Italy 's second division and Serie A , where the team debuted in the 1985-86 season . Its best Serie A finish is the ninth place obtained in the 1988-89 season . The club is 27th in the Serie A all-time table and is the second club from Apulia as regards appearances in the first two tiers of Italian football , with 15 Serie A seasons and 25 Serie B seasons . Lecce won a Coppa Ali della Vittoria as Serie B winner in 2010 , a Coppa Italia Serie C in 1975 and an Anglo-Italian Cup Semiprofessionals in 1976 . Lecce players and fans are nicknamed salentini or simply giallorossi or lupi ."}]}, {'value': 'Bellinzona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AC_Bellinzona', 'summary': 'AC Bellinzona is a Swiss football club based in Bellinzona . It was founded in 1904 , and won the Swiss Super League in 1948 . After being folded in 2013 declaring bankruptcy , the team played the Ticino Group of 2.Liga , the sixth tier of the Swiss Football League System in 2014-15 season . After winning it and the 1 . Liga Classic , Bellinzona is promoted to 1 . Liga Promotion .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Job', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Job', 'summary': 'Thomas Hervè Job-Iyock ( born ( 1984-08-20 ) 20 August 1984 ) is a Cameroonian footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Cameroon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pisa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pisa_Calcio', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Pisa 1909 , commonly referred to as Pisa , is an Italian football club based in Pisa , Tuscany . The team currently plays in Serie B . The club was founded in 1909 as Pisa Sporting Club and refounded in 1994 as Pisa Calcio ( and registered in Eccellenza , the sixth football division in Italy ) , after the cancellation of the former because of economical troubles . It was excluded again from Italian football in 2009 , after the property failed to collect enough money to pay off the club 's debts . In summer 2009 it was refounded with the current denomination . Pisa won two Mitropa Cups , in 1986 and 1988 . They play their home matches at Arena Garibaldi - Stadio Romeo Anconetani , named after Romeo Anconetani , the chairman who brought and led the club in Serie A during the 1980s . In 2016 , Giuseppe Corrado bought the club and planned the new Pisa stadium . At the end of the 2008 season , Pisa lost to U.S. Lecce in a two-legged promotion playoff final to Serie A . At the end of 2016 season , managed by Gennaro Gattuso , Pisa secured the promotion to Serie B by winning the final match against Foggia at Zaccheria Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Grosseto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Grosseto_F.C.', 'summary': "F.C . Grosseto S.S.D . is an Italian association football club , based in the city of Grosseto , Tuscany . The club was founded in 1912 . The team 's most associated nickname is grifone , after its logo , depicting a griffon . Its colours are red and white , and it currently plays in Serie D , the fourth level of Italian football . The club participated in professional league until 2015 as Unione Sportiva Grosseto Football Club . However the club failed to qualify for the 2015-16 Lega Pro , the third level of Italian football , following the departure of chairman Piero Camilli . Thanks to Article 52 of N.O.I.F. , a phoenix club , F.C . Grosseto S.S.D . was admitted into the 2015-16 Serie D , the fourth level of Italian football instead ."}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diego Rodríguez Da Luz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Rodríguez_Da_Luz', 'summary': 'Diego Manuel Rodríguez da Luz ( born 8 August 1986 in Montevideo ) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays for Juventud .'}]}, {'value': 'Uruguay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bologna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909', 'summary': "Bologna Football Club 1909 , commonly referred to as Bologna ( Italian pronunciation : [ boˈloɲɲa ] ) , is an Italian football club based in Bologna , Emilia-Romagna . The club are nicknamed the Rossoblù due to the red-and-blue striped shirts which they wear , which are also the official colours of the city . Bologna were founding members of Serie A in 1929 . During its history , the club has won the Italian league championship seven times , making them the sixth most successful team in the history of the league . They have participated in 72 Serie A championships out of 87 , currently ninth in the ranking of the highest number of appearances of the formations in the highest Italian category . Bologna currently plays in Serie A , the highest level of the Italian football pyramid , for the fifth consecutive year . Since 1927 the team has been competing in its internal competitions in the Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , born as Stadio del Littoriale and called , from the postwar period until 1983 , Stadio Comunale . The stadium can host more than 38,000 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Huracán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Huracán', 'summary': "Club Atlético Huracán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ uɾaˈkan ] ) is an Argentine sports club from the Parque Patricios neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . The club is notable for its football team , that currently plays in the Primera División , the top level of the Argentine football league system . Its home stadium is the Estadio Tomás Adolfo Ducó . Huracán was founded on 1 November 1908 in the Nueva Pompeya neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . The club 's name and nickname ( Globo , literally Balloon ) comes from the Huracán ( Hurricane ) balloon flown by Jorge Newbery in 1909 . Its supporters are called los Quemeros ( the Burners ) because the stadium is located in a former garbage burning area . Since its establishment , Huracán has won 13 domestic titles ( including five Primera División championships , and most recently the 2014 Supercopa Argentina ) . Apart from those achievements , the team has finished as runner-up of the top division seven times ( the last one in the 2009 Clausura ) . Huracán 's historical rival is San Lorenzo de Almagro . Other sports practised at the club are artistic gymnastics , boxing , field hockey , roller hockey , handball , martial arts and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea De Falco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_De_Falco', 'summary': 'Andrea De Falco ( born 19 June 1986 ) is an Italian footballer who currently plays for Serie C club Viterbese .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chievo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._ChievoVerona', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Chievo Verona , commonly referred to as Chievo Verona or simply Chievo [ ˈkjɛːvo ] , is an Italian football club named after and based in Chievo , a suburb of 4,500 inhabitants in Verona , Veneto , and owned by Paluani , a bakery product company and the inspiration for their original name , Paluani Chievo . The club shares the 38,402 seater Marc'Antonio Bentegodi stadium with its cross-town rivals Hellas Verona ."}]}, {'value': 'Ancona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Ancona', 'summary': 'Associazione Calcio Ancona , commonly referred to as Ancona , was an Italian football club based in Ancona , Marche . It was founded in 1905 as Unione Sportiva Anconitana , changing its name to Ancona Calcio in 1982 and being refounded in 2004 ( using clause in the Article 52 of N.O.I.F . ) with its last denomination . Since 2010 the club is in liquidation and the current liquidator is Giorgio Paolo Raffaele Perrotti . [ citation needed ] Another club of the city , U.S. Ancona 1905 claimed as the phoenix club . However , the club also folded in 2017 , with a second phoenix club was founded in amateur league . The nicknames of the team were i Dorici ( The Dorians ) and i Biancorossi ( The Red and Whites ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Layún', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Layún', 'summary': 'Miguel Arturo Layún Prado ( born 25 June 1988 ) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays for Liga MX club Monterrey and the Mexico national team . Layún began his career in 2006 with Veracruz , and in 2009 signed for Italian club Atalanta , becoming the first Mexican player to play in the Serie A , where he only made two substitute appearances . He returned to Mexico in 2010 with América , winning two league titles before joining Granada at the end of December 2014 and shortly after , Watford in January 2015 . He joined Porto on loan , and the club made the deal permanent the following season . In 2018 , he joined Sevilla on loan . An international since 2013 , Layún represented Mexico at the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cups , the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , and two CONCACAF Gold Cups , winning the 2015 edition .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veracruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiburones_Rojos_de_Veracruz', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Veracruz , commonly known as Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz , was a Mexican professional football club based in the city of Veracruz . El Aston was founded in 1943 , and played in the Liga MX of Mexico . Their nickname , Tiburones Rojos , means red sharks . In December 2019 , the Mexican Football Federation announced the disaffiliation of Veracruz from Liga MX due to economic debts with first team players , its youth system , and the league .'}]}, {'value': 'Atalanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atalanta_B.C.', 'summary': "Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio , commonly referred to as Atalanta , is an Italian football club based in Bergamo , Lombardy . It plays in Serie A , having gained promotion from Serie B in 2010-11 . They are nicknamed the Nerazzurri and the Orobici . Founded in 1907 by some Swiss students in the gym of the liceo classico , Atalanta play in blue-and-black vertically striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . The club stadium is the 21,300 seat Gewiss Stadium . In Italy , Atalanta is sometimes called Regina delle provinciali ( queen of the provincial clubs ) to mark the fact that the club is by far the most consistent among Italian clubs not based in a regional capital , having played 58 times in Serie A , 28 times in Serie B and only once in Serie C. The club won the Coppa Italia in 1963 and reached the Cup Winners ' Cup semi-final in 1988 , when it was still competing in Serie B . This is still the best ever performance by a non-first division club in a major UEFA competition ( together with Cardiff City ) . Atalanta also participated in four seasons of the UEFA Europa League ( previously known as UEFA Cup ) , reaching the quarter-finals in the 1990-91 season . The club qualified for the 2019-20 UEFA Champions League , reaching the competition for the first time in their history , as they finished 3rd in the 2018-19 Serie A season . This represented the highest finish in the league in the club 's history ."}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Bartolucci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Bartolucci', 'summary': 'Giovanni Bartolucci ( born 27 February 1984 ) is an Italian footballer who plays for Gubbio as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Siena', 'summary': "Robur Siena S.p.A. , commonly referred to as Siena , is an Italian football club based in Siena , Tuscany . The club was re-incorporated in 2014 after the bankruptcy of the previous legal person Associazione Calcio Siena S.p.A. A.C. Siena 's predecessor was founded in 1904 . Siena plays its home games at the Stadio Artemio Franchi . The ground 's capacity is 15,373 and is located in the centre of Siena . Robur Siena achieved 3,893 stadium subscribers in the 2014-15 season in Serie D , setting the all-time record for that league ( later surpassed by Parma in 2015-16 ) and achieved 3,293 subscriber in the season 2015-16 Lega Pro season , ranking first in Group B and fourth amongst the 60 teams playing in the league ."}]}, {'value': 'Lecco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calcio_Lecco_1912', 'summary': 'Calcio Lecco 1912 , commonly referred to as Lecco , is an Italian football club based in Lecco , Lombardy . It currently plays in Serie C , having last been in Serie A in 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gianluca Litteri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gianluca_Litteri', 'summary': 'Gianluca Litteri ( born 6 June 1988 ) is an Italian football player , currently playing for Padova on loan from Cosenza as a striker .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internazionale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Internazionale_Milano', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Vicenza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicenza_Calcio', 'summary': "L.R . Vicenza Virtus , commonly referred to as Vicenza , is an Italian football club based in Vicenza , Veneto . Founded in 1902 as Associazione del Calcio in Vicenza , they became Lanerossi Vicenza in 1953 , then Vicenza Calcio from 1990 to 2018 , a year which saw the club going bankrupt and being put under controlled administration in order to preserve the Serie C spot at the end of the 2017-18 season . Renzo Rosso , owner of Diesel , merged its Bassano Virtus and some of the assets of Vicenza Calcio into one team , which will play in Vicenza , while the two sides will preserve their distinct youth teams . Vicenza is the oldest team in Veneto ; officially founded on 9 March 1902 by the then dean of Liceo Lioy , Tito Buy , and the physical education teacher of the same school , Libero Antonio Scarpa . The club currently plays in Italy 's Serie C , having spent the entire 1960s , most of the 1970s and a large part of the 1990s in Serie A ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edoardo Pazzagli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edoardo_Pazzagli', 'summary': 'Edoardo Pazzagli ( born 11 April 1989 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper . Pazzagli spent most of his professional career on loan at Serie C ( Lega Pro ) divisions . He also represented Italy at youth levels .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fiorentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Firenze Fiorentina , commonly referred to as Fiorentina [ fjorenˈtiːna ] , is an Italian professional football club based in Florence , Tuscany . Founded by a merger in August 1926 , and refounded in August 2002 following bankruptcy , Fiorentina have played at the top level of Italian football for the majority of their existence ; only four clubs have played in more Serie A seasons . Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships , in 1955-56 and again in 1968-69 , as well as six Coppa Italia trophies and one Supercoppa Italiana . On the European stage , Fiorentina won the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1960-61 and lost the final one year later . They finished runners-up in the 1956-57 European Cup , losing against Real Madrid , and also came close to winning the 1989-90 UEFA Cup , finishing as runners-up against Juventus after losing the first leg in Turin and drawing in the second one in Avellino . Fiorentina is one of the fifteen European teams that played the finals in all three major continental competitions : the Champions League ( 1956-1957 , the first Italian team to reach the final in the top continental competition ) , the UEFA Cup Winners ( 1960-1961 and 1961-1962 ) and the UEFA Cup ( 1989-1990 ) . Since 1931 , the club have played at the Stadio Artemio Franchi , which currently has a capacity of 43,147 . The stadium has used several names over the years and has undergone several renovations . Fiorentina are known widely by the nickname Viola , a reference to their distinctive purple colours ."}]}, {'value': 'Andria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Andria_BAT', 'summary': 'S.S.D . Fidelis Andria 2018 or simply Fidelis Andria is an Italian football club based in Andria , Apulia . The club was founded in 1971 and re-founded in 2013 . The team competes in Serie D , the fourth tier of the Italian football system . Fidelis Andria play their home matches at Stadio Degli Ulivi , which has a capacity of 9,140 . The stadium is located in Andria itself .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuele Olivi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuele_Olivi', 'summary': 'Samuele Olivi ( born 1 August 1980 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for San Marino .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piacenza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piacenza_Calcio', 'summary': 'Piacenza Calcio 1919 , commonly referred to as Piacenza , is an Italian football club based in Piacenza , Emilia-Romagna . The club currently plays in Serie C. Re-founded in 2012 , Piacenza Calcio 1919 acquired the rights to use the brand of the original club Piacenza Calcio ( also known as Piacenza F.C . ) from Salva Piace .'}]}, {'value': 'Pescara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pescara_Calcio', 'summary': "Delfino Pescara 1936 , commonly referred to as Pescara , is a professional Italian football club based in Pescara , Abruzzo . The club was formed in 1936 and currently plays in Serie B. Pescara has competed in seven seasons in Serie A , 1977-78 , 1979-80 , 1987-88 , 1988-89 , 1992-93 , 2012-13 and last participated in 2016-17 . The team 's official colors are white and light blue ."}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Orosz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Orosz', 'summary': 'Márk Orosz ( born 24 October 1989 in Kecskemét ) is a Hungarian football player . He plays for Soroksár in the Nemzeti Bajnokság II . He played his first league match in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crotone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Crotone', 'summary': 'Football Club Crotone S.r.l. , commonly referred to as Crotone , is an Italian football club based in Crotone , Calabria . Founded in 1910 , holding home games at Stadio Ezio Scida , which has a 16,547-seat capacity . The club currently competes in Serie B .'}]}, {'value': 'Arezzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Arezzo', 'summary': 'Società Sportiva Arezzo ( formerly Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Atletico Arezzo and Associazione Calcio Arezzo ) is an Italian association football club based in Arezzo , Tuscany . The club was formed in 1923 , refounded in 1993 after going bankrupt and refounded in 2010 after being unable to enroll in the tournament . The club currently plays in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea Paolucci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Paolucci', 'summary': 'Andrea Paolucci ( born 23 November 1986 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Virtus Entella .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fiorentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Firenze Fiorentina , commonly referred to as Fiorentina [ fjorenˈtiːna ] , is an Italian professional football club based in Florence , Tuscany . Founded by a merger in August 1926 , and refounded in August 2002 following bankruptcy , Fiorentina have played at the top level of Italian football for the majority of their existence ; only four clubs have played in more Serie A seasons . Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships , in 1955-56 and again in 1968-69 , as well as six Coppa Italia trophies and one Supercoppa Italiana . On the European stage , Fiorentina won the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1960-61 and lost the final one year later . They finished runners-up in the 1956-57 European Cup , losing against Real Madrid , and also came close to winning the 1989-90 UEFA Cup , finishing as runners-up against Juventus after losing the first leg in Turin and drawing in the second one in Avellino . Fiorentina is one of the fifteen European teams that played the finals in all three major continental competitions : the Champions League ( 1956-1957 , the first Italian team to reach the final in the top continental competition ) , the UEFA Cup Winners ( 1960-1961 and 1961-1962 ) and the UEFA Cup ( 1989-1990 ) . Since 1931 , the club have played at the Stadio Artemio Franchi , which currently has a capacity of 43,147 . The stadium has used several names over the years and has undergone several renovations . Fiorentina are known widely by the nickname Viola , a reference to their distinctive purple colours ."}]}, {'value': 'Andria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Andria_BAT', 'summary': 'S.S.D . Fidelis Andria 2018 or simply Fidelis Andria is an Italian football club based in Andria , Apulia . The club was founded in 1971 and re-founded in 2013 . The team competes in Serie D , the fourth tier of the Italian football system . Fidelis Andria play their home matches at Stadio Degli Ulivi , which has a capacity of 9,140 . The stadium is located in Andria itself .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Filippo Fracaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Filippo_Fracaro', 'summary': 'Filippo Fracaro ( born 11 March 1992 ) is an Italian footballer who plays for Este .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internazionale ( youth )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Internazionale_Milano', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Chievo ( youth )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._ChievoVerona', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Chievo Verona , commonly referred to as Chievo Verona or simply Chievo [ ˈkjɛːvo ] , is an Italian football club named after and based in Chievo , a suburb of 4,500 inhabitants in Verona , Veneto , and owned by Paluani , a bakery product company and the inspiration for their original name , Paluani Chievo . The club shares the 38,402 seater Marc'Antonio Bentegodi stadium with its cross-town rivals Hellas Verona ."}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-08-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Francesco D'Ascanio", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internazionale ( youth )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Internazionale_Milano', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Chievo ( youth )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._ChievoVerona', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Chievo Verona , commonly referred to as Chievo Verona or simply Chievo [ ˈkjɛːvo ] , is an Italian football club named after and based in Chievo , a suburb of 4,500 inhabitants in Verona , Veneto , and owned by Paluani , a bakery product company and the inspiration for their original name , Paluani Chievo . The club shares the 38,402 seater Marc'Antonio Bentegodi stadium with its cross-town rivals Hellas Verona ."}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Summer transfer window ( August )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Italian_football_transfers_summer_2009_(August)_0', 'intro': 'Here is the part2 of the list of Italian football transfers summer 2009.'}
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Which club did the player who became a Lupa Roma F.C.player in 2016 move from ?
Roma
08a1b26bd7a5914a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_alumni', 'title': 'List of New York University alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Relation to NYU', 'Tony Awards won'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nina Arianda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nina_Arianda', 'summary': "Nina Arianda Matijcio ( born September 18 , 1984 ) is an American actress . She won the 2012 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance as Vanda Jordan in Venus in Fur and was nominated for the 2011 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for portraying Billie Dawn in Born Yesterday . She stars in Amazon Studios legal series Goliath and starred in the biographical film Stan & Ollie ( 2018 ) as Stan Laurel 's wife Ida Kitaeva Laurel ."}]}, {'value': 'TSOA 2009 , M.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Actress in a Play for Venus in Fur ( 2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Play', 'summary': 'The Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play is an honor presented at the Tony Awards , a ceremony established in 1947 as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre . The award is given to actresses for quality leading roles in a Broadway play . Despite the award first being presented in 1947 , there were no nominees announced until 1956 . There have been two ties in this category , and one three-way tie .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Venus_in_Fur', 'summary': 'Venus in Fur is a two-person play by David Ives set in modern New York City . The play had its premiere off-Broadway at the Classic Stage Company in 2010 and on Broadway in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marc Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Bell_(entrepreneur)', 'summary': 'Marc Bell is an American financier and entrepreneur . He is the managing partner of Marc Bell Capital , a Boca Raton , Florida-based firm founded in 2003 . [ citation needed ] He is also a producer of plays , musicals and movies .'}]}, {'value': 'SPS 1989 , M.S.R.E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Producer ; Best Musical for Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) , Best Play for August : Osage County ( 2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Musical', 'summary': "The Tony Award for Best Musical is given annually to the best new Broadway musical , as determined by Tony Award voters . The award is one of the ceremony 's longest-standing awards , having been presented each year since 1949 . The award goes to the producers of the winning musical . A musical is eligible for consideration in a given year if it has not previously been produced on Broadway and is not determined . to be a 'classic ' or in the historical or popular repertoire , otherwise it may be considered for Best Revival of a Musical . Best Musical is the final award presented at the Tony Awards ceremony . Excerpts from the musicals that are nominated for this award are usually performed during the ceremony before this award is presented . This is a list of winners and nominations for the Tony Award for Best Musical ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jersey_Boys', 'summary': "Jersey Boys is a 2005 jukebox musical with music by Bob Gaudio , lyrics by Bob Crewe , and book by Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice . It is presented in a documentary-style format that dramatizes the formation , success and eventual break-up of the 1960s rock ' n ' roll group The Four Seasons . The musical is structured as four seasons , each narrated by a different member of the band who gives his own perspective on its history and music . Songs include Big Girls Do n't Cry , Sherry , December 1963 ( Oh , What A Night ) , My Eyes Adored You , Stay , Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You , Who Loves You , Working My Way Back to You and Rag Doll , among others . The musical ran on Broadway from 2005 to 2017 , and since its debut it has been on two North American national tours and two national tours of The UK and Ireland . There have been productions of the show in London 's West End , Las Vegas , Chicago , Toronto , Melbourne and other Australian cities , Singapore , South Africa , The Netherlands , Japan , Dubai , and China . Jersey Boys won four 2006 Tony Awards including Best Musical , and the 2009 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Play', 'summary': "The Tony Award for Best Play ( formally , the Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre ) is an annual award given to the best new ( non-musical ) play on Broadway , as determined by Tony Award voters . There was no award in the Tonys ' first year . All My Sons has been incorrectly categorized as the Best Play of 1947 , but it won the Best Author award for Arthur Miller . The following year Mister Roberts received the first Tony Award as Best Play . The award goes to the authors and the producers of the play . Plays that have appeared in previous Broadway productions are instead eligible for Best Revival of a Play ."}, {'url': '/wiki/August:_Osage_County', 'summary': "August : Osage County [ a ] is a comedy-drama play by Tracy Letts . It was the recipient of the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Drama . The play premiered at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago on June 28 , 2007 , and closed on August 26 , 2007 . It had its Broadway debut at the Imperial Theater on December 4 , 2007 , and the production transferred to the Music Box Theatre on April 29 , 2008 . The Broadway show closed on June 28 , 2009 , after 648 performances and 18 previews . The show made its UK Debut at London 's National Theatre in November 2008 . A US national tour began on July 24 , 2009 , with its first performance at Denver 's Buell Theatre . In 2013 , it was adapted and brought to stage by Taiwanese Greenray Theatre . The story and characters remained unchanged , except the plot took place in a Taiwanese family ."}]}, {'value': 'Trazana Beverley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trazana_Beverley', 'summary': "Trazana Beverley is an American stage and film actress . She received an BFA in Acting from New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts . She was the first African-American actress to receive a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play ( for the 1977 Broadway play For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf ) , having previously won a Theatre World Award for the Off-Broadway production . She shared a cast Obie Award for the latter . She also won the 1977 Theatre World and Drama Desk Awards for the Broadway version ."}]}, {'value': 'TSOA , M.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Featured Actress in a Play For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf ( 1977 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Featured_Actress_in_a_Play', 'summary': "The Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play is an honor presented at the Tony Awards , a ceremony established in 1947 as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre , to actresses for quality supporting roles in a Broadway play . The awards are named after Antoinette Perry , an American actress who died in 1946 . Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the Tony Award Productions , a joint venture of The Broadway League and the American Theatre Wing , to honor the best performances and stage productions of the previous year . Originally called the Tony Award for Actress , Supporting or Featured ( Dramatic ) , it was later changed to its current title in 1976 . Before 1956 , nominees ' names were not made public . The change was made by the awards committee to have a greater impact on theatregoers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/For_Colored_Girls_Who_Have_Considered_Suicide_/_When_the_Rainbow_Is_Enuf', 'summary': "for colored girls who have considered suicide / when the rainbow is enuf is Ntozake Shange 's first work and most acclaimed theater piece , which premiered in 1976 . It consists of a series of poetic monologues to be accompanied by dance movements and music , a form Shange coined as the choreopoem . for colored girls . tells the stories of seven women who have suffered oppression in a racist and sexist society . As a choreopoem , the piece is a series of 20 separate poems choreographed to music that weaves interconnected stories of love , empowerment , struggle and loss into a complex representation of sisterhood . The cast consists of seven nameless African-American women only identified by the colors they are assigned . They are the lady in red , lady in orange , lady in yellow , lady in green , lady in blue , lady in brown , and lady in purple . Subjects from rape , abandonment , abortion and domestic violence are tackled . Shange originally wrote the monologues as separate poems in 1974 . Her writing style is idiosyncratic and she often uses vernacular language , unique structure , and unorthodox punctuation to emphasize syncopation . Shange wanted to write for colored girls . in a way that mimicked how real women speak so she could draw her readers ' focus to the experience of reading and listening ."}]}, {'value': 'Barry Bostwick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bostwick', 'summary': 'Barry Knapp Bostwick ( born February 24 , 1945 ) is an American stage and screen actor and singer . He is best known for portraying Brad Majors in the musical comedy horror The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) and Mayor Randall Winston in the sitcom Spin City ( 1996-2002 ) . Bostwick has also had considerable success in musical theatre , winning a Tony Award for his role in the musical The Robber Bridegroom .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA , 1968 M.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Actor in a Musical for The Robber Bridegroom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Musical', 'summary': 'The Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical is awarded to the actor who was voted as the best actor in a musical play , whether a new production or a revival . The award has been given since 1948 , but the nominees who did not win have only been publicly announced since 1956 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Robber_Bridegroom_(musical)', 'summary': 'The Robber Bridegroom is a musical with a book and lyrics by Alfred Uhry and music by Robert Waldman . The story is based on the 1942 novella by Eudora Welty of the same name , with a Robin Hood-like hero ; the adaptation placed it in a late 18th-century American setting . The musical ran on Broadway in 1975 and again in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cy Coleman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cy_Coleman', 'summary': 'Cy Coleman ( born Seymour Kaufman ; June 14 , 1929 - November 18 , 2004 ) was an American composer , songwriter , and jazz pianist .'}]}, {'value': 'Steinhardt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steinhardt_School_of_Culture,_Education,_and_Human_Development', 'summary': "The New York University Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development ( commonly referred to as Steinhardt ) is the secondary liberal arts and education school of New York University . Founded in 1890 , it is the first school of pedagogy to be established at an American university . Prior to 2001 , it was known as the NYU School of Education . Located on NYU 's founding campus in Greenwich Village , the Steinhardt School offers bachelor 's , master 's , advanced certificate , and doctoral programs in the fields of applied psychology , art , education , health , media , and music . NYU Steinhardt also offers several degree programs at NYU 's Brooklyn campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Composer , five Tony Awards from 1978 - 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Betty Comden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Betty_Comden', 'summary': "Betty Comden ( born Basya Cohen , May 3 , 1917 - November 23 , 2006 ) was one-half of the musical-comedy duo Comden and Green , who provided lyrics , libretti , and screenplays to some of the most beloved and successful Hollywood musicals and Broadway shows of the mid-20th century . Her writing partnership with Adolph Green , called the longest running creative partnership in theatre history , lasted for six decades , during which time they collaborated with other leading entertainment figures such as the famed Freed Unit at MGM , Jule Styne , and Leonard Bernstein , and wrote the musical comedy film Singin ' in the Rain ."}]}, {'value': 'Steinhardt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steinhardt_School_of_Culture,_Education,_and_Human_Development', 'summary': "The New York University Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development ( commonly referred to as Steinhardt ) is the secondary liberal arts and education school of New York University . Founded in 1890 , it is the first school of pedagogy to be established at an American university . Prior to 2001 , it was known as the NYU School of Education . Located on NYU 's founding campus in Greenwich Village , the Steinhardt School offers bachelor 's , master 's , advanced certificate , and doctoral programs in the fields of applied psychology , art , education , health , media , and music . NYU Steinhardt also offers several degree programs at NYU 's Brooklyn campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Librettist , twelve Tony Awards from 1953 - 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred Ebb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Ebb', 'summary': 'Fred Ebb ( April 8 , 1928 - September 11 , 2004 ) was an American musical theatre lyricist who had many successful collaborations with composer John Kander . The Kander and Ebb team frequently wrote for such performers as Liza Minnelli and Chita Rivera .'}]}, {'value': 'ARTS 1955 , B.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyricist , three Tony Awards : Cabaret ( 1967 ) , Woman of the Year 1981 , Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cabaret_(musical)', 'summary': "Cabaret is a 1966 musical with music by John Kander , lyrics by Fred Ebb , and book by Joe Masteroff , based on John Van Druten 's 1951 play I Am a Camera , which was adapted from the short novel Goodbye to Berlin ( 1939 ) by Christopher Isherwood . Set in 1931 Berlin as the Nazis are rising to power , it focuses on the nightlife at the seedy Kit Kat Klub , and revolves around American writer Cliff Bradshaw and his relationship with English cabaret performer Sally Bowles . A sub-plot involves the doomed romance between German boarding house owner Fräulein Schneider and her elderly suitor Herr Schultz , a Jewish fruit vendor . Overseeing the action is the Master of Ceremonies at the Kit Kat Klub . The club serves as a metaphor for ominous political developments in late Weimar Germany . The 1966 original Broadway production became a hit , inspiring numerous subsequent productions in London and New York , as well as the 1972 film of the same name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Woman_of_the_Year_(musical)', 'summary': 'Woman of the Year is a musical with a book by Peter Stone and score by John Kander and Fred Ebb . Based on the Ring Lardner Jr.-Michael Kanin screenplay for the 1942 Katharine Hepburn-Spencer Tracy film Woman of the Year , the musical changes the newspaper reporters of the original to television personality Tess Harding and cartoonist Sam Craig , who experience difficulty merging their careers with their marriage . The musical ran on Broadway in 1981 and starred Lauren Bacall .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kiss_of_the_Spider_Woman_(musical)', 'summary': 'Kiss of the Spider Woman is a musical with music by John Kander and Fred Ebb , with the book by Terrence McNally . It is based on the Manuel Puig novel El Beso de la Mujer Araña . Directed by Harold Prince , the musical had runs in the West End ( 1992 ) and Broadway ( 1993 ) and won the 1993 Tony Award for Best Musical . Despite a decidedly mixed review by Frank Rich , the musical ran on Broadway for 904 performances .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam S. Gordon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TSOA 1989 , B.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Producer ; Best Musical for Kinky Boots ( 2014 ) , Best Revival for The Color Purple ( 2016 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Musical', 'summary': "The Tony Award for Best Musical is given annually to the best new Broadway musical , as determined by Tony Award voters . The award is one of the ceremony 's longest-standing awards , having been presented each year since 1949 . The award goes to the producers of the winning musical . A musical is eligible for consideration in a given year if it has not previously been produced on Broadway and is not determined . to be a 'classic ' or in the historical or popular repertoire , otherwise it may be considered for Best Revival of a Musical . Best Musical is the final award presented at the Tony Awards ceremony . Excerpts from the musicals that are nominated for this award are usually performed during the ceremony before this award is presented . This is a list of winners and nominations for the Tony Award for Best Musical ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kinky_Boots_(musical)', 'summary': "Kinky Boots is a Broadway musical with music and lyrics by Cyndi Lauper and a book by Harvey Fierstein . Based on the 2005 British film Kinky Boots , written by Geoff Deane and Tim Firth and mostly inspired by true events , the musical tells the story of Charlie Price . Having inherited a shoe factory from his father , Charlie forms an unlikely partnership with cabaret performer and drag queen Lola to produce a line of high-heeled boots and save the business . In the process , Charlie and Lola discover that they are not so different after all . Following the show 's conception in 2006 , the creative team was assembled by 2010 . The original production of Kinky Boots premiered at the Bank of America Theatre in Chicago in October 2012 , with both direction and choreography by Jerry Mitchell , and starring Stark Sands and Billy Porter as Charlie and Lola , respectively . It made its Broadway debut at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre on April 4 , 2013 , following previews that began on March 3 , 2013 . The musical began a US tour in 2014 . The musical then ended on April 7 , 2019 . Having initially been less well received by theatre critics and at the box office than another 2013 Broadway production , Matilda the Musical , Kinky Boots entered the 2013 awards season as an underdog . However , less than a month after opening , Kinky Boots surpassed this rival with audiences in weekly box office gross and later enjoyed a post-Tony boost in advance sales . The production earned a season-high 13 nominations and 6 Tony wins , including Best Musical , Best Actor for Billy Porter and Best Score for Lauper in her first outing as a Broadway songwriter , making her the first woman to win alone in that category ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival_of_a_Musical', 'summary': 'The Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical has been awarded since 1994 . Before that time , both plays and musicals were considered together for the Tony Award for Best Revival . The award is given to the best musical play which has already appeared on Broadway in a previous production , or is regarded as being in the common theatrical repertoire . The award goes to the producers of the musical . Like Best Musical , songs from the musicals that are nominated for this award are usually performed during the ceremony before this award is presented .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Color_Purple_(musical)', 'summary': 'The Color Purple is a musical with a book by Marsha Norman and music and lyrics by Brenda Russell , Allee Willis , and Stephen Bray . Based on the 1982 novel of the same name by Alice Walker and its 1985 film adaptation , the show follows the journey of Celie , an African-American woman in the American South from the early to mid-20th century . The original Broadway production ran from 2005 to 2008 , earning eleven Tony Award nominations in 2006 . An enthusiastically acclaimed Broadway revival opened in late 2015 and ran through early 2017 , winning two 2016 Tony Awards - including Best Revival of a Musical .'}]}, {'value': 'Marcia Gay Harden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcia_Gay_Harden', 'summary': "Marcia Gay Harden ( born August 14 , 1959 ) is an American actress . Her film breakthrough was in the 1990 Coen brothers-directed Miller 's Crossing . She followed this with roles in films including Used People ( 1992 ) , The First Wives Club ( 1996 ) , and Flubber ( 1997 ) . For her performance as artist Lee Krasner in the 2000 film Pollock , she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She earned another Academy Award nomination for her performance as Celeste Boyle in Mystic River ( 2003 ) . Other notable film roles include American Gun ( 2005 ) , and 2007 's The Mist and Into the Wild . Harden made her Broadway debut in 1993 , starring in Angels in America , for which she was nominated for a Tony Award . She returned to Broadway in 2009 as Veronica in God of Carnage . Her performance won her the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play . Harden was nominated for her second Primetime Emmy Award for her performance in the 2009 television film The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler . Harden 's other notable television roles include Dr Leanne Rorish in the CBS medical drama Code Black and attorney Rebecca Halliday in the HBO Aaron Sorkin series The Newsroom ."}]}, {'value': 'TSOA , 1988 M.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Actress in a Play for God of Carnage ( 2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Play', 'summary': 'The Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play is an honor presented at the Tony Awards , a ceremony established in 1947 as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre . The award is given to actresses for quality leading roles in a Broadway play . Despite the award first being presented in 1947 , there were no nominees announced until 1956 . There have been two ties in this category , and one three-way tie .'}, {'url': '/wiki/God_of_Carnage', 'summary': 'God of Carnage ( originally in French Le Dieu du carnage ) is a play by Yasmina Reza . It is about two sets of parents , one of whose child has hurt the other at a public park . They agree to meet to discuss the matter in a civilized manner . However , as the evening goes on , the parents become increasingly childish , resulting in the evening devolving into chaos . Originally written in French , the play was a success . It has since been translated into English , and has enjoyed equal acclaim in productions in both London and New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Nikki M. James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikki_M._James', 'summary': 'Nikki Michelle James ( born June 3 , 1981 ) is an American actress and singer . James is best known for her performances in the popular stage musicals The Book of Mormon and Les Misérables , her role in the former having earned her a Tony Award .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA 2003 , B.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Featured Actress in a Musical for The Book of Mormon ( 2011 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Featured_Actress_in_a_Musical', 'summary': 'The Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical has been presented since 1950 . The award was not given at the first three Tony Award ceremonies . Nominees were not announced publicly until 1956 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Book_of_Mormon_(musical)', 'summary': "The Book of Mormon is a musical comedy with music , lyrics and book by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez , and Matt Stone . First staged in 2011 , the play is a satirical examination of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints ' beliefs and practices that ultimately endorses the positive power of love and service . Parker and Stone were best known for creating the animated comedy South Park ; Lopez had co-written the music for the musical Avenue Q . The Book of Mormon follows two Latter-Day Saints missionaries as they attempt to preach the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints to the inhabitants of a remote Ugandan village . The earnest young men are challenged by the lack of interest from the locals , who are distracted by more pressing issues such as HIV/AIDS , famine , female genital mutilation , and oppression from the village warlords . In 2003 , after Parker and Stone saw Avenue Q , they met with the musical 's co-writer Lopez and began developing the musical , meeting sporadically for several years . Parker and Stone grew up in Colorado , and references to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints had been commonplace in their previous works . For research , the trio took a trip to Salt Lake City to meet with current and former Mormon missionaries . Beginning in 2008 , developmental workshops were staged . The show 's producers , Scott Rudin and Anne Garefino , opted to open the show directly on Broadway . The show opened on Broadway in March 2011 , after nearly seven years of development . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints responded indifferently ; however , they did purchase advertising space in its playbill in later runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Kazee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Kazee', 'summary': 'Steve Michael Kazee ( born October 30 , 1975 ) is an American actor and singer . He won the 2012 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical for Once .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA 2005 , M.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Actor in a Musical for Once ( 2011 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Musical', 'summary': 'The Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical is awarded to the actor who was voted as the best actor in a musical play , whether a new production or a revival . The award has been given since 1948 , but the nominees who did not win have only been publicly announced since 1956 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Once_(musical)', 'summary': 'Once is a musical based on the 2007 film of the same name by John Carney . Like the film , music and lyrics were by Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová , including the Academy Award-winning Falling Slowly . The book for the musical was written by Enda Walsh . The musical premiered at the New York Theatre Workshop in 2011 , before transferring to Broadway in 2012 . The production received eleven 2012 Tony Award nominations , and won eight including Best Musical , Best Actor and Best Book . The musical also won the 2012 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical and the 2013 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . It has since spawned a London production , with a North American Tour which started on 1 October 2013 . In the musical , the cast also serves as the orchestra . A minimalist set is used , including a bar in center stage with chairs lining stage left and right . Exiting cast members simply step to the side of the stage and sit down . They serve as the orchestra from these chairs . The bar is used before the show and at intermission as a working bar for theater patrons .'}]}, {'value': 'Bradley King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradley_King_(Lighting_Designer)', 'summary': 'Bradley King is an American theatrical lighting designer , best known for his work on the musical Natasha , Pierre , & The Great Comet of 1812 , for which he won the 2017 Tony Award for Best Lighting Design in a Musical .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA , M.F.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Lighting Design in a Musical for Natasha , Pierre , & The Great Comet of 1812 ( 2017 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Lighting_Design_in_a_Musical', 'summary': 'Tony Award for Best Lighting Design in a Musical is an award for outstanding Lighting design of a musical . The award was first presented in 2005 after the category of Best Lighting Design was divided into Lighting Design in a Play and Lighting Design in a Musical with each genre receiving its own award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Natasha,_Pierre_&_The_Great_Comet_of_1812', 'summary': "Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 is a sung-through musical adaptation of a 70-page segment from Leo Tolstoy 's War and Peace written by composer/lyricist Dave Malloy and directed by Rachel Chavkin . It is based on Volume 2 , Part 5 of Tolstoy 's novel War and Peace , focusing on Natasha 's affair with Anatole and Pierre 's search for meaning in his life . The musical originally ran at the Ars Nova in 2012 , followed by 2013 stagings in both the Meatpacking District and the Theater District of Manhattan , a 2014 Spanish-language staging in Quito , Ecuador , and a 2015 remounting at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Great Comet premiered on Broadway in November 2016 at the Imperial Theatre , and closed in September 2017 . The original Off-Broadway production of the show had Dave Malloy playing Pierre Bezukhov , the lead . Once the show was taken to Broadway , Josh Groban made his Broadway debut as he took over the role of Pierre . The musical received positive reviews , particularly for Phillipa Soo , Denée Benton , and Josh Groban 's leading performances , as well as for the production 's score , direction , and scenic design . The show was nominated for 12 awards - the highest number of nominations in the 2016-2017 season - for the 2017 Tony Awards , including Best Musical , Best Original Score , Best Book of a Musical , Best Actress in a Musical for Benton , Best Actor in a Musical for Groban , Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Lucas Steele , and Best Direction of a Musical for Chavkin . It won two awards : Best Scenic Design for Mimi Lien and Best Lighting Design in a Musical for Bradley King ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Kushner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Kushner', 'summary': 'Anthony Robert Kushner ( born July 16 , 1956 ) is an American playwright , author and screenwriter . He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1993 for his play Angels in America , then adapted it for HBO in 2003 . He co-authored the screenplay for the 2005 film Munich , and he wrote the screenplay for the 2012 film Lincoln . Both films were critically acclaimed , and he received Academy Award nominations for Best Adapted Screenplay . He received a National Medal of Arts from President Barack Obama in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA 1984 , M.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Playwright . Best Play Angels in America ( part 1 in 1993 , part 2 in 1994 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Play', 'summary': "The Tony Award for Best Play ( formally , the Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre ) is an annual award given to the best new ( non-musical ) play on Broadway , as determined by Tony Award voters . There was no award in the Tonys ' first year . All My Sons has been incorrectly categorized as the Best Play of 1947 , but it won the Best Author award for Arthur Miller . The following year Mister Roberts received the first Tony Award as Best Play . The award goes to the authors and the producers of the play . Plays that have appeared in previous Broadway productions are instead eligible for Best Revival of a Play ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Angels_in_America', 'summary': 'Angels in America : A Gay Fantasia on National Themes is a two-part play by American playwright Tony Kushner . The work won numerous awards , including the Pulitzer Prize for Drama , the Tony Award for Best Play , and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Play . Part one of the play premiered in 1991 and its Broadway opening was in 1993 . The play is a complex , often metaphorical , and at times symbolic examination of AIDS and homosexuality in America in the 1980s . Certain major and minor characters are supernatural beings ( angels ) or deceased persons ( ghosts ) . The play contains multiple roles for several of the actors . Initially and primarily focusing on a gay couple in Manhattan , the play also has several other storylines , some of which occasionally intersect . The two parts of the play are separately presentable and entitled Millennium Approaches and Perestroika , respectively . The play has been adapted into an HBO 2003 miniseries of the same title . The Seattle Times listed the series as among Best of the filmed AIDS portrayals on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of AIDS . The playwright and professor of theater studies John M. Clum called the play a turning point in the history of gay drama , the history of American drama , and of American literary culture .'}]}, {'value': 'Mimi Lien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mimi_Lien', 'summary': 'Mimi Lien ( born 1975 or 1976 ) is an American set designer , best known for doing the scenic design of Natasha , Pierre , & The Great Comet of 1812 . In 2017 , she received a Tony Award for her work with the Broadway production . Lien is also a 2015 recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA 2003 , M.F.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Scenic Design in a Musical for Natasha , Pierre , & The Great Comet of 1812 ( 2017 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Scenic_Design_in_a_Musical', 'summary': 'Tony Award for Best Scenic Design in a Musical is an award for outstanding set design of a musical . The award was first presented in 1960 after the category of Best Scenic Design was divided into Scenic Design in a Play and Scenic Design in a Musical with each genre receiving its own award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Natasha,_Pierre_&_The_Great_Comet_of_1812', 'summary': "Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 is a sung-through musical adaptation of a 70-page segment from Leo Tolstoy 's War and Peace written by composer/lyricist Dave Malloy and directed by Rachel Chavkin . It is based on Volume 2 , Part 5 of Tolstoy 's novel War and Peace , focusing on Natasha 's affair with Anatole and Pierre 's search for meaning in his life . The musical originally ran at the Ars Nova in 2012 , followed by 2013 stagings in both the Meatpacking District and the Theater District of Manhattan , a 2014 Spanish-language staging in Quito , Ecuador , and a 2015 remounting at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Great Comet premiered on Broadway in November 2016 at the Imperial Theatre , and closed in September 2017 . The original Off-Broadway production of the show had Dave Malloy playing Pierre Bezukhov , the lead . Once the show was taken to Broadway , Josh Groban made his Broadway debut as he took over the role of Pierre . The musical received positive reviews , particularly for Phillipa Soo , Denée Benton , and Josh Groban 's leading performances , as well as for the production 's score , direction , and scenic design . The show was nominated for 12 awards - the highest number of nominations in the 2016-2017 season - for the 2017 Tony Awards , including Best Musical , Best Original Score , Best Book of a Musical , Best Actress in a Musical for Benton , Best Actor in a Musical for Groban , Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Lucas Steele , and Best Direction of a Musical for Chavkin . It won two awards : Best Scenic Design for Mimi Lien and Best Lighting Design in a Musical for Bradley King ."}]}, {'value': 'Idina Menzel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idina_Menzel', 'summary': "Idina Kim Menzel ( /ɪˈdiːnə mɛnˈzɛl/ ; née Mentzel ; born May 30 , 1971 ) is an American actress , singer , and songwriter . Menzel rose to prominence when she originated the role of Maureen Johnson in the Broadway musical Rent . Her performance earned her a Tony Award nomination in 1996 . She reprised the character in the musical 's 2005 film adaptation . In 2003 , Menzel originated the role of Elphaba in the Broadway musical Wicked , a performance for which she won the 2004 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical . Menzel returned to Broadway as Elizabeth Vaughan in the 2014 musical If/Then , which earned her a third Tony Award nomination . Additionally , Menzel is known for playing Shelby Corcoran on the musical dramedy TV series Glee from 2010 to 2013 and Nancy Tremaine in the 2007 Disney live-action/animated film Enchanted . She also voiced Queen Elsa in Disney 's hit 2013 3D CGI-animated musical film Frozen , in which she sang the Oscar- and Grammy Award-winning song Let It Go . The song reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , making Menzel the first Tony Award-winning actress to reach the top 10 . In 2019 , Menzel reprised her voice role as Elsa in Frozen II . Her album Holiday Wishes was released in 2014 and reached number 6 on the Billboard 200 ."}]}, {'value': 'TSOA 1993 , B.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Actress in a Musical for Wicked ( 2004 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Musical', 'summary': 'The Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical is awarded to the best actress in a musical , whether a new production or a revival . The award has been given since 1948 , but the nominees who did not win have only been publicly announced since 1956 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wicked_(musical)', 'summary': "Wicked is a Broadway musical by Stephen Schwartz and book by Winnie Holzman . It is based on the Gregory Maguire novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West ( published in 1995 ) , itself a retelling of the classic 1900 novel , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum and the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . The musical is told from the perspective of the witches of the Land of Oz ; its plot begins before and continues after Dorothy Gale arrives in Oz from Kansas , and includes several references to the 1939 film and Baum 's novel . Wicked tells the story of two unlikely friends , Elphaba ( the Wicked Witch of the West ) and Galinda ( whose name later changes to Glinda the Good Witch ) , who struggle through opposing personalities and viewpoints , rivalry over the same love-interest , reactions to the Wizard 's corrupt government , and , ultimately , Elphaba 's public fall from grace . Produced by Universal Stage Productions in coalition with Marc Platt , Jon B. Platt and David Stone , with direction by Joe Mantello and choreography by Wayne Cilento , the original production of Wicked premiered on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre in October 2003 , after completing pre-Broadway tryouts at San Francisco 's Curran Theatre in May/June of that same year . Its original stars included Idina Menzel as Elphaba , Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda , and Joel Grey as the Wizard . The original Broadway production won three Tony Awards and seven Drama Desk Awards , while its original cast album received a Grammy Award . Wicked celebrated its tenth anniversary on Broadway on October 30 , 2013 . On October 28 , 2019 , with its 6,681st performance , it surpassed Les Misérables to become Broadway 's fifth-longest running show . A typical performance takes approximately two hours and 30 minutes , plus a 15-minute intermission . The success of the Broadway production has spawned several other productions worldwide , including various North American productions , a long-running Laurence Olivier Award-nominated West End production , and a series of international productions . Since its 2003 debut , Wicked has broken box-office records around the world , currently holding weekly-gross-takings records in Los Angeles , Chicago , St. Louis , and London ."}]}, {'value': 'Donna Murphy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donna_Murphy', 'summary': "Donna Murphy ( born March 7 , 1959 ) is an American actress and singer , known for her work in musical theater . A five-time Tony Award nominee , she has twice won the Tony for Best Actress in a Musical : for her role as Fosca in Passion ( 1994-95 ) and as Anna Leonowens in The King and I ( 1996-97 ) . She was also nominated for her roles as Ruth Sherwood in Wonderful Town ( 2003 ) , Lotte Lenya in LoveMusik ( 2007 ) and Bubbie/Raisel in The People in the Picture ( 2011 ) . Murphy made her Broadway debut as a replacement in the 1979 musical They 're Playing Our Song . Her other stage credits include the original off-Broadway productions of Song of Singapore ( 1991 ) and Hello Again ( 1993 ) , as well as the alternate to Bette Midler as the title character in a Broadway revival of Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017-18 ) . In 1997 , she won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Special for her role in Someone Had to be Benny , an episode of the HBO series Lifestories : Families in Crisis . Her film roles include Anij in Star Trek : Insurrection ( 1998 ) ; Rosalie Octavius in Spider-Man 2 ( 2004 ) ; Mother Gothel in the animated film Tangled ( 2010 ) , and one of the government secretaries in The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'TSOA 1980 , B.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Actress in a Musical for Passion ( 1994 ) and The King and I ( 1996 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Musical', 'summary': 'The Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical is awarded to the best actress in a musical , whether a new production or a revival . The award has been given since 1948 , but the nominees who did not win have only been publicly announced since 1956 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Passion_(musical)', 'summary': "Passion is a one-act musical , with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book by James Lapine . The story was adapted from Ettore Scola 's film Passione d'Amore , itself adapted from the novel Fosca by Iginio Ugo Tarchetti . Central themes include love , sex , obsession , illness , passion , beauty , power and manipulation . Passion is notable for being one of the few projects that Stephen Sondheim himself conceived , along with Sweeney Todd and Road Show . Set in Risorgimento-era Italy , the plot concerns a young soldier and the changes in him brought about by the obsessive love of Fosca , his Colonel 's homely , ailing cousin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_King_and_I', 'summary': "The King and I is the fifth musical by the team of composer Richard Rodgers and dramatist Oscar Hammerstein II . It is based on Margaret Landon 's novel , Anna and the King of Siam ( 1944 ) , which is in turn derived from the memoirs of Anna Leonowens , governess to the children of King Mongkut of Siam in the early 1860s . The musical 's plot relates the experiences of Anna , a British schoolteacher hired as part of the King 's drive to modernize his country . The relationship between the King and Anna is marked by conflict through much of the piece , as well as by a love to which neither can admit . The musical premiered on March 29 , 1951 , at Broadway 's St. James Theatre . It ran for nearly three years , making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time , and has had many tours and revivals . In 1950 , theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client , veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence . Holtzmann realized that Landon 's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein , who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical . The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play the supporting part of the King , a role he had played in the 1946 film made from Landon 's book , but he was unavailable . They settled on the young actor and television director Yul Brynner . The musical was an immediate hit , winning Tony Awards for Best Musical , Best Actress ( for Lawrence ) and Best Featured Actor ( for Brynner ) . Lawrence died unexpectedly of cancer a year and a half after the opening , and the role of Anna was played by several actresses during the remainder of the Broadway run of 1,246 performances ."}]}, {'value': 'Clint Ramos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clint_Ramos', 'summary': 'Clint Ramos is a Filipino-American costume and set designer , best known for his work on the 2016 Broadway production of Eclipsed , for which he won the Tony Award for Best Costume Design in a Play . He has received two additional Tony Award nominations for his work on the 2018 Broadway revival of Once on This Island , and the 2019 Broadway revival of Torch Song . He was the first person of color to receive the Tony Award for Best Costume Design in a Play .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA 1997 , M.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Costume Design in a Play for Eclipsed ( 2016 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design_in_a_Play', 'summary': 'Tony Award for Best Costume Design in a Play is an award for outstanding costume design of a play . The award was first presented in 1961 after the category of Best Costume Design was divided into Costume Design in a Play and Costume Design in a Musical with each genre receiving its own award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eclipsed_(play)', 'summary': 'Eclipsed is a play written by Danai Gurira . ( Not to be confused with the play Eclipsed by Patricia Burke Brogan about life in a Magdalene Laundry in 1960s Ireland ) It takes place in 2003 and tells the story of five Liberian women and their tale of survival near the end of the Second Liberian Civil War . It became the first play with an all-black and female creative cast and team to premiere on Broadway . Eclipsed premiered at Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company in Washington , DC in 2009 , then opened Off-Broadway at The Public Theater in October 2015 with positive reviews and ran until November 2015 . The following year , it transferred to Broadway , premiering at the John Golden Theatre with an opening on March 6 , 2016 . Its Broadway run closed on June 19 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Patrick Shanley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Patrick_Shanley', 'summary': 'John Patrick Shanley ( born October 13 , 1950 ) is an American playwright , screenwriter , and director . His play , Doubt : A Parable , won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the 2005 Tony Award for Best Play . He won the 1988 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his film Moonstruck .'}]}, {'value': 'Steinhardt 1977 , M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steinhardt_School_of_Culture,_Education,_and_Human_Development', 'summary': "The New York University Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development ( commonly referred to as Steinhardt ) is the secondary liberal arts and education school of New York University . Founded in 1890 , it is the first school of pedagogy to be established at an American university . Prior to 2001 , it was known as the NYU School of Education . Located on NYU 's founding campus in Greenwich Village , the Steinhardt School offers bachelor 's , master 's , advanced certificate , and doctoral programs in the fields of applied psychology , art , education , health , media , and music . NYU Steinhardt also offers several degree programs at NYU 's Brooklyn campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Playwright . Best Play for Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Play', 'summary': "The Tony Award for Best Play ( formally , the Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre ) is an annual award given to the best new ( non-musical ) play on Broadway , as determined by Tony Award voters . There was no award in the Tonys ' first year . All My Sons has been incorrectly categorized as the Best Play of 1947 , but it won the Best Author award for Arthur Miller . The following year Mister Roberts received the first Tony Award as Best Play . The award goes to the authors and the producers of the play . Plays that have appeared in previous Broadway productions are instead eligible for Best Revival of a Play ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Doubt:_A_Parable', 'summary': 'Doubt , A Parable is a 2004 play by John Patrick Shanley . Originally staged off-Broadway at the Manhattan Theatre Club on November 23 , 2004 , the production transferred to the Walter Kerr Theatre on Broadway in March 2005 and closed on July 2 , 2006 , after 525 performances and 25 previews . The play won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony Award for Best Play . The play was turned into an Academy Award-nominated film starring Meryl Streep as Sister Aloysius and Philip Seymour Hoffman as Father Flynn .'}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Spinella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Spinella', 'summary': 'Stephen Spinella ( born October 11 , 1956 ) is an American stage , television , and film actor .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA , 1982 M.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Featured Actor in a Play for Angels in America ( part 1 , 1993 ) , Best Actor in a Play for Angels in America ( part 2 , 1994 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Featured_Actor_in_a_Play', 'summary': "The Tony Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Play is an honor presented at the Tony Awards , a ceremony established in 1947 as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre , to actors for quality supporting roles in a Broadway play . Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the Tony Award Productions , a joint venture of The Broadway League and the American Theatre Wing , to honor the best performances and stage productions of the previous year . Originally called the Tony Award for Actor , Supporting or Featured ( Dramatic ) , it was later changed to its current title in 1976 . Before 1956 , nominees ' names were not made public . The change was made by the awards committee to have a greater impact on theatregoers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Angels_in_America', 'summary': 'Angels in America : A Gay Fantasia on National Themes is a two-part play by American playwright Tony Kushner . The work won numerous awards , including the Pulitzer Prize for Drama , the Tony Award for Best Play , and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Play . Part one of the play premiered in 1991 and its Broadway opening was in 1993 . The play is a complex , often metaphorical , and at times symbolic examination of AIDS and homosexuality in America in the 1980s . Certain major and minor characters are supernatural beings ( angels ) or deceased persons ( ghosts ) . The play contains multiple roles for several of the actors . Initially and primarily focusing on a gay couple in Manhattan , the play also has several other storylines , some of which occasionally intersect . The two parts of the play are separately presentable and entitled Millennium Approaches and Perestroika , respectively . The play has been adapted into an HBO 2003 miniseries of the same title . The Seattle Times listed the series as among Best of the filmed AIDS portrayals on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of AIDS . The playwright and professor of theater studies John M. Clum called the play a turning point in the history of gay drama , the history of American drama , and of American literary culture .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Play', 'summary': 'The Tony Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Play is an honor presented at the Tony Awards , a ceremony established in 1947 as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre , to actors for quality leading roles in a Broadway play . The awards are named after Antoinette Perry , an American actress who died in 1946 . Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the Tony Award Productions , a joint venture of The Broadway League and the American Theatre Wing , to honor the best performances and stage productions of the previous year . Despite the award first being presented in 1947 , there were no nominees announced until 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Tazewell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Tazewell', 'summary': "Paul Tazewell is an American costume designer for the theatre , dance , and opera and television . He received the 2016 Tony Award for best costume design for Hamilton . In 2016 , he and his design team were awarded an Emmy for their work on The Wiz Live ! . He is recipient of six total Tony Award nominations for costume design , four Helen Hayes Awards for Outstanding Costume Design , two Lucille Lortel Awards ( for On the Town and Hamilton ) , Henry Hewes Award and the Theater Development Fund 's Irene Sharaff Award in 1997 . He received Princess the Grace Statue Award bestowed by the Princess Grace Foundation to artists of excellence in various disciplines ."}]}, {'value': 'TSOA 1989 , M.F.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Costume Design in a Musical for Hamilton ( 2016 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design_in_a_Musical', 'summary': 'This is a list of winners and nominations for the Tony Award for Best Costume Design in a Musical for outstanding costume design of a musical . The award was first presented in 1961 after the category of Best Costume Design was divided into Costume Design in a Play and Costume Design in a Musical with each genre receiving its own award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)', 'summary': 'Hamilton is a musical with music , lyrics , and book by Lin-Manuel Miranda . It is inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow . The musical tells the story of American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton through music that draws heavily from hip hop , as well as R & B , pop , soul , and traditional-style show tunes ; the show also incorporates color-conscious casting of non-white actors as the Founding Fathers and other historical figures . Through this use of modern storytelling methods , Hamilton has been described as being about America then , as told by America now . The show premiered at the Public Theater Off-Broadway on February 17 , 2015 , where its engagement was sold out ; it won eight Drama Desk Awards , including Outstanding Musical . It then transferred to the Richard Rodgers Theatre on Broadway , opening on August 6 , 2015 , where it received uniformly positive reviews and strikingly high box office sales . At the 2016 Tony Awards , Hamilton received a record-setting 16 nominations , eventually winning 11 awards , including Best Musical . It received the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Drama . The Chicago production of Hamilton began preview performances at the CIBC Theatre in September 2016 and officially opened the following month . The West End production of Hamilton opened at the Victoria Palace Theatre in London in December 2017 , winning seven Olivier Awards in 2018 , including Best New Musical . The first U.S. national tour of the show began performances in March 2017 . A second U.S. tour opened in February 2018 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Entertainment -- Tony Award winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_New_York_University_alumni_11', 'intro': "New York University (NYU) is one of the world's premier residential research and teaching institutions. This partial list of notable New York University alumni includes a sampling of the many graduates who are leaders in their respective fields, non-graduate former students, fictional students, and current students of New York University. The list is abridged - only a representative few are listed. NYU ranks 7th among the World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires, as compiled by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. NYU ranks 5th globally among universities with the highest number of alumni worth $30 million or more, as compiled by ABC News. CNBC ranks NYU 4th globally among universities with the most billionaire graduates. National Academy of Inventors ranks NYU 19th in the world based on the number of patents generated. In 2016, a study based on a computerized analysis of the number of times institutions of higher education are mentioned in Wikipedia and the number of times people search for them on Google, ranked NYU #19 among all universities in the world. NYU also is the second top feeder school for analyst careers in finance and investment banking, after University of Pennsylvania, on Wall Street."}
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What major Broadway hit written by the writers of South Park starred an NYU alum who received a Tony award for her role ?
The Book of Mormon
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fulton_County,_Arkansas', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, Arkansas', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AR 289 Bridge Over English Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AR_289_Bridge_Over_English_Creek', 'summary': 'The AR 289 Bridge Over English Creek is a historic bridge in rural eastern Fulton County , Arkansas . The bridge , a single-span steel Pratt through-truss structure , carries Arkansas Highway 289 over English Creek south of Mammoth Spring . The span is 122 feet ( 37 m ) long and 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) wide , and rests on concrete abutments . Built in 1929 by the Virginia Bridge and Iron Company , it is important as a well-preserved example of its type in Fulton County , and for its historical role in transportation in the region . The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 22 , 2009 ( # 08001338 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highway 289 over English Creek 36°26′48″N 91°34′01″W / 36.4467°N 91.5669°W / 36.4467 ; -91.5669 ( AR 289 Bridge Over English Creek )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_289', 'summary': 'Highway 289 ( AR 289 , Ark . 289 , and Hwy . 289 ) is a designation for two north-south state highways in north central Arkansas . A southern route of 4.93 miles ( 7.93 km ) runs north from Highway 69B ( AR 69B ) at Sage to Zion . A second route of 37.89 miles ( 60.98 km ) begins at Highway 56 in Franklin and runs north to Highway 9 in Mammoth Spring .'}]}, {'value': 'Mammoth Spring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mammoth_Spring,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Mammoth Spring is a city in Fulton County , Arkansas , United States . The population was 977 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'The Camp Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church on Arkansas Highway 9 in Camp , Arkansas . The church was built in 1878 to serve the Camp Methodist Congregation ; it was constructed by local carpenters in a vernacular style with Gothic Revival features . A school operated in the church building until 1914 . In the 1980s , church services were briefly cancelled due to the shrinking congregation ; former church members rehabilitated the church in 1983 , after which services began again . The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 9 , 1997 . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 9 , 1997 ( # 97000402 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highway 9 , approximately 6 miles east of Salem 36°24′44″N 91°44′16″W / 36.412222°N 91.737778°W / 36.412222 ; -91.737778 ( Camp Methodist Church )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_9', 'summary': 'Highway 9 ( AR 9 ) is a designation for two north-south state highways in Arkansas . A southern segment of 51.44 miles ( 82.78 km ) begins at U.S. Route 79 at Eagle Mills and heads north to U.S. Route 67 in Malvern before terminating . The northern segment of 174.17 miles ( 280.30 km ) runs from AR 5 to U.S. Route 63 in Mammoth Spring . The route was created during the 1926 Arkansas state highway numbering , and has seen only minor extensions and realignments since . Pieces of both routes are designated as Arkansas Heritage Trails for use during the Civil War and the Trail of Tears . The AR 9 designation also extends to two spur routes and one business route . All routes are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation ( ArDOT ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Camp is an unincorporated community in Fulton County , Arkansas , United States . Camp is located on Arkansas Highway 9 , 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) east-northeast of Salem . Camp has a post office with ZIP code 72520 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Line School and Lodge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Line_School_and_Lodge', 'summary': 'The County Line School and Lodge is a historic multifunction community building in rural western Fulton County , Arkansas . It stands at the junction of County Roads 115 and 236 , just east of the county line with Baxter County , west of the small community of Gepp . It is a vernacular two story wood frame structure with a gable roof and a cast stone foundation . The ground floor houses a school room , and the upper floor was used for meetings of the County Line Masonic Lodge . It was built c. 1879 , and was one of the first community buildings to be built in the area . Intended to actually stand astride the county line ( since it served communities in both counties ) , a later survey determined it lies a few feet within Fulton County . The building was used as a school until 1948 , when the local school systems were consolidated . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 , at which time it was still in use by the Masons .'}]}, {'value': 'March 27 , 1975 ( # 75000386 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwest of Gepp on the eastern side of the Baxter-Fulton county line , 2 miles south of the state line 36°29′13″N 92°09′00″W / 36.486944°N 92.15°W / 36.486944 ; -92.15 ( County Line School and Lodge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gepp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gepp,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Gepp is an unincorporated community in western Fulton County , Arkansas , United States . Gepp is located along U.S . Routes 62 and 412 , 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of Viola . Gepp has a post office with ZIP code 72538 .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Valley Homestead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Valley_Homestead', 'summary': 'The Green Valley Homestead is a historic farm complex at 2605 Sturkie Road in rural Fulton County , Arkansas , northwest of Salem . The farmstead includes more than 200 acres ( 81 ha ) of land , with a farmstead complex that includes a house , outhouse , root cellar , barn , chicken coop , and carriage house . All of these buildings are built using materials from the property , including fieldstone for the foundations and logs for many of the structural elements of the buildings . They were built between about 1936 and 1943 , and are a rare example of the Rustic architectural style in a residential/agricultural settings . A 2.5-acre ( 1.0 ha ) portion of the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 26 , 2018 ( # 100001994 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2605 Sturkie Rd . 36°24′20″N 91°50′37″W / 36.405634°N 91.843684°W / 36.405634 ; -91.843684 ( Green Valley Homestead )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salem vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salem,_Fulton_County,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Salem is the county seat of Fulton County , Arkansas , United States . Salem was first incorporated in 1900 . As of the 2010 census the population stood at 1,635 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City , Fort Scott and Memphis Railroad Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Fort_Scott_and_Memphis_Railroad_Depot', 'summary': 'Mammoth Spring State Park is a 62.5-acre ( 25.3 ha ) Arkansas state park in Fulton County , Arkansas in the United States . The park is located surrounding National Natural Landmark of the same name to provide recreation and interpretation for visitors . The park offers fishing , boating and hiking in addition to an Arkansas Welcome Center and restored 1886 St. Louis-San Francisco Railway ( Frisco ) depot operating as a railroad museum . The site became a state park in 1957 , but the park continued to add area until 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1992 ( # 92000617 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southeast of the BNSF railroad tracks on an access road for Mammoth Spring State Park 36°29′45″N 91°31′54″W / 36.495833°N 91.531667°W / 36.495833 ; -91.531667 ( Kansas City , Fort Scott and Memphis Railroad Depot )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BNSF_Railway', 'summary': "The BNSF Railway Company ( reporting mark BNSF ) is the largest freight railroad network in North America . One of seven North American Class I railroads , BNSF has 42,000 employees , 32,500 miles ( 52,300 km ) of track in 28 states , and more than 8,000 locomotives . It has three transcontinental routes that provide rail connections between the western and eastern United States . BNSF trains traveled over 169 million miles ( 272 million km ) in 2010 , more than any other North American railroad . The BNSF Railway Company is the principal operating subsidiary of parent company Burlington Northern Santa Fe , LLC . Headquartered in Fort Worth , Texas , the railroad 's parent company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway , Inc . According to corporate press releases , the BNSF Railway is among the top transporters of intermodal freight in North America . It also hauls bulk cargo , including enough coal to generate around ten per cent of the electricity produced in the United States . The creation of BNSF started with the formation of a holding company on September 22 , 1995 . This new holding company purchased the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway ( often called the Santa Fe ) and Burlington Northern Railroad , and formally merged the railways into the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway on December 31 , 1996 . On January 24 , 2005 , the railroad 's name was officially changed to BNSF Railway Company using the initials of its original name . On November 3 , 2009 , Warren Buffett 's Berkshire Hathaway announced it would acquire the remaining 77.4 percent of BNSF it did not already own for $ 100 per share in cash and stock - a deal valued at $ 44 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mammoth_Spring_State_Park', 'summary': 'Mammoth Spring State Park is a 62.5-acre ( 25.3 ha ) Arkansas state park in Fulton County , Arkansas in the United States . The park is located surrounding National Natural Landmark of the same name to provide recreation and interpretation for visitors . The park offers fishing , boating and hiking in addition to an Arkansas Welcome Center and restored 1886 St. Louis-San Francisco Railway ( Frisco ) depot operating as a railroad museum . The site became a state park in 1957 , but the park continued to add area until 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mammoth Spring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mammoth_Spring,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Mammoth Spring is a city in Fulton County , Arkansas , United States . The population was 977 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammoth Spring Dam and Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mammoth_Spring_Dam_and_Lake', 'summary': 'Mammoth Spring State Park is a 62.5-acre ( 25.3 ha ) Arkansas state park in Fulton County , Arkansas in the United States . The park is located surrounding National Natural Landmark of the same name to provide recreation and interpretation for visitors . The park offers fishing , boating and hiking in addition to an Arkansas Welcome Center and restored 1886 St. Louis-San Francisco Railway ( Frisco ) depot operating as a railroad museum . The site became a state park in 1957 , but the park continued to add area until 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 15 , 2009 ( # 09000512 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 U.S. Route 63 , N. 36°29′43″N 91°32′12″W / 36.495414°N 91.536531°W / 36.495414 ; -91.536531 ( Mammoth Spring Dam and Lake )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_63', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 63 ( US 63 ) is a major 1,286-mile ( 2,070 km ) north-south United States highway primarily in the Midwestern and Southern United States . The southern terminus of the route is at Interstate 20 in Ruston , Louisiana . The northern terminus is at U.S. Route 2 in Benoit , Wisconsin , about 60 miles ( 97 km ) east of Duluth , Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': 'Mammoth Spring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mammoth_Spring,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Mammoth Spring is a city in Fulton County , Arkansas , United States . The population was 977 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T.H . Morris House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T.H._Morris_House', 'summary': "The T.H . Morris House is a historic house at the southeast corner of 6th and Bethel Streets in Mammoth Spring , Arkansas . It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame American Foursquare structure , with a hip roof , and front and rear porches . The front porch has square columns and pilasters with simple capitals , and a simple balustrade . Built in 1908 for the owner of the local hardware store , it is the city 's best example of American Foursquare architecture . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 13 , 1990 ( # 90001462 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of 6th and Bethel Sts . 36°29′41″N 91°32′37″W / 36.494722°N 91.543611°W / 36.494722 ; -91.543611 ( T.H . Morris House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammoth Spring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mammoth_Spring,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Mammoth Spring is a city in Fulton County , Arkansas , United States . The population was 977 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saddle Store', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saddle_Store', 'summary': "The Saddle Store is a historic general store and gas station on the east side of Arkansas Highway 289 in the hamlet of Saddle in eastern Fulton County , Arkansas . It is a two-story wood frame vernacular structure with a gable roof , set parallel to and near the road . The south-facing main facade has a centered entry flanked by sash windows , with two pairs of sash windows on the second level . The store was built in 1916 , and served as the community 's general store until 1988 . In addition to its retail function , its upstairs space also served as a community hall , housing elections and social functions . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 15 , 2000 ( # 00001366 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highway 289 36°21′19″N 91°38′14″W / 36.3554°N 91.6372°W / 36.3554 ; -91.6372 ( Saddle Store )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_289', 'summary': 'Highway 289 ( AR 289 , Ark . 289 , and Hwy . 289 ) is a designation for two north-south state highways in north central Arkansas . A southern route of 4.93 miles ( 7.93 km ) runs north from Highway 69B ( AR 69B ) at Sage to Zion . A second route of 37.89 miles ( 60.98 km ) begins at Highway 56 in Franklin and runs north to Highway 9 in Mammoth Spring .'}]}, {'value': 'Saddle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saddle,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Saddle is an unincorporated community in eastern Fulton County , Arkansas , United States . Saddle is located along Arkansas Highway 289 , 10.3 miles ( 16.6 km ) east of Salem . The community is on the banks of South Fork Spring River . Saddle has been noted for its unusual place name .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Saint Andrew 's Episcopal Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Andrew's_Episcopal_Church_(Mammoth_Spring,_Arkansas)", 'summary': "Saint Andrew 's Episcopal Church is a historic church at Sixth and Main Street ( Arkansas Highway 9 ) in Mammoth Spring , Arkansas . It is a single story wooden frame structure , with board-and-batten siding , a steeply-pitched gable roof , and lancet-arch windows , all characteristics of the Gothic Revival . Built in 1888 , it was moved about one block to its present location c. 1920 . It served its original congregation ( founded in 1885 ) until the 1940s , and has since then been used as a clubhouse and community center . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 26 , 1986 ( # 86002944 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Highway 9 36°29′42″N 91°31′58″W / 36.495°N 91.532778°W / 36.495 ; -91.532778 ( Saint Andrew 's Episcopal Church )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_9', 'summary': 'Highway 9 ( AR 9 ) is a designation for two north-south state highways in Arkansas . A southern segment of 51.44 miles ( 82.78 km ) begins at U.S. Route 79 at Eagle Mills and heads north to U.S. Route 67 in Malvern before terminating . The northern segment of 174.17 miles ( 280.30 km ) runs from AR 5 to U.S. Route 63 in Mammoth Spring . The route was created during the 1926 Arkansas state highway numbering , and has seen only minor extensions and realignments since . Pieces of both routes are designated as Arkansas Heritage Trails for use during the Civil War and the Trail of Tears . The AR 9 designation also extends to two spur routes and one business route . All routes are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation ( ArDOT ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Mammoth Spring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mammoth_Spring,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Mammoth Spring is a city in Fulton County , Arkansas , United States . The population was 977 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spring River Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spring_River_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Spring River Bridge , is a historic bridge carrying Riverview Drive over the Spring River south of Mammoth Spring , Arkansas . The bridge is a concrete girder structure with five spans , and a total length of 222 feet ( 68 m ) . The bridge is about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) wide , with simple cast concrete guard rails . The bridge rests on concrete abutments and piers . The bridge was built in 1916 by H. B. Walton as part of a county effort to improve its road infrastructure and is a well-preserved local example of early concrete bridge construction . The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 22 , 2014 ( # 13001104 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riverview Dr. over Spring River 36°28′38″N 91°31′28″W / 36.477193°N 91.524573°W / 36.477193 ; -91.524573 ( Spring River Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammoth Spring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mammoth_Spring,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Mammoth Spring is a city in Fulton County , Arkansas , United States . The population was 977 at the 2010 census .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fulton_County,_Arkansas_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, Arkansas. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Fulton County, Arkansas, United States. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 10 properties listed on the National Register in the county.'}
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What is the population of the city where an historic place was built in 1908 for the owner of a hardware store ?
977
08a853c6a08248f0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marquessates_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland', 'title': 'List of marquessates in the peerages of Britain and Ireland', 'header': ['Title', 'Date of creation', 'Surname', 'Current status', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Marquess of Ormonde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Ormonde_(Scottish)', 'summary': "The title Earl of Ormond was twice created in the Peerage of Scotland , both times for members of the Douglas family . The first creation was in 1445 for a brother of the 8th and 9th Earls of Douglas . He forfeited the earldom in 1455 , at the same time as the 9th Earl of Douglas lost his titles . The second Scottish creation was in 1651 , and became extinct in 1715 . The Earldom of Ormonde , and later Marquisate of Ormond , in the Peerage of Scotland , originates from the caput of Ormond Castle at Avoch in the Black Isle , held by the Douglas family when they first obtained the title . Between 1488 and 1504 it was a subsidiary title of the Dukes of Ross , until the latter 's extinction in 1504 . It was created a second time in 1600 as a subsidiary title for the future King Charles I , the Duke of Albany . The title merged with the crown in 1625 , and there it has remained ."}]}, {'value': '28 January 1488', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stewart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 17 January 1504', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subsidiary title of the Duke of Ross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Ross', 'summary': 'The title Duke of Ross has been created twice in the Peerage of Scotland , both times for younger sons of the King of Scotland . Named for Ross in Scotland , it was first created in 1488 for James Stewart , Earl of Ross , the second son of James III . On his early death in 1504 , the title became extinct . The title was created a second time for Alexander Stewart , the youngest son of James IV . On his death at the age of one in 1515 the title became extinct .'}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Fife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Fife', 'summary': "Earl of Bothwell was a title that was created twice in the Peerage of Scotland . It was first created for Patrick Hepburn in 1488 , and was forfeited in 1567 . Subsequently , the earldom was re-created for the 4th Earl 's nephew and heir of line , Francis Stewart , whose father was an illegitimate son of James V. The second creation was forfeited in 1612 , and although the heir was subsequently rehabilitated , the title was never restored . The title Duke of Orkney was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1567 for James Hepburn , 4th Earl of Bothwell , with the subsidiary title Marquess of Fife . All titles were declared forfeit in 1567 ."}]}, {'value': '12 May 1567', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hepburn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forfeit 29 December 1567', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subsidiary title of the Duke of Orkney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Orkney', 'summary': "Earl of Bothwell was a title that was created twice in the Peerage of Scotland . It was first created for Patrick Hepburn in 1488 , and was forfeited in 1567 . Subsequently , the earldom was re-created for the 4th Earl 's nephew and heir of line , Francis Stewart , whose father was an illegitimate son of James V. The second creation was forfeited in 1612 , and although the heir was subsequently rehabilitated , the title was never restored . The title Duke of Orkney was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1567 for James Hepburn , 4th Earl of Bothwell , with the subsidiary title Marquess of Fife . All titles were declared forfeit in 1567 ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Hamilton', 'summary': "Duke of Hamilton is a title in the Peerage of Scotland , created in 1643 . It is the senior dukedom in that Peerage ( except for the Dukedom of Rothesay held by the Sovereign 's eldest son ) , and as such its holder is the Premier Peer of Scotland , as well as being head of both the House of Hamilton and the House of Douglas . The title , the town of Hamilton in Lanarkshire , and many places around the world are named after members of the Hamilton family . The Ducal family 's surname , originally Hamilton , is now Douglas-Hamilton . Since 1711 , the Dukedom has been held together with the Dukedom of Brandon in the Peerage of Great Britain , and the Dukes since that time have been styled Duke of Hamilton and Brandon , along with several other subsidiary titles ."}]}, {'value': '17 April 1599', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 12 September 1651', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Created Duke of Hamilton in 1643', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Hamilton', 'summary': "Duke of Hamilton is a title in the Peerage of Scotland , created in 1643 . It is the senior dukedom in that Peerage ( except for the Dukedom of Rothesay held by the Sovereign 's eldest son ) , and as such its holder is the Premier Peer of Scotland , as well as being head of both the House of Hamilton and the House of Douglas . The title , the town of Hamilton in Lanarkshire , and many places around the world are named after members of the Hamilton family . The Ducal family 's surname , originally Hamilton , is now Douglas-Hamilton . Since 1711 , the Dukedom has been held together with the Dukedom of Brandon in the Peerage of Great Britain , and the Dukes since that time have been styled Duke of Hamilton and Brandon , along with several other subsidiary titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Huntly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Huntly', 'summary': 'Marquess of Huntly ( traditionally spelt Marquis in Scotland ) ( Scottish Gaelic : Coileach Strath Bhalgaidh ) is a title in the Peerage of Scotland created on 17 April 1599 for George Gordon , 6th Earl of Huntly . It is the oldest existing marquessate in Scotland , and the second-oldest in the British Isles , only the English marquessate of Winchester being older . The Marquess holds the following subsidiary titles : Lord Gordon of Strathaven and Glenlivet and Earl of Aboyne ( 1660 ; Peerage of Scotland ) , and Baron Meldrum , of Morven in the County of Aberdeen ( 1815 ; Peerage of the United Kingdom )'}]}, {'value': '17 April 1599', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gordon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Created Duke of Gordon in 1684 , which title became extinct in 1836', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Gordon', 'summary': "The title Duke of Gordon has been created once in the Peerage of Scotland and again in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . The Dukedom , named after the Clan Gordon , was first created for the 4th Marquess of Huntly , who on 3 November 1684 was created Duke of Gordon , Marquess of Huntly , Earl of Huntly and Enzie ( all three of which he already held by an older creation ) , Viscount of Inverness , and Lord Strathaven , Balmore , Auchindoun , Garthie and Kincardine . On 2 July 1784 , the 4th Duke was created Earl of Norwich , in the County of Norfolk , and Baron Gordon , of Huntley in the County of Gloucester , in the Peerage of Great Britain . The principal family seat was Gordon Castle . The Dukedom became extinct in 1836 , along with all the titles created in 1684 and 1784 . Most of the Gordon estates passed to the son of the 5th Duke 's eldest sister , the 5th Duke of Richmond , whose main seat was Goodwood House in Sussex . In 1876 his son , the 6th Duke of Richmond and Lennox , was created Duke of Gordon , of Gordon Castle in Scotland , and Earl of Kinrara , in the County of Inverness . Thus , the Duke holds four dukedoms ( including the titular Aubigny-sur-Nère ; see Duke of Aubigny ) , more than any other person in the realm . Aubigny is in the defunct Peerage of France and the central arms of the Duke are based on the original Jacobean ones for the Union of the Crowns , with the inherited but inactive English claims to the French throne also represented prominently ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Ormonde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Ormonde_(Scottish)', 'summary': "The title Earl of Ormond was twice created in the Peerage of Scotland , both times for members of the Douglas family . The first creation was in 1445 for a brother of the 8th and 9th Earls of Douglas . He forfeited the earldom in 1455 , at the same time as the 9th Earl of Douglas lost his titles . The second Scottish creation was in 1651 , and became extinct in 1715 . The Earldom of Ormonde , and later Marquisate of Ormond , in the Peerage of Scotland , originates from the caput of Ormond Castle at Avoch in the Black Isle , held by the Douglas family when they first obtained the title . Between 1488 and 1504 it was a subsidiary title of the Dukes of Ross , until the latter 's extinction in 1504 . It was created a second time in 1600 as a subsidiary title for the future King Charles I , the Duke of Albany . The title merged with the crown in 1625 , and there it has remained ."}]}, {'value': '23 December 1600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stewart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merged in crown 27 March 1625', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subsidiary title of the Duke of Albany ; created Duke of York in England in 1605 ; also Prince of Wales , Duke of Cornwall , and Duke of Rothesay from 1612', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Albany', 'summary': 'Duke of Albany was a peerage title that has occasionally been bestowed on the younger sons in the Scottish and later the British royal family , particularly in the Houses of Stuart and Windsor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_York', 'summary': "Duke of York is a title of nobility in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . Since the 15th century , it has , when granted , usually been given to the second son of English ( later British ) monarchs . The equivalent title in the Scottish peerage was Duke of Albany . However , King George I and Queen Victoria granted the second sons of their eldest sons the titles Duke of York and Albany and Duke of York respectively . Initially granted in the 14th century in the Peerage of England , the title Duke of York has been created eight times . The title Duke of York and Albany has been created three times . These occurred during the 18th century , following the 1707 unification of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into a single , united realm . The double naming was done so that a territorial designation from each of the previously separate realms could be included . The current Duke of York is Prince Andrew , the second son of Queen Elizabeth II . The present Duke 's marriage produced two daughters only , and he has remained unmarried since his 1996 divorce . It therefore seems likely that the eighth creation of the title will be only the second ( after Richard of Shrewsbury ) not to become merged into the Crown upon the holder 's accession to the role of monarch ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peerage_of_England', 'summary': 'The Peerage of England comprises all peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707 . In that year , the Peerages of England and Scotland were replaced by one Peerage of Great Britain . English Peeresses obtained their first seats in the House of Lords under the Peerage Act 1963 from which date until the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 all Peers of England could sit in the House of Lords . The ranks of the English peerage are , in descending order , Duke , Marquess , Earl , Viscount , and Baron . While most newer English peerages descend only in the male line , many of the older ones ( particularly older baronies ) can descend through females . Such peerages follow the old English inheritance law of moieties so all daughters ( or granddaughters through the same root ) stand as co-heirs , so some such titles are in such a state of abeyance between these . Baronets , while holders of hereditary titles , as such are not peers and not entitled to stand for internal delegation , that is election , in the House of Lords . Knights , Dames and holders of other non-hereditary orders , decorations and medals are also not peers . In the following table , each peer is listed only by his or her highest English title ( with the exception of the Duke of Norfolk/Earl of Arundel ) showing higher or equal titles in the other peerages . Those peers who are known by a higher title in one of the other peerages are listed in italics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prince_of_Wales', 'summary': "Prince of Wales ( Welsh : Tywysog Cymru , Welsh pronunciation : [ təˈwəsog ˈkəmrɨ ] ) was a title granted to native Welsh princes before the 12th century ; the term replaced the use of the word king . One of the last Welsh princes , Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , was killed in battle in 1282 by Edward I , King of England , whose son Edward ( born in Caernarfon Castle in 1284 ) was invested as the first English Prince of Wales in 1301 . Since the 14th century , the title has been a dynastic title granted to the heir apparent to the English or British monarch , but the failure to be granted the title does not affect the rights to royal succession . The title is granted to the heir apparent as a personal honour or dignity , and is not heritable , merging with the Crown on accession to the throne . The title Earl of Chester is always given in conjunction with that of Prince of Wales . The Prince of Wales usually has other titles and honours . The current and longest-serving Prince of Wales is Prince Charles , the eldest son of Elizabeth II , who is Queen of the United Kingdom and 15 other independent Commonwealth realms as well as Head of the 53-member Commonwealth of Nations . The wife of the Prince of Wales is entitled to the title Princess of Wales . Prince Charles 's first wife , Diana , used that title , but his second wife , Camilla , uses only the title Duchess of Cornwall ( or of Rothesay when in Scotland ) because the other title has become so popularly associated with Diana ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall', 'summary': 'Duke of Cornwall is a title in the Peerage of England , traditionally held by the eldest son of the reigning British monarch , previously the English monarch . The Duchy of Cornwall was the first duchy created in England and was established by a royal charter in 1337 . The present duke is the Prince of Wales , the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II . His wife , Camilla , is the current Duchess of Cornwall .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay', 'summary': 'Duke of Rothesay ( Scottish Gaelic : Diùc Baile Bhòid , Scots : Duik o Rothesay ) is a dynastic title of the heir apparent to the British throne , currently Prince Charles . It was a title of the heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of Scotland before 1707 , of the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1707 to 1801 , and now of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . It is the title mandated for use by the heir apparent when in Scotland , in preference to the titles Duke of Cornwall ( which also belongs to the eldest living son of the monarch , when and only when he is also heir apparent , by right ) and Prince of Wales ( traditionally granted to the heir apparent ) , which are used in the rest of the United Kingdom and overseas . The Duke of Rothesay also holds other Scottish titles , including those of Earl of Carrick , Baron of Renfrew , Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland . The title is named after Rothesay on the Isle of Bute , Argyll and Bute , but is not associated with any legal entity or landed property , unlike the Duchy of Cornwall .'}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Wigtown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Wigtown', 'summary': "Robert Bruce Stuart , Duke of Kintyre and Lorne ( 18 January 1602 - 27 May 1602 ) was the fifth child of James VI of Scots and Anne of Denmark . He was born at Dunfermline Palace , Fife . On 2 May 1602 he was created Duke of Kintyre and Lorne , Marquess of Wigton , Earl of Carrick and Lord of Annandale . He died at Dunfermline Palace on 27 May 1602 and was buried at Holyrood Abbey . His older siblings included Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , Princess Elizabeth , and Prince Charles . Robert 's birth was attended by the physicians Martin Schöner and John Naysmyth and the midwife Janet Kinloch . James VI gave Anne of Denmark a gift of a pointed diamond . Robert 's nurse Isobel Colt was dressed in black velvet . On 2 May 1602 Robert was carried from Dunfermline Palace into the Abbey by the Duke of Lennox on a large purple cushion for his baptism . His name and titles were proclaimed by trumpeters at the windows of the abbey , and the celebrations involved a tournament of running at ring which damaged a cornfield . The sum of £66-13s-4d Scots was thrown into the crowd as largesse . On the previous day an English Catholic , Humphry Dethick , either the son of a London baker or from Ashbourne , Derbyshire , killed one of the guests , claiming to be acting to fulfil a prophecy told to him in Spain , or driven by the devil ."}]}, {'value': '1602', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stewart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 1602', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subsidiary title of the Duke of Kintyre and Lorne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Kintyre_and_Lorne', 'summary': "Robert Bruce Stuart , Duke of Kintyre and Lorne ( 18 January 1602 - 27 May 1602 ) was the fifth child of James VI of Scots and Anne of Denmark . He was born at Dunfermline Palace , Fife . On 2 May 1602 he was created Duke of Kintyre and Lorne , Marquess of Wigton , Earl of Carrick and Lord of Annandale . He died at Dunfermline Palace on 27 May 1602 and was buried at Holyrood Abbey . His older siblings included Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , Princess Elizabeth , and Prince Charles . Robert 's birth was attended by the physicians Martin Schöner and John Naysmyth and the midwife Janet Kinloch . James VI gave Anne of Denmark a gift of a pointed diamond . Robert 's nurse Isobel Colt was dressed in black velvet . On 2 May 1602 Robert was carried from Dunfermline Palace into the Abbey by the Duke of Lennox on a large purple cushion for his baptism . His name and titles were proclaimed by trumpeters at the windows of the abbey , and the celebrations involved a tournament of running at ring which damaged a cornfield . The sum of £66-13s-4d Scots was thrown into the crowd as largesse . On the previous day an English Catholic , Humphry Dethick , either the son of a London baker or from Ashbourne , Derbyshire , killed one of the guests , claiming to be acting to fulfil a prophecy told to him in Spain , or driven by the devil ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Douglas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Douglas', 'summary': "The Mormaer or Earl of Angus was the ruler of the medieval Scottish province of Angus . The title , in the Peerage of Scotland , is held by the Duke of Hamilton , and is used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of the Duke 's eldest son ."}]}, {'value': '14 June 1633', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douglas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Created Duke of Douglas in 1703 , which title became extinct in 1761 ; also Duke of Hamilton and Duke of Brandon from 1761', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Douglas', 'summary': "The Mormaer or Earl of Angus was the ruler of the medieval Scottish province of Angus . The title , in the Peerage of Scotland , is held by the Duke of Hamilton , and is used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of the Duke 's eldest son ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Hamilton', 'summary': "Duke of Hamilton is a title in the Peerage of Scotland , created in 1643 . It is the senior dukedom in that Peerage ( except for the Dukedom of Rothesay held by the Sovereign 's eldest son ) , and as such its holder is the Premier Peer of Scotland , as well as being head of both the House of Hamilton and the House of Douglas . The title , the town of Hamilton in Lanarkshire , and many places around the world are named after members of the Hamilton family . The Ducal family 's surname , originally Hamilton , is now Douglas-Hamilton . Since 1711 , the Dukedom has been held together with the Dukedom of Brandon in the Peerage of Great Britain , and the Dukes since that time have been styled Duke of Hamilton and Brandon , along with several other subsidiary titles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Brandon', 'summary': "Duke of Hamilton is a title in the Peerage of Scotland , created in 1643 . It is the senior dukedom in that Peerage ( except for the Dukedom of Rothesay held by the Sovereign 's eldest son ) , and as such its holder is the Premier Peer of Scotland , as well as being head of both the House of Hamilton and the House of Douglas . The title , the town of Hamilton in Lanarkshire , and many places around the world are named after members of the Hamilton family . The Ducal family 's surname , originally Hamilton , is now Douglas-Hamilton . Since 1711 , the Dukedom has been held together with the Dukedom of Brandon in the Peerage of Great Britain , and the Dukes since that time have been styled Duke of Hamilton and Brandon , along with several other subsidiary titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Argyll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Argyll', 'summary': 'Duke of Argyll ( Scottish Gaelic : Diùc Earra-Ghàidheil ) is a title , created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1701 and in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1892 . The Earls , Marquesses , and Dukes of Argyll were for several centuries among the most powerful noble families in Scotland . As such , they played a major role in Scottish history throughout the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . The Duke of Argyll also holds the hereditary titles of chief of Clan Campbell and Master of the Household of Scotland . Since 2001 , Torquhil Campbell has been Duke of Argyll and is the thirteenth man to hold the title .'}]}, {'value': '15 November 1641', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campbell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forfeit 27 May 1661', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marquess of Clydesdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Clydesdale', 'summary': "Duke of Hamilton is a title in the Peerage of Scotland , created in 1643 . It is the senior dukedom in that Peerage ( except for the Dukedom of Rothesay held by the Sovereign 's eldest son ) , and as such its holder is the Premier Peer of Scotland , as well as being head of both the House of Hamilton and the House of Douglas . The title , the town of Hamilton in Lanarkshire , and many places around the world are named after members of the Hamilton family . The Ducal family 's surname , originally Hamilton , is now Douglas-Hamilton . Since 1711 , the Dukedom has been held together with the Dukedom of Brandon in the Peerage of Great Britain , and the Dukes since that time have been styled Duke of Hamilton and Brandon , along with several other subsidiary titles ."}]}, {'value': '12 April 1643', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subsidiary title of the Duke of Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Hamilton', 'summary': "Duke of Hamilton is a title in the Peerage of Scotland , created in 1643 . It is the senior dukedom in that Peerage ( except for the Dukedom of Rothesay held by the Sovereign 's eldest son ) , and as such its holder is the Premier Peer of Scotland , as well as being head of both the House of Hamilton and the House of Douglas . The title , the town of Hamilton in Lanarkshire , and many places around the world are named after members of the Hamilton family . The Ducal family 's surname , originally Hamilton , is now Douglas-Hamilton . Since 1711 , the Dukedom has been held together with the Dukedom of Brandon in the Peerage of Great Britain , and the Dukes since that time have been styled Duke of Hamilton and Brandon , along with several other subsidiary titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Montrose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Montrose', 'summary': "Duke of Montrose ( named after Montrose , Angus ) is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Scotland . The first creation was in 1488 for David Lindsay , 5th Earl of Crawford . He was forced to forfeit the dukedom later in 1488 , but it was restored to him in 1489 , although only for his lifetime . Thus , it was not inherited . The title was created anew in 1707 , again in the Peerage of Scotland , for James Graham , 4th Marquess of Montrose . It has remained since then in the Graham family , and the title is also tied to the chieftainship of Clan Graham . The Duke 's subsidiary titles are : Marquess of Montrose ( created 1644 ) , Marquess of Graham and Buchanan ( 1707 ) , Earl of Montrose ( 1503 ) , Earl of Kincardine ( 1644 ) , Earl Graham ( 1722 ) , Viscount Dundaff ( 1707 ) , Lord Graham ( 1445 ) , Lord Graham and Mugdock ( 1644 ) , Lord Aberruthven , Mugdock and Fintrie ( 1707 ) and Baron Graham , of Belford ( 1722 ) . The titles of Earl Graham and Baron Graham are in the Peerage of Great Britain ; the rest are in the Peerage of Scotland . The eldest son of the Duke uses the courtesy title of Marquess of Graham and Buchanan . The family seat is Auchmar House , near Loch Lomond , Stirlingshire . It was previously Buchanan Castle , near Drymen , Stirlingshire ."}]}, {'value': '6 May 1644', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Created Duke of Montrose in 1707', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Montrose', 'summary': "Duke of Montrose ( named after Montrose , Angus ) is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Scotland . The first creation was in 1488 for David Lindsay , 5th Earl of Crawford . He was forced to forfeit the dukedom later in 1488 , but it was restored to him in 1489 , although only for his lifetime . Thus , it was not inherited . The title was created anew in 1707 , again in the Peerage of Scotland , for James Graham , 4th Marquess of Montrose . It has remained since then in the Graham family , and the title is also tied to the chieftainship of Clan Graham . The Duke 's subsidiary titles are : Marquess of Montrose ( created 1644 ) , Marquess of Graham and Buchanan ( 1707 ) , Earl of Montrose ( 1503 ) , Earl of Kincardine ( 1644 ) , Earl Graham ( 1722 ) , Viscount Dundaff ( 1707 ) , Lord Graham ( 1445 ) , Lord Graham and Mugdock ( 1644 ) , Lord Aberruthven , Mugdock and Fintrie ( 1707 ) and Baron Graham , of Belford ( 1722 ) . The titles of Earl Graham and Baron Graham are in the Peerage of Great Britain ; the rest are in the Peerage of Scotland . The eldest son of the Duke uses the courtesy title of Marquess of Graham and Buchanan . The family seat is Auchmar House , near Loch Lomond , Stirlingshire . It was previously Buchanan Castle , near Drymen , Stirlingshire ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of March', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_March', 'summary': "Earl of Lauderdale is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . The current holder of the title is Ian Maitland , 18th Earl of Lauderdale . The title was created in 1624 for John Maitland , 2nd Lord Maitland of Thirlestane , Berwickshire . The second Earl was created Duke of Lauderdale and by popular naming represented the L in the Cabal ministry an acronym which amounted to the first major , perennial delegation of power from the monarch to a cabinet . He died without male issue when the dukedom became extinct . The earldom passed to his brother Charles , 3rd Earl . Charles married , in 1652 , Elizabeth , daughter of Richard Lauder of Haltoun and by this marriage came into that family 's great estates . Other titles associated with the earldom are : Viscount of Lauderdale ( created 1616 ) , Viscount of Maitland ( 1624 ) , Lord Maitland of Thirlestane ( 1590 ) and Lord Thirlestane and Boulton ( 1624 ) . All of these titles are in the Peerage of Scotland . The Earl of Lauderdale is the hereditary chief of Clan Maitland . The eldest son is the Master of Lauderdale . The title Viscount Maitland is sometimes used as a courtesy title for the Earl 's eldest son and heir ."}]}, {'value': '1 May 1672', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maitland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 24 August 1682', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subsidiary title of the Duke of Lauderdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Lauderdale', 'summary': "Earl of Lauderdale is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . The current holder of the title is Ian Maitland , 18th Earl of Lauderdale . The title was created in 1624 for John Maitland , 2nd Lord Maitland of Thirlestane , Berwickshire . The second Earl was created Duke of Lauderdale and by popular naming represented the L in the Cabal ministry an acronym which amounted to the first major , perennial delegation of power from the monarch to a cabinet . He died without male issue when the dukedom became extinct . The earldom passed to his brother Charles , 3rd Earl . Charles married , in 1652 , Elizabeth , daughter of Richard Lauder of Haltoun and by this marriage came into that family 's great estates . Other titles associated with the earldom are : Viscount of Lauderdale ( created 1616 ) , Viscount of Maitland ( 1624 ) , Lord Maitland of Thirlestane ( 1590 ) and Lord Thirlestane and Boulton ( 1624 ) . All of these titles are in the Peerage of Scotland . The Earl of Lauderdale is the hereditary chief of Clan Maitland . The eldest son is the Master of Lauderdale . The title Viscount Maitland is sometimes used as a courtesy title for the Earl 's eldest son and heir ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Atholl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Atholl', 'summary': "Duke of Atholl , alternatively Duke of Athole , named after Atholl in Scotland , is a title in the Peerage of Scotland held by the head of Clan Murray . It was created by Queen Anne in 1703 for John Murray , 2nd Marquess of Atholl , with a special remainder to the heir male of his father , the 1st Marquess . As of 2017 [ update ] , there were twelve subsidiary titles attached to the dukedom : Lord Murray of Tullibardine ( 1604 ) , Lord Murray , Gask and Balquhidder ( 1628 ) , Lord Murray , Balvany and Gask ( 1676 ) , Lord Murray , Balvenie and Gask , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) , Viscount of Balquhidder ( 1676 ) , Viscount of Balquhidder , Glenalmond and Glenlyon , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) , Earl of Atholl ( 1629 ) , Earl of Tullibardine ( 1628 ) , Earl of Tullibardine ( 1676 ) , Earl of Strathtay and Strathardle , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) , Marquess of Atholl ( 1676 ) and Marquess of Tullibardine , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) . These titles are also in the Peerage of Scotland . The dukes have also previously held the following titles : Baron Strange ( Peerage of England 1628 ) between 1736 and 1764 and 1805 and 1957 ; Baron Murray , of Stanley in the County of Gloucester , and Earl Strange ( Peerage of Great Britain 1786 ) between 1786 and 1957 , Baron Glenlyon , of Glenlyon in the County of Perth ( Peerage of the United Kingdom 1821 ) between 1846 and 1957 and Baron Percy ( Peerage of Great Britain 1722 ) between 1865 and 1957 . From 1786 to 1957 the Dukes of Atholl sat in the House of Lords as Earl Strange . The Duke 's eldest son and heir apparent uses the courtesy title Marquess of Tullibardine . The heir apparent to Lord Tullibardine uses the courtesy title Earl of Strathtay and Strathardle ( usually shortened to Earl of Strathtay ) . Lord Strathtay 's heir apparent uses the courtesy title Viscount Balquhidder . The Duke of Atholl is the hereditary chief of Clan Murray ."}]}, {'value': '17 February 1676', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murray', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Created Duke of Atholl in 1703', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Atholl', 'summary': "Duke of Atholl , alternatively Duke of Athole , named after Atholl in Scotland , is a title in the Peerage of Scotland held by the head of Clan Murray . It was created by Queen Anne in 1703 for John Murray , 2nd Marquess of Atholl , with a special remainder to the heir male of his father , the 1st Marquess . As of 2017 [ update ] , there were twelve subsidiary titles attached to the dukedom : Lord Murray of Tullibardine ( 1604 ) , Lord Murray , Gask and Balquhidder ( 1628 ) , Lord Murray , Balvany and Gask ( 1676 ) , Lord Murray , Balvenie and Gask , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) , Viscount of Balquhidder ( 1676 ) , Viscount of Balquhidder , Glenalmond and Glenlyon , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) , Earl of Atholl ( 1629 ) , Earl of Tullibardine ( 1628 ) , Earl of Tullibardine ( 1676 ) , Earl of Strathtay and Strathardle , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) , Marquess of Atholl ( 1676 ) and Marquess of Tullibardine , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) . These titles are also in the Peerage of Scotland . The dukes have also previously held the following titles : Baron Strange ( Peerage of England 1628 ) between 1736 and 1764 and 1805 and 1957 ; Baron Murray , of Stanley in the County of Gloucester , and Earl Strange ( Peerage of Great Britain 1786 ) between 1786 and 1957 , Baron Glenlyon , of Glenlyon in the County of Perth ( Peerage of the United Kingdom 1821 ) between 1846 and 1957 and Baron Percy ( Peerage of Great Britain 1722 ) between 1865 and 1957 . From 1786 to 1957 the Dukes of Atholl sat in the House of Lords as Earl Strange . The Duke 's eldest son and heir apparent uses the courtesy title Marquess of Tullibardine . The heir apparent to Lord Tullibardine uses the courtesy title Earl of Strathtay and Strathardle ( usually shortened to Earl of Strathtay ) . Lord Strathtay 's heir apparent uses the courtesy title Viscount Balquhidder . The Duke of Atholl is the hereditary chief of Clan Murray ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Bambreich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Bambreich', 'summary': 'Earl of Rothes ( pronounced Roth-is ) is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . It was created in 1458 for George Leslie , 1st Lord Leslie . He had already been created Lord Leslie in 1445 , also in the Peerage of Scotland . His grandson , the third Earl , having only succeeded his elder brother in March 1513 , was killed at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September of the same year . His son , the fourth Earl , served as an Extraordinary Lord of Session . Lord Rothes was also tried for the murder of Cardinal Beaton but was acquitted . His great-great-grandson , the seventh Earl , was a prominent statesman . He was notably Lord High Treasurer of Scotland from 1663 to 1667 and Lord Chancellor of Scotland from 1667 to 1681 . In 1663 he obtained a new charter conferring the earldom of Rothes and lordship of Leslie ( which was regranted as Lord Leslie and Ballenbreich ) , in default of male issue of his own , on his eldest daughter Margaret , wife of Charles Hamilton , 5th Earl of Haddington , and her descendants male and female . It was stipulated in the charter that the earldoms of Rothes and Haddington should never be allowed to merge . In 1680 Lord Rothes was further honoured when he was made Lord Auchmotie and Caskieberry , Viscount of Lugtoun , Earl of Leslie , Marquess of Bambreich and Duke of Rothes , with normal remainder to the heirs male of his body . These titles were also in the Peerage of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '29 May 1680', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leslie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 27 July 1681', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subsidiary title of the Duke of Rothes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Rothes', 'summary': 'Earl of Rothes ( pronounced Roth-is ) is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . It was created in 1458 for George Leslie , 1st Lord Leslie . He had already been created Lord Leslie in 1445 , also in the Peerage of Scotland . His grandson , the third Earl , having only succeeded his elder brother in March 1513 , was killed at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September of the same year . His son , the fourth Earl , served as an Extraordinary Lord of Session . Lord Rothes was also tried for the murder of Cardinal Beaton but was acquitted . His great-great-grandson , the seventh Earl , was a prominent statesman . He was notably Lord High Treasurer of Scotland from 1663 to 1667 and Lord Chancellor of Scotland from 1667 to 1681 . In 1663 he obtained a new charter conferring the earldom of Rothes and lordship of Leslie ( which was regranted as Lord Leslie and Ballenbreich ) , in default of male issue of his own , on his eldest daughter Margaret , wife of Charles Hamilton , 5th Earl of Haddington , and her descendants male and female . It was stipulated in the charter that the earldoms of Rothes and Haddington should never be allowed to merge . In 1680 Lord Rothes was further honoured when he was made Lord Auchmotie and Caskieberry , Viscount of Lugtoun , Earl of Leslie , Marquess of Bambreich and Duke of Rothes , with normal remainder to the heirs male of his body . These titles were also in the Peerage of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Queensberry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry', 'summary': 'Marquess of Queensberry is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . The title has been held since its creation in 1682 by a member of the Douglas family . The Marquesses also held the title of Duke of Queensberry from 1684 to 1810 , when it was inherited by the Duke of Buccleuch .'}]}, {'value': '11 February 1682', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douglas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Created Duke of Queensberry in 1684 . The titles were separated from 1711-1715 and again after 1810', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Queensberry', 'summary': 'The title Duke of Queensberry was created in the Peerage of Scotland on 3 February 1684 along with the subsidiary title Marquess of Dumfriesshire for the 1st Marquess of Queensberry . The Dukedom was held along with the Marquessate of Queensberry until the death of the 4th Duke ( and 5th Marquess ) in 1810 , when the Marquessate was inherited by Sir Charles Douglas of Kelhead , 5th Baronet , while the Dukedom was inherited by the 3rd Duke of Buccleuch . Since then the title of Duke of Queensberry has been held by the Dukes of Buccleuch .'}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Dumfriesshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Dumfriesshire', 'summary': 'The title Duke of Queensberry was created in the Peerage of Scotland on 3 February 1684 along with the subsidiary title Marquess of Dumfriesshire for the 1st Marquess of Queensberry . The Dukedom was held along with the Marquessate of Queensberry until the death of the 4th Duke ( and 5th Marquess ) in 1810 , when the Marquessate was inherited by Sir Charles Douglas of Kelhead , 5th Baronet , while the Dukedom was inherited by the 3rd Duke of Buccleuch . Since then the title of Duke of Queensberry has been held by the Dukes of Buccleuch .'}]}, {'value': '3 November 1684', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douglas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subsidiary title of the Duke of Queensberry ; also Marquess of Queensberry 1684-1711 and 1715-1810 ; also Duke of Buccleuch from 1810', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Queensberry', 'summary': 'The title Duke of Queensberry was created in the Peerage of Scotland on 3 February 1684 along with the subsidiary title Marquess of Dumfriesshire for the 1st Marquess of Queensberry . The Dukedom was held along with the Marquessate of Queensberry until the death of the 4th Duke ( and 5th Marquess ) in 1810 , when the Marquessate was inherited by Sir Charles Douglas of Kelhead , 5th Baronet , while the Dukedom was inherited by the 3rd Duke of Buccleuch . Since then the title of Duke of Queensberry has been held by the Dukes of Buccleuch .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry', 'summary': 'Marquess of Queensberry is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . The title has been held since its creation in 1682 by a member of the Douglas family . The Marquesses also held the title of Duke of Queensberry from 1684 to 1810 , when it was inherited by the Duke of Buccleuch .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Buccleuch', 'summary': "The title Duke of Buccleuch /bəˈkluː/ , formerly also spelt Duke of Buccleugh , is a title in the Peerage of Scotland created twice on 20 April 1663 , first for James Scott , 1st Duke of Monmouth and second suo jure for his wife Anne Scott , 4th Countess of Buccleuch . Monmouth , the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II was attainted after his 1685 rebellion , but his wife 's title was unaffected and passed on to their descendants , who have successively borne the surnames Scott , Montagu-Scott , Montagu Douglas Scott and Scott again . In 1810 , the 3rd Duke of Buccleuch inherited the Dukedom of Queensberry , also in the Peerage of Scotland , thus separating that title from the Marquessate of Queensberry . The substantial origin of the ducal house of the Scotts of Buccleuch dates back to the large grants of lands in Scotland to Sir Walter Scott of Kirkurd and Buccleuch , a border chief , by James II , in consequence of the fall of William Douglas , 8th Earl of Douglas ( 1452 ) , but the family traced their descent back to a Sir Richard le Scott ( 1240-1285 ) . Sir Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch ( died 1552 ) distinguished himself at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh ( 1547 ) . His great-grandson Sir Walter was created Lord Scott of Buccleuch in 1606 . Other subsidiary titles associated with the Dukedom of Buccleuch are : Earl of Buccleuch ( 1619 ) , Earl of Dalkeith ( 1663 ) and Lord Scott of Whitchester and Eskdaill ( 1619 ) ( all in the Peerage of Scotland ) . The Duke also holds the two subsidiary titles of the attainted Dukedom of Monmouth , namely Earl of Doncaster ( 1663 ) and Baron Scott of Tindale ( 1663 ) ( both in the Peerage of England ) , and several subsidiary titles associated with the Dukedom of Queensberry , namely Marquess of Dumfriesshire ( 1683 ) , Earl of Drumlanrig and Sanquhar ( 1682 ) , Viscount of Nith , Tortholwald and Ross ( 1682 ) and Lord Douglas of Kilmount , Middlebie and Dornock ( 1682 ) ( all in the Peerage of Scotland ) . The Earldom of Doncaster and Barony of Scott of Tindale had been forfeit at the time of the first Duke 's attainder , but the titles were restored to the 2nd Duke of Buccleuch in 1742 . Until 1835 , the Dukes also held lands in the West Riding of Yorkshire and the ancient title of Lord of Bowland . The Duke of Buccleuch is the hereditary chief of Clan Scott . The holder is one of only five people in the UK to hold two or more different dukedoms , the others being the Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay , the Duke of Hamilton and Brandon , the Duke of Argyll ( who holds two dukedoms named Argyll ) , and the Duke of Richmond , Lennox and Gordon ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Tweeddale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Tweeddale', 'summary': "Marquess of Tweeddale ( sometimes spelled Tweedale ) is a title of the Peerage of Scotland , created in 1694 for the 2nd Earl of Tweeddale . Lord Tweeddale holds the subsidiary titles of Earl of Tweeddale ( created 1646 ) , Earl of Gifford ( 1694 ) , Viscount of Walden ( 1694 ) , Lord Hay of Yester ( 1488 ) , and Baron Tweeddale , of Yester in the County of Haddington ( 1881 ) , all but the last in the Peerage of Scotland . As Baron Tweeddale in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , Lord Tweeddale sat between 1881 and 1963 in the House of Lords . The Marquess ' eldest son uses Viscount Walden as a courtesy title . Lord Tweeddale also holds the title of Hereditary Chamberlain of Dunfermline . The family seat was Yester House , near Gifford , East Lothian ."}]}, {'value': '17 December 1694', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marquess of Kintyre and Lorne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Kintyre_and_Lorne', 'summary': 'Duke of Argyll ( Scottish Gaelic : Diùc Earra-Ghàidheil ) is a title , created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1701 and in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1892 . The Earls , Marquesses , and Dukes of Argyll were for several centuries among the most powerful noble families in Scotland . As such , they played a major role in Scottish history throughout the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . The Duke of Argyll also holds the hereditary titles of chief of Clan Campbell and Master of the Household of Scotland . Since 2001 , Torquhil Campbell has been Duke of Argyll and is the thirteenth man to hold the title .'}]}, {'value': '23 June 1701', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campbell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subsidiary title of the Duke of Argyll ; created Duke of Greenwich in Great Britain 1719-1743 ; created Duke of Argyll in the United Kingdom in 1892', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Argyll', 'summary': 'Duke of Argyll ( Scottish Gaelic : Diùc Earra-Ghàidheil ) is a title , created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1701 and in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1892 . The Earls , Marquesses , and Dukes of Argyll were for several centuries among the most powerful noble families in Scotland . As such , they played a major role in Scottish history throughout the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . The Duke of Argyll also holds the hereditary titles of chief of Clan Campbell and Master of the Household of Scotland . Since 2001 , Torquhil Campbell has been Duke of Argyll and is the thirteenth man to hold the title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Greenwich', 'summary': 'Duke of Argyll ( Scottish Gaelic : Diùc Earra-Ghàidheil ) is a title , created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1701 and in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1892 . The Earls , Marquesses , and Dukes of Argyll were for several centuries among the most powerful noble families in Scotland . As such , they played a major role in Scottish history throughout the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . The Duke of Argyll also holds the hereditary titles of chief of Clan Campbell and Master of the Household of Scotland . Since 2001 , Torquhil Campbell has been Duke of Argyll and is the thirteenth man to hold the title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain', 'summary': 'The Peerage of Great Britain comprises all extant peerages created in the Kingdom of Great Britain after the Acts of Union 1707 but before the Acts of Union 1800 . It replaced the Peerage of England and the Peerage of Scotland , but was itself replaced by the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1801 . The ranks of the Peerage of Great Britain are Duke , Marquess , Earl , Viscount and Baron . Until the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 , all Peers of Great Britain could sit in the House of Lords . In the following table of peers of Great Britain , holders of higher or equal titles in the other peerages are listed . Those peers who are known by a higher title in one of the other peerages are listed in italics . Some peerages of Great Britain were created for peers in the Peerage of Scotland and Peerage of Ireland as they did not have an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the Peerage Act 1963 which gave Scottish Peers an automatic right to sit in the Lords .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Argyll', 'summary': 'Duke of Argyll ( Scottish Gaelic : Diùc Earra-Ghàidheil ) is a title , created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1701 and in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1892 . The Earls , Marquesses , and Dukes of Argyll were for several centuries among the most powerful noble families in Scotland . As such , they played a major role in Scottish history throughout the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . The Duke of Argyll also holds the hereditary titles of chief of Clan Campbell and Master of the Household of Scotland . Since 2001 , Torquhil Campbell has been Duke of Argyll and is the thirteenth man to hold the title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'The Peerage of the United Kingdom comprises most peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Acts of Union in 1801 , when it replaced the Peerage of Great Britain . New peers continued to be created in the Peerage of Ireland until 1898 ( the last creation was the Barony of Curzon of Kedleston ) . The House of Lords Act 1999 reformed the House of Lords . Until then , all peers of the United Kingdom were automatically members of the House of Lords . However , from that date , most of the hereditary peers ceased to be members , whereas the life peers retained their seats . All hereditary peers of the first creation ( i.e . those for whom a peerage was originally created , as opposed to those who inherited a peerage ) , and all surviving hereditary peers who had served as Leader of the House of Lords , were offered a life peerage to allow them to sit in the House should they wish . Some holders of the Peerage of United Kingdom was created for peers in the Peerage of Scotland and Peerage of Ireland as they did not have an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the Peerage Act 1963 which gave Scottish Peers an automatic right to sit in the Lords .'}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Lothian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Lothian', 'summary': "Marquess of Lothian is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . It was created in 1701 for Robert Kerr , 4th Earl of Lothian . The Marquess of Lothian holds the subsidiary titles of Earl of Lothian ( created 1606 ) , Earl of Lothian ( created again 1631 ) , Earl of Ancram ( 1633 ) , Earl of Ancram ( created again 1701 ) , Viscount of Briene ( 1701 ) , Lord Newbattle ( 1591 ) , Lord Jedburgh ( 1622 ) , Lord Kerr of Newbattle ( 1631 ) , Lord Kerr of Nisbet , Langnewtoun , and Dolphinstoun ( 1633 ) , Lord Kerr of Newbattle , Oxnam , Jedburgh , Dolphinstoun and Nisbet ( 1701 ) , and Baron Ker , of Kersheugh in the County of Roxburgh ( 1821 ) , all but the last in the Peerage of Scotland . As The Lord Ker in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , previous Marquesses sat in the House of Lords before 1963 , when Scottish peers first sat in the House of Lords in their own right . The holder of the title is also the Chief of Clan Kerr . The current Marquess of Lothian , the 13th , is better known as the Conservative politician Michael Ancram . He received a life peerage in November 2010 as Baron Kerr of Monteviot and so became entitled to sit in the House of Lords . He lives at Monteviot House . The family also owned a larger Scottish seat , Newbattle Abbey , which is now a college , and also Blickling Hall in Norfolk , which belongs to the National Trust . The heir presumptive to the marquessate is the 13th Marquess ' younger brother Lord Ralph Kerr , who owns Ferniehirst Castle , Jedburgh , Roxburghshire , which is the family seat that was restored by the 12th Marquess , and Melbourne Hall in Derbyshire ."}]}, {'value': '2 3 June 1701', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kerr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marquess of Annandale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Annandale', 'summary': "Earl of Annandale and Hartfell is a title in the Peerage of Scotland , created in 1661 for James Johnstone . In 1625 , the title of Earl of Annandale had been created for John Murray , but it became extinct when his son James died without heirs . James Johnstone , son of Sir James Johnstone , Warden of the West Marches , was created Lord Johnstone of Lochwood in 1633 , and in 1643 , was further created Earl of Hartfell . Johnstone 's son , also James , resigned the earldom and received a regrant of the title , as Earl of Annandale and Hartfell , in 1661 , and a further regrant of the same title , but by crown charter , in 1662 to his heirs male of the body , whom failing , his heirs female of the body . William , the second Earl of Annandale and Hartfell , was created Marquess of Annandale in 1701 . At the death of the third marquess , no one could prove a claim to the peerages of either earldoms and therefore they became dormant . The earldoms remained dormant until Patrick Hope-Johnstone 's claim was approved by the House of Lords in 1985 . The Committee for Privileges ruled that the Charles II 1662 charter of regrant of lands constituted the creation of a new title . The title therefore descended through the female line in the person of Lady Henrietta Johnstone ( who married Charles the First Earl of Hopetoun ) to Patrick Hope-Johnstone . The current earl holds the subsidiary title of Lord Johnstone ( 1662 ) , in the peerage of Scotland . The family seat is Raehills , near Lockerbie , Dumfriesshire ."}]}, {'value': '24 June 1701', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnston/Johnstone/Vanden Bempde', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dormant 29 April 1792', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marquess of Angus and Abernethy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Angus_and_Abernethy', 'summary': "The Mormaer or Earl of Angus was the ruler of the medieval Scottish province of Angus . The title , in the Peerage of Scotland , is held by the Duke of Hamilton , and is used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of the Duke 's eldest son ."}]}, {'value': '10 April 1703', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douglas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 1761', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subsidiary title of the Duke of Douglas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Douglas', 'summary': "The Mormaer or Earl of Angus was the ruler of the medieval Scottish province of Angus . The title , in the Peerage of Scotland , is held by the Duke of Hamilton , and is used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of the Duke 's eldest son ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Marquessates in the Peerage of Scotland , 1488–1707', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_marquessates_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland_1', 'intro': 'This page lists all marquessates, extant, extinct, dormant, abeyant, or forfeit, in the peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. The title of Marquess of Dublin, which is perhaps best described as Anglo-Irish, was the first to be created, in 1385, but like the next few creations, the title was soon forfeit. The title of Marquess of Pembroke, created in 1532 by Henry VIII for Anne Boleyn, has the distinction of being the first English hereditary peerage granted to a woman in her own right (styled Marchioness in the patent). The English title Marquess of Winchester, created in 1551, is the earliest still extant, so is Premier Marquess of England. The title long remained less common, and on the evening of the Coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838, the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne explained to her (from her journals):'}
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What is the current status of the title whose current holder is better known as the Conservative politician Michael Ancram ?
Extant
08a8738fdc11cd73
hybridqa
{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_children's_classic_books", 'title': "List of children's classic books", 'header': ['Title', 'Author', 'Year published'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Swiss Family Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Swiss_Family_Robinson', 'summary': 'The Swiss Family Robinson ( German : Der Schweizerische Robinson ) is a novel by Johann David Wyss , first published in 1812 , about a Swiss family of immigrants whose ship en route to Port Jackson , Australia , goes off course and is shipwrecked in the East Indies .'}]}, {'value': 'Johann Rudolf Wyss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Wyss', 'summary': 'Johann Rudolf Wyss German pronunciation : [ ˈjoːhan ˈruːdɔlf ˈviːs ] ( 4 March 1782 - 21 March 1830 ) was a Swiss author , writer , and folklorist who wrote the words to the former Swiss national anthem Rufst Du , mein Vaterland in 1811 , and also edited the novel The Swiss Family Robinson , written by his father Johann David Wyss , published in 1812 .'}]}, {'value': '1812-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Nutcracker and the Mouse King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Nutcracker_and_the_Mouse_King', 'summary': "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King ( German : Nussknacker und Mausekönig ) is a story written in 1816 by Prussian author E. T. A. Hoffmann , in which young Marie Stahlbaum 's favourite Christmas toy , the Nutcracker , comes alive and , after defeating the evil Mouse King in battle , whisks her away to a magical kingdom populated by dolls . In 1892 , the Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and choreographers Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov turned Alexandre Dumas 's adaptation of the story into the ballet The Nutcracker ."}]}, {'value': 'E. T. A. Hoffmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann', 'summary': "Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann ( commonly abbreviated as E. T. A. Hoffmann ; born Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann ; 24 January 1776 - 25 June 1822 ) was a German Romantic author of fantasy and Gothic horror , a jurist , composer , music critic and artist . His stories form the basis of Jacques Offenbach 's opera The Tales of Hoffmann , in which Hoffmann appears ( heavily fictionalized ) as the hero . He is also the author of the novella The Nutcracker and the Mouse King , on which Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's ballet The Nutcracker is based . The ballet Coppélia is based on two other stories that Hoffmann wrote , while Schumann 's Kreisleriana is based on Hoffmann 's character Johannes Kreisler . Hoffmann 's stories highly influenced 19th-century literature , and he is one of the major authors of the Romantic movement ."}]}, {'value': '1816', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivanhoe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivanhoe', 'summary': "Ivanhoe ( /ˈaɪvənˌhoʊ/ ) is a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott , first published in late 1819 in three volumes and subtitled A Romance . At the time it was written it represented a shift by Scott away from fairly realistic novels set in Scotland in the comparatively recent past , to a somewhat fanciful depiction of medieval England . It has proved to be one of the best known and most influential of Scott 's novels . Ivanhoe is set in 12th-century England with colourful descriptions of a tournament , outlaws , a witch trial and divisions between Jews and Christians . It has been credited for increasing interest in romance and medievalism ; John Henry Newman claimed Scott had first turned men 's minds in the direction of the Middle Ages , while Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin made similar assertions of Scott 's overwhelming influence over the revival , based primarily on the publication of this novel . It has also had an important influence on popular perceptions of Richard the Lionheart , King John and Robin Hood . There have been several adaptations for stage , film and television ."}]}, {'value': 'Walter Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Scott', 'summary': "Sir Walter Scott , 1st Baronet FRSE FSA Scot ( 15 August 1771 - 21 September 1832 ) was a Scottish historical novelist , poet , playwright , and historian . Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature . Famous titles include Ivanhoe , Rob Roy , Old Mortality , The Lady of the Lake , Waverley , The Heart of Midlothian , and The Bride of Lammermoor . Although primarily remembered for his extensive literary works and his political engagement , Scott was an advocate , judge and legal administrator by profession , and throughout his career combined his writing and editing work with his daily occupation as Clerk of Session and Sheriff-Depute of Selkirkshire . A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh , Scott was an active member of the Highland Society , served a long term as President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ( 1820-32 ) and was a Vice President of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland ( 1827-1829 ) . Scott 's knowledge of history , and his facility with literary technique , made him a seminal figure in the establishment of the historical novel genre , as well as an exemplar of European literary Romanticism ."}]}, {'value': '1819', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow', 'summary': "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is a gothic story by American author Washington Irving , contained in his collection of 34 essays and short stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon , Gent . Written while Irving was living abroad in Birmingham , England , The Legend of Sleepy Hollow was first published in 1820 . Along with Irving 's companion piece Rip Van Winkle , The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is among the earliest examples of American fiction with enduring popularity , especially during Halloween because of a character known as the Headless Horseman believed to be a Hessian soldier who was decapitated by a cannonball in battle ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington Irving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Irving', 'summary': 'Washington Irving ( April 3 , 1783 - November 28 , 1859 ) was an American short-story writer , essayist , biographer , historian , and diplomat of the early 19th century . He is best known for his short stories Rip Van Winkle ( 1819 ) and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1820 ) , both of which appear in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon , Gent . His historical works include biographies of Oliver Goldsmith , Muhammad and George Washington , as well as several histories of 15th-century Spain that deal with subjects such as Alhambra , Christopher Columbus and the Moors . Irving served as ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846 . He made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the Morning Chronicle , written under the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle . He moved to England for the family business in 1815 where he achieved fame with the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon , Gent. , serialized from 1819-20 . He continued to publish regularly throughout his life , and he completed a five-volume biography of George Washington just eight months before his death at age 76 in Tarrytown , New York . Irving was one of the first American writers to earn acclaim in Europe , and he encouraged other American authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , Herman Melville and Edgar Allan Poe . He was also admired by some British writers , including Lord Byron , Thomas Campbell , Charles Dickens , Francis Jeffrey and Walter Scott . He advocated for writing as a legitimate profession and argued for stronger laws to protect American writers from copyright infringement .'}]}, {'value': '1819', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rip Van Winkle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle', 'summary': "Rip Van Winkle is a short story by the American author Washington Irving , first published in 1819 . It follows a Dutch-American villager in colonial America named Rip Van Winkle who falls asleep in the Catskill Mountains and wakes up 20 years later , having missed the American Revolution . Irving wrote it while living in Birmingham , England , as part of the collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon , Gent . The story is set in New York 's Catskill Mountains , but Irving later admitted , When I wrote the story , I had never been on the Catskills ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington Irving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Irving', 'summary': 'Washington Irving ( April 3 , 1783 - November 28 , 1859 ) was an American short-story writer , essayist , biographer , historian , and diplomat of the early 19th century . He is best known for his short stories Rip Van Winkle ( 1819 ) and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1820 ) , both of which appear in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon , Gent . His historical works include biographies of Oliver Goldsmith , Muhammad and George Washington , as well as several histories of 15th-century Spain that deal with subjects such as Alhambra , Christopher Columbus and the Moors . Irving served as ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846 . He made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the Morning Chronicle , written under the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle . He moved to England for the family business in 1815 where he achieved fame with the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon , Gent. , serialized from 1819-20 . He continued to publish regularly throughout his life , and he completed a five-volume biography of George Washington just eight months before his death at age 76 in Tarrytown , New York . Irving was one of the first American writers to earn acclaim in Europe , and he encouraged other American authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , Herman Melville and Edgar Allan Poe . He was also admired by some British writers , including Lord Byron , Thomas Campbell , Charles Dickens , Francis Jeffrey and Walter Scott . He advocated for writing as a legitimate profession and argued for stronger laws to protect American writers from copyright infringement .'}]}, {'value': '1820', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Grimm 's Fairy Tales", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Grimm's_Fairy_Tales", 'summary': "Grimms ' Fairy Tales , originally known as the Children 's and Household Tales ( German : Kinder- und Hausmärchen , pronounced [ ˌkɪndɐ ʔʊnt ˈhaʊsmɛːɐ̯çən ] ) , is a collection of fairy tales by the Grimm brothers or Brothers Grimm , Jakob and Wilhelm , first published on 20 December 1812 . The first edition contained 86 stories , and by the seventh edition in 1857 , had 210 unique fairy tales ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_and_Wilhelm_Grimm', 'summary': "The Brothers Grimm ( die Brüder Grimm or die Gebrüder Grimm ) , Jacob Ludwig Karl ( 1785-1863 ) and Wilhelm Carl ( 1786-1859 ) , were German academics , philologists , cultural researchers , lexicographers and authors who together collected and published folklore during the 19th century . They were among the first and best-known collectors of German and European folk tales , and popularized traditional oral tale types such as Cinderella ( Aschenputtel ) , The Frog Prince ( Der Froschkönig ) , The Goose-Girl ( Die Gänsemagd ) , Hansel and Gretel ( Hänsel und Gretel ) , Rapunzel , Rumpelstiltskin ( Rumpelstilzchen ) , Sleeping Beauty ( Dornröschen ) , and Snow White ( Schneewittchen ) . Their classic collection , Children 's and Household Tales ( Kinder- und Hausmärchen ) , was published in two volumes - the first in 1812 and the second in 1815 . The brothers were born in the town of Hanau in Hesse-Cassel ( now Germany ) and spent most of their childhood in the nearby town of Steinau . Their father 's death in 1796 impoverished the family and affected the brothers for many years after . They attended the University of Marburg where they began a lifelong dedication to researching the early history of German language and literature , including German folktales . The rise of Romanticism during the 18th century had revived interest in traditional folk stories , which to the Grimms and their colleagues represented a pure form of national literature and culture . The Brothers Grimm established a methodology for collecting and recording folk stories that became the basis for folklore studies . Between the first edition of 1812-1815 and the seventh ( and final ) edition of 1857 , they revised their collection many times , so that it grew from 156 stories to more than 200 . In addition to collecting and editing folk tales , the brothers compiled German legends . Individually , they published a large body of linguistic and literary scholarship . Together , in 1838 , they began work on a massive historical German dictionary ( Deutsches Wörterbuch ) which , in their lifetimes , they completed only as far as the word Frucht ( 'fruit ' ) ."}]}, {'value': '1823 ( English )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Visit From St. Nicholas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Visit_From_St._Nicholas', 'summary': "A Visit from St. Nicholas , more commonly known as The Night Before Christmas and 'T was the Night Before Christmas from its first line , is a poem first published anonymously in 1823 and later attributed to Clement Clarke Moore , who claimed authorship in 1837 . The poem has been called arguably the best-known verses ever written by an American and is largely responsible for some of the conceptions of Santa Claus from the mid-nineteenth century to today . It has had a massive effect on the history of Christmas gift-giving . Before the poem gained wide popularity , American ideas had varied considerably about Saint Nicholas and other Christmastide visitors . A Visit from St. Nicholas eventually was set to music and has been recorded by many artists ."}]}, {'value': 'Clement Clarke Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore', 'summary': "Clement Clarke Moore ( July 15 , 1779 - July 10 , 1863 ) was a writer and American Professor of Oriental and Greek Literature , as well as Divinity and Biblical Learning , at the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church , in New York City . The seminary was developed on land donated by Moore and it continues on this site at Ninth Avenue between 20th and 21st streets , in an area known as Chelsea Square . Moore 's connection with the seminary continued for more than 25 years . Moore gained considerable wealth by subdividing and developing other parts of his large inherited estate in what became known as the residential neighborhood of Chelsea . Before this , the urbanized part of the city ended at Houston Street on Manhattan island . For 10 years , Moore also served as a board member of the New York Institution for the Blind . He is credited and is most widely known as the author of the Christmas poem A Visit from St. Nicholas , first published anonymously in 1823 . It later became widely known as 'T was the Night Before Christmas and has been published in numerous illustrated versions in various languages . Scholars debate the identity of the author , calling on textual and handwriting analysis as well as other historical sources ."}]}, {'value': '1823', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tales of Peter Parley About America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Parley ( pseudonym )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Griswold_Goodrich', 'summary': 'Samuel Griswold Goodrich ( August 19 , 1793 - May 9 , 1860 ) was an American author , better known under the pseudonym Peter Parley .'}]}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oliver Twist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliver_Twist', 'summary': "Oliver Twist ; or , the Parish Boy 's Progress is Charles Dickens 's second novel , and was first published as a serial from 1837 to 1839 . The story centres on orphan Oliver Twist , born in a workhouse and sold into apprenticeship with an undertaker . After escaping , Oliver travels to London , where he meets the Artful Dodger , a member of a gang of juvenile pickpockets led by the elderly criminal Fagin . Oliver Twist is notable for its unromantic portrayal of criminals and their sordid lives , as well as for exposing the cruel treatment of the many orphans in London in the mid-19th century . The alternative title , The Parish Boy 's Progress , alludes to Bunyan 's The Pilgrim 's Progress , as well as the 18th-century caricature series by William Hogarth , A Rake 's Progress and A Harlot 's Progress . In this early example of the social novel , Dickens satirises the hypocrisies of his time , including child labour , the recruitment of children as criminals , and the presence of street children . The novel may have been inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe , an orphan whose account of working as a child labourer in a cotton mill was widely read in the 1830s . It is likely that Dickens 's own experiences as a youth contributed as well . Oliver Twist has been the subject of numerous adaptations for various media , including a highly successful musical play , Oliver ! , and the multiple Academy Award-winning 1968 motion picture . Disney also put its spin on the novel with the animated film called Oliver & Company in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Dickens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Dickens', 'summary': "Charles John Huffam Dickens FRSA ( /ˈdɪkɪnz/ ; 7 February 1812 - 9 June 1870 ) was an English writer and social critic . He created some of the world 's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime , and by the 20th century , critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius . His novels and short stories are still widely read today . Born in Portsmouth , Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors ' prison . Despite his lack of formal education , he edited a weekly journal for 20 years , wrote 15 novels , five novellas , hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles , lectured and performed readings extensively , was an indefatigable letter writer , and campaigned vigorously for children 's rights , education , and other social reforms . Dickens 's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers . Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity , famous for his humour , satire , and keen observation of character and society . His novels , most published in monthly or weekly instalments , pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction , which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication . Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense . The installment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience 's reaction , and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback . For example , when his wife 's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities , Dickens improved the character with positive features ."}]}, {'value': '1838', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas Nickelby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_Nickelby', 'summary': "Nicholas Nickleby ; or , The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby is a novel by Charles Dickens . Originally published as a serial from 1838 to 1839 , it was Dickens 's third novel . The novel centres on the life and adventures of Nicholas Nickleby , a young man who must support his mother and sister after his father dies ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Dickens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Dickens', 'summary': "Charles John Huffam Dickens FRSA ( /ˈdɪkɪnz/ ; 7 February 1812 - 9 June 1870 ) was an English writer and social critic . He created some of the world 's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime , and by the 20th century , critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius . His novels and short stories are still widely read today . Born in Portsmouth , Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors ' prison . Despite his lack of formal education , he edited a weekly journal for 20 years , wrote 15 novels , five novellas , hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles , lectured and performed readings extensively , was an indefatigable letter writer , and campaigned vigorously for children 's rights , education , and other social reforms . Dickens 's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers . Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity , famous for his humour , satire , and keen observation of character and society . His novels , most published in monthly or weekly instalments , pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction , which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication . Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense . The installment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience 's reaction , and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback . For example , when his wife 's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities , Dickens improved the character with positive features ."}]}, {'value': '1839', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Christmas Carol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol', 'summary': "A Christmas Carol . In Prose . Being a Ghost Story of Christmas , commonly known as A Christmas Carol , is a novella by Charles Dickens , first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech . A Christmas Carol recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge , an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past , Present and Yet to Come . After their visits , Scrooge is transformed into a kinder , gentler man . Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol during a period when the British were exploring and re-evaluating past Christmas traditions , including carols , and newer customs such as Christmas trees . He was influenced by the experiences of his own youth and by the Christmas stories of other authors , including Washington Irving and Douglas Jerrold . Dickens had written three Christmas stories prior to the novella , and was inspired following a visit to the Field Lane Ragged School , one of several establishments for London 's street children . The treatment of the poor and the ability of a selfish man to redeem himself by transforming into a more sympathetic character are the key themes of the story . There is discussion among academics as to whether this is a fully secular story , or if it is a Christian allegory . Published on 19 December , the first edition sold out by Christmas Eve ; by the end of 1844 thirteen editions had been released . Most critics reviewed the novella favourably ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Dickens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Dickens', 'summary': "Charles John Huffam Dickens FRSA ( /ˈdɪkɪnz/ ; 7 February 1812 - 9 June 1870 ) was an English writer and social critic . He created some of the world 's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime , and by the 20th century , critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius . His novels and short stories are still widely read today . Born in Portsmouth , Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors ' prison . Despite his lack of formal education , he edited a weekly journal for 20 years , wrote 15 novels , five novellas , hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles , lectured and performed readings extensively , was an indefatigable letter writer , and campaigned vigorously for children 's rights , education , and other social reforms . Dickens 's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers . Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity , famous for his humour , satire , and keen observation of character and society . His novels , most published in monthly or weekly instalments , pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction , which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication . Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense . The installment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience 's reaction , and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback . For example , when his wife 's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities , Dickens improved the character with positive features ."}]}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Three Musketeers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers', 'summary': "The Three Musketeers ( French : Les Trois Mousquetaires [ le tʁwɑ muskətɛːʁ ] ) is a historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas . Set between 1625 and 1628 , it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan ( a character based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan ) after he leaves home to travel to Paris , hoping to join the Musketeers of the Guard . Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately , he is befriended by the three most formidable musketeers of the age - Athos , Porthos and Aramis , the three inseparables- and becomes involved in affairs of state and at court . The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel . However , Dumas frequently portrays various injustices , abuses , and absurdities of the Ancien Régime , giving the novel an additional political significance at the time of its publication , a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce . The story was first serialised from March to July 1844 , during the July Monarchy , four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic . The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne : Ten Years Later ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexandre Dumas , père', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_père', 'summary': "Alexandre Dumas ( UK : /ˈdjuːmɑː , dʊˈmɑː/ , US : /duːˈmɑː/ ; French : [ alɛksɑ̃dʁ dyma ] ; born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie [ dyma davi də la pajətʁi ] ; 24 July 1802 - 5 December 1870 ) , also known as Alexandre Dumas père ( French for 'father ' ) , was a French writer . His works have been translated into many languages , and he is one of the most widely read French authors . Many of his historical novels of high adventure were originally published as serials , including The Count of Monte Cristo , The Three Musketeers , Twenty Years After , and The Vicomte of Bragelonne : Ten Years Later . His novels have been adapted since the early twentieth century into nearly 200 films . Prolific in several genres , Dumas began his career by writing plays , which were successfully produced from the first . He also wrote numerous magazine articles and travel books ; his published works totalled 100,000 pages . In the 1840s , Dumas founded the Théâtre Historique in Paris . His father , General Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie , was born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue ( present-day Haiti ) to Alexandre Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie , a French nobleman , and Marie-Cessette Dumas , a black slave . At age 14 Thomas-Alexandre was taken by his father to France , where he was educated in a military academy and entered the military for what became an illustrious career . Dumas 's father 's aristocratic rank helped young Alexandre acquire work with Louis-Philippe , Duke of Orléans , then as a writer , finding early success . Decades later , after the election of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in 1851 , Dumas fell from favour and left France for Belgium , where he stayed for several years , then moved to Russia for a few years before going to Italy . In 1861 , he founded and published the newspaper L'Indépendent , which supported Italian unification , before returning to Paris in 1864 ."}]}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairy Tales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hans Christian Andersen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen', 'summary': "Hans Christian Andersen ( /ˈændərsən/ , Danish : [ hæns kʰʁæstjæn ˈanɐsn̩ ] ( listen ) ; 2 April 1805 - 4 August 1875 ) , in Denmark usually called H.C. Andersen , was a Danish author . Although a prolific writer of plays , travelogues , novels , and poems , he is best remembered for his fairy tales . Andersen 's popularity is not limited to children ; his stories express themes that transcend age and nationality . Andersen 's fairy tales , consisting of 3381 works and translated into more than 125 languages , have become culturally embedded in the West 's collective consciousness , readily accessible to children , but presenting lessons of virtue and resilience in the face of adversity for mature readers as well . His most famous fairy tales include The Emperor 's New Clothes , The Little Mermaid , The Nightingale , The Steadfast Tin Soldier , The Red Shoes , The Princess and the Pea , The Snow Queen , The Ugly Duckling , The Little Match Girl , and Thumbelina . His stories have inspired ballets , plays , and animated and live-action films . One of Copenhagen 's widest and busiest boulevards , skirting Copenhagen City Hall Square at the corner of which Andersen 's larger-than-life bronze statue sits , is named H.C. Andersens Boulevard ."}]}, {'value': '1846 ( English )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Children of the New Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Children_of_the_New_Forest', 'summary': "The Children of the New Forest is a children 's novel published in 1847 by Frederick Marryat . It is set in the time of the English Civil War and the Commonwealth . The story follows the fortunes of the four Beverley children who are orphaned during the war , and hide from their Roundhead oppressors in the shelter of the New Forest where they learn to live off the land ."}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Marryat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Marryat', 'summary': "Captain Frederick Marryat CB FRS ( 10 July 1792 - 9 August 1848 ) was a Royal Navy officer , a novelist , and an acquaintance of Charles Dickens . He is noted today as an early pioneer of the sea story , particularly for his semi-autobiographical novel Mr Midshipman Easy ( 1836 ) , for his children 's novel The Children of the New Forest ( 1847 ) , and for a widely used system of maritime flag signalling known as Marryat 's Code ."}]}, {'value': '1847', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slovenly Peter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovenly_Peter', 'summary': "Der Struwwelpeter ( shock-headed Peter or Shaggy Peter ) is an 1845 German children 's book by Heinrich Hoffmann . It comprises ten illustrated and rhymed stories , mostly about children . Each has a clear moral that demonstrates the disastrous consequences of misbehavior in an exaggerated way . The title of the first story provides the title of the whole book . Der Struwwelpeter is one of the earliest books for children that combines visual and verbal narratives in a book format , and is considered a precursor to comic books . Der Struwwelpeter is known for introducing the character of the Tailor ( or Scissorman ) to Western literature . Some researchers now see the stories in the book as illustrations of many child mental disorders that we know about today ."}]}, {'value': 'Heinrich Hoffmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinrich_Hoffmann_(author)', 'summary': 'Heinrich Hoffmann ( June 13 , 1809 - September 20 , 1894 ) was a German psychiatrist , who also wrote some short works including Der Struwwelpeter , an illustrated book portraying children misbehaving .'}]}, {'value': '1848 ( English )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Copperfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Copperfield_(novel)', 'summary': "David Copperfield is the eighth novel by Charles Dickens . The novel 's full title is The Personal History , Adventures , Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger of Blunderstone Rookery ( Which He Never Meant to Publish on Any Account ) . [ N 1 ] It was first published as a serial in 1849-50 , and as a book in 1850 . The novel features the character David Copperfield , and is written in the first person , as a description of his life until middle age , with his own adventures and the numerous friends and enemies he meets along his way . It is his journey of change and growth from infancy to maturity , as people enter and leave his life and he passes through the stages of his development . It has been called his masterpiece , the triumph of the art of Dickens , which marks a turning point in his work , the point of separation between the novels of youth and those of maturity . Though written in the first person , David Copperfield is considered to be more than an autobiography , going beyond this framework in the richness of its themes and the originality of its writing , which makes it a true autobiographical novel . In the words of the author , this novel was a very complicated weaving of truth and invention . Some elements of the novel follow events in Dickens 's own life . It was Dickens ' favourite among his own novels . In the preface to the 1867 edition , Dickens wrote , like many fond parents , I have in my heart of hearts a favourite child . And his name is David Copperfield ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Dickens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Dickens', 'summary': "Charles John Huffam Dickens FRSA ( /ˈdɪkɪnz/ ; 7 February 1812 - 9 June 1870 ) was an English writer and social critic . He created some of the world 's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime , and by the 20th century , critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius . His novels and short stories are still widely read today . Born in Portsmouth , Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors ' prison . Despite his lack of formal education , he edited a weekly journal for 20 years , wrote 15 novels , five novellas , hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles , lectured and performed readings extensively , was an indefatigable letter writer , and campaigned vigorously for children 's rights , education , and other social reforms . Dickens 's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers . Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity , famous for his humour , satire , and keen observation of character and society . His novels , most published in monthly or weekly instalments , pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction , which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication . Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense . The installment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience 's reaction , and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback . For example , when his wife 's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities , Dickens improved the character with positive features ."}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Wide , Wide World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Wide,_Wide_World', 'summary': "The Wide , Wide World is an 1850 novel by Susan Warner , published under the pseudonym Elizabeth Wetherell . It is often acclaimed as America 's first bestseller ."}]}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Wetherell ( pseudonym )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susan_Warner', 'summary': "Susan Bogert Warner ( pen name , Elizabeth Wetherell ; July 11 , 1819 - March 17 , 1885 ) , was an American evangelical writer of religious fiction , children 's fiction , and theological works . She is best remembered for The Wide , Wide World . Her other works include Queechy , The Hills of Shatemuck , Melbourne House , Daisy , Walks from Eden , House of Israel , What She Could , Opportunities , and House in Town . Warner and her sister , Anna , wrote a series of semi-religious novels which had extraordinary sale , including Say and Seal , Christmas Stocking , Books of Blessing , 8 vols. , The Law and the Testimony ."}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The King of the Golden River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_King_of_the_Golden_River', 'summary': 'The King of the Golden River or The Black Brothers : A Legend of Stiria by John Ruskin was originally written in 1841 for the twelve-year-old Effie ( Euphemia ) Gray , whom Ruskin later married . It was published in book form in 1851 , and became an early Victorian classic which sold out three editions . In the Advertisement to the First Edition , which prefaces it , it is called a fairy tale , one , it might be added , that illustrates the triumph of love , kindness , and goodness over evil ; however , it could also be characterised as a fable , a fabricated origin myth and a parable . It was illustrated with 22 illustrations by Richard Doyle ( 1824-83 ) . It was then illustrated by Arthur Rackham in 1932 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Ruskin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Ruskin', 'summary': 'John Ruskin ( 8 February 1819 - 20 January 1900 ) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era , as well as an art patron , draughtsman , watercolourist , prominent social thinker and philanthropist . He wrote on subjects as varied as geology , architecture , myth , ornithology , literature , education , botany and political economy . His writing styles and literary forms were equally varied . He penned essays and treatises , poetry and lectures , travel guides and manuals , letters and even a fairy tale . He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks , plants , birds , landscapes , and architectural structures and ornamentation . The elaborate style that characterised his earliest writing on art gave way in time to plainer language designed to communicate his ideas more effectively . In all of his writing , he emphasised the connections between nature , art and society . He was hugely influential in the latter half of the 19th century and up to the First World War . After a period of relative decline , his reputation has steadily improved since the 1960s with the publication of numerous academic studies of his work . Today , his ideas and concerns are widely recognised as having anticipated interest in environmentalism , sustainability and craft . Ruskin first came to widespread attention with the first volume of Modern Painters ( 1843 ) , an extended essay in defence of the work of J. M. W. Turner in which he argued that the principal role of the artist is truth to nature . From the 1850s , he championed the Pre-Raphaelites , who were influenced by his ideas .'}]}, {'value': '1851', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Tale of Two Cities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities', 'summary': 'A Tale of Two Cities is an 1859 historical novel by Charles Dickens , set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution . The novel tells the story of the French Doctor Manette , his 18-year-long imprisonment in the Bastille in Paris and his release to live in London with his daughter Lucie , whom he had never met . The story is set against the conditions that led up to the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror . Dickens best-known work of historical fiction , with over 200 million copies sold , A Tale of Two Cities is regularly cited as the best-selling novel of all time . In 2003 , the novel was ranked 63rd on the BBCs The Big Read poll . The novel has been adapted for film , television , radio and the stage , and has continued to have an influence on popular culture . Screenwriter Jonathan Nolans screenplay for The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) was inspired by the novel , with Nolan calling the depiction of Paris one of the most harrowing portraits of a relatable , recognisable civilisation that completely folded to pieces .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Dickens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Dickens', 'summary': "Charles John Huffam Dickens FRSA ( /ˈdɪkɪnz/ ; 7 February 1812 - 9 June 1870 ) was an English writer and social critic . He created some of the world 's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime , and by the 20th century , critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius . His novels and short stories are still widely read today . Born in Portsmouth , Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors ' prison . Despite his lack of formal education , he edited a weekly journal for 20 years , wrote 15 novels , five novellas , hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles , lectured and performed readings extensively , was an indefatigable letter writer , and campaigned vigorously for children 's rights , education , and other social reforms . Dickens 's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers . Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity , famous for his humour , satire , and keen observation of character and society . His novels , most published in monthly or weekly instalments , pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction , which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication . Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense . The installment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience 's reaction , and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback . For example , when his wife 's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities , Dickens improved the character with positive features ."}]}, {'value': '1853', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Coral Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Coral_Island', 'summary': "The Coral Island : A Tale of the Pacific Ocean ( 1857 ) is a novel written by Scottish author R. M. Ballantyne . One of the first works of juvenile fiction to feature exclusively juvenile heroes , the story relates the adventures of three boys marooned on a South Pacific island , the only survivors of a shipwreck . A typical Robinsonade - a genre of fiction inspired by Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe - and one of the most popular of its type , the book first went on sale in late 1857 and has never been out of print . Among the novel 's major themes are the civilising effect of Christianity , 19th-century British imperialism in the South Pacific , and the importance of hierarchy and leadership . It was the inspiration for William Golding 's dystopian novel Lord of the Flies ( 1954 ) , which inverted the morality of The Coral Island ; in Ballantyne 's story the children encounter evil , but in Lord of the Flies evil is within them . In the early 20th century , the novel was considered a classic for primary school children in the UK , and in the United States it was a staple of high-school suggested reading lists . Modern critics consider the book 's worldview to be dated and imperialist , but although less popular today , The Coral Island was adapted into a four-part children 's television drama broadcast by ITV in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'R. M. Ballantyne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._M._Ballantyne', 'summary': 'Robert Michael Ballantyne ( 24 April 1825 - 8 February 1894 ) was a Scottish author of juvenile fiction who wrote more than 100 books . He was also an accomplished artist , and exhibited some of his water-colours at the Royal Scottish Academy .'}]}, {'value': '1857', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '19th century', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "List_of_children's_classic_books_2", 'intro': "This is a list of children's classic books published before 1985 and still available in the English language. Books specifically for children existed by the 17th century. Before that, books were written mainly for adults - although some later became popular with children. In Europe, Gutenberg's invention of the printing press around 1440 made possible mass production of books, though the first printed books were quite expensive and remained so for a long time. Gradually, however, improvements in printing technology lowered the costs of publishing and made books more affordable to the working classes, who were also likely to buy smaller and cheaper broadsides, chapbooks, pamphlets, tracts, and early newspapers, all of which were widely available before 1800. In the 19th century, improvements in paper production, as well as the invention of cast-iron, steam-powered printing presses, enabled book publishing on a very large scale, and made books of all kinds affordable by all. Scholarship on children's literature includes professional organizations, dedicated publications, and university courses."}
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The Christmas classic turned ballet was written by a German author who is considered to be one the major authors of what movement ?
Romantic Movement
08a9aeab1ede465d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia', 'title': 'List of soccer clubs in Australia', 'header': ['Club', 'League/Division', 'Lvl', 'State', 'City'], 'data': [{'value': 'Redlands United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redlands_United_FC', 'summary': 'Redlands United Football Club is an association football club based in Cleveland , Brisbane , Queensland . The club , formed in 1918 , is one of the oldest soccer clubs in Queensland . It re-entered the top tier , Brisbane Premier League ( BPL ) , in 2010 after merging with former Queensland State League ( QSL ) side Redland City Devils . In 2013 Redlands United gained a five-year licence for the new National Premier Leagues ( NPL ) competition which was renewed in 2018 . Redlands United are one of six state league teams to eliminate an A-League team in the FFA Cup , along with Blacktown City FC , Heidelberg United FC , Green Gully SC , Adelaide City FC and the Bentleigh Greens SC .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Queensland', 'summary': "The National Premier League Queensland , run by Football Queensland , is the top tier state-level football ( soccer ) competition in Queensland . The conference is a sub division of the National Premier Leagues . The inaugural season kicked off in March 2013 and consisted of 12 teams . Each team will be expected to field a senior team , five junior men 's teams from under-12 to under-20 starting in 2013 and women 's junior teams in under-13 , under-15 , and under-17 starting in 2014 . Each club has been granted a 5-year licence and there is no promotion or relegation from the league during this period . It was announced on December 16 , 2016 that there would be promotion and relegation to the FQPL as of the 2018 season and that the league would be expanded to 14 teams . This announcement came with the addition of the Football Queensland Premier League , a new tier immediately below the National Premier League . Peninsula Power and Eastern Suburbs were the first two teams promoted to the NPL from the FQPL for the 2019 season . No teams were relegated in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir Yeti', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_SC', 'summary': 'Richmond Soccer Club is an Australian soccer club from Richmond , Victoria , an inner eastern suburb of Melbourne , Australia . Richmond compete in the Victorian State League Division 1 South-East competition , the third tier of football in Victoria , after successive relegations in 2016 and 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Victoria 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria_2', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 , commonly referred to as NPL Victoria 2 , is a regional Australian semi-professional soccer league comprising teams from Victoria . The league sits at level 2 on the Victorian league system , behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , ( level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football Federation Victoria , the governing body of the sport in the state .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Ringwood City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ringwood_City_SC', 'summary': 'Ringwood City Football Club is an Australian soccer club from Ringwood , a suburb of Melbourne . The club was formed in 1953 , as Wilhelmina by Dutch Australians . The club currently competes in Victorian State League Division 4 East , where it has been since 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Riverina Rhinos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverina_Rhinos', 'summary': 'Riverina Rhinos is an Australian association football club based in the city of Griffith , New South Wales . The club was founded in 2014 and as of 2017 competes in the ACT based NPL Capital Football .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Capital Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Capital_Football', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Capital Football 1 ( also known as NPL ACT 1 or simply NPL1 ) is an soccer competition contested by clubs affiliated to Capital Football . The league is the highest level ( level 1 ) competition in the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) region . It is a subdivision of the National Premier Leagues and sits in Level 2 in the overall Australian league system .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Capital Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Griffith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Griffith,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Griffith /ˈɡrɪfəθ/ is a major regional city in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area that is located in the north-western part of the Riverina region of New South Wales , known commonly as the food bowl of Australia . It is also the seat of the City of Griffith local government area . Like the Australian capital , Canberra , and the nearby town of Leeton , Griffith was designed by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin . Griffith was named after Arthur Hill Griffith , the first New South Wales Minister of Public Works . Griffith was proclaimed a city in 1987 , and had a population of 20,251 in June 2018 . It can be accessed by road from Sydney and Canberra via the Hume Highway and the Burley Griffin Way and from Melbourne , Victoria , via the Newell Highway and either by using the Kidman Way or the Irrigation Way . Griffith can be accessed from other places like Adelaide , Orange , and Bathurst through the Mid-Western Highway and the Rankins Springs road from Rankins Springs and the Kidman Way from Goolgowi .'}]}, {'value': 'Riversdale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_3', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 3 is the fifth tier soccer competition ( behind the National Premier Leagues ) in Victoria , Australia , and the sixth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Riverside Olympic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverside_Olympic_FC', 'summary': "Riverside Olympic Football Club , is a soccer club which represents Launceston in the Tasmanian Northern Championship . The club also fields 37 teams across all junior divisions . Riverside Olympic play their home games at Windsor Park , in Launceston , Tasmania . Riverside has teams in the Northern Premier League , Premier League Reserves , Under 18 's , Men 's Division One and a Women 's Team . Riverside Olympic were promoted to the Tasmanian State League in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Championship', 'summary': "The Northern Championship is an association football ( soccer ) league in Northern Tasmania . Nationally it sits under the A-League and NPL Tasmania , equal to the Southern Championship . It is controlled by the Football Federation Tasmania ( FFT ) , the state 's governing body . Prior to the 2015 season it was known as the Northern Premier League and for sponsorship reasons as the Forestry Tasmania Northern Premier League . Between 2001 and 2012 the Southern and Northern Premier Leagues were the state 's highest level of soccer competition . In this period the top four teams from the Northern Premier League and the top four teams from the Southern Premier League play-off in a knock-out final series to decide the state champion . This system came into existence in 2009 and replaced the previous system whereby the Northern and Southern champions played off . The Northern Championship is determined by the team finishing top of the ladder being named league champion , in contrast to many Australian competitions which use a finals series . There is no promotion or relegation in the Northern Championship ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Launceston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania', 'summary': "Launceston ( /ˈlɒnsɛstən/ ( listen ) or /ˈlɔːnsɛstən/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the north of Tasmania , Australia , at the junction of the North Esk and South Esk rivers where they become the Tamar River ( kanamaluka ) . With a population of 87,328 , Launceston is the second most populous city in Tasmania after the state capital , Hobart , and the twelfth-largest non-capital city in Australia . Settled by Europeans in March 1806 , Launceston is one of Australia 's oldest cities and it has many historic buildings . Like many places in Australia , it was named after a town in the United Kingdom - in this case , Launceston , Cornwall . Launceston also had the first use of anaesthetic in the Southern Hemisphere , it was the first Australian city to have underground sewers , and it was the first Australian city to be lit by hydroelectricity . The city has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons . Local government is split between the City of Launceston and the Meander Valley and West Tamar Councils ."}]}, {'value': 'RMIT FC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Rochedale Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rochedale_Rovers_FC', 'summary': 'Rochedale Rovers are a semi-professional football club that play at Underwood Park in Priestdale , next to Rochedale South in Queensland , Australia . Rochedale Rovers FC compete in the Football Queensland Premier League in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Football Queensland Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_Queensland_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Football Queensland Premier League is a football competition contested by clubs in Queensland , Australia . It is administered by Football Queensland and is the second tier of soccer in Queensland , behind the National Premier Leagues Queensland , to which the top two teams each season are promoted . The Premier League was founded in 2017 , with the first season held in 2018 ; previously there was no second-tier statewide competition .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Rockdale City Suns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockdale_City_Suns_FC', 'summary': "Rockdale Ilinden Football Club ( commonly known as the Rockdale City Suns Football Club ) , founded in 1969 , is an Australian soccer club based in Sydney suburb of Rockdale and competes in the highest men 's competition in New South Wales , the NSW Premier League . The Club 's home ground is Bicentennial Park South , located in the suburb of Rockdale , New South Wales ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_NSW', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues NSW are semi-professional soccer competitions in New South Wales , Australia . The competition is conducted by Football NSW , the organising body in New South Wales ( the other being the National Premier Leagues Northern NSW organised by Northern NSW Football ) . The league is a subdivision of the second tier National Premier Leagues ( NPL ) , which sits below the national A-League . Prior to becoming a subdivision of the NPL in 2013 , the league was previously known as the NSW Premier League . As of 2012 , all matches have been filmed and a weekly highlights package has been made available online , while the Grand Final has been streamed live through Football NSW since 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Rockingham City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockingham_City_FC', 'summary': "Rockingham City FC is an association football club based in Rockingham , Western Australia established in 1970 , and with their home field at the Lark Hill Sports Complex in 2008 . Rockingham City also hosts junior teams starting at Under 6 's and women teams . The youth squads all compete in the WA NPL . The club was promoted to the National Premier Leagues WA for the 2019 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Football West State League Division 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_West_State_League_Division_1', 'summary': 'The Football West State League Division 1 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from Western Australia . The league sits at Level 2 on the Western Australian league system ( Level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football West , the governing body of the sport in the state . The league has been officially called the All Flags State League Division 1 due to sponsorship arrangements since 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockingham,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Rockingham is a city and primary centre in Western Australia south-west of the Perth city centre and south of Fremantle . It has a beachside location at Mangles Bay , the southern extremity of Cockburn Sound . To its north stretches the maritime and resource-industry installations of Kwinana and Henderson . Offshore to the north-west is Australia 's largest naval fleet and submarine base , Garden Island , connected to the mainland by an all-weather causeway . To the west and south lies the Shoalwater Islands Marine Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosebud Heart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rye,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Rye is a seaside resort town , approximately 95 km south of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , on the Mornington Peninsula . Its bay beach is popular with swimmers , fishermen , yachtsmen , and kitesurfers . Its ocean beach ( which is not patrolled ) is also popular with surfers . Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula .'}]}, {'value': 'Rowville Eagles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Rydalmere Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rydalmere_Lions_FC', 'summary': "Rydalmere Lions FC are a football ( soccer ) club , from the suburb of Rydalmere in the city of Parramatta . The club is also known as Rydalmere Football Club and Rydalmere FC and was founded in 1979 . The Men 's team currently plays in the New South Wales National Premier League 3 ( NSW NPL3 ) competition , the second tier of football in New South Wales and the third tier in Australia when including the national competition , the A-League . They gained promotion to NSW NPL2 after finishing as premiers of the 2017 NSW NPL3 ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_NSW_3', 'summary': 'The NSW NPL3 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from New South Wales . The league sits at Level 3 on the New South Wales league system ( Level 4 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football NSW , the governing body of the sport in the southern region of the state ( the northern region governed by Northern NSW Football ) . At the conclusion of the 2015 season it was announced that the State League 1 would become the NPL3'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Alphabetically -- R', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia_17', 'intro': 'This is a list of soccer clubs in Australia. The Australian soccer league system consists of a national league - A-League (men) and W-League (women) - a state/territory-based second tier National Premier Leagues (NPL) structure and other state-based leagues. Promotion and relegation exists in some states between NPL and state leagues, however not between the A-League and the NPL. Included are all clubs playing in state (or territory)-wide leagues, or where states are split into two separate leagues.'}
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What club is from the city where it has a beachside location at Mangles Bay ?
Rockingham City
08aa8fecc6c9b0af
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_the_Philadelphia_area', 'title': 'List of companies based in the Philadelphia area', 'header': ['Name', 'City', 'Industry', 'Parent', 'Fortune 1000 rank ( 2014 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Acme Markets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acme_Markets', 'summary': 'Acme Markets Inc. is a supermarket chain operating 164 stores throughout Connecticut , Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , and Pennsylvania and , as of 1999 , is a subsidiary of Albertsons , and part of its presence in the Northeast . It is headquartered in East Whiteland Township , Pennsylvania , near Malvern , a Philadelphia suburb . Acme was established in 1891 , when Irish immigrants Samuel Robinson and Robert Crawford opened a store in South Philadelphia . The company today has 164 supermarkets under the Acme name in Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Maryland . After many decades of being the largest grocery retailer in the Delaware Valley , Acme fell to # 2 behind ShopRite in 2011 . As of 2013 , Acme was # 3 behind # 1 ShopRite and # 2 Giant-Carlisle in the Delaware Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Malvern , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malvern,_PA', 'summary': 'Malvern is a borough in Chester County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is twenty-five miles ( 40 km ) west of Philadelphia . The population was 2,998 at the 2010 census . The town is bordered by Paoli Pike on the south , Sugartown Road on the west , the Willistown Township on the east , and the East Whiteland Township on the north . It is south of US 30 and easily accessible to Route 202 . The main road through the Borough is King Street , intersected by Warren Avenue . The Malvern ZIP code covers the Malvern Borough , and all or parts of East Whiteland , Charlestown , Willistown , East Goshen , East Pikeland , and Tredyffrin Townships . Malvern Borough is between Paoli on the east , and Immaculata University and Exton on the west . It is also a train stop on the SEPTA Paoli/Thorndale Line .'}]}, {'value': 'retail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albertsons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albertsons', 'summary': "Albertsons Companies , Inc. is an American grocery company founded and headquartered in Boise , Idaho . It is privately owned and operated by investors , including Cerberus Capital Management . With 2,260 stores as of the third quarter of fiscal 2019 and 267,000 employees as of fiscal 2018 , the company is the second-largest supermarket chain in North America after Kroger , which has 2,758 stores . Albertsons ranked 53rd in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Prior to its January 2015 merger with Safeway Inc. for $ 9.2 billion , it had 1,075 supermarkets located in 29 U.S. states under 12 different banners . Its predecessor company , Albertsons , Inc. , was reorganized as Albertsons LLC and sold to AB Acquisition LLC ( a Cerberus Capital Management-led consortium ) . After buying back the majority of its former stores it sold to SuperValu in 2006 , AB Acquisition announced it would change its name to Albertsons Companies Inc. in 2015 . The company 's corporate name was Albertson 's until 2002 , when the apostrophe was removed ."}]}, {'value': '94', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boeing Rotorcraft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeing_Rotorcraft_Systems', 'summary': 'Boeing Rotorcraft Systems ( formerly Boeing Helicopters and before that Boeing Vertol ) is the former name of a US aircraft manufacturer , now known as Vertical Lift division of Boeing Defense , Space & Security . The headquarters and main rotorcraft factory is in Ridley Park , Pennsylvania , a suburb of Philadelphia . Production of Apache attack helicopters in Mesa , Arizona , formerly part of Rotorcraft Systems , is now under the Global Strike Division of Boeing Military Aircraft .'}]}, {'value': 'Ridley Township , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ridley_Township,_PA', 'summary': 'Ridley Township is a township in Delaware County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 30,768 at the 2010 census . Ridley Township contains the census designated places of Folsom and Woodlyn along with the unincorporated communities of Crum Lynne and Holmes .'}]}, {'value': 'aviation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeing', 'summary': "The Boeing Company , commonly known as Boeing ( /ˈboʊɪŋ/ ) , is an American multinational corporation that designs , manufactures , and sells airplanes , rotorcraft , rockets , satellites , telecommunications equipment , and missiles worldwide . The company also provides leasing and product support services . Boeing is among the largest global aerospace manufacturers ; it is the second-largest defense contractor in the world based on 2018 revenue , and is the largest exporter in the United States by dollar value . Boeing stock is included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average . Boeing is incorporated in Delaware . Boeing was founded by William Boeing in Seattle , Washington on July 15 , 1916 . The present corporation is the result of the merger of Boeing with McDonnell Douglas on August 1 , 1997 . Then chairman and CEO of Boeing , Philip M. Condit , assumed those roles in the combined company , while Harry Stonecipher , former CEO of McDonnell Douglas , became president and COO . The Boeing Company has its corporate headquarters in Chicago , Illinois . Boeing is organized into five primary divisions : Boeing Commercial Airplanes ( BCA ) ; Boeing Defense , Space & Security ( BDS ) ; Engineering , Operations & Technology ; Boeing Capital ; and Boeing Shared Services Group . In 2017 , Boeing recorded US $ 93.3 billion in sales , ranked 24th on the Fortune magazine Fortune 500 list ( 2018 ) , ranked 64th on the Fortune Global 500 list ( 2018 ) , and ranked 19th on the World 's Most Admired Companies list ( 2018 ) . In 2019 , Boeing 's global reputation , commercial business , and financial rating suffered after the 737 MAX was grounded worldwide following two fatal crashes in late 2018 and early 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centocor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centocor', 'summary': 'Janssen Biotech , Inc. , formerly Centocor Biotech , Inc. , is a biotechnology company that was founded in Philadelphia in 1979 with an initial goal of developing new diagnostic assays using monoclonal antibody technology .'}]}, {'value': 'Malvern , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malvern,_PA', 'summary': 'Malvern is a borough in Chester County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is twenty-five miles ( 40 km ) west of Philadelphia . The population was 2,998 at the 2010 census . The town is bordered by Paoli Pike on the south , Sugartown Road on the west , the Willistown Township on the east , and the East Whiteland Township on the north . It is south of US 30 and easily accessible to Route 202 . The main road through the Borough is King Street , intersected by Warren Avenue . The Malvern ZIP code covers the Malvern Borough , and all or parts of East Whiteland , Charlestown , Willistown , East Goshen , East Pikeland , and Tredyffrin Townships . Malvern Borough is between Paoli on the east , and Immaculata University and Exton on the west . It is also a train stop on the SEPTA Paoli/Thorndale Line .'}]}, {'value': 'pharmaceuticals', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnson & Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnson_&_Johnson', 'summary': "Johnson & Johnson is an American multinational corporation founded in 1886 that develops medical devices , pharmaceutical and consumer packaged goods . Its common stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the company is ranked No . 37 on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . J & J is one of the world 's most valuable companies . Johnson & Johnson is headquartered in New Brunswick , New Jersey , the consumer division being located in Skillman , New Jersey . The corporation includes some 250 subsidiary companies with operations in 60 countries and products sold in over 175 countries . Johnson & Johnson had worldwide sales of $ 70.1 billion during calendar year 2015 . Johnson & Johnson 's brands include numerous household names of medications and first aid supplies . Among its well-known consumer products are the Band-Aid Brand line of bandages , Tylenol medications , Johnson 's Baby products , Neutrogena skin and beauty products , Clean & Clear facial wash and Acuvue contact lenses ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonial Penn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Penn', 'summary': "Colonial Penn Life Insurance Company is a Philadelphia-based life insurance company , founded by philanthropist and AARP co-founder Leonard Davis , owned by CNO Financial Group . Colonial Penn , originally focused on people over 65 who became the origins of insurance provided through American Association of Retired Persons , now known as AARP , now has a marketing campaign is aimed at people between the age of 50 and 85 , specializing in guaranteed acceptance whole life insurance . Jeopardy ! host Alex Trebek commonly appears as a compensated endorser for Colonial Penn in advertisements . Former endorsers include Star Search host and former Tonight Show announcer Ed McMahon , singer Lou Rawls , Former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach , and Joe Theismann . Utility holding company FPL Group acquired Colonial Penn in 1985 . FPL sold Colonial Penn to Leucadia National in 1991 . Conseco bought Colonial Penn from Leucadia in 1997 , and in 1998 it was renamed Conseco Direct Life to reflect Conseco ownership . In 2001 , the name was changed back to Colonial Penn , though , according to the fine print at the end of Colonial Penn commercials today , it is still Banker 's Conseco Life Insurance Company for residents of The New York State ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , PA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'insurance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conseco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conseco', 'summary': 'CNO Financial Group , Inc. ( formerly Conseco , Inc. ( from Consolidated National Security Corporation ) ) is a financial services holding company based in Carmel , Indiana . Its insurance subsidiaries provide life insurance , annuity and supplemental health insurance products to more than four million customers in the United States . These products are distributed through independent agents , career agents and direct to customers through television advertising and direct mail . CNO Financial ranked 608 on the Fortune 1000 with 2014 revenues of $ 4.1 billion . In April 2014 , it was ranked among the 50 most-trusted financial institutions in America by Forbes .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delmarva Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delmarva_Power', 'summary': 'Delmarva Power is an energy company that provides electricity and natural gas to customers on portions of the Delmarva Peninsula in the states of Delaware and Maryland . The company is a subsidiary of Exelon .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_DE', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}]}, {'value': 'energy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exelon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exelon', 'summary': 'Exelon Corporation is an American Fortune 100 energy company headquartered in Chicago , Illinois . It generates revenues of approximately $ 33.5 billion and employs approximately 33,400 people . Exelon is the largest electric parent company in the United States by revenue , the largest regulated utility in the United States with approximately 10 million customers , and also the largest operator of nuclear power plants in the United States . It was created in October 2000 by the merger of PECO Energy Company of Philadelphia and Unicom Corp of Chicago , which owned Commonwealth Edison . Exelon is incorporated in Illinois . Exelon operates regulated utilities in Illinois , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , New Jersey , and Washington , DC . In October 2009 , Exelon had full or majority ownership of 23 nuclear reactors in 14 nuclear power plants . Exelon has operations and business activities in 48 states , the District of Columbia and Canada , and is the largest competitive U.S. power generator with approximately 35,500 megawatts of owned capacity . Exelon merged with Constellation Energy Group in March 2012 and acquired Pepco Holdings in March 2016 . Exelon consists of eight main operating subsidiaries with Exelon Generation , a deregulated energy generator , Constellation Energy Group , a deregulated competitive energy supplier , and six regulated utilities , Commonwealth Edison ( Illinois ) , PECO Energy Company ( Pennsylvania ) , Baltimore Gas and Electric ( Maryland ) , Delmarva Power & Light ( Delaware and Maryland ) , Atlantic City Electric ( New Jersey ) , and Potomac Electric Power Company ( Washington , DC and Maryland ) .'}]}, {'value': '561', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economy.com', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Economy.com', 'summary': "Moody 's Analytics is a subsidiary of Moody 's Corporation established in 2007 to focus on non-rating activities , separate from Moody 's Investors Service . It provides economic research regarding risk , performance and financial modeling , as well as consulting , training and software services . Moody 's Analytics is composed of divisions such as Moody 's KMV , Moody 's Economy.com , Moody 's Wall Street Analytics , the Institute of Risk Standards and Qualifications , and Canadian Securities Institute Global Education Inc ."}]}, {'value': 'West Chester , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Chester,_PA', 'summary': 'West Chester is a borough and the county seat of Chester County , in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The population was 18,461 at the 2010 census . Much of the West Chester University of Pennsylvania North Campus and the Chester County government are located within the borough . The center of town is located at the intersection of Market and High Streets .'}]}, {'value': 'economic research', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Moody 's Analytics", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Moody's_Analytics", 'summary': "Moody 's Analytics is a subsidiary of Moody 's Corporation established in 2007 to focus on non-rating activities , separate from Moody 's Investors Service . It provides economic research regarding risk , performance and financial modeling , as well as consulting , training and software services . Moody 's Analytics is composed of divisions such as Moody 's KMV , Moody 's Economy.com , Moody 's Wall Street Analytics , the Institute of Risk Standards and Qualifications , and Canadian Securities Institute Global Education Inc ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GSI Commerce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GSI_Commerce', 'summary': "eBay Enterprise , Inc. ( formerly GSI Commerce , Inc. ) was a multinational e-commerce corporation that specialized in creating , developing and running online shopping sites for brick and mortar brands and retailers . The company also provided a variety of marketing , consumer engagement , customer care , payment processing , fulfillment , fraud detection , and technology integration services . eBay Enterprise had over 500 clients and operated 26 offices in North America , Europe , and Asia . It provided services for companies such as Zales , iRobot , Timberland , Ace Hardware , Sports Authority , Dick 's Sporting Goods , and RadioShack ."}]}, {'value': 'King of Prussia , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_PA', 'summary': 'King of Prussia ( also referred to as KOP ) is a census-designated place in Upper Merion Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , United States . As of the 2010 census , its population was 19,936 . The community took its name in the 18th century from a local tavern named the King of Prussia Inn , which was named after King Frederick the Great of Prussia . Like the rest of Montgomery County , King of Prussia continues to experience rapid development . One of the largest shopping malls in the United States , King of Prussia , is located here . Also located here is the headquarters of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region I . King of Prussia is considered to be an edge city of Philadelphia , consisting of large amounts of retail and office space situated at the convergence of four highways .'}]}, {'value': 'retail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'eBay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EBay', 'summary': "eBay Inc. ( /ˈiːˌbeɪ/ EE-bay ) is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose , California , that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website . eBay was founded by Pierre Omidyar in the autumn of 1995 , and became a notable success story of the dot-com bubble . eBay is a multibillion-dollar business with operations in about 30 countries , as of 2011 . [ needs update ] The company manages the eBay website , an online auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a wide variety of goods and services worldwide . The website is free to use for buyers , but sellers are charged fees for listing items after a limited number of free listings , and again when those items are sold . In addition to eBay 's original auction-style sales , the website has evolved and expanded to include : instant Buy It Now shopping ; shopping by Universal Product Code , ISBN , or other kind of SKU number ( via Half.com , which was shut down in 2017 ) ; online classified advertisements ( via Kijiji , or eBay Classifieds ) ; online event ticket trading ( via StubHub ) ; and other services . eBay previously offered online money transfers as part of its services ( via PayPal , which was a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay from 2002 to 2015 ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Happy Harry 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Happy_Harry's", 'summary': "Happy Harry 's was an American drugstore chain that was merged into Walgreens starting in 2006 . Happy Harry 's operated 76 locations in Delaware , Pennsylvania , Maryland and New Jersey . It was founded in 1962 by entrepreneur Harry Levin . It was announced on June 5 , 2006 that the chain had agreed to be acquired by Walgreens ."}]}, {'value': 'Newark , DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newark,_DE', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'retail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walgreens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walgreens', 'summary': 'Walgreen Company or simply Walgreens is an American company that operates as the second-largest pharmacy store chain in the United States behind CVS Health . It specializes in filling prescriptions , health and wellness products , health information , and photo services . As of August 31 , 2019 , the company operated 9,277 stores in all 50 states , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands . It was founded in Chicago , Illinois , in 1901 . The Walgreens headquarters office is in the Chicago suburb of Deerfield , Illinois . In 2014 the company agreed to purchase the remaining 55% of Switzerland-based Alliance Boots that it did not already own to form a global business . Under the terms of the purchase , the two companies merged to form a new holding company , Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. , on December 31 , 2014 . Walgreens became a subsidiary of the new company , which retains its Deerfield headquarters and trades on the Nasdaq under the symbol WBA .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Harrah 's Philadelphia", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harrah's_Philadelphia", 'summary': "Harrah 's Philadelphia Casino & Racetrack is a harness racing track and casino ( a racino ) on the Chester , Pennsylvania waterfront . It is owned by Vici Properties and operated by Caesars Entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Chester , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester,_PA', 'summary': 'Chester is a city in Delaware County , Pennsylvania , United States . With a population of 33,972 at the 2010 census it is the largest city in Delaware County . Incorporated in 1682 , Chester is the oldest city in Pennsylvania and is located on the western bank of the Delaware River between the cities of Philadelphia and Wilmington , Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'entertainment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caesars Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caesars_Entertainment_Corporation', 'summary': "Caesars Entertainment Corporation ( formerly The Promus Companies and Harrah 's Entertainment ) is an American gaming hotel and casino corporation founded in Reno , Nevada and based in Paradise , Nevada that owns and operates over 50 properties and seven golf courses under several brands . In 2013 , it was the fourth-largest gaming company in the world , with annual revenues of $ 8.6 billion . Caesars is a public company , majority-owned by a group of private equity firms led by Apollo Global Management , TPG Capital and Paulson & Co. and Carl Icahn . Caesars 's largest operating unit filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on January 15 , 2015 which led to the foundation of Vici Properties as a result ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Janney Montgomery Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janney_Montgomery_Scott', 'summary': 'The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company , commonly referred to as Penn Mutual , was founded in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , in 1847 . It was the seventh mutual life insurance company chartered in the United States . As of 2018 , it had 3,140 employees , $ 3.2 billion in revenue , and $ 33.2 billion in assets . Penn Mutual is headquartered in Horsham , Pennsylvania , just outside Philadelphia . Its subsidiaries include the brokerage firm Janney Montgomery Scott ( acquired in 1982 ) , which as of 2019 had $ 70 billion in assets under advisement for its clients .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , PA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'investment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penn Mutual', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penn_Mutual', 'summary': 'The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company , commonly referred to as Penn Mutual , was founded in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , in 1847 . It was the seventh mutual life insurance company chartered in the United States . As of 2018 , it had 3,140 employees , $ 3.2 billion in revenue , and $ 33.2 billion in assets . Penn Mutual is headquartered in Horsham , Pennsylvania , just outside Philadelphia . Its subsidiaries include the brokerage firm Janney Montgomery Scott ( acquired in 1982 ) , which as of 2019 had $ 70 billion in assets under advisement for its clients .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Genuardi 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Genuardi's", 'summary': "Genuardi 's Family Markets L.P. was a chain of supermarkets located in the Northeastern United States . Family-owned until purchased by Safeway in 2000 , Genuardi 's had its headquarters in the Bentwood Executive Campus in East Norriton Township , Pennsylvania in Greater Philadelphia . After many of its remaining stores were sold or closed , there was a Safeway-owned store under the former chain 's name located in Audubon , Pennsylvania that remained open until May 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Norristown , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norristown,_PA', 'summary': 'Norristown is a borough ( with home rule status ) in and the county seat of Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , United States . Located along the Schuylkill River approximately two miles from the Philadelphia city limits , Norristown has a population of 34,324 as of the 2010 U.S. Census . It is the fourth most populous municipality in the county and second most populous borough in Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'retail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Safeway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safeway_Inc.', 'summary': "Safeway is an American supermarket chain founded in April 1915 in American Falls , Idaho by Marion Barton Skaggs . It is a subsidiary of Albertsons after being acquired by private equity investors led by Cerberus Capital Management in January 2015 . Safeway 's primary base of operations is in the western with some stores located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Eastern Seaboard . The subsidiary is headquartered in Pleasanton , California , with its parent company headquartered in Boise , Idaho . Safeway stores operate under the logo of a stylized white S inside a rounded red square with the slogan Ingredients for life . Following the organics trend , the stores have expanded the number of organic fruits and vegetables in the produce section and offer other items under the O Organics label . Stores may have a deli counter , a meat department , a produce section , a flower department , a bakery , a pharmacy , a liquor section , and/or many aisles of nonperishable items . The stores offer many in-house private label brands as well as name brands across all product categories ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keystone Helicopter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sikorsky_Aircraft', 'summary': 'The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Stratford , Connecticut . It was established by Russian-American aviator Igor Sikorsky in 1923 and was among the first companies to manufacture helicopters for civilian and military use . Previously owned by United Technologies Corporation ( UTC ) , in November 2015 Sikorsky was sold to Lockheed Martin .'}]}, {'value': 'Coatesville , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coatesville,_PA', 'summary': 'Coatesville is a city in Chester County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 13,100 at the 2010 census . Coatesville is approximately 39 miles west of Philadelphia . It developed along Lancaster Turnpike , beginning in the late 18th century . It spans U.S. Route 30 , the Main Line highway that runs west of Philadelphia . Coatesville developed in the early 20th century with the growth of the Lukens Steel Company and other industry . Its population declined after industrial restructuring , which reduced these jobs . Lukens was bought by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation in 1997 . In 2002 , Bethlehem was bought by the then Ohio-based International Steel Group ( ISG ) . Later , Mittal Steel bought ISG and merged with Arcelor Steel to form the ArcelorMittal company .'}]}, {'value': 'aviation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Technologies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Technologies_Corporation', 'summary': 'United Technologies Corporation ( UTC ) is an American multinational conglomerate headquartered in Farmington , Connecticut . It researches , develops , and manufactures products in numerous areas , including aircraft engines , aerospace systems , HVAC , elevators and escalators , fire and security , building systems , and industrial products , among others . UTC is also a large military contractor , getting about 10% of its revenue from the U.S. government . Gregory J. Hayes is the CEO and chairman . On June 9 , 2019 , UTC announced the intent to merge its aerospace business with Raytheon . UTC is incorporated in Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M.A.B . Paints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M.A.B._Paints', 'summary': 'M.A.B . Paints ( officially M.A . Bruder & Sons Inc. ) was a regional manufacturer of architectural , commercial and industrial coatings for the professional and do-it-yourself markets . Founded in 1899 in South Philadelphia by Michael A. Bruder , M.A.B . Paints grew to over 230 stores in 17 states .'}]}, {'value': 'Broomall , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broomall,_PA', 'summary': 'Broomall is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Marple Township , Delaware County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 10,789 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'paint', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sherwin-Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherwin-Williams', 'summary': 'Sherwin-Williams Company is an American Fortune 500 company in the general building materials industry . The company , with headquarters in Cleveland , Ohio , primarily engages in the manufacture , distribution , and sale of paints , coatings and related products to professional , industrial , commercial , and retail customers primarily in North and South America and Europe . The company is mostly known through its Sherwin-Williams Paints line . Its consumer brands group manufactures products under such trade names as Dutch Boy , Krylon , Dupli-Color , VHT ( a division of Dupli-Color ) , Minwax , Thompsons WaterSeal , Pratt & Lambert , White Lightning , Purdy and Kool Seal .'}]}, {'value': '278', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBNA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MBNA', 'summary': 'MBNA Corporation was a bank holding company and parent company of wholly owned subsidiary MBNA America Bank , N.A. , headquartered in Wilmington , Delaware , prior to being acquired by Bank of America in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_DE', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}]}, {'value': 'financial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bank of America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bank_of_America', 'summary': "The Bank of America Corporation ( abbreviated as BofA ) is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina , with central hubs in New York City , London , Hong Kong , Minneapolis , and Toronto . Founded in San Francisco , Bank of America was formed through NationsBank 's acquisition of BankAmerica in 1998 . It is the second largest banking institution in the United States , after JPMorgan Chase . As a part of the Big Four , it services approximately 10.73% of all American bank deposits , in direct competition with Citigroup , Wells Fargo , and JPMorgan Chase . Its primary financial services revolve around commercial banking , wealth management , and investment banking . One branch of its history stretches back to Bank of Italy , founded by Amadeo Pietro Giannini in 1904 , which provided Italian immigrants who faced service discrimination various banking options . Originally headquartered in San Francisco , California , Giannini acquired Banca d'America e d'Italia ( Bank of America and Italy ) in 1922 . The passage of landmark federal banking legislation facilitated rapid growth in the 1950s , quickly establishing a prominent market share . After suffering a significant loss after the 1998 Russian bond default , BankAmerica , as it was then known , was acquired by the Charlotte-based NationsBank for US $ 62 billion . Following what was then the largest bank acquisition in history , the Bank of America Corporation was founded . Through a series of mergers and acquisitions , it built upon its commercial banking business by establishing Merrill Lynch for wealth management and Bank of America Merrill Lynch for investment banking in 2008 and 2009 , respectively ( since renamed BofA Securities ) . Both Bank of America and Merrill Lynch Wealth Management retain large market shares in their respective offerings ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McNeil Laboratories', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McNeil_Laboratories', 'summary': 'McNeil Consumer Healthcare is an American medicals products company belonging to the Johnson & Johnson healthcare products group . It primarily sells fast-moving consumer goods such as over-the-counter drugs .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Washington , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Washington,_PA', 'summary': 'Fort Washington is a census-designated place and suburb of Philadelphia in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 5,446 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'pharmaceuticals', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnson & Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnson_&_Johnson', 'summary': "Johnson & Johnson is an American multinational corporation founded in 1886 that develops medical devices , pharmaceutical and consumer packaged goods . Its common stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the company is ranked No . 37 on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . J & J is one of the world 's most valuable companies . Johnson & Johnson is headquartered in New Brunswick , New Jersey , the consumer division being located in Skillman , New Jersey . The corporation includes some 250 subsidiary companies with operations in 60 countries and products sold in over 175 countries . Johnson & Johnson had worldwide sales of $ 70.1 billion during calendar year 2015 . Johnson & Johnson 's brands include numerous household names of medications and first aid supplies . Among its well-known consumer products are the Band-Aid Brand line of bandages , Tylenol medications , Johnson 's Baby products , Neutrogena skin and beauty products , Clean & Clear facial wash and Acuvue contact lenses ."}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neoware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoware', 'summary': 'Neoware was a company that manufactured and marketed thin clients . It also developed and marketed enterprise software , thin client appliances , and related services aimed at reducing the TCO of IT infrastructure . Neoware owned one of the three available OS Streaming technologies that make it possible to remote boot diskless computers under Microsoft Windows and Linux . On July 23 , 2007 , HP announced that it has signed a definitive merger agreement to purchase Neoware for $ 241 million . The acquisition was completed on October 1 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'King of Prussia , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_PA', 'summary': 'King of Prussia ( also referred to as KOP ) is a census-designated place in Upper Merion Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , United States . As of the 2010 census , its population was 19,936 . The community took its name in the 18th century from a local tavern named the King of Prussia Inn , which was named after King Frederick the Great of Prussia . Like the rest of Montgomery County , King of Prussia continues to experience rapid development . One of the largest shopping malls in the United States , King of Prussia , is located here . Also located here is the headquarters of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region I . King of Prussia is considered to be an edge city of Philadelphia , consisting of large amounts of retail and office space situated at the convergence of four highways .'}]}, {'value': 'electronics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hewlett-Packard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hewlett-Packard', 'summary': "The Hewlett-Packard Company ( commonly referred to as HP , and stylized as hp ) , or Hewlett-Packard ( /ˈhjuːlɪt ˈpækərd/ HEW-lit PAK-ərd ) , was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto , California . It developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components as well as software and related services to consumers , small- and medium-sized businesses ( SMBs ) and large enterprises , including customers in the government , health and education sectors . In 1999 , HP split into two companies : one retaining the original company name , the other named Agilent Technologies . The first product line of Hewlett-Packard , test and measurement equipment , went to Agilent Technologies , while HP retained focus on its later products including computers and printers . In 2015 , HP again was split into two separate companies , HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise . The company was founded in a one-car garage ( the historic HP Garage at 367 Addison Avenue , an official California Historical Landmark ; its plaque reads Birthplace of 'Silicon Valley ' ) in Palo Alto , California by Bill Hewlett and David Packard , and initially produced a line of electronic test and measurement equipment . The company got its first big contract in 1938 , providing its test and measurement instruments for production of Walt Disney Pictures ' hugely successful animated film Fantasia . This success led Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard to formally establish their Hewlett-Packard Company on 1 January 1939 . The company grew into a multinational corporation widely respected for its products , and its management style and culture known as the HP Way which was adopted by other businesses worldwide . HP was the world 's leading PC manufacturer from 2007 to Q2 2013 , at which time Lenovo ranked ahead of HP . HP specialized in developing and manufacturing computing , data storage , and networking hardware , designing software and delivering services . Major product lines included personal computing devices , enterprise and industry standard servers , related storage devices , networking products , software and a diverse range of printers and other imaging products ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NextGen Healthcare Information Systems', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NextGen_Healthcare_Information_Systems', 'summary': 'NextGen Healthcare is an American software and services company headquartered in Irvine , California , US . The company develops and sells electronic health record ( EHR ) software and practice management systems to the healthcare industry . NextGen Healthcare also provides population health , financial management , and clinical solutions for medical and dental practices . On September 7 , 2018 , Quality Systems Inc. changed its name to Nextgen Healthcare , Inc. and on September 10 , their stock ticker symbol changed to NASDAQ : NXGN . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Horsham , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horsham,_PA', 'summary': 'Horsham Township is a home rule municipality in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , United States , 10 miles north of downtown Philadelphia . The township , incorporated in 1717 , is one of the oldest original municipalities in Montgomery County . Although it retains the word Township in its official name , it has been governed by a Home Rule Charter since 1975 and is therefore not subject to the Pennsylvania Township Code . The population was 26,147 at the 2010 census . Horsham Township is made up of several community areas including Horsham ( 19044 ) and portions of the Hatboro ( 19040 ) , Ambler ( 19002 ) , Chalfont ( 18914 ) and North Wales ( 19454 ) ZIP codes .'}]}, {'value': 'software', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quality Systems', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quality_Systems', 'summary': 'NextGen Healthcare is an American software and services company headquartered in Irvine , California , US . The company develops and sells electronic health record ( EHR ) software and practice management systems to the healthcare industry . NextGen Healthcare also provides population health , financial management , and clinical solutions for medical and dental practices . On September 7 , 2018 , Quality Systems Inc. changed its name to Nextgen Healthcare , Inc. and on September 10 , their stock ticker symbol changed to NASDAQ : NXGN . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PECO Energy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PECO_Energy', 'summary': "PECO , formerly the Philadelphia Electric Company , is an energy company founded in 1881 and incorporated in 1929 . It became part of Exelon Corporation in 2000 when it merged with Commonwealth Edison 's holding company Unicom Corp . The company has approximately 2,300 employees ; its call center and field craft personnel are members of IBEW Local 614 . PECO serves about 1.6 million electric and over 511,000 natural gas customers ; it is the largest combination utility in Pennsylvania , and has a franchise utility service area of 2,100 square miles ( 5,400 km2 ) with a population of 3.8 million people ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , PA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'energy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exelon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exelon', 'summary': 'Exelon Corporation is an American Fortune 100 energy company headquartered in Chicago , Illinois . It generates revenues of approximately $ 33.5 billion and employs approximately 33,400 people . Exelon is the largest electric parent company in the United States by revenue , the largest regulated utility in the United States with approximately 10 million customers , and also the largest operator of nuclear power plants in the United States . It was created in October 2000 by the merger of PECO Energy Company of Philadelphia and Unicom Corp of Chicago , which owned Commonwealth Edison . Exelon is incorporated in Illinois . Exelon operates regulated utilities in Illinois , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , New Jersey , and Washington , DC . In October 2009 , Exelon had full or majority ownership of 23 nuclear reactors in 14 nuclear power plants . Exelon has operations and business activities in 48 states , the District of Columbia and Canada , and is the largest competitive U.S. power generator with approximately 35,500 megawatts of owned capacity . Exelon merged with Constellation Energy Group in March 2012 and acquired Pepco Holdings in March 2016 . Exelon consists of eight main operating subsidiaries with Exelon Generation , a deregulated energy generator , Constellation Energy Group , a deregulated competitive energy supplier , and six regulated utilities , Commonwealth Edison ( Illinois ) , PECO Energy Company ( Pennsylvania ) , Baltimore Gas and Electric ( Maryland ) , Delmarva Power & Light ( Delaware and Maryland ) , Atlantic City Electric ( New Jersey ) , and Potomac Electric Power Company ( Washington , DC and Maryland ) .'}]}, {'value': '119', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'QVC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/QVC', 'summary': 'QVC ( standing for Quality Value Convenience ) is an American free-to-air television network , and flagship shopping channel specializing in televised home shopping that is owned by Qurate Retail Group . Founded in 1986 by Joseph Segel in West Chester , Pennsylvania , United States , QVC broadcasts to more than 350 million households in seven countries , including channels in the UK , Germany , Japan , and Italy , along with a joint venture in China with China National Radio called CNR Mall .'}]}, {'value': 'West Chester , PA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'West Chester is a borough and the county seat of Chester County , in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The population was 18,461 at the 2010 census . Much of the West Chester University of Pennsylvania North Campus and the Chester County government are located within the borough . The center of town is located at the intersection of Market and High Streets .'}]}, {'value': 'retail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberty Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberty_Media', 'summary': "Liberty Media Corporation ( commonly referred to as Liberty Media or just Liberty ) is an American mass media company controlled by chairman John C. Malone . The company has three divisions , reflecting the company 's ownership stakes in Formula One , SiriusXM , and the Atlanta Braves ."}]}, {'value': '607', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rohm and Haas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rohm_and_Haas', 'summary': 'Rohm and Haas Company is a manufacturer of speciality chemicals for end use markets such as building and construction , electronic devices , packaging , household and personal care products . Headquartered in Philadelphia , the company is organised into three business groups of Specialty Materials , Performance Materials and Electronic Materials , and also has two stand-alone businesses of Powder Coatings and Salt . Formerly a Fortune 500 Company , Rohm and Haas employs more than 17,000 people in 27 countries , with its last sales revenue reported as an independent company at US $ 8.9 billion . Dow Chemical Company bought Rohm and Haas for $ 15 billion in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , PA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'chemicals', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dow Chemical', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dow_Chemical', 'summary': "The Dow Chemical Company ( TDCC ) is an American multinational chemical corporation headquartered in Midland , Michigan , United States , and a subsidiary of Dow Inc . The company is among the three largest chemical producers in the world . Dow manufactures plastics , chemicals , and agricultural products . With a presence in about 160 countries , it employs about 54,000 people worldwide . Dow has been called the chemical companies ' chemical company as its sales are to other industries rather than directly to end-use consumers . Dow is a member of the American Chemistry Council . The company tagline is Seek Together . In 2017 , the company merged into DowDuPont and in April 2019 , the company 's parent , Dow Inc. was separated into a public company via a corporate spin-off ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Divisions of US corporations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_companies_based_in_the_Philadelphia_area_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of companies either based or with large operations in the Philadelphia/Delaware Valley area of the United States.'}
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What is the parent company of the organization who is a television channel specializing in televised home shopping ?
Liberty Media
08aaa9144fd852ae
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_PQ_1', 'title': 'Convoy PQ 1', 'header': ['Name', 'Flag', 'Tonnage ( GRT )', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'HMS Antelope ( H36 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Antelope_(H36)', 'summary': 'HMS Antelope was a British A-class destroyer , which was completed for the Royal Navy in 1930 . Antelope served throughout the Second World War , taking part in the sinking of three enemy submarines and in Operation Torch , the Allied invasion of French North Africa .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escort 29 Sept - 11 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Anthony ( H40 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Anthony_(H40)', 'summary': 'HMS Anthony was an A-class destroyer of the Royal Navy . She served in the Second World War .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escort 29 Sept - 11 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlantic ( 1939 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '5,414', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Commodore 's ship", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RFA Black Ranger ( 1941 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RFA_Black_Ranger_(A163)', 'summary': 'RFA Black Ranger ( A163 ) was a British diesel-powered fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary , built by Harland & Wolff at their yard in Govan . On 27 February 1941 , shortly after her commissioning , she was involved in a collision with the French destroyer Mistral . Mistral sustained minor damage and Black Ranger spent a short period under repair on the Clyde . Black Ranger later served with the Arctic Convoys , and was involved in a collision with the submarine HMS Thule in November 1960 . Her role was to refuel RAF flying boats , and carried 2,600 tons of fuel oil , 550 tons of diesel , and 90 tons of petroleum . She was retired from service in 1973 and put up for sale . Bought by Greek owners , she was renamed Petrola XIV in 1973 , and then Petrola 14 in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '3,417', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detached on 4 Oct with HMS Antelope', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blairnevis ( 1930 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '4,155', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Britomart ( J22 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Britomart_(J22)', 'summary': 'HMS Britomart was a Halcyon-class minesweeper of the Royal Navy . She served during the Second World War and was sunk in 1944 in a friendly fire incident . The actor Robert Newton served aboard her .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escort 29 Sept - 11 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capira ( 1920 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panama', 'summary': "Panama ( /ˈpænəmɑː/ ( listen ) PAN-ə-mah , /pænəˈmɑː/ pan-ə-MAH ; Spanish : Panamá IPA : [ panaˈma ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Panama ( Spanish : República de Panamá ) , is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America , bordered by Costa Rica to the west , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the north , and the Pacific Ocean to the south . The capital and largest city is Panama City , whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country 's 4 million people . Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century . It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia , a union of Nueva Granada , Ecuador , and Venezuela . After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831 , Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia . With the backing of the United States , Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 , allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914 . The 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31 , 1999 . Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama 's GDP , although commerce , banking , and tourism are major and growing sectors . It is regarded as a high-income country . In 2018 Panama ranked 66th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index . In 2018 , Panama was ranked seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America , according to the World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Index . Covering around 40 percent of its land area , Panama 's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals - some of them found nowhere else on earth ."}]}, {'value': '5,625', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elna Ii ( 1903 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soviet Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Union', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '3,221', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escapade', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escort 1 Oct - 11 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gemstone ( 1938 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '4,986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gossamer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escort 29 Sept - 11 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harmonic ( 1930 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '4,558', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Harrier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halcyon-class_minesweeper', 'summary': 'The Halcyon class was a class of 21 oil-fired minesweepers ( officially , fleet minesweeping sloops ) built for the British Royal Navy between 1933 and 1939 . They were given traditional small ship names used historically by the Royal Navy and served during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escort 10 Oct - 11 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Hussar ( J82 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Hussar_(J82)', 'summary': "HMS Hussar was a Royal Navy Halcyon-class minesweeper of World War II . As the Allied armies advanced following the invasion of Normandy , Hussar , Britomart , Jason and Salamander were assigned to the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla ( 1MF ) clearing Axis minefields north of Normandy to open additional ports to supply the advance . On the afternoon of 27 August 1944 , they were sweeping off Cap d'Antifer in preparation for the battleship Warspite and monitors Erebus and Roberts to engage Le Havre coastal artillery delaying the advance of Canadian troops . The headquarters officer assigning the minesweeping project to 1MF neglected to inform the Flag Officer British Assault Area ( Rear - Admiral Rivett - Carnac ) , who was responsible for defending the invasion beaches from E-boats operating out of Le Havre . 1MF was observed on a southwesterly leg of the minesweeping operation and assumed to be German ships proceeding to attack Allied shipping off the invasion beaches . The Admiral 's staff requested No . 263 Squadron RAF and No . 266 Squadron RAF to attack the presumed enemy ships . The squadrons responded with 16 Typhoons armed with 20 mm cannon and High Explosive 60 lb RP-3 unguided rockets . RAF pilots identified 1MF as apparently friendly shipping , but upon questioning their orders were told the Royal Navy had no ships in the area . In a well-executed attack out of the sun at 13:30 , the Typhoons sank Hussar and Britomart ; and Salamander was damaged far beyond economical repair and written off as a constructive total loss . Eighty-six British sailors were killed and 124 more were injured ."}]}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escort 29 Sept - 11 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Impulsive ( D11 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Impulsive_(D11)', 'summary': 'HMS Impulsive was an I-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s . She has been the only ship of the Navy to bear this name .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escort 29 Sept - 11 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Leda ( J93 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halcyon-class_minesweeper', 'summary': 'The Halcyon class was a class of 21 oil-fired minesweepers ( officially , fleet minesweeping sloops ) built for the British Royal Navy between 1933 and 1939 . They were given traditional small ship names used historically by the Royal Navy and served during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escort 29 Sept - 11 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorca ( 1931 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '4,875', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North King ( 1903 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panama', 'summary': "Panama ( /ˈpænəmɑː/ ( listen ) PAN-ə-mah , /pænəˈmɑː/ pan-ə-MAH ; Spanish : Panamá IPA : [ panaˈma ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Panama ( Spanish : República de Panamá ) , is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America , bordered by Costa Rica to the west , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the north , and the Pacific Ocean to the south . The capital and largest city is Panama City , whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country 's 4 million people . Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century . It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia , a union of Nueva Granada , Ecuador , and Venezuela . After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831 , Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia . With the backing of the United States , Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 , allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914 . The 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31 , 1999 . Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama 's GDP , although commerce , banking , and tourism are major and growing sectors . It is regarded as a high-income country . In 2018 Panama ranked 66th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index . In 2018 , Panama was ranked seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America , according to the World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Index . Covering around 40 percent of its land area , Panama 's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals - some of them found nowhere else on earth ."}]}, {'value': '4,934', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Vice-commodore 's ship", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'River Afton ( 1935 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '5,479', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Suffolk ( 55 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Suffolk_(55)', 'summary': 'HMS Suffolk , pennant number 55 , was a County-class heavy cruiser of the Royal Navy , and part of the Kent subclass . She was built by Portsmouth Dockyard , Portsmouth , UK ) , with the keel being laid down on 30 September 1924 . She was launched on 16 February 1926 , and commissioned on 31 May 1928 .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escort 29 Sept - 11 Oct', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of ships', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Convoy_PQ_1_0', 'intro': 'Convoy PQ 1 was the second of the Arctic Convoys of World War II by which the Western Allies supplied material aid to the Soviet Union in its fight with Nazi Germany. The convoy sailed from Hvalfiord in Iceland on 29 September 1941 and arrived at Archangelsk on 11 October 1941.'}
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The ship with the least capacity was from a country known by what proper name ?
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
08ac1b5cf45b8ba4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Music_Awards', 'title': 'Korean Music Awards', 'header': ['Bout', 'Year', 'Winner'], 'data': [{'value': '13th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IU_(singer)', 'summary': "Lee Ji-eun ( Korean : 이지은 ; born May 16 , 1993 ) , known professionally as IU ( Korean : 아이유 ) , is a South Korean singer-songwriter and actress . During her middle school years , IU auditioned for various talent agencies in hopes of becoming a singer . She signed with Kakao M ( formerly LOEN Entertainment ) in 2007 as a trainee and debuted as a singer at the age of fifteen with her album , Lost and Found . Although her follow-up albums , Growing Up and IU.IM , brought mainstream success , it was after the release of Good Day ( Korean : 좋은 날 ) , the lead single from her 2010 album Real , that she achieved national stardom . Good Day went on to spend five consecutive weeks at the top position of South Korea 's Gaon Digital Chart , a joint record along with Psy 's Gangnam Style , [ failed verification ] and in 2019 , it was ranked number one on Billboard magazine 's 100 Greatest K-Pop Songs of the 2010s . With the success of her 2011 albums , Real+ and Last Fantasy , IU established herself as a formidable force on the music charts of her native country and further cemented her girl next door image as Korea 's little sister . 2011 also saw her first foray into songwriting with Hold My Hand , which was written for the television series The Greatest Love . IU 's third full-length album release , Modern Times ( 2013 ) , showcased a more mature style that marked a departure from her earlier girlish image , with several tracks reaching the top 10 positions on Gaon Digital Chart . While her subsequent releases , including albums A Flower Bookmark , Chat-Shire , and Palette , continued to deviate from the mainstream K-pop style , IU retained her dominance on music charts . Chat-Shire marked the first time she is credited as the sole lyricist and composer of her own album . IU has released a total of four studio albums and nine extended plays in her career , scoring three number-one albums and twenty-two number-one singles on the Gaon Music Charts . One of the best-selling solo acts in the group-dominated K-pop industry , she has been included on Forbes magazine 's annual Korea Power Celebrity list since 2012 and reached a peak ranking of number three that year ."}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HA : TFELT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yenny', 'summary': 'Park Ye-eun ( born May 26 , 1989 ) , referred to as Yeeun or Ha : tfelt , is a South Korean singer , songwriter and composer . She debuted in 2007 as a member of the South Korean girl group Wonder Girls . In July 2014 , she made her debut as solo artist under name Ha : tfelt with released her solo EP Me ? . In early 2017 , her group Wonder Girls officially disbanded due to the expired of contract . Following the disbandment , Yeeun signed with Amoeba Culture to continue her career as solo artist .'}]}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Hi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Hi', 'summary': "Lee Ha-yi ( Korean : 이하이 ; born September 23 , 1996 ) , known by her stage name Lee Hi , is a South Korean singer-songwriter , who is best known as the runner-up of SBS ' K-pop Star Season 1 . She debuted with single 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 on October 28 , 2012 and reached number one with first week sales of 667,549 downloads . Her first full-length album First Love was released in two parts , part 1 on March 7 , 2013 and part 2 on March 28 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lena Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lena_Park', 'summary': "Park Jung-hyun ( Korean : 박정현 ; born March 23 , 1976 ) , also known as Lena Park ( Korean : 리나 박 ) , is an American-born South Korean singer who debuted in 1998 with the album , Piece . She is known in South Korea as the nation 's fairy due to her petite body and powerful singing voice ."}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IU_(singer)', 'summary': "Lee Ji-eun ( Korean : 이지은 ; born May 16 , 1993 ) , known professionally as IU ( Korean : 아이유 ) , is a South Korean singer-songwriter and actress . During her middle school years , IU auditioned for various talent agencies in hopes of becoming a singer . She signed with Kakao M ( formerly LOEN Entertainment ) in 2007 as a trainee and debuted as a singer at the age of fifteen with her album , Lost and Found . Although her follow-up albums , Growing Up and IU.IM , brought mainstream success , it was after the release of Good Day ( Korean : 좋은 날 ) , the lead single from her 2010 album Real , that she achieved national stardom . Good Day went on to spend five consecutive weeks at the top position of South Korea 's Gaon Digital Chart , a joint record along with Psy 's Gangnam Style , [ failed verification ] and in 2019 , it was ranked number one on Billboard magazine 's 100 Greatest K-Pop Songs of the 2010s . With the success of her 2011 albums , Real+ and Last Fantasy , IU established herself as a formidable force on the music charts of her native country and further cemented her girl next door image as Korea 's little sister . 2011 also saw her first foray into songwriting with Hold My Hand , which was written for the television series The Greatest Love . IU 's third full-length album release , Modern Times ( 2013 ) , showcased a more mature style that marked a departure from her earlier girlish image , with several tracks reaching the top 10 positions on Gaon Digital Chart . While her subsequent releases , including albums A Flower Bookmark , Chat-Shire , and Palette , continued to deviate from the mainstream K-pop style , IU retained her dominance on music charts . Chat-Shire marked the first time she is credited as the sole lyricist and composer of her own album . IU has released a total of four studio albums and nine extended plays in her career , scoring three number-one albums and twenty-two number-one singles on the Gaon Music Charts . One of the best-selling solo acts in the group-dominated K-pop industry , she has been included on Forbes magazine 's annual Korea Power Celebrity list since 2012 and reached a peak ranking of number three that year ."}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Yoon-ah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaurim', 'summary': "Jaurim ( 자우림 , 紫雨林 , meaning Purple Rainforest ) is a rock band from Seoul , South Korea . They had performed in the indie scene before 1997 , and became major with their first released single 'Hey Hey Hey ' ( an original soundtrack of 꽃을 든 남자 , A Man who is holding Flowers ) . They have released ten full-length albums , three unofficial albums , two original soundtrack singles , one original soundtrack EP ( which was released as a digital single ) , and one concert album . Their ninth full-length album , 'goodbye , grief ' ( part of their 25 Waiting for 21 Project ) , was released on October 14 , 2013 . The band is praised for their arrangements , and singer Kim Yoon-ah is often praised for her singing abilities and lyrics . Their drummer , Goo Tae-hoon has run a major live club in Korea , 'Soundholic ' , since 2003 ; as well as the record label of the same name . In 2017 , their twentieth year , Goo Tae-hoon announced his departure from the band , though whether it is an ultimate withdrawal or temporary hiatus is unknown ."}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baek Ji-young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baek_Ji-young', 'summary': 'Baek Ji-young ( Korean : 백지영 , born March 25 , 1976 ) , also known as Baek Z Young , is a South Korean singer . She made her debut in 1999 , with the release of her album Sorrow . Over her career she has released eight studio albums and won awards for Best Female Artist and Best OST at the Mnet Asian Music Awards .'}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Younha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Younha', 'summary': "Go Youn-ha ( Hangul : 고윤하 , Hanja : 高潤荷 ; born April 29 , 1988 ) , better known by the mononym Younha , is a South Korean singer-songwriter and record producer . She began her career in 2004 in Japan , where she was nicknamed the Oricon Comet for her success on the Japanese music chart . In 2006 , she debuted in South Korea , where she is regarded as one of the country 's best singer-songwriters ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Popularity Awards -- Female Musician of the Year Netizen Vote', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Korean_Music_Awards_24', 'intro': 'The Korean Music Awards is an annual South Korean music awards show that honors both mainstream and underground musical artists from a variety of genres. Unlike other major South Korean music awards, which largely rely on record sales to determine winners, the Korean Music Awards distributes awards based on the recommendations of a panel of judges consisting of music critics, radio show producers, academics, and other professionals within the industry. The first Korean Music Awards was held in 2004.'}
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How many times has IU been a Korean Music Awards winner ?
2
08ac4992a89a7b77
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monuments_of_South_Korea', 'title': 'Natural monuments of South Korea', 'header': ['Number', 'Name', 'Location', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forest of Oriental Arborvitae in Dodong , Daegu ( 대구 도동 측백나무 숲 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Do-dong , Dong-gu , Daegu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dong_District,_Daegu', 'summary': "Dong District ( Dong-gu , lit . East District/City ) is a gu ( district ) in northeastern Daegu , South Korea . It has a population of 343,678 . The district covers 182.35 km² , for about 20% of Daegu 's total area . Dong-gu first emerged as the eastern district office ( 동부출장소 ) in 1938 . It achieved gu status in 1963 . In 1998 , the administrative divisions were reorganized , and the former 26 dong were reorganized as 20 dong ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daegu', 'summary': "Daegu ( Korean : [ tɛɡu ] ; 대구 , 大邱 , literally 'large hill ' ) , formerly spelled Taegu [ a ] and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City , is a city in South Korea , the fourth-largest after Seoul , Busan , and Incheon , and the third-largest metropolitan area in the nation [ b ] with over 2.5 million residents . Daegu and surrounding North Gyeongsang Province are often referred to as Daegu-Gyeongbuk , with a total population over 5 million . Daegu is located in south-eastern Korea about 80 km ( 50 mi ) from the seacoast , near the Geumho River and its mainstream , Nakdong River in Gyeongsang-do . The Daegu basin is the central plain of the Yeongnam region . In ancient times , the Daegu area was part of the proto-kingdom Jinhan . Subsequently Daegu came under the control of the Silla Kingdom , which unified the Korean Peninsula . During the Joseon Dynasty period , the city was the capital of Gyeongsang-do , one of the traditional eight provinces of the country . Daegu was an economic motor of Korea during the 1960s-1980s period and was especially known for its electronics industry . The humid subtropical climate of Daegu is ideal for producing high-quality apples , thus the nickname , Apple City . Daegu is also known as Textile City . Textiles used to be the pillar industry of the city . With the establishment of the Daegu-Gyeongbuk Free Economic Zone , Daegu is currently focusing on fostering fashion and high-tech industries ."}]}, {'value': 'A 35,603 m ( 383,230 sq ft ) forest of oriental arborvitae on the north slope of Mount Hyangsan . Previously thought to grow only in China , this area was determined in the early 1900s to be the southern boundary of the species . It was recorded by Seo Geojeong ( 1420-1488 ) in the Joseon Dynasty as one of Ten Sceneries of Dalseong and called the Northern Wall Fragrant Forest ( 北壁香林 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thuja_orientalis', 'summary': 'Platycladus is a distinct genus of evergreen coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae , containing only one species , Platycladus orientalis , also known as Chinese thuja , Oriental arborvitae , Chinese arborvitae , biota or oriental thuja . It is native to northeastern parts of eastern Asia and north Asia , but is also now naturalised as an introduced species elsewhere in Asia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Joseon dynasty ( also transcribed as Chosŏn or Chosen , Korean : 대조선국 , lit . Great Korean Country ) was a Korean dynastic kingdom that lasted for approximately five centuries . Joseon was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and was replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897 . It was founded following the aftermath of the overthrow of Goryeo in what is today the city of Kaesong . Early on , Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul . The kingdom 's northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the rivers of Amnok and Tuman through the subjugation of the Jurchens . Joseon was the last dynasty of Korea and its longest-ruling Confucian dynasty . During its reign , Joseon encouraged the entrenchment of Chinese Confucian ideals and doctrines in Korean society . Neo-Confucianism was installed as the new dynasty 's state ideology . Buddhism was accordingly discouraged and occasionally faced persecutions by the dynasty . Joseon consolidated its effective rule over the territory of current Korea and saw the height of classical Korean culture , trade , literature , and science and technology . However , the dynasty was severely weakened during the late 16th and early 17th centuries , when the Japanese invasions of Korea in the 1590s and the first and second Manchu invasions nearly overran the Korean Peninsula , leading to an increasingly harsh isolationist policy , for which the country became known as the hermit kingdom in Western literature ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dalseong', 'summary': "Dalseong County ( Dalseong-gun ) is a gun occupying much of south and western Daegu , South Korea . A largely rural district lying along the Nakdong River , it makes up nearly half of Daegu 's total area . It is divided in half by a narrow piece of Dalseo-gu that reaches west to the river . Like the other local government units in South Korea , Dalseong-gun enjoys a moderate degree of local autonomy . The county magistrate and council are elected by the local citizens , although their authority is sharply curtailed . The seat of government is located in Nongong-eup . The current magistrate is Lee Jong-jin . Dalseong-gun enters historical records in 757 , as Daegu-hyeon , a subsidiary of Suchang-gun ( modern-day Suseong-gu ) . Dalseong-gun became part of Daegu Metropolitan City in 1995 , as part of a general reform of local governments . As the near hinterland of Daegu , Dalseong-gun is known as a center of truck farming and tourism . Landmarks of Dalseong-gun include Biseulsan and the Naengcheon resort area beneath Paljoryeong . The name Dalseong means Dal Castle , and comes from the earlier name of Daegu , Dalgubeol ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lacebark Pine of Jae-dong in Seoul ( 서울 재동 백송 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jae-dong , Jongno-gu , Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jae-dong', 'summary': 'Jae-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Jongno-gu in Seoul , South Korea . It is a legal dong ( 법정동 法定洞 ) administered under its administrative dong ( 행정동 行政洞 ) , Gahoe-dong .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jongno-gu', 'summary': 'Jongno District ( Jongno-gu ) is a gu , or district , in central Seoul , South Korea . It takes its name from a major local street , Jongno , which means Bell Street .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': 'A lacebark pine on the grounds of the Constitutional Court of Korea . The trunk branches off into two sections that rise to a height of 15 m ( 49 ft ) , but needs to be held up with supports to prevent the tree from falling over . Said to have been brought by an envoy from China , the tree is estimated to be about 600 years old , the oldest of this species in the country', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinus_bungeana', 'summary': "Pinus bungeana ( English : Bunge 's pine or lacebark pine or white-barked pine ; Chinese : 白皮松 Japanese : シロマツ , Korean : 백송 ; RR : baeksong ) is a pine tree native to northeastern and central China . It is a slow-growing tree that can grow to heights of 15-25m and is frost hardy down to below -26 °C . Its smooth , grey-green bark gradually sheds in round scales to reveal patches of pale yellow , which turn olive-brown , red and purple on exposure to light ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Korea', 'summary': 'The Constitutional Court of Korea ( Korean : 헌법재판소 ; Hanja : 憲法裁判所 ; RR : Heonbeop Jaepanso ) is an independent and specialised court in South Korea , whose primary role is the reviewing of constitutionality under the Constitution of the Republic of Korea . It also has administrative law functions such as ruling on competence disputes between governmental entities , giving final decisions on impeachments , and making judgments on the dissolution of political parties .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lacebark Pine of Susong-dong in Seoul ( 서울 조계사 백송 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susong-dong , Jongno-gu , Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jongno-gu', 'summary': 'Jongno District ( Jongno-gu ) is a gu , or district , in central Seoul , South Korea . It takes its name from a major local street , Jongno , which means Bell Street .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': 'A lacebark pine at the Buddhist temple of Jogyesa . It reaches a height of 10 m ( 33 ft ) but its proximity to the main hall and the lack of growing space has weakened its condition . The tree is estimated to be about 500 years old and said to have been brought by an envoy from China , for which it is also called The Pine of Tang ( 唐松 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinus_bungeana', 'summary': "Pinus bungeana ( English : Bunge 's pine or lacebark pine or white-barked pine ; Chinese : 白皮松 Japanese : シロマツ , Korean : 백송 ; RR : baeksong ) is a pine tree native to northeastern and central China . It is a slow-growing tree that can grow to heights of 15-25m and is frost hardy down to below -26 °C . Its smooth , grey-green bark gradually sheds in round scales to reveal patches of pale yellow , which turn olive-brown , red and purple on exposure to light ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jogyesa', 'summary': 'Jogyesa is the chief temple of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism , becoming so in 1936 . It thus plays a leading role in the current state of Seon Buddhism in South Korea . The temple was first established in 1395 , at the dawn of the Joseon Dynasty ; the modern temple was founded in 1910 and initially called Gakhwangsa . The name was changed to Taegosa during the period of Japanese rule , and then to the present name in 1954 . Jogyesa is located in Gyeonji-dong , Jongno-gu , in downtown Seoul . Natural monument No . 9 , an ancient white pine tree , is located within the temple grounds . Jogyesa Temple is located in one of the most popular cultural streets in Seoul , Insa-dong , near the Gyeongbokgung Palace .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tang_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Tang dynasty ( /tɑːŋ/ ; Chinese : 唐朝 [ a ] ) or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 , with an interregnum between 690 and 705 . It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history . Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization , and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture . Tang territory , acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers , rivaled that of the Han dynasty . The Tang capital at Chang'an ( present-day Xi'an ) was the most populous city in the world in its day . The Lǐ family ( 李 ) founded the dynasty , seizing power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire . The dynasty was interrupted for 15 years when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne , proclaiming the Wu Zhou dynasty and becoming the only legitimate Chinese empress regnant . In two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries , the Tang records estimated the population by number of registered households at about 50 million people . Yet , even when the central government was breaking down and unable to compile an accurate census of the population in the 9th century , it is estimated that the population had grown by then to about 80 million people . [ b ] With its large population base , the dynasty was able to raise professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers in dominating Inner Asia and the lucrative trade-routes along the Silk Road . Various kingdoms and states paid tribute to the Tang court , while the Tang also conquered or subdued several regions which it indirectly controlled through a protectorate system . Besides political hegemony , the Tang also exerted a powerful cultural influence over neighboring East Asian states such as those in Japan and Korea ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Habitat of the White-bellied Black Woodpecker in Gwangneung ( 광릉 크낙새 서식지 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bupyeong-ri , Jinjeon-eup , Namyangju , Gyeonggi-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namyangju', 'summary': 'Namyangju ( Korean pronunciation : [ na.mjaŋ.dʑu ] ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea . To the east is Gapyeong County , to the west is Guri City , and to the north is Pocheon City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gyeonggi-do', 'summary': "Gyeonggi Province ( Korean : 경기도 , Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.ɡi.do ] ) is the most populous province in South Korea . Its name , Gyeonggi , means the area surrounding the capital . Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as province surrounding Seoul . The provincial capital is Suwon . Seoul - South Korea 's largest city and national capital - is in the heart of the province but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946 . Incheon - South Korea 's third-largest city - is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981 . The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 ( 4,530 sq mi ) , with a combined population of 25.5 million - amounting to over half of the entire population of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': "A 3,076,264 m ( 33,112,630 sq ft ) habitat of the white-bellied black woodpecker stretching across the cities of Pocheon and Namyangju . The planting of pine and fir in the forest surrounding King Sejo and Queen Jeonghui 's tombs during the Joseon Dynasty provided a good habitat for the species ; the area was strictly protected for nearly 500 years . Rare to the point of near-extinction , the bird has not been observed in the Gwangneung area since 1989", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Habitat', 'summary': "In ecology , a habitat is the type of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives . It is characterized by both physical and biological features . A species 's habitat is those places where it can find food , shelter , protection and mates for reproduction . The physical factors are for example soil , moisture , range of temperature , and light intensity as well as biotic factors such as the availability of food and the presence or absence of predators . Every organism has certain habitat needs for the conditions in which it will thrive , but some are tolerant of wide variations while others are very specific in their requirements . A habitat is not necessarily a geographical area , it can be the interior of a stem , a rotten log , a rock or a clump of moss , and for a parasitic organism it is the body of its host , part of the host 's body such as the digestive tract , or a single cell within the host 's body . Habitat types include polar , temperate , subtropical and tropical . The terrestrial vegetation type may be forest , steppe , grassland , semi-arid or desert . Fresh water habitats include marshes , streams , rivers , lakes , and ponds , and marine habitats include salt marshes , the coast , the intertidal zone , estuaries , reefs , bays , the open sea , the sea bed , deep water and submarine vents . Habitats change over time . This may be due to a violent event such as the eruption of a volcano , an earthquake , a tsunami , a wildfire or a change in oceanic currents ; or the change may be more gradual over millennia with alterations in the climate , as ice sheets and glaciers advance and retreat , and as different weather patterns bring changes of precipitation and solar radiation . Other changes come as a direct result of human activities ; deforestation , the plowing of ancient grasslands , the diversion and damming of rivers , the draining of marshland and the dredging of the seabed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/White-bellied_woodpecker', 'summary': 'The white-bellied woodpecker or great black woodpecker ( Dryocopus javensis ) is found in evergreen forests of tropical Asia , including the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia . It has 14 subspecies , part of a complex including the Andaman woodpecker ( Dryocopus hodgei ) ( earlier treated as a subspecies ) . Many island forms are endangered , some are extinct . Populations differ in the distribution and extent of white . They are among the largest of the Asiatic woodpeckers and nest in large dead trees , often beside rivers . Their drums and calls are louder than those of the smaller woodpeckers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pocheon', 'summary': 'Pocheon ( Korean pronunciation : [ pʰo.tɕʰʌn ] ) is a inland city in the far northeastern region of Gyeonggi province in South Korea . It covers 826.48 km ( 513.55 mi ) 2 with a population of 160,176 people , according to the 2008 census . Pocheon lies between Seoul and the mountainous northwestern areas of Gangwon province . The city borders Yeoncheon county , with the cities of Dongducheon and Yangju to the west , along with Uijeongbu , and Namyangju of Gyeonggi province to the south . It also borders Hwacheon county of Gangwon province on its eastern border and Cheorwon is to the north . Alongside the adjoining Gapyeong , Pocheon consists of the highest mountainous areas in Gyeonggi province . The current city of Pocheon was created after Pocheon-hyeon and Yeongpyeong counties were merged . The north part of the city used to be part of Yeongpyeong county while the south used to be part of Pocheon-hyeon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pine', 'summary': 'A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus ( /ˈpiːnuːs/ ) of the family Pinaceae . Pinus is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae . The Plant List compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accepts 126 species names of pines as current , together with 35 unresolved species and many more synonyms .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fir', 'summary': 'Firs ( Abies ) are a genus of 48-56 species of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Pinaceae . They are found through much of North and Central America , Europe , Asia , and North Africa , occurring in mountains over most of the range . Firs are most closely related to the genus Cedrus ( cedar ) . Douglas firs are not true firs , being of the genus Pseudotsuga . They are large trees , reaching heights of 10-80 m ( 33-262 ft ) tall with trunk diameters of 0.5-4 m ( 1 ft 8 in-13 ft 1 in ) when mature . Firs can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by the way in which their needle-like leaves are attached singly to the branches with a base resembling a suction cup , and by their cones , which , like those of true cedars ( Cedrus ) , stand upright on the branches like candles and disintegrate at maturity . Identification of the different species is based on the size and arrangement of the leaves , the size and shape of the cones , and whether the bract scales of the cones are long and exserted , or short and hidden inside the cone .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sejo_of_Joseon', 'summary': "Sejo of Joseon ( Korean : 조선 세조 , 2 November 1417 - 23 September 1468 , r. 1455-1468 ) was the seventh king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea . He was the son of King Sejong and brother of Munjong of Joseon and uncle of Danjong of Joseon , against whom he led a coup d'état to become king himself in 1455 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Queen_Jeonghui', 'summary': "Queen Jeonghui or Queen Jung-Hee ( Hangul : 정희왕후 , Hanja : 貞熹王后 ) ( 8 December 1418 - 6 May 1483 ) , also known as Queen Dowager Jaseong ( 자성왕대비 ) , was Queen Consort to King Sejo of Joseon and the mother of Sejo 's successor King Yejong of Joseon . Following her husband 's death in 1468 , she served as regent for her weak son from 1468 to 1469 and co-regent for her young grandson from 1469 to 1477 , along with her daughter-in-law , Grand Queen Dowager Insu . She was from the Papyeong Yun clan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Joseon dynasty ( also transcribed as Chosŏn or Chosen , Korean : 대조선국 , lit . Great Korean Country ) was a Korean dynastic kingdom that lasted for approximately five centuries . Joseon was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and was replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897 . It was founded following the aftermath of the overthrow of Goryeo in what is today the city of Kaesong . Early on , Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul . The kingdom 's northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the rivers of Amnok and Tuman through the subjugation of the Jurchens . Joseon was the last dynasty of Korea and its longest-ruling Confucian dynasty . During its reign , Joseon encouraged the entrenchment of Chinese Confucian ideals and doctrines in Korean society . Neo-Confucianism was installed as the new dynasty 's state ideology . Buddhism was accordingly discouraged and occasionally faced persecutions by the dynasty . Joseon consolidated its effective rule over the territory of current Korea and saw the height of classical Korean culture , trade , literature , and science and technology . However , the dynasty was severely weakened during the late 16th and early 17th centuries , when the Japanese invasions of Korea in the 1590s and the first and second Manchu invasions nearly overran the Korean Peninsula , leading to an increasingly harsh isolationist policy , for which the country became known as the hermit kingdom in Western literature ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breeding Ground of Herons in Jincheon ( 진천 노원리 왜가리 번식지 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nowon-ri , Iwol-myeon , Jincheon , Chungcheongbuk-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jincheon', 'summary': 'Jincheon County ( Jincheon-gun ) is a county in Chungcheongbuk-do ( North Chungcheong ) Province , South Korea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chungcheongbuk-do', 'summary': "North Chungcheong Province ( Korean : 충청북도 , Chungcheongbuk-do ; Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰuŋ.tɕʰʌŋ.buk̚.t͈o ] ) , also known as Chungbuk , is a province of South Korea . North Chungcheong has a population of 1,578,934 ( 2014 ) and has a geographic area of 7,433 km2 ( 2,870 sq mi ) located in the Hoseo region in the south-center of the Korean Peninsula . North Chungcheong borders the provinces of Gyeonggi and Gangwon to the north , North Gyeongsang to the east , North Jeolla to the south , and South Chungcheong , Sejong Special Autonomous City , and Daejeon Metropolitan City to the west . Cheongju is the capital and largest city of North Chungcheong , with other major cities including Chungju and Jecheon . North Chungcheong was established in 1896 from the province of Chungcheong , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the northeastern half of the territory , and is South Korea 's only landlocked province . North Chungcheong was known as Chūsei-hoku Prefecture during the Japanese Colonial Period from 1910 and became part of South Korea following the division of Korea in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'A 68,968 m ( 742,370 sq ft ) heronry of grey and white herons near the village of Nowon-ri . Originally , the birds bred on a gingko tree estimated to be about 750 years old on the grounds of a private home ; they have since moved on to the trees of the surrounding area . The local waters of the heronry include rice paddies , Miho-cheon , and its tributaries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heronry', 'summary': 'A heronry , sometimes called a heron rookery , is a breeding ground for herons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ardea_cinerea', 'summary': 'The grey heron ( Ardea cinerea ) is a long-legged predatory wading bird of the heron family , Ardeidae , native throughout temperate Europe and Asia and also parts of Africa . It is resident in much of its range , but some populations from the more northern parts migrate southwards in autumn . A bird of wetland areas , it can be seen around lakes , rivers , ponds , marshes and on the sea coast . It feeds mostly on aquatic creatures which it catches after standing stationary beside or in the water or stalking its prey through the shallows . Standing up to 1 m tall , adults weigh from 1 to 2 kg ( 2.2 to 4.4 lb ) . They have a white head and neck with a broad black stripe that extends from the eye to the black crest . The body and wings are grey above and the underparts are greyish-white , with some black on the flanks . The long , sharply pointed beak is pinkish-yellow and the legs are brown . The birds breed colonially in spring in heronries , usually building their nests high in trees . A clutch of usually three to five bluish-green eggs is laid . Both birds incubate the eggs for around 25 days , and then both feed the chicks , which fledge when 7-8 weeks old . Many juveniles do not survive their first winter , but if they do , they can expect to live for about 5 years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Great_egret', 'summary': 'The great egret ( Ardea alba ) , also known as the common egret , large egret , or ( in the Old World ) great white egret or great white heron is a large , widely distributed egret , with four subspecies found in Asia , Africa , the Americas , and southern Europe . Distributed across most of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world , it builds tree nests in colonies close to water .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba', 'summary': 'Ginkgo biloba , commonly known as ginkgo or gingko ( both pronounced /ˈɡɪŋkoʊ/ ) , also known as the maidenhair tree , is the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta , all others being extinct . It is found in fossils dating back 270 million years . Native to China , the tree is widely cultivated , and was cultivated early in human history . It has various uses in traditional medicine and as a source of food .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miho-cheon', 'summary': 'Miho-cheon ( Korean : 미호천 / 美湖川 ) , a tributary of Geum River , is a river beginning in Eumseong in Chungcheongbuk-do . Its length is about 37.5 km'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natural Habitat of Spleenwort of Sam-do ( 제주 삼도 파초일엽 자생지 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bomok-dong , Seogwipo , Jeju-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seogwipo', 'summary': "Seogwipo ( Korean pronunciation : [ sʌ.ɡɥi.pʰo ] ) is the second-largest city on Jeju Island , settled on a rocky volcanic coastline in the southern part of Jeju Province , South Korea . In July 2006 , Seogwipo 's boundaries were expanded to include the entire southern half of Jeju island . A UNESCO World Heritage site and 2002 FIFA World Cup host , it had a population of 155,691 as of December 31 , 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeju-do', 'summary': 'Jeju Island ( Korean : 제주도 ; Hanja : 濟州島 ; Korean pronunciation : [ t͡ɕed͡ʑudo ] ) is an island in the Jeju Province of South Korea . The island lies in the Korea Strait , below the Korean Peninsula , south of the South Jeolla Province . The island contains the natural world heritage site , Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes . Jeju has a moderate climate ; even in winter , the temperature rarely falls below 0 °C ( 32 °F ) . Jeju is a popular holiday destination and a sizable portion of the economy relies on tourism and economic activity from its civil/naval base .'}]}, {'value': "Spleenwort ferns on the cliffs of Sam-do . The island is this sub-tropical species ' northern boundary and its only natural habitat in South Korea . The approximately 150 specimens have broad leaves up to 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) in length . Transplantation was used to stabilize the species after over-picking nearly wiped it out , although genetic testing has raised doubts as to the indigenousness of about half the ferns", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asplenium_antiquum', 'summary': "Asplenium antiquum is a fern of the group known as bird's-nest ferns . In Japanese it is known by ō-tani-watari and tani-watari ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natural Habitat of Crinum Lily in Gujwa-eup ( 제주 토끼섬 문주란 자생지 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hado-ri , Gujwa-eup , Jeju City , Jeju-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeju_City', 'summary': "Jeju ( Jeju-si ; Korean pronunciation : [ tɕe̞.dʑu ] ) is the capital of the Jeju Province in South Korea and the largest city on Jeju Island . The city is served by Jeju International Airport ( IATA code CJU ) . Located on an island off the Korean Peninsula , Jeju has mild , warm weather during much of the year . The city is a well-known resort , with prestigious hotels and public casino facilities . In 2011 , 9.9 million passengers flew between the two cities of Seoul and Jeju , making the Gimpo-Jeju route the world 's busiest passenger air route . Jeju welcomes over ten million visitors from mainland South Korea , Japan , and China every year . The population of Jeju City is 486,306 people and 205,386 households ( 244,153 men and 242,153 women , February 2019 ) . The population density is 470.03 ( per square km , 2015 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeju-do', 'summary': 'Jeju Island ( Korean : 제주도 ; Hanja : 濟州島 ; Korean pronunciation : [ t͡ɕed͡ʑudo ] ) is an island in the Jeju Province of South Korea . The island lies in the Korea Strait , below the Korean Peninsula , south of the South Jeolla Province . The island contains the natural world heritage site , Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes . Jeju has a moderate climate ; even in winter , the temperature rarely falls below 0 °C ( 32 °F ) . Jeju is a popular holiday destination and a sizable portion of the economy relies on tourism and economic activity from its civil/naval base .'}]}, {'value': 'Crinum lilies on the island of Nan-do . This is the northern boundary of this subtropical species and its only natural habitat in South Korea . Its seeds were likely carried to the island by the ocean current . Surrounded by rocks and covered in sand , Nan-do is a very suitable habitat for this species , whose white flowers bloom from July to September . The plant was nearly wiped out by over-picking but replanting and active protection has since seen it flourish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crinum_asiaticum', 'summary': 'Crinum asiaticum , commonly known as poison bulb , giant crinum lily , grand crinum lily , spider lily , is a plant species widely planted in many warmer regions as an ornamental . It is a bulb-forming perennial producing an umbel of large , showy flowers that are prized by gardeners . All parts of the plant are , however , poisonous if ingested . Some reports indicate exposure to the sap may cause skin irritation . Crinum asiaticum is native to Indian Ocean islands , East Asia , tropical Asia , Australia and Pacific islands . It is regarded as naturalized in Mexico , the West Indies , Florida , Louisiana , numerous Pacific islands , Madagascar and the Chagos Archipelago .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Habitat of Eels in Jeju-do ( 제주 무태장어 서식지 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheonjiyeon Waterfall and Saekdal-dong , Seogwipo , Jeju-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheonjiyeon_Waterfall', 'summary': "Cheonjiyeon Waterfall is a waterfall on Jeju Island , South Korea . Literally , the name Cheonjiyeon means sky ( Ch'eon ) connected with land ( ji ) . It is one of the main tourist attractions on Jeju-do . It is 22 m ( 72 ft ) high and 12 m ( 39 ft ) wide . Though water always falls in one particular area , depending on the amount of recent rain , the water may spread out . At the bottom of the waterfall is an artificial pond that is 20 m ( 66 ft ) deep . Two small dams help keep the water at a specific level . Large volcanic rocks form landbridges that allow tourists to pose for photographs in front of the falls . These falls are characterized by its trachyte andesite rocks . The source of Cheonjiyeon Waterfall is a spring that comes out of the floor of the Somban Stream . The stream Yeonhee-chun is the source of the waterfall . The waterfall is one of the three famous waterfalls of Jeju , the other two being Cheonjeyeon Waterfall and Jeongbang Waterfall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seogwipo', 'summary': "Seogwipo ( Korean pronunciation : [ sʌ.ɡɥi.pʰo ] ) is the second-largest city on Jeju Island , settled on a rocky volcanic coastline in the southern part of Jeju Province , South Korea . In July 2006 , Seogwipo 's boundaries were expanded to include the entire southern half of Jeju island . A UNESCO World Heritage site and 2002 FIFA World Cup host , it had a population of 155,691 as of December 31 , 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeju-do', 'summary': 'Jeju Island ( Korean : 제주도 ; Hanja : 濟州島 ; Korean pronunciation : [ t͡ɕed͡ʑudo ] ) is an island in the Jeju Province of South Korea . The island lies in the Korea Strait , below the Korean Peninsula , south of the South Jeolla Province . The island contains the natural world heritage site , Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes . Jeju has a moderate climate ; even in winter , the temperature rarely falls below 0 °C ( 32 °F ) . Jeju is a popular holiday destination and a sizable portion of the economy relies on tourism and economic activity from its civil/naval base .'}]}, {'value': 'A 300,070 m ( 3,229,900 sq ft ) habitat of marbled eel in Seogwipo . The area is the northern limit of this tropical species , which can only be spotted sporadically . Their spawning grounds are presumed to be in Taiwan , Okinawa , or perhaps even China and the Philippines , subsequently distributing into Korea by way of the ocean current . The inflow of pollutants is anticipated to have a negative effect on the habitat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anguilla_marmorata', 'summary': 'The giant mottled eel ( Anguilla marmorata ) , also known as the marbled eel , is a species of tropical anguillid eel that is found in the Indo-Pacific and adjacent freshwater habitats .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Okinawa', 'summary': "Okinawa Prefecture ( Japanese : 沖縄県 , Hepburn : Okinawa-ken , Okinawan : ウチナー Uchinaa , Kunigami : フチナー Fuchinaa ) is the southernmost prefecture of Japan . It encompasses two thirds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) long . The Ryukyu Islands extend southwest from Kagoshima Prefecture on Kyushu ( the southwesternmost of Japan 's four main islands ) to Taiwan . Naha , Okinawa 's capital , is located in the southern part of Okinawa Island ."}, {'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evergreen Forest of Judo Island ( 완도 주도 상록수림 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judo , Wando-eup , Wando , Jeollanam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wando_County', 'summary': "Wando County ( Wando-gun ) is a county in South Jeolla Province , South Korea . It takes its name from the island of Wando , which is the largest island within the county and serves as the county seat . Wando island is perhaps most famous for Cheonghaejin , the former headquarters of Jang Bogo , a 9th-century Korean historical figure whose private fleet and army dominated the sea routes in the Yellow Sea . Wando 's most famous native in modern times is champion golfer K.J . Choi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeollanam-do', 'summary': 'South Jeolla Province ( Korean : 전라남도 , Jeollanam-do , Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʌl.la.nam.do ] ) , also known as Jeonnam , is a province of South Korea . South Jeolla has a population of 1,902,324 ( 2014 ) and has a geographic area of 12,247 km2 ( 4,729 sq mi ) located in the Honam region at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula . South Jeolla borders the provinces of North Jeolla to the north , South Gyeongsang to the northeast , and Jeju to the southwest in the Korea Strait . Muan County is the capital and Yeosu is the largest city of South Jeolla , with other major cities including Suncheon , Mokpo , and Gwangyang . Gwangju was the largest city of South Jeolla until becoming a Metropolitan City in 1986 , and was the historic capital until the provincial government was relocated to the Muan County town of Namak in 2005 . South Jeolla was established in 1896 from the province of Jeolla , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the southern half of its mainland territory and most outlying islands .'}]}, {'value': "A 17,355 m ( 186,810 sq ft ) subtropical forest on the island of Judo . Although small in size , the island 's virgin forest is home to hundreds of varieties of trees making it valuable for academic research . Since the tree line meets the water , the forest also provides an ideal shelter for the fish of the surrounding waters . Its excellent state of preservation is likely due to the presence of an animist shrine at the island 's highest point , for which the island has traditionally been considered hallowed ground", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin_forest', 'summary': 'An old-growth forest - also termed primary forest , virgin forest , primeval forest , late seral forest , or forest primeval - is a forest that has attained great age without significant disturbance and thereby exhibits unique ecological features and might be classified as a climax community . Old-growth features include diverse tree-related structures that provide diverse wildlife habitat that increases the biodiversity of the forested ecosystem . The concept of diverse tree structure includes multi-layered canopies and canopy gaps , greatly varying tree heights and diameters , and diverse tree species and classes and sizes of woody debris . Old-growth forests are valuable for economic reasons and for the ecosystem services they provide . This can be a point of contention when some in the logging industry desire to cut down the forests to obtain valuable timber , while environmentalists seek to preserve the forests for benefits such as maintenance of biodiversity , water purification , flood control , and nutrient cycling . Proforestation - the practice of purposefully growing an existing forest intact toward its full ecological potential - aims to promote old-growth forests .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tree_line', 'summary': 'The tree line is the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing . It is found at high elevations and high latitudes . Beyond the tree line , trees can not tolerate the environmental conditions ( usually cold temperatures or associated lack of available moisture ) . :51 The tree line is sometimes distinguished from a lower timberline or forest line , which is the line below which trees form a forest with a closed canopy . :151:18 At the tree line , tree growth is often sparse , stunted , and deformed by wind and cold . This is sometimes known as krummholz ( German for crooked wood ) . :58 The tree line often appears well-defined , but it can be a more gradual transition . Trees grow shorter and often at lower densities as they approach the tree line , above which they cease to exist . :55'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evergreen Forest at Mijo-ri ( 남해 미조리 상록수림 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mijo-ri , Samdong-myeon , Namhae , Gyeongsangnam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namhae_County', 'summary': 'Namhae County ( Namhae-gun ) is a county in South Gyeongsang Province , South Korea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gyeongsangnam-do', 'summary': 'South Gyeongsang Province ( Korean : 경상남도 , romanized : Gyeongsangnam-do , Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.saŋ.nam.do ] ) is a province in the southeast of South Korea . The provincial capital is at Changwon . It is adjacent to the major metropolitan center and port of Busan . There is UNESCO World Heritage Site Haeinsa , a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana and attracts many tourists . Automobile and petrochemical factories are largely concentrated along the southern part of the province , extending from Ulsan through Busan , Changwon , and Jinju .'}]}, {'value': 'A 3,441 m ( 37,040 sq ft ) forest on the east coast of Namhae County . It serves as a windbreak in winter for the nearby village of Mijo-ri and a shelter for the fish of the surrounding waters . It is home to a large variety of trees , including species common to the area such as silver magnolia , Japanese cinnamomum , and mochi trees , while its ground is covered in ardisia shrubs , mondo grass and holly leaf ferns . The forest is venerated by local residents who believe that as long as the forest flourishes , the village will produce people of great merit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windbreak', 'summary': 'A windbreak ( shelterbelt ) is a planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion . They are commonly planted in hedgerows around the edges of fields on farms . If designed properly , windbreaks around a home can reduce the cost of heating and cooling and save energy . Windbreaks are also planted to help keep snow from drifting onto roadways or yards . Farmers sometimes use windbreaks to keep snow drifts on farm land that will provide water when the snow melts in the spring . Other benefits include contributing to a microclimate around crops ( with slightly less drying and chilling at night ) , providing habitat for wildlife , and , in some regions , providing wood if the trees are harvested . Windbreaks and intercropping can be combined in a farming practice referred to as alleycropping . Fields are planted in rows of different crops surrounded by rows of trees . These trees provide fruit , wood , or protect the crops from the wind . Alley cropping has been particularly successful in India , Africa , and Brazil , where coffee growers have combined farming and forestry . A further use for a shelterbelt is to screen a farm from a main road or motorway . This improves the farm landscape by reducing the visual incursion of the motorway , mitigating noise from the traffic and providing a safe barrier between farm animals and the road .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cinnamomum_japonicum', 'summary': 'Cinnamomum pedunculatum , commonly known as Japanese cinnamon , is an evergreen tree in the genus Cinnamomum . It is a small- or medium-sized tree up to 15 m ( 49 ft ) tall that occurs in Japan , Korea , Taiwan , and eastern China ( Anhui , Fujian , Sichuan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , and Zhejiang provinces ) . In China it is under second-class national protection .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ilex_integra', 'summary': 'Ilex integra , the elegance female holly , also called mochi tree , is an ornamental tree of the holly genus , which is native to parts of Asia , including Korea ; Taiwan ; the mid-southern regions of China ; and Honshu , Shikoku and Kyushu in Japan . Its flower is light yellow . The species was botanically described in 1784 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ardisia_japonica', 'summary': 'Ardisia japonica , known as marlberry , is a species of Ardisia native to eastern Asia , in eastern China , Japan and Korea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cyrtomium_falcatum', 'summary': 'Cyrtomium falcatum is a species of fern known by the common names house holly-fern and Japanese holly fern . It is native to eastern Asia . It grows from crevices in coastal cliffs , stream banks , rocky slopes , and other moist , stable areas .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ginkgo Tree of Yongmunsa Temple ( 양평 용문사 은행나무 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yongmun-myeon , Yangpyeong , Gyeonggi-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yangpyeong', 'summary': 'Yangpyeong County ( Yangpyeong-gun ) is a county in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gyeonggi-do', 'summary': "Gyeonggi Province ( Korean : 경기도 , Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.ɡi.do ] ) is the most populous province in South Korea . Its name , Gyeonggi , means the area surrounding the capital . Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as province surrounding Seoul . The provincial capital is Suwon . Seoul - South Korea 's largest city and national capital - is in the heart of the province but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946 . Incheon - South Korea 's third-largest city - is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981 . The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 ( 4,530 sq mi ) , with a combined population of 25.5 million - amounting to over half of the entire population of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'A ginkgo tree at the Buddhist temple of Yongmunsa . The moss covered trunk branches off into three sections and reaches a height of about 41 m ( 135 ft ) . The tree is estimated to be about 1100 years old , said to have been planted by the final crown prince of Silla in despair over the ruin of his kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba', 'summary': 'Ginkgo biloba , commonly known as ginkgo or gingko ( both pronounced /ˈɡɪŋkoʊ/ ) , also known as the maidenhair tree , is the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta , all others being extinct . It is found in fossils dating back 270 million years . Native to China , the tree is widely cultivated , and was cultivated early in human history . It has various uses in traditional medicine and as a source of food .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yongmunsa', 'summary': 'Yongmunsa is a Buddhist temple of the Jogye Order in Yangpyeong , South Korea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Silla', 'summary': 'Silla ( 57 BC [ note 1 ] - 935 AD ) ( Korean : 신라 ; Hanja : 新羅 ; RR : Silla Korean pronunciation : [ ɕil.la ] ) was a kingdom located in southern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula . Silla , along with Baekje and Goguryeo , formed the Three Kingdoms of Korea . Founded by Hyeokgeose of Silla , of the Park family , the Korean dynasty was ruled by the Gyeongju Gim ( Kim ) ( 김 , 金 ) clan for 586 years , the Miryang Bak ( Park ) ( 박 , 朴 ) clan for 232 years and the Wolseong Seok ( 석 , 昔 ) clan for 172 years . It began as a chiefdom in the Samhan confederacies , once allied with Sui China and then Tang China , until it eventually conquered the other two kingdoms , Baekje in 660 and Goguryeo in 668 . Thereafter , Later Silla occupied most of the Korean Peninsula , while the northern part re-emerged as Balhae , a successor-state of Goguryeo . After nearly 1,000 years of rule , Silla fragmented into the brief Later Three Kingdoms of Silla , Later Baekje , and Taebong , handing over power to Goryeo in 935 .'}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pseudo-hackberry in Daegu-myeon ( 강진 사당리 푸조나무 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sadang-ri , Daegu-myeon , Gangjin , Jeollanam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangjin', 'summary': "Gangjin County ( Gangjin-gun ) is a county in South Jeolla Province , South Korea . Gangjin county proper was established in 1895 . The county office is located in Gangjin-eup . The Gangjin Kiln Sites are a noted area for the production of traditional Goryeo celadon , and annually a big festival and symposium on celadon porcelain at the Goryeo Celadon Museum with participants from all over the world takes place in Gangjin city . Additionally , it is the birthplace of Korean poet Yeongrang Kim Yun-sik , famous for his work in the 1930s and 1940s in the Jeolla dialect . The county bird is the magpie . The county flower is the camellia , and the county tree is the ginkgo . There are also two mascots , Gang and Jin , who represent fire and water , respectively , and who appear throughout the county on signs and sidewalks . A small portion of Wolchulsan National Park is located in Gangjin County . There is a monument to 17th-century Dutch explorer Hendrick Hamel , the first westerner to experience and write about Korea 's Joseon Dynasty era . Hamel and his men were shipwrecked on Jeju island , and they remained captives in Korea for 13 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeollanam-do', 'summary': 'South Jeolla Province ( Korean : 전라남도 , Jeollanam-do , Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʌl.la.nam.do ] ) , also known as Jeonnam , is a province of South Korea . South Jeolla has a population of 1,902,324 ( 2014 ) and has a geographic area of 12,247 km2 ( 4,729 sq mi ) located in the Honam region at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula . South Jeolla borders the provinces of North Jeolla to the north , South Gyeongsang to the northeast , and Jeju to the southwest in the Korea Strait . Muan County is the capital and Yeosu is the largest city of South Jeolla , with other major cities including Suncheon , Mokpo , and Gwangyang . Gwangju was the largest city of South Jeolla until becoming a Metropolitan City in 1986 , and was the historic capital until the provincial government was relocated to the Muan County town of Namak in 2005 . South Jeolla was established in 1896 from the province of Jeolla , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the southern half of its mainland territory and most outlying islands .'}]}, {'value': 'A pseudo-hackberry tree in a field near the village of Sadang-ri . After part of the trunk died , seven branches spouted from the top and grew to a height of 16 m ( 52 ft ) . Estimated to be about 300 years old , it is said to have sprouted from the seeds of a branch broken off in a windstorm . The tree was first registered as a natural monument in 1937 by the Japanese Government General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aphananthe_aspera', 'summary': 'Aphananthe aspera , commonly known as scabrous aphananthe or muku tree , is a flowering plant in the family Cannabaceae . It is found on slopes and stream banks between 100 and 1600 m. It is native to China , Taiwan , Japan , Korea , and Vietnam .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor-General_of_Korea', 'summary': 'The Governor-General of Chosen was the chief administrator of the Japanese colonial government in Korea from 1910 to 1945 . The Governor-General of Chosen was established shortly after the Korean Empire was formally annexed by the Empire of Japan in the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 to replace the title of Resident-General . The Governor-General of Chosen was appointed from Tokyo and accountable to the Emperor of Japan . The Governor-General of Chosen was responsible for colonial government affairs in Korea , including infrastructure , culture , justice , and the suppression of freedom of speech and the Korean independence movement . The Governor-General of Chosen was seated in the General Government Building in Keijō ( Seoul ) after its completion in 1926 .'}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian Fringe Tree of Ssangam-myeon ( 순천 평중리 이팝나무 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ssangam-myeon , Suncheon , Jeollanam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suncheon,_South_Korea', 'summary': "Suncheon ( Korean pronunciation : [ sun.tɕʰʌn ] ) ( Suncheon-si ) is a city in South Jeolla Province , South Korea . It is a scenic agricultural and industrial city of around 250,000 people near Suncheon Bay . It is located in the southeastern corner of Jeollanam-do , just over an hour south-east of Gwangju . Forty minutes south of Suncheon is the port city of Yeosu , and twenty minutes to the east of Suncheon is Gwangyang . It is currently experiencing strong development due to being included as part of the Gwangyang Bay Free Economic Zone , one of three newly created Free Economic Zones ( FEZs ) in South Korea due to open within the next decade . As of October 14 , 2007 plans are being set up and a referendum is being planned for a merging of the cities of Yeosu , Suncheon and Gwangyang into a new metropolitan city , taking advantage of the Gwangyang Bay Free Economic Zone , Yeosu 's Expo 2012 bid and port facilities , Suncheon 's educational institutes and Gwangyang 's POSCO plant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeollanam-do', 'summary': 'South Jeolla Province ( Korean : 전라남도 , Jeollanam-do , Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʌl.la.nam.do ] ) , also known as Jeonnam , is a province of South Korea . South Jeolla has a population of 1,902,324 ( 2014 ) and has a geographic area of 12,247 km2 ( 4,729 sq mi ) located in the Honam region at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula . South Jeolla borders the provinces of North Jeolla to the north , South Gyeongsang to the northeast , and Jeju to the southwest in the Korea Strait . Muan County is the capital and Yeosu is the largest city of South Jeolla , with other major cities including Suncheon , Mokpo , and Gwangyang . Gwangju was the largest city of South Jeolla until becoming a Metropolitan City in 1986 , and was the historic capital until the provincial government was relocated to the Muan County town of Namak in 2005 . South Jeolla was established in 1896 from the province of Jeolla , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the southern half of its mainland territory and most outlying islands .'}]}, {'value': 'An Asian fringe tree atop a hill near the village of Pyeongjung-ri . Near the ground the trunk splits into two and rises to a height of 13.64 m ( 44.8 ft ) . The tree is in a poor state of health , with many of the upper branches beginning to wither and its leaves generally smaller than normal . Estimated to be about 400 years old , its blooming flowers are said to predict a good harvest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chionanthus_retusus', 'summary': 'Chionanthus retusus , the Chinese fringetree , is a flowering plant in the family Oleaceae . It is native to eastern Asia : eastern and central China , Japan , Korea and Taiwan . It is a deciduous shrub or small to medium-sized tree growing to 20 metres ( 70 ft ) in height , with thick , fissured bark . The leaves are 3-12 centimetres ( 1-5 in ) long and 2-6.5 cm ( 0.8-2.6 in ) broad , simple ovate to oblong-elliptic , with a hairy , 0.5-2 cm ( 0.2-0.8 in ) long petiole . The flowers are white , produced in panicles 3-12 cm ( 1-5 in ) long . The fruit is a blue-black drupe 1-1.5 cm ( 0.4-0.6 in ) long and 0.6-1 cm ( 0.2-0.4 in ) in diameter . It is cultivated in Europe and North America as an ornamental tree , valued for its feathery white flowerheads .'}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Higna Cherry Tree of Hwaeomsa Temple ( 구례 화엄사 올벚나무 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gurye , Jeollanam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gurye', 'summary': "Gurye ( Gurye-gun ) is a county in the province of Jeollanam-do , South Korea . Gurye is a small , picturesque farming town situated between Jirisan and the Seomjin River . Gurye is the sole designated special tourism and leisure zone in all of Jeollanam-do . The total size of Gurye County is 443.02 square km , with a modest population of approximately 30,000 . Gurye County is a popular hiking destination during the spring and autumn seasons . The county 's beautiful landscapes are showcased during its yearly festivals such as Sansuyu Flower Festival , the Royal Azalea Festival and the Piagol Valley Maple Festival . Gurye is also home to Korea 's first national state park , which houses some of Koreas most important temples such as Hwaeomsa , Cheoneunsa , and Yeongoksa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeollanam-do', 'summary': 'South Jeolla Province ( Korean : 전라남도 , Jeollanam-do , Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʌl.la.nam.do ] ) , also known as Jeonnam , is a province of South Korea . South Jeolla has a population of 1,902,324 ( 2014 ) and has a geographic area of 12,247 km2 ( 4,729 sq mi ) located in the Honam region at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula . South Jeolla borders the provinces of North Jeolla to the north , South Gyeongsang to the northeast , and Jeju to the southwest in the Korea Strait . Muan County is the capital and Yeosu is the largest city of South Jeolla , with other major cities including Suncheon , Mokpo , and Gwangyang . Gwangju was the largest city of South Jeolla until becoming a Metropolitan City in 1986 , and was the historic capital until the provincial government was relocated to the Muan County town of Namak in 2005 . South Jeolla was established in 1896 from the province of Jeolla , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the southern half of its mainland territory and most outlying islands .'}]}, {'value': 'A higna cherry tree at Jijangam , a hermitage of the Buddhist temple of Hwaeomsa . Its two trunks rise to a height of 12 m ( 39 ft ) . The tree was heavily damaged by wind in 1945 and today its condition is poor , with many withering branches in the crown . It is estimated to be about 300 years old , the oldest of this species in the country , and said to have been planted by the monk Byeogam Gakseong ( 1575-1660 ) in the Joseon Dynasty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prunus_pendula', 'summary': 'Prunus campanulata is a species of cherry native to Japan , Taiwan , southern and eastern China ( Guangxi , Guangdong , Hainan , Hunan , Fujian , and Zhejiang ) , and Vietnam . It is a large shrub or small tree , growing 3-8 m ( 10-26 ft ) tall . It is widely grown as an ornamental tree , and a symbol of Nago in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan . It is variously known in English as the Taiwan cherry , Formosan cherry , or bellflower cherry . It was described in 1883 by Carl Johann Maximowicz .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hwaeomsa', 'summary': 'Hwaeomsa ( Sino-Korean : hwa-eom-sa 華嚴寺 , literally Flower Garland Temple ) is a head temple of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism . It is located on the slopes of Jirisan , in Masan-myeon , Gurye County , in the province of South Jeolla Province , South Korea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Joseon dynasty ( also transcribed as Chosŏn or Chosen , Korean : 대조선국 , lit . Great Korean Country ) was a Korean dynastic kingdom that lasted for approximately five centuries . Joseon was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and was replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897 . It was founded following the aftermath of the overthrow of Goryeo in what is today the city of Kaesong . Early on , Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul . The kingdom 's northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the rivers of Amnok and Tuman through the subjugation of the Jurchens . Joseon was the last dynasty of Korea and its longest-ruling Confucian dynasty . During its reign , Joseon encouraged the entrenchment of Chinese Confucian ideals and doctrines in Korean society . Neo-Confucianism was installed as the new dynasty 's state ideology . Buddhism was accordingly discouraged and occasionally faced persecutions by the dynasty . Joseon consolidated its effective rule over the territory of current Korea and saw the height of classical Korean culture , trade , literature , and science and technology . However , the dynasty was severely weakened during the late 16th and early 17th centuries , when the Japanese invasions of Korea in the 1590s and the first and second Manchu invasions nearly overran the Korean Peninsula , leading to an increasingly harsh isolationist policy , for which the country became known as the hermit kingdom in Western literature ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torreya Tree of Byeongyeong-myeon ( 강진 삼인리 비자나무 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torreya_Tree_of_Byeongyeong-myeon', 'summary': 'The Japanese torreya of Samin-ri is a monumental tree located on the south slope of Mount Naejangsan in Samin-ri , Gangjin , South Korea . The tree belongs to the Torreya nucifera species and is c. 500 years old . It was designated a natural monument in 1962 . Before April 2008 , it was known as the Torreya tree of Byeongyeong-myeon .'}]}, {'value': 'Samin-ri , Byeongyeong-myeon , Gangjin , Jeollanam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangjin', 'summary': "Gangjin County ( Gangjin-gun ) is a county in South Jeolla Province , South Korea . Gangjin county proper was established in 1895 . The county office is located in Gangjin-eup . The Gangjin Kiln Sites are a noted area for the production of traditional Goryeo celadon , and annually a big festival and symposium on celadon porcelain at the Goryeo Celadon Museum with participants from all over the world takes place in Gangjin city . Additionally , it is the birthplace of Korean poet Yeongrang Kim Yun-sik , famous for his work in the 1930s and 1940s in the Jeolla dialect . The county bird is the magpie . The county flower is the camellia , and the county tree is the ginkgo . There are also two mascots , Gang and Jin , who represent fire and water , respectively , and who appear throughout the county on signs and sidewalks . A small portion of Wolchulsan National Park is located in Gangjin County . There is a monument to 17th-century Dutch explorer Hendrick Hamel , the first westerner to experience and write about Korea 's Joseon Dynasty era . Hamel and his men were shipwrecked on Jeju island , and they remained captives in Korea for 13 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeollanam-do', 'summary': 'South Jeolla Province ( Korean : 전라남도 , Jeollanam-do , Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʌl.la.nam.do ] ) , also known as Jeonnam , is a province of South Korea . South Jeolla has a population of 1,902,324 ( 2014 ) and has a geographic area of 12,247 km2 ( 4,729 sq mi ) located in the Honam region at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula . South Jeolla borders the provinces of North Jeolla to the north , South Gyeongsang to the northeast , and Jeju to the southwest in the Korea Strait . Muan County is the capital and Yeosu is the largest city of South Jeolla , with other major cities including Suncheon , Mokpo , and Gwangyang . Gwangju was the largest city of South Jeolla until becoming a Metropolitan City in 1986 , and was the historic capital until the provincial government was relocated to the Muan County town of Namak in 2005 . South Jeolla was established in 1896 from the province of Jeolla , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the southern half of its mainland territory and most outlying islands .'}]}, {'value': 'A torreya tree on the south slope of Mount Naejangsan . Compared to its modest height of 10 m ( 33 ft ) , the crown is wide and has long branches . The area below has been reinforced with stone retaining walls , but the remaining root space is now very small . Estimated to be about 500 years old , the area surrounding the tree was home to an army garrison established by King Taejong ( r. 1400-1418 ) that was in existence until 1894', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torreya_nucifera', 'summary': "Torreya nucifera is a slow-growing , coniferous tree native to southern Japan and to South Korea 's Jeju Island . It is also called kaya ( 榧 ) Japanese torreya or Japanese nutmeg-yew ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Naejangsan', 'summary': 'Naejangsan is a mountain located on the border of North Jeolla and South Jeolla provinces in southwestern South Korea , approximately three hours drive south of Seoul . It has an elevation of 763 m ( 2,503 ft ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taejong_of_Joseon', 'summary': 'Taejong of Joseon ( 13 June 1367 - 30 May 1422 ) was the third king of the Joseon dynasty in Korea and the father of King Sejong the Great .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution', 'summary': "The Donghak Peasant Revolution ( 동학 농민 혁명 ; 東學農民革命 ; donghak nongmin hyeogmyeong ) , also known as the Donghak Peasant Movement ( 동학 농민 운동 ; 東學農民運動 ; donghak nongmin undong ) , Donghak Rebellion , Peasant Revolt of 1894 , Gabo Peasant Revolution , and a variety of other names , was an armed rebellion in Korea led by aggravated peasants and followers of the Donghak religion , a panentheistic religion viewed by many rebels as a political ideology . In 1894 , the magistrate of Gobu , Jo Byeonggap , had created various bogus laws and forced the peasants to build reservoirs and settle in unowned lands in order to get rich from taxes and fines . In March , angered peasants allied under Jeon Bongjun and Kim Gaenam , beginning the Gobu Revolt . However , the Gobu revolt was suppressed by Yi Yongtae , and Jeon Bongjun fled to Taein . In April , Jeon gathered an army in Mount Baek and recaptured Gobu . The rebels then proceeded to defeat governmental forces in Hwangto Pass and the Hwangryong River . Jeon then captured Jeonju Fortress and fought in a siege with Hong Gyehun 's Joseon forces . In May , however , the rebels had signed a truce with the governmental forces , and built agencies called Jibgangso that handled affairs in rebel-controlled areas . This somewhat unsteady peace continued throughout the summer . The frightened government asked the Qing dynasty for help , and it sent 2,700 soldiers to Korea . Japan , angered that the Qing government , had not informed Japan ( as promised in the Convention of Tientsin ) , started the First Sino-Japanese War . The war resulted in an expulsion of Chinese influence in Korea and also signaled an end for the Self-Strengthening Movement in China itself ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evergreen Forest at Yesong-ri ( 완도 예송리 상록수림 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yesong-ri , Bogil-myeon , Wando , Jeollanam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wando_County', 'summary': "Wando County ( Wando-gun ) is a county in South Jeolla Province , South Korea . It takes its name from the island of Wando , which is the largest island within the county and serves as the county seat . Wando island is perhaps most famous for Cheonghaejin , the former headquarters of Jang Bogo , a 9th-century Korean historical figure whose private fleet and army dominated the sea routes in the Yellow Sea . Wando 's most famous native in modern times is champion golfer K.J . Choi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeollanam-do', 'summary': 'South Jeolla Province ( Korean : 전라남도 , Jeollanam-do , Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʌl.la.nam.do ] ) , also known as Jeonnam , is a province of South Korea . South Jeolla has a population of 1,902,324 ( 2014 ) and has a geographic area of 12,247 km2 ( 4,729 sq mi ) located in the Honam region at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula . South Jeolla borders the provinces of North Jeolla to the north , South Gyeongsang to the northeast , and Jeju to the southwest in the Korea Strait . Muan County is the capital and Yeosu is the largest city of South Jeolla , with other major cities including Suncheon , Mokpo , and Gwangyang . Gwangju was the largest city of South Jeolla until becoming a Metropolitan City in 1986 , and was the historic capital until the provincial government was relocated to the Muan County town of Namak in 2005 . South Jeolla was established in 1896 from the province of Jeolla , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the southern half of its mainland territory and most outlying islands .'}]}, {'value': 'A 58,486 m ( 629,540 sq ft ) forest on the south-east coast of Bogil-do . Planted about 300 years ago as a windbreak against typhoons , it stretches for about 740 m ( 2,430 ft ) along the beach . The forest is home to a wide variety of trees , including blacks pines as well as thick oleasters that twist and wind around the other trees . A one-hundred-year-old black pine within the forest is venerated by residents of Yesong-ri as a guardian deity , for which a ceremony is held every December to wish for the peace and security of the village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windbreak', 'summary': 'A windbreak ( shelterbelt ) is a planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion . They are commonly planted in hedgerows around the edges of fields on farms . If designed properly , windbreaks around a home can reduce the cost of heating and cooling and save energy . Windbreaks are also planted to help keep snow from drifting onto roadways or yards . Farmers sometimes use windbreaks to keep snow drifts on farm land that will provide water when the snow melts in the spring . Other benefits include contributing to a microclimate around crops ( with slightly less drying and chilling at night ) , providing habitat for wildlife , and , in some regions , providing wood if the trees are harvested . Windbreaks and intercropping can be combined in a farming practice referred to as alleycropping . Fields are planted in rows of different crops surrounded by rows of trees . These trees provide fruit , wood , or protect the crops from the wind . Alley cropping has been particularly successful in India , Africa , and Brazil , where coffee growers have combined farming and forestry . A further use for a shelterbelt is to screen a farm from a main road or motorway . This improves the farm landscape by reducing the visual incursion of the motorway , mitigating noise from the traffic and providing a safe barrier between farm animals and the road .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Typhoons', 'summary': "A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere . This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin , and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth , accounting for almost one-third of the world 's annual tropical cyclones . For organizational purposes , the northern Pacific Ocean is divided into three regions : the eastern ( North America to 140°W ) , central ( 140°W to 180° ) , and western ( 180° to 100°E ) . The Regional Specialized Meteorological Center ( RSMC ) for tropical cyclone forecasts is in Japan , with other tropical cyclone warning centers for the northwest Pacific in Hawaii ( the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ) , the Philippines and Hong Kong . While the RSMC names each system , the main name list itself is coordinated among 18 countries that have territories threatened by typhoons each year . Within the northwestern Pacific , there are no official typhoon seasons as tropical cyclones form throughout the year . Like any tropical cyclone , there are few main requirements for typhoon formation and development : ( 1 ) sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures , ( 2 ) atmospheric instability , ( 3 ) high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere , ( 4 ) enough Coriolis effect to develop a low pressure center , ( 5 ) a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance , and ( 6 ) a low vertical wind shear . While the majority of storms form between June and November , a few storms do occur between December and May ( although tropical cyclone formation is at a minimum during that time ) . On average , the northwestern Pacific features the most numerous and intense tropical cyclones globally . Like other basins , they are steered by the subtropical ridge towards the west or northwest , with some systems recurving near and east of Japan . The Philippines receive the brunt of the landfalls , with China and Japan being impacted slightly less . Some of the deadliest typhoons in history have struck China ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pinus_thunbergii', 'summary': 'Pinus thunbergii ( syn : Pinus thunbergiana ) , also called black pine , Japanese black pine , and Japanese pine , is a pine native to coastal areas of Japan ( Kyūshū , Shikoku and Honshū ) and South Korea . It is called gomsol ( 곰솔 ) in Korean , hēisōng ( 黑松 ) in Chinese , and kuromatsu ( 黒松 ) in Japanese .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Elaeagnus_macrophylla', 'summary': 'Elaeagnus macrophylla , the broad-leaved oleaster , is a species of Elaeagnus native to eastern Asia . Elaeagnus × submacrophylla , formerly known as Elaeagnus × ebbingei , is a hybrid between E. macrophylla and E. pungens . The hybrid and its cultivars are grown in gardens as ornamental plants .'}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natural Growth of Chinese Juniper in Tonggumi ( 울릉 통구미 향나무 자생지 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Namnyang-ri , Seo-myeon , Ulleung County , Gyeongsangbuk-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulleung_County', 'summary': 'Ulleung County ( Ulleung-gun ) is a county in North Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . It consists mainly of the island of Ulleungdo , but is held to cover a total of 44 islands , including the Liancourt Rocks ( Dokdo ) , which is in effective governance by South Korea ( however claimed by Japan and North Korea ) . All of these islands lie within the Sea of Japan ( East Sea of Korea ) . Administratively , the county is divided into one eup and two myeon : Ulleung-eup ( including Liancourt Rocks ) , Buk-myeon , and Seo-myeon . These in turn are divided into 10 legal ri , those into 25 administrative ri , and at the most basic level the county is held to contain 56 natural villages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gyeongsangbuk-do', 'summary': "North Gyeongsang Province ( Korean : 경상북도 ; RR : Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.saŋ.buk̚.t͈o ] ) , also known as Gyeongbuk ( Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.buk̚ ] ) , is a province in eastern South Korea . The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Gyeongsang province , and remained a province of Korea until the country 's division in 1945 , then became part of South Korea . Daegu was the capital of North Gyeongsang Province between 1896 and 1981 , but has not been a part of the province since 1981 . In 2016 , the provincial capital moved from Daegu to Andong . The area of the province is 19,030 square kilometres ( 7,350 sq mi ) , 19.1% of the total area of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'A 24,132 m ( 259,750 sq ft ) habitat of Chinese juniper on Tonggumi , a cliff near the village of Namnyang-ri , Ulleung-do . The trees have largely grown out of the rock crevices in isolation from other species , sharing particular genetic traits unique to this area and making them valuable for research . They have grown twisted along the rock face due to the strong sea winds . An early description of the habitat is found in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty after a patrol of soldiers was forced ashore by a storm in 1724', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Habitat', 'summary': "In ecology , a habitat is the type of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives . It is characterized by both physical and biological features . A species 's habitat is those places where it can find food , shelter , protection and mates for reproduction . The physical factors are for example soil , moisture , range of temperature , and light intensity as well as biotic factors such as the availability of food and the presence or absence of predators . Every organism has certain habitat needs for the conditions in which it will thrive , but some are tolerant of wide variations while others are very specific in their requirements . A habitat is not necessarily a geographical area , it can be the interior of a stem , a rotten log , a rock or a clump of moss , and for a parasitic organism it is the body of its host , part of the host 's body such as the digestive tract , or a single cell within the host 's body . Habitat types include polar , temperate , subtropical and tropical . The terrestrial vegetation type may be forest , steppe , grassland , semi-arid or desert . Fresh water habitats include marshes , streams , rivers , lakes , and ponds , and marine habitats include salt marshes , the coast , the intertidal zone , estuaries , reefs , bays , the open sea , the sea bed , deep water and submarine vents . Habitats change over time . This may be due to a violent event such as the eruption of a volcano , an earthquake , a tsunami , a wildfire or a change in oceanic currents ; or the change may be more gradual over millennia with alterations in the climate , as ice sheets and glaciers advance and retreat , and as different weather patterns bring changes of precipitation and solar radiation . Other changes come as a direct result of human activities ; deforestation , the plowing of ancient grasslands , the diversion and damming of rivers , the draining of marshland and the dredging of the seabed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juniperus_chinensis', 'summary': 'Juniperus chinensis ( Chinese juniper , 圆柏 , 桧 ) is a juniper that grows as a shrub or tree with a very variable shape , reaching 1-20 m tall . This native of northeast Asia grows in China , Mongolia , Japan , Korea and the southeast of Russia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ulleung-do', 'summary': 'Ulleungdo ( also spelled Ulreungdo ; Korean pronunciation : [ ulːɯŋdo ] ) is a South Korean island 120 km ( 75 mi ) east of the Korean Peninsula , formerly known as the Dagelet Island or Argonaut Island in Europe ; also known as Yuling-dao ( trad . 鬱陵島 , simp . 郁陵岛 ) in Chinese , and Utsuryo-do ( 鬱陵島 ) in Japanese . Volcanic in origin , the rocky steep-sided island is the top of a large stratovolcano which rises from the seafloor , reaching a maximum elevation of 984 metres ( 3,228 ft ) at Seonginbong Peak . The island is 9.5 kilometres ( 5.9 mi ) in length and 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) in width ; it has an area of 72.56 km2 ( 28.02 sq mi ) . It has a population of 10,426 inhabitants . The island makes up the main part of Ulleung County , North Gyeongsang Province , South Korea and is a popular tourist destination . The main city of Ulleung-do is the port of Dodong ( 도동 ; 道洞 ) , which serves as the main ferry port between Ulleung-do and the South Korean mainland . After tourism , the main economic activity is fishing , including its well-known harvest of squid , which can be seen drying in the sun in many places .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Annals_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty ( also known as the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty or The True Record of the Joseon Dynasty ; Korean : 조선왕조실록 ( South Korea ) or 조선봉건왕조실록 ( North Korea ) ) are the annual records of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea , which were kept from 1413 to 1865 . The annals , or sillok , comprise 1,893 volumes and are thought to cover the longest continual period of a single dynasty in the world . With the exception of two sillok compiled during the colonial era , the Annals are the 151st national treasure of Korea and listed in UNESCO 's Memory of the World registry . The Annals has since 2006 been digitalized by the National Institute of Korean History and available on the internet with Modern Korean translation in Hangul and original text in Classical Chinese . In January 2012 , the National Institute of Korean History announced that they are to translate the Annals into English by the year 2033 . They plan to start work in 2014 with an initial budget of ₩500 million , but estimate that a budget of ₩40 billion is needed to complete the project ."}]}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natural Growth of Chinese Juniper in Daepunggam ( 울릉 대풍감 향나무 자생지 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taeha-ri , Seo-myeon , Ulleung County , Gyeongsangbuk-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulleung_County', 'summary': 'Ulleung County ( Ulleung-gun ) is a county in North Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . It consists mainly of the island of Ulleungdo , but is held to cover a total of 44 islands , including the Liancourt Rocks ( Dokdo ) , which is in effective governance by South Korea ( however claimed by Japan and North Korea ) . All of these islands lie within the Sea of Japan ( East Sea of Korea ) . Administratively , the county is divided into one eup and two myeon : Ulleung-eup ( including Liancourt Rocks ) , Buk-myeon , and Seo-myeon . These in turn are divided into 10 legal ri , those into 25 administrative ri , and at the most basic level the county is held to contain 56 natural villages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gyeongsangbuk-do', 'summary': "North Gyeongsang Province ( Korean : 경상북도 ; RR : Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.saŋ.buk̚.t͈o ] ) , also known as Gyeongbuk ( Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.buk̚ ] ) , is a province in eastern South Korea . The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Gyeongsang province , and remained a province of Korea until the country 's division in 1945 , then became part of South Korea . Daegu was the capital of North Gyeongsang Province between 1896 and 1981 , but has not been a part of the province since 1981 . In 2016 , the provincial capital moved from Daegu to Andong . The area of the province is 19,030 square kilometres ( 7,350 sq mi ) , 19.1% of the total area of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'A 119,005 m ( 1,280,960 sq ft ) habitat of Chinese juniper on Daepunggam , a cliff near the village of Taeha-ri , Ulleung-do . Although once plentiful to this area , the species is now found only above the cliffs where the strong sea winds have prevented the trees from growing to their full height . The difficult terrain ensures that the trees grow in isolation from other species , while protecting them from human encroachment . An early description of the habitat is found in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty after a patrol of soldiers was forced ashore by a storm in 1724', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juniperus_chinensis', 'summary': 'Juniperus chinensis ( Chinese juniper , 圆柏 , 桧 ) is a juniper that grows as a shrub or tree with a very variable shape , reaching 1-20 m tall . This native of northeast Asia grows in China , Mongolia , Japan , Korea and the southeast of Russia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ulleung-do', 'summary': 'Ulleungdo ( also spelled Ulreungdo ; Korean pronunciation : [ ulːɯŋdo ] ) is a South Korean island 120 km ( 75 mi ) east of the Korean Peninsula , formerly known as the Dagelet Island or Argonaut Island in Europe ; also known as Yuling-dao ( trad . 鬱陵島 , simp . 郁陵岛 ) in Chinese , and Utsuryo-do ( 鬱陵島 ) in Japanese . Volcanic in origin , the rocky steep-sided island is the top of a large stratovolcano which rises from the seafloor , reaching a maximum elevation of 984 metres ( 3,228 ft ) at Seonginbong Peak . The island is 9.5 kilometres ( 5.9 mi ) in length and 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) in width ; it has an area of 72.56 km2 ( 28.02 sq mi ) . It has a population of 10,426 inhabitants . The island makes up the main part of Ulleung County , North Gyeongsang Province , South Korea and is a popular tourist destination . The main city of Ulleung-do is the port of Dodong ( 도동 ; 道洞 ) , which serves as the main ferry port between Ulleung-do and the South Korean mainland . After tourism , the main economic activity is fishing , including its well-known harvest of squid , which can be seen drying in the sun in many places .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Annals_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty ( also known as the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty or The True Record of the Joseon Dynasty ; Korean : 조선왕조실록 ( South Korea ) or 조선봉건왕조실록 ( North Korea ) ) are the annual records of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea , which were kept from 1413 to 1865 . The annals , or sillok , comprise 1,893 volumes and are thought to cover the longest continual period of a single dynasty in the world . With the exception of two sillok compiled during the colonial era , the Annals are the 151st national treasure of Korea and listed in UNESCO 's Memory of the World registry . The Annals has since 2006 been digitalized by the National Institute of Korean History and available on the internet with Modern Korean translation in Hangul and original text in Classical Chinese . In January 2012 , the National Institute of Korean History announced that they are to translate the Annals into English by the year 2033 . They plan to start work in 2014 with an initial budget of ₩500 million , but estimate that a budget of ₩40 billion is needed to complete the project ."}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hemlock , Pine and Beech Trees in Taeha-dong ( 울릉 태하동 솔송나무·섬잣나무·너도밤나무군락 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taeha-ri , Seo-myeon , Ulleung County , Gyeongsangbuk-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulleung_County', 'summary': 'Ulleung County ( Ulleung-gun ) is a county in North Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . It consists mainly of the island of Ulleungdo , but is held to cover a total of 44 islands , including the Liancourt Rocks ( Dokdo ) , which is in effective governance by South Korea ( however claimed by Japan and North Korea ) . All of these islands lie within the Sea of Japan ( East Sea of Korea ) . Administratively , the county is divided into one eup and two myeon : Ulleung-eup ( including Liancourt Rocks ) , Buk-myeon , and Seo-myeon . These in turn are divided into 10 legal ri , those into 25 administrative ri , and at the most basic level the county is held to contain 56 natural villages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gyeongsangbuk-do', 'summary': "North Gyeongsang Province ( Korean : 경상북도 ; RR : Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.saŋ.buk̚.t͈o ] ) , also known as Gyeongbuk ( Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.buk̚ ] ) , is a province in eastern South Korea . The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Gyeongsang province , and remained a province of Korea until the country 's division in 1945 , then became part of South Korea . Daegu was the capital of North Gyeongsang Province between 1896 and 1981 , but has not been a part of the province since 1981 . In 2016 , the provincial capital moved from Daegu to Andong . The area of the province is 19,030 square kilometres ( 7,350 sq mi ) , 19.1% of the total area of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'A 171,792 m ( 1,849,150 sq ft ) community of southern Japanese hemlock , Japanese white pine , and Chinese beech in Taeha-dong . Although common to Japan , in South Korea these species are found only on Ulleung-do . The beeches can grow up to 20 m ( 66 ft ) in height , while the hemlocks and white pines can reach 30 m ( 98 ft ) . The rarity of the species makes them valuable for research , the pine in particular having only a very narrow distribution on the island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plant_community', 'summary': 'A plant community ( sometimes phytocoenosis or phytocenosis ) is a collection or association of plant species within a designated geographical unit , which forms a relatively uniform patch , distinguishable from neighboring patches of different vegetation types . The components of each plant community are influenced by soil type , topography , climate and human disturbance . In many cases there are several soil types within a given phytocoenosis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tsuga_sieboldii', 'summary': 'Tsuga sieboldii , also called the southern Japanese hemlock , or in Japanese , simply tsuga ( 栂 ) , is a conifer native to the Japanese islands of Honshū , Kyūshū , Shikoku and Yakushima . In Europe and North America the tree is sometimes used as an ornamental and has been in cultivation since 1861 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pinus_parviflora', 'summary': "Pinus parviflora , also known as five-needle pine , Ulleungdo white pine , or Japanese white pine , is a pine in the white pine group , Pinus subgenus Strobus , native to Korea and Japan . It is a coniferous evergreen tree , growing to 15-25 m in height and is usually as broad as it is tall , forming a wide , dense , conical crown . The leaves are needle-like , in bundles of five , with a length of 5-6 cm . The cones are 4-7 cm long , with broad , rounded scales ; the seeds are 8-11 mm long , with a vestigial 2-10 mm wing . This is a popular tree for bonsai , and is also grown as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens . The cultivars 'Adcock 's Dwarf ' and Bonnie Bergman have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fagus_engleriana', 'summary': "Fagus engleriana , the Engler 's beech , also known as Chinese beech , is a species of beech native to central and eastern China ( Anhui , Guangxi , Guizhou , Henan , Hubei , Hunan , Shaanxi , Sichuan , Yunnan , and Zhejiang provinces ) where it grows in broad-leaved and mixed forests . It can reach 25 m ( 82 ft ) in height . The shoots are dark brown and hairless . Leaves contain 10-14 vein-pairs and the margin is hairless , deckled and scarcely toothed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ulleung-do', 'summary': 'Ulleungdo ( also spelled Ulreungdo ; Korean pronunciation : [ ulːɯŋdo ] ) is a South Korean island 120 km ( 75 mi ) east of the Korean Peninsula , formerly known as the Dagelet Island or Argonaut Island in Europe ; also known as Yuling-dao ( trad . 鬱陵島 , simp . 郁陵岛 ) in Chinese , and Utsuryo-do ( 鬱陵島 ) in Japanese . Volcanic in origin , the rocky steep-sided island is the top of a large stratovolcano which rises from the seafloor , reaching a maximum elevation of 984 metres ( 3,228 ft ) at Seonginbong Peak . The island is 9.5 kilometres ( 5.9 mi ) in length and 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) in width ; it has an area of 72.56 km2 ( 28.02 sq mi ) . It has a population of 10,426 inhabitants . The island makes up the main part of Ulleung County , North Gyeongsang Province , South Korea and is a popular tourist destination . The main city of Ulleung-do is the port of Dodong ( 도동 ; 道洞 ) , which serves as the main ferry port between Ulleung-do and the South Korean mainland . After tourism , the main economic activity is fishing , including its well-known harvest of squid , which can be seen drying in the sun in many places .'}]}], 'section_title': '1-50', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Natural_Monuments_of_South_Korea_0', 'intro': 'This is a partial list of natural monuments of South Korea. By 2009 a total of 576 animal, plants, landforms, geological formations, and nature reserves had been designated by the Cultural Heritage Administration of South Korea as natural monuments. Only 404 of these continue to maintain their designation.'}
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What is the number of the monument whose location has a population of 1,902,324 ( 2014 ) ?
38
08aca4f8f0f39f2b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phi_Kappa_Psi_brothers', 'title': 'List of Phi Kappa Psi brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Initiation year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Stephen Ailes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Ailes', 'summary': 'Stephen Ailes ( March 25 , 1912 - June 30 , 2001 ) was a prominent member of the District of Columbia Bar and a partner in the firm of Steptoe & Johnson . He served as the United States Under Secretary of the Army from February 9 , 1961 to January 28 , 1964 and as United States Secretary of the Army from January 28 , 1964 to July 1 , 1965 . He received his undergraduate education at Princeton University , and attended the law school of West Virginia University , where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity .'}]}, {'value': 'West Virginia Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia_University', 'summary': "West Virginia University ( WVU ) is a public , land-grant , research university with its main campus in Morgantown , West Virginia . Its other campuses are those of the West Virginia University Institute of Technology in Beckley , Potomac State College of West Virginia University in Keyser , and a second clinical campus for the university 's medical and dental schools at Charleston Area Medical Center in Charleston . WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all of West Virginia 's 55 counties . Enrollment for the Fall 2018 semester was 26,864 for the main campus , while enrollment across all three non-clinical campuses was 29,959 . The Morgantown campus offers 350+ bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and professional degree programs throughout 14 colleges and schools . Twenty-five Rhodes Scholars are WVU alumni , including former WVU president David C. Hardesty , Jr . The university has also produced 45 Goldwater Scholars , 24 Truman Scholars , and five members ( & 11 academic team honorees ) of USA Today 's All - USA College Academic First Team . Additionally , WVU has had three George C. Marshall ( British ) Scholars , five Morris K. Udall Scholars , 26 Boren Scholars , 63 Gilman Scholars , 64 Fulbright Scholars , three Department of Homeland Security Scholars , 32 Critical Language Scholars , one Jack Kent Cooke Foundation Graduate Scholar , five National Institute of Standards and Technology Fellowships , and 25 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Graduate Fellowships ."}]}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Secretary of the Army ( 1964-1965 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army', 'summary': 'The secretary of the Army ( SA , SECARM or SECARMY ) is a senior civilian official within the Department of Defense of the United States with statutory responsibility for all matters relating to the United States Army : manpower , personnel , reserve affairs , installations , environmental issues , weapons systems and equipment acquisition , communications , and financial management . The secretary of the Army is nominated by the president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate . The secretary is a non-Cabinet level official serving under the secretary of defense . This position was created on September 18 , 1947 , replacing the secretary of war , when the Department of War was split into the Department of the Army and Department of the Air Force . On September 26 , 2019 , Ryan McCarthy was confirmed as the Secretary of the Army , and was sworn in to office on September 30 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scott C. Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_C._Black', 'summary': 'Lieutenant General Scott C. Black ( born September 1 , 1952 ) is a retired American military lawyer who was the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army from October 1 , 2005 to October 1 , 2009 . He was the first lieutenant general to hold that position . He is currently vice president and general manager of global mission solutions at BAE Systems Support Solutions .'}]}, {'value': 'California Eta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University', 'summary': "California Polytechnic State University ( California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , Cal Poly San Luis Obispo , or Cal Poly ) is a public university in San Luis Obispo , California . It is one of two polytechnics in the California State University system . The university is organized into six colleges offering 65 bachelor 's and 39 master 's degrees . Cal Poly San Luis Obispo primarily focuses on undergraduate education and as of fall 2018 Cal Poly has 21,037 undergraduate and 775 graduate students . The academic focus is fostering a comprehensive undergraduate education , combining technical and professional curricula with the arts and humanities . The university is located in San Luis Obispo , California , often noted as one of the happiest cities in the United States , with many alumni in Silicon Valley . The university 's athletic teams participate in the Big West Conference ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37th Judge Advocate General of the United States Army ( 2005-2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General's_Corps", 'summary': "The Judge Advocate General 's Corps ( JAG Corps ) is the branch or specialty of a military concerned with military justice and military law . Officers serving in a JAG Corps are typically called judge advocates . Only the chief attorney within each branch is referred to as the Judge Advocate General ; however , individual JAG Corps officers are colloquially known as JAGs . Judge Advocates serve primarily as legal advisors to the command to which they are assigned . In this function , they can also serve as the personal legal advisor to their commander . Their advice may cover a wide range of issues dealing with administrative law , government contracting , civilian and military personnel law , law of war and international relations , environmental law , etc . They also serve as prosecutors for the military when conducting courts-martial . In the United States military , they are charged with both the defense and prosecution of military law as provided in the Uniform Code of Military Justice . Highly experienced officers of the JAG Corps often serve as military judges in courts-martial and courts of inquiry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Tasker H. Bliss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasker_H._Bliss', 'summary': 'Tasker Howard Bliss ( December 31 , 1853 - November 9 , 1930 ) was a United States Army officer who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from September 22 , 1917 until May 18 , 1918 . He was also a diplomat involved in the peace negotiations of World War I , and was one of the co-signatories of the Treaty of Versailles for the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Gamma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucknell_University', 'summary': "Bucknell University is a private liberal arts college in Lewisburg , Pennsylvania . The university consists of the College of Arts and Sciences , Freeman College of Management , and the College of Engineering . Bucknell was founded in 1846 , and features programs in the arts , humanities , sciences , social sciences , engineering , management , education , and music , as well as programs and pre-professional advising that prepare students for study in law and medicine . It offers nearly 50 majors and over 60 minors . South of central Lewisburg , the 445-acre ( 1.80 km2 ) campus is along the west bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River , at an elevation of 530 feet ( 160 m ) above sea level . Primarily an undergraduate school ( with about 3,600 students ) , Bucknell has about 50 graduate students . Students come from all fifty U.S. states and from more than 66 countries ; it has nearly 200 student organizations and a large Greek presence . The school 's mascot is Bucky the Bison and the school is a member of the Patriot League in NCAA Division I athletics ."}]}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General , United States Army ; Chief of Staff of the United States Army during World War I ( 1917-1918 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army', 'summary': 'The Chief of Staff of the Army ( CSA ) is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C . § 3033 ) held by a four-star general in the United States Army . As the most senior uniformed officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army , the CSA is the principal military advisor and a deputy to the Secretary of the Army . In a separate capacity , the CSA is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( 10 U.S.C . § 151 ) and , thereby , a military advisor to the National Security Council , the Secretary of Defense , and the President of the United States . The CSA is typically the highest-ranking officer on active-duty in the U.S. Army unless the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers . The Chief of Staff of the Army is an administrative position based in the Pentagon . While the CSA does not have operational command authority over Army forces proper ( which is within the purview of the Combatant Commanders who report to the Secretary of Defense ) , the CSA does exercise supervision of army units and organizations as the designee of the Secretary of the Army . The 40th and current Chief of Staff of the Army is General James C. McConville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Lynn Compton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lynn_Compton', 'summary': "Lynn Davis Buck Compton ( December 31 , 1921 - February 25 , 2012 ) was an American jurist , police officer , and soldier . In his legal career , he served as a prosecutor and California Court of Appeal judge , and is most notable as having been the lead prosecutor in Sirhan Sirhan 's trial for the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy . Previously , he served with the Los Angeles Police Department . During World War II , he was a commissioned officer with E Company , 2nd Battalion , 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment , in the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army . Compton was portrayed in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Neal McDonough ."}]}, {'value': 'California Epsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Army ; Portrayed in HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Neal McDonough ; recipient of the Silver Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HBO', 'summary': 'HBO ( Home Box Office ) is an American premium television network owned by Home Box Office , Inc. , a subsidiary of WarnerMedia Entertainment . The programming featured on the network consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures and original television shows , along with made-for-cable movies , documentaries and occasional comedy and concert specials . HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service ( basic or premium ) in the United States , having been in operation since November 8 , 1972 . In 2016 , HBO had an adjusted operating income of US $ 1.93 billion , compared to the US $ 1.88 billion it accrued in 2015 . HBO has 140 million subscribers worldwide as of 2018 [ update ] . The network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels , including HBO Comedy , HBO Latino , HBO Signature , and HBO Family . It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015 and has over 5 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2018 [ update ] .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_(TV_miniseries)', 'summary': "Band of Brothers is a 2001 American war drama miniseries based on historian Stephen E. Ambrose 's 1992 non-fiction book of the same name . The executive producers were Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks , who had collaborated on the 1998 World War II film Saving Private Ryan . The episodes first started airing on HBO September 9 , 2001 . The series won Emmy and Golden Globe awards in 2001 for best miniseries . The series dramatizes the history of Easy Company , 2nd Battalion , 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment , of the 101st Airborne Division , from jump training in the United States through its participation in major actions in Europe , up until Japan 's capitulation and the end of World War II . The events are based on Ambrose 's research and recorded interviews with Easy Company veterans . The series took literary license , adapting history for dramatic effect and series structure . The characters portrayed are based on members of Easy Company . Some of the men were recorded in contemporary interviews , which viewers see as preludes to several episodes , with the men 's real identities revealed in the finale . The title for the book and series comes from the St Crispin 's Day Speech in William Shakespeare 's play Henry V , delivered by King Henry before the Battle of Agincourt . Ambrose quotes a passage from the speech on his book 's first page ; this passage is spoken by Carwood Lipton in the series finale ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Neal_McDonough', 'summary': "Neal P. McDonough ( born February 13 , 1966 ) is an American actor and producer , known for his portrayal of Lieutenant Lynn Buck Compton in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) , Deputy District Attorney David McNorris on Boomtown ( 2002-2003 ) , Sean Cahill on Suits , Robert Quarles on Justified , William Parker in Mob City , and Dave Williams on ABC 's Desperate Housewives ( 2008-2009 ) . He also appeared in films such as Star Trek : First Contact , Minority Report , Walking Tall , The Guardian , Flags of Our Fathers , Red 2 , The Marine 3 : Homefront , Traitor , The Hitcher , Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 , Proud Mary , and as Dum Dum Dugan in various Marvel Cinematic Universe films and TV series . He appeared as Damien Darhk on Arrow , and in Legends of Tomorrow . He also plays as Malcolm Beck on Yellowstone as well as voicing a variety of comic superheroes and villains in a number of animated films and video games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Silver_Star', 'summary': "The Silver Star Medal is the United States Armed Forces 's third-highest personal decoration for valor in combat . The Silver Star Medal is awarded primarily to members of the United States Armed Forces for gallantry in action against an enemy of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Walter B. Huffman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_B._Huffman', 'summary': 'Major General Walter Burl Huffman , USA ( born October 8 , 1944 ) was an American military lawyer who served as the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army from August 5 , 1997 until September 30 , 2001 . He has been a professor at the Texas Tech University School of Law since 2002 and was the dean from 2002 to 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Tech_University', 'summary': "Texas Tech University ( Texas Tech , Tech , or TTU ) is a public research university in Lubbock , Texas . Established on February 10 , 1923 ( 1923-02-10 ) , and called until 1969 Texas Technological College , it is the main institution of the four-institution Texas Tech University System . The university 's student enrollment is the seventh-largest in Texas as of the Fall 2017 semester . The university offers degrees in more than 150 courses of study through 13 colleges and hosts 60 research centers and institutes . Texas Tech University has awarded over 200,000 degrees since 1927 , including over 40,000 graduate and professional degrees . The Carnegie Foundation classifies Texas Tech as having highest research activity . Research projects in the areas of epidemiology , pulsed power , grid computing , nanophotonics , atmospheric sciences , and wind energy are among the most prominent at the university . The Spanish Renaissance-themed campus , described by author James Michener as the most beautiful west of the Mississippi until you get to Stanford , has been awarded the Grand Award for excellence in grounds-keeping , and has been noted for possessing a public art collection among the ten best in the United States . The Texas Tech Red Raiders are charter members of the Big 12 Conference and compete in Division I for all varsity sports . The Red Raiders football team has made 36 bowl appearances , which is 17th most of any university . The Red Raiders basketball team has made 14 appearances in the NCAA Division I Tournament . Bob Knight has coached the second most wins in men 's NCAA Division I basketball history and served as the team 's head coach from 2001 to 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of Texas Tech University School of Law ( 2002-2010 ) ; 35th Judge Advocate General of the United States Army ( 1997-2001 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Tech_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The Texas Tech University School of Law is an ABA-accredited law school located on the campus of Texas Tech University in Lubbock , Texas . The school offers three academic centers , ten dual-degree programs , a nationally recognized legal writing program , and a competitive advocacy program that has earned 45 national and international championships . Additionally , third-year law students may participate in one of the school 's eight clinical programs , which allow students to gain real-world experience while providing free legal representation to low-income individuals . The school focuses on forming practical lawyers who are ready to practice law upon graduation . The student population is approximately 60.4% male and 39.6% female . In May 2019 , Texas Tech Law alumnus and adjunct professor Brandon Beck successfully argued before the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Davis ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General's_Corps", 'summary': "The Judge Advocate General 's Corps ( JAG Corps ) is the branch or specialty of a military concerned with military justice and military law . Officers serving in a JAG Corps are typically called judge advocates . Only the chief attorney within each branch is referred to as the Judge Advocate General ; however , individual JAG Corps officers are colloquially known as JAGs . Judge Advocates serve primarily as legal advisors to the command to which they are assigned . In this function , they can also serve as the personal legal advisor to their commander . Their advice may cover a wide range of issues dealing with administrative law , government contracting , civilian and military personnel law , law of war and international relations , environmental law , etc . They also serve as prosecutors for the military when conducting courts-martial . In the United States military , they are charged with both the defense and prosecution of military law as provided in the Uniform Code of Military Justice . Highly experienced officers of the JAG Corps often serve as military judges in courts-martial and courts of inquiry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'John A . Hull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_A._Hull', 'summary': "John Adley Hull ( August 7 , 1874 - April 17 , 1944 ) was a Judge Advocate General in the U.S. Army and an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines . Hull was born in Bloomfield , Iowa to Civil War officer and longtime Iowa Congressman John A.T . Hull and his wife , Emma Gregory Hull . He received a law degree from the University of Iowa College of Law . At the beginning of the Spanish-American War , he enlisted in the Iowa National Guard and was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and Judge Advocate for the U.S . Volunteers . In 1901 , he was appointed a major in the Judge Advocate General 's Corps . He would serve as legal advisor to Governor-General of the Philippines Francis Burton Harrison from 1913 to 1921 . He married Norma Bowler King at Fort Myer , Virginia , in 1919 . She would divorce him on May 22 , 1934 , in Reno , Nevada . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge nominated him to be judge advocate general of the Army with the rank of major general , a position he held until 1928 when he retired from the Army . In 1927 , it was thought he would succeed Leonard Wood as Governor-General of the Philippines , but Coolidge instead chose past and future cabinet member Henry L. Stimson ."}]}, {'value': 'Iowa Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Iowa', 'summary': "The University of Iowa ( UI , U of I , UIowa , or simply Iowa ) is a public research university in Iowa City , Iowa . Founded in 1847 , it is the oldest and the second largest university in the state . The University of Iowa is organized into 12 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees . Located on an urban 1,880 acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River , the University of Iowa is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university is best known for its programs in health care , law , and the fine arts , with programs ranking among the top 25 nationally in those areas . The university was the original developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree and it operates the Iowa Writer 's Workshop , which has produced 17 of the university 's 46 Pulitzer Prize winners . Iowa is a member of the Association of American Universities , the Universities Research Association , and the Big Ten Academic Alliance . Among American universities , the University of Iowa was the first public university to open as coeducational , opened the first coeducational medical school , and opened the first Department of Religious Studies at a public university . The University of Iowa 's 33,000 students take part in nearly 500 student organizations . Iowa 's 22 varsity athletic teams , the Iowa Hawkeyes , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000 graduates ."}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15th Judge Advocate General of the United States Army ( 1924-1928 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General's_Corps", 'summary': "The Judge Advocate General 's Corps ( JAG Corps ) is the branch or specialty of a military concerned with military justice and military law . Officers serving in a JAG Corps are typically called judge advocates . Only the chief attorney within each branch is referred to as the Judge Advocate General ; however , individual JAG Corps officers are colloquially known as JAGs . Judge Advocates serve primarily as legal advisors to the command to which they are assigned . In this function , they can also serve as the personal legal advisor to their commander . Their advice may cover a wide range of issues dealing with administrative law , government contracting , civilian and military personnel law , law of war and international relations , environmental law , etc . They also serve as prosecutors for the military when conducting courts-martial . In the United States military , they are charged with both the defense and prosecution of military law as provided in the Uniform Code of Military Justice . Highly experienced officers of the JAG Corps often serve as military judges in courts-martial and courts of inquiry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'William Campbell Langfitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Campbell_Langfitt', 'summary': 'William Campbell Langfitt ( 10 August 1860 - 20 April 1934 ) was a Major General in the United States Army . He was prominent as the chief of staff and chief engineer for the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_University', 'summary': 'The Ohio State University ( OSU , commonly referred to as Ohio State ) is a public research university in Columbus , Ohio . Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862 , the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College . The college originally focused on various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor ( later , U.S. president ) Rutherford B. Hayes , and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University . The main campus in Columbus , Ohio , has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States . The university also operates regional campuses in Lima , Mansfield , Marion , Newark , and Wooster . The university has an extensive student life program , with over 1,000 student organizations ; intercollegiate , club and recreational sports programs ; student media organizations and publications , fraternities and sororities ; and three student governments . Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes . As of the 2016 Summer Olympics , athletes from Ohio State have won 104 Olympic medals ( 46 gold , 35 silver , and 23 bronze ) . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports .'}]}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General , United States Army ; chief of staff and chief engineer for the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I ; namesake of the USS General W. C. Langfitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces', 'summary': 'The American Expeditionary Forces ( A. E. F. , A.E.F . or AEF ) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I . The AEF was established on July 5 , 1917 , in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing . It fought alongside French Army , British Army , Canadian Army , and Australian Army units against the Imperial German Army . A minority of the AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in that same year against the Austro-Hungarian Army . The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive ( at the Battle of Château-Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood ) in the summer of 1918 , and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_General_W._C._Langfitt_(AP-151)', 'summary': 'USS General W. C. Langfitt ( AP-151 ) was a General G. O. Squier-class transport ship for the U.S. Navy in World War II . She was named in honor of U.S. Army general William Campbell Langfitt . She was transferred to the U.S. Army as USAT General W. C. Langfitt in 1946 . On 1 March 1950 she was transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) as USNS General W. C. Langfitt ( T-AP-151 ) . She was later sold for commercial operation under the name SS Transindiana , before ultimately being scrapped in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Otho Marsh , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Otho_Marsh,_Jr.', 'summary': 'John Otho Marsh Jr. ( August 7 , 1926 - February 4 , 2019 ) was an American politician and an adjunct professor at George Mason University School of Law . He served as the United States Secretary of the Army from 1981 to 1989 , and as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia from 1963 to 1971 .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University', 'summary': "Washington and Lee University ( Washington and Lee or W & L ) is a private liberal arts university in Lexington , Virginia . Established in 1749 , the university is a colonial-era college and the ninth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . Washington and Lee 's 325-acre campus sits at the edge of Lexington and abuts the campus of the Virginia Military Institute in the Shenandoah Valley region between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Allegheny Mountains . The campus is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast from Roanoke , 140 miles ( 230 km ) west from the state capital of Richmond , and 180 miles ( 290 km ) inland southwest from the national capital at Washington , D.C. Washington and Lee was originally founded as a small classical school named Augusta Academy ( later renamed Liberty Hall Academy ) by Scots-Irish Presbyterian pioneers , though the university has never claimed any sectarian affiliation . In 1796 , shortly before the end of his second term as US President , George Washington endowed the struggling academy with a gift of stock , one of the largest gifts to an educational institution at that time . In gratitude , the school was renamed for the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) , president at the Federal Constitutional Convention meeting in Philadelphia ( summer of 1787 ) , framer of the American Constitution ( 1787-1788 ) , and the first President of the United States ( 1789-1797 ) . In 1865 , shortly after his April 9 surrender to Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , commander of the Union Armies , former Confederate States Army General-in-Chief Robert E. Lee ( 1807-1870 ) was called and served as president of the college for five years until his death in 1870 , when the college was thereafter renamed the Washington and Lee University . One of the oldest institutions of higher education in the American South , W & L is the second-oldest in the Commonwealth of Virginia ( next to the College of William & Mary , founded in 1693 ) . The university consists of three academic units : the college itself ; the Williams School of Commerce , Economics , and Politics ; and the School of Law . The university hosts 24 intercollegiate varsity athletic teams which compete as part of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA Division III ) ."}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Secretary of the Army ( 1981-1989 ) ; U.S. Representative from Virginia ( 1963-1971 ) ; served in the Army during World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army', 'summary': 'The secretary of the Army ( SA , SECARM or SECARMY ) is a senior civilian official within the Department of Defense of the United States with statutory responsibility for all matters relating to the United States Army : manpower , personnel , reserve affairs , installations , environmental issues , weapons systems and equipment acquisition , communications , and financial management . The secretary of the Army is nominated by the president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate . The secretary is a non-Cabinet level official serving under the secretary of defense . This position was created on September 18 , 1947 , replacing the secretary of war , when the Department of War was split into the Department of the Army and Department of the Air Force . On September 26 , 2019 , Ryan McCarthy was confirmed as the Secretary of the Army , and was sworn in to office on September 30 , 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Virginia', 'summary': 'The following is an alphabetical list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the Commonwealth of Virginia . For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state ( through the present day ) , see United States Congressional Delegations from Virginia . The list of names should be complete , but other data may be incomplete .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenneth Minihan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_Minihan', 'summary': 'Kenneth A. Minihan ( born December 31 , 1943 ) is a former United States Air Force lieutenant general who served as the director of the National Security Agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency , retiring on May 1 , 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_University', 'summary': "Florida State University ( Florida State or FSU ) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university in Tallahassee , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida . Founded in 1851 , it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 10 billion . Florida State is home to Florida 's only national laboratory , the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol . Florida State University also operates the John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art , the State Art Museum of Florida and one of the largest museum/university complexes in the nation . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 18th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FSU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . In their 113-year history , Florida State 's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lieutenant General , United States Air Force ; Director of the National Security Agency ( 1996-1999 ) ; Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency ( 1995-1996 ) ; Vietnam War veteran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Security_Agency', 'summary': 'The Director of the National Security Agency ( DIRNSA ) is the highest-ranking official of the National Security Agency , which is a Defense Agency within the U.S. Department of Defense . The Director of the NSA also concurrently serves as Chief of the Central Security Service ( CHCSS ) and as Commander of U.S. Cyber Command ( USCYBERCOM ) . As DIRNSA/CHCSS the officeholder reports through the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence , and as CDRUSCYBERCOM , to the Secretary of Defense . According to 10 U.S.C . § 201 of the United States Code , the Director of the NSA is recommended by the Secretary of Defense and nominated for appointment by the President . The nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate . In accordance with Department of Defense Directive 5100.20 , dated 23 December 1971 , the Director of the NSA must always be a commissioned officer of the military services . Because the assignment is currently part of a tri-hatted position , the Director of the NSA is appointed to the grade of a four-star general or admiral during the period of his incumbency . The Deputy Director is always a technically experienced civilian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Director_of_the_Defense_Intelligence_Agency', 'summary': "The Director of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency is an intelligence officer who , upon nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate , serves as the United States ' highest-ranking military intelligence officer . As the chief of the Defense Intelligence Agency , the Director is the primary intelligence adviser to the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and also answers to the Director of National Intelligence through the civilian Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence . The Director is also the Commander of the Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance , a subordinate command of United States Strategic Command . Additionally , they chair the Military Intelligence Board , which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vietnam_War', 'summary': "The Vietnam War ( Vietnamese : Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America ( Vietnamese : Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a conflict in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 [ A 1 ] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam . North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union , China , and other communist allies ; South Vietnam was supported by the United States , South Korea , the Philippines , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war , considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some , lasted 19 years , with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973 , and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War , which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975 . The conflict emerged from the First Indochina War against the communist-led Viet Minh . [ A 4 ] Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. After the French quit Indochina in 1954 , the US assumed financial and military support for the South Vietnamese state . The Việt Cộng , also known as Front national de libération du Sud-Viêt Nam or NLF ( the National Liberation Front ) , a South Vietnamese common front under the direction of North Vietnam , initiated a guerrilla war in the south . North Vietnam had also invaded Laos in the mid-1950s in support of insurgents , establishing the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply and reinforce the Việt Cộng . :16 U.S. involvement escalated under President John F. Kennedy through the MAAG program from just under a thousand military advisors in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963.:131 By 1963 , the North Vietnamese had sent 40,000 soldiers to fight in South Vietnam . :16 North Vietnam was heavily backed by the USSR and the People 's Republic of China . China also sent hundreds of PLA servicemen to North Vietnam to serve in air-defense and support roles . :371-4 By 1964 , there were 23,000 US advisors in South Vietnam ."}]}, {'value': 'Billy Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_(general)', 'summary': "William Lendrum Mitchell ( December 29 , 1879 - February 19 , 1936 ) was a United States Army general who is regarded as the father of the United States Air Force . Mitchell served in France during World War I and , by the conflict 's end , commanded all American air combat units in that country . After the war , he was appointed deputy director of the Air Service and began advocating increased investment in air power , believing that this would prove vital in future wars . He argued particularly for the ability of bombers to sink battleships and organized a series of bombing runs against stationary ships designed to test the idea . He antagonized many administrative leaders of the Army with his arguments and criticism and , in 1925 , was returned from appointment as a brigadier general to his permanent rank of colonel due to his insubordination . Later that year , he was court-martialed for insubordination after accusing Army and Navy leaders of an almost treasonable administration of the national defense for investing in battleships instead of aircraft carriers . He resigned from the service shortly afterward . Mitchell received many honors following his death , including a commission by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a major general . He is also the first person for whom an American military aircraft design , the North American B-25 Mitchell , is named ."}]}, {'value': 'District of Columbia Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_University', 'summary': "George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C . It was chartered in 1821 by an act of the United States Congress . The university is organized into 14 colleges and schools , including the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , the Elliott School of International Affairs , the GW School of Business , the School of Media and Public Affairs , the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration , the GW Law School and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design . George Washington 's main Foggy Bottom Campus is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank located on campus and the White House and the U.S. Department of State within blocks of campus . GWU hosts numerous research centers and institutes , including the National Security Archive and the Institute for International Economic Policy . GWU has two satellite campuses : the Mount Vernon Campus , located in D.C. 's Foxhall neighborhood and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus . It is the largest institution of higher education in the District of Columbia . George Washington , the first President of the United States , advocated the establishment of a national university in the U.S. capital in his first State of the Union address in 1790 and continued to promote this idea throughout his career and until his death . In his will , Washington left shares in the Potomac Company to endow the university . However , due to the company 's financial difficulties , funds were raised independently . On February 9 , 1821 , the university was founded by an Act of Congress , making it one of only five universities in the United States with a Congressional charter . George Washington offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines , enrolling an average of 11,000 undergraduate and 15,500 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries ."}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Father of the U.S. Air Force ; Congressional Gold Medal recipient ; Brigadier General , United States Army ; commander of U.S. Army air forces in France during World War I ; the country 's most notable early proponent of air power and one of the most important figures in American military history ; namesake of the North American B-25 Mitchell Bomber and the General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee , Wisconsin ; subject of the 1955 movie The Court-Marital of Billy Mitchell starring Gary Cooper", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal', 'summary': "A Congressional Gold Medal is an award bestowed by the United States Congress . The congressional practice of issuing gold medals to occasionally honor recipients from the military began during the American Revolution . Later the practice extended to individuals in all walks of life and in the late 20th century also to groups . The Congressional Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom are the highest civilian awards in the United States . The congressional medal seeks to honor those , individually or as a group , who have performed an achievement that has an impact on American history and culture that is likely to be recognized as a major achievement in the recipient 's field long after the achievement . However , There are no permanent statutory provisions specifically relating to the creation of Congressional Gold Medals . When a Congressional Gold Medal has been deemed appropriate , Congress has , by legislative action , provided for the creation of a medal on an ad hoc basis . Thus , there are generally fewer gold medals than presidential medals . U.S. citizenship is not a requirement . As of April 4 , 2019 , 163 institutions , people , or events have been awarded a Congressional Gold Medal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell', 'summary': "The North American B-25 Mitchell is a medium bomber that was introduced in 1941 and named in honor of Major General William Billy Mitchell , a pioneer of U.S. military aviation . Used by many Allied air forces , the B-25 served in every theater of World War II , and after the war ended , many remained in service , operating across four decades . Produced in numerous variants , nearly 10,000 B-25s were built . These included a few limited models such as the F-10 reconnaissance aircraft , the AT-24 crew trainers , and the United States Marine Corps ' PBJ-1 patrol bomber ."}, {'url': '/wiki/General_Mitchell_International_Airport', 'summary': "Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport ( IATA : MKE , ICAO : KMKE , FAA LID : MKE ) is a civil-military airport 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of downtown Milwaukee , Wisconsin , United States . It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2019-2023 , in which it is categorized as a medium-hub primary commercial service facility . It is named after United States Army Air Service General Billy Mitchell , who was raised in Milwaukee and is often regarded as the father of the United States Air Force . Along with being the primary airport for Milwaukee , Mitchell International has sometimes been described as Chicago 's third airport , as many travelers in the suburbs north of Chicago use it instead of Chicago 's O'Hare and Midway airports . It is also used by travellers throughout Wisconsin and Northern Illinois . An Amtrak railway station opened at the airport in 2005 ; the station is served by Amtrak 's Hiawatha Service running between Chicago and Milwaukee several times daily . Since March 1941 , the airport 's weather station has been used as the official point for Milwaukee weather observations and records by the National Weather Service , whose area office is located in Sullivan . Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport is accessible from Interstate 41/Interstate 94/US Highway 41 ( North-South Freeway ) and Wisconsin Highway 38 ( S. Howell Avenue ) via Wisconsin Highway 119 ( Airport Spur ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee', 'summary': "Milwaukee ( /mɪlˈwɔːki/ , locally /mɪˈ-/ ) is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States . The seat of the eponymous county , it is on Lake Michigan 's western shore . Ranked by its estimated 2018 population , Milwaukee was the 31st largest city in the United States . The city 's estimated population in 2018 was 594,511 . Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee metropolitan area which had a population of 2,043,904 in the 2014 census estimate . It is the third-most densely populated metropolitan area in The Midwest , surpassed only by Chicago and Detroit , respectively . Milwaukee is considered a Gamma global city as categorized by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network with a regional GDP of over $ 105 billion . The first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic Jesuit missionaries , who were ministering to Native Americans , and fur traders . In 1818 , the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area , and in 1846 , Juneau 's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the city of Milwaukee . Large numbers of German immigrants arrived during the late 1840s , after the German revolutions , with Poles and other eastern European immigrants arriving in the following decades . Milwaukee is known for its brewing traditions , begun with the German immigrants . Beginning in the early 21st century , the city has been undergoing its largest construction boom since the 1960s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Court-Martial_of_Billy_Mitchell', 'summary': 'The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell is a 1955 American CinemaScope film in Warnercolor , directed by Otto Preminger , and starring Gary Cooper and co-starring Charles Bickford , Ralph Bellamy , Rod Steiger , and Elizabeth Montgomery in her film debut . The film is based on the notorious court-martial of General Billy Mitchell , who is considered the founder of the U.S. Air Force . .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gary_Cooper', 'summary': "Gary Cooper ( born Frank James Cooper ; May 7 , 1901 - May 13 , 1961 ) was an American actor known for his natural , authentic , understated acting style and screen performances . Cooper 's career spanned 36 years , from 1925 to 1961 , and included leading roles in 84 feature films . He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood . His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women , and his range of performances included roles in most major film genres . His ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his natural and authentic appearance on screen . Throughout his career , he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero . Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider , but soon landed acting roles . After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films , he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture , The Virginian . In the early 1930s , he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms ( 1932 ) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer ( 1935 ) . During the height of his career , Cooper portrayed a new type of hero - a champion of the common man - in films such as Mr . Deeds Goes to Town ( 1936 ) , Meet John Doe ( 1941 ) , Sergeant York ( 1941 ) , The Pride of the Yankees ( 1942 ) , and For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1943 ) . In the postwar years , he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead ( 1949 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'James C. Owens , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_C._Owens,_Jr.', 'summary': 'James C. Owens Jr. ( 5 December 1910 in Batavia , New York - 4 June 1942 ) , he was a naval aviator . He was appointed Naval Aviation Cadet , USNR , 3 September 1935 . Following flight training at Pensacola , Florida , he served on board Lexington ( CV-2 ) ; and on 1 September 1941 , he joined Torpedo Squadron 8 on board Hornet ( CV-8 ) . Appointed Lieutenant 6 January 1942 , Owens was the squadron Executive Officer and led the second division of TBD Devastator torpedo bombers when it pressed home a courageous and determined attack against Japanese carriers on 4 June during the Battle of Midway . Without the protection of fighters or accompanying dive bombers , the pilots exposed themselves to overwhelming firepower ; and every plane of the squadron was shot down . By forcing the enemy ships to maneuver radically , thereby delaying Japanese preparations for a second strike , the stark courage and relentless drive of the torpedo pilots , such as Lieutenant Owens , made possible the American victory that followed . For extraordinary heroism in the face of overwhelming danger , Lt. Owens received the Navy Cross and the Presidential Unit Citation ( US ) posthumously .'}]}, {'value': 'California Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Navy ; Posthumous recipient of the Navy Cross and the Presidential Unit Citation during World War II for valor as a squadron commander of torpedo bombers at the Battle of Midway ; namesake of the USS James C. Owens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Navy Cross is the United States military 's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat . The Navy Cross is awarded primarily to a member of the United States Navy , Marine Corps , and the Coast Guard ( when operating under the Department of the Navy ) for extraordinary heroism . The medal is equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Cross , the Air Force Cross , and the Coast Guard Cross . The Navy Cross is bestowed by the Secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services , and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services . The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress ( Public Law 65-253 ) and approved on February 4 , 1919 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Presidential Unit Citation ( PUC ) , originally called the Distinguished Unit Citation , is awarded to units of the uniformed services of the United States , and those of allied countries , for extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy on or after 7 December 1941 ( the date of the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of American involvement in World War II ) . The unit must display such gallantry , determination , and esprit de corps in accomplishing its mission under extremely difficult and hazardous conditions so as to set it apart from and above other units participating in the same campaign . Since its inception by Executive Order on 26 February 1942 , retroactive to 7 December 1941 , to 2008 , the Presidential Unit Citation has been awarded in conflicts such as World War II , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , Iraq War , and the War in Afghanistan . The collective degree of valor ( combat heroism ) against an armed enemy by the unit nominated for the PUC is the same as that which would warrant award of the individual award of the Distinguished Service Cross , Air Force Cross or Navy Cross . In some cases , one or more individuals within the unit may have also been awarded individual awards for their contribution to the actions for which their entire unit was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation . The unit with the most Presidential Unit Citations is the submarine USS Parche ( SSN-683 ) with 9 citations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Midway', 'summary': "The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place on 4-7 June 1942 , six months after Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea . The United States Navy under Admirals Chester W. Nimitz , Frank J. Fletcher , and Raymond A. Spruance defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto , Chūichi Nagumo , and Nobutake Kondō near Midway Atoll , inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable . Military historian John Keegan called it the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare , while naval historian Craig Symonds called it one of the most consequential naval engagements in world history , ranking alongside Salamis , Trafalgar , and Tsushima Strait , as both tactically decisive and strategically influential . The Japanese operation , like the earlier attack on Pearl Harbor , sought to eliminate the United States as a strategic power in the Pacific , thereby giving Japan a free hand in establishing its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . The Japanese hoped another demoralizing defeat would force the U.S. to capitulate in the Pacific War and thus ensure Japanese dominance in the Pacific . Luring the American aircraft carriers into a trap and occupying Midway was part of an overall barrier strategy to extend Japan 's defensive perimeter , in response to the Doolittle air raid on Tokyo . This operation was also considered preparatory for further attacks against Fiji , Samoa , and Hawaii itself . The plan was handicapped by faulty Japanese assumptions of the American reaction and poor initial dispositions . Most significantly , American cryptographers were able to determine the date and location of the planned attack , enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to prepare its own ambush . Four Japanese and three American aircraft carriers participated in the battle . The four Japanese fleet carriers - Akagi , Kaga , Sōryū and Hiryū , part of the six-carrier force that had attacked Pearl Harbor six months earlier - were sunk , as was the heavy cruiser Mikuma . The U.S. lost the carrier Yorktown and the destroyer Hammann ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_James_C._Owens_(DD-776)', 'summary': 'USS James C. Owens ( DD-776 ) , an Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer , is the only ship of the United States Navy FRAM II class to be named for Lieutenant James C. Owens Jr. , a member of Torpedo Squadron 8 on board USS Hornet . His entire squadron was lost in an attack against Japanese aircraft carriers 4 June during the Battle of Midway . Lt. Owens received the Navy Cross and the Presidential Unit Citation ( US ) posthumously . James C. Owens ( DD-776 ) was laid down 9 April 1944 , by the Bethlehem Steel Co. , San Pedro , California and launched 1 October 1944 ; sponsored by Mrs. James C. Owens Jr. , widow of Lt. Owens . The ship commissioned on 17 February 1945 , Commander R. H. Blair in command .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Parker_(general)', 'summary': 'Frank Parker ( September 21 , 1872 - March 13 , 1947 ) was a Major General in the United States Army . His awards include the Distinguished Service Medal , 2 silver star citations , and numerous foreign decorations and civilian accolades .'}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina', 'summary': "The University of South Carolina ( USC , UofSC , SC , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Columbia , South Carolina . It has seven satellite campuses throughout the state and its main campus covers over 359 acres ( 145 ha ) in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities with Highest Research Activity . It also houses the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland , and the world 's largest Ernest Hemingway collection . Founded in 1801 as South Carolina College , USC is the flagship institution of the University of South Carolina System and offers more than 350 programs of study , leading to bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees from fourteen degree-granting colleges and schools . The University of South Carolina has a total enrollment of approximately 52,000 students , with over 35,000 on the main Columbia campus as of fall 2019 - making it the largest university in the Carolinas . USC also has several thousand future students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges . Professional schools on the Columbia campus include business , engineering , law , medicine , pharmacy , and social work ."}]}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General , United States Army ; commander of the 1st Infantry Division during World War I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The 1st Infantry Division is a combined arms division of the United States Army , and is the oldest continuously serving in the Regular Army . It has seen continuous service since its organization in 1917 during World War I . It was officially nicknamed The Big Red One ( abbreviated BRO ) after its shoulder patch and is also nicknamed The Fighting First . However , the division has also received troop monikers of The Big Dead One and The Bloody First as puns on the respective officially sanctioned nicknames . It is currently based at Fort Riley , Kansas .'}]}, {'value': 'William T. Poague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_T._Poague', 'summary': 'William Thomas Poague ( December 20 , 1835 - September 8 , 1914 ) was a Confederate States Army officer serving in the Artillery during the American Civil War . He later served as Treasurer of Virginia Military Institute .'}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina', 'summary': "The University of South Carolina ( USC , UofSC , SC , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Columbia , South Carolina . It has seven satellite campuses throughout the state and its main campus covers over 359 acres ( 145 ha ) in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities with Highest Research Activity . It also houses the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland , and the world 's largest Ernest Hemingway collection . Founded in 1801 as South Carolina College , USC is the flagship institution of the University of South Carolina System and offers more than 350 programs of study , leading to bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees from fourteen degree-granting colleges and schools . The University of South Carolina has a total enrollment of approximately 52,000 students , with over 35,000 on the main Columbia campus as of fall 2019 - making it the largest university in the Carolinas . USC also has several thousand future students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges . Professional schools on the Columbia campus include business , engineering , law , medicine , pharmacy , and social work ."}]}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War ; Treasurer of the Virginia Military Institute ( 1884-1914 ) ; Washington and Lee University trustee ( 1865-1885 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Confederate_States_Army', 'summary': 'The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute', 'summary': "Virginia Military Institute ( VMI ) is a public military college in Lexington , Virginia . It was founded in 1839 and is the first public Senior Military College in the United States . In keeping with its founding principles and unlike any other Senior Military College in the United States , VMI enrolls cadets ( uniformed members of the Corps of Cadets ) only and awards baccalaureate degrees exclusively . VMI offers its students , all of whom are cadets , strict military discipline combined with a physically and academically demanding environment . The Institute grants degrees in 14 disciplines in engineering , science , and the liberal arts , and all VMI students are required to participate in ROTC . While VMI has been called The West Point of the South , it differs from the federal military service academies . As of 2019 , VMI had a total enrollment of 1,722 cadets . All cadets must participate in the Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) of the United States Armed Forces programs , but are afforded the flexibility of pursuing civilian endeavors or accepting an officer 's commission in any of the active or reserve components of any of the U.S. military branches upon graduation . VMI 's alumni include a Secretary of State , Secretary of Defense , the current Secretary of the Army , a Nobel Peace Prize winner , 7 Medal of Honor recipients , 13 Rhodes Scholars , Pulitzer Prize winners , an Academy Award winner , an Emmy Award and Golden Globe winner , a martyr recognized by the Episcopal Church , Senators and Representatives , Governors , including the current Governor of Virginia , Lieutenant Governors , a Supreme Court Justice , numerous college and university presidents , many business leaders ( presidents and CEOs ) and over 290 general and flag officers across all US service branches and several other countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert W. Sennewald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_W._Sennewald', 'summary': 'Robert William Sennewald ( born November 21 , 1929 ) is a retired United States Army general .'}]}, {'value': 'Iowa Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa_State_University', 'summary': "Iowa State University of Science and Technology ( Iowa State ) is a public land-grant and space-grant research university in Ames , Iowa . It is the largest university in the state of Iowa and the third largest university in the Big 12 athletic conference . Iowa State is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . It is also a member of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) . Founded in 1858 and coeducational from its start , Iowa State became the nation 's first designated land-grant institution when the Iowa Legislature accepted the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Act on September 11 , 1862 , making Iowa the first state in the nation to do so . Iowa State 's academic offerings are administered today through eight colleges , including the graduate college , that offer over 100 bachelor 's degree programs , 112 master 's degree programs , and 83 at the Ph.D. level , plus a professional degree program in Veterinary Medicine . Iowa State University 's athletic teams , the Cyclones , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are a founding member of the Big 12 . The Cyclones field 16 varsity teams and have won numerous NCAA national championships ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General , United States Army ; Commanding General of the U.S. Army Forces Command ( 1984-1986 ) ; Commander in Chief of the United Nations Command and Combined Forces ROK /United States ( 1982-1984 ) ; battalion commander during the Vietnam War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , United States Air Force , and United States Space Force , general ( abbreviated as GEN in the Army or Gen in the Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force ) is a four-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-10 . General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force ; the Marine Corps and Space Force does not have an established grade above general . General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services . Since the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force are reserved for wartime use only , and since the Marine Corps has no five-star equivalent , the grade of general is the highest appointment an officer can achieve in peacetime .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_Command', 'summary': 'United States Army Forces Command ( FORSCOM ) is the largest United States Army command and provider of expeditionary , regionally engaged , campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders . Headquartered at Fort Bragg , North Carolina , FORSCOM consists of more than 750,000 active Army , U.S. Army Reserve , and Army National Guard soldiers . FORSCOM provides enhanced land power gaining operational depth and versatility through a mix of fully integrated Active and Reserve Component forces operating in a joint , interagency , intergovernmental , and multinational ( JIIM ) environment . Its organizations are expeditionary , campaign focused , and tailorable to provide combatant commanders the required capabilities to be decisive across the range of military operations . FORSCOM was created on July 1 , 1973 , from the former Continental Army Command ( CONARC ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_Command_(Korea)', 'summary': 'The United Nations Command ( UNC ) is the unified command structure for the multinational military forces , established in 1950 , supporting South Korea ( the Republic of Korea or ROK ) during and after the Korean War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vietnam_War', 'summary': "The Vietnam War ( Vietnamese : Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America ( Vietnamese : Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a conflict in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 [ A 1 ] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam . North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union , China , and other communist allies ; South Vietnam was supported by the United States , South Korea , the Philippines , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war , considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some , lasted 19 years , with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973 , and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War , which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975 . The conflict emerged from the First Indochina War against the communist-led Viet Minh . [ A 4 ] Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. After the French quit Indochina in 1954 , the US assumed financial and military support for the South Vietnamese state . The Việt Cộng , also known as Front national de libération du Sud-Viêt Nam or NLF ( the National Liberation Front ) , a South Vietnamese common front under the direction of North Vietnam , initiated a guerrilla war in the south . North Vietnam had also invaded Laos in the mid-1950s in support of insurgents , establishing the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply and reinforce the Việt Cộng . :16 U.S. involvement escalated under President John F. Kennedy through the MAAG program from just under a thousand military advisors in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963.:131 By 1963 , the North Vietnamese had sent 40,000 soldiers to fight in South Vietnam . :16 North Vietnam was heavily backed by the USSR and the People 's Republic of China . China also sent hundreds of PLA servicemen to North Vietnam to serve in air-defense and support roles . :371-4 By 1964 , there were 23,000 US advisors in South Vietnam ."}]}, {'value': 'David W. Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_W._Taylor', 'summary': 'David Watson Taylor ( March 4 , 1864 - July 28 , 1940 ) was a U.S. naval architect and an engineer of the United States Navy . He served during World War I as Chief Constructor of the Navy , and Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair . Taylor is best known as the man who constructed the first experimental towing tank ever built in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia Epsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randolph–Macon_College', 'summary': "Randolph-Macon College is a private liberal arts college in Ashland , Virginia . Founded in 1830 , the school has an enrollment of more than 1,500 students . The college offers bachelor 's degrees ."}]}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral , United States Navy ; Chief Constructor of the Navy ( World War I ) ; recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal , Legion of Honour , and John Fritz Medal ( 1931 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal', 'summary': 'The Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps which was first created in 1919 . The medal is presented to recognize distinguished and exceptionally meritorious service to the United States while serving in a duty or position of great responsibility . The award is the Navy and Marine Corps equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Medal , the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal , and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal . The Navy Distinguished Service Medal was originally senior to the Navy Cross , until August 1942 when the precedence of the two decorations was reversed . Currently , it is worn after the Defense Distinguished Service Medal and before the Silver Star Medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Legion_of_Honour', 'summary': "The Legion of Honour [ a ] ( French : Légion d'honneur , IPA : [ leʒjɔ̃ dɔnœʁ ] ) is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits , established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte and retained by all later French governments and régimes . The order 's motto is Honneur et Patrie ( Honour and Fatherland ) , and its seat is the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur next to the Musée d'Orsay , on the left bank of the Seine in Paris . [ b ] The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction : Chevalier ( Knight ) , Officier ( Officer ) , Commandeur ( Commander ) , Grand officier ( Grand Officer ) , and Grand-croix ( Grand Cross ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal', 'summary': 'The John Fritz Medal has been awarded annually since 1902 by the American Association of Engineering Societies for outstanding scientific or industrial achievements . The medal was created for the 80th birthday of John Fritz , who lived between 1822 and 1913 .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Terrell , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Terrell,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Major General Henry Terrell Jr. ( October 14 , 1890 - October 3 , 1971 ) was a senior United States Army officer . Terrell commanded the 90th Infantry Division from its activation in March 1942 to January 1944 during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin', 'summary': "The University of Texas at Austin ( UT Austin ) is a public research university in Austin , Texas . It was founded in 1883 and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . The University of Texas was inducted into the Association of American Universities in 1929 , becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected . The institution has the nation 's eighth-largest single-campus enrollment , with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff . A Public Ivy , it is a major center for academic research , with research expenditures exceeding $ 615 million for the 2016-2017 school year . The university houses seven museums and seventeen libraries , including the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum and the Blanton Museum of Art , and operates various auxiliary research facilities , such as the J. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory . Among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize , the Pulitzer Prize , the Wolf Prize , the Primetime Emmy Award , the Abel Prize , the Turing Award , and the National Medal of Science , as well as many other awards . As of October 2019 , 12 Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners and two Fields medalists have been affiliated with the school as alumni , faculty members or researchers . Student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference . Its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university . The Longhorns have won four NCAA Division I National Football Championships , six NCAA Division I National Baseball Championships , thirteen NCAA Division I National Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships , and has claimed more titles in men 's and women 's sports than any other school in the Big 12 since the league was founded in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General , United States Army ; commander of the 90th Infantry Division during World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/90th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)', 'summary': "The 90th Infantry Division ( Tough 'Ombres ) was a unit of the United States Army that served in World War I and World War II . Its lineage is carried on by the 90th Sustainment Brigade ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Van Voorhis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Van_Voorhis', 'summary': "Daniel Van Voorhis ( October 24 , 1878 - January 9 , 1956 ) was a United States Army Lieutenant General and was noteworthy for his assignments as commander of V Corps and the Caribbean Defense Command , as well as his efforts in creating the Army 's modern Armor branch ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio Alpha , Pennsylvania Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Ohio Wesleyan University ( OWU ) is a private liberal arts university in Delaware , Ohio . It was founded in 1842 by Methodist leaders and Central Ohio residents as a nonsectarian institution , and is a member of the Ohio Five - a consortium of Ohio liberal arts colleges . Ohio Wesleyan has always admitted students irrespective of religion or race and maintained that the university is forever to be conducted on the most liberal principles . The 200-acre ( 81 ha ) site is 27 miles ( 44 km ) north of Columbus , Ohio . It includes the main academic and residential campus , the Perkins Observatory , and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve . In 2010 , Ohio Wesleyan had the eleventh highest percentage of international students among liberal arts colleges for the seventeenth straight year . In its 2015 edition of U.S. college rankings , Niche ranked Ohio Wesleyan the 56th ( out of 880 colleges ) most politically liberal college in the U.S. U.S. News & World Report ranked Ohio Wesleyan 95th among U.S. liberal arts colleges in its 2018 edition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_&_Jefferson_College', 'summary': "Washington & Jefferson College ( W & J College or W & J ) is a private liberal arts college in Washington , Pennsylvania . The college traces its origin to three log cabin colleges in Washington County established by three Presbyterian missionaries to the American frontier in the 1780s : John McMillan , Thaddeus Dod , and Joseph Smith . These early schools eventually grew into two competing academies , with Jefferson College located in Canonsburg and Washington College located in Washington . The two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College . The 60 acre ( 0.2 km2 ) campus has more than 40 buildings , with the oldest dating to 1793 . The college 's academic emphasis is on the liberal arts and the sciences , with a focus on preparing students for graduate and professional schools . Campus activities include various religious , political , and general interest clubs , as well as academic and professional-themed organizations . The college has a strong history of competing literary societies , dating back before the union of Jefferson and Washington Colleges . Students operate a college radio station , a campus newspaper , and a literary journal . The athletic program competes in NCAA Division III . The football team has been particularly successful over its history , even competing in the 1922 Rose Bowl . A large majority of students participate in intramural athletics ."}]}, {'value': '1897', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Lieutenant General , United States Army ; Commander of V Corps ( 1938-1942 ) ; a founder of the Army 's Armor Branch and one of the most important developers of American mobile warfare doctrine", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)', 'summary': 'V Corps was , and is scheduled to be again , a regular corps of the United States Army . It previously existed during World War I , World War II , Cold War , Kosovo , and War on Terrorism . It was officially inactivated on 15 September 2013 at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne , Germany .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Armor_Branch_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Armor Branch of the United States Army is an active combat arms branch . It was created provisionally in 1940 as Armored Force under Chief of the Armored Force , Brigadier General Adna R. Chaffee , Jr. and took control of all tank units in infantry and cavalry units .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Armoured_warfare', 'summary': 'Armoured warfare ( British English ) or armored warfare ( American English ; see spelling differences ) , mechanised warfare or tank warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare . It is a major component of modern methods of war . The premise of armoured warfare rests on the ability of troops to penetrate conventional defensive lines through use of manoeuvre by armoured units . Much of the application of armoured warfare depends on the use of tanks and related vehicles used by other supporting arms such as infantry fighting vehicles , self-propelled artillery , and other combat vehicles , as well as mounted combat engineers and other support units . The doctrine of armoured warfare was developed to break the static nature of World War I trench warfare on the Western Front , and return to the 19th century school of thought that advocated manoeuvre and decisive battle outcomes in military strategy .'}]}, {'value': 'Walter X . Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_X._Young', 'summary': 'Walter X . Young ( 1918-1942 ) was an officer of the United States Marine Corps during World War II who received the Navy Cross posthumously for his actions .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Chicago', 'summary': "The University of Chicago ( UChicago , U of C , or Chicago ) is a private research university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded in 1890 , the school is located on a 217-acre ( 88-hectare ) campus in Chicago 's Hyde Park neighborhood , near Lake Michigan . The University of Chicago holds top positions in various national and international rankings . The university is composed of the undergraduate college as well as various graduate programs and interdisciplinary committees organized into five academic research divisions . Beyond the arts and sciences , Chicago is also well known for its professional schools , which include the Pritzker School of Medicine , the Booth School of Business , the Law School , the School of Social Service Administration , the Harris School of Public Policy Studies , the Divinity School and the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies , as well as the recently launched Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering . The university has additional campuses and centers in London , Paris , Beijing , Delhi , and Hong Kong , as well as in downtown Chicago . University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of many academic disciplines , including economics , law , literary criticism , mathematics , religion , sociology , and the behavioralism school of political science , establishing the Chicago schools in various fields . Chicago 's Metallurgical Laboratory produced the world 's first man-made , self-sustaining nuclear reaction in Chicago Pile-1 beneath the viewing stands of the university 's Stagg Field . The university research efforts include administration of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory , as well as the Marine Biological Laboratory . The university is also home to the University of Chicago Press , the largest university press in the United States . The Barack Obama Presidential Center is expected to be housed at the university and include both the Obama presidential library and offices of the Obama Foundation . The university is also home to Frank Lloyd Wright 's Robie House , a World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Marine Corps ; posthumous recipient of the Navy Cross ; namesake of the USS Walter X . Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Navy Cross is the United States military 's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat . The Navy Cross is awarded primarily to a member of the United States Navy , Marine Corps , and the Coast Guard ( when operating under the Department of the Navy ) for extraordinary heroism . The medal is equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Cross , the Air Force Cross , and the Coast Guard Cross . The Navy Cross is bestowed by the Secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services , and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services . The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress ( Public Law 65-253 ) and approved on February 4 , 1919 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Walter_X._Young_(APD-131)', 'summary': 'USS Walter X . Young ( DE-715/APD-131 ) was a ship of the United States Navy , named for Lieutenant Walter X . Young ( 1918-1942 ) , an officer of the United States Marine Corps who was killed in action during the Battle of Guadalcanal . Originally laid down on 27 May 1944 at the Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City , Michigan as a Rudderow-class destroyer escort , DE-715 , Young was reclassified and redesignated as a Crosley-class high speed transport , APD-131 on 15 July 1944 . The ship was launched on 30 September 1944 , sponsored by Mrs. John J. McGeeney ; and commissioned on 1 May 1945 , with Lieutenant Commander Nicholas Biddle , USNR , in command .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Phi_Kappa_Psi_brothers_17', 'intro': "Phi Kappa Psi (ΦΚΨ), also called Phi Psi, is an American collegiate social fraternity founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania on February 19, 1852. There are over a hundred chapters and colonies at accredited four year colleges and universities throughout the United States. More than 112,000 men have been initiated into Phi Kappa Psi since its founding, and many have achieved recognition in their field. Phi Psis in public service include U.S. President and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Woodrow Wilson, over a hundred members of Congress (including 18 senators and Speaker of the House Warren Keifer), three-term New York City Mayor and Bloomberg L.P. founder Mike Bloomberg, over a dozen state governors, two directors of the Peace Corps, and Wild Bill Donovan, the founding director of the Office of Strategic Services (the Central Intelligence Agency's predecessor) and recipient of the Medal of Honor and of the Freedom Award. Academian Phi Psis include over a dozen university presidents (among these are Priestley Medal recipient Edgar Fahs Smith, and Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient Detlev Bronk), Rhodes scholars, and Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Frederick Jackson Turner. Amidst the Phi Psis who have served in the military are dozens of generals and admirals, including Father of the U.S. Air Force Billy Mitchell, World War I Army Chief of Staff Tasker Bliss, National Security Agency director Kenneth Minihan, and three Judge Advocate Generals. In the arts, Phi Psis have received Academy Awards, Emmys, Golden Globes, Grammys, and Tony Awards. Journalist Sy Hersh has won the Pulitzer Prize, Orwell Award and George Polk Award. Phi Psi businessmen include Bank of America founder Orra E. Monnette, Dow Chemical founder Herbert Dow, PIMCO founder Bill Gross, and Yahoo! founder Jerry Yang. Three Phi Psis have served as presidents of the American Bar Association. Sportsmen include Heisman Trophy winner Nile Kinnick, Olympic gold medalists including 7-time gold swimmer Mark Spitz, Father of College Basketball Coaching Phog Allen, NFL visionary Tex Schramm, and Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick."}
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What was the initiation year of the member who was born November 21 , 1929 ?
1950
08acc78639b7b440
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Kasabian', 'title': 'List of songs recorded by Kasabian', 'header': ['Song title', 'Album ( s )', 'Year released', 'Original artist'], 'data': [{'value': 'Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heroes_(David_Bowie_song)', 'summary': "'Heroes ' [ a ] is a song by English musician David Bowie . It was co-written by Bowie and Brian Eno , produced by Bowie and Tony Visconti , and recorded in July and August 1977 at Hansa Studio by the Wall . It was released on 23 September 1977 as the lead single from his 12th studio album of the same name , backed with the song V-2 Schneider . A product of Bowie 's Berlin period , the track was not a huge hit in the United Kingdom or United States after its release , but it has since become one of his signature songs . In January 2016 , following Bowie 's death , the song reached a new peak of number 12 in the UK Singles Chart . 'Heroes ' has been cited as Bowie 's second-most covered song after Rebel Rebel . Inspired by the sight of Bowie 's producer-engineer Tony Visconti embracing his lover by the Berlin Wall , the song tells the story of two lovers , one from East and one from West Berlin . Bowie 's performance of 'Heroes ' on June 6 , 1987 , at the German Reichstag in West Berlin has been considered a catalyst to the later fall of the Berlin Wall . Following his death in January 2016 , the German government thanked Bowie for helping to bring down the Wall , adding you are now among Heroes . 'Heroes ' has received numerous accolades since its release , as seen with its inclusion on lists ranking the greatest songs of all time compiled by the music publications ; Rolling Stone named the song the 46th greatest ever , and NME named it the 15th greatest . Bowie scholar David Buckley has written that 'Heroes ' is perhaps pop 's definitive statement of the potential triumph of the human spirit over adversity ."}]}, {'value': 'Free download', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Bowie , Brian Eno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bowie', 'summary': "David Robert Jones ( 8 January 1947 - 10 January 2016 ) , known professionally as David Bowie ( /ˈboʊi/ BOH-ee ) , was an English singer-songwriter and actor . He was a leading figure in the music industry and is considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century , acclaimed by critics and musicians , particularly for his innovative work during the 1970s . His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation , with his music and stagecraft having a significant impact on popular music . During his lifetime , his record sales , estimated at over 100 million records worldwide , made him one of the world 's best-selling music artists . In the UK , he was awarded ten platinum album certifications , eleven gold and eight silver , and released eleven number-one albums . In the US , he received five platinum and nine gold certifications . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 . Born in Brixton , South London , Bowie developed an interest in music as a child , eventually studying art , music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963 . Space Oddity became his first top-five entry on the UK Singles Chart after its release in July 1969 . After a period of experimentation , he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with his flamboyant and androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust . The character was spearheaded by the success of his single Starman and album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars , which won him widespread popularity . In 1975 , Bowie 's style shifted radically towards a sound he characterised as plastic soul , initially alienating many of his UK devotees but garnering him his first major US crossover success with the number-one single Fame and the album Young Americans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brian_Eno', 'summary': "Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno , RDI ( /ˈiːnoʊ/ ; born Brian Peter George Eno , 15 May 1948 ) is an English musician , record producer , visual artist , and theorist best known for his pioneering work in ambient music and contributions to rock , pop , and electronica . A self-described non-musician , Eno has helped introduce unique conceptual approaches and recording techniques to contemporary music . He has been described as one of popular music 's most influential and innovative figures . Born in Suffolk , Eno studied painting and experimental music at the art school of Ipswich Civic College in the mid 1960s , and then at Winchester School of Art . He joined glam rock group Roxy Music as synthesiser player in 1971 , recording two albums with the group . He departed in 1973 to record a number of solo albums , coining the term ambient music to describe his work on releases such as Another Green World ( 1975 ) and Music for Airports ( 1978 ) . He also collaborated with artists such as Robert Fripp , Cluster , Harold Budd , David Bowie , and David Byrne , and produced albums by artists including John Cale , Jon Hassell , Laraaji , Talking Heads and Devo , and the no wave compilation No New York ( 1978 ) . In subsequent decades , Eno has continued to record solo albums and work with artists including U2 , Laurie Anderson , Grace Jones , Slowdive , Coldplay , James Blake , Kevin Shields , and Damon Albarn . Dating back to his time as a student , Eno has also worked in other media , including sound installations and his mid-70s co-development of Oblique Strategies , a deck of cards featuring cryptic aphorisms intended to spur creative thinking . From the 1970s onwards , Eno 's installations have included the sails of the Sydney Opera House in 2009 and the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank in 2016 . An advocate of a range of humanitarian causes , Eno writes on a variety of subjects and is a founding member of the Long Now Foundation . In 2019 , Eno was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Roxy Music ."}]}, {'value': 'Out of Space', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Out_of_Space', 'summary': "Out of Space is the fourth EP/single released by the English band the Prodigy on 9 November 1992 . The song is also featured on the Prodigy 's 1992 debut album Experience and is the fourth single from it ."}]}, {'value': 'Cutt Off', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cutt_Off', 'summary': "Cutt Off is the fourth single from Kasabian 's eponymous album . It is Kasabian 's second highest UK Singles Chart entry at no . 8 . The single version was a re-working of the album version , featuring a new drum track , a different mix and slightly changed lyrics . The maxi CD features Kasabian 's Radio 1 Live Lounge versions of their own Processed Beats and a cover of Out of Space by The Prodigy . The 10-inch vinyl version came in a poster bag , and featured the exclusive tracks Pan Am Slit Scam and a Mad Action remix of Cutt Off ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Prodigy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Prodigy', 'summary': "The Prodigy are an English electronic dance music band from Braintree , Essex , formed in 1990 by keyboardist and songwriter Liam Howlett . The line-up of the band has included MC and vocalist Maxim , dancer and vocalist Keith Flint ( until his death in March 2019 ) , dancer and live keyboardist Leeroy Thornhill ( who left to pursue a solo career in 1999 ) , and dancer and vocalist Sharky ( 1990-1991 ) . Along with the Chemical Brothers and Fatboy Slim , The Prodigy are credited as pioneers of the breakbeat-influenced genre big beat , which achieved mainstream popularity in the 1990s . Howlett 's rock-inspired drum rhythms infused with electronic rave music beats/breaks were combined with Maxim 's omnipresent mystique , Thornhill 's shuffle dancing style and Flint 's modern punk appearance . The Prodigy first emerged in the underground rave scene in the early 1990s and achieved popularity and worldwide recognition with UK number one singles such as Firestarter and Breathe , both singles coming from their UK and US chart topping album The Fat of the Land ( 1997 ) . A third single from the album , Smack My Bitch Up , was also successful . They earned titles like the premiere dance act for the alternative masses and the Godfathers of Rave , and remain one of the most successful electronic acts of all time . They have sold an estimated 25 million records worldwide , and won numerous music awards during their career , including two Brit Awards for Best British Dance Act , three MTV Video Music Awards , two Kerrang ! Awards , five MTV Europe Music Awards , and received two Grammy Award nominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Pictures of Matchstick Men', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pictures_of_Matchstick_Men', 'summary': 'Pictures of Matchstick Men is the first hit single by Status Quo , released on 5 January 1968 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Shoot the Runner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoot_the_Runner', 'summary': 'Shoot the Runner is a song by English rock band Kasabian and is the second track on their second album , Empire . It was released 6 November 2006 as the second single from that album in the United Kingdom , peaking at # 17 in the UK Singles Chart ( see 2006 in British music ) . This song was released as downloadable content on Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock with the 3-song pack and for the Rock Band series on September 23 , 2008 . This song is also included in the Saints Row 2 soundtrack . It is also featured in the Sports spoof movie The Comebacks . It is prominently heard in the Gameloft crime video game Gangstar Vegas , where it is one of the songs in the fictional radio station The Knife 87.8 . It is featured in CSI : Crime Scene Investigation'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Status Quo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Status_Quo_(band)', 'summary': "Status Quo are an English rock band who play boogie rock . The group originated in The Spectres , founded by Francis Rossi and Alan Lancaster in 1962 , while still schoolboys . After a number of lineup changes , which included the introduction of Rick Parfitt in 1967 , the band became The Status Quo in 1967 and Status Quo in 1969 . They have had over 60 chart hits in the UK , more than any other rock band , including Rockin ' All Over the World , Whatever You Want and In the Army Now . Twenty-two of these reached the Top 10 in the UK Singles Chart . In July 1985 the band opened Live Aid at Wembley Stadium with Rockin ' All Over the World . In 1991 , Status Quo received a Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . The band appeared on Top Of The Pops more than any other band . They have released over 100 singles and 33 albums , several of which were best-sellers ."}]}, {'value': 'Runaway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Runaway_(Del_Shannon_song)', 'summary': "Runaway is a number-one Billboard Hot 100 song made famous by Del Shannon in 1961 . It was written by Shannon and keyboardist Max Crook , and became a major international hit . It is No . 472 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , compiled in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_(Kasabian_song)', 'summary': "Fire is a song by English rock band Kasabian and is the lead single from their third album West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum . It was released 1 June 2009 . On the week of its release it debuted at number 3 in the UK Singles chart , making it their first UK Top 3 entry and their highest-charting single to date as well as their fourth UK Top 10 single . Fire also debuted at number one in Scotland , becoming Kasabian 's highest-charting single there as well . On the Australian ARIA Singles Chart , it debuted at number 44 peaked at number 41 . The song was featured in Callaway 's 2010 Super Bowl commercial . The song is the official song of the Premier League from the 2010-11 season up to the 2012-13 season . This meant the song ( different segments of it ) was present in most of the BPL Shows produced by Premier League Productions which was broadcast around the world . A purported remix of the song is still currently the theme tune of Kick Off , the show produced by PL Productions before the main Matchday Live coverage . The song is also currently used by the band 's home town team , Leicester City as goal music . It is also featured in the F1 2010 video game . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 65 on its list 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Del Shannon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Del_Shannon', 'summary': 'Del Shannon ( born Charles Weedon Westover ; December 30 , 1934 - February 8 , 1990 ) was an American rock and roll and country musician and singer-songwriter , best known for his 1961 number 1 Billboard hit Runaway .'}]}, {'value': 'Somebody to Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somebody_to_Love_(Jefferson_Airplane_song)', 'summary': "Somebody to Love ( originally titled Someone to Love ) is a rock song that was written by Darby Slick . It was originally recorded by The Great Society , and later by Jefferson Airplane . Rolling Stone magazine ranked Jefferson Airplane 's version No . 274 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Me Plus One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Me_Plus_One', 'summary': 'Me Plus One is a song by English rock band Kasabian and is the fourth track on their second album , Empire ( 2006 ) . The song was released on 29 January 2007 as the third single from that album in the United Kingdom , placing at number 22 on the UK Singles Chart a week later . It was the first Kasabian single to feature guitarist , chief songwriter and band leader Sergio Pizzorno on lead vocals .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jefferson Airplane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane', 'summary': "Jefferson Airplane was an American rock band based in San Francisco , California that became one of the pioneering bands of psychedelic rock . Formed in 1965 , the group defined the San Francisco Sound and was the first from the Bay Area to achieve international commercial success . They were headliners at the Monterey ( 1967 ) , Woodstock ( 1969 ) , Altamont ( 1969 ) , and the first Isle of Wight Festival ( 1968 ) in England . Their 1967 break-out album Surrealistic Pillow ranks on the short list of the most significant recordings of the Summer of Love . Two songs from that album , Somebody to Love and White Rabbit , are among Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The October 1966 to February 1970 lineup of Jefferson Airplane , consisting of Marty Balin ( vocals ) , Paul Kantner ( guitar , vocals ) , Grace Slick ( vocals ) , Jorma Kaukonen ( lead guitar , vocals ) , Jack Casady ( bass ) , and Spencer Dryden ( drums ) , was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 . Marty Balin left the band in 1971 . After 1972 , Jefferson Airplane effectively split into two groups . Kaukonen and Casady moved on full-time to their own band , Hot Tuna . Slick , Kantner , and the remaining members of Jefferson Airplane recruited new members and regrouped as Jefferson Starship in 1974 , with Marty Balin eventually joining them . Jefferson Airplane was presented with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Sweet Escape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sweet_Escape_(song)', 'summary': "The Sweet Escape is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second studio album of the same name ( 2006 ) . It was written by Stefani , Akon , and Giorgio Tuinfort . Akon , who is also a featured artist , developed the song 's beat before collaborating with Stefani . He designed it based on her previous work with No Doubt , and Stefani later commented that it put her on the yellow brick road to the No Doubt record I might do . The Sweet Escape is an apology for a fight between two lovers and describes a dream of a pleasant life for them . As the album 's title track , its title was chosen to help market Stefani 's music and fashion lines . The Sweet Escape was released as the album 's second single on December 19 , 2006 and was commercially successful in mainstream and adult contemporary markets . It reached the top 10 of most singles charts and topped the New Zealand Singles Chart . The song was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 50th Grammy Awards . In the song 's accompanying music video , Stefani attempts to escape from a golden prison ."}]}, {'value': "Radio 1 's Live Lounge - Volume 4", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Radio_1's_Live_Lounge_–_Volume_4", 'summary': "Radio 1 's Live Lounge - Volume 4 is a collection of live tracks from Jo Whiley 's former Radio 1 show . The album is the fourth in a series of Live Lounge albums . It consists of both covers and the bands ' own songs . The album was released on 26 October 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwen Stefani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwen_Stefani', 'summary': "Gwen Renée Stefani ( /stəˈfɑːni/ ; born October 3 , 1969 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and record producer . She is a co-founder and the lead vocalist of the band No Doubt , whose singles include Just a Girl , Spiderwebs , and Do n't Speak , from their 1995 breakthrough studio album Tragic Kingdom , as well as Hey Baby and It 's My Life from later albums . During the band 's hiatus , Stefani embarked on a solo pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love . Angel . Music . Baby . Inspired by pop music from the 1980s , the album was a critical and commercial success . It spawned six singles , including What You Waiting For ? , Rich Girl , Hollaback Girl , and Cool . Hollaback Girl reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies . In 2006 , Stefani released her second studio album , The Sweet Escape . Among the singles were Wind It Up and The Sweet Escape , the latter of which was number three on the Billboard Hot 100 year-end chart of 2007 . Her third solo album , This Is What the Truth Feels Like ( 2016 ) , was her first solo album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Too Much Too Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Too_Much_Too_Young_(The_Specials_song)', 'summary': "Too Much Too Young - The Special A.K.A . Live ! is a live EP by The Specials with Rico Rodriguez , released on 11 January 1980 . On the original release , the front cover credited the performers as The Special A.K.A . featuring Rico , while the back cover mentions and the labels credited only The Specials . Renowned for their live shows , The Specials released a five-track live EP in January 1980 as the third single by the band . The EP featured Too Much Too Young ( originally recorded on the album The Specials ) with Guns of Navarone recorded live in London ; and Skinhead Symphony - a medley of Long Shot Kick De Bucket , The Liquidator and Skinhead Moonstomp - which was recorded at Tiffany 's in Coventry . Lead track Too Much Too Young was based on the 1969 song Birth Control by Lloyd Charmers . It is sometimes wrongly stated that the song was banned by the BBC due to mentions of contraception in the lyrics , which is not true . However , when the song 's promotional video was featured on Top of the Pops , it was cut off just before reaching the final line , try wearing a cap . The song topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in February 1980 . It became only the second EP to top the chart after The Roussos Phenomenon EP in 1976 , and was also the first live recording to top the chart since Chuck Berry 's My Ding-a-Ling in 1972 ."}]}, {'value': 'Radio 1 Established 1967', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radio_1_Established_1967', 'summary': 'Radio 1 : Established 1967 is a compilation album consisting of covers especially recorded for BBC Radio 1 by a number of artists to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the radio station . There are 40 songs recorded by 40 different artists ( a little bit more than 40 , since there are some duets ) . Each artist was given a year , and were allowed to cover a song from that year . The only exception to this was the Kaiser Chiefs - since they were given 1967 , they had to cover Flowers in the Rain by the Move , which was the first song played on Radio 1 . The album was released on 1 October 2007 . The Raconteurs appear as the only band to cover a song , and have one of their own songs covered . Not all the years correspond to the original year of release , e.g . 1968 , 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1997 and 1999 . The songs were , however , remixed or re-released in those years .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Specials', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Specials', 'summary': "The Specials , also known as The Special AKA , are an English 2 Tone and ska revival band formed in 1977 in Coventry . After some early changes , the first stable lineup of the group consisted of Terry Hall and Neville Staple on vocals , Lynval Golding and Roddy Radiation on guitars , Horace Panter on bass , Jerry Dammers on keyboards , John Bradbury on drums , and Dick Cuthell and Rico Rodriguez on horns . Their music combines a danceable ska and rocksteady beat with punk 's energy and attitude . Lyrically , they present a more focused and informed political and social stance . The band wore mod-style 1960s period rude boy outfits ( pork pie hats , tonic and mohair suits and loafers ) . In 1980 , the song Too Much Too Young , the lead track on their The Special AKA Live ! EP , reached No . 1 in the UK Singles Chart . In 1981 , the recession-themed single Ghost Town also hit No . 1 in the UK . After seven consecutive UK Top 10 singles between 1979 and 1981 , main lead vocalists Hall and Staple , along with guitarist Golding , left to form Fun Boy Three . Continuing as The Special AKA ( a name they used frequently on earlier Specials releases ) , a substantially revised Specials line-up issued new material through 1984 , including the top 10 UK hit single Free Nelson Mandela ."}]}, {'value': 'Video Games', 'urls': []}, {'value': "BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge 2012", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/BBC_Radio_1's_Live_Lounge_2012", 'summary': "BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge 2012 is a compilation album consisting of live tracks played on Fearne Cotton 's BBC Radio 1 show , both cover versions and original songs . The album was released on 29 October 2012 , and is the eighth in the series of Live Lounge albums ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lana Del Rey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey', 'summary': "Elizabeth Woolridge Grant ( born June 21 , 1985 ) , known professionally as Lana Del Rey , is an American singer , songwriter and record producer . Her music is noted for its stylized cinematic quality ; its themes of tragic romance , glamour , and melancholia ; and its references to pop culture , particularly 1950s and 1960s Americana . Born in New York City and raised in Upstate New York , Del Rey began her music career in July 2006 . Following numerous projects including her debut studio album and the unreleased Sirens , Del Rey 's breakthrough came after the viral success of her debut single Video Games in 2011 . She signed with Interscope and Polydor later that year . Her major label debut Born to Die ( 2012 ) proved an international success and spawned a top-ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 with the Cedric Gervais remix of Summertime Sadness , as well as the internationally successful singles Blue Jeans , Born to Die , and National Anthem . Del Rey then released the Grammy-nominated EP , Paradise in 2012 . The next year , Del Rey ventured into film as she wrote and starred in the short music film , Tropico , and released Young and Beautiful as the lead single for the romantic drama film The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) . Del Rey subsequently issued her sophomore major label effort , Ultraviolence ( 2014 ) , to critical success , topping the charts and spawning the single , West Coast . That same year , Del Rey recorded the eponymous theme for the drama film Big Eyes , which garnered her Grammy and Golden Globe nominations . She released the album Honeymoon in 2015 and Lust for Life in 2017 , the latter of which topped the charts in the U.S. and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album . Del Rey 's sixth studio album , Norman Fucking Rockwell !"}]}, {'value': 'Sesame street/Good Vibrations', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'the Like A Version studio 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sesame Street theme/The Beach Boys', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crazy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'live at some concerts', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gnars Barkley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ready or not', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ready_or_Not_(Fugees_song)', 'summary': "Ready or Not is a song by the American hip hop group Fugees , from their second studio album The Score ( 1996 ) . The song contains a sample of Boadicea from Enya ( 1987 ) by Irish singer Enya , and its chorus is based on Ready or Not Here I Come ( Ca n't Hide from Love ) by The Delfonics . While Ready or Not was a minor hit in the Fugees ' native United States , the song was most successful in Europe , particularly in Iceland and the United Kingdom , where it topped the charts . It remained at that position for two weeks , becoming their second chart-topping single of 1996 in Britain , following Killing Me Softly . Enya was prepared to sue the group for copyright infringement , because she had not permitted the group to sample Boadicea . She eventually settled out of court . Barack Obama listed this as his favorite song . The song is used in the first theatrical trailer of the film Mission : Impossible - Rogue Nation ."}]}, {'value': 'live at Edinburgh 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Fugees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fugees', 'summary': 'Fugees ( /ˈfuːdʒiːz/ ; sometimes The Fugees ) was an American hip hop group who rose to fame in the mid-1990s . Their repertoire included elements of hip hop , soul and Caribbean music , particularly reggae . The members of the group were rapper/singer/producer Wyclef Jean , rapper/singer/producer Lauryn Hill , and rapper/producer Pras Michel . Deriving their name from a shortening of the word refugees , Jean and Michel are Haitian while Hill is American . Before disbanding in 1997 , the group recorded two albums , one of which , The Score ( 1996 ) , was a multi-Platinum and Grammy-winning success and contains their hit single Killing Me Softly . Hill and Jean each went on to successful solo recording careers ; Michel focused on soundtrack recordings and acting , though he found commercial success with his song Ghetto Supastar . In 2007 , MTV ranked them the ninth greatest hip-hop group of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'People Are Strange', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'live at some concerts', 'urls': []}, {'value': '... -2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Doors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Doors', 'summary': "The Doors were an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1965 , with vocalist Jim Morrison , keyboardist Ray Manzarek , guitarist Robby Krieger , and drummer John Densmore . They were among the most controversial and influential rock acts of the 1960s , mostly because of Morrison 's lyrics and his erratic stage persona , and the group was widely regarded as representative of the era 's counterculture . The band took its name from the title of Aldous Huxley 's book The Doors of Perception , itself a reference to a quote by William Blake . After signing with Elektra Records , the Doors released eight albums in five years , some of which are considered among the greatest of all time , including The Doors ( 1967 ) , Strange Days ( 1967 ) , and L.A. Woman ( 1971 ) . By 1972 the Doors had sold over 4 million albums domestically and nearly 8 million singles . Morrison died in uncertain circumstances in 1971 . The band continued as a trio until disbanding in 1973 . They released three more albums in the 1970s , two of which featured earlier recordings by Morrison , and over the decades reunited on stage in various configurations . In 2002 , Manzarek , Krieger and Ian Astbury of the Cult on vocals started performing as the Doors of the 21st Century . Densmore and the Morrison estate successfully sued them over the use of the band 's name . After a short time as Riders on the Storm , they settled on the name Manzarek-Krieger and toured until Manzarek 's death in 2013 . The Doors were the first American band to accumulate eight consecutive gold LPs ."}]}, {'value': 'Praise you', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'live at some concerts', 'urls': []}, {'value': '... -2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fat Boy Slim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fat_Boy_Slim', 'summary': "Norman Quentin Cook ( born Quentin Leo Cook ; 31 July 1963 ) , known by his stage name Fatboy Slim , is an English DJ , musician , and record producer who helped to popularise the big beat genre in the 1990s . In the 1980s , Cook was the bassist for the Hull-based indie rock band The Housemartins , who achieved a UK number-one single with their a cappella cover of Caravan of Love . After the Housemartins split , Norman Cook formed the electronic band Beats International in Brighton , who produced the number-one single Dub Be Good to Me . Cook then played in Freak Power , Pizzaman , and the Mighty Dub Katz with moderate success . In 1996 , Cook adopted the name Fatboy Slim and released Better Living Through Chemistry to critical acclaim . Follow-up albums You 've Come a Long Way , Baby , Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars , and Palookaville , as well as singles such as The Rockafeller Skank , Praise You , Right Here , Right Now , Weapon of Choice , and Wonderful Night , achieved commercial and critical success . In 2008 , Cook formed The Brighton Port Authority with David Byrne . Cook has been responsible for successful remixes for Cornershop , Beastie Boys , A Tribe Called Quest , Groove Armada , and Wildchild . In 2010 , in partnership with Byrne , he released the concept album Here Lies Love . Cook holds the Guinness World Record for the most top 40 hits under different names . As a solo act , he has won ten MTV Video Music Awards and two Brit Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Word up', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'live at some concerts', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameo_(band)', 'summary': 'Cameo is an American soul-influenced funk group that formed in 1974 . Cameo was initially a 14-member group known as the New York City Players ; this name was later changed to Cameo to avoid being confused with Ohio Players , another funk group in the 1970s . As of 2009 , some of the original members continue to perform together , while two others were hired by the hip hop group Outkast . In 2015 , Cameo announced a new residency show at the Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino , opening in March 2016 . On February 20 , 2019 , Larry Blackmon of Cameo announced El Passo , the first new single from the band in 19 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Fancy', 'urls': []}, {'value': "BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge 2014", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/BBC_Radio_1's_Live_Lounge_2014", 'summary': "BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge 2014 is a compilation album consisting of live tracks played on Fearne Cotton 's BBC Radio 1 show , both cover versions and original songs . The album was released on 27 October 2014 , and is the tenth in the series of Live Lounge albums ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iggy Azelia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghostbusters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SiriusXM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SiriusXM', 'summary': 'SiriusXM is an American broadcasting company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan , New York City that provides satellite radio and online radio services operating in the United States . The companies Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio are now merged into SiriusXM Radio . The company also has a minor interest in Sirius XM Canada , an affiliate company that provides Sirius and XM service in Canada . At the end of 2013 , Sirius XM reorganized their corporate structure , which made Sirius XM Radio Inc. a direct , wholly owned subsidiary of Sirius XM Holdings , Inc. SiriusXM Radio was formed after the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) approved the merger of XM Satellite Radio Holding , Inc. with Sirius Satellite Radio , Inc. on July 29 , 2008 , 17 months after the companies first proposed the merger . The merger brought the combined companies a total of more than 18.5 million subscribers based on current subscriber numbers on the date of merging . The deal was valued at $ 3.3 billion , not including debt . Through Q2 2017 , Sirius XM has more than 32 million subscribers . The proposed merger was opposed by those who felt it would create a monopoly . Sirius and XM argued that a merger was the only way that satellite radio could survive . In September 2018 , the company agreed to purchase the competing streaming music service Pandora , and this transaction was successfully completed on February 1 , 2019 . Sirius XM Radio is a primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghostbusters film theme by Ray Parker', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Cover songs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_songs_recorded_by_Kasabian_1', 'intro': 'This is a comprehensive list of songs by English rock band Kasabian. Since forming in 1999, the band have released six studio albums, two live albums and two extended plays (EPs). This list does not contain live versions or remixes released by the band.'}
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For the original artist who played at Radio 1 's Live Lounge , what is the band name cofounded ?
No Doubt
08ad7cb3f984eedd
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_(season_2)', 'title': 'Danse avec les stars (season 2)', 'header': ['Dance', 'Best dancer', 'Best score', 'Worst dancer', 'Worst score'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cha-cha-cha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)', 'summary': "The Cha Cha Cha ( sometimes called cha-cha ) , is a dance of Cuban origin . It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrin in the early 1950s . This rhythm was developed from the danzón-mambo . The name of the dance is an onomatopoeia derived from the shuffling sound of the dancers ' feet when they dance two consecutive quick steps ( correctly , on the fourth count of each measure ) that characterize the dance . In the early 1950s , Enrique Jorrín worked as a violinist and composer with the charanga group Orquesta América . The group performed at dance halls in Havana where they played danzón , danzonete , and danzon-mambo for dance-oriented crowds . Jorrín noticed that many of the dancers at these gigs had difficulty with the syncopated rhythms of the danzón-mambo . To make his music more appealing to dancers , Jorrín began composing songs where the melody was marked strongly on the first downbeat and the rhythm was less syncopated . When Orquesta América performed these new compositions at the Silver Star Club in Havana , it was noticed that the dancers had improvised a triple step in their footwork producing the sound cha-cha-cha . Thus , the new style came to be known as cha-cha-chá and became associated with a dance where dancers perform a triple step . The basic footwork pattern of cha-cha-chá ( one , two , three , cha-cha ) is also found in several Afro-Cuban dances from the Santería religion . For example , one of the steps used in the dance for the orisha Ogun uses an identical footwork pattern ."}]}, {'value': "Shy 'm", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shy'm", 'summary': "Tamara Marthe ( born 28 November 1985 ) , better known as Shy 'm /ˈʃaɪm/ , is a French singer . She released her first album , Mes fantaisies , in 2006 and has since released six more albums . She had three Platinum albums , including her number-one 2012 album , Caméléon . In 2012 , 2013 and 2015 she received the NRJ Music Award for Francophone Female Artist of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Véronique Jannot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Véronique_Jannot', 'summary': 'Véronique Jannot ( born 7 May 1957 ) is a French actress and singer . She was born in Annecy , Haute-Savoie .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quickstep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quickstep', 'summary': 'The quickstep is a light-hearted dance of the standard ballroom dances . The movement of the dance is fast and powerfully flowing and sprinkled with syncopations . The upbeat melodies that quickstep is danced to make it suitable for both formal and informal events . Quickstep was developed in the 1920s in New York City and was first danced by Caribbean and African dancers . Its origins are in combination of slow foxtrot combined with the Charleston , a dance which was one of the precursors to what today is called swing dancing .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippe Candeloro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Candeloro', 'summary': 'Philippe Candeloro ( born 17 February 1972 ) is a French former competitive figure skater . He is a two-time Olympic bronze medalist ( 1994 , 1998 ) , a two-time World medalist ( 1994 silver , 1995 bronze ) , a two-time European silver medalist ( 1993 , 1997 ) , and a four-time French national champion ( 1994-97 ) . He has been a commentator for French television during figure skating events at the Olympics . He also voices a villain , Frozer , in Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baptiste Giabiconi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptiste_Giabiconi', 'summary': 'Baptiste Giabiconi ( born 9 November 1989 ) is a French male model and singer from Marignane , France . He is currently the male face of Chanel , Fendi and Karl Lagerfeld .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhumba', 'summary': 'Rhumba , also known as ballroom rumba , is a genre of ballroom music and dance that appeared in the East Coast of the United States during the 1930s . It combined American big band music with Afro-Cuban rhythms , primarily the son cubano , but also conga and rumba . Although taking its name from the latter , ballroom rumba differs completely from Cuban rumba in both its music and its dance . Hence , authors prefer the Americanized spelling of the word ( rhumba ) to distinguish between them .'}]}, {'value': 'Baptiste Giabiconi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptiste_Giabiconi', 'summary': 'Baptiste Giabiconi ( born 9 November 1989 ) is a French male model and singer from Marignane , France . He is currently the male face of Chanel , Fendi and Karl Lagerfeld .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cédric Pioline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cédric_Pioline', 'summary': "Cédric Pioline ( born 15 June 1969 ) is a retired French professional tennis player who played on the professional tour from 1989 to 2002 . He reached the men 's singles final at the 1993 US Open and at Wimbledon in 1997 . On both occasions , he was beaten by Pete Sampras in straight sets . Pioline 's career-high singles ranking was world No . 5 , achieved in 2000 . Pioline won five singles titles in his career , the biggest at the ATP Masters Series event in Monte Carlo in 2000 - his last final on the professional tour . In addition to his finals appearances at the US Open and Wimbledon , he reached 10 other singles finals , including at Monte Carlo in 1993 and 1998 . Pioline also competed for France in Davis Cup , winning the cup in 1996 and 2001 . After retiring from tennis , he became a tennis administrator . As of October 2008 , he is the tournament director of the ATP Masters Series event in Paris and plays on the senior ATP tour ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_(dance)', 'summary': 'In latin dancing , the jive is a dance style that originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1930s . It was popularized in 1934 by Cab Calloway . It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the Jitterbug , a form of Swing dance .'}]}, {'value': 'Francis Lalanne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Lalanne', 'summary': 'Francis Lalanne ( born Francis-José Lalanne on 8 August 1958 in Bayonne ) is a French-Uruguayan singer , songwriter and poet . He is the brother of composer Jean-Félix Lalanne and film director René Manzor .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nâdiya Sheila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nâdiya', 'summary': 'Nâdiya ( born Nadia Zighem on June 19 , 1973 ) is a French R & B singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sheila_(singer)', 'summary': 'Sheila ( born Annie Chancel , 16 August 1945 ) is a French pop singer who became successful as a solo artist in the 1960s and 1970s , also was part of the duo Sheila & Ringo with her husband singer Ringo . She also fronted a disco act called Sheila and B . Devotion . Her stage name came from the title of her first release , a French cover version of Sheila , a hit by Tommy Roe . Sheila has sold 85 million records worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tango_(dance)', 'summary': 'Tango is a partner dance , and social dance that originated in the 1880s along the Río de la Plata , the natural border between Argentina and Uruguay . It was born in the impoverished port areas of these countries , where natives mixed with slave and European immigrant populations . The tango is the result of a combination of the German Waltz , Czech Polka , Polish Mazurka , and Bohemian Schottische with the Spanish-Cuban Habanera , African Candombe , and Argentinian Milonga . The tango was frequently practiced in the brothels and bars of ports , where business owners employed bands to entertain their patrons with music . The tango then spread to the rest of the world . Many variations of this dance currently exist around the world . On August 31 , 2009 , UNESCO approved a joint proposal by Argentina and Uruguay to include the tango in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippe Candeloro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Candeloro', 'summary': 'Philippe Candeloro ( born 17 February 1972 ) is a French former competitive figure skater . He is a two-time Olympic bronze medalist ( 1994 , 1998 ) , a two-time World medalist ( 1994 silver , 1995 bronze ) , a two-time European silver medalist ( 1993 , 1997 ) , and a four-time French national champion ( 1994-97 ) . He has been a commentator for French television during figure skating events at the Olympics . He also voices a villain , Frozer , in Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheila_(singer)', 'summary': 'Sheila ( born Annie Chancel , 16 August 1945 ) is a French pop singer who became successful as a solo artist in the 1960s and 1970s , also was part of the duo Sheila & Ringo with her husband singer Ringo . She also fronted a disco act called Sheila and B . Devotion . Her stage name came from the title of her first release , a French cover version of Sheila , a hit by Tommy Roe . Sheila has sold 85 million records worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viennese Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viennese_Waltz', 'summary': "Viennese waltz ( German : Wiener Walzer ) is a genre of ballroom dance . At least four different meanings are recognized . In the historically first sense , the name may refer to several versions of the waltz , including the earliest waltzes done in ballroom dancing , danced to the music of Viennese waltz . What is now called the Viennese waltz is the original form of the waltz . It was the first ballroom dance performed in the closed hold or waltz position . The dance that is popularly known as the waltz is actually the English or slow waltz , danced at approximately 90 beats per minute with 3 beats to the bar ( the international standard of 30 measures per minute ) , while the Viennese waltz is danced at about 180 beats ( 58-60 measures ) per minute . To this day however , in Germany , Austria , Scandinavia , and France , the words Walzer ( German ) , vals ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) , and valse ( French ) still implicitly refer to the original dance and not the slow waltz . The Viennese waltz is a rotary dance where the dancers are constantly turning either toward the leader 's right ( natural ) or toward the leader 's left ( reverse ) , interspersed with non-rotating change steps to switch between the direction of rotation . As the waltz evolved , some of the versions that were done at about the original fast tempo came to be called specifically Viennese waltz to distinguish them from the slower waltzes . In the modern ballroom dance , two versions of Viennese waltz are recognized : International Style and American Style . Today the Viennese waltz is a ballroom and partner dance that is part of the International Standard division of contemporary ballroom dance ."}]}, {'value': 'Baptiste Giabiconi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptiste_Giabiconi', 'summary': 'Baptiste Giabiconi ( born 9 November 1989 ) is a French male model and singer from Marignane , France . He is currently the male face of Chanel , Fendi and Karl Lagerfeld .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheila_(singer)', 'summary': 'Sheila ( born Annie Chancel , 16 August 1945 ) is a French pop singer who became successful as a solo artist in the 1960s and 1970s , also was part of the duo Sheila & Ringo with her husband singer Ringo . She also fronted a disco act called Sheila and B . Devotion . Her stage name came from the title of her first release , a French cover version of Sheila , a hit by Tommy Roe . Sheila has sold 85 million records worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foxtrot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foxtrot', 'summary': 'The foxtrot is a smooth , progressive dance characterized by long , continuous flowing movements across the dance floor . It is danced to big band ( usually vocal ) music . The dance is similar in its look to waltz , although the rhythm is in a 44 time signature instead of 34 . Developed in the 1910s , the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today .'}]}, {'value': "Shy 'm", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shy'm", 'summary': "Tamara Marthe ( born 28 November 1985 ) , better known as Shy 'm /ˈʃaɪm/ , is a French singer . She released her first album , Mes fantaisies , in 2006 and has since released six more albums . She had three Platinum albums , including her number-one 2012 album , Caméléon . In 2012 , 2013 and 2015 she received the NRJ Music Award for Francophone Female Artist of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Véronique Jannot Francis Lalanne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Véronique_Jannot', 'summary': 'Véronique Jannot ( born 7 May 1957 ) is a French actress and singer . She was born in Annecy , Haute-Savoie .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Francis_Lalanne', 'summary': 'Francis Lalanne ( born Francis-José Lalanne on 8 August 1958 in Bayonne ) is a French-Uruguayan singer , songwriter and poet . He is the brother of composer Jean-Félix Lalanne and film director René Manzor .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samba', 'summary': 'Samba ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈsɐ̃bɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a Brazilian music genre and dance style , with its roots in Africa via the West African slave trade and African religious traditions , particularly of Angola and the Congo , through the samba de roda genre of the northeastern Brazilian state of Bahia , from which it derived . Although there were various forms of samba in Brazil with popular rhythms originated from African drumming and the African structures of polyrhythm of Beat and Off-Beat , Time-Line-Pattern and the elementary pulse , that are performed by different instruments of the bateria of the samba schools of the famous Samba-Enredo , that has its origins in Rio de Janeiro . Samba is recognized around the world as a symbol of Brazil and the Brazilian Carnival . Considered one of the most popular Brazilian cultural expressions , the samba has become an icon of Brazilian national identity . The Bahian Samba de Roda ( dance circle ) , was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2005 . It is the main root of the samba carioca , the samba that is played and danced in Rio de Janeiro .'}]}, {'value': "Shy 'm", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shy'm", 'summary': "Tamara Marthe ( born 28 November 1985 ) , better known as Shy 'm /ˈʃaɪm/ , is a French singer . She released her first album , Mes fantaisies , in 2006 and has since released six more albums . She had three Platinum albums , including her number-one 2012 album , Caméléon . In 2012 , 2013 and 2015 she received the NRJ Music Award for Francophone Female Artist of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phillipe Candeloro Francis Lalanne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phillipe_Candeloro', 'summary': 'Philippe Candeloro ( born 17 February 1972 ) is a French former competitive figure skater . He is a two-time Olympic bronze medalist ( 1994 , 1998 ) , a two-time World medalist ( 1994 silver , 1995 bronze ) , a two-time European silver medalist ( 1993 , 1997 ) , and a four-time French national champion ( 1994-97 ) . He has been a commentator for French television during figure skating events at the Olympics . He also voices a villain , Frozer , in Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Francis_Lalanne', 'summary': 'Francis Lalanne ( born Francis-José Lalanne on 8 August 1958 in Bayonne ) is a French-Uruguayan singer , songwriter and poet . He is the brother of composer Jean-Félix Lalanne and film director René Manzor .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paso Doble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paso_Doble', 'summary': 'Pasodoble ( Spanish : double step ) is a fast-paced Spanish military march used by infantry troops . Its speed allowed troops to give 120 steps per minute ( double the average of a regular unit , hence its name ) . This march gave rise to a traditional Spanish dance , a musical genre including both voice and instruments , and a genre of instrumental music often played during bullfight . Both the dance and the non martial compositions are also called pasodoble .'}]}, {'value': "Shy 'm", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shy'm", 'summary': "Tamara Marthe ( born 28 November 1985 ) , better known as Shy 'm /ˈʃaɪm/ , is a French singer . She released her first album , Mes fantaisies , in 2006 and has since released six more albums . She had three Platinum albums , including her number-one 2012 album , Caméléon . In 2012 , 2013 and 2015 she received the NRJ Music Award for Francophone Female Artist of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheila_(singer)', 'summary': 'Sheila ( born Annie Chancel , 16 August 1945 ) is a French pop singer who became successful as a solo artist in the 1960s and 1970s , also was part of the duo Sheila & Ringo with her husband singer Ringo . She also fronted a disco act called Sheila and B . Devotion . Her stage name came from the title of her first release , a French cover version of Sheila , a hit by Tommy Roe . Sheila has sold 85 million records worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive Marathon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_(dance)', 'summary': 'In latin dancing , the jive is a dance style that originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1930s . It was popularized in 1934 by Cab Calloway . It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the Jitterbug , a form of Swing dance .'}]}, {'value': 'Baptiste Giabiconi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptiste_Giabiconi', 'summary': 'Baptiste Giabiconi ( born 9 November 1989 ) is a French male model and singer from Marignane , France . He is currently the male face of Chanel , Fendi and Karl Lagerfeld .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Véronique Jannot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Véronique_Jannot', 'summary': 'Véronique Jannot ( born 7 May 1957 ) is a French actress and singer . She was born in Annecy , Haute-Savoie .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleston_(dance)', 'summary': "The Charleston is a dance named for the harbor city of Charleston , South Carolina . The rhythm was popularized in mainstream dance music in the United States by a 1923 tune called The Charleston by composer/pianist James P. Johnson which originated in the Broadway show Runnin ' Wild and became one of the most popular hits of the decade . Runnin ' Wild ran from 29 October 1923 through 28 June 1924 . The peak year for the Charleston as a dance by the public was mid-1926 to 1927"}]}, {'value': 'Baptiste Giabiconi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptiste_Giabiconi', 'summary': 'Baptiste Giabiconi ( born 9 November 1989 ) is a French male model and singer from Marignane , France . He is currently the male face of Chanel , Fendi and Karl Lagerfeld .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheila_(singer)', 'summary': 'Sheila ( born Annie Chancel , 16 August 1945 ) is a French pop singer who became successful as a solo artist in the 1960s and 1970s , also was part of the duo Sheila & Ringo with her husband singer Ringo . She also fronted a disco act called Sheila and B . Devotion . Her stage name came from the title of her first release , a French cover version of Sheila , a hit by Tommy Roe . Sheila has sold 85 million records worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Highest and lowest scoring performances', 'section_text': "The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' marks are as follows :", 'uid': 'Danse_avec_les_stars_(France_season_2)_2', 'intro': 'The second season of the French version of Dancing with the Stars debuted on TF1 on 8 October 2011. Nine celebrities were paired with nine professional ballroom dancers. Sandrine Quétier and Vincent Cerutti return as the hosts for this season.'}
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Which dance other than the Rumba received the highest score ?
Foxtrot
08adb5eafb53ac23
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_military_bases', 'title': 'List of Brazilian military bases', 'header': ['Location', 'State', 'ICAO', 'Base/Airport name'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anápolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anápolis', 'summary': 'Anápolis is a Brazilian municipality of the State of Goiás . It is located between two capitals , the federal capital Brasília and state capital Goiânia . It is the third most populous city in the state , with 361 991 inhabitants according to an estimate by the Brazilian Institute of Geographic and Statistics in 2012 . It is an important industrial and logistics center in the Brazilian Central-West . Its GDP is R $ 10 billion , approximately US $ 4.4 billion , which makes it the second largest in the state . The city became an industrial power after the implementation of its Industrial District in 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'Goiás', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goiás', 'summary': "Goiás ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ɡojˈjas ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil , located in the Center-West region of the country . The name Goiás ( formerly , Goyaz ) comes from the name of an indigenous community . The original word seems to have been guaiá , a compound of gua e iá , meaning the same person or people of the same origin . It borders the Federal District and the states of ( from north clockwise ) Tocantins , Bahia , Minas Gerais , Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso . The most populous state of its region , Goiás is characterized by a landscape of chapadões ( plateaus ) . In the height of the drought season , from June to September , the lack of rain makes the level of the Araguaia River go down and exposes almost 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) of beaches , making it the main attraction of the State . At the Emas National Park in the municipality of Mineiros , it is possible to observe the typical fauna and flora from the region . At the Chapada dos Veadeiros the attractions are the canyons , valleys , rapids and waterfalls . Other attractions are the historical city of Goiás ( or Old Goiás ) , 132 km ( 82 mi ) from Goiânia , established in the beginning of 18th Century , and Caldas Novas , with its hot water wells attracting more than one million tourists per year . In Brazil 's geoeconomic division , Goiás belongs to the Centro-Sul ( Center-South ) , being the northernmost state of the southern portion of Brazil ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anápolis Air Force Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belém', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belém', 'summary': "Belém ( [ beˈlẽj ] ; Portuguese for Bethlehem ) is a Brazilian city with 2,491,052 people residing in its Metropolitan Region . The capital city itself has 1,485,732 inhabitants ( for more details on its population see in Demographics below ) . It is the capital and largest city of the state of Pará in the country 's north . It is the gateway to the Amazon River with a busy port , airport , and bus/coach station . Belém lies approximately 100 km upriver from the Atlantic Ocean , on the Pará River , which is part of the greater Amazon River system , separated from the larger part of the Amazon delta by Ilha de Marajó ( Marajo Island ) . With an estimated population of 1,439,561 people - or 2,249,405 , considering its metropolitan area - it is the 11th most populous city in Brazil , as well as the 16th by economic relevance . It is the second largest in the North Region , second only to Manaus , in the state of Amazonas . Founded in 1616 by the Kingdom of Portugal , Belém was the first European colony on the Amazon but did not become part of Brazil until 1775 . The newer part of the city has modern buildings and skyscrapers . The colonial portion retains the charm of tree-filled squares , churches and traditional blue tiles . The city has a rich history and architecture from colonial times . Recently it witnessed a skyscraper boom ."}]}, {'value': 'Pará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pará', 'summary': "Pará is a State of Brazil , located in northern Brazil and traversed by the lower Amazon River . It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá , Maranhão , Tocantins , Mato Grosso , Amazonas and Roraima . To the northwest are the borders of Guyana and Suriname , to the northeast of Pará is the Atlantic Ocean . The capital and largest city is Belém , which is located at the mouth of the Amazon . Pará is the most populous state of the northern region , with a population of over 7.5 million , being the ninth-most populous state in Brazil . It is the second-largest state of Brazil in area , with 1.2 million km² ( 460,000 square miles ) , second only to Amazonas upriver . Its most famous icons are the Amazon River and the Amazon Rainforest . Pará produces rubber ( extracted from natural rubber tree groves ) , tropical hardwoods such as mahogany , and minerals such as iron ore and bauxite . A new commodity crop is soy , cultivated in the region of Santarém . Every October , Belém receives tens of thousands of tourists for the year 's most important religious celebration : the procession of the Círio de Nazaré . Another important attraction of the capital is the Marajó-style ceramics , based on the extinct Marajoara culture , which developed on an island in the Amazon River ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belém Air Force Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boa Vista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boa_Vista,_Roraima', 'summary': "Boa Vista ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈbo ( w.w ) ɐ ˈvistɐ ] , Good View ) is the capital of the Brazilian state of Roraima . Situated on the western bank of the Branco River , the city lies 220 km ( 140 mi ) from Brazil 's border with Venezuela . It is the only Brazilian state capital located entirely north of the equator . Boa Vista is the most populous municipality in the state of Roraima ; approximately half of the population of the state lives in the city . Commerce mostly occurs with Manaus , the capital of the State of Amazonas . Business also takes place between Boa Vista and with the cities of Lethem , in Guyana and Santa Elena de Uairén , in Venezuela . These two foreign cities are the only major cities that can be accessed from Boa Vista by road , although roads connect other smaller state municipalities with the capital city . Travel by airplane is the only means of transportation with other regions of the country . As a modern city , Boa Vista stands out among the other capitals of the North Region of Brazil as it is a planned city with a radial plan . It was planned by the architect Darci Aleixo Derenusson who based his design for the city on one that is similar to that of Paris , France . [ citation needed ] The city was built under the direction of Captain Ene Garcez , the first governor of Roraima ."}]}, {'value': 'Roraima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roraima', 'summary': 'Roraima ( Pemon : roro imã , parrot mountain i.e . Green Peak , Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʁoˈɾajmɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the northernmost and least populated state of Brazil , located in the Amazon region . It borders the states of Amazonas and Pará and the countries of Venezuela and Guyana . The population is approximately 450,000 ( as of 2010 ) , and the capital is Boa Vista . Roraima has fifteen municipalities , the fewest of any Brazilian state .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boa Vista Air Force Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brasília', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brasília', 'summary': "Brasília ( /brəˈzɪliə/ , Portuguese : [ bɾaˈziljɐ ] ) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District . The city is located atop the Brazilian highlands in the country 's center-western region . It was founded on April 21 , 1960 , to serve as the new national capital . Brasília is estimated to be Brazil 's third-most populous city . Among major Latin American cities , it has the highest GDP per capita . Brasília was planned and developed by Lúcio Costa , Oscar Niemeyer and Joaquim Cardozo in 1956 in a scheme to move the capital from Rio de Janeiro to a more central location . The landscape architect was Roberto Burle Marx . The city 's design divides it into numbered blocks as well as sectors for specified activities , such as the Hotel Sector , the Banking Sector , and the Embassy Sector . Brasília was chosen as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its modernist architecture and uniquely artistic urban planning . It was named City of Design by UNESCO in October 2017 and has been part of the Creative Cities Network since then . All three branches of Brazil 's federal government are centered in the city : executive , legislative and judiciary . Brasília also hosts 124 foreign embassies ."}]}, {'value': 'Federal District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazilian_Federal_District', 'summary': 'The Federal District ( Portuguese : Distrito Federal [ d͡ʒisˈtɾitu fedeˈɾaṷ ] ( listen ) ) is one of 27 federative units of Brazil . Located in the Center-West Region , it is the smallest Brazilian federal unit and the only one that has no municipalities , being divided into 31 administrative regions , totaling an area of 5,802 km² . In its territory , is located the federal capital of Brazil , Brasília , that is also the seat of government of the Federal District .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brasília Air Force Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campo Grande', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campo_Grande', 'summary': "Campo Grande ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈkɐ̃pu ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒi ] , [ a ] lit . Great Field ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul in the Center-West region of the country . The city is nicknamed Cidade Morena ( Swarthy City in Portuguese ) because of the reddish-brown colour of the region 's soil . It has a population of 796,252 , according to a 2011 IBGE estimate , while its metropolitan area is home to 991,420 people ( 2010 ) . [ citation needed ] The region where the city is located was in the past a waypoint for travellers who wanted to go from São Paulo or Minas Gerais to northern Mato Grosso by land . In the early 1900s a railway was completed connecting Campo Grande to Corumbá , on the Bolivian border , and to Bauru , São Paulo . Also in the beginning of the 20th century , the Western Brazilian Army Headquarters was established in Campo Grande , making it an important military center . With a population growth from 140,000 people in 1970 to 750,000 people in 2008 , Campo Grande is the third largest urban center of the Center-West region , and the 23rd largest city in the country . In 1977 , the State of Mato Grosso was split into two , and Campo Grande became the capital of the new state of Mato Grosso do Sul , comprising the southern portion of the former state . By that time , Campo Grande had long surpassed the latter 's capital city of Cuiabá in population , which is unusual in Brazil , where most capitals are also the states ' largest cities . Today , the city has its own culture , which is a mixture of several ethnic groups , most notably immigrants from the Japanese prefecture of Okinawa , Middle Easterners , Armenians , Portuguese people , Germans , Italians , Spaniards , and Paraguayans , finally mixed with Asian and White Brazilians from the Brazilian Southern and Southeast regions , its native Amerindian peoples and Afro-Brazilians ."}]}, {'value': 'Mato Grosso do Sul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul', 'summary': 'Mato Grosso do Sul ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈmatu ˈɡɾosu du ˈsuw ] ) is one of the Midwestern states of Brazil . Its total area of 357,125 square kilometers , or 137,891 square miles , is roughly the same size as Germany . Neighboring Brazilian states are ( from north clockwise ) Mato Grosso , Goiás , Minas Gerais , São Paulo and Paraná . It also borders the countries of Paraguay , to the southwest , and Bolivia , to the west . The economy of the state is largely based on agriculture and cattle-raising . Crossed in the south by the Tropic of Capricorn , Mato Grosso do Sul generally has a warm , sometimes hot , and humid climate , and is crossed by numerous tributaries of the Paraná River . The state is also known for its natural environment , and is a destination for domestic and international tourism . The Pantanal lowlands cover 12 municipalities and presents a variety of flora and fauna , with forests , natural sand banks , savannahs , open pasture , fields and bushes . The city Bonito , in the mountain of Bodoquena , has prehistoric caves , natural rivers , waterfalls , swimming pools and the Blue Lake cave . The name Mato Grosso do Sul is Portuguese for Thick Bushes of the South ; the name is inherited from its northern neighbour state of Mato Grosso , of which it was part until the 1970s . It is not uncommon for people to mistakenly refer to Mato Grosso do Sul as simply Mato Grosso . Other names that were proposed , at the time of the split and afterwards , include Pantanal ( a reference to its best known geographical feature ) and Maracaju ( a reference to the Maracaju Mountain Range that crosses the state from north to south ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campo Grande Air Force Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canoas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoas', 'summary': "Canoas ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ kaˈnoɐs ] ) , which earned city status in 1939 , is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul . With more than 340,000 inhabitants , it is part of the Porto Alegre conurbation and has the second highest GDP in the state . It is also the fourth largest city in the state by population . Canoas boasts a strong manufacturing-based economy and is the home of the Canoas Air Force Base , used by the Brazilian Air Force . According to the IBGE , Brazil 's Geography and Statistics Institute , Canoas currently has no rural areas , but it started as a village of large landowners . The first of them was conquistador Francisco Pinto Bandeira , who received from the Portuguese Crown , in 1740 , an area north of the Gravataí River . History has that 1871 was the beginning of the village of Canoas , when the first section of the railway that would link Porto Alegre to São Leopoldo was inaugurated . Canoas was then part of the municipalities of Gravataí and São Sebastião do Caí . Soon large farms would lose space to small properties . After obtaining city status , Canoas experienced rapid growth , especially after 1945 . At that time , it would be called a cidade-dormitório ( Portuguese for bedroom city ) , because thousands of people would commute to neighboring Porto Alegre to work . However , de-industrialisation in Porto Alegre , the setting-up of numerous manufacturing plants in Canoas and a strong demographic growth have reverted that situation and nowadays Canoas has a per capita GDP higher than Porto Alegre ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio Grande do Sul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul', 'summary': 'Rio Grande do Sul ( UK : /ˌriːuː ˌɡrændi duː ˈsʊl/ , US : /ˌriːuː ˌɡrɑːndi duː ˈsuːl/ , Portuguese : [ ˈʁiw ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒi du ˈsuw ] ( listen ) ; [ a ] lit . Great Southern River ) is a state in the southern region of Brazil . It is the fifth-most-populous state and the ninth largest by area . Located in the southernmost part of the country , Rio Grande do Sul is bordered clockwise by Santa Catarina to the north and northeast , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the Uruguayan departments of Rocha , Treinta y Tres , Cerro Largo , Rivera and Artigas to the south and southwest , and the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones to the west and northwest . The capital and largest city is Porto Alegre . The state has the highest life expectancy in Brazil , and the crime rate is relatively low compared to Brazilian national average . Despite the high standard of living , unemployment is still high and according to census data , it is one of the most difficult states in Brazil for foreigners to find jobs . The state has a gaucho culture like its foreign neighbors . It was originally inhabited by Guarani people . The first Europeans there were Jesuits , followed by settlers from the Azores . In the 19th century it was the scene of conflicts including the Farroupilha Revolution and the Paraguayan War . Large waves of German and Italian migration have shaped the state .'}]}, {'value': 'SBCO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canoas Air Force Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoas_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Canoas Air Force Base - BACO ( ICAO : SBCO ) is a base of the Brazilian Air Force , located in Canoas , Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Florianópolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florianópolis', 'summary': "Florianópolis ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ floɾi.aˈnɔpolis ] ) is the capital and second largest city of the state of Santa Catarina , in the South region of Brazil . The city encompasses Santa Catarina Island and surrounding small islands , as well as part of the mainland . It has a population of 477,798 , according to the 2016 IBGE ( Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ) population estimate , the second most populous city in the state ( after Joinville ) , and the 47th in Brazil . The metropolitan area has an estimated population of 1,111,702 , the 21st largest in the country . The city is known for having the country 's third highest Human Development Index score among all Brazilian cities ( 0.847 ) . The city is considered safe by Brazilian standards [ dubious - discuss ] . In 2014 , Florianópolis had the second-lowest incidence of murders of Brazilian capitals . The economy of Florianópolis is heavily based on information technology , tourism and services . The city has 60 beaches and is a center of surfing activity . Lagoa da Conceição is the most famous area for tourism , recreation , nature and radical sports . The New York Times reported that Florianopolis is the Party Destination of the Year in 2009 . Newsweek placed Florianópolis in the Ten most dynamic cities of the world list in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Catarina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)', 'summary': "Santa Catarina ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈsɐ̃tɐ kataˈɾinɐ ] ( listen ) , Saint Catherine ) is a state in the South Region of Brazil . It is the 7th smallest state in total area and the 11th most populous . Additionally , it is the 9th largest settlement , with 295 municipalities . Catholicism is the religion of the majority of the population . The official language , as in other Brazilian federative units , is the Portuguese language . The state covers an area of 95,733 km2 ( 36,813.366 sq mi ) , reaching a larger area than Portugal or the sum of the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro , Espirito Santo , and the Federal District . Santa Catarina is bordered by Paraná to the north , Rio Grande do Sul to the south , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , and to the west by the Argentine province of Misiones . The coastal path is over 450 km , i.e. , about half of Portugal 's mainland coast . The host city of the state executive , legislative and judiciary powers is the capital Florianópolis . Joinville , however , is the most populous city in the state . Besides Espírito Santo , Santa Catarina is the only state whose capital is not the most populous city . South of the Tropic of Capricorn , situated in the planet 's southern temperate zone , the state has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) in the east and west and an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) in the center ."}]}, {'value': 'SBFL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florianópolis Air Force Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florianópolis_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Florianópolis Air Force Base - BAFL ( IATA : FLN , ICAO : SBFL ) is a base of the Brazilian Air Force , located in Florianópolis , Brazil . It shares some facilities with Florianópolis-Hercílio Luz International Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Fortaleza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortaleza', 'summary': "Fortaleza ( [ foʁtaˈlezɐ ] , locally [ fɔɦtaˈlezɐ ] , Portuguese for Fortress ) is the state capital of Ceará , located in Northeastern Brazil . It belongs to the Metropolitan mesoregion of Fortaleza and microregion of Fortaleza . It is Brazil 's 5th largest city and the twelfth richest city in the country in GDP . It also has the third richest metropolitan area in the North and Northeast regions . It is an important industrial and commercial center of Brazil , the nation 's eighth largest municipality in purchasing power . According to the Ministry of Tourism , the city reached the mark of second most desired destination of Brazil and fourth among Brazilian cities in tourists received . The BR-116 , the most important highway of the country , starts in Fortaleza . The municipality is part of the Common Market of Mercosur Cities , and also the Brazilian state capital which is closest to Europe , 5608 km ( 3484 miles ) from Lisbon , Portugal . To the north of the city lies the Atlantic Ocean ; to the south are the municipalities of Pacatuba , Eusébio , Maracanaú and Itaitinga ; to the east is the municipality of Aquiraz and the Atlantic Ocean ; and to the west is the municipality of Caucaia . Residents of the city are known as Fortalezenses . Fortaleza is one of the three leading cities in the Northeast region together with Recife and Salvador ."}]}, {'value': 'Ceará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceará', 'summary': "Ceará ( [ seaˈɾa ] ( listen ) , locally in Ceará or in Northeast Region of Brazil the pronunciation is [ sɪaˈɾa ] ) is one of the 27 states of Brazil , located in the northeastern part of the country , on the Atlantic coast . It is the eighth-largest Brazilian State by population and the 17th by area . It is also one of the main tourist destinations in Brazil . The state capital is the city of Fortaleza , the country 's fourth most populous city . Literally , the name Ceará means sings the jandaia . According to José de Alencar , one of the most important writers of Brazil and an authority in Tupi Guaraní , Ceará means turquoise or green waters . There are also theories that the state name would derive from Siriará , a reference to the crabs from the seashore . The state is best known for its extensive coastline , with 600 kilometers ( 370 mi ) of sand . There are also mountains and valleys producing tropical fruits . To the south , on the border of Paraíba , Pernambuco and Piauí , is the National Forest of Araripe ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fortaleza Air Force Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manaus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manaus', 'summary': "Manaus ( /mɑːˈnaʊs/ ; Portuguese : [ mɐˈnaws , mɐˈnawʃ ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Amazonas . It is the seventh-largest city in Brazil , with an estimated 2019 population of 2,182,763 distributed over a land area of about 4,401.97 square miles ( 11,401 km2 ) . Located at the east center of the state , the city is the center of the Manaus metropolitan area and the largest metropolitan area in the North Region of Brazil by urban landmass . It is situated near the confluence of the Negro and Solimões rivers . The city was founded in 1669 as the Fort of São José do Rio Negro . It was elevated to a town in 1832 with the name of Manaus , an altered spelling of the indigenous Manaós peoples , and legally transformed into a city on October 24 , 1848 , with the name of Cidade da Barra do Rio Negro , Portuguese for The City of the Margins of the Black River . On September 4 , 1856 it returned to its original name . Manaus is located in the center of the world 's largest rainforest , and home to the National Institute of Amazonian Research , being the most important center for scientific studies in the Amazon region and for international sustainability issues . It was known at the beginning of the century , as Heart of the Amazon and City of the Forest . Currently its main economic engine is the Industrial Park of Manaus , a Free Economic Zone . The city has a free port and an international airport . Its manufactures include electronics , chemical products , and soap ; there are distilling and ship construction industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Amazonas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)', 'summary': "Amazonas ( [ ɐmɐˈzõnɐs ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil , located in the North Region in the northwestern corner of the country . It is the largest Brazilian state by area and the 9th largest country subdivision in the world , and is greater than the areas of Uruguay , Paraguay , and Chile combined . Mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere , it is the third largest country subdivision in the Southern Hemisphere after the Australian states of Western Australia and Queensland . It would be the sixteenth largest country in land area , slightly larger than Mongolia . Neighbouring states are ( from the north clockwise ) Roraima , Pará , Mato Grosso , Rondônia , and Acre . It also borders the nations of Peru , Colombia and Venezuela . This includes the Departments of Amazonas , Vaupés and Guainía in Colombia , as well as the Amazonas state in Venezuela , and the Loreto Region in Peru . Amazonas is named after the Amazon River , and was formerly part of the Spanish Empire 's Viceroyalty of Peru , a region called Spanish Guyana . It was settled by the Portuguese moving northwest from Brazil in the early 18th century and incorporated into the Portuguese empire after the Treaty of Madrid in 1750 . It became a state under the First Brazilian Republic in 1889 . Most of the state is tropical jungle ; cities are clustered along navigable waterways and are accessible only by boat or plane . The capital and largest city is Manaus , a modern city of 2.1 million inhabitants in the middle of the jungle on the Amazon River 1,500 km upstream from the Atlantic Ocean ."}]}, {'value': 'SBMN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manaus Air Force Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manaus_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Manaus Air Force Base - BAMN ( IATA : PLL , ICAO : SBMN ) is a base of the Brazilian Air Force located in Manaus , Brazil . It was created in 1970 and between 1970 and 1976 public facilities of Ponta Pelada Airport were shared with the military facilities of Manaus Air Force Base . In 1976 , with the opening of Eduardo Gomes International Airport , all public operations were transferred to the new airport . Ponta Pelada Airport was then renamed Manaus Air Force Base and since then it handles exclusively military operations .'}]}, {'value': 'Natal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte', 'summary': "Natal ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ naˈtaw ] ) is the capital and largest city of the state Rio Grande do Norte , located in northeastern Brazil . According to IBGE 's July 2018 report , the city had a total population of 877,640 , while Greater Natal had 1,485,505 inhabitants . The implementation of the Via Costeira ( Coastal Highway ) , 10 km ( 6.2 miles ) long avenue along the shore and the dunes , was the true starting point for the beginning of tourist activity in the State in the 1980s . The main hotels are concentrated along Via Costeira . Natal has several tourist attractions and is known for its natural environment ( such as the waters of Maracajaú and the largest cashew tree in the world ) , for its historical monuments and buildings ( e.g . Forte dos Reis Magos , the Alberto Maranhão Theatre and Newton Navarro Bridge ) , for its beaches ( such as Ponta Negra , Pipa and Genipabu ) and also for its off-season carnival , the Carnatal . The city also boasts the second largest urban park in Brazil , the Natal Dunes State Park . It is the closest state capital of Brazil to Africa and Europe . The Greater Natal International Airport connects Natal with many Brazilian cities and also operates some international flights . The city was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio Grande do Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte', 'summary': "Rio Grande do Norte ( UK : /ˌriːuː ˌɡrændi duː ˈnɔːrti/ , US : /- ˌɡrɑːn-/ , Portuguese : [ ˈɦi.u ˈɡɾɐ̃di du ˈnɔhti̥ ] ( listen ) ; [ a ] lit . Great Northern River , in reference to the mouth of the Potengi River ) is one of the states of Brazil , located in the northeastern region of the country , occupying the northeasternmost tip of the South American continent . Because of its geographic position , Rio Grande do Norte has a strategic importance . The capital and largest city is Natal . It is the land of the folklorist Luís da Câmara Cascudo . Its 410 km ( 254 mi ) of sand , much sun , coconut palms and lagoons are responsible for the fame of beaches . Rocas Atoll , the only such feature in the Atlantic Ocean , is part of the state . The main economic activity is tourism , followed by the extraction of petroleum ( the second largest producer in the country ) , agriculture , fruit growing and extraction of minerals , including considerable production of seasalt , among other economic activities . The state is famous for having many popular attractions such as the Cashew of Pirangi ( the world 's largest cashew tree ) , the dunes and the dromedaries of Genipabu , the famous beaches of Ponta Negra , Maracajaú and Pipa 's paradise , the Carnatal the largest off-season carnival in Brazil , the Forte dos Reis Magos is a sixteenth-century fortress , the hills and mountains of Martins , the Natal Dunes State Park the second largest urban park in the country , and several other attractions . The state is also closest to the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha . In 2000-17 the murder rate rose by 655% . In 2017 , Rio Grande do Norte was the state with the highest murder rate in Brazil : 63.9 per 100,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'SBNT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natal Air Force Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natal_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Natal Air Force Base - BANT ( Portuguese : Base Aérea de Natal ) is a base of the Brazilian Air Force , located in Parnamirim , near Natal , Brazil . It shared some facilities with Augusto Severo International Airport until May 31 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Porto Velho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porto_Velho', 'summary': "Porto Velho ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈpoʁtu ˈvɛʎu ] , Old Port ) is the capital of the Brazilian state of Rondônia , in the upper Amazon River basin , and a Catholic Metropolitan Archbishopric . The population is 519,531 people ( as of the IBGE 2018 estimation ) . Located on the border of Rondônia and the state of Amazonas , the town is an important trading center for cassiterite , the mining of which represents the most important economic activity in the region , as well as a transportation and communication center . It is on the eastern shore of the Madeira River , one of the main tributaries of the Amazon River . It is also Rondônia 's largest city , and the largest state capital of Brazil by area . The municipality occupies most of the border between Amazonas and Rondônia , and is both the westernmost and northernmost city in the state ."}]}, {'value': 'Rondônia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rondônia', 'summary': 'Rondônia ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʁõˈdõniɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in Brazil , located in the northern part of the country . To the west is a short border with the state of Acre , to the north is the state of Amazonas , in the east is Mato Grosso , and in the south and southwest is Bolivia . Its capital is Porto Velho . The state was named after Cândido Rondon .'}]}, {'value': 'SBPV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Porto Velho Air Force Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porto_Velho_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Porto Velho Air Force Base - BAPV is a base of the Brazilian Air Force , located in Porto Velho , Brazil . It shares some facilities with Porto Velho-Governador Jorge Teixeira de Oliveira International Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Recife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Recife', 'summary': "Recife ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʁeˈsifi ] ( listen ) ) is the fourth-largest urban agglomeration in Brazil with 4,054,866 inhabitants , the largest urban agglomeration of the North/Northeast Regions , and the capital and largest city of the state of Pernambuco in the northeast corner of South America . The population of the city proper was 1,625,583 in 2016 . The first slave port in the Americas , Recife was founded in 1537 , during the early Portuguese colonization of Brazil , as the main harbor of the Captaincy of Pernambuco , known for its large scale production of sugar cane . It was the former capital Mauritsstad of the 17th century colony of New Holland of Dutch Brazil , established by the Dutch West India Company . The city is located at the confluence of the Beberibe and Capibaribe rivers before they flow into the South Atlantic Ocean . It is a major port on the Atlantic . Its name is an allusion to the stone reefs that are present by the city 's shores . The many rivers , small islands and over 50 bridges found in Recife city centre characterise its geography and led to the city being called the Brazilian Venice . As of 2010 [ update ] , it is the capital city with the highest HDI in Northeast Brazil and second highest HDI in the entire North and Northeast Brazil ( second only to Palmas ) . The Metropolitan Region of Recife is the main industrial zone of the State of Pernambuco ; major products are those derived from cane ( sugar and ethanol ) , motor vehicles , ships , oil platforms , electronics , software , and others . With fiscal incentives by the government , many industrial companies were started in the 1970s and 1980s . Recife has a tradition of being the most important commercial hub of the North/Northeastern region of Brazil , with more than 52,500 business enterprises in Recife plus 32,500 in the Metro Area , totaling more than 85,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pernambuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pernambuco', 'summary': "Pernambuco ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ pɛʁnɐ̃ˈbuku ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil , located in the Northeast region of the country . The state of Pernambuco also includes the archipelago Fernando de Noronha . With an estimated population of 9.2 million people in 2013 , it is the seventh most populous state of Brazil , and is the sixth most densely populated and the 19th most extensive among the states and territories of the country . Its capital and largest city , Recife , is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country . As of 2013 estimates , Recife 's metropolitan area is the fifth most populous in the country , and the largest urban agglomeration in Northeast Brazil . In 1982 , the city of Olinda was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . Recife , the state capital and Olinda have one of the most traditional Brazilian Carnivals . Both have Portuguese architecture , with centuries-old casarões ( colonial houses ) and churches , kilometers of beaches and much culture . The proximity of the equator guarantees sunshine throughout the year , with average temperatures of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Recife Air Force Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , - deɪ - , - də -/ ; Portuguese : [ ˈhi.u d ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈne ( j ) ɾu ] ( listen ) ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area and the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape . Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília . Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R $ 343 billion ( nearly US $ 201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations - Petrobras and Vale - and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒɐˈnejɾu ] River of January ) is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil . It has the second largest economy of Brazil , with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo . The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast ( assigned by IBGE ) . Rio de Janeiro shares borders with all the other states in the same Southeast macroregion : Minas Gerais ( N and NW ) , Espírito Santo ( NE ) and São Paulo ( SW ) . It is bounded on the east and south by the South Atlantic Ocean . Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km2 ( 16,855 sq mi ) . Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro , which was the capital of the Portuguese Colony of Brazil from 1763 to 1815 , of the following United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves from 1815 to 1822 , and of later independent Brazil as a kingdom and republic from 1822 to 1960 . The state 's 22 largest cities are Rio de Janeiro , São Gonçalo , Duque de Caxias , Nova Iguaçu , Niterói , Campos dos Goytacazes , Belford Roxo , São João de Meriti , Petrópolis , Volta Redonda , Magé , Macaé , Itaboraí , Cabo Frio , Armação dos Búzios , Angra dos Reis , Nova Friburgo , Barra Mansa , Barra do Piraí , Teresópolis , Mesquita and Nilópolis . Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion and one of the smallest in Brazil . It is , however , the third most populous Brazilian state , with a population of 16 million of people in 2011 ( making it the most densely populated state in Brazil ) and has the third longest coastline in the country ( after those of the states of Bahia and Maranhão ) . In the Brazilian flag , the state is represented by Mimosa , the beta star in the Southern Cross ( β Cru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'SBGL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galeão Air Force Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galeão_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Galeão Air Force Base - BAGL ( ICAO : SBGL ) is a base of the Brazilian Air Force located in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . It is named after Praia do Galeão ( Galleon Beach ) , located in front of the original passenger terminal of the airport and presently the passenger terminal of the Brazilian Air Force . It was at this beach that in 1663 the galleon Padre Eterno was built . It shares some facilities with Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , - deɪ - , - də -/ ; Portuguese : [ ˈhi.u d ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈne ( j ) ɾu ] ( listen ) ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area and the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape . Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília . Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R $ 343 billion ( nearly US $ 201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations - Petrobras and Vale - and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒɐˈnejɾu ] River of January ) is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil . It has the second largest economy of Brazil , with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo . The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast ( assigned by IBGE ) . Rio de Janeiro shares borders with all the other states in the same Southeast macroregion : Minas Gerais ( N and NW ) , Espírito Santo ( NE ) and São Paulo ( SW ) . It is bounded on the east and south by the South Atlantic Ocean . Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km2 ( 16,855 sq mi ) . Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro , which was the capital of the Portuguese Colony of Brazil from 1763 to 1815 , of the following United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves from 1815 to 1822 , and of later independent Brazil as a kingdom and republic from 1822 to 1960 . The state 's 22 largest cities are Rio de Janeiro , São Gonçalo , Duque de Caxias , Nova Iguaçu , Niterói , Campos dos Goytacazes , Belford Roxo , São João de Meriti , Petrópolis , Volta Redonda , Magé , Macaé , Itaboraí , Cabo Frio , Armação dos Búzios , Angra dos Reis , Nova Friburgo , Barra Mansa , Barra do Piraí , Teresópolis , Mesquita and Nilópolis . Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion and one of the smallest in Brazil . It is , however , the third most populous Brazilian state , with a population of 16 million of people in 2011 ( making it the most densely populated state in Brazil ) and has the third longest coastline in the country ( after those of the states of Bahia and Maranhão ) . In the Brazilian flag , the state is represented by Mimosa , the beta star in the Southern Cross ( β Cru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'SBSC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz Air Force Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Santa Cruz Air Force Base - BASC ( IATA : SNZ , ICAO : SBSC ) is a base of the Brazilian Air Force located in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , - deɪ - , - də -/ ; Portuguese : [ ˈhi.u d ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈne ( j ) ɾu ] ( listen ) ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area and the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape . Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília . Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R $ 343 billion ( nearly US $ 201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations - Petrobras and Vale - and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒɐˈnejɾu ] River of January ) is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil . It has the second largest economy of Brazil , with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo . The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast ( assigned by IBGE ) . Rio de Janeiro shares borders with all the other states in the same Southeast macroregion : Minas Gerais ( N and NW ) , Espírito Santo ( NE ) and São Paulo ( SW ) . It is bounded on the east and south by the South Atlantic Ocean . Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km2 ( 16,855 sq mi ) . Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro , which was the capital of the Portuguese Colony of Brazil from 1763 to 1815 , of the following United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves from 1815 to 1822 , and of later independent Brazil as a kingdom and republic from 1822 to 1960 . The state 's 22 largest cities are Rio de Janeiro , São Gonçalo , Duque de Caxias , Nova Iguaçu , Niterói , Campos dos Goytacazes , Belford Roxo , São João de Meriti , Petrópolis , Volta Redonda , Magé , Macaé , Itaboraí , Cabo Frio , Armação dos Búzios , Angra dos Reis , Nova Friburgo , Barra Mansa , Barra do Piraí , Teresópolis , Mesquita and Nilópolis . Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion and one of the smallest in Brazil . It is , however , the third most populous Brazilian state , with a population of 16 million of people in 2011 ( making it the most densely populated state in Brazil ) and has the third longest coastline in the country ( after those of the states of Bahia and Maranhão ) . In the Brazilian flag , the state is represented by Mimosa , the beta star in the Southern Cross ( β Cru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'SBAF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afonsos Air Force Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afonsos_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Afonsos Air Force Base - BAAF ( ICAO : SBAF ) is a base of the Brazilian Air Force , located in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . The official name of the Base is Campo Délio Jardim de Matos ( 1916-1990 ) after a former commander of the base and Minister of the Air Force .'}]}, {'value': 'Salvador da Bahia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia', 'summary': "Salvador ( English : Savior ) , also known as São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos ( English : Holy Savior of the Bay of All Saints ) , is the capital of the Brazilian state of Bahia . With 2.9 million people ( 2017 ) , it is the largest city proper in the Northeast Region and the 4th largest city proper in the country , after São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro and Brasília . Founded by the Portuguese in 1549 as the first capital of Brazil , Salvador is one of the oldest colonial cities in the Americas . A sharp escarpment divides its Lower Town ( Cidade Baixa ) from its Upper Town ( Cidade Alta ) by some 85 meters ( 279 ft ) . The Elevador Lacerda , Brazil 's first urban elevator , has connected the two since 1873 . The Pelourinho district of the upper town , still home to many examples of Portuguese colonial architecture and historical monuments , was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 . The city 's cathedral is the see of the primate of Brazil and its Carnival celebration has been reckoned as the largest party in the world . Salvador was one of the first slave ports in the Americas and the African influence of the slaves ' descendants makes it a center of Afro-Brazilian ( negro ) culture . The city is noted for its cuisine , music , dance and architecture . Porto da Barra Beach in Barra has been named one of the best beaches in the world . Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova was the site of the city 's games during the 2014 Brazilian World Cup and 2013 Confederations Cup . Salvador forms the heart of the Recôncavo , Bahia 's rich agricultural and industrial maritime district , and continues to be a major Brazilian port ."}]}, {'value': 'Bahia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahia', 'summary': "Bahia ( /bəˈhiːə/ ( listen ) ; locally [ baˈi.ɐ ] ) [ a ] is one of the 26 states of Brazil and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast . It is the 4th-largest Brazilian state by population ( after São Paulo , Minas Gerais , and Rio de Janeiro ) and the 5th-largest by area . Bahia 's capital is the city of Salvador ( formerly known as Cidade do São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos , lit . City of Holy Saviour of All Saints Bay ) , located on a spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic . Once a monarchial stronghold dominated by agricultural , slaving , and ranching interests , Bahia is now a major manufacturing center whose last four elections have been dominated by the Workers ' Party ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salvador Air Force Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Maria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Maria,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul', 'summary': 'Santa Maria is a municipality ( município ) in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul , the southernmost state of Brazil . In 2017 , its population was 278,445 inhabitants in a total area of 1,823 square kilometres ( 704 sq mi ) . Santa Maria is the 5th biggest municipality in the state , and the largest in its micro-region . Santa Maria is often referred to as the heart of Rio Grande ( from Portuguese : Coração do Rio Grande ) , because the city is located in the geographical center of the State .'}]}, {'value': 'Rio Grande do Sul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul', 'summary': 'Rio Grande do Sul ( UK : /ˌriːuː ˌɡrændi duː ˈsʊl/ , US : /ˌriːuː ˌɡrɑːndi duː ˈsuːl/ , Portuguese : [ ˈʁiw ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒi du ˈsuw ] ( listen ) ; [ a ] lit . Great Southern River ) is a state in the southern region of Brazil . It is the fifth-most-populous state and the ninth largest by area . Located in the southernmost part of the country , Rio Grande do Sul is bordered clockwise by Santa Catarina to the north and northeast , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the Uruguayan departments of Rocha , Treinta y Tres , Cerro Largo , Rivera and Artigas to the south and southwest , and the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones to the west and northwest . The capital and largest city is Porto Alegre . The state has the highest life expectancy in Brazil , and the crime rate is relatively low compared to Brazilian national average . Despite the high standard of living , unemployment is still high and according to census data , it is one of the most difficult states in Brazil for foreigners to find jobs . The state has a gaucho culture like its foreign neighbors . It was originally inhabited by Guarani people . The first Europeans there were Jesuits , followed by settlers from the Azores . In the 19th century it was the scene of conflicts including the Farroupilha Revolution and the Paraguayan War . Large waves of German and Italian migration have shaped the state .'}]}, {'value': 'SBSM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Maria Air Force Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Maria_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Santa Maria Air Base - BASM is a base of the Brazilian Air Force , located in the city of Santa Maria , Brazil . It shares some facilities with Santa Maria Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santos,_São_Paulo', 'summary': "Santos ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈsɐ̃tus ] ( listen ) , Saints ) is a municipality in the Brazilian state of São Paulo , founded in 1546 by the Portuguese nobleman Brás Cubas . It is located mostly on the island of São Vicente , which harbors both the city of Santos and the city of São Vicente , and partially on the mainland . It is the main city in the metropolitan region of Baixada Santista . The population is 433,966 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 280.67 km2 ( 108.37 sq mi ) . The city is also home to the Coffee Museum , where world coffee prices were once negotiated . There is also an association football memorial , dedicated to the city 's greatest players , which includes Pelé , who played for the Santos Futebol Clube . Its beachfront garden , 5,335 m ( 5,834 yd ) in length , figures in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest beachfront garden in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_(state)', 'summary': 'São Paulo ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus . As the richest Brazilian state and a major industrial complex , often dubbed the locomotive of Brazil , the state is responsible for 33.9% of the Brazilian GDP . São Paulo also has the second highest Human Development Index ( HDI ) and GDP per capita , the fourth lowest infant mortality rate , the third highest life expectancy , and the third lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil , being by far , the safest state in the country . The homicide rate is 3.8 per 100 thousand as of 2018 , almost 1/4 of the Brazilian rate . São Paulo alone is richer than Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay and Bolivia combined . The economy of São Paulo State is the most developed in Brazil . With more than 46 million inhabitants in 2019 , São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian state , the most populous national subdivision in the Americas , and the third most populous political unit of South America , surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian Federation and Colombia . The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians , who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century ; of the Portuguese , who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region ; indigenous peoples , many distinct ethnic groups ; Africans , who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country . In addition , Arabs , Germans , Spanish , Japanese , Chinese , and Greeks also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population . The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 BC . In the early 16th century , the coast of the region was visited by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators . In 1532 Martim Afonso de Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas - the village of São Vicente , in the Baixada Santista .'}]}, {'value': 'SBST', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santos Air Force Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_(state)', 'summary': 'São Paulo ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus . As the richest Brazilian state and a major industrial complex , often dubbed the locomotive of Brazil , the state is responsible for 33.9% of the Brazilian GDP . São Paulo also has the second highest Human Development Index ( HDI ) and GDP per capita , the fourth lowest infant mortality rate , the third highest life expectancy , and the third lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil , being by far , the safest state in the country . The homicide rate is 3.8 per 100 thousand as of 2018 , almost 1/4 of the Brazilian rate . São Paulo alone is richer than Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay and Bolivia combined . The economy of São Paulo State is the most developed in Brazil . With more than 46 million inhabitants in 2019 , São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian state , the most populous national subdivision in the Americas , and the third most populous political unit of South America , surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian Federation and Colombia . The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians , who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century ; of the Portuguese , who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region ; indigenous peoples , many distinct ethnic groups ; Africans , who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country . In addition , Arabs , Germans , Spanish , Japanese , Chinese , and Greeks also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population . The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 BC . In the early 16th century , the coast of the region was visited by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators . In 1532 Martim Afonso de Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas - the village of São Vicente , in the Baixada Santista .'}]}, {'value': 'SBGR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo Air Force Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serra do Cachimbo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serra_do_Cachimbo', 'summary': 'Serra do Cachimbo ( English : Cachimbo Mountains ) is a low mountain range in Brazil , in the southern part of the state of Pará , located mostly in the municipalities of Altamira , Itaituba , Jacareacanga , and Novo Progresso . The Serra do Cachimbo complex is partly a continuous mass of mountains with a south west alignment , partly plateau with flat-bottomed valleys . Altitude ranges from 250 to 740 metres ( 820 to 2,430 ft ) above sea level . Erosion has created ridges and ravines . In the northern part there are escarpments along the transition to the peripheral depression of southern Pará , where the rivers descend in rapids and waterfalls such as the Salto do Curuá . The Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve covers part of the range . The southwest of the Rio Novo National Park is dominated by the Serra do Cachimbo , rising to 500 to 650 metres ( 1,640 to 2,130 ft ) , with a sharp escarpment forming its northern face . The Iriri River and its tributaries ( notably Curuá River ) rises in the Serra do Cachimbo and flows for 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) before joining the Xingu River . It is the main river of the 3,373,134 hectares ( 8,335,200 acres ) Terra do Meio Ecological Station . The Jamanxim River , a tributary of the Tapajós , also rises in the Serra do Cachimbo . Jamanxim , Curuá and other rivers of Serra do Cachimbo are home to many endemic fish . Several of these are threatened by habitat loss and proposed dams , although there are also a few like Phycocharax rasbora that benefit from the reservoirs created by dams .'}]}, {'value': 'Pará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pará', 'summary': "Pará is a State of Brazil , located in northern Brazil and traversed by the lower Amazon River . It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá , Maranhão , Tocantins , Mato Grosso , Amazonas and Roraima . To the northwest are the borders of Guyana and Suriname , to the northeast of Pará is the Atlantic Ocean . The capital and largest city is Belém , which is located at the mouth of the Amazon . Pará is the most populous state of the northern region , with a population of over 7.5 million , being the ninth-most populous state in Brazil . It is the second-largest state of Brazil in area , with 1.2 million km² ( 460,000 square miles ) , second only to Amazonas upriver . Its most famous icons are the Amazon River and the Amazon Rainforest . Pará produces rubber ( extracted from natural rubber tree groves ) , tropical hardwoods such as mahogany , and minerals such as iron ore and bauxite . A new commodity crop is soy , cultivated in the region of Santarém . Every October , Belém receives tens of thousands of tourists for the year 's most important religious celebration : the procession of the Círio de Nazaré . Another important attraction of the capital is the Marajó-style ceramics , based on the extinct Marajoara culture , which developed on an island in the Amazon River ."}]}, {'value': 'SBCC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cachimbo Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cachimbo_Airport', 'summary': 'Cachimbo Airport ( ICAO : SBCC ) is the military airport serving Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso , a large Testing and Training complex of the Brazilian Armed Forces located in Serra do Cachimbo ( English : Smoking pipe Mountains ) , in the southern part of the state of Pará , Brazil . It is operated by the Brazilian Air Force .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Air Bases -- Air Force', 'section_text': 'Operated by the Brazilian Air Force :', 'uid': 'List_of_Brazilian_military_bases_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of military bases in Brazil, sorted by location:'}
null
null
Which state is the airport that serves Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso located in ?
Paraguayans
08aea07186802ffa
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'title': 'List of Primeval characters', 'header': ['Character name', 'Actor', 'First appearance', 'Last appearance'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nick Cutter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Douglas Henshall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_Henshall', 'summary': 'Douglas James Henshall ( born 19 November 1965 [ citation needed ] ) is a Scottish television , film and stage actor . He is best known for his roles as Professor Nick Cutter in the science fiction series Primeval ( 2007-2011 ) and Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez in the crime drama Shetland ( 2013- ) .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '3.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'James Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Murray_(English_actor)', 'summary': 'James Murray ( born 22 January 1975 ) , also known as Jim Murray , is an English actor , artist and fundraiser .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '2.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helen Cutter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Juliet Aubrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juliet_Aubrey', 'summary': 'Juliet Emma Aubrey ( born 17 December 1966 ) is an English actress of theatre , film , and television . She won the 1995 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for playing Dorothea in the BBC serial Middlemarch ( 1994 ) . She is also known for her role as Helen Cutter in the ITV series Primeval ( 2007-11 ) . Her film appearances include Still Crazy ( 1998 ) , The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) and The Infiltrator ( 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '3.10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connor Temple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Lee Potts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Lee_Potts', 'summary': "Andrew Lee Potts ( born 29 October 1979 ) is an English actor and director . He is best known for his role as the quirky Connor Temple on ITV 's British science fiction programme Primeval and Space 's Canadian spinoff Primeval : New World . He also starred as the Hatter on the SyFy mini-series Alice and was a series regular on the long-running programme Ideal . Since 2006 , Potts has written and directed short films through his production house , Keychain Productions . In 2008 , he directed a documentary about the filming of Primeval called Through the Anomaly ."}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '5.6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Abby Maitland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hannah Spearritt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hannah_Spearritt', 'summary': 'Hannah Louise Spearritt ( born 1 April 1981 ) is an English actress and singer . She is an original member of the pop group S Club 7 . Spearritt is also known for playing the role of Abby Maitland in the drama Primeval .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '5.6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Claudia Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucy Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Brown', 'summary': 'Lucy Brown ( born 13 February 1979 ) is an English actress best known for dual roles in the TV series Primeval .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '1.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Lester', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Miller', 'summary': 'Bennet Evan Miller ( born 24 February 1966 ) is an English comedian , actor and director . He is best known as one half of comedy double act Armstrong and Miller , with Alexander Armstrong . Miller and Armstrong wrote and starred in the Channel 4 sketch show Armstrong and Miller , as well as the BBC sketch show The Armstrong & Miller Show . Miller is also known for playing the lead role of DI Richard Poole in the first two series of the BBC Crime Drama Death in Paradise .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '5.6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Captain Tom Ryan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Wakeling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Wakeling', 'summary': 'Mark Wakeling ( born 11 October 1971 ) is a British actor and founder of The Actors Temple in London .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '1.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jake Curran', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '1.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duncan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'James Bradshaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Bradshaw_(actor)', 'summary': 'James Bradshaw ( born 20 March 1976 ) is an English actor , known for his roles as Gordon Grimley in the Granada series The Grimleys , D.S Geoff Thorpe in Hollyoaks and Dr. Max DeBryn in Endeavour .'}]}, {'value': '1.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '4.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oliver Leek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Karl Theobald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Theobald', 'summary': "Karl Julian Theobald ( born 5 August 1969 ) is an English actor and comedian . He has played 'Landlord ' in Plebs and Martin Dear in Channel 4 sitcom Green Wing ."}]}, {'value': '2.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '2.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jenny Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucy Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Brown', 'summary': 'Lucy Brown ( born 13 February 1979 ) is an English actress best known for dual roles in the TV series Primeval .'}]}, {'value': '2.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '4.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cleaner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tim Faraday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '3.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caroline Steel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Naomi Bentley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naomi_Bentley', 'summary': 'Naomi Bentley ( born 1981 ) is an English actress known for her roles in White Van Man , Primeval , Grownups , Dalziel and Pascoe and Casanova .'}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '2.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mick Harper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ramon Tikaram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramon_Tikaram', 'summary': 'Ramon Pramod Junior Tikaram ( born 16 May 1967 ) is a British stage and screen actor of Indo-Fijian and Malaysian descent .'}]}, {'value': '2.6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '3.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain Hilary Becker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Mansfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Mansfield', 'summary': 'Ben Mansfield ( born 29 May 1983 ) is an English actor , best known for playing Captain Becker in the ITV sci-fi drama Primeval .'}]}, {'value': '3.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '5.6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarah Page', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Laila Rouass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laila_Rouass', 'summary': "Laila Abdesselam Rouass ( born 22 June 1971 ) is a British actress . She is best known for her portrayals of Amber Gates in Footballers ' Wives ( 2004-2006 ) and Sahira Shah in Holby City ( 2011-2012 ) . She has also starred in Primeval and Spooks and been a contestant on Strictly Come Dancing , in which she finished fourth ."}]}, {'value': '3.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '3.10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christine Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Belinda Stewart-Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belinda_Stewart-Wilson', 'summary': 'Belinda Stewart-Wilson ( born 16 April 1971 ) is an English actress best known for her role as Polly McKenzie in The Inbetweeners .'}]}, {'value': '3.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '3.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danny Quinn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason Flemyng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Flemyng', 'summary': "Jason Iain Flemyng ( born 25 September 1966 ) is an English actor . Flemyng is known for his film work , which has included roles in British films such as Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) and Snatch ( 2000 ) , both for Guy Ritchie , as well as Hollywood productions such as Rob Roy ( 1995 ) , the Alan Moore comic book adaptations From Hell ( 2001 ) and The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) , and The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) . He has also appeared in prominent roles in both theatre and television in the UK . Flemyng speaks French fluently , and has made three films in that language . He won the Best Actor Award at the Geneva Film Festival for his role in 1996 's Alive and Kicking ."}]}, {'value': '3.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '4.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katherine Kavanagh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ruth Gemmell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruth_Gemmell', 'summary': "Ruth Gemmell ( born 1967 ) is an English actress , known for her role in the 1997 film Fever Pitch . She is also known for her work on the television show Utopia as Jen Dugdale . In 1996 , Gemmell appeared in eight episodes of the television show Silent Witness as Detective Constable Kerry Cox , then as other characters in single episodes in 2006 and 2014 . Gemmell has also guest starred in several shows , including Casualty during 2014 and an episode of Midsomer Murders in 2015 . She has been a leading character in the ITV series Home Fires , playing the role of cleric 's wife Sarah Collingbourne ."}]}, {'value': '3.3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '3.4', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Character appearances -- Character Appearances', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Primeval_characters_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval, including supporting characters. The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government. The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter, James Murray as Stephen Hart, Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple, Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland, with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter, Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan. In the final episode of Series 1, Captain Tom Ryan is killed off, and Claudia Brown disappears. The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2. Lucy Brown plays a new character, Jenny Lewis, a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia, but unlike her, she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia. Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek, Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support. Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2, and Caroline Steel leaves. Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page, Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn. In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed, with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader. Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later (returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4); and in the finale of Series 3, Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor. Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4, and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4.'}
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What is the last appearance of the character whose actor also played Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez in the crime drama Shetland ?
3.3
08b0be2068951f01
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_county_routes_in_Wayne_County,_New_York', 'title': 'List of county routes in Wayne County, New York', 'header': ['Route', 'Length ( mi )', 'Length ( km )', 'From', 'Via', 'To'], 'data': [{'value': 'CR 200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.97', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 201 / CR 202 in Walworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walworth,_New_York', 'summary': 'Walworth is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States named after Reuben Walworth , a state official . The population was 9,449 at the 2010 census . The Town of Walworth is on the western border of the county and is east of Rochester , New York . It has a hamlet , also called Walworth .'}]}, {'value': 'North Lincoln Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 104 in Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_104', 'summary': 'New York State Route 104 ( NY 104 ) is a 182.41-mile-long ( 293.56 km ) east-west state highway in Upstate New York in the United States . It spans six counties and enters the vicinity of four cities - Niagara Falls , Lockport , Rochester , and Oswego - as it follows a routing largely parallel to the southern shoreline of Lake Ontario , along a ridge of the old shoreline of Glacial Lake Iroquois . The western terminus of NY 104 is an intersection with NY 384 in Niagara Falls , Niagara County , while its eastern terminus is a junction with NY 13 in the town of Williamstown , Oswego County . The portion of NY 104 between Rochester and the village of Webster east of the city is a limited-access highway known as the Keeler Street Expressway west of NY 590 and the Irondequoit-Wayne County Expressway east of NY 590 ; from Williamson to Oswego , NY 104 is a super two highway . The majority of Ridge Road and modern NY 104 from the village of Red Creek to the town of Mexico were originally designated as part of Route 30 , an unsigned legislative route , early in the 20th century . All of Ridge Road and its continuation through Oswego to the hamlet of Maple View gained a signed designation by 1926 and became part of U.S. Route 104 ( US 104 ) , a United States Numbered Highway extending from Niagara Falls to Maple View , c. 1935 . US 104 , which never connected to US 4 , its implied parent route , was redesignated as NY 104 c. 1972 . As part of the redesignation , NY 104 was extended east to NY 13 in Williamstown over what had been New York State Route 126 . The 104 designation , whether it be US 104 or NY 104 , has shifted from surface streets to expressways and super twos , particularly from Rochester east to Oswego . The first such realignment occurred in the 1940s in Wayne County and was completed by the realignment of NY 104 onto the Irondequoit-Wayne County Expressway near Webster in the 1980s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario,_New_York', 'summary': 'Ontario is a town in the northwest corner of Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 9,778 at the 2000 census , and 10,136 at the 2010 census . The town is named after the Great Lake on its northern border . The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Ontario . Government offices for the town are located there .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 201', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monroe County line ( becomes CR 11 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York', 'summary': "Monroe County is a county in the western portion of the state of New York , in the United States . The county is along Lake Ontario 's southern shore . As of 2018 , Monroe County 's population was 742,474 , a decrease since the 2010 census . Its county seat and largest city is the city of Rochester . The county is named after James Monroe , the fifth President of the United States . Monroe County is part of the Rochester , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area . The current County Executive is Adam Bello ."}, {'url': '/wiki/County_Route_11_(Monroe_County,_New_York)', 'summary': "The Monroe County , New York , Department of Transportation maintains 663 miles ( 1,067 km ) of roads as county routes . Unlike most counties in New York , Monroe County does not post reassurance markers along its county routes . In fact , the only field reference to a route 's designation are reference markers posted at bridges and culverts along the highway , which carry the county route number on the second line . Routes that do not cross either type of structure at some point are completely unsigned . As a result , county routes in Monroe County are widely known by their road name and not by their number . Route numbers were initially assigned across the county from east to west , beginning at the Wayne County line and generally progressing westward to the Orleans County line . Subsequent routes ( those above County Route 238 or CR 238 ) do not follow this pattern and are located in all areas of the county . As a general rule , east-west routes have designations ending in an odd number while north-south highways carry designations ending in an even number . Several county routes partially or wholly overlap with New York state touring routes , serving as internal designations for county-maintained segments of those routes ."}]}, {'value': 'Plank Road in Walworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walworth,_New_York', 'summary': 'Walworth is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States named after Reuben Walworth , a state official . The population was 9,449 at the 2010 census . The Town of Walworth is on the western border of the county and is east of Rochester , New York . It has a hamlet , also called Walworth .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 350', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_350', 'summary': 'New York State Route 350 ( NY 350 ) is a north-south state highway in western Wayne County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 11.40 miles ( 18.35 km ) from an intersection with NY 31 and NY 31F in the village of Macedon to a junction with NY 104 in the town of Ontario . NY 350 serves as the eastern terminus for three routes : the aforementioned NY 31F , NY 286 , and NY 441 , all of which originate in the Rochester area . Aside from the village of Macedon at its south end and the hamlet of Ontario Center at its north terminus , NY 350 serves mostly rural areas dominated by farmland . NY 350 was assigned c. 1932 to the portion of its routing south of Cator Corners , the north junction with NY 31F . It was extended northward to its current terminus in the 1940s .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 202', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 286 / CR 203 / CR 204', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_286', 'summary': 'New York State Route 286 ( NY 286 ) is an east-west state highway in the vicinity of the city of Rochester , New York , in the United States . It links Rochester to its eastern suburbs and to western Wayne County . The western terminus of the route is at exit 7 on NY 590 just inside the Rochester city limits . Its eastern terminus is at NY 350 in Walworth . NY 286 is named Browncroft Boulevard from NY 590 to its junction with Qualtrough and Clark roads in Penfield . This portion of the highway passes through predominantly residential areas . East of this intersection , the route is known as Atlantic Avenue and traverses more rural areas . The entirety of NY 286 east of Blossom Road was originally designated as part of NY 35 during the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 35 exited Rochester on Blossom Road and followed it east to modern NY 286 . The remainder of Browncroft Boulevard was designated as New York State Route 35B , an alternate route of NY 35 , in the mid-1930s . The NY 35 and NY 35B designations were eliminated in the early 1940s and replaced with NY 383 and New York State Route 383B , respectively . NY 383 was truncated to downtown Rochester in 1949 , at which time its former routing from Rochester to Walworth became NY 286 .'}]}, {'value': 'South Lincoln Road in Walworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walworth,_New_York', 'summary': 'Walworth is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States named after Reuben Walworth , a state official . The population was 9,449 at the 2010 census . The Town of Walworth is on the western border of the county and is east of Rochester , New York . It has a hamlet , also called Walworth .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 200 / CR 201', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 203', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Route_203_(Wayne_County,_New_York)', 'summary': 'New York State Route 286 ( NY 286 ) is an east-west state highway in the vicinity of the city of Rochester , New York , in the United States . It links Rochester to its eastern suburbs and to western Wayne County . The western terminus of the route is at exit 7 on NY 590 just inside the Rochester city limits . Its eastern terminus is at NY 350 in Walworth . NY 286 is named Browncroft Boulevard from NY 590 to its junction with Qualtrough and Clark roads in Penfield . This portion of the highway passes through predominantly residential areas . East of this intersection , the route is known as Atlantic Avenue and traverses more rural areas . The entirety of NY 286 east of Blossom Road was originally designated as part of NY 35 during the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 35 exited Rochester on Blossom Road and followed it east to modern NY 286 . The remainder of Browncroft Boulevard was designated as New York State Route 35B , an alternate route of NY 35 , in the mid-1930s . The NY 35 and NY 35B designations were eliminated in the early 1940s and replaced with NY 383 and New York State Route 383B , respectively . NY 383 was truncated to downtown Rochester in 1949 , at which time its former routing from Rochester to Walworth became NY 286 .'}]}, {'value': '4.33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.97', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monroe County line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York', 'summary': "Monroe County is a county in the western portion of the state of New York , in the United States . The county is along Lake Ontario 's southern shore . As of 2018 , Monroe County 's population was 742,474 , a decrease since the 2010 census . Its county seat and largest city is the city of Rochester . The county is named after James Monroe , the fifth President of the United States . Monroe County is part of the Rochester , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area . The current County Executive is Adam Bello ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic Avenue in Walworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walworth,_New_York', 'summary': 'Walworth is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States named after Reuben Walworth , a state official . The population was 9,449 at the 2010 census . The Town of Walworth is on the western border of the county and is east of Rochester , New York . It has a hamlet , also called Walworth .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 350', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_350', 'summary': 'New York State Route 350 ( NY 350 ) is a north-south state highway in western Wayne County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 11.40 miles ( 18.35 km ) from an intersection with NY 31 and NY 31F in the village of Macedon to a junction with NY 104 in the town of Ontario . NY 350 serves as the eastern terminus for three routes : the aforementioned NY 31F , NY 286 , and NY 441 , all of which originate in the Rochester area . Aside from the village of Macedon at its south end and the hamlet of Ontario Center at its north terminus , NY 350 serves mostly rural areas dominated by farmland . NY 350 was assigned c. 1932 to the portion of its routing south of Cator Corners , the north junction with NY 31F . It was extended northward to its current terminus in the 1940s .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 204 ( 1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 206A in Macedon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macedon_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Macedon is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 9,148 at the 2010 census . The Town of Macedon is named after the birthplace of Alexander the Great , in Ancient Macedonia . It is located in the southwest corner of Wayne County and contains a hamlet also named Macedon , formerly an incorporated village . The town is east of Rochester and west of Syracuse .'}]}, {'value': 'West Walworth Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 441 in Walworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_441', 'summary': "New York State Route 441 ( NY 441 ) is an east-west state highway in the eastern suburbs of Rochester , New York , in the United States . It extends for 12.55 miles ( 20.20 km ) from an intersection with NY 96 in Brighton to a junction with NY 350 in Walworth . The route starts as a four-lane divided highway in Brighton and western Penfield , and gradually narrows to a two-lane undivided road as it heads away from the city of Rochester . NY 441 connects to Interstate 490 ( I-490 ) in Brighton and intersects NY 250 in Penfield . NY 441 was originally routed on Penfield Road between Brighton and Penfield when it was assigned in 1949 . It remained on Penfield Road through Penfield and into Wayne County to Marion , where the highway ended at NY 21 . The entirety of this routing had previously been part of NY 33 , which was truncated westward to downtown Rochester as part of NY 441 's assignment . NY 441 was cut back to NY 350 in Walworth by 1970 . The divided highway that now carries NY 441 through Brighton and western Penfield was constructed during the late 1960s and opened as a realignment of NY 441 by 1971 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Walworth,_New_York', 'summary': 'Walworth is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States named after Reuben Walworth , a state official . The population was 9,449 at the 2010 census . The Town of Walworth is on the western border of the county and is east of Rochester , New York . It has a hamlet , also called Walworth .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 204 ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 441', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_441', 'summary': "New York State Route 441 ( NY 441 ) is an east-west state highway in the eastern suburbs of Rochester , New York , in the United States . It extends for 12.55 miles ( 20.20 km ) from an intersection with NY 96 in Brighton to a junction with NY 350 in Walworth . The route starts as a four-lane divided highway in Brighton and western Penfield , and gradually narrows to a two-lane undivided road as it heads away from the city of Rochester . NY 441 connects to Interstate 490 ( I-490 ) in Brighton and intersects NY 250 in Penfield . NY 441 was originally routed on Penfield Road between Brighton and Penfield when it was assigned in 1949 . It remained on Penfield Road through Penfield and into Wayne County to Marion , where the highway ended at NY 21 . The entirety of this routing had previously been part of NY 33 , which was truncated westward to downtown Rochester as part of NY 441 's assignment . NY 441 was cut back to NY 350 in Walworth by 1970 . The divided highway that now carries NY 441 through Brighton and western Penfield was constructed during the late 1960s and opened as a realignment of NY 441 by 1971 ."}]}, {'value': 'West Walworth Road in Walworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walworth,_New_York', 'summary': 'Walworth is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States named after Reuben Walworth , a state official . The population was 9,449 at the 2010 census . The Town of Walworth is on the western border of the county and is east of Rochester , New York . It has a hamlet , also called Walworth .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 286 / CR 202 / CR 203', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_286', 'summary': 'New York State Route 286 ( NY 286 ) is an east-west state highway in the vicinity of the city of Rochester , New York , in the United States . It links Rochester to its eastern suburbs and to western Wayne County . The western terminus of the route is at exit 7 on NY 590 just inside the Rochester city limits . Its eastern terminus is at NY 350 in Walworth . NY 286 is named Browncroft Boulevard from NY 590 to its junction with Qualtrough and Clark roads in Penfield . This portion of the highway passes through predominantly residential areas . East of this intersection , the route is known as Atlantic Avenue and traverses more rural areas . The entirety of NY 286 east of Blossom Road was originally designated as part of NY 35 during the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 35 exited Rochester on Blossom Road and followed it east to modern NY 286 . The remainder of Browncroft Boulevard was designated as New York State Route 35B , an alternate route of NY 35 , in the mid-1930s . The NY 35 and NY 35B designations were eliminated in the early 1940s and replaced with NY 383 and New York State Route 383B , respectively . NY 383 was truncated to downtown Rochester in 1949 , at which time its former routing from Rochester to Walworth became NY 286 .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 205', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 350 / NY 441', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_350', 'summary': 'New York State Route 350 ( NY 350 ) is a north-south state highway in western Wayne County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 11.40 miles ( 18.35 km ) from an intersection with NY 31 and NY 31F in the village of Macedon to a junction with NY 104 in the town of Ontario . NY 350 serves as the eastern terminus for three routes : the aforementioned NY 31F , NY 286 , and NY 441 , all of which originate in the Rochester area . Aside from the village of Macedon at its south end and the hamlet of Ontario Center at its north terminus , NY 350 serves mostly rural areas dominated by farmland . NY 350 was assigned c. 1932 to the portion of its routing south of Cator Corners , the north junction with NY 31F . It was extended northward to its current terminus in the 1940s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NY_441', 'summary': "New York State Route 441 ( NY 441 ) is an east-west state highway in the eastern suburbs of Rochester , New York , in the United States . It extends for 12.55 miles ( 20.20 km ) from an intersection with NY 96 in Brighton to a junction with NY 350 in Walworth . The route starts as a four-lane divided highway in Brighton and western Penfield , and gradually narrows to a two-lane undivided road as it heads away from the city of Rochester . NY 441 connects to Interstate 490 ( I-490 ) in Brighton and intersects NY 250 in Penfield . NY 441 was originally routed on Penfield Road between Brighton and Penfield when it was assigned in 1949 . It remained on Penfield Road through Penfield and into Wayne County to Marion , where the highway ended at NY 21 . The entirety of this routing had previously been part of NY 33 , which was truncated westward to downtown Rochester as part of NY 441 's assignment . NY 441 was cut back to NY 350 in Walworth by 1970 . The divided highway that now carries NY 441 through Brighton and western Penfield was constructed during the late 1960s and opened as a realignment of NY 441 by 1971 ."}]}, {'value': 'Penfield-Walworth Road in Walworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walworth,_New_York', 'summary': 'Walworth is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States named after Reuben Walworth , a state official . The population was 9,449 at the 2010 census . The Town of Walworth is on the western border of the county and is east of Rochester , New York . It has a hamlet , also called Walworth .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 207 / CR 208', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 205A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.65', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 441 in Walworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_441', 'summary': "New York State Route 441 ( NY 441 ) is an east-west state highway in the eastern suburbs of Rochester , New York , in the United States . It extends for 12.55 miles ( 20.20 km ) from an intersection with NY 96 in Brighton to a junction with NY 350 in Walworth . The route starts as a four-lane divided highway in Brighton and western Penfield , and gradually narrows to a two-lane undivided road as it heads away from the city of Rochester . NY 441 connects to Interstate 490 ( I-490 ) in Brighton and intersects NY 250 in Penfield . NY 441 was originally routed on Penfield Road between Brighton and Penfield when it was assigned in 1949 . It remained on Penfield Road through Penfield and into Wayne County to Marion , where the highway ended at NY 21 . The entirety of this routing had previously been part of NY 33 , which was truncated westward to downtown Rochester as part of NY 441 's assignment . NY 441 was cut back to NY 350 in Walworth by 1970 . The divided highway that now carries NY 441 through Brighton and western Penfield was constructed during the late 1960s and opened as a realignment of NY 441 by 1971 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Walworth,_New_York', 'summary': 'Walworth is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States named after Reuben Walworth , a state official . The population was 9,449 at the 2010 census . The Town of Walworth is on the western border of the county and is east of Rochester , New York . It has a hamlet , also called Walworth .'}]}, {'value': 'Gananda Parkway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddy Road in Macedon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macedon_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Macedon is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 9,148 at the 2010 census . The Town of Macedon is named after the birthplace of Alexander the Great , in Ancient Macedonia . It is located in the southwest corner of Wayne County and contains a hamlet also named Macedon , formerly an incorporated village . The town is east of Rochester and west of Syracuse .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 206', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 31 / CR 306', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_31', 'summary': 'New York State Route 31 ( NY 31 ) is a state highway that extends for 208.74 miles ( 335.93 km ) across western and central New York in the United States . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 104 in the city of Niagara Falls . Its eastern terminus is at a traffic circle with NY 26 in Vernon Center , a hamlet within the town of Vernon . Over its routing , NY 31 spans 10 counties and indirectly connects three major urban areas in Upstate New York : Buffalo-Niagara Falls , Rochester , and Syracuse . The route is one of the longest routes in New York State , paralleling two similarly lengthy routes , NY 104 to the north and NY 5 to the south , as well as the Erie Canal , as it proceeds east . Much of NY 31 west of Jordan was originally designated as part of a legislative route from the late 1900s to the early 1920s . NY 31 itself was assigned in the mid-1920s , utilizing all of legislative Route 30 ( modern NY 31 , NY 429 , and NY 104 ) west of Rochester and much of its current alignment from Rochester to Lenox . At Lenox , NY 31 turned southeast to follow what is now NY 316 and NY 46 to NY 5 in Oneida . It was realigned by 1929 to continue west to Lewiston on Ridge Road and altered in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to continue east to Utica via Verona . With the advent of U.S. Route 104 ( US 104 ) c. 1935 , NY 31 was realigned west of Rochester to follow most of its modern routing . NY 31 was truncated westward to NY 365 in Verona in the early 1940s , moving the eastern terminus of NY 31 to the same junction that also had served as the northern terminus of New York State Route 234 , a north-south route that extended southeastward to Vernon Center , since the early 1930s . The two routes continued to share a terminus until 1981 , when ownership and maintenance of part of NY 234 was transferred from the state of New York to Oneida County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government .'}]}, {'value': 'North Wayneport Road in Macedon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macedon_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Macedon is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 9,148 at the 2010 census . The Town of Macedon is named after the birthplace of Alexander the Great , in Ancient Macedonia . It is located in the southwest corner of Wayne County and contains a hamlet also named Macedon , formerly an incorporated village . The town is east of Rochester and west of Syracuse .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 206A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 206A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quaker Road in Macedon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macedon_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Macedon is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 9,148 at the 2010 census . The Town of Macedon is named after the birthplace of Alexander the Great , in Ancient Macedonia . It is located in the southwest corner of Wayne County and contains a hamlet also named Macedon , formerly an incorporated village . The town is east of Rochester and west of Syracuse .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 204', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 207', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 205 / CR 208 in Walworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walworth,_New_York', 'summary': 'Walworth is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States named after Reuben Walworth , a state official . The population was 9,449 at the 2010 census . The Town of Walworth is on the western border of the county and is east of Rochester , New York . It has a hamlet , also called Walworth .'}]}, {'value': 'Walworth-Marion Road and Buffalo Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 216 in Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_New_York', 'summary': 'Marion is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 4,746 as of the 2010 census . It is named after Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion . It is an interior town near the center of the county , about 20 miles east of Rochester , New York and 50 miles west of Syracuse , New York . The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Marion . Government offices for the town are located there .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 208', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.69', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 31 in Macedon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_31', 'summary': 'New York State Route 31 ( NY 31 ) is a state highway that extends for 208.74 miles ( 335.93 km ) across western and central New York in the United States . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 104 in the city of Niagara Falls . Its eastern terminus is at a traffic circle with NY 26 in Vernon Center , a hamlet within the town of Vernon . Over its routing , NY 31 spans 10 counties and indirectly connects three major urban areas in Upstate New York : Buffalo-Niagara Falls , Rochester , and Syracuse . The route is one of the longest routes in New York State , paralleling two similarly lengthy routes , NY 104 to the north and NY 5 to the south , as well as the Erie Canal , as it proceeds east . Much of NY 31 west of Jordan was originally designated as part of a legislative route from the late 1900s to the early 1920s . NY 31 itself was assigned in the mid-1920s , utilizing all of legislative Route 30 ( modern NY 31 , NY 429 , and NY 104 ) west of Rochester and much of its current alignment from Rochester to Lenox . At Lenox , NY 31 turned southeast to follow what is now NY 316 and NY 46 to NY 5 in Oneida . It was realigned by 1929 to continue west to Lewiston on Ridge Road and altered in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to continue east to Utica via Verona . With the advent of U.S. Route 104 ( US 104 ) c. 1935 , NY 31 was realigned west of Rochester to follow most of its modern routing . NY 31 was truncated westward to NY 365 in Verona in the early 1940s , moving the eastern terminus of NY 31 to the same junction that also had served as the northern terminus of New York State Route 234 , a north-south route that extended southeastward to Vernon Center , since the early 1930s . The two routes continued to share a terminus until 1981 , when ownership and maintenance of part of NY 234 was transferred from the state of New York to Oneida County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Macedon_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Macedon is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 9,148 at the 2010 census . The Town of Macedon is named after the birthplace of Alexander the Great , in Ancient Macedonia . It is located in the southwest corner of Wayne County and contains a hamlet also named Macedon , formerly an incorporated village . The town is east of Rochester and west of Syracuse .'}]}, {'value': 'Walworth Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 205 / CR 207 in Walworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walworth,_New_York', 'summary': 'Walworth is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States named after Reuben Walworth , a state official . The population was 9,449 at the 2010 census . The Town of Walworth is on the western border of the county and is east of Rochester , New York . It has a hamlet , also called Walworth .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 209', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 350 in Macedon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_350', 'summary': 'New York State Route 350 ( NY 350 ) is a north-south state highway in western Wayne County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 11.40 miles ( 18.35 km ) from an intersection with NY 31 and NY 31F in the village of Macedon to a junction with NY 104 in the town of Ontario . NY 350 serves as the eastern terminus for three routes : the aforementioned NY 31F , NY 286 , and NY 441 , all of which originate in the Rochester area . Aside from the village of Macedon at its south end and the hamlet of Ontario Center at its north terminus , NY 350 serves mostly rural areas dominated by farmland . NY 350 was assigned c. 1932 to the portion of its routing south of Cator Corners , the north junction with NY 31F . It was extended northward to its current terminus in the 1940s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Macedon_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Macedon is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 9,148 at the 2010 census . The Town of Macedon is named after the birthplace of Alexander the Great , in Ancient Macedonia . It is located in the southwest corner of Wayne County and contains a hamlet also named Macedon , formerly an incorporated village . The town is east of Rochester and west of Syracuse .'}]}, {'value': 'Macedon Center Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 210 in Palmyra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmyra_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Palmyra is a town in southwest Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 7,975 at the 2010 census . The town is named after the ancient city Palmyra in Syria . The town contains a village also named Palmyra . The town is about 20 miles ( 32 km ) southeast of Rochester , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 210', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmyra village line in Palmyra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmyra_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Palmyra is a village in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 3,536 at the 2010 census . The village , along with the town , is named after Palmyra in present-day Syria . The village is in the Town of Palmyra . The village is east of Rochester .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Palmyra_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Palmyra is a town in southwest Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 7,975 at the 2010 census . The town is named after the ancient city Palmyra in Syria . The town contains a village also named Palmyra . The town is about 20 miles ( 32 km ) southeast of Rochester , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Maple Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 207 in Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_New_York', 'summary': 'Marion is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 4,746 as of the 2010 census . It is named after Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion . It is an interior town near the center of the county , about 20 miles east of Rochester , New York and 50 miles west of Syracuse , New York . The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Marion . Government offices for the town are located there .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 212', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 214 in Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_New_York', 'summary': 'Marion is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 4,746 as of the 2010 census . It is named after Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion . It is an interior town near the center of the county , about 20 miles east of Rochester , New York and 50 miles west of Syracuse , New York . The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Marion . Government offices for the town are located there .'}]}, {'value': 'Ridge Chapel Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 103 in Williamson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williamson,_New_York', 'summary': 'Williamson is an Upstate New York town on the south shore of Lake Ontario in the northwest part of Wayne County , New York , in the United States . The population was 6,984 at the time of the 2010 census . The town is named after Charles Williamson , a land agent of the Pultney Estate . Its primary ZIP code is 14589 , and telephone exchanges 589 and 904 in area code 315 . The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Williamson . Government offices for the town are located there .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 214', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 207', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean Road in Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_New_York', 'summary': 'Marion is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 4,746 as of the 2010 census . It is named after Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion . It is an interior town near the center of the county , about 20 miles east of Rochester , New York and 50 miles west of Syracuse , New York . The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Marion . Government offices for the town are located there .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 212', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 215', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 218 in Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_New_York', 'summary': 'Marion is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 4,746 as of the 2010 census . It is named after Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion . It is an interior town near the center of the county , about 20 miles east of Rochester , New York and 50 miles west of Syracuse , New York . The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Marion . Government offices for the town are located there .'}]}, {'value': 'Owls Nest Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 228 / CR 229 in Sodus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sodus_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Sodus is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 8,384 at the 2010 census . The town takes its name from a native word for the bay in the eastern part of the town : Assorodus , meaning silvery water . The Town of Sodus is on the north border of the county and is midway between Rochester and Syracuse .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 216', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.63', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 21', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_21', 'summary': "New York State Route 21 ( NY 21 ) is a state highway extending for 99.99 miles ( 160.92 km ) through the western part of New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 417 in the village of Andover , and its northern terminus is at a junction with NY 104 in the town of Williamson . In between , NY 21 serves the cities of Hornell and Canandaigua and intersects several major east-west routes , including the Southern Tier Expressway ( I-86/NY 17 ) near Hornell , the conjoined routes of U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) and NY 5 in Canandaigua , the New York State Thruway ( I-90 ) in Manchester , and NY 31 in Palmyra . NY 21 originally extended from the Pennsylvania state line in the south to Lake Ontario in the north when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . South of Hornell , the route followed modern NY 36 . NY 21 was rerouted to follow its current alignment south of Hornell in the 1950s and truncated on its northern end to Williamson in 1980 . Other changes of local importance , mostly realignments to bypass communities along the route , have also occurred at various points in the route 's history . NY 21 originally had an alternate route around Canandaigua Lake ; however , that highway - designated NY 21A - was eliminated in the 1940s ."}]}, {'value': 'Main Street in Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_New_York', 'summary': 'Marion is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 4,746 as of the 2010 census . It is named after Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion . It is an interior town near the center of the county , about 20 miles east of Rochester , New York and 50 miles west of Syracuse , New York . The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Marion . Government offices for the town are located there .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 217', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 218 in Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_New_York', 'summary': 'Marion is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 4,746 as of the 2010 census . It is named after Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion . It is an interior town near the center of the county , about 20 miles east of Rochester , New York and 50 miles west of Syracuse , New York . The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Marion . Government offices for the town are located there .'}]}, {'value': 'Skinner Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 228 in Arcadia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcadia,_New_York', 'summary': 'Arcadia is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 14,244 at the 2010 census . The Town of Arcadia is on the south border of the county and is east of Rochester , New York . The primary postal district covering the Town of Arcadia is ZIP Code 14513 for Newark .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 218', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 216 in Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_New_York', 'summary': 'Marion is a town in Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 4,746 as of the 2010 census . It is named after Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion . It is an interior town near the center of the county , about 20 miles east of Rochester , New York and 50 miles west of Syracuse , New York . The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Marion . Government offices for the town are located there .'}]}, {'value': 'Marion-East Williamson Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 103 / CR 118 in Williamson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williamson,_New_York', 'summary': 'Williamson is an Upstate New York town on the south shore of Lake Ontario in the northwest part of Wayne County , New York , in the United States . The population was 6,984 at the time of the 2010 census . The town is named after Charles Williamson , a land agent of the Pultney Estate . Its primary ZIP code is 14589 , and telephone exchanges 589 and 904 in area code 315 . The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Williamson . Government offices for the town are located there .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Routes 200–299', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_county_routes_in_Wayne_County,_New_York_1', 'intro': "County routes in Wayne County, New York, are only posted on street blade signs. Each route number is the product of two different numbering systems, both county-wide in nature. The last two digits of the route number serve as a road's base designation and are assigned sequentially from the Monroe County line in the west to the Cayuga County line in the east and from the Lake Ontario shoreline in the north to the Ontario and Seneca county lines in the south. The first digit of each route's designation indicates where the route is located: routes numbered in the 100s are north of Ridge Road; routes in the 200s are south of Ridge Road and north of New York State Route 31 (NY 31); and routes in the 300s are south of NY 31. If a road crosses either of those highways, the first digit of the route's number changes to reflect the road's location in the latter numbering grid. Routes ending in an even number run from north to south; routes with an odd designation travel from east to west."}
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What is the name of the route with the from location that extends for 99.99 miles ( 160.92 km ) ?
CR 216
08b23d4766cded0f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_highest_point', 'title': 'List of Indian states and territories by highest point', 'header': ['State', 'Peak', 'Range/Region', 'Height'], 'data': [{'value': 'Andhra Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema .'}]}, {'value': 'Arma Konda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arma_Konda', 'summary': 'Arma Konda or Sitamma Konda or Jindhagada , is a mountain peak in the northern part of the Eastern Ghats and located in Godavari river basin . It is located in the Madugula Konda sub range north of Paderu village in Andhra Pradesh , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Ghats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Ghats', 'summary': "The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains along India 's eastern coast . The Eastern Ghats run from the northern Odisha through Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south passing some parts of Karnataka . They are eroded and cut through by four major rivers of peninsular India , viz . Godavari , Mahanadi , Krishna , and Kaveri . The mountain ranges run parallel to the Bay of Bengal . The Deccan Plateau lies to the west of the range , between the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats . The coastal plains , including the Coromandel Coast region , lie between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal . The Eastern Ghats are not as high as the Western Ghats ."}]}, {'value': '1680 m 5,512 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arunachal Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Arunachal Pradesh ( /ˌɑːrəˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ , literally land of dawn-lit mountains ) is the northeasternmost state of India . It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south . It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west , Myanmar in the east , and China in the north , with which the border is the McMahon Line . Itanagar is the state capital . A major part of the state is claimed by both China and Taiwan , both referring to it as South Tibet . During the 1962 Sino-Indian war , Chinese forces temporarily crossed the McMahon line . Land of the Dawn-Lit Mountains is the sobriquet for the state in Sanskrit ; it is also known as the Orchid State of India or the Paradise of the Botanists . Geographically , it is the largest of the Seven Sister States of Northeast India .'}]}, {'value': 'Kangto ( shared with Tibet )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kangto', 'summary': 'Kangto ( also known as Kanggardo Rize ) at 7,060 metres ( 23,163 ft ) is a mountain of the Eastern Himalayas located in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh on the border with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China . It is the highest point in Arunachal Pradesh . The area in which Kangto is located lies in the West Kameng district of the state .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tibet', 'summary': "Tibet ( /tɪˈbɛt/ ( listen ) ; Tibetan : བོད་ , Lhasa dialect : [ /pʰøː˨˧˩/ ] ; Chinese : 西藏 ; pinyin : Xīzàng ) is a region in Asia covering much of the Tibetan Plateau . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa , Tamang , Qiang , Sherpa , and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people . Tibet is the highest region on Earth , with an average elevation of 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) . The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest , Earth 's highest mountain , rising 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) above sea level . The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century , but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories . The bulk of western and central Tibet ( Ü-Tsang ) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa , Shigatse , or nearby locations ; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship . Thus Tibet remained a suzerainty of the Mongol and later Chinese rulers in Nanjing and Beijing , with reasonable autonomy given to the Tibetan leaders . The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure , being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups , while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo ; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai . The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century . Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912 , Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area ( Ü-Tsang ) . The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government . Later , Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang , China ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Himalayas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas', 'summary': 'The Eastern Himalayas extend from eastern Nepal across Northeast India , Bhutan , the Tibet Autonomous Region to Yunnan in China and northern Myanmar . The climate of this region is influenced by the monsoon of South Asia from June to September . It is widely considered a biodiversity hotspot , with notable biocultural diversity .'}]}, {'value': '7060 m 23,160 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assam', 'summary': 'Assam ( /ˈæsæm/ , Assamese : [ ɔxɔm ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northeastern India , situated south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys . Assam covers an area of 78,438 km2 ( 30,285 sq mi ) . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north ; Nagaland and Manipur to the east ; Meghalaya , Tripura , Mizoram and Bangladesh to the south ; and West Bengal to the west via the Siliguri Corridor , a 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) strip of land that connects the state to the rest of India . Assam is known for Assam tea and Assam silk . The state was the first site for oil drilling in Asia . Assam is home to the one-horned Indian rhinoceros , along with the wild water buffalo , pygmy hog , tiger and various species of Asiatic birds , and provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant . The Assamese economy is aided by wildlife tourism to Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park , which are World Heritage Sites . Sal tree forests are found in the state which , as a result of abundant rainfall , look green all year round . Assam receives more rainfall than most parts of India ; this rain feeds the Brahmaputra River , whose tributaries and oxbow lakes provide the region with a hydro-geomorphic environment .'}]}, {'value': 'Unnamed peak or Laike peak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dima Hasao District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dima_Hasao_District', 'summary': 'Dima Hasao ( Pron : ˈdɪmə həˈsaʊ ) district - earlier called North Cachar Hills district - is an administrative district in the state of Assam in Northeastern India . As of 2011 , it is the least populous district of Assam ( out of 27 ) . Dima Hasao district is one of the two Autonomous hill districts of the state of Assam . The district headquarter Haflong is the only hill station in Assam , a tourist paradise , also named the Switzerland of the north-east . Dima Hasao means Dimasa Hills in the Dimasa language .'}]}, {'value': '1960 m 6,430 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bihar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bihar', 'summary': "Bihar ( /bɪˈhɑːr/ ; Hindi pronunciation : [ bɪˈɦaːr ] ( listen ) ) is a state in eastern India . It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory , with an area of 94,163 km2 ( 36,357 sq mi ) . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west , Nepal to the north , the northern part of West Bengal to the east , and with Jharkhand to the south . The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges , which flows from west to east . Three main cultural regions converge in the state : Magadh , Mithila , and Bhojpur . On 15 November 2000 , southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand . Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas , which is the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh . Additionally , almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25 , giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state . In ancient and classical India , the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power , learning , and culture . From Magadha arose India 's first empire , the Maurya empire , as well as one of the world 's most widely adhered-to religions : Buddhism . Magadha empires , notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties , unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule . Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Someshwar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Someshwar', 'summary': 'Someshwar Fort is the highest peak in Bihar , India . It is situated in the district of West Champaran . It has an elevation of 880 metres ( 2,890 ft ) . The fort itself is a ruin .'}]}, {'value': 'Sivalik Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sivalik_Hills', 'summary': "The Sivalik Hills , also known as Churia Hills , are a mountain range of the outer Himalayas that stretches from the Indus River about 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) eastwards close to the Brahmaputra River . It is 10-50 km ( 6.2-31.1 mi ) wide with an average elevation of 1,500-2,000 m ( 4,900-6,600 ft ) . Between the Teesta and Raidāk Rivers in Assam is a gap of about 90 km ( 56 mi ) . In some Sanskrit texts , the region is called Manak Parbat . Sivalik literally means 'tresses of Shiva ."}]}, {'value': '880 m 2,887 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chhattisgarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chhattisgarh', 'summary': 'Chhattisgarh ( Chhattīsgaṛh , Hindi pronunciation : [ /ˈtʃʰət̪ːisgəɽʱ/ ] , translation : Thirty-Six Forts ) is one of the 28 states of India , located in the centre-east of the country . It is the ninth-largest state in India , with an area of 135,192 km2 ( 52,198 sq mi ) . With a 2011 population of 25.5 million , Chhattisgarh is the 16th-most populated state in the country . A resource-rich state , it is a source of electricity and steel for the country , accounting for 15% of the total steel produced as well as large contributor of coal . Chhattisgarh is one of the fastest-developing states in India . The state was formed on 1 November 2000 by partitioning ten Chhattisgarhi and six Gondi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh . The capital city is Raipur . Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh in the northwest , Uttar Pradesh in the north , Jharkhand in northeast , Maharashtra in the southwest , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in the south , and Odisha in the southeast . Currently the state comprises 30 districts . The Gross State Domestic Product ( GSDP ) of Chhattisgarh is ₹3.63 lakh crore ( US $ 51 billion ) and the per capita GSDP ₹102,762 ( US $ 1,400 )'}]}, {'value': 'Unnamed peak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dantewada District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dantewada_District', 'summary': 'Dantewada District , also known as Dantewara District or Dakshin Bastar District ( South Bastar District ) , is a district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh . Dantewada is the district headquarters . The district is part of Bastar Division . Until 1998 , the Dantewada District was a tehsil of the larger Bastar District . As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Chhattisgarh ( out of 18 ) , after Narayanpur and Bijapur . The present collector of Dantewada is Shri Saurabh Kumar .'}]}, {'value': '1276 m 4,186 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goa', 'summary': "Goa ( /ˈɡoʊə/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the region known as the Konkan , and geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats . It is surrounded by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south , with the Arabian Sea forming its western coast . It is India 's smallest state by area and the fourth-smallest by population . Goa has the highest GDP per capita among all Indian states , two and a half times that of the country . It was ranked the best-placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators . Panaji is the state 's capital , while Vasco da Gama is its largest city . The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese , who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter . Goa was a former state of the Portuguese Empire . The Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961 . Goa is visited by large numbers of international and domestic tourists each year for its white sand beaches , nightlife , places of worship and World Heritage-listed architecture . It has rich flora and fauna , owing to its location on the Western Ghats range , a biodiversity hotspot ."}]}, {'value': 'Sonsogor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonsogor', 'summary': 'Sonsogor is the highest peak in the state of Goa , India , at an elevation of 1,166 metres ( 3,825 ft ) above sea level . It is located in the taluka ( county ) of Sattari . It is also called Sonsogodd , Darsingha or Darsinga . It is a part of the Western Ghats mountain range .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Ghats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Ghats', 'summary': "The Western Ghats , also known as Sahyadri ( Benevolent Mountains ) , are a mountain range that covers an area of 140,000 square kilometres ( 54,000 sq mi ) in a stretch of 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula , traversing the states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Goa , Maharashtra and Gujarat . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight hottest hot-spots of biological diversity in the world . It is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India . It contains a large proportion of the country 's flora and fauna , many of which are only found in India and nowhere else in the world . According to UNESCO , the Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas . They influence Indian monsoon weather patterns by intercepting the rain-laden monsoon winds that sweep in from the south-west during late summer . The range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau , and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain , called Konkan , along the Arabian Sea . A total of thirty-nine areas in the Western Ghats , including national parks , wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests , were designated as world heritage sites in 2012 - twenty in Kerala , ten in Karnataka , five in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra . The range starts near the Songadh town of Gujarat , south of the Tapti river , and runs approximately 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) through the states of Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu ending at Marunthuvazh Malai , at Swamithope , near the southern tip of India . These hills cover 160,000 km2 ( 62,000 sq mi ) and form the catchment area for complex riverine drainage systems that drain almost 40% of India . The Western Ghats block southwest monsoon winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau . The average elevation is around 1,200 m ( 3,900 ft ) ."}]}, {'value': '1022 m 3,353 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Mount Girnar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Girnar', 'summary': "Girnar , also known as Girinagar ( 'city-on-the-hill ' ) or Revatak Parvata , is a group of mountains in the Junagadh District of Gujarat , India . The Girnar mountain ranges are considered to be sacred . It is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus and Jains , who gather here during the Girnar Parikrama festival . Girnar is one of the six major 'tirthas ' attributed to the 'panchkalyanakas ' of various ' tirthankaras ' . This mountain was considered holy to Buddhists . [ better source needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Girnar Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girnar', 'summary': "Girnar , also known as Girinagar ( 'city-on-the-hill ' ) or Revatak Parvata , is a group of mountains in the Junagadh District of Gujarat , India . The Girnar mountain ranges are considered to be sacred . It is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus and Jains , who gather here during the Girnar Parikrama festival . Girnar is one of the six major 'tirthas ' attributed to the 'panchkalyanakas ' of various ' tirthankaras ' . This mountain was considered holy to Buddhists . [ better source needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1145 m 3,756 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haryana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haryana', 'summary': "Haryana ( Hindi pronunciation : [ ɦərɪˈjaːɳaː ] ) is one of the 28 states in India , located in northern part of the country . It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on linguistic as well as on cultural basis . It is ranked 22nd in terms of area with less than 1.4% ( 44,212 km2 ( 17,070 sq mi ) ) of India 's land area . Chandigarh is the state capital , Faridabad in National Capital Region is the most populous city of the state and Gurugram is a leading financial hub of NCR with major Fortune 500 companies located in it . Haryana has 6 administrative divisions , 22 districts , 72 sub-divisions , 93 revenue tehsils , 50 sub-tehsils , 140 community development blocks , 154 cities and towns , 6,848 villages and 6222 villages panchayats . As the largest recipient of investment per capita since 2000 in India , and among one of the wealthiest and most economically developed regions in South Asia , Haryana has the fifth highest per capita income among Indian states and UTs at ₹226,644 ( US $ 3,200 ) against the national average of ₹125,397 ( US $ 1,800 ) for year 2018-19 . Haryana 's 2019-20 estimated state GSDP of US $ 110 billion ( 52% services , 34% industries and 14% agriculture ) is growing at 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR and placed on the 13th position behind only much bigger states , is also boosted by 30 SEZs ( mainly along DMIC , ADKIC and DWPE in NCR ) , 7% national agricultural exports , 65% of national Basmati rice export , 67% cars , 60% motorbikes , 50% tractors and 50% refrigerators produced in India . Faridabad has been described as eighth fastest growing city in the world and third most in India by City Mayors Foundation survey . In services , Gurugram ranks number 1 in India in IT growth rate and existing technology infrastructure , and number 2 in startup ecosystem , innovation and livability ( Nov 2016 ) . Haryana has the seventh highest ranking among Indian states in human development index . Among the world 's oldest and largest ancient civilisations , the Indus Valley Civilization sites at Rakhigarhi village in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are 9,000 years old . Rich in history , monuments , heritage , flora and fauna , human resources and tourism with well developed economy , national highways and state roads , it is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the north-east , by river Yamuna along its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh , by Rajasthan to the west and south , and Ghaggar-Hakra River flows along its northern border with Punjab ."}]}, {'value': 'Karoh Peak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karoh_Peak', 'summary': 'Karoh Peak is a 1,467-metre ( 4,813 ft ) tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of greater Himalayas range located near Morni Hills area of Panchkula district , Haryana , India . It is highest point in the state of Haryana The British rulers had incorrectly recorded the height to be 1499 meters in The Imperial Gazetteer of India but later measurements by the Survey of India found the actual height to be about 100 feet lower and official height was revised down .'}]}, {'value': 'Morni Hills section of the Sivalik Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morni_Hills', 'summary': 'Morni is a village and tourist attraction in the Morni Hills at the height of 1,267 metres ( 4,157 ft ) in the Panchkula district of the Indian state of Haryana . It is located around 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) from Chandigarh , 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) from Panchkula city and is known for its Himalayan views , flora , and lakes . The name of Morni is believed to derive from a queen who once ruled the area two thousand years back . She was a just and noble ruler of her Queendom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sivalik_Hills', 'summary': "The Sivalik Hills , also known as Churia Hills , are a mountain range of the outer Himalayas that stretches from the Indus River about 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) eastwards close to the Brahmaputra River . It is 10-50 km ( 6.2-31.1 mi ) wide with an average elevation of 1,500-2,000 m ( 4,900-6,600 ft ) . Between the Teesta and Raidāk Rivers in Assam is a gap of about 90 km ( 56 mi ) . In some Sanskrit texts , the region is called Manak Parbat . Sivalik literally means 'tresses of Shiva ."}]}, {'value': '1499 m 4,918 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Himachal Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh', 'summary': "Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi : [ ɦɪˈmaːtʃəl pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; lit . snow-laden province ) is a state in the northern part of India . Situated in the Western Himalayas , it is bordered by union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh on the north , Punjab state on the west , Haryana state on the southwest , Uttarakhand state on the southeast , and Tibet region on the east . At its southernmost point , it also touches the state of Uttar Pradesh . The predominantly mountainous region comprising the present day Himachal Pradesh has been inhabited since pre-historic times having witnessed multiple waves of human migration from other areas . Through its history , the region was mostly ruled by local kingdoms some of which accepted suzerainty of larger empires . Prior to India 's independence from the British , Himachal comprised the hilly regions of Punjab Province of British India . After independence , many of the hilly territories were organised as the Chief Commissioner 's province of Himachal Pradesh which later became a union territory . In 1966 , hilly areas of neighbouring Punjab state were merged into Himachal and it was ultimately granted full statehood in 1971 . Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys with many perennial rivers flowing through them . Almost 90% of the state 's population lives in rural areas . Agriculture , horticulture , hydropower and tourism are important constituents of the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Reo Purgyil ( shared with Tibet )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reo_Purgyil', 'summary': 'Reo Purgyil , sometimes known as Leo Pargial and Leo Pargil , is a mountain peak at the southern end of the Zanskar Range in the Western Himalaya area of the Himalayas . It is located on the Himachal Pradesh/Tibetan border in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh , India .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tibet', 'summary': "Tibet ( /tɪˈbɛt/ ( listen ) ; Tibetan : བོད་ , Lhasa dialect : [ /pʰøː˨˧˩/ ] ; Chinese : 西藏 ; pinyin : Xīzàng ) is a region in Asia covering much of the Tibetan Plateau . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa , Tamang , Qiang , Sherpa , and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people . Tibet is the highest region on Earth , with an average elevation of 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) . The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest , Earth 's highest mountain , rising 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) above sea level . The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century , but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories . The bulk of western and central Tibet ( Ü-Tsang ) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa , Shigatse , or nearby locations ; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship . Thus Tibet remained a suzerainty of the Mongol and later Chinese rulers in Nanjing and Beijing , with reasonable autonomy given to the Tibetan leaders . The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure , being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups , while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo ; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai . The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century . Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912 , Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area ( Ü-Tsang ) . The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government . Later , Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang , China ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Himalayas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Himalayas', 'summary': 'Western Himalaya refers to the western half of the Himalayas , stretching from Badakhshan in northeastern Afghanistan/southern Tajikistan , through North India ( Jammu and Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand ) to central Nepal . It is also known as Punjab Himalaya . All five tributary rivers of the Indus in the Punjab region ( Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Beas , Sutlej ) originate from the Western Himalaya . Included within the Western Himalayas are the Zaskar Range , the Pir Panjal Range , and parts of the Siwalik Range and the Great Himalayas and the Dhaola Dhar Range . The Jhelum River rises in the Pir Panjal Range in Jammu and Kashmir state , India , and flows northwestward through the Vale of Kashmir before entering the Pakistani-administered sector . The highest point is Nanga Parbat ( 26,660 feet or 8,126 metres ) , at the northwestern end of the region . Dalhousie , in Himachal Pradesh in the foothills of the range , is a noted hill station ( mountain resort ) .'}]}, {'value': '6816 m 22,362 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jharkhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jharkhand', 'summary': 'Jharkhand ( lit . Bushland or The land of forest ) is a state in eastern India . The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north , Uttar Pradesh to the northwest , Chhattisgarh to the west , Odisha to the south and West Bengal to the east . It has an area of 79,710 km2 ( 30,778 sq mi ) . It is the 15th largest state by area , and the 14th largest by population . Hindi is the official language of the state . The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub capital . The state is known for its waterfalls , hills and holy places ; Baidyanath Dham , Parasnath and Rajrappa are major religious sites . The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period , as shown by several ancient cave paintings . Even evidence of use of iron started in this region as early as 1400 BCE . The region was under the rule of many sovereign and autonomous ruling dynasties including Maurya , Gupta , Gauda , Pala , Nagvanshi , Khayaravala , Ramgarh Raj , Raksel , Chero and Kharagdiha Zamindari estates . In the 16th century Mughal influence reached the region , and it finally came under the East India Company in the 18th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Mount Parasnath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parasnath', 'summary': 'Parasnath is a mountain peak in the Parasnath Range . It is located towards the eastern end of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the Giridih district of the Indian state of Jharkhand , India . The hill is named after Lord Parshvanatha , the 23rd Tirthankara . On the mountain , there are the Shikharji Jain temples , an important tirthakshetra or Jain pilgrimage site.For each Tirthankara there is a shrine ( gumti or Tonk ) on the hill .'}]}, {'value': 'Parasnath Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parasnath_Hills', 'summary': 'Parasnath is a mountain peak in the Parasnath Range . It is located towards the eastern end of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the Giridih district of the Indian state of Jharkhand , India . The hill is named after Lord Parshvanatha , the 23rd Tirthankara . On the mountain , there are the Shikharji Jain temples , an important tirthakshetra or Jain pilgrimage site.For each Tirthankara there is a shrine ( gumti or Tonk ) on the hill .'}]}, {'value': '1382 m 4,482 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': 'Mullayanagiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mullayanagiri', 'summary': 'Mullayanagiri is the highest peak in Karnataka , India . Mullayyanagiri is located at 13°23′26″N 75°43′18″E / 13.39056°N 75.72167°E / 13.39056 ; 75.72167 in the Chandra Dhrona Hill Ranges of the Western Ghats of Chikkamagaluru Taluk . With a height of 1,930 metres ( 6,330 ft ) , it is the fourth highest peak between the Nilgiri hills and the Himalayas , after Vavulmala , Chembra Peak and Banasura Hill . The summit of Mullayanagiri houses a police radio relay station . Seethalayyanagiri is a prominent peak is adjacent to this place .'}]}, {'value': 'Sahyadri Hills section of the Western Ghats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Ghats', 'summary': "The Western Ghats , also known as Sahyadri ( Benevolent Mountains ) , are a mountain range that covers an area of 140,000 square kilometres ( 54,000 sq mi ) in a stretch of 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula , traversing the states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Goa , Maharashtra and Gujarat . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight hottest hot-spots of biological diversity in the world . It is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India . It contains a large proportion of the country 's flora and fauna , many of which are only found in India and nowhere else in the world . According to UNESCO , the Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas . They influence Indian monsoon weather patterns by intercepting the rain-laden monsoon winds that sweep in from the south-west during late summer . The range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau , and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain , called Konkan , along the Arabian Sea . A total of thirty-nine areas in the Western Ghats , including national parks , wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests , were designated as world heritage sites in 2012 - twenty in Kerala , ten in Karnataka , five in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra . The range starts near the Songadh town of Gujarat , south of the Tapti river , and runs approximately 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) through the states of Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu ending at Marunthuvazh Malai , at Swamithope , near the southern tip of India . These hills cover 160,000 km2 ( 62,000 sq mi ) and form the catchment area for complex riverine drainage systems that drain almost 40% of India . The Western Ghats block southwest monsoon winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau . The average elevation is around 1,200 m ( 3,900 ft ) ."}]}, {'value': '1925 m 6,317 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'Anamudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anamudi', 'summary': "Anamudi is a mountain located in the Indian state of Kerala . It is the highest peak in the Western Ghats and South India , at an elevation of 2,695 metres ( 8,842 ft ) and a topographic prominence of 2,479 metres ( 8,133 ft ) . It lies on the border of Devikulam Taluk , Idukki district and Kothamangalam Taluk , Ernakulam district . The name Anamudi literally translates to elephant 's forehead , a reference to the resemblance of the mountain to an elephant 's head . The first recorded ascent of Anamudi was by General Douglas Hamilton of the Madras Army on 4 May 1862 , [ citation needed ] but it is likely that there had been earlier ascents by local people . Anamudi peak is one of only three ultra prominent peaks in South India . It is also the peak with the greatest topographic isolation within India.It is the highest point in India south of Himalayas . Thus it is known as Everest of South India ."}]}, {'value': 'Anamalai Hills section of the Western Ghats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anamalai_Hills', 'summary': 'The Anaimalai or Anamala Hills , also known as the Elephant Mountains , are the range of mountains that form the southern portion of the Western Ghats and span the border of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in Southern India . The name animala is derived from the Tamil word anai or ana , meaning elephant , and malai or mala , meaning hill - thus Elephant Hill . Anamudi Peak ( 8,842 feet [ 2,695 metres ] ) lies at the extreme southwestern end of the range and is the highest peak in southern India . Palakkad Gap divides the Western Ghats to the north . The lower slopes of the hills now have coffee and tea plantations as well as teak forests of great economic value . Dense monsoon forests including rosewood , sandalwood , teak , and sago palms cover most of the region , which helps the coffee and tea plantations and teak plantations grow . The Western Ghats and Anaimalai Sub-Cluster , including the Anaimalai Hills , are currently under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for selection as a World Heritage Site .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Western_Ghats', 'summary': "The Western Ghats , also known as Sahyadri ( Benevolent Mountains ) , are a mountain range that covers an area of 140,000 square kilometres ( 54,000 sq mi ) in a stretch of 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula , traversing the states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Goa , Maharashtra and Gujarat . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight hottest hot-spots of biological diversity in the world . It is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India . It contains a large proportion of the country 's flora and fauna , many of which are only found in India and nowhere else in the world . According to UNESCO , the Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas . They influence Indian monsoon weather patterns by intercepting the rain-laden monsoon winds that sweep in from the south-west during late summer . The range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau , and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain , called Konkan , along the Arabian Sea . A total of thirty-nine areas in the Western Ghats , including national parks , wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests , were designated as world heritage sites in 2012 - twenty in Kerala , ten in Karnataka , five in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra . The range starts near the Songadh town of Gujarat , south of the Tapti river , and runs approximately 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) through the states of Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu ending at Marunthuvazh Malai , at Swamithope , near the southern tip of India . These hills cover 160,000 km2 ( 62,000 sq mi ) and form the catchment area for complex riverine drainage systems that drain almost 40% of India . The Western Ghats block southwest monsoon winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau . The average elevation is around 1,200 m ( 3,900 ft ) ."}]}, {'value': '2695 m 8,842 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madhya Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh', 'summary': "Madhya Pradesh ( MP ; /ˌmʌdjə prəˈdɛʃ/ , Hindi : [ ˈmədʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; meaning Central Province ) is a state in central India . Its capital is Bhopal , and the largest city is Indore , with Jabalpur , Gwalior , and Ujjain being the other major cities . Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents . It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast , Chhattisgarh to the southeast , Maharashtra to the south , Gujarat to the west , and Rajasthan to the northwest . Before 2000 , when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state , Singoli and Konta , was 1500 km . The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada , whose capital Ujjain ( also known as Avantika ) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE . Subsequently , the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India . By the early 18th century , the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency . After India 's independence , Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital : this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today 's Maharashtra . In 1956 , this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state , the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State . This state was the largest in India by area until 2000 , when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made as a separate state . The economy of Madhya Pradesh is the tenth-largest state economy in India with ₹8.09 lakh crore ( US $ 110 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹90,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dhupgarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhupgarh', 'summary': 'Mount Dhupgarh or Dhoopgarh is the highest point in the Mahadeo Hills ( Satpura Range ) , Madhya Pradesh , India . Located in Pachmarhi , it has an elevation of 1,352 metres ( 4,429 ft ) .The top of the hill is a popular area to watch sunsets . Pachmarhi Hill station is located close to the peak . ['}]}, {'value': 'Satpura Range', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satpura_Range', 'summary': "The Satpura Range is a range of hills in central India . The range rises in eastern Gujarat state running east through the border of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the east till Chhattisgarh . The range parallels the Vindhya Range to the north , and these two east-west ranges divide Indian Subcontinent into the Indo-Gangetic plain of northern India and the Deccan Plateau of the south . The Narmada River originates from north-eastern end of Satpura in Amarkantak , and runs in the depression between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges , draining the northern slope of the Satpura range , running west towards the Arabian Sea . The Tapti River originates in the eastern-central part of Satpura , crossing the range in the center and running west at the range 's southern slopes before meeting the Arabian Sea at Surat , draining the central and southern slopes of the range . Multai , the place of Tapi river origin is located about 465 kilometer far , south-westerly to Amarkantak , separated across by the hill range . The Godavari River and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau , which lies south of the range , and the Mahanadi River drains the easternmost portion of the range . The Godavari and Mahanadi rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal . At its eastern end , the Satpura range meets the hills of the Chotanagpur Plateau . The Satpura Range is a horst mountain and is flanked by Narmada Graben in the north and much smaller but parallel Tapi Graben in the south ."}]}, {'value': '1352 m 4,435 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': 'Kalsubai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalsubai', 'summary': 'Kalsubai ( Marathi : कळसूबाई शिखर ) is a mountain in the Western Ghats , located in the Indian state of Maharashtra . Its summit situated at an elevation of 1646 metres ( 5400 feet ) is the highest point in Maharashtra . The mountain range lies within the Kalsubai Harishchandragad Wildlife Sanctuary . It is visited throughout the year by avid trekkers , Kalsubai temple devotees and wildlife enthusiasts alike . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Sahyadri Hills section of the Western Ghats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Ghats', 'summary': "The Western Ghats , also known as Sahyadri ( Benevolent Mountains ) , are a mountain range that covers an area of 140,000 square kilometres ( 54,000 sq mi ) in a stretch of 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula , traversing the states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Goa , Maharashtra and Gujarat . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight hottest hot-spots of biological diversity in the world . It is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India . It contains a large proportion of the country 's flora and fauna , many of which are only found in India and nowhere else in the world . According to UNESCO , the Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas . They influence Indian monsoon weather patterns by intercepting the rain-laden monsoon winds that sweep in from the south-west during late summer . The range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau , and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain , called Konkan , along the Arabian Sea . A total of thirty-nine areas in the Western Ghats , including national parks , wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests , were designated as world heritage sites in 2012 - twenty in Kerala , ten in Karnataka , five in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra . The range starts near the Songadh town of Gujarat , south of the Tapti river , and runs approximately 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) through the states of Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu ending at Marunthuvazh Malai , at Swamithope , near the southern tip of India . These hills cover 160,000 km2 ( 62,000 sq mi ) and form the catchment area for complex riverine drainage systems that drain almost 40% of India . The Western Ghats block southwest monsoon winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau . The average elevation is around 1,200 m ( 3,900 ft ) ."}]}, {'value': '1646 m 5,400 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manipur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manipur', 'summary': 'Manipur ( /ˈmʌnɪpʊər/ ( listen ) ) is a state in northeastern India , with the city of Imphal as its capital . It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north , Mizoram to the south , and Assam to the west ; Myanmar ( Sagaing Region and Chin State ) lies to its east . The state covers an area of 22,327 square kilometres ( 8,621 sq mi ) and has a population of almost 3 million , including the Meitei , who are the majority group in the state , the Pangals or the Pangans ( Manipuri Muslims ) , Naga tribes , Kuki/Zo tribes and other communities , who speak a variety of Sino-Tibetan languages . Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years . It has long connected the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia , China ( or East Asia ) , Siberia ( Russia ) , Micronesia and Polynesia , enabling migration of people , cultures , and religions . During the days of the British Indian Empire , the Kingdom of Manipur was one of the princely states . Between 1917 and 1939 , some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy . By the late 1930s , the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire , rather than part of Burma , which was being separated from India . These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of World War II in 1939 . On 11 August 1947 , Maharaja Budhachandra signed an Instrument of Accession , joining India . Later , on 21 September 1949 , he signed a Merger Agreement , merging the kingdom into India , which led to its becoming a Part C State . This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur , as having been completed without consensus and under duress .'}]}, {'value': 'Mount Tempü ( also known as Mount Iso , shared with Nagaland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Tempü', 'summary': 'Mount Tempü ( also known as Mount Iso ) is a peak rising at the mountainous border of Manipur and Nagaland in India . With a height of 2994 m above sea level , Tempü is the highest peak in present day Indian state of Manipur .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nagaland', 'summary': "Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in northeastern India . It borders the state of Assam to the west , Arunachal Pradesh and Assam to the north , Myanmar to the east , and Manipur to the south . The state capital is Kohima , and the largest city is Dimapur . It has an area of 16,579 square kilometres ( 6,401 sq mi ) with a population of 1,980,602 per the 2011 Census of India , making it one of the smallest states of India . Nagaland is one of three states in India where the population is mostly Christian . Nagaland became the 16th state of India on 1 December 1963 . The state has experienced insurgency , as well as an inter-ethnic conflict , since the 1950s . The violence and insecurity have limited Nagaland 's economic development . Agriculture is the most important economic activity , covering over 70% of the state 's economy . Other significant economic activity includes forestry , tourism , insurance , real estate , and miscellaneous cottage industries . The state is mostly mountainous except those areas bordering Assam valley which comprises 9% of the total area of the state . Mount Saramati is the highest peak at 3,840 metres and its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Myanmar ."}]}, {'value': 'Purvanchal Range', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purvanchal_Range', 'summary': 'The Purvanchal Mountains , or Eastern Mountains , is a sub-mountain range of the Himalayas in northeast India . It lies south of the Brahmaputra valley .'}]}, {'value': '2994 m 9,823 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meghalaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meghalaya', 'summary': "Meghalaya ( UK : /meɪˈɡɑːləjə/ , US : /ˌmeɪɡəˈleɪə/ ) is a hilly state in northeastern India . The name means the abode of clouds in Sanskrit . The population of Meghalaya as of 2016 is estimated to be 3,211,474 . Meghalaya covers an area of approximately 22,430 square kilometres , with a length to breadth ratio of about 3:1 . The state is bounded to the south by the Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh and Sylhet , to the west by the Bangladeshi division of Rangpur , and to the north and east by India 's State of Assam . The capital of Meghalaya is Shillong . During the British rule of India , the British imperial authorities nicknamed it the Scotland of the East . Meghalaya was previously part of Assam , but on 21 January 1972 , the districts of Khasi , Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya . English is the official language of Meghalaya . Unlike many Indian states , Meghalaya has historically followed a matrilineal system where the lineage and inheritance are traced through women ; the youngest daughter inherits all wealth and she also takes care of her parents . The state is the wettest region of India , recording an average of 12,000 mm ( 470 in ) of rain a year . About 70% of the state is forested ."}]}, {'value': 'Shillong Peak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khasi Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khasi_Hills', 'summary': 'The Khasi Hills /ˈkɑːsi/ is a low mountain formation on the Shillong Plateau in Meghalaya state of India . The Khasi Hills are part of the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia range and connects with the Purvanchal Range and larger Patkai Range further east . Khasi Hills , and the whole Garo-Khasi-Jaintia range , are in the so-called Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion . Khasi Hills , and the entire Meghalaya state was administratively part of Assam before 1970 . In older sources in particular , the alternative transcription Khasia Hills is seen . The region is inhabited mainly by tribal Khasi dwellers , which are traditionally in various chieftainships , states known as the Khasi Hill States . One of its capitals , Cherrapunji , is considered one of the wettest places in the world . The region came under the Khasi Hills district , which was divided into West Khasi Hills and East Khasi Hills districts on 28 October 1976 . The highest peak is Lum Shyllong which is 1,968 metres ( 6,457 ft ) high . It is situated a few kilometers south of Shillong town .'}]}, {'value': '1965 m 6,447 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mizoram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mizoram', 'summary': "Mizoram ( English : /mɪˈzɔːrəm/ ( listen ) ) is a state in northeastern India , with Aizawl as its capital city . The name is derived from Mizo , the name of the native inhabitants , and Ram , which means land , and thus Mizoram means land of the Mizos . Within the northeast region , it is the southernmost landlocked state , sharing borders with three of the Seven Sister States , namely Tripura , Assam and Manipur . The state also shares a 722-kilometre border with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar . Like several other northeastern states of India , Mizoram was previously part of Assam until 1972 , when it was carved out as a Union Territory . It became the 23rd state of India , a step above Union Territory , on 20 February 1987 , with the Fifty-Third Amendment of the Indian Constitution , 1986 . Mizoram 's population was 1,091,014 , according to a 2011 census . It is the 2nd least populous state in the country . Mizoram covers an area of approximately 21,087 square kilometres . About 91% of the state is forested . About 95% of the current population is of diverse tribal origins who settled in the state , mostly from Southeast Asia , over waves of migration starting about the 16th century but mainly in the 18th century . This is the highest concentration of tribal people among all states of India , and they are currently protected under Indian constitution as a Scheduled Tribe ."}]}, {'value': 'Phawngpui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phawngpui', 'summary': 'Phawngpui ( Pron : /ˌpʰɔ : ŋˈpʊɪ/ ) , also known as Blue Mountain is the highest mountain peak in the Mizoram and in the state of Mizoram , India , with an elevation of 2157 m. It is located in Lawngtlai district , in the southeastern region of Mizoram near the Myanmar border .'}]}, {'value': 'Lushai Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lushai_Hills', 'summary': "The Lushai ( Pron : ˌlʊˈʃaɪ ) Hills ( or Mizo Hills ) are a mountain range in Mizoram and Tripura , India . The range is part of the Patkai range system and its highest point is 2,157 m high Phawngpui , also known as 'Blue Mountain ' ."}]}, {'value': '2165 m 7,103 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagaland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagaland', 'summary': "Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in northeastern India . It borders the state of Assam to the west , Arunachal Pradesh and Assam to the north , Myanmar to the east , and Manipur to the south . The state capital is Kohima , and the largest city is Dimapur . It has an area of 16,579 square kilometres ( 6,401 sq mi ) with a population of 1,980,602 per the 2011 Census of India , making it one of the smallest states of India . Nagaland is one of three states in India where the population is mostly Christian . Nagaland became the 16th state of India on 1 December 1963 . The state has experienced insurgency , as well as an inter-ethnic conflict , since the 1950s . The violence and insecurity have limited Nagaland 's economic development . Agriculture is the most important economic activity , covering over 70% of the state 's economy . Other significant economic activity includes forestry , tourism , insurance , real estate , and miscellaneous cottage industries . The state is mostly mountainous except those areas bordering Assam valley which comprises 9% of the total area of the state . Mount Saramati is the highest peak at 3,840 metres and its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Myanmar ."}]}, {'value': 'Mount Saramati ( Shared with Myanmar )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Saramati', 'summary': 'Saramati ( Burmese : စာရာမေတိတောင် ; IPA : [ ˌsæɹəˈmɑːti ] ) is a peak rising above the surrounding peaks at the mountainous border of Nagaland state , India and the Sagaing Region , Burma . It is located near Thanamir Village in the Kiphire district of Nagaland . [ citation needed ] With a height of 3,840 m and a prominence of 2,885 m , Saramati is one of the ultra-prominent peaks of Southeast Asia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Myanmar', 'summary': 'Myanmar ( English pronunciation below ; Burmese : မြန်မာ , [ mjəmà ] ) [ nb 1 ] or Burma ( see §Etymology ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar [ nb 2 ] , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . With a size of 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,228 square miles ) , Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area . As of 2017 , the population is about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony .'}]}, {'value': 'Naga Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naga_Hills', 'summary': 'The Naga Hills , reaching a height of around 3,825 metres ( 12,549 ft ) , lie on the border of India and Burma ( Myanmar ) . [ citation needed ] They are part of a complex mountain system , and the parts of the mountain ranges [ citation needed ] inside the Indian state of Nagaland and the Burmese region of Sagaing are called the Naga Hills . The highest point of the Naga hills is Mount Saramati ( 3826 m ) .'}]}, {'value': '3841 m 12,602 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Odisha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odisha', 'summary': "Odisha ( /əˈdɪsə/ , /ɒˈrɪsə , ɔː- , oʊ-/ ; , pronounced [ oɽɪˈsaː ] ( listen ) ; is an Indian state located on the eastern coast of India . It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south . Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . It is the 8th largest state by area , and the 11th largest by population . The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha . The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 , as a province in British India , and consisted of Odia-speaking regions . 1 April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa . The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India 's national anthem , Jana Gana Mana . Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers , through the British era until 1948 . Thereafter , Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha . The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹4.16 lakh crore ( US $ 58 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹93,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Deomali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deomali_(mountain)', 'summary': 'Deomali , is a mountain peak in the Chandragiri-Pottangi subrange of the Eastern Ghats . It is located near Koraput town in the Koraput district of southern Odisha , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Ghats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Ghats', 'summary': "The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains along India 's eastern coast . The Eastern Ghats run from the northern Odisha through Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south passing some parts of Karnataka . They are eroded and cut through by four major rivers of peninsular India , viz . Godavari , Mahanadi , Krishna , and Kaveri . The mountain ranges run parallel to the Bay of Bengal . The Deccan Plateau lies to the west of the range , between the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats . The coastal plains , including the Coromandel Coast region , lie between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal . The Eastern Ghats are not as high as the Western Ghats ."}]}, {'value': '1672 m 5,486 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_India', 'summary': "Punjab ( /pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ( listen ) , Punjabi : [ pənˈdʒaːb ] ) is a state in northern India . Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent , the state is bordered by the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the north , and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east , Haryana to the south and southeast , and Rajasthan to the southwest . It is bordered by the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west . The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres , 1.53% of India 's total geographical area . It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area . With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population , comprising 22 districts . Punjabi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . The main ethnic group are the Punjabis , with Sikhs ( 58% ) and Hindus ( 38% ) . The state capital is Chandigarh , a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana . The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab and Jhelum Rivers ; Sutlej , Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab . The history of Punjab has witnessed the migration and settlement of innumerable races , forming a melting pot of Punjabi civilisation . The first traces of human habitation in India were found in the Punjab region ."}]}, {'value': 'Unnamed peak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naina Devi Range section of the Sivalik Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sivalik_Hills', 'summary': "The Sivalik Hills , also known as Churia Hills , are a mountain range of the outer Himalayas that stretches from the Indus River about 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) eastwards close to the Brahmaputra River . It is 10-50 km ( 6.2-31.1 mi ) wide with an average elevation of 1,500-2,000 m ( 4,900-6,600 ft ) . Between the Teesta and Raidāk Rivers in Assam is a gap of about 90 km ( 56 mi ) . In some Sanskrit texts , the region is called Manak Parbat . Sivalik literally means 'tresses of Shiva ."}]}, {'value': '1000 m 3,281 ft', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'States', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_highest_point_0', 'intro': 'This is the alphabetical list of the highest points of the Indian states and union territories.'}
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Which state has a peak with a higher height ? Is it a state which has a large amount of land which is constantly claimed by both China and Taiwan , or the place that is 30,285 sq mi ?
Assam
08b26993df8520e3
hybridqa
{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Cup", 'title': "2001 UCI Women's Road World Cup", 'header': ['Date', 'Event', 'Country', 'Winner'], 'data': [{'value': '10 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia World Cup , Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_World_Cup', 'summary': "The Australia World Cup was a women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in Australia from 1998 to 2008 as part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup . The location of the race varied : in 1998 , it was held in Sydney ; from 1999 to 2001 , it was held in Canberra ; in 2002 it was held in the Snowy Mountains and ; from 2003 to 2008 it was held in Geelong , Victoria ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canberra', 'summary': "Canberra ( /ˈkænbərə/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of Australia . Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation , it is Australia 's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall . The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory ; 280 km ( 170 mi ) south-west of Sydney and 660 km ( 410 mi ) north-east of Melbourne . On 1 January 1901 , federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved . Section 125 of the new Australian Constitution provided that land , situated in New South Wales and at least 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney , would be ceded to the new federal government . Following discussion and exploration of various areas within New South Wales , the Seat of Government Act 1908 was passed in 1908 which specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region . The land was transferred to the Commonwealth by New South Wales in 1911 , creating the Australian Capital Territory , two years prior to the capital city being founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913 . It is unusual among Australian cities , being an entirely planned city outside of any state , similar to Washington , D.C. in the United States or Brasília in Brazil . Following an international contest for the city 's design , a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected and construction commenced in 1913 . The Griffins ' plan featured geometric motifs such as circles , hexagons and triangles , and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks in the Australian Capital Territory . The city 's design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation . As the seat of the government of Australia , Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government , national monuments and museums ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Millward ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Millward', 'summary': "Anna Millward , née Wilson , ( born 26 November 1971 ) is an Australian cycle racer . During her cycling career , she won the overall UCI points title in 2001 , and twice was UCI overall World Cup points champion , winning a total of 5 World Cup races in her career . She also won two silver medals in the UCI Road World Championship competition in 1999 and twice won the Women 's Challenge race ( 1996 and 2000 ) . In the 2000 Sydney Olympics she finished fourth in both the time trial and the road race . In the 1998 Commonwealth Games , she won gold in the time trial and bronze in the road race , she won a silver in the 2002 Commonwealth Games time trial . In 2000 , a portrait of her by Simon Benz was hung in the Archibald Prize ."}]}, {'value': '18 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand World Cup , Hamilton City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Millward ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Millward', 'summary': "Anna Millward , née Wilson , ( born 26 November 1971 ) is an Australian cycle racer . During her cycling career , she won the overall UCI points title in 2001 , and twice was UCI overall World Cup points champion , winning a total of 5 World Cup races in her career . She also won two silver medals in the UCI Road World Championship competition in 1999 and twice won the Women 's Challenge race ( 1996 and 2000 ) . In the 2000 Sydney Olympics she finished fourth in both the time trial and the road race . In the 1998 Commonwealth Games , she won gold in the time trial and bronze in the road race , she won a silver in the 2002 Commonwealth Games time trial . In 2000 , a portrait of her by Simon Benz was hung in the Archibald Prize ."}]}, {'value': '24 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primavera Rosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primavera_Rosa', 'summary': "The Primavera Rosa was an elite women 's professional one-day road bicycle race held between 1999 and 2005 in Liguria , Italy as part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup . The race was a female version of Milan-San Remo being organised on the same day and finishing in Sanremo shortly before the men but racing over a shorter distance , hence the start was in Varazze . The 2006 edition was initially planned but cancelled before the event ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Susanne Ljungskog ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susanne_Ljungskog', 'summary': 'Susanne Ljungskog ( born 16 March 1976 in Halmstad ) is a Swedish cyclist . A four-time Olympian ( 1996 , 2000 , 2004 and 2008 ) , she won the world road race championship in 2002 and 2003 . The same years , she was UCI points champion . She has also won two World Cup races . Ljungskog received the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '18 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Flèche Wallonne Féminine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Flèche_Wallonne_Féminine', 'summary': "La Flèche Wallonne Féminine is a professional women 's bicycle road race held each year in Wallonia , Belgium , in April . It is part of the UCI Women 's World Tour , cycling 's season-long competition of top-tier races , in which it is the third-oldest single-day event after the Trofeo Alfredo Binda in Italy and the Emakumeen Euskal Bira in the Basque Country . The event is raced on the same day as La Flèche Wallonne for men . The race was inaugurated by Tour de France organizers ASO in 1998 and quickly became a road race classic . From 1999 onwards , the women 's Flèche Wallonne was a UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup event . In 2016 , the race became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour . The Flèche Wallonne Féminine is held in conjunction with the men 's race , on much of the same roads but at a shorter distance . Likewise , the race always finishes on the steep Mur de Huy . Two Dutch riders hold the record with five wins . Marianne Vos between 2007 and 2013 . Fellow Dutch Anna van der Breggen won her fifth consecutive Flèche Wallonne in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Fabiana Luperini ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabiana_Luperini', 'summary': "Fabiana Luperini ( born 14 January 1974 in Pontedera ) is an Italian professional cyclist . Luperini has won the Giro d'Italia Femminile a record five times , with four consecutive victories in 1995-1998 and a fifth ten years later , in 2008 . She has won the Grande Boucle Féminine three times consecutively , from 1995 to 1997 . In 1998 she won the Tour de l'Aude , and in 2006 she won the Iurreta-Emakumeen Bira ."}]}, {'value': '3 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coupe_du_Monde_Cycliste_Féminine_de_Montréal', 'summary': "The Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal ( English : Women 's Cycling World Cup of Montreal , or simply Montreal World Cup ) was an elite women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually between 1998 and 2009 in Montréal , Quebec , Canada as part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup season ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Geneviève Jeanson ( CAN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneviève_Jeanson', 'summary': 'Geneviève Jeanson ( born August 29 , 1981 ) is a former professional bicycle racer from Quebec , Canada . She won the world junior road and time trial championships in 1999 and the Tour de Snowy in 2000 . Later that year she won La Flèche Wallonne World Cup race . She joined the Canadian Olympic team that year . She acknowledged in a documentary on Radio-Canada ( the French-language CBC ) on September 20 , 2007 , that she had been administered EPO more or less continuously since she was 16 years old . After residing in Phoenix , Arizona and San Diego , California ( where she studied sociology and psychology ) , Jeanson came back to Lachine , Quebec in 2012 to live with her once estranged parents and complete her college-level education at the Saint-Anne Collégial International . In autumn 2014 , she attended Concordia University , in Montreal , where she studied neuroscience . Jeanson currently lives with her common law husband and works in the fitness industry .'}]}, {'value': '10 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberty Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberty_Classic', 'summary': "The Liberty Classic was an annual women 's bicycle race held from 1994 to 2012 , simultaneously with the Philadelphia International Championship . The 57.6 mile race consisted of four laps of a 14.4 mile circuit through Philadelphia with 5 climbs up the famous Manayunk Wall . It was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup until 2001 . From 2002 , it was an Elite Women 's Category 1 event under UCI race classifications . The Liberty Classic was the final leg of the inaugural 2006 Commerce Bank Triple Crown of Cycling for women . The Triple Crown was a one-week , 3-race circuit , with the three races taking place in the Eastern Pennsylvania cities of Allentown , Reading and Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The opening race was the Lehigh Valley Classic , followed two days later by Reading Classic , with the Liberty Classic finale in Philadelphia three days after the Reading race . In January 2013 the race 's organisers announced that the 2013 International Championship and Liberty Classic had been cancelled , with local media reporting a breakdown in the relationship between the organisers and the city authorities . However , in May of that year a group of local politicians and promoters announced the revival of the men 's and women 's races as The Philadelphia Cycling Classic , under the direction of Robin Morton ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Petra Rossner ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petra_Rossner', 'summary': "Petra Rossner ( born 14 November 1966 ) is a German cyclist , who won the gold medal in 3 km pursuit track cycling at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . In the same event she won the 1991 World Championships and finished second in 1989 . Competing in road bicycle racing , she won the World Cup in 2002 . She finished second in 2004 , and finished third in the 1988 Giro d'Italia Femminile . She is a seven-time winner of the Liberty Classic - winning the event in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 and 2004 . Rossner retired after the 2004 season ."}]}, {'value': '3 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trophée International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trophée_International', 'summary': "The Trophée International was an elite women 's professional one-day road bicycle race held between 1996 and 2001 in France . It usually takes place the day before the women 's Tour de France . In 1998 , 1999 and 2001 it was part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup . The event was held in different locations each year : in 1996 , in Pornic ( Loire-Atlantique ) ; in 1997 , between Lac de Madine and Metz ( Lorraine ) ; in 1998 , between Le Chapelle St Ursin and Saint-Amand-Montrond ; in 1999 , between Beauvois-en-Cambrésis ( Nord-Pas-de-Calais ) and Hirson ( Picardy ) ; in 2000 , between Villeneuve-Loubet and Valberg ( Alpes-Maritimes ) and ; in 2001 , between La Brède and Pauillac ( Gironde ) . The race was co-organised by Team France Organisation and Racing Club Olympique , who were also responsible for organising the Tour de France Féminin ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Olga Slyusareva ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olga_Slyusareva', 'summary': 'Olga Anatolyevna Slyusareva ( Russian : Ольга Анатольевна Слюсарева ) ( born 28 April 1969 in Chervonyi Donets , Ukrainian SSR ) is a Russian professional racing cyclist . She won a gold medal at the 2004 Olympic Games in the points race , bronze medal at the 2000 Olympic Games in the points race , and at the 2004 Olympic Games in the road race .'}]}, {'value': '8 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GP Suisse Féminin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Susanne Ljungskog ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susanne_Ljungskog', 'summary': 'Susanne Ljungskog ( born 16 March 1976 in Halmstad ) is a Swedish cyclist . A four-time Olympian ( 1996 , 2000 , 2004 and 2008 ) , she won the world road race championship in 2002 and 2003 . The same years , she was UCI points champion . She has also won two World Cup races . Ljungskog received the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '15 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rotterdam Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotterdam_Tour', 'summary': "The Rotterdam Tour , in its first two editions called the Tour Beneden-Maas , was an elite women 's professional one-day road bicycle race held between 1998 and 2006 in Rotterdam , Netherlands as part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup . For commercial reasons the race was also known as Lowland International Rotterdam Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Judith Arndt ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Arndt', 'summary': 'Judith Arndt ( born 23 July 1976 ) is a retired German professional cyclist , who last rode for the GreenEDGE-AIS cycling team . She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m pursuit event at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she was 20 . In 2004 , she won the world road race championship and came second in the Olympic road race .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Races', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "2001_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Cup_0", 'intro': "The 2001 UCI Women's Road World Cup was the fourth edition of the UCI Women's Road World Cup. It was contested over nine rounds as the calendar saw a return of the Trophée International and the New Zealand World Cup rounds. The series was won for a second time by Anna Millward, who won the competition in 1999."}
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Where did prehistoric Indians immigrate from to the continent containing the nation which hosted the Liberty Classic of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup of 2001 ?
Siberia
08b270e306f65adb
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Maroon_5', 'title': 'List of songs recorded by Maroon 5', 'header': ['Title', 'Album/Single', 'Year', 'Artist', 'Featured member'], 'data': [{'value': "Heard 'Em Say", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Heard_'Em_Say", 'summary': "Heard 'Em Say is a song by American hip-hop recording artist and record producer Kanye West . It was included as the opening song on the track-listing of his second studio album Late Registration ( 2005 ) . The track was produced by West with Jon Brion and contains excerpts of Someone That I Used To Love as performed by Natalie Cole . The song features a guest appearance from Adam Levine , lead vocalist of the American funk rock band Maroon 5 . West and Levine met for the first time and forged a friendship during a flight to Rome set for the 2004 MTV Europe Music Awards . West introduced himself to Levine and played tracks from his forthcoming sophomore album on his iPod . When they came across a demo for Heard 'Em Say , the singer had ready an unused chorus he 'd written for his band that he felt was perfect for it . The two artists decided to collaborate , working together to write the song on the same plane . The song harbors a soothing lullaby tone and retains moody atmosphere . It features soulful undertones , containing an R & B chorus as well as elements of art rock . The track 's subdued instrumentation has a cascading piano line dressed over tumbling delayed beats laced with warped bass synth and a subtle interjection of acoustic guitar . Lyrically , Heard 'Em Say imparts contemplative moral soliloquies touching on social issues ."}]}, {'value': 'Late Registration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Late_Registration', 'summary': "Late Registration is the second studio album by American rapper and producer Kanye West . It was released on August 30 , 2005 , through Def Jam Recordings and Roc-A-Fella Records . The album was recorded for over a year in sessions held across studios in New York City and Hollywood , with West collaborating with American record producer and composer Jon Brion . It features guest contributions from Adam Levine , Lupe Fiasco , Jamie Foxx , Common , Jay-Z , Brandy , and Nas , among others . The production of Late Registration was notably more lush and elaborate than West 's 2004 debut studio album The College Dropout , as he utilized intricate sampling methods and string orchestration with Brion while drawing on stylistic influences from alternative acts such as Portishead , Coldplay , and Fiona Apple . The rapper 's lyrics explore both personal and broader political themes , including poverty , drug trafficking , racism , healthcare , and the blood diamond trade . In the first week of release , Late Registration debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and sold 860,000 copies . It eventually reached sales of over 3.1 million copies in the United States and has been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Five singles were released for marketing , including the international hits Touch the Sky , Heard 'Em Say , and Gold Digger , the latter of which topped the US Billboard Hot 100 . Music videos for all five singles were also produced , while West supported the album with a promotional concert tour , leading to the live album Late Orchestration in 2006 . Late Registration was also a widespread critical success , with some music critics noting the development of West 's musical style . The album earned West the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and an Album of the Year nomination , while appearing at the top of several publications ' year-end lists ranking the year 's top albums ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanye West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanye_West', 'summary': "Kanye Omari West ( /ˈkɑːnjeɪ/ ; born June 8 , 1977 ) is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , entrepreneur and fashion designer . West is among the most critically acclaimed musicians of the 21st century , with his music having spanned a broad range of styles , incorporating an eclectic range of influences including hip hop , soul , baroque pop , electro , indie rock , synth-pop , industrial , and gospel . Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago , West was first known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s , producing singles for artists such as Jay-Z , Ludacris , and Alicia Keys . Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to critical and commercial success , and founded the record label GOOD Music . He experimented with a variety of musical genres on subsequent acclaimed studio albums , including Late Registration ( 2005 ) , Graduation ( 2007 ) , and the polarizing but influential 808s & Heartbreak ( 2008 ) . His fifth album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) was the most critically acclaimed album of the 2010s , being hailed by critics as the best album of the decade . He has since succeeded the album with Yeezus ( 2013 ) , The Life of Pablo ( 2016 ) , Ye ( 2018 ) , and the Christian album Jesus Is King ( 2019 ) , as well as the full-length collaborations Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) and Kids See Ghosts ( 2018 ) with Jay-Z and Kid Cudi , respectively . West 's outspoken views and life outside of music have received significant media attention . West is a practicing Christian and his religious views have garnered widespread curiosity . He has been a frequent source of controversy for his conduct at award shows , on social media , and in other public settings , as well as his comments on the music and fashion industries , U.S. politics , and race . His marriage to television personality Kim Kardashian has also been a source of substantial media attention . As a fashion designer , he has collaborated with Nike , Louis Vuitton , and A.P.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Live Again', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S.A. ( United State of Atlanta )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S.A._(United_State_of_Atlanta)', 'summary': "U.S.A. ( United State of Atlanta ) ( stylised on the cover as U.nited S.tate of A.tlanta ) is the fourth studio album by Atlanta-based rap duo Ying Yang Twins . The album debuted at No . 2 on the Billboard 200 with approximately 201,000 copies sold in the first week released making the duo 's highest charting album to date . The album was eventually certified platinum by the RIAA with an excess of 1 million copies sold . It was also released in a chopped and screwed version . The Collipark remix ( I Got That ) Boom Boom with Britney Spears was initially going to appear on the album but did n't make the final cut ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ying Yang Twins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ying_Yang_Twins', 'summary': 'The Ying Yang Twins are an American hip hop duo consisting of Kaine ( born Eric Jackson on December 16 , 1978 , age 41 ) and D-Roc ( born Deongelo Holmes on February 23 , 1979 , age 40 ) . They are not actually twin brothers . The group debuted in 2000 and rose to mainstream popularity in 2003 collaborating with Britney Spears on her album In the Zone and with Lil Jon on Get Low . In 2004 and 2005 , Ying Yang Twins became more popular with party singles Salt Shaker , Wait ( The Whisper Song ) , Shake and Badd . They have received notoriety for their song Halftime ( featuring Homebwoi ) which is played at New Orleans Saints homegames after most touchdowns . In 2008 , the hip hop duo released The Official Work mixtape . In 2009 , they followed with their Ying Yang Forever mixtape . Just three months later , the duo released Legendary Status : Ying Yang Twins Greatest Hits . As recently as 2013 , the Ying Ying Twins released Ass in session and Twurk or Die mixtape .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Say It Again', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Say_It_Again_(Natasha_Bedingfield_song)', 'summary': "Say It Again is a pop song written by Natasha Bedingfield , Adam Levine , and Mike Elizondo for Bedingfield 's second album , N.B . ( 2007 ) and features Levine for background vocals . It was released as the album 's third and final single on 7 October 2007 in the United Kingdom . The song was released as a digital download only and failed to chart in the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'N.B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/N.B._(album)', 'summary': "N.B . is the second studio album by English singer and songwriter Natasha Bedingfield . It was released in the United Kingdom on 30 April 2007 through Phonogenic Records . In the United Kingdom it produced two top ten hits , I Wan na Have Your Babies and Soulmate . In January 2008 , the album was released in the United States and Canada under the name Pocketful of Sunshine with new packaging and an alternative track listing featuring only six of the original songs . The US version 's title song became a top-five hit whilst the lead single , Love Like This with Sean Kingston , became a top-twenty hit . US critics said that the album felt inorganic and awkwardly assembled ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natasha Bedingfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natasha_Bedingfield', 'summary': 'Natasha Anne Bedingfield ( born 26 November 1981 ) is an English singer and songwriter . Bedingfield released her debut album , Unwritten , in 2004 , which contained primarily up-tempo pop songs and was influenced by R & B music . It enjoyed international success with more than 2.3 million copies sold worldwide . Bedingfield received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the title track Unwritten , and at the 2005 and 2006 Brit Awards , she was nominated for Best British Female Artist . Unwritten also produced her only UK number one , These Words . Her second album , N.B . ( 2007 ) , yielded the UK top 10 singles I Wan na Have Your Babies and Soulmate . N.B . was not released in North America , but six tracks from it were included with seven new ones and released in 2008 as her third studio album , Pocketful of Sunshine , with the singles Love Like This and Pocketful of Sunshine earning success on the charts . In December 2010 , Bedingfield released her third album in North America , named Strip Me with the song of the same name charting on the US Billboard Hot 100 at 91 . Bedingfield has sold over 10 million albums and 10 million singles worldwide , totalling over 20 million records worldwide . In 2012 , VH1 ranked Bedingfield number 66 on the list of 100 Greatest Women in Music .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bang Bang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Troubadour', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Troubadour_(K'naan_album)", 'summary': "Troubadour is the second studio album by Somali-Canadian hip hop artist K'naan , released February 24 , 2009 . The album features performances by Kirk Hammett , Chubb Rock , Chali 2na , Mos Def , Damian Marley , and Adam Levine . Production was completed by Track and Field , a team composed of R & B artists Gerald Eaton and Brian West . The album contains songs produced by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , and Ari Levine , before they became The Smeezingtons , ( Bang Bang and Wavin Flag ) and also after ( Wavin ' Flag remixes ) ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': "K'naan", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/K'naan", 'summary': "Keinan Abdi Warsame ( Somali : Keynaan Abdi Warsame , Arabic : كَينَان عَبدِ وَرسَمَ Kaynān ʿAbdi Warsama ) , better known by his stage name K'naan ( /ˈkeɪnɑːn/ ) , is a Somali Canadian poet , rapper , singer , songwriter , and instrumentalist . He rose to prominence with the success of his single Wavin ' Flag , which was chosen as Coca-Cola 's promotional anthem for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Besides hip hop , K'naan 's sound is influenced by elements of Somali music and world music . He is also involved in various philanthropic initiatives ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Promised Land', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G.O.O.D . Morning , G.O.O.D . Night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G.O.O.D._Morning,_G.O.O.D._Night', 'summary': 'G.O.O.D . Morning , G.O.O.D . Night , is the second studio album by Chicago-based artist Malik Yusef . It features collaborations with Kanye West and several performers signed to his label GOOD Music . The project contains two CDs , Dusk and Dawn , each of which has a special meaning :'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanye West and Malik Yusef', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malik_Yusef', 'summary': 'Malik Yusef El Shabazz Jones ( born April 4 , 1971 ) is an American spoken word poet , rapper , writer , actor and producer based in Chicago , Illinois , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Home', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ry Cuming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ry_Cuming_(album)', 'summary': 'Ry Cuming , better known by his stage name RY X , is an Australian singer-songwriter and musician . He was the first artist signed to the Stockholm-based label Dumont Dumont .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ry Cuming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ry_Cuming', 'summary': 'Ry Cuming , better known by his stage name RY X , is an Australian singer-songwriter and musician . He was the first artist signed to the Stockholm-based label Dumont Dumont .'}]}, {'value': 'Jesse Carmichael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Carmichael', 'summary': 'Jesse Royal Carmichael ( born April 2 , 1979 ) is an American musician , singer and songwriter . He is best known as the keyboardist and rhythm guitarist for the pop rock band Maroon 5 . Carmichael also has a solo project called 1863 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gotten', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slash_(album)', 'summary': "Slash is the debut solo album by Guns N ' Roses guitarist and songwriter Slash . The album was produced by Eric Valentine and features multiple musicians , including four of the five members of the Appetite for Destruction-era Guns N ' Roses lineup : Slash himself , Izzy Stradlin , Duff McKagan and Steven Adler ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slash_(musician)', 'summary': "Saul Hudson ( born July 23 , 1965 ) , better known by his stage name Slash , is a British-American musician and songwriter . He is the lead guitarist of the American hard rock band Guns N ' Roses , with whom he achieved worldwide success in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Slash has received critical acclaim and is considered one of the greatest guitarists in rock history . In 1993 , Slash formed the side project Slash 's Snakepit ; three years later he left Guns N ' Roses in 1996 and co-founded the supergroup Velvet Revolver , which re-established him as a mainstream performer in the mid to late 2000s . Slash has released four solo albums : Slash ( 2010 ) , featuring an array of guest musicians , and Apocalyptic Love ( 2012 ) , World on Fire ( 2014 ) and Living the Dream ( 2018 ) recorded with his band , Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators . He returned to Guns N ' Roses in 2016 . Time magazine named him runner-up on their list of The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players in 2009 , while Rolling Stone placed him at number 65 on their list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time in 2011 . Guitar World ranked his guitar solo in November Rain number 6 on their list of The 100 Greatest Guitar Solos in 2008 , and Total Guitar placed his riff in Sweet Child o ' Mine at number 1 on their list of The 100 Greatest Riffs in 2004 . In 2010 , Gibson Guitar Corporation ranked Slash as number 34 on their Top 50 Guitarists of All Time , while their readers landed him number 9 on Gibson 's Top 25 Guitarists of All Time . In 2012 , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Guns N ' Roses ' classic lineup ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Levine', 'summary': "Adam Noah Levine ( born March 18 , 1979 ) is an American singer , songwriter , musician , record producer , entrepreneur , and actor . He is the lead singer for the pop rock band Maroon 5 . Born and raised in Los Angeles , California , Levine began his musical career in 1994 , when he co-founded the band Kara 's Flowers , of which he was the lead vocalist and guitarist . The band split up after their only album , The Fourth World ( released in 1997 ) , which did not gain popularity . In 2001 , the group was reformed - with guitarist James Valentine joining the line-up - and began a new musical chapter , changing their name to Maroon 5 . In 2002 , the band released their first album , Songs About Jane , which went multi-platinum in the US . Since then , they have released five more albums : It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long ( 2007 ) , Hands All Over ( 2010 ) , Overexposed ( 2012 ) , V ( 2014 ) , and Red Pill Blues ( 2017 ) . As part of Maroon 5 , Levine has received three Grammy Awards , three American Music Awards , an MTV Video Music Award , and a World Music Award . From 2011 to 2019 , Levine served as a coach on NBC 's reality talent show The Voice and won three times with a member of his team ( seasons 1 , 5 , and 9 ) . In 2012 , Levine made his acting debut as a recurring character Leo Morrison in American Horror Story : Asylum , the second season of the series American Horror Story . Levine also appeared in the films Begin Again ( 2013 ) , Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping ( 2016 ) , Fun Mom Dinner and The Clapper ( both 2017 ) . As an entrepreneur , Levine launched his own eponymous fragrance line in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stereo Hearts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stereo_Hearts', 'summary': "Stereo Hearts is a song by American group Gym Class Heroes featuring Adam Levine ( the lead singer of Maroon 5 ) . The song was released on June 14 , 2011 , as the lead single from the group 's fifth studio album , The Papercut Chronicles II ."}]}, {'value': 'The Papercut Chronicles II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Papercut_Chronicles_II', 'summary': 'The Papercut Chronicles II is the fifth and final studio album by Gym Class Heroes . It was released through Decaydance Records , Warner Bros. Records and Fueled by Ramen on November 15 , 2011 . It serves as a sequel to the second album The Papercut Chronicles ( 2005 ) . The album has sold 88,000 copies in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gym Class Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gym_Class_Heroes', 'summary': "Gym Class Heroes was an American rap rock band from Geneva , New York . The group formed in 1997 when Travie McCoy met drummer Matt McGinley during their high school gym class . The band 's music displays a wide variety of influences , including hip hop , rock , funk , and reggae . After the addition of guitarist Disashi Lumumba-Kasongo and bassist Eric Roberts in 2003 , the group was signed to Fueled by Ramen and Decaydance Records ( Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz 's independent record label ) , on which they released their debut album , The Papercut Chronicles . The group gained a strong fanbase while promoting the album , appearing at festivals such as The Bamboozle and Warped Tour . In 2006 , the group released the gold-selling album As Cruel as School Children . Since that release , the band 's single Cupid 's Chokehold reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , and Clothes Off ! ! peaked at number five in the United Kingdom . On September 9 , 2008 , Gym Class Heroes released their third album , The Quilt , which contained numerous collaborations with other artists . The band went on hiatus in 2009 , a time in which the members pursued various side projects . McCoy released his solo debut album Lazarus in June 2010 . Lumumba-Kasongo has been working on his side-project Soul , while McGinley now drums in the rock group Kill the Frontman ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stand Up', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Come Through for You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Come_Through_for_You', 'summary': "Come Through For You is the third full-length studio album by singer Javier Colon , and his first after winning NBC 's reality talent show The Voice . As of June 2013 , it has sold 46,000 copies ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Colon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Colon', 'summary': 'Javier Colon ( alternately styled Javier Colón , born April 29 , 1978 ) is an American singer-songwriter and musician . He has referred to his style of music as being acoustic soul . He was a member of EmcQ and The Derek Trucks Band , and worked with many musicians before going solo . From 2002 to 2006 , he was signed to Capitol Records , known as artist Javier . In 2006 , however , the contract was terminated and Javier Colon became an independent artist with his own label , Javier Colon Music . In 2011 , he was the winner of the inaugural season of the U.S. television show on NBC , The Voice , receiving $ 100,000 and signing a recording contract with Universal Republic Records . Javier Colon eventually decided to part ways with Universal Republic .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heavy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_(PJ_Morton_album)', 'summary': 'New Orleans is the major-label debut studio album by American singer-songwriter PJ Morton . The album was released on May 14 , 2013 , under Young Money , Cash Money and Republic Records . The album is primarily produced by PJ Morton and features guest appearances by Lil Wayne , Tweet , Stevie Wonder , Busta Rhymes and Adam Levine .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PJ Morton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PJ_Morton', 'summary': "PJ Morton ( born as Paul Morton Jr. ; March 29 , 1981 ) is an American musician , singer , songwriter and record producer . Since 2012 , he has been one of the keyboardists , alongside Jesse Carmichael , for the pop rock band Maroon 5 . Morton originally joined the band as a touring member in 2010 and became an official member in 2012 after Carmichael went on indefinite hiatus ( he returned to the lineup in 2014 ) . Morton released his debut solo EP , Following My First Mind , in March 2012 , through the record label Young Money . Adam Levine and James Valentine were featured on the lead single , Heavy . In May 2013 , Morton released his first major-label debut album , New Orleans . In 2016 , he released his mixtape Bounce & Soul Vol . 1 in March and the Sticking to My Guns EP in July . On April 14 , 2017 , Morton released his first self-released studio album Gumbo , earning Morton two Grammy Award nominations for Best R & B Album and Best R & B Song at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . In April 2019 , Morton said he would begin a project to restore the New Orleans home of jazz pioneer Buddy Bolden and create a museum and community space at the site . Bolden 's former home has been owned by his father 's church for more than a decade , and was sited for demolition by neglect ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine , James Valentine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Valentine_(musician)', 'summary': 'James Burgon Valentine ( born October 5 , 1978 ) is an American musician and songwriter . He is the lead guitarist for the pop rock band Maroon 5 .'}]}, {'value': 'My Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Life_(50_Cent_song)', 'summary': "My Life is a song by American rapper 50 Cent , featuring fellow rapper and friend of 50 Cent , Eminem , as well as Maroon 5 's lead singer Adam Levine . It was originally released as the second official single of 50 Cent 's forthcoming fifth studio album Street King Immortal , but was later removed from the project . The single was produced by American music producer Symbolyc One . The song premiered on American radio station Hot 97 , and was made available for digital download on iTunes Store on November 26 , 2012 . This song is currently a non-album single ."}]}, {'value': 'Non-album single', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50 Cent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/50_Cent', 'summary': "Curtis James Jackson III ( born July 6 , 1975 ) , known professionally as 50 Cent , is an American rapper , songwriter , singer , actor , television producer , entrepreneur , and investor . Born in the South Jamaica neighborhood of the borough of Queens , Jackson began selling drugs at age twelve during the 1980s crack epidemic . He later began pursuing a musical career and in 2000 he produced Power of the Dollar for Columbia Records , but days before the planned release he was shot and the album was never released . In 2002 , after Jackson released the compilation album Guess Who 's Back ? , he was discovered by Eminem and signed to Shady Records , under the aegis of Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records . With the aid of Eminem and Dr. Dre ( who produced his first major-label album , Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ) , Jackson became one of the world 's best selling rappers and rose to prominence with East Coast hip hop group G-Unit ( which he leads de facto ) . In 2003 , he founded G-Unit Records , signing his G-Unit associates Young Buck , Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo . Jackson had similar commercial and critical success with his second album , The Massacre , which was released in 2005 . He released his fifth studio album , Animal Ambition , in 2014 and as of 2019 is working on his sixth studio album , Street King Immortal . He executive produces and stars in the show Power , which airs on Starz . During his career Jackson has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and won several awards , including a Grammy Award , thirteen Billboard Music Awards , six World Music Awards , three American Music Awards and four BET Awards . He has pursued an acting career , appearing in the semi-autobiographical film Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) , the Iraq War film Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) and Righteous Kill ( 2008 ) . 50 Cent was ranked the sixth-best artist of the 2000s and the third-best rapper ( behind Eminem and Nelly ) by Billboard ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YOLO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YOLO_(song)', 'summary': "YOLO is a song written and recorded by American comedy hip hop group The Lonely Island featuring Maroon 5 lead vocalist Adam Levine and American rapper Kendrick Lamar for The Lonely Island 's third studio album The Wack Album . The song was released as the lead single from the album on January 25 , 2013 , worldwide outside North America . The single premiered in North America on Saturday Night Live on January 26 , and released as a single the following day ."}]}, {'value': 'The Wack Album', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Wack_Album', 'summary': "The Wack Album is the third studio album by American comedy hip hop group The Lonely Island . Recorded in Los Angeles and New York City with producers including TODAY , DJ Nu-Mark and Asa Taccone , it was released on June 7 , 2013 by Republic Records . The album reached number ten on the US Billboard 200 and topped the Comedy Albums and Rap Albums charts . 3-Way ( The Golden Rule ) , YOLO , Spring Break Anthem , I Fucked My Aunt , Diaper Money , Semicolon , Go Kindergarten and Spell It Out were released as singles . As with previous albums by The Lonely Island , The Wack Album features a range of guest artists , including rappers Kendrick Lamar and Too Short , singers Lady Gaga and Adam Levine , Billie Joe Armstrong and former collaborators Justin Timberlake and T-Pain . The album was sold with a bonus DVD , featuring music videos for YOLO , Diaper Money , We Need Love , 3-Way ( The Golden Rule ) , Spell It Out and Spring Break Anthem , as well as the one-hundredth SNL Digital Short , featuring a range of guest artists including Justin Bieber , Usher and Will Ferrell . The Wack Album was a commercial success , although generally charted lower than its predecessor , 2011 's Turtleneck & Chain . The album was praised for its comedic lyrics and for the group members ' performances , but received some criticism due to an alleged shortage of original ideas . The single YOLO performed well on several singles charts ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lonely Island and Kendrick Lamar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lonely_Island', 'summary': "The Lonely Island is an American comedy trio , formed by Akiva Schaffer , Andy Samberg , and Jorma Taccone in Berkeley , California in 2001 . The three first met in junior high , and went on to write and feature in the American TV program Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) . After graduating from college , they regrouped and moved to Los Angeles , where they struggled to find work and began making short films , combining absurdist comedy and occasionally music . Among the first performers to post their material on the Internet , they involved themselves with Channel 101 , a non-profit monthly short film festival . Their popularity at the screenings led to unsuccessful pilot deals with Fox and Comedy Central , but also a writing job for the 2005 MTV Movie Awards . The show 's host , Jimmy Fallon , recommended them to Lorne Michaels , the creator of Saturday Night Live . The group was hired for SNL in 2005 , with all three as writers and Samberg as a featured player . Bypassing the traditional process of pitching , they recorded their own material independently and submitted it to the program . Their second sketch to air , Lazy Sunday , became an internet sensation , the first of many viral videos they produced while at SNL . They led their own division at the program - SNL Digital Shorts - which led to numerous viral videos , including Motherlover , Dick in a Box , Jizz in My Pants , I 'm on a Boat , Like a Boss , I Just Had Sex , Jack Sparrow , and YOLO . Their musical comedic work has comprised four full studio albums : Incredibad ( 2009 ) , Turtleneck & Chain ( 2011 ) , The Wack Album ( 2013 ) , and The Unauthorized Bash Brothers Experience ( 2019 ) , along with a soundtrack album for their 2016 film Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping . The three retired from SNL in the early 2010s , but occasionally make guest appearances ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar', 'summary': "Kendrick Lamar Duckworth ( born June 17 , 1987 ) is an American rapper , songwriter , and record producer . He is regarded by many critics and contemporaries as one of the most important and influential rappers of his generation , and as one of the greatest rappers of all time . Raised in Compton , California , Lamar embarked on his musical career as a teenager under the stage name K-Dot , releasing a mixtape that garnered local attention and led to his signing with indie record label Top Dawg Entertainment ( TDE ) . He began to gain recognition in 2010 after his first retail release , Overly Dedicated . The following year , he independently released his first studio album , Section.80 , which included his debut single HiiiPoWeR . By that time , he had amassed a large online following and collaborated with several prominent hip hop artists , including The Game , Busta Rhymes , and Snoop Dogg . Lamar 's major label debut album , Good Kid , M.A.A.D City , was released in 2012 by TDE , Aftermath , and Interscope Records to critical acclaim . It debuted at No . 2 on the U.S . Billboard 200 and was later certified platinum by the RIAA . The record contained the top 40 singles Swimming Pools ( Drank ) , Bitch , Do n't Kill My Vibe , and Poetic Justice . His critically acclaimed third album To Pimp a Butterfly ( 2015 ) incorporated elements of funk , soul , jazz , and spoken word ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Painkiller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Space', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rozzi Crane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rozzi_Crane', 'summary': 'Rosalind Elizabeth Rozzi Crane ( born May 2 , 1991 ) is an American singer-songwriter from San Francisco . At 19 years old , Rozzi made her name known by being discovered by Maroon 5 lead singer Adam Levine . Soon after she was touring the country with Maroon 5 and honing her craft on-stage . Levine and Rozzi parted ways in 2016 . Now signed with Small Giant Records/Columbia Records , Rozzi released her first album Bad Together ( 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Locked Away', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Locked_Away', 'summary': "Locked Away is a song by Virgin Islands production duo R. City featuring American singer Adam Levine , the lead singer of pop rock band Maroon 5 . The song was released on June 29 , 2015 , by Kemosabe Records and RCA Records . The song peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it the duo 's first top ten hit and Levine 's first single that he did not co-write ."}]}, {'value': 'What Dreams Are Made Of', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/What_Dreams_Are_Made_Of', 'summary': 'What Dreams Are Made Of is the debut album by production duo Rock City . It was released on October 9 , 2015 . The album includes Locked Away , the single performed with Adam Levine that peaked at number one on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R. City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._City', 'summary': "R. City ( short for Rock City ; and formerly Planet VI ) is an American musical duo formed in 2003 , from Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands . The duo consists of brothers Theron Uptown AP Thomas and Timothy A.I . Thomas . Primarily known as a songwriting and record production team , the duo has also released various bodies of work as recording artists , including their debut album , What Dreams Are Made Of , released in November 2015 . They are best known for the single Locked Away featuring Adam Levine . In 2007 , the duo signed with Geffen Records and American singer Akon 's KonLive Distribution . During their time there they released a series of mixtapes with the primary title , PTFAO ( Put the F*ckin ' Album Out ) , a reference to the fact that their then-debut album Wake the Neighbors had not been given a release date . In 2011 , the duo were released from their contract with KonLive and subsequently founded Rebelution Records . In 2014 , they signed a record deal with RCA Records and Dr. Luke 's Kemosabe Records . The Thomas brothers have written and produced for several prominent artists , including Jamaican singer Sean Kingston ( Take You There ) , American singer Miley Cyrus ( We Ca n't Stop ) , Trinidadian rapper Nicki Minaj ( Only ) and Barbadian popstar Rihanna ( Pour It Up ) . The duo has also contributed to numerous Grammy-nominated albums , including Rihanna 's Unapologetic ( which won Best Urban Contemporary Album ) , Jennifer Hudson 's self-titled album ( which won Best R & B Album ) , and Ariana Grande 's My Everything ( which was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': "I 'm So Humble", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popstar:_Never_Stop_Never_Stopping', 'summary': 'Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping is a 2016 American mockumentary comedy film directed by Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone and written , produced by and starring Andy Samberg , Schaffer , and Taccone . Also produced by Judd Apatow , it co-stars Sarah Silverman , Tim Meadows , Imogen Poots , Joan Cusack , and Maya Rudolph . The film was released on June 3 , 2016 by Universal Pictures and grossed $ 9 million , failing to meet its budget of $ 20 million , despite positive reviews from critics .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lonely Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Go Now', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sing Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sing_Street', 'summary': 'Sing Street is a 2016 musical coming-of-age comedy-drama film co-written , co-produced and directed by John Carney . Starring Ferdia Walsh-Peelo , Lucy Boynton , Maria Doyle Kennedy , Aidan Gillen , Jack Reynor , and Kelly Thornton , the story revolves around a boy starting a band to impress a girl in 1980s Ireland . It is an international co-production between producers from Ireland , the United States , and United Kingdom . The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on 24 January 2016 . It was released in Ireland on 17 March 2016 , in the United States on 15 April and in the United Kingdom on 20 May . The film received positive reviews from critics , grossed $ 13 million worldwide and was nominated for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy at the 74th Golden Globe Awards .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Levine', 'summary': "Adam Noah Levine ( born March 18 , 1979 ) is an American singer , songwriter , musician , record producer , entrepreneur , and actor . He is the lead singer for the pop rock band Maroon 5 . Born and raised in Los Angeles , California , Levine began his musical career in 1994 , when he co-founded the band Kara 's Flowers , of which he was the lead vocalist and guitarist . The band split up after their only album , The Fourth World ( released in 1997 ) , which did not gain popularity . In 2001 , the group was reformed - with guitarist James Valentine joining the line-up - and began a new musical chapter , changing their name to Maroon 5 . In 2002 , the band released their first album , Songs About Jane , which went multi-platinum in the US . Since then , they have released five more albums : It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long ( 2007 ) , Hands All Over ( 2010 ) , Overexposed ( 2012 ) , V ( 2014 ) , and Red Pill Blues ( 2017 ) . As part of Maroon 5 , Levine has received three Grammy Awards , three American Music Awards , an MTV Video Music Award , and a World Music Award . From 2011 to 2019 , Levine served as a coach on NBC 's reality talent show The Voice and won three times with a member of his team ( seasons 1 , 5 , and 9 ) . In 2012 , Levine made his acting debut as a recurring character Leo Morrison in American Horror Story : Asylum , the second season of the series American Horror Story . Levine also appeared in the films Begin Again ( 2013 ) , Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping ( 2016 ) , Fun Mom Dinner and The Clapper ( both 2017 ) . As an entrepreneur , Levine launched his own eponymous fragrance line in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mic Jack', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boomiverse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boomiverse', 'summary': "Boomiverse is the third studio album by American rapper Big Boi . The album was released on June 16 , 2017 , by Epic Records . The album features guest appearances from Adam Levine , Jeezy , Killer Mike , Gucci Mane , and Curren $ y . It contains production from frequent collaborators Organized Noise , DJ Dahi , Dr. Luke , Scott Storch , among others . It was supported by the release of three singles - Mic Jack featuring Adam Levine , Scar and Sleepy Brown , Kill Jill featuring Killer Mike and Jeezy , and All Night ; the latter of which is Big Boi 's highest charting single as a solo artist ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Boi , Scar and Sleepy Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Boi', 'summary': "Antwan André Patton ( born February 1 , 1975 ) , better known by his stage name Big Boi , is an American rapper , songwriter , actor and record producer , best known for being a member of American hip hop duo Outkast alongside André 3000 . His work in the duo has produced six studio albums . Big Boi 's solo debut Sir Lucious Left Foot : The Son of Chico Dusty was released in July 2010 to respectable sales and critical acclaim . He released his second studio album , Vicious Lies and Dangerous Rumors in 2012 . Boomiverse , his third studio album , was released in June 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sleepy_Brown', 'summary': "Patrick Sleepy Brown ( born January 24 , 1970 ) is an American singer-songwriter and record producer from Savannah , Georgia . He is one-third of the successful Atlanta-based production team of Organized Noize , which has created hits for acts such as Outkast , Goodie Mob and TLC . TLC 's Waterfalls , penned by Brown and Organized Noize 's Rico Wade and Ray Murray , was a # 1 hit single on Billboard 's Hot 100 in the summer of 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Famous ( Remix )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-album single', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Montana', 'summary': "Karim Kharbouch ( Arabic : كريم خربوش Karīm Kharbūš [ kæɾiːm χɑʁbuːʃ ] ) ( born November 9 , 1984 ) , better known by his stage name French Montana , is a Moroccan-American rapper . Born and raised in Morocco , he immigrated to the United States with his family when he was 13 . He is the founder of Coke Boys Records , and its predecessor Cocaine City Records . After years of independent material , he was signed as joint-venture record deal with Puff Daddy 's Bad Boy Records and Rick Ross 's Maybach Music Group in 2012 . Kharbouch released his mixtape debut in 2007 , and had his first breakthrough with the single Choppa Choppa Down in 2010 . He released his debut studio album Excuse My French on May 21 , 2013 . In July 2017 , Montana released his second studio album , Jungle Rules , which peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 . The album was supported by the single Unforgettable , featuring Swae Lee , which became Montana 's first song as lead artist to reach the top 10 on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniela', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-album single', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LEZ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mickey Madden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mickey_Madden', 'summary': 'Michael Allen Madden ( born May 13 , 1979 ) is an American musician . He is the bassist for the pop rock band Maroon 5 .'}]}, {'value': 'Baby Girl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pesci ... Still Singing', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Pesci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Pesci', 'summary': "Joseph Frank Pesci ( /ˈpɛʃi/ PESH-ee , Italian pronunciation : [ ˈpeʃːi ] ; born February 9 , 1943 ) is an American actor , comedian , and musician . He is known for portraying tough , volatile characters in a variety of genres and for his collaborations with Robert De Niro and Martin Scorsese in the films Raging Bull ( 1980 ) , Goodfellas ( 1990 ) , Casino ( 1995 ) , and The Irishman ( 2019 ) . He also appeared in Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) , Moonwalker ( 1988 ) , JFK ( 1991 ) , A Bronx Tale ( 1993 ) , and The Good Shepherd ( 2006 ) . His comedy roles include such films as Home Alone ( 1990 ) , My Cousin Vinny ( 1992 ) , Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) , and the Lethal Weapon franchise ( 1989-1998 ) . Pesci won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the psychopathic gangster Tommy DeVito in Goodfellas and received two other nominations in the same category for his portrayals of Joey LaMotta and Russell Bufalino in 1980 's Raging Bull and in 2019 's The Irishman , respectively . He announced his retirement from acting in 1999 , and has since appeared only occasionally in films . He is also a musician who recorded three studio albums , Little Joe Sure Can Sing ! ( 1968 ) , Vincent LaGuardia Gambini Sings Just for You ( 1998 ) and Pesci . Still Singing ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Levine', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Featured songs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_songs_recorded_by_Maroon_5_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of songs by American pop rock band Maroon 5.'}
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From what year was the song released by Kemosabe Records and RCA Records ?
2015
08b27c1392abdf4d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci', 'title': 'List of works by Leonardo da Vinci', 'header': ['Details', 'Pages', 'Notes', 'Dates'], 'data': [{'value': 'Codex Atlanticus C.A . Pinacoteca Ambrosiana , Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Codex_Atlanticus', 'summary': "The Codex Atlanticus ( Atlantic Codex ) is a twelve-volume , bound set of drawings and writings ( in Italian ) by Leonardo da Vinci , the largest such set ; its name indicates the large paper used to preserve original Leonardo notebook pages , which was that used for atlases . It comprises 1,119 leaves dating from 1478 to 1519 , the contents covering a great variety of subjects , from flight to weaponry to musical instruments and from mathematics to botany . This codex was gathered in the late 16th century by the sculptor Pompeo Leoni , who dismembered some of Leonardo 's notebooks in its formation . It is currently preserved at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan ."}]}, {'value': '1,119', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 volumes , collated by the sculptor Pompeo Leoni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pompeo_Leoni', 'summary': 'Leone Leoni ( ca . 1509 - 22 July 1590 ) was an Italian sculptor of international outlook who travelled in Italy , Germany , Austria , France , Spain and the Netherlands . Leoni is regarded as the finest of the Cinquecento medallists . He made his reputation in commissions he received from the Habsburg monarchs Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and Philip II of Spain . His usual medium was bronze , although he also worked in marble and alabaster , carved gemstones and probably left some finished work in wax ( in which many of his sculptures were modelled ) , as well as designing coins . He mainly produced portraits , and was repeatedly used by the Spanish , and also the Austrian , Habsburgs .'}]}, {'value': '1478-1519', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Codex Windsor W. Royal Collection , Windsor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Collection', 'summary': "The Royal Collection of the British Royal family is the largest private art collection in the world . Spread among 13 occupied and historic royal residences in the United Kingdom , the collection is owned by Elizabeth II and overseen by the Royal Collection Trust . The Queen owns some of the collection in right of the Crown and some as a private individual . It is made up of over one million objects , including 7,000 paintings , over 150,000 works on paper , this including 30,000 watercolours and drawings , and about 450,000 photographs , as well as tapestries , furniture , ceramics , textiles , carriages , weapons , armour , jewellery , clocks , musical instruments , tableware , plants , manuscripts , books , and sculptures . Some of the buildings which house the collection , like Hampton Court Palace , are open to the public and not lived in by the Royal Family , whilst others , like Windsor Castle and Kensington Palace , are both residences and open to the public . The Queen 's Gallery at Buckingham Palace in London was built specially to exhibit pieces from the collection on a rotating basis . There is a similar art gallery next to the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh , and a Drawings Gallery at Windsor Castle . The Crown Jewels are on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London . About 3,000 objects are on loan to museums throughout the world , and many others are lent on a temporary basis to exhibitions ."}]}, {'value': '153', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1478-1518', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Codex Arundel B.L. , Arundel MS. or Br.M . British Library , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Codex_Arundel', 'summary': 'Codex Arundel , ( British Library , Arundel , 263 ) is a bound collection of pages of notes written by Leonardo da Vinci and dating mostly from between 1480 and 1518 . The codex contains a number of treatises on a variety of subjects , including mechanics and geometry . The name of the codex came from the Earl of Arundel , who acquired it in Spain in the 1630s . It forms part of the British Library Arundel Manuscripts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/British_Museum', 'summary': 'The British Museum , in the Bloomsbury area of London , United Kingdom , is a public institution dedicated to human history , art and culture . Its permanent collection of some eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence , having been widely sourced during the era of the British Empire . It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present . [ a ] It was the first public national museum in the world . The British Museum was established in 1753 , largely based on the collections of the Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane . It first opened to the public in 1759 , in Montagu House , on the site of the current building . Its expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of expanding British colonisation and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions , the first being the Natural History Museum in 1881 . In 1973 , the British Library Act 1972 detached the library department from the British Museum , but it continued to host the now separated British Library in the same Reading Room and building as the museum until 1997 . The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport , and as with all national museums in the UK it charges no admission fee , except for loan exhibitions . Its ownership of some of its most famous objects originating in other countries is disputed and remains the subject of international controversy , most notably in the case of the Parthenon Marbles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/British_Library', 'summary': "The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and the second largest library in the world by number of items catalogued . It is estimated to contain 150 million+ items from many countries . As a legal deposit library , the British Library receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom and Ireland , including a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK . The Library is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture , Media and Sport . The British Library is a major research library , with items in many languages and in many formats , both print and digital : books , manuscripts , journals , newspapers , magazines , sound and music recordings , videos , play-scripts , patents , databases , maps , stamps , prints , drawings . The Library 's collections include around 14 million books , along with substantial holdings of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 2000 BC . In addition to receiving a copy of every publication produced in the UK and Ireland ( approximately 8,000 per day ) , the Library has a programme for content acquisitions . The Library adds some three million items every year occupying 9.6 kilometres ( 6.0 mi ) of new shelf space . There is space in the library for over 1,200 readers . Prior to 1973 , the Library was part of the British Museum . The British Library Act 1972 detached the library department from the museum , but it continued to host the now separated British Library in the same Reading Room and building as the museum until 1997 . The Library is now located in a purpose-built building on the north side of Euston Road in St Pancras , London ( between Euston railway station and St Pancras railway station ) , and has a document storage centre and reading room near Boston Spa , near Wetherby in West Yorkshire ."}]}, {'value': '283', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1480-1518', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Codex Trivulzianus Triv . Biblioteca Trivulziana , Castello Sforzesco , Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Codex_Trivulzianus', 'summary': "The Codex Trivulzianus is a manuscript by Leonardo da Vinci that originally contained 62 sheets , but today only 55 remain . It documents Leonardo 's attempts to improve his modest literary education , through long lists of learned words copied from authoritative lexical and grammatical sources . The manuscript also contains studies of military and religious architecture . The Codex Trivulzianus is kept at Sforza Castle in Milan , Italy , but is not normally available to the public . In the main museum a room also contains frescos painted by Leonardo ."}]}, {'value': '55 ( originally 62 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1487-1490', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Codex Forster Forster I , II and III ( including I , I and II ) ; formerly known as S.K.M . I , II and III Victoria and Albert Museum , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Kensington_Museum', 'summary': "The Victoria and Albert Museum ( often abbreviated as the V & A ) in London is the world 's largest museum of applied and decorative arts and design , as well as sculpture , housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects . It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert . The V & A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , in an area that has become known as Albertopolis because of its association with Prince Albert , the Albert Memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . These include the Natural History Museum , the Science Museum , the Royal Albert Hall and Imperial College London . The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . As with other national British museums , entrance is free . The V & A covers 12.5 acres ( 5.1 ha ) and 145 galleries . Its collection spans 5,000 years of art , from ancient times to the present day , from the cultures of Europe , North America , Asia and North Africa . However , the art of antiquity in most areas is not collected . The holdings of ceramics , glass , textiles , costumes , silver , ironwork , jewellery , furniture , medieval objects , sculpture , prints and printmaking , drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world . The museum owns the world 's largest collection of post-classical sculpture , with the holdings of Italian Renaissance items being the largest outside Italy . The departments of Asia include art from South Asia , China , Japan , Korea and the Islamic world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum', 'summary': "The Victoria and Albert Museum ( often abbreviated as the V & A ) in London is the world 's largest museum of applied and decorative arts and design , as well as sculpture , housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects . It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert . The V & A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , in an area that has become known as Albertopolis because of its association with Prince Albert , the Albert Memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . These include the Natural History Museum , the Science Museum , the Royal Albert Hall and Imperial College London . The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . As with other national British museums , entrance is free . The V & A covers 12.5 acres ( 5.1 ha ) and 145 galleries . Its collection spans 5,000 years of art , from ancient times to the present day , from the cultures of Europe , North America , Asia and North Africa . However , the art of antiquity in most areas is not collected . The holdings of ceramics , glass , textiles , costumes , silver , ironwork , jewellery , furniture , medieval objects , sculpture , prints and printmaking , drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world . The museum owns the world 's largest collection of post-classical sculpture , with the holdings of Italian Renaissance items being the largest outside Italy . The departments of Asia include art from South Asia , China , Japan , Korea and the Islamic world ."}]}, {'value': '354', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Five pocket notebooks bound into three volumes , here listed in chronological order . I.2 ( Milan , c. 1487-1490 ) : Discusses hydraulic engineering , the moving and raising of water and perpetual motion . III ( Milan , c. 1490-1493 : Notes on geometry , weights and hydraulics interspersed with sketches of horses legs , what might be designs for ball costumes and a description of the anatomy of the human head . II.1 ( Milan , c. 1495 ) : Notes on the theory of proportions and other miscellaneous material . II.2 ( Milan , 1495-1497 ) : Notes on the theory of weights , traction , stresses and balances . I.1 ( Florence , 1505 ) : Notes on the measurement of solid bodies and on topology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perpetual_motion', 'summary': 'Perpetual motion is the motion of bodies that continues forever . A perpetual motion machine is a hypothetical machine that can do work indefinitely without an energy source . This kind of machine is impossible , as it would violate the first or second law of thermodynamics . These laws of thermodynamics apply regardless of the size of the system . For example , the motions and rotations of celestial bodies such as planets may appear perpetual , but are actually subject to many processes that slowly dissipate their kinetic energy , such as solar wind , interstellar medium resistance , gravitational radiation and thermal radiation , so they will not keep moving forever . Thus , machines that extract energy from finite sources will not operate indefinitely , because they are driven by the energy stored in the source , which will eventually be exhausted . A common example is devices powered by ocean currents , whose energy is ultimately derived from the Sun , which itself will eventually burn out . Machines powered by more obscure sources have been proposed , but are subject to the same inescapable laws , and will eventually wind down . In 2017 , new states of matter , time crystals , were discovered in which on a microscopic scale the component atoms are in continual repetitive motion , thus satisfying the literal definition of perpetual motion . However , these do not constitute perpetual motion machines in the traditional sense or violate thermodynamic laws because they are in their quantum ground state , so no energy can be extracted from them ; they have motion without energy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Topology', 'summary': "In mathematics , topology ( from the Greek τόπος , 'place ' , and λόγος , 'study ' ) is concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations , such as stretching , twisting , crumpling and bending , but not tearing or gluing . A topological space is a set endowed with a structure , called a topology , which allows defining continuous deformation of subspaces , and , more generally , all kinds of continuity . Euclidean spaces , and , more generally , metric spaces are examples of a topological space , as any distance or metric defines a topology . The deformations that are considered in topology are homeomorphisms and homotopies . A property that is invariant under such deformations is a topological property . Basic examples of topological properties are : the dimension , which allows distinguishing between a line and a surface ; compactness , which allows distinguishing between a line and a circle ; connectedness , which allows distinguishing a circle from two non-intersecting circles . The ideas underlying topology go back to Gottfried Leibniz , who in the 17th century envisioned the geometria situs and analysis situs . Leonhard Euler 's Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem and polyhedron formula are arguably the field 's first theorems . The term topology was introduced by Johann Benedict Listing in the 19th century , although it was not until the first decades of the 20th century that the idea of a topological space was developed ."}]}, {'value': '1487-1505', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris Manuscripts A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H ( including H , H and H ) , I ( including I and I ) , K ( including K , K and K ) , L and M Bibliothèque de lInstitut de France , Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institut_de_France', 'summary': 'The Institut de France ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɛ̃stity də fʁɑ̃s ] , Institute of France ) is a French learned society , grouping five académies , including the Académie française . The Institute , located in Paris , manages approximately 1,000 foundations , as well as museums and châteaux open for visit . It also awards prizes and subsidies , which amounted to a total of over €27 million per year in 2017 . Most of these prizes are awarded by the Institute on the recommendation of the académies .'}]}, {'value': 'more than 2500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 volumes , here listed in chronological order . B ( 1488-1490 ; 84 folios ) : Notebook including designs for flying machines ( including the helicopter ) , a submarine , centrally-planned churches and war machines . C ( 1490-91 ; 28 folios . One section missing . ) Treatise on light and shade ; also discusses flow of water and percussion . A ( c. 1492 ) : Fragment of a larger MS which included the Codex Ashburnham II . Subjects covered include painting , perspective , water and mechanics . H ( 1493-94 ; 142 folios ) : Three pocket notebooks bound together . Discusses Euclidean geometry and the design of drawing materials . M ( late 1490s-1500 ; 48 folios ) : A pocket notebook on geometry , ballistics and botany . L ( 1497-1502 ; 94 folios ) : A notebook on military engineering , used by Leonardo when he was in the employ of Cesare Borgia . K ( 1503-1508 ; 128 folios ) : Three pocket notebooks , mainly on geometry . I ( 1497-1505 ; 139 folios ) : Two pocket notebooks with notes on geometry , architecture , Latin , perspective and proportions for painters . D ( 1508-09 ; 10 folios with 20 drawings ) : Discusses theories of vision . F ( 1508-1513 ; 96 folios ) : Discusses water , optics , geology and astronomy . E ( 1513-14 ; originally 96 folios ) : Discusses weights and the effects of gravity , an invention for draining the Pontine Marshes , geometry , painting and the flight of birds . G ( 1510-1515 ; 93 folios ) : Primarily discusses botany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euclidean_geometry', 'summary': "Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid , which he described in his textbook on geometry : the Elements . Euclid 's method consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms , and deducing many other propositions ( theorems ) from these . Although many of Euclid 's results had been stated by earlier mathematicians , Euclid was the first to show how these propositions could fit into a comprehensive deductive and logical system . The Elements begins with plane geometry , still taught in secondary school ( high school ) as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of formal proof . It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions . Much of the Elements states results of what are now called algebra and number theory , explained in geometrical language . For more than two thousand years , the adjective Euclidean was unnecessary because no other sort of geometry had been conceived . Euclid 's axioms seemed so intuitively obvious ( with the possible exception of the parallel postulate ) that any theorem proved from them was deemed true in an absolute , often metaphysical , sense . Today , however , many other self-consistent non-Euclidean geometries are known , the first ones having been discovered in the early 19th century . An implication of Albert Einstein 's theory of general relativity is that physical space itself is not Euclidean , and Euclidean space is a good approximation for it only over short distances ( relative to the strength of the gravitational field ) . Euclidean geometry is an example of synthetic geometry , in that it proceeds logically from axioms describing basic properties of geometric objects such as points and lines , to propositions about those objects , all without the use of coordinates to specify those objects . This is in contrast to analytic geometry , which uses coordinates to translate geometric propositions into algebraic formulas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cesare_Borgia', 'summary': "Cesare Borgia ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈtʃeːzare ˈbɔrdʒa , ˈtʃɛː- ] ; Valencian : Cèsar Borja [ ˈsɛzaɾ ˈbɔɾdʒa ] ; Spanish : César Borja [ ˈθesaɾ ˈβoɾxa ] ; 13 September 1475 - 12 March 1507 ) was an Italian and Aragonese politician and condottiero ( mercenary leader ) whose fight for power was a major inspiration for The Prince by Machiavelli . He was an illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI . After initially entering the church and becoming a cardinal on his father 's election to the Papacy , he became , after the death of his brother in 1498 , the first person to resign a cardinalate . He served as a condottiero for the King of France Louis XII around 1500 and occupied Milan and Naples during the Italian Wars . At the same time he carved out a state for himself in Central Italy , but after his father 's death he was unable to retain power for long . According to Machiavelli , this was not due to a lack of foresight , but his bad choice in creating a new pope ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pontine_Marshes', 'summary': 'The Pontine Marshes ( /ˈpɒntaɪn/ , also US : /ˈpɒntiːn/ ; Italian : Agro Pontino [ ˈaːɡro ponˈtiːno ] , formerly also Paludi Pontine ; Latin : Pomptinus Ager by Titus Livius , Pomptina Palus ( singular ) and Pomptinae Paludes ( plural ) by Pliny the Elder ) is an approximately quadrangular area of former marshland in the Lazio Region of central Italy , extending along the coast southeast of Rome about 45 km ( 28 mi ) from just east of Anzio to Terracina ( ancient Tarracina ) , varying in distance inland between the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Volscian Mountains ( the Monti Lepini in the north , the Monti Ausoni in the center , and the Monti Aurunci in the south ) from 15 to 25 km ( 9.3 to 15.5 mi ) . The northwestern border runs approximately from the mouth of the river Astura along the river and from its upper reaches to Cori in the Monti Lepini . The former marsh is a low tract of mainly agricultural land created by draining and filling , separated from the sea by sand dunes . The area amounts to about 80,000 ha ( 800 km2 ; 310 sq mi ) . The Via Appia , a Roman military road constructed in 312 BC , crosses the inland side of the former marsh in a long , straight stretch flanked by trees . Before then , travelers had to use the Via Latina along the flanks of the mountains ; Terracina could not be reached across the marsh . Further southward along the coast as far as Minturno is another stretch of former coastal marsh called the South Pontino , the largest section being between Terracina and Sperlonga , as far inland as Fondi . It was part of ancient Latium adiectum and still belongs to Lazio . Bordered by the Aurunci Mountains , this land is mainly reclaimed , as well , but the more frequent incursion of hills permitted more dense settlements . Leaving Terracina , the Via Appia crosses it , as well . The marsh was an extensive alluvial plain at about sea level ( some above , some below ) created by the failure of the streams draining the mountains to find clearly defined outlets to the sea through the barrier dunes . Above sea level , it was a forested swamp ; below , it was mud flats and pools .'}]}, {'value': '1488-1505', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Codex Madrid Madrid I and Madrid II Biblioteca Nacional de España , Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Codex_Madrid_(Leonardo)', 'summary': 'The Madrid Codices I-II ( I - Ms. 8937 i II - Ms. 8936 ) , are two manuscripts by Leonardo da Vinci which were discovered in the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid in 1965 by Dr. Jules Piccus , Language Professor at the University of Massachusetts . The Madrid Codices I was finished during 1490 and 1499 , and II from 1503 to 1505 . The two codices were brought to Spain by Pompeo Leoni , a sculptor in the court of Philip II . After various changes of ownership , they were transferred to the monastic library of El Escorial and finally to the Biblioteca Real , where they remained unknown for 252 years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_España', 'summary': 'The Biblioteca Nacional de España ( National Library of Spain ) is a major public library , the largest in Spain , and one of the largest in the world . It is located in Madrid , on the Paseo de Recoletos .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two volumes , rediscovered in 1966 . I ( 1490s ) : Mainly concerned with the science of mechanisms . II ( 1503-04 ) : Miscellaneous drawings , including maps of the Arno relating to the project to divert its course and notes and drawings relating to the casting of the Sforza monument', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arno', 'summary': 'The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy . It is the most important river of central Italy after the Tiber .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sforza_monument', 'summary': "Leonardo 's Horse ( also known as Gran Cavallo ) is a sculpture that was commissioned of Leonardo da Vinci in 1482 by Duke of Milan Ludovico il Moro , but not completed . It was intended to be the largest equestrian statue in the world , a monument to the duke 's father Francesco Sforza . Leonardo did extensive preparatory work for it but produced only a clay model , which was later destroyed . About five centuries later , Leonardo 's surviving design materials were used as the basis for sculptures intended to bring the project to fruition ."}]}, {'value': '1490s-1504', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Codex Ashburnham Ash.I . or B.N.2037 ( formerly part of MS.B . ) Ash.II or B.N.2038 ( formerly part of MS.A . ) Bibliothèque de lInstitut de France , Paris', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two volumes , taken out of Paris Manuscripts A and B and sold to the Earl of Ashburnham , who returned them to Paris in 1890', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bertram_Ashburnham,_5th_Earl_of_Ashburnham', 'summary': 'Bertram Ashburnham , 5th Earl of Ashburnham ( 28 October 1840 - 15 January 1913 ) was a British peer . He was the English agent for the Spanish Carlist cause , and a supporter of Irish Home Rule . He sold off the Ashburnham collection of manuscripts which the 4th Earl had collected .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1492', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Codex on the Flight of Birds Turin Biblioteca Reale , Turin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Codex_on_the_Flight_of_Birds', 'summary': 'Codex on the Flight of Birds is a relatively short codex from c. 1505 by Leonardo da Vinci . It comprises 18 folios and measures 21 × 15 centimetres . Now held at the Biblioteca Reale in Turin , Italy , the codex begins with an examination of the flight behavior of birds and proposes mechanisms for flight by machines . Leonardo constructed a number of these machines , and attempted to launch them from a hill near Florence . However , his efforts failed . In the codex , Leonardo notes for the first time that the center of gravity of a flying bird does not coincide with its center of pressure .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Biblioteca_Reale', 'summary': 'The Royal Library of Turin ( Italian : Biblioteca Reale di Torino ) is a library located within the ground floor of the Royal Palace of Turin , itself a World Heritage Site in Turin , Italy .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Originally part of Paris Manuscript B ; probably stolen by Count Guglielmo Libri in around 1840-1847', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guglielmo_Libri_Carucci_dalla_Sommaja', 'summary': 'Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja ( January 1 , 1803 - September 28 , 1869 ) was an Italian count and mathematician , who became known for his love and subsequent theft of ancient and precious manuscripts . Appointed the Inspector of Libraries in France , Libri began stealing the books he was responsible for , fleeing to England when the theft was discovered , along with 30,000 books and manuscripts inside 18 trunks . He was sentenced in France to 10 years in jail in absentia ; some of the stolen works were returned when he died , but many remained missing .'}]}, {'value': 'dated 1505', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Codex Leicester Leic . Private collection , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Codex_Leicester', 'summary': "The Codex Leicester ( also briefly known as Codex Hammer ) is a collection of scientific writings by Leonardo da Vinci . The Codex is named after Thomas Coke , later credited to Earl of Leicester , who purchased it in 1719 . The manuscript currently holds the record for the second highest sale price of any book , as it was sold to Bill Gates at Christie 's auction house on 11 November 1994 in New York for US $ 30,802,500 ( equivalent to $ 53,222,898.79 in 2019 ) The Codex provides an insight into the inquiring mind of the definitive Renaissance artist , scientist and thinker as well as an exceptional illustration of the link between art and science and the creativity of the scientific process ."}]}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1506-1510', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Codex Urbinas and libro A Urb . and L°A . Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana , Vatican City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Codex_Urbinas', 'summary': "A Treatise on Painting ( Trattato della pittura ) is a collection of Leonardo da Vinci 's writings entered in his notebooks under the general heading On Painting . The manuscripts were begun in Milan while Leonardo was under the service of Ludovico Sforza and gathered together by his heir Francesco Melzi . The treatise was first published in France in 1632 ; after Melzi 's version was rediscovered in the Vatican Library , the treatise was published in its modern form in 1817 . The main aim of the treatise was to argue that painting was a science . Leonardo 's keen observation of expression and character is evidenced in his comparison of laughing and weeping , about which he notes that the only difference between the two emotions in terms of the motion of the [ facial ] features is the ruffling of the brows , which is added in weeping , but more elevated and extended in laughing . In 1937 , Max Ernst wrote in Cahiers d'Art that Leonardo 's advice on the studying of stains on walls caused him an unbearable visual obsession . All editions of the treatise are kept at the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana at UCLA ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Biblioteca_Apostolica_Vaticana', 'summary': "The Vatican Apostolic Library ( Latin : Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana , Italian : Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana ) , more commonly known as the Vatican Library or informally as the Vat , is the library of the Holy See , located in Vatican City . Formally established in 1475 , although it is much older , it is one of the oldest libraries in the world and contains one of the most significant collections of historical texts . It has 75,000 codices from throughout history , as well as 1.1 million printed books , which include some 8,500 incunabula . The Vatican Library is a research library for history , law , philosophy , science and theology . The Vatican Library is open to anyone who can document their qualifications and research needs . Photocopies for private study of pages from books published between 1801 and 1990 can be requested in person or by mail . Pope Nicholas V ( 1447-1455 ) envisioned a new Rome with extensive public works to lure pilgrims and scholars to the city to begin its transformation . Nicolas wanted to create a 'public library ' for Rome that was meant to be seen as an institution for humanist scholarship . His death prevented him from carrying out his plan , but his successor Pope Sixtus IV ( 1471-1484 ) established what is now known as the Vatican Library . In March 2014 , the Vatican Library began an initial four-year project of digitising its collection of manuscripts , to be made available online . The Vatican Apostolic Archive was separated from the library at the beginning of the 17th century ; it contains another 150,000 items ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An anthology of writings by Leonardo compiled after his death by his pupil Francesco Melzi . An abridged version was published in 1651 as a treatise on painting ( Trattato della Pittura )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francesco_Melzi', 'summary': 'Francesco Melzi , or Francesco de Melzi , ( 1491 - 1570 ) was an Italian painter born into a family of the Milanese nobility in Lombardy . He was one of Leonardo da Vincis pupils .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1530', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Manuscripts', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci_1', 'intro': "Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was one of the leading artists of the High Renaissance. Fifteen artworks are generally attributed either in whole or in large part to him. However, it is believed that he made many more, only for them to be lost over the years or remain unidentified. The authorship of several paintings traditionally attributed to Leonardo is disputed. Two major works are known only as copies. Works are regularly attributed to Leonardo with varying degrees of credibility. None of Leonardo's paintings are signed. The attributions here draw on the opinions of various scholars. The small number of surviving paintings is due in part to Leonardo's frequently disastrous experimentation with new techniques and his chronic procrastination. Nevertheless, these few works together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, comprise a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary, Michelangelo."}
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Who brought the work by Leonardo da Vinci housed in Biblioteca Nacional de España to Spain ?
Pompeo Leoni
08b291b66a8d302f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics_U20_Championships', 'title': 'World Athletics U20 Championships', 'header': ['Athlete', 'Nation', 'Events', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': 'Peter Chumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Chumba', 'summary': "Peter Chumba ( born 20 December 1968 ) is a Kenyan male former long-distance runner . He was the first athlete to achieve a gold medal double at the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics , taking victory in the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres . This feat has since been matched by Haile Gebrselassie , Daniel Komen and Assefa Mezgebu . While all three of those athletes won senior medals at global level , this feat would remain the highlight of Chumba 's career ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '5000 metres , 10,000 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ato Boldon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ato_Boldon', 'summary': 'Ato Jabari Boldon OLY ( born 30 December 1973 ) is a former track and field athlete and politician from Trinidad and Tobago and four-time Olympic medal winner . He holds the Trinidad and Tobago national record in the 50 , 60 and 200 metres events with times of 5.64 , 6.49 and 19.77 seconds respectively , and also the Commonwealth Games record in the 100 m. He also held the 100m national record at 9.86s , having run it four times until Richard Thompson ran 9.85s on 13 August 2011 . After retiring from his track career , Boldon was an Opposition Senator in the Trinidad and Tobago Parliament , representing the United National Congress from 2006-2007 . He also holds U.S. citizenship . He is now an NBC Sports television broadcast analyst for track and field .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinidad and Tobago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'summary': "The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ( /ˈtrɪnɪdæd . təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /- toʊ-/ ) is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean . Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous much smaller islands , it is situated 130 kilometres ( 81 miles ) south of Grenada and 11 kilometres ( 6.8 miles ) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela . It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast , Grenada to the northwest , Guyana to the southeast , and Venezuela to the south and west . The island of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by native Amerindian peoples before becoming a colony in the Spanish Empire , following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 . Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797 . During the same period , the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish , British , French , Dutch and Courlander colonisers more times than any other island in the Caribbean . [ citation needed ] Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889 . Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962 , becoming a republic in 1976 . Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in the Americas after the United States and Canada . It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy . Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories , which rely heavily on tourism , the Trinidadian economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals ; much of the nation 's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas ."}]}, {'value': '100 metres , 200 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haile Gebrselassie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haile_Gebrselassie', 'summary': "Haile Gebrselassie ( Amharic : ኃይሌ ገብረ ሥላሴ , haylē gebre silassē ; born 18 April 1973 ) is a retired Ethiopian long-distance track and road running athlete . He won two Olympic gold medals over 10,000 metres and four World Championship titles in the event . He won the Berlin Marathon four times consecutively and also had three straight wins at the Dubai Marathon . Further to this , he won four world titles indoors and was the 2001 World Half Marathon Champion . Haile had major competition wins at distances between 1500 metres and the marathon , moving from outdoor , indoor and cross country running to road running in the latter part of his career . He broke 61 Ethiopian national records ranging from 800 metres to the marathon , set 27 world records , and is regarded as one of the greatest distance runners in history . In September 2008 , at the age of 35 , he won the Berlin Marathon with a world record time of 2:03:59 , breaking his own world record by 27 seconds . The record stood for three years . Since he was over the age of 35 , that mark stood as the Masters Age group world record until 29 September 2019 , when fellow Ethiopian Kenenisa Bekele ran 2:01:41 at the age of 37 . Gebrselassie 's 10000 m Masters record has not been challenged since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '5000 metres , 10,000 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Komen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Komen', 'summary': "Daniel Kipngetich Komen ( born 17 May 1976 ) is a Kenyan middle- and long-distance runner . Remembered for his rivalry with Haile Gebrselassie , Komen 's most notable achievements came in a two-year period between 1996 and 1998 , during which he broke a string of world records . He currently holds the world record for the 3000 metres both outdoors ( 7:20.67 set in 1996 ) and indoors ( 7:24.90 set in 1998 ) . In addition , with his 7.58.61 world record in the 2-mile race set in 1997 , he remains the only man in history to run back-to-back sub-four-minute miles , splitting circa 3:59.4 on both the first and second half of the race . Komen was also the second man , after Saïd Aouita , to break the 13-minute mark for the 5,000 m , the 7½-minute mark for 3,000 m , and the 3½-minute mark for the 1,500 m. [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '5000 metres , 10,000 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis Obikwelu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Obikwelu', 'summary': 'Francis Obiorah Obikwelu , GOIH ( born 22 November 1978 ) is a retired Nigerian-born Portuguese sprinter , who specialized in 100 metres and 200 metres . He obtained Portuguese citizenship in 2001 . He is the 2004 Olympic silver medalist in the 100 metres . From that race , he also set the European record in the event at 9.86 , which has been tied twice by Jimmy Vicaut , but not beaten .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '100 metres , 200 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assefa Mezgebu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assefa_Mezgebu', 'summary': 'Assefa Mezgebu ( born June 19 , 1978 in Sidamo ) is a retired Ethiopian long-distance runner , most known for winning a bronze medal in the 10,000 metres event at the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was also the runner-up at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics , following a bronze medal at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics . He also competed in cross-country running and reached the podium at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 1998 and 2000 . Assefa Mezgebu is the younger brother of Ayele Mezgebu .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '5000 metres , 10,000 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Malcolm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Malcolm', 'summary': 'Christian Sean Malcolm ( born 3 June 1979 ) is a retired Welsh athlete specialised in the 200 metres .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '100 metres , 200 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Howe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Howe', 'summary': 'Andrew Howe ( born 12 May 1985 ) is an Italian athlete who specializes in the long jump . He won this event as well as the 200 metres at the 2004 World Junior Championships . He was successful at senior level at a young age , winning a long jump bronze at the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships before becoming the European Champion later that year . In 2007 he became the European Indoor Champion and won the silver medal at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics . A combination of injuries ruled him out for most of the 2008 and 2009 seasons . He returned to action in 2010 and became the Italian champion , representing his country at the 2010 European Athletics Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '200 metres , long jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margus Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margus_Hunt', 'summary': 'Margus Hunt ( born July 14 , 1987 ) is an Estonian professional American football defensive tackle for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round of the 2013 NFL Draft . He played college football at SMU . Before taking up American football , Hunt competed in the discus throw and shot put , and was the former world junior record holder in discus throw . At 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) , he is one of the tallest players in the NFL .'}]}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Discus throw , shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Doubles', 'section_text': 'A total of fifteen athletes have won two individual titles at the same championships ( nine men , six women ) . The majority of these are sprint or long-distance combinations , although Andrew Howe ( 200 m and long jump ) , Margus Hunt ( discus throw and shot put ) and Morgan Lake ( high jump and heptathlon ) managed to win novel doubles . [ 3 ] Many others achieved a double between an individual victory and being a member of a winning relay team .', 'uid': 'IAAF_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_2', 'intro': 'The World Athletics U20 Championships is a biennial world championships for the sport of athletics organised by the World Athletics, contested by athletes in the under-20 athletics age category (19 years old or younger on 31 December in the year of the competition. The competition was launched as the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics in 1986 and renamed to IAAF World U20 Championships in November 2015. The current name was adapted with the name change of the sports governing body in 2019. Anneisha McLaughlin-Whilby is the most successful athlete at the championships, having won one gold and four silver in individual and relay sprinting events between 2000 and 2004. Chris Nelloms, Davidson Ezinwa and Dexter Lee share the position of most successful male athlete, at four medals each.'}
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What is the nationality of the competitor from the United Kingdom ?
Welsh
08b2dcf3e3ccd833
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_films_of_2008', 'title': 'List of Canadian films of 2008', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Cast', 'Genre'], 'data': [{'value': "Adam 's Wall", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Adam's_Wall", 'summary': "Adam 's Wall is a 2008 Canadian drama film directed by Michael Mackenzie , who also co-wrote the film with Dana Schoel and produced by Ziad Touma of Couzin Films and by Olivier Sirois . The film 's original music is composed by Benoît Charest . The film was released in Montreal on October 17 , 2008 . The film stars Jesse Aaron Dwyre as Adam Levy , Flavia Bechara as Yasmine Gibran , Paul Ahmarani as Najeeb Gibran , Gabriel Gascon as Rabbi Levy , Tyrone Benskin as Mostafa and Maxim Roy as Christine . Younger Adam is played by Kyler Nesrallah ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael MacKenzie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Mackenzie_(filmmaker)', 'summary': "Michael Mackenzie is a Canadian film director , screenwriter , theatre director , playwright and dramaturge . He has directed two feature films , both theatrically released in Canada . His plays have been staged in Europe and North America and variously published in English , French , German and Hungarian . He has a Ph.D in the History of Science from L'Université de Montréal . Past academic appointments include Visiting Fellow at Princeton University 's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and consultant at the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Jesse Aaron Dwyre , Flavia Bechara , Paul Ahmarani , Maxim Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Aaron_Dwyre', 'summary': "Jesse Aaron Dwyre is a Canadian actor , musician and writer . Jesse has appeared in film , theatre and television . He currently plays Henry is HBO 's crime series Jett , and Young Hogarth in His Masters Voice . He has starred in independent films Imitation ( film ) and Adam 's Wall . He has drummed since the age of five primarily with the rock group Stylewinder ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Flavia_Bechara', 'summary': "Flavia Bechara is a Lebanese actress who has starred in the films The Kite and Adam 's Wall . In The Kite ( French : Le Cerf-volant , Arabic : Tayyara men wara - طيّارة من ورق ) , a 2003 Lebanese film by the director Randa Chahal Sabag , she plays the leading role . The film tells the story of fifteen-year-old Lamia ( played by Bechara ) , who lets her kite fly into the Israeli side of the border and attempts to retrieve it . She meets Israeli Arab border guard Youssef ( played by Maher Bsaibes ) , who works in a tower overlooking both sides of the barbed-wire fence separating the countries . Her family is outraged , so they send her off to marry her cousin on the other side of the border . Lamia refuses to sleep with her new husband , instead maintaining an interest in Youssef . The Kite was shown at the 2003 Venice Film Festival where it won the Lion d'argent of the Grand Prix du Jury of the festival . In Adam 's Wall , a 2008 movie tale of forbidden love between a Jewish boy and a Lebanese girl directed by Michael Mackenzie , Bechara plays role of Yasmine Gibran opposite Jesse Aaron Dwyre in the role of Adam Levy , a Jewish teenager from Montreal 's Mile-End district , who falls head over heels in love with her . Both are torn by their love against the traditional opposition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Ahmarani', 'summary': "Paul Ahmarani ( born 1972 ) is a Canadian actor . Both his parents have a teaching background ; one is from Cacouna , Bas-Saint-Laurent , Quebec and the other from the Mediterranean coast . Ahmarani is known for his roles in the movies The Left-Hand Side of the Fridge ( La Moitié gauche du frigo ) and How My Mother Gave Birth to Me During Menopause ( Comment ma mère accoucha de moi durant sa ménopause ) . He has also appeared in the first season of the television Star Trek parody Dans une galaxie près de chez vous . In 2005 he released a musical album called Portrait vivant under the name Paul Ahmarani et les nouveaux mariés ( Paul Ahmarani and the Newlyweds , see the External links section to listen ) . Outside his acting and singing career , Paul Ahmarani has also been an open supporter of Quebec 's left-wing party , Québec solidaire . On 25 February 2010 , Paul Ahmarani , together with 500 artists , joined the call to support the international campaign for Boycott , Divestment , and Sanctions against the Israeli Apartheid . In 2012 , audiences saw him in Martin Villeneuve 's Mars et Avril , a science fiction film based on the graphic novels of the same name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maxim_Roy', 'summary': 'Maxim Roy ( born March 7 , 1972 ) is a Canadian actress . She is best known for playing Detective Isabelle Latendresse in the English version of the Canadian police drama television series 19-2 , Jocelyn Fray in the fantasy series Shadowhunters , and mistress Michelle in Bad Blood .'}]}, {'value': 'Romantic drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adoration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adoration_(2008_film)', 'summary': "Adoration is a 2008 Canadian drama film directed by Atom Egoyan and starring Rachel Blanchard , Scott Speedman and Devon Bostick . It is Egoyan 's first feature film since Where the Truth Lies . The film was first shown at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival . Adoration won the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury and was nominated for the Palme d'Or . It won Best Canadian Feature Film - Special Jury Citation at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival . The film had its U.S. premiere in April 2009 at the San Francisco International Film Festival and went into U.S. release on May 8 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Atom Egoyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atom_Egoyan', 'summary': "Atom Egoyan , CC ( /ɛˈɡɔɪən/ ; born July 19 , 1960 ) is a Canadian stage and film director , writer , and producer . Egoyan made his career breakthrough with Exotica ( 1994 ) , a film set primarily in and around the fictional Exotica strip club . Egoyan 's most critically acclaimed film is the drama The Sweet Hereafter ( 1997 ) , for which he received two Academy Award nominations , and his biggest commercial success is the erotic thriller Chloe ( 2009 ) . His work often explores themes of alienation and isolation , featuring characters whose interactions are mediated through technology , bureaucracy , or other power structures . Egoyan 's films often follow non-linear plot structures , in which events are placed out of sequence in order to elicit specific emotional reactions from the audience by withholding key information . In 2008 , Egoyan received the Dan David Prize for Creative Rendering of the Past . Egoyan later received the Governor General 's Performing Arts Award , Canada 's highest royal honour in the performing arts , in 2015 . He was part of a loosely-affiliated group of filmmakers to emerge in the 1980s from Toronto known as the Toronto New Wave ."}]}, {'value': 'Rachel Blanchard , Scott Speedman , Kenneth Welsh , Arsinée Khanjian , Devon Bostick , Aaron Poole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Blanchard', 'summary': 'Rachel Louise Blanchard ( born March 19 , 1976 ) is a Canadian television actress , best known for playing the lead role of Cher Horowitz in the US television series Clueless ( 1996-1999 ) . Blanchard took over the role from Alicia Silverstone , who portrayed the character in the original film .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_Speedman', 'summary': "Robert Scott Speedman ( born September 1 , 1975 ) is a British-Canadian film and television actor . He is known for playing Ben Covington in the coming-of-age drama television series Felicity , Lycan-Vampire hybrid Michael Corvin in the gothic horror-action Underworld films , and Barry Baz Blackwell in the TNT crime drama series Animal Kingdom . His other film work includes Duets , Dark Blue , XXX : State of the Union , The Strangers , Barney 's Version , and The Vow ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_Welsh', 'summary': "Kenneth Welsh , CM is a Canadian film and television actor ( sometimes credited as Ken Welsh ) . He is known as the multi-faceted villain , Windom Earle , in Twin Peaks and played the father of Katharine Hepburn as portrayed by Cate Blanchett in Martin Scorsese 's The Aviator . He lives outside of Toronto ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arsinée_Khanjian', 'summary': 'Arsinée Khanjian ( Western Armenian : Արսինէ Խանճեան , Eastern Armenian : Արսինե Խանջյան ; born 6 September 1958 ) is an Armenian-Canadian actress and producer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Devon_Bostick', 'summary': 'Devon Bostick ( born November 13 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actor best known for playing the lead role of Simon in the Atom Egoyan directed film Adoration , Brent in Saw VI , Rodrick Heffley in the first three Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies and Jasper Jordan on The CW show The 100 from 2014 to 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Poole', 'summary': 'Aaron Poole is a Canadian actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'After the Ballot ( Chers électeurs )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/After_the_Ballot', 'summary': "After the Ballot ( Original French title : Chers électeurs ) is a documentary film by Manuel Foglia , produced by the National Film Board of Canada . The film was released in 2008 . It follows the lives of two members of the National Assembly of Québec - Charlotte L'Écuyer , a Liberal back bencher , and Daniel Turp , a Parti Québécois ( PQ ) Shadow Minister . The film follows L'Écuyer and her troubles with her own government . She wants to preserve her riding 's lumbering jobs , although her government , insofar as it is presented in the film , is committed to preserving forests . Turp , on the hand , does not seem to have the same constituency problems . Here , the film focuses on his reaction to various political actions undertaken by the PQ , and his considering running for PQ leadership . Of these two MNAs only Charlotte L'Écuyer has held on to her seat in subsequent elections . Daniel Turp lost his seat to Québec solidaire member Amir Khadir . The filming took place during the Liberal Party 's first majority government ( 2003-2007 ) , under Premier Jean Charest . During the filming , Bernard Landry faced a leadership challenged , launched , in part , by Pauline Marois . Landry lost support of his party , and stepped down as leader ."}]}, {'value': 'Manuel Foglia', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Charlotte L'Écuyer , Daniel Turp", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Charlotte_L'Écuyer", 'summary': "Charlotte L'Écuyer ( born August 16 , 1943 ) is a politician in Quebec , Canada . She was a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec ( MNA ) for the riding of Pontiac in Western Quebec , and a member of the Quebec Liberal Party caucus , from 2003 to 2014 . She went to the Université du Québec à Hull ( now Université du Québec en Outaouais ) and obtained a bachelor 's degree in social work . She would later add a master 's degree in social work at the Université de Sherbrooke . L'Écuyer was a social worker and the former general manager of the Pontiac 's CLSC clinic . She was also an administration member for several health and social services associations in the Pontiac region . She was also an administration member to the Centre local de développement de la MRC du Pontiac . L'Écuyer won her first election in the 2003 election , replacing Robert Middlemiss , who held the seat for several years . After the departure of Chambly MNA Diane Legault , L'Écuyer was named the Parliamentary Secretary for Health Minister Philippe Couillard until 2007 . During her first term , she was featured in the film Chers électeurs . During the 2007 election campaign , while the Outaouais region has in a midst of a severe doctor shortage , she mentioned in an interview with local media reporters that not everyone in the region needs a family doctor . Despite losing 18% of the popular vote from the last election , she won a second term ahead of Parti Québécois candidate Patrick Robert-Meunier and the Action democratique du Quebec 's ( ADQ ) Victor Bilodeau ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Turp', 'summary': 'Daniel Turp ( born April 30 , 1955 ) is a professor of constitutional and international law at the Universite de Montreal in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . He served as a Bloc Québécois Member of Parliament ( 1997-2000 ) and as a Parti Québécois member of the Quebec National Assembly ( 2003-2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'National Film Board Documentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Film_Board', 'summary': "The National Film Board of Canada ( or simply National Film Board or NFB ) ( French : Office national du film du Canada , or ONF ) is Canada 's public film and digital media producer and distributor . An agency of the Government of Canada , the NFB produces and distributes documentary films , animation , web documentaries , and alternative dramas . In total , the NFB has produced over 3,000 productions since its inception , which have won over 5,000 awards . The NFB reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage . It has English-language and French-language production branches ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Documentary', 'summary': 'A documentary film is a non-fictional , motion picture intended to document reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record . Documentary has been described as a filmmaking practice , a cinematic tradition , and mode of audience reception that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries . Documentary films were originally called actuality films , and were one minute , or less , in length . Over time , documentaries have evolved to be longer in length , and to include more categories ; some examples being : educational , observational , and docufiction . Documentaries are meant to be informative works , and are often used within schools , as a resource to teach various principles . Social media platforms , such as YouTube , have provided an avenue for the growth of the documentary film genre ; These platforms have increased the distribution area and ease-of-accessibility ; thereby , enhancing the ability to educate a larger volume of viewers , and broadening the reach of persons who receive that information .'}]}, {'value': 'All That She Wants ( Elle veut le chaos )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denis Côté', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Côté', 'summary': 'Denis Côté ( born November 16 , 1973 ) is an independent filmmaker and producer living in Quebec , of Brayon origin . His experimental films have been shown at major film festivals around the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Ève Duranceau , Nicolas Canuel , Laurent Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurent_Lucas', 'summary': 'Laurent Lucas ( born 20 July 1965 ) is a French actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The American Trap ( Le piège américain )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_American_Trap', 'summary': 'The American Trap ( French : Le Piège américain ) is a 2008 Canadian drama film from Quebec , directed by Charles Binamé . The film stars Rémy Girard as Lucien Rivard , a Canadian working in the criminal underworld of Havana , Cuba who becomes enmeshed in international intrigue around the assassination of John F. Kennedy .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Binamé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Binamé', 'summary': "Charles Binamé ( born May 25 , 1949 ) is a Quebec director . He was born in Belgium and came to Montreal with his family at a young age . He joined the National Film Board of Canada as an assistant director in 1971 , but soon left for the private sector . During the 1970s , he mostly directed documentaries for Quebec television , and in the 1980s he directed over 200 television commercials , including some in England . When he returned to Canada in the early 1990s , he directed two of Quebec 's most popular television series of all time , Blanche ( the sequel to the series Les Filles de Caleb ) and Marguerite Volant . The former won him seven Prix Gémeaux and the FIPA d'Or at Cannes Film Festival for best drama series . Also in the 1990s Binamé wrote and directed a trio of edgy urban dramas - Eldorado , Streetheart ( Le Coeur au poing ) and Pandora 's Beauty ( La Beauté de Pandore ) . His big-budget Séraphin : Heart of Stone ( a remake of Un Homme et son péché ) was a huge box-office hit in Quebec in 2002 , and in 2005 he directed The Rocket , a biography of hockey legend Maurice Richard , which earned him a Genie Award for best director ."}]}, {'value': 'Rémy Girard , Gérard Darmon , Colm Feore , Serge Houde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rémy_Girard', 'summary': 'Rémy Girard OC ( born August 10 , 1950 ) is a Canadian actor and former television host from Quebec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gérard_Darmon', 'summary': 'Gérard Darmon ( born 29 February 1948 ) is a French actor and singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Colm_Feore', 'summary': 'Colm Feore OC ( /ˈkɒləm ˈfjɔːr/ ; born August 22 , 1958 ) , is an American-born Canadian stage , film and television actor . A 13-year veteran of the Stratford Festival , he is best known for his Gemini-winning turn as Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in the television miniseries Trudeau , as well as roles such as Detective Martin Ward in Bon Cop , Bad Cop , Lord Marshal Zhylaw in The Chronicles of Riddick , Pope Julius II on The Borgias , First Gentleman Henry Taylor on 24 , General Ted Brockhart on House of Cards , and Declan Gallard on 21 Thunder . He is a Prix Iris and Screen Actors Guild Award winner and a Genie Award nominee .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Serge_Houde', 'summary': "Serge Houde ( born February 16 , 1953 ) is a Canadian film and television character actor . He is best known for his role in Jon Cassar 's Emmy-nominated miniseries The Kennedys playing the notorious Chicago mafia boss Sam Giancana opposite Tom Wilkinson and Barry Pepper . GQ 's Tom Carson said Houdes performance was a terrific Sam Giancana ( Serge Houde , and where has this formidable actor been all of Martin Scorsese 's life ? ) . It will probably set off Camelot guardians ' alarm bells to hear that Giancana , the Chicago Mob boss , appears at all - and tête-à-tête with papa Joe , who 's committing hubris 's fatal error by negotiating with him . Houde began acting at age 35 , and he has over 160 film and TV productions to his credit . Besides his role as Sam Giancana in The Kennedys , Houde also appeared in the Seth Rogen-starring feature , 50/50 , which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2011 . In it , he played Joseph Gordon-Levitt 's character 's father and Anjelica Huston 's character 's husband ; his character suffered from Alzheimer 's . He also starred as The Doctor in Episode 9 of Mortal Kombat : Legacy , Kevin Tancharoen 's web series anthology inspired by the popular video game of the same name . In 2014 , Houde received a Leo Award nomination for Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series for his role as drug kingpin David Thorpe on CTV 's undercover cop series Played . The following year , he attracted attention for his moving portrayal of a homeless man suffering from Tourette 's in the hit Canadian police drama 19-2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Crime drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Babine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babine_(film)', 'summary': "Babine is a Canadian fantasy drama film , directed by Luc Picard and released in 2008 . Adapted from Fred Pellerin 's book Il faut prendre le taureau par les contes , the film stars Vincent-Guillaume Otis [ fr ] as Babine , the village idiot of Saint-Élie-de-Caxton , Quebec . A lifelong outcast because his mother ( Isabel Richer ) was believed to be the town witch , he becomes the immediate suspect when the town 's church catches fire , killing the parish priest ( Julien Poulin ) . However , he will receive the support from the village 's merchant , Toussaint Brodeur ( Luc Picard ) , as he attempts to prove his innocence . The film 's cast also includes Alexis Martin , Gildor Roy , Marie Brassard and Antoine Bertrand . A sequel film , Ésimésac , was released in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Luc Picard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luc_Picard', 'summary': 'Luc Picard ( born 24 September 1961 ) is a French Canadian actor , director and comedian . He was born on September 24 , 1961 in Lachine , Quebec , Canada . He has played numerous characters in diverse roles . An intense actor with piercing eyes and a nervous smile , Picard trained at the Conservatoire dArt Dramatique in Montreal and quickly became a favourite with Quebec audiences with his frequent appearances on television . During the 1990s , following his debut performance in Letters of Transit ( Les Sauf-conduits ) he slowly developed as a film star with character roles in a variety of films , especially those by Pierre Falardeau . In 2002 , Picard scored a double triumph with a Genie Award for his performance as the psychotic cult leader in Savage Messiah and a Prix Jutra for The Collector , directed by Jean Beaudin . In 2005 he directed his first feature , Audition , which was followed by Babine in 2008 , Ésimésac in 2012 , 9 in 2016 and Cross My Heart ( Les Rois mongols ) in 2017 . He is most commonly known for his portrayal of the infamous Michel Chartrand in the biographical TV series Simmone et Chartrand , where he was nominated for Gemini Awards . His acting film credits also include A Sunday in Kigali ( Un dimanche a Kigali ) , Cap Tourmente , The Woman Who Drinks ( La Femme qui boit ) , The Last Breath ( Le Dernier souffle ) , Night Song , Isla Blanca and Bad Seeds ( Les Mauvaises herbes ) . He was formerly married to actress Isabel Richer , until they announced their split in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vincent-Guillaume Otis , Luc Picard , Julien Poulin , Alexis Martin , Isabel Richer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luc_Picard', 'summary': 'Luc Picard ( born 24 September 1961 ) is a French Canadian actor , director and comedian . He was born on September 24 , 1961 in Lachine , Quebec , Canada . He has played numerous characters in diverse roles . An intense actor with piercing eyes and a nervous smile , Picard trained at the Conservatoire dArt Dramatique in Montreal and quickly became a favourite with Quebec audiences with his frequent appearances on television . During the 1990s , following his debut performance in Letters of Transit ( Les Sauf-conduits ) he slowly developed as a film star with character roles in a variety of films , especially those by Pierre Falardeau . In 2002 , Picard scored a double triumph with a Genie Award for his performance as the psychotic cult leader in Savage Messiah and a Prix Jutra for The Collector , directed by Jean Beaudin . In 2005 he directed his first feature , Audition , which was followed by Babine in 2008 , Ésimésac in 2012 , 9 in 2016 and Cross My Heart ( Les Rois mongols ) in 2017 . He is most commonly known for his portrayal of the infamous Michel Chartrand in the biographical TV series Simmone et Chartrand , where he was nominated for Gemini Awards . His acting film credits also include A Sunday in Kigali ( Un dimanche a Kigali ) , Cap Tourmente , The Woman Who Drinks ( La Femme qui boit ) , The Last Breath ( Le Dernier souffle ) , Night Song , Isla Blanca and Bad Seeds ( Les Mauvaises herbes ) . He was formerly married to actress Isabel Richer , until they announced their split in 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julien_Poulin', 'summary': 'Julien Poulin ( born April 20 , 1946 ) is an actor , film director , screenwriter , film producer , and composer in Quebec , Canada . He has portrayed numerous roles in several popular Quebec films and series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alexis_Martin_(actor)', 'summary': "Alexis Martin ( born June 9 , 1964 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian actor and writer . A 1986 graduate of the Conservatoire d'art dramatique de Montréal , he has acted in film , television and stage productions , and has written both theatrical plays and film screenplays . As an actor , his credits have included the films Cordélia , The Party ( Le Party ) , Cosmos , Karmina , Nô , Matroni and Me ( Matroni et moi ) , August 32nd on Earth ( Un 32 août sur terre ) , The Collector ( Le Collectionneur ) , Audition ( L'Audition ) , Le Banquet , Route 132 , A Sunday in Kigali ( Un dimanche à Kigali ) , Babine , Before My Heart Falls ( Avant que mon cœur bascule ) , Bad Seeds ( Les mauvaises herbes ) and We Are Gold ( Nous sommes Gold ) , and the television series L'Amour avec un Grand A , Radio Enfer , Sous le signe du lion , Fortier , Trauma and Les Parent . His plays have included Oreille , tigre et bruit , Matroni et moi , L'An de Grâce , Bureaux , L'Apprentissage des marais and Révolutions , and he wrote the screenplays for Matroni et moi and Bad Seeds . He was a Genie Award nominee for Best Supporting Actor at the 31st Genie Awards in 2010 for Route 132 , and for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 20th Genie Awards in 1999 for Matroni et moi . His play Bureaux was shortlisted for the Governor General 's Award for French-language drama at the 2004 Governor General 's Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Isabel_Richer', 'summary': "Isabel Richer ( born June 14 , 1966 ) is a Canadian film and television actress from Quebec . Her television roles have included Les Invincibles , Les Soeurs Elliot and Trauma , and her films have included Eldorado , Babine , Battle of the Brave ( Nouvelle-France ) , The Pig 's Law ( La Loi du cochon ) , The Countess of Baton Rouge , The 3 L'il Pigs ( Les 3 p'tits cochons ) , Audition ( L'Audition ) , Without Her ( Sans elle ) , Ésimésac and The 3 L'il Pigs 2 ( Les 3 p'tits cochons 2 ) . She was a Genie Award nominee for Best Actress at the 16th Genie Awards for her performance in Eldorado , and for Best Supporting Actress at the 30th Genie Awards for her performance in Babine . She was formerly married to actor and film director Luc Picard , until they announced their split in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fantasy , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Banquet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Banquet', 'summary': "Le Banquet is a Canadian drama film from Quebec , directed by Sébastien Rose and released in 2008 . Set at an unnamed university in Montreal amidst the backdrop of a student strike over rising tuition fees , the film centres on Bertrand ( Alexis Martin ) , an idealistic young professor who battles the university administration after it refuses to expel a problem student ( Benoît McGinnis ) who is being disruptive in Bertrand 's class . The film 's cast also includes Raymond Bouchard , Frédéric Pierre , Catherine de Léan , Pierre-Antoine Lasnier , Yves Jacques , Émile Proulx-Cloutier and Paul Ahmarani ."}]}, {'value': 'Sébastien Rose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Rose', 'summary': 'Sébastien Rose ( born June 30 , 1969 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian film director and screenwriter . His debut film , How My Mother Gave Birth to Me During Menopause ( Comment ma mère accoucha de moi durant sa ménopause ) , won the Claude Jutra Award for the best Canadian film by a first-time director in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexis Martin , Raymond Bouchard , Benoît McGinnis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexis_Martin_(actor)', 'summary': "Alexis Martin ( born June 9 , 1964 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian actor and writer . A 1986 graduate of the Conservatoire d'art dramatique de Montréal , he has acted in film , television and stage productions , and has written both theatrical plays and film screenplays . As an actor , his credits have included the films Cordélia , The Party ( Le Party ) , Cosmos , Karmina , Nô , Matroni and Me ( Matroni et moi ) , August 32nd on Earth ( Un 32 août sur terre ) , The Collector ( Le Collectionneur ) , Audition ( L'Audition ) , Le Banquet , Route 132 , A Sunday in Kigali ( Un dimanche à Kigali ) , Babine , Before My Heart Falls ( Avant que mon cœur bascule ) , Bad Seeds ( Les mauvaises herbes ) and We Are Gold ( Nous sommes Gold ) , and the television series L'Amour avec un Grand A , Radio Enfer , Sous le signe du lion , Fortier , Trauma and Les Parent . His plays have included Oreille , tigre et bruit , Matroni et moi , L'An de Grâce , Bureaux , L'Apprentissage des marais and Révolutions , and he wrote the screenplays for Matroni et moi and Bad Seeds . He was a Genie Award nominee for Best Supporting Actor at the 31st Genie Awards in 2010 for Route 132 , and for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 20th Genie Awards in 1999 for Matroni et moi . His play Bureaux was shortlisted for the Governor General 's Award for French-language drama at the 2004 Governor General 's Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Bouchard', 'summary': "Raymond Bouchard ( born March 7 , 1945 in Lauzon , Quebec ) is a Canadian film , television and stage actor . He is most noted for his performances in the film Seducing Doctor Lewis ( La Grande séduction ) , for which he received Genie Award and Prix Jutra nominations for Best Actor in 2004 , and the television series L'Or et le Papier , for which he won the Prix Gémeaux for Best Actor in a Drama Series in 1990 . His other performances have included the television series Scoop , Virginie , Chartrand et Simonne and Trudeau ( in which he played Jean Marchand ) , and the films Cordélia , Ding et Dong , La Florida , Nitro , Le Banquet and Funkytown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Benoît_McGinnis', 'summary': 'Benoît McGinnis is a Canadian theatre , film and television actor who was nominated for a Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role for his role in Le Banquet . McGinnis has also appeared in other works including the hit TV series Les hauts et les bas de Sophie Paquin and the Canadian movie Heartbeats ( Les Amours imaginaires ) . He graduated from the National Theatre School of Canada in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Before Tomorrow ( Le Jour avant le lendemain )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Before_Tomorrow', 'summary': "Before Tomorrow ( French : Le jour avant le lendemain ) is a Canadian drama film , released in 2008 . Directed by Marie-Hélène Cousineau and Madeline Ivalu , the film is an adaptation of the novel Før Morgendagen by Danish writer Jørn Riel . It was the third film released by Igloolik Isuma Productions , an Inuit film studio best known for the film Atanarjuat : The Fast Runner , and is the first feature film to be made by Arnait Video Productions , a women 's Inuit film collective . Setting is in a small Inuit community in the Nunavik region of northern Quebec in the 1840s , the film stars Madeline Ivalu as Ninioq , an Inuk elder isolated with her grandson Maniq ( Paul-Dylan Ivalu ) after most of their community perishes from smallpox transmitted by strange traders . Their adaptation moves the setting from northeast Greenland to northwest Ungava ( Nunavik ) and from the 1960s to the 1840s , when explorers and whalers began to trade with local Inuit and transmitted contagious diseases . The film was shot near Puvirnituq in Nunavik , northern Quebec ."}]}, {'value': 'Marie-Hélène Cousineau & Madeline Ivalu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marie-Hélène_Cousineau', 'summary': "Marie-Hélène Cousineau is a Canadian film director and producer . Originally from Quebec , she moved to Igloolik , Northwest Territories ( now in Nunavut ) in 1991 , where she became a co-founder of the filmmaking collective Arnait Video Productions . Her most noted film , Before Tomorrow ( Le Jour avant le lendemain ) , was co-directed with Madeline Ivalu and released in 2008 . Cousineau and Ivalu were shortlisted Genie Award nominees for Best Director , and alongside co-writer Susan Avingaq for Best Adapted Screenplay , at the 30th Genie Awards in 2010 . Cousineau later collaborated with Ivalu on the film Uvanga , and with Avingaq on the documentary film Sol . Sol is a feature documentary , that explores the mysterious death of a young Inuit man , Solomon Uyurasuk . As the documentary investigates the truth to Solomon 's death , it sheds light on the underlying social issues of Canada 's North that has resulted in this region claiming one of the highest youth suicide rates in the world . More recently , Cousineau has collaborated with Ivalu on an adaptation of Gabrielle Roy 's unpublished work La Rivière sans repos , previously translated and published as Windflower ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Madeline_Ivalu', 'summary': "Madeline Piujuq Ivalu is a Canadian Inuk filmmaker and actor from Igloolik , Nunavut . One of the cofounders of Arnait Video Productions , a women 's video and filmmaking collective in Nunavut , she co-directed , co-wrote and starred in Arnait 's first feature film production , Before Tomorrow ( Le Jour avant le lendemain ) . She costarred in the film with her real-life grandson , Paul-Dylan Ivalu . Her codirector of the film was Marie-Hélène Cousineau , and both women cowrote the film with Susan Avingaq . She garnered three Genie Award nominations at the 30th Genie Awards , for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role , Best Achievement in Direction and Best Adapted Screenplay . Ivalu and Cousineau also codirected the 2013 film Uvanga , in which Ivalu played a supporting role . She has also acted in the films Atanarjuat : The Fast Runner , The Journals of Knud Rasmussen and The Grizzlies , and was one of the credited writers of The Journals of Knud Rasmussen ."}]}, {'value': 'Madeline Ivalu , Paul-Dylan Ivalu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madeline_Ivalu', 'summary': "Madeline Piujuq Ivalu is a Canadian Inuk filmmaker and actor from Igloolik , Nunavut . One of the cofounders of Arnait Video Productions , a women 's video and filmmaking collective in Nunavut , she co-directed , co-wrote and starred in Arnait 's first feature film production , Before Tomorrow ( Le Jour avant le lendemain ) . She costarred in the film with her real-life grandson , Paul-Dylan Ivalu . Her codirector of the film was Marie-Hélène Cousineau , and both women cowrote the film with Susan Avingaq . She garnered three Genie Award nominations at the 30th Genie Awards , for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role , Best Achievement in Direction and Best Adapted Screenplay . Ivalu and Cousineau also codirected the 2013 film Uvanga , in which Ivalu played a supporting role . She has also acted in the films Atanarjuat : The Fast Runner , The Journals of Knud Rasmussen and The Grizzlies , and was one of the credited writers of The Journals of Knud Rasmussen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul-Dylan_Ivalu', 'summary': 'Paul-Dylan Ivalu is a Canadian Inuk actor from Igloolik , Nunavut . He is best known for his role as Maniq in the film Before Tomorrow ( Le Jour avant le lendemain ) , for which he garnered a Genie Award nomination for Best Actor at the 30th Genie Awards . He costarred in the film with his real-life grandmother , Madeline Ivalu . He previously also acted in film The Journals of Knud Rasmussen .'}]}, {'value': 'Inuit Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inuit', 'summary': "Inuit ( /ˈɪnjuɪt/ ; syllabics : ᐃᓄᐃᑦ , the people , singular : Inuk ᐃᓄᒃ , dual : Inuuk ᐃᓅᒃ [ failed verification ] ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland , Canada and Alaska ( United States ) . The Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo-Aleut family . Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered language isolate used in Nunavut . Inuit live throughout most of Northern Canada in the territory of Nunavut , Nunavik in the northern third of Quebec , Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut in Labrador , and in various parts of the Northwest Territories , particularly around the Arctic Ocean , in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region . [ note 1 ] With the exception of NunatuKavut these areas are known in the Inuit languages as Inuit Nunangat . In Canada , sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 classify Inuit as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis . The Greenlandic Inuit are descendants of ancient indigenous migrations from Canada , as these people migrated to the east through the continent . Inuit of Denmark are Danish citizens , although not the citizens of the European Union . In the United States , the Alaskan Iñupiat , live primarily on the Alaska North Slope and on Little Diomede Island . In Canada and the United States , the term Eskimo was commonly used to describe Inuit , and Siberia and Alaska 's Yupik , Iñupiat , and Chukchi people . However , Inuit is not accepted as a term for the Yupik and Chukchi , and Eskimo is the only term that applies to Yupik , Chukchi , Iñupiat and Inuit . Since the late 20th century , Indigenous peoples in Canada and Greenlandic Inuit consider Eskimo to be a pejorative term , and they more frequently identify as Inuit for an autonym ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Drama', 'summary': "Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance : a play , opera , mime , ballet , etc. , performed in a theatre , or on radio or television . Considered as a genre of poetry in general , the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle 's Poetics ( c. 335 BC ) - the earliest work of dramatic theory . The term drama comes from a Greek word meaning action ( Classical Greek : δρᾶμα , drama ) , which is derived from I do ( Classical Greek : δράω , drao ) . The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy . In English ( as was the analogous case in many other European languages ) , the word play or game ( translating the Anglo-Saxon pleġan or Latin ludus ) was the standard term for dramas until William Shakespeare 's time - just as its creator was a play-maker rather than a dramatist and the building was a play-house rather than a theatre . The use of drama in a more narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era . Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy - for example , Zola 's Thérèse Raquin ( 1873 ) or Chekhov 's Ivanov ( 1887 ) . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media . The term radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance . May also refer to the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio . The enactment of drama in theatre , performed by actors on a stage before an audience , presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception . The structure of dramatic texts , unlike other forms of literature , is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception ."}]}, {'value': 'Beyond the Walls ( La Battue )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_the_Walls_(2008_film)', 'summary': "Beyond the Walls ( French : La Battue ) is a Canadian short drama film , directed by Guy Édoin and released in 2008 . The third and final film in his trilogy of short films on rural themes , following The Bridge ( Le pont ) in 2004 and The Dead Water ( Les eaux mortes ) in 2006 , the film centres on a young woman 's troubled relationship with her mother , who regularly forces her to go hunting against her will . The film 's cast includes Amélie Prévost , Denise Dubois , Ghyslaine Brodeur-Édoin , Marie Pelletier and Marie-Josée Forget . The film was named to the Toronto International Film Festival 's annual year-end Canada 's Top Ten list for 2008 . It was a Genie Award nominee for Best Live Action Short Drama at the 29th Genie Awards , and a Prix Jutra nominee for Best Short Film at the 11th Jutra Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Guy Édoin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Édoin', 'summary': 'Guy Édoin is a Canadian film director and screenwriter , whose debut full-length film Wetlands ( Marécages ) was released in 2011 . Originally from Saint-Armand , Quebec , Édoin studied at the Université du Québec à Montréal and the Université de Montréal . He previously wrote and directed the short films The Bridge ( Le Pont ) in 2004 , The Dead Water ( Les Eaux mortes ) in 2006 and Beyond the Walls ( La Battue ) in 2008 . All three films received Prix Jutra nominations for Best Short Film , with The Dead Water winning , and Beyond the Walls received a Genie Award nomination for Best Live Action Short Drama . His second feature film , Ville-Marie , was released in 2015 . Édoin , who is gay , predominantly addresses LGBT themes in his work .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blindness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blindness_(2008_film)', 'summary': 'Blindness is a 2008 English-language thriller film , an adaptation of the 1995 novel of the same name by Portuguese author José Saramago about a society suffering an epidemic of blindness . The film was written by Don McKellar and directed by Fernando Meirelles , with Julianne Moore and Mark Ruffalo as the main characters . Saramago originally refused to sell the rights for a film adaptation , but the producers were able to acquire it with the condition that the film would be set in an unnamed and unrecognizable city . Blindness premiered as the opening film at the Cannes Film Festival on May 14 , 2008 , and the film was released in the United States on October 3 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fernando Meirelles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Meirelles', 'summary': "Fernando Ferreira Meirelles ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ feɾˈnɐ̃du mejˈɾɛlis ] ; born 9 November 1955 ) is a Brazilian film director , producer and screenwriter . He is best known for co-directing the film City of God , released in 2002 in Brazil and in 2003 in the U.S. by Miramax Films , which received international critical acclaim . For his work in the film , he was eventually nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director . He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Director in 2005 for The Constant Gardener , which garnered the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Rachel Weisz . He also directed the 2008 adaptation of José Saramago 's novel Blindness , and the 2011 film 360 . In 2019 Meirelles directed and produced in Brazil the HBO original series Joint Venture and also directed The Two Popes for Netflix ."}]}, {'value': 'Julianne Moore , Danny Glover , Alice Braga , Mark Ruffalo , Gael Garcia Bernal , Alice Braga , Don McKellar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julianne_Moore', 'summary': "Julianne Moore ( born Julie Anne Smith ; December 3 , 1960 ) is a Scottish American actress and children 's author . Prolific in film since the early 1990s , she is particularly known for her portrayals of emotionally troubled women in both independent and blockbuster films , and has received many accolades , including an Academy Award , a British Academy Film Award and two Golden Globes . Time magazine named Moore one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2015 . After studying theatre at Boston University , Moore began her career with a series of television roles . From 1985 to 1988 , she was a regular in the soap opera As the World Turns , earning a Daytime Emmy Award for her performance . Her film debut was in Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) , and she continued to play small roles for the next four years , including in the thriller The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 ) . Moore first received critical attention with Robert Altman 's Short Cuts ( 1993 ) , and successive performances in Vanya on 42nd Street ( 1994 ) and Safe ( 1995 ) continued this acclaim . Starring roles in the blockbusters Nine Months ( 1995 ) and The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) established her as a leading lady in Hollywood . Moore received considerable recognition in the late 1990s and early 2000s , earning Oscar nominations for Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) , The End of the Affair ( 1999 ) , Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) and The Hours ( 2002 ) . In the first of these , she played a 1970s pornographic actress , while the other three starred her as an unhappy , mid-20th century housewife . She also had success with the films The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) , Magnolia ( 1999 ) , Hannibal ( 2001 ) , Children of Men ( 2006 ) , A Single Man ( 2009 ) , The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) , and Crazy , Stupid , Love ( 2011 ) , and won an Emmy Award for her portrayal of Sarah Palin in the television film Game Change ( 2012 ) . Moore won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her playing an Alzheimer 's patient in Still Alice ( 2014 ) and was named Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival for Maps to the Stars ( 2014 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Danny_Glover', 'summary': 'Daniel Lebern Glover ( /ˈɡlʌvər/ ; born July 22 , 1946 ) is an American actor , film director , and political activist . He is known for his lead role as Roger Murtaugh in the Lethal Weapon film series . He also has leading roles in the films The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , To Sleep with Anger ( 1990 ) , Predator 2 ( 1990 ) , Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 ) and Operation Dumbo Drop ( 1995 ) . Glover has prominent supporting roles in Silverado ( 1985 ) , Witness ( 1985 ) , Saw ( 2004 ) , Shooter ( 2007 ) , 2012 ( 2009 ) , Death at a Funeral ( 2010 ) , Beyond the Lights ( 2014 ) , Dirty Grandpa ( 2016 ) , and Sorry to Bother You ( 2018 ) . He is an active supporter of various political causes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alice_Braga', 'summary': 'Alice Braga Moraes ( born April 15 , 1983 ) is a Brazilian actress . She has appeared in several Brazilian films , most notably as Angélica in the highly acclaimed City of God ( 2002 ) and as Karinna in Lower City ( 2005 ) . She came to international prominence after appearing opposite Will Smith in I Am Legend ( 2007 ) and has since become a familiar face in Hollywood , having appeared in films such as Repo Men ( 2010 ) , Predators ( 2010 ) , The Rite ( 2011 ) , Elysium ( 2013 ) , and The Shack ( 2017 ) , based on the eponymous book . She plays the main character Teresa Mendoza in the crime drama-thriller television series Queen of the South ( 2016-present ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo', 'summary': "Mark Ruffalo ( /ˈrʌfəloʊ/ ; born November 22 , 1967 ) is an American actor and producer . He began acting in the early 1990s and first gained recognition for his work in Kenneth Lonergan 's play This Is Our Youth ( 1998 ) and drama film You Can Count On Me ( 2000 ) . He went on to star in the romantic comedies 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) and Just like Heaven ( 2005 ) and the thrillers Zodiac ( 2007 ) and Shutter Island ( 2010 ) . He gained wider recognition for his role as Bruce Banner / Hulk in the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero films The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) . Ruffalo gained nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing a sperm donor in the comedy-drama The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) , Dave Schultz in the biopic Foxcatcher ( 2014 ) , and Michael Rezendes in the drama Spotlight ( 2015 ) . He also won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor in a TV Movie for playing a gay writer and activist in the television drama film The Normal Heart ( 2015 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gael_Garcia_Bernal', 'summary': "Gael García Bernal ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ɡaˈel ɣaɾˈsi.a βeɾˈnal ] ; born 30 November 1978 ) is a Mexican actor and producer . García Bernal is best known for his performances in the films Bad Education , The Motorcycle Diaries , Amores perros , Y Tu Mamá También , Babel , and Coco , and for his role as Rodrigo de Souza in the Amazon Studios ' web television series Mozart in the Jungle . He and Diego Luna founded Canana Films in Mexico City . García Bernal was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for The Motorcycle Diaries in 2005 , and in 2016 won his first Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy for Mozart in the Jungle . In 2016 , Time Magazine named him in the annual Time 100 most influential people list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alice_Braga', 'summary': 'Alice Braga Moraes ( born April 15 , 1983 ) is a Brazilian actress . She has appeared in several Brazilian films , most notably as Angélica in the highly acclaimed City of God ( 2002 ) and as Karinna in Lower City ( 2005 ) . She came to international prominence after appearing opposite Will Smith in I Am Legend ( 2007 ) and has since become a familiar face in Hollywood , having appeared in films such as Repo Men ( 2010 ) , Predators ( 2010 ) , The Rite ( 2011 ) , Elysium ( 2013 ) , and The Shack ( 2017 ) , based on the eponymous book . She plays the main character Teresa Mendoza in the crime drama-thriller television series Queen of the South ( 2016-present ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Don_McKellar', 'summary': 'Don McKellar CM ( born August 17 , 1963 ) is a Canadian actor , writer , and filmmaker . He was part of a loosely-affiliated group of filmmakers to emerge from Toronto known as the Toronto New Wave .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama', 'summary': "Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance : a play , opera , mime , ballet , etc. , performed in a theatre , or on radio or television . Considered as a genre of poetry in general , the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle 's Poetics ( c. 335 BC ) - the earliest work of dramatic theory . The term drama comes from a Greek word meaning action ( Classical Greek : δρᾶμα , drama ) , which is derived from I do ( Classical Greek : δράω , drao ) . The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy . In English ( as was the analogous case in many other European languages ) , the word play or game ( translating the Anglo-Saxon pleġan or Latin ludus ) was the standard term for dramas until William Shakespeare 's time - just as its creator was a play-maker rather than a dramatist and the building was a play-house rather than a theatre . The use of drama in a more narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era . Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy - for example , Zola 's Thérèse Raquin ( 1873 ) or Chekhov 's Ivanov ( 1887 ) . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media . The term radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance . May also refer to the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio . The enactment of drama in theatre , performed by actors on a stage before an audience , presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception . The structure of dramatic texts , unlike other forms of literature , is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception ."}]}, {'value': 'Block B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Block_B_(film)', 'summary': "Block B is a Malaysian-Canadian experimental short film , directed by Chris Chong Chan Fui and released in 2008 . A meditation on urban living , the film consists of a static shot of an apartment block in Kuala Lumpur , as the sounds and dialogue of the city pass by disconnected from the ability to see where any given sound is coming from . The film premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival , where it won the award for Best Canadian Short Film . It was later named to TIFF 's annual year-end Canada 's Top Ten list of the year 's best Canadian short films ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Chong Chan Fui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Chong_Chan_Fui', 'summary': "Chris Chong Chan Fui is a Malaysian artist and filmmaker , who has worked in both Malaysia and Canada . He is most noted for his short films Pool ( Kolam ) , which won the Toronto International Film Festival Award for Best Canadian Short Film at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival , and Block B , which won the same award at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival . Both films were also named to TIFF 's annual year-end Canada 's Top Ten list of the year 's best Canadian short films in their respective years . Originally from Borneo , Chong lived and worked in Canada for a number of years after attending the University of Calgary as an international student . Prior to Pool , he made the short films Crash Skid Love ( 1999 ) , Minus ( 2000 ) and Tuesday Be My Friend ( 2006 ) . Although both Pool and Block B were made while Chong was still based in Canada , he had returned to Malaysia by the time of his 2009 feature film debut Karaoke . The film premiered in the Directors ' Fortnight stream at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival ; and later won the Mavericks Award at the 2009 Calgary International Film Festival . He has since concentrated primarily on art , including work in photography , painting and video installation ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Experimental short', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blonde and Blonder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blonde_and_Blonder', 'summary': "Blonde and Blonder is a 2008 Canadian comedy film starring Pamela Anderson , Denise Richards and Emmanuelle Vaugier . The film was directed by Dean Hamilton , and was released on January 18 , 2008 . The film 's name is a reference to Dumb and Dumber ."}]}, {'value': 'Dean Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Hamilton', 'summary': 'Dean Hamilton ( born 13 February 1961 in Windsor , Ontario ) is a Canadian actor and director .'}]}, {'value': 'Pamela Anderson , Denise Richards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Anderson', 'summary': "Pamela Denise Anderson ( born July 1 , 1967 ) is a Canadian-American actress , model and animal rights activist . Anderson is best known for her appearances in Playboy magazine and for her work on the television series Home Improvement , Baywatch , and V.I.P . She initially rose to fame after being selected as the February 1990 Playmate of the Month for Playboy magazine . Anderson went on to frequent appearances on the magazine 's cover , holding the record of the most Playboy covers by any person . She became known to a wider audience in 1991 , appearing as a recurring character , Lisa , on the award-winning ABC comedy series Home Improvement for its first two seasons . She received international recognition for her starring role as C. J. Parker in the action-drama television series Baywatch , further cementing her status as a sex symbol . Anderson has appeared in films such as Raw Justice ( 1994 ) , Barb Wire ( 1996 ) , and Blonde and Blonder ( 2008 ) . She was inducted into Canada 's Walk of Fame in 2006 . Anderson is a prominent activist for the animal rights movement and has conducted campaigns condemning the commercial fur industry and promoting veganism through the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denise_Richards', 'summary': "Denise Lee Richards ( born February 17 , 1971 ) is an American actress , former fashion model , and television personality . Her most recognized roles are Carmen Ibanez in Starship Troopers ( 1997 ) , Kelly Van Ryan in Wild Things ( 1998 ) and Bond girl Christmas Jones in The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) . She has also appeared in films Drop Dead Gorgeous ( 1999 ) , Valentine ( 2001 ) , Undercover Brother ( 2002 ) , Scary Movie 3 ( 2003 ) and Madea 's Witness Protection ( 2012 ) . Her television roles include Paramount Network 's sitcom Blue Mountain State ( 2010-11 ) , ABC Family 's mystery-thriller series Twisted ( 2013-14 ) and CBS ' soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2019-present ) . Richards starred on the E ! reality show Denise Richards : It 's Complicated ( 2008-09 ) . She currently stars on the Bravo reality television series The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ( 2019-present ) . In 2011 , Richards published a memoir The Real Girl Next Door , which became a New York Times Best Seller ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Borderline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borderline_(2008_film)', 'summary': 'Borderline is a 2008 Canadian film directed by Lyne Charlebois and co-written with Marie-Sissi Labrèche , based on her novels Borderline and La Brèche . It has won ten awards and one nomination .'}]}, {'value': 'Lyne Charlebois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyne_Charlebois', 'summary': "Lyne Charlebois is a Canadian film and television director , most noted as the director and cowriter of the 2008 film Borderline . Charlebois began her career as a photographer , who had one of her first jobs in the film industry shooting promotional stills for Jean-Claude Lauzon 's 1987 film Night Zoo . She then became a music video director for artists including Daniel Bélanger and Laurence Jalbert . She won a Prix Félix for Best Video in 1991 for Marjo 's Je sais , je sais , and was a three-time Juno Award nominee for Best Music Video for Spirit of the West 's Political at the Juno Awards of 1992 , Mae Moore 's Bohemia at the Juno Awards of 1993 and for Gogh Van Go 's Tunnel of Trees at the Juno Awards of 1995 . She won the award in 1995 . She subsequently worked in television , directing episodes of Bliss , Tabou , Nos étés and Sophie , and made the short films Quel jour était-ce ? in 2001 and Nous sommes tous les jours in 2006 . She collaborated with Marie-Sissi Labrèche on the screenplay for Borderline , and directed the film . At the 29th Genie Awards in 2009 , Charlebois and Labrèche were cowinners of the Genie Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and Charlebois was a shortlisted nominee for the Genie Award for Best Director ; at the 2009 Prix Jutra , she won the award for Best Director ."}]}, {'value': 'Isabelle Blais , Jean-Hughes Anglade , Angèle Coutu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Blais', 'summary': 'Isabelle Sophie Emilie Blais ( c. 1975 ) is a Canadian film and television actress and singer .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Broken Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Broken_Life', 'summary': 'A Broken Life is a 2008 Canadian independent drama film directed by Neil Coombs and produced by Caged Angel Films . It stars Tom Sizemore , Corey Sevier , Grace Kosaka , Saul Rubinek , and Ving Rhames . The film was released September 23 , 2008 in the USA and October 14 , 2008 in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Neil Coombs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Sizemore , Corey Sevier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Sizemore', 'summary': "Thomas Edward Sizemore Jr. ( born November 29 , 1961 ) is an American film and television actor and producer . He is known for his supporting roles in films such as Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) , Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man ( 1991 ) , Passenger 57 ( 1992 ) , True Romance ( 1993 ) , Natural Born Killers ( 1994 ) , Strange Days ( 1995 ) , Heat ( 1995 ) , Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) , Red Planet ( 2000 ) , Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) , Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) , and for voicing Sonny Forelli in the video game Grand Theft Auto : Vice City . He also played Joey , Marissa 's jealous ex-boyfriend in the film Zyzzyx Road ( 2006 ) , and Anthony Sinclair in the revival television series Twin Peaks ( 2017 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Corey_Sevier', 'summary': 'Corey Daniel Sevier ( born July 3 , 1984 ) is a Canadian actor . He is perhaps best known for his role on the Fox television series North Shore as Gabriel McKay and as Timmy Cabot in Lassie .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Club Native', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Native', 'summary': "Club Native is a 2008 documentary film by Tracey Deer , exploring Mohawk identity , community and tribal blood quantum laws . The film looks at how women in Deer 's home community of Kahnawake risk losing their right to live on the reserve , after marrying non-natives . The film received the Canada Award from the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television for best Canadian multi-cultural program and a Gemini Award for best documentary writing . Club Native also received the award for Best Documentary at the Dreamspeakers Festival in Edmonton , the award for Best Canadian Film at the First Peoples ' Festival and the Colin Low Award for Best Canadian Documentary at the DOXA Documentary Film Festival . The film was co-produced by Rezolution Pictures and the National Film Board of Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Tracey Deer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracey_Deer', 'summary': 'Tracey Penelope Tekahentakwa Deer ( born February 28 , 1978 ) is a Mohawk film director and newspaper publisher . Deer has written and directed several award-winning projects for the Aboriginal-run film and television production company , Rezolution Pictures , as well as her own independent short work .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Film Board Documentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Film_Board', 'summary': "The National Film Board of Canada ( or simply National Film Board or NFB ) ( French : Office national du film du Canada , or ONF ) is Canada 's public film and digital media producer and distributor . An agency of the Government of Canada , the NFB produces and distributes documentary films , animation , web documentaries , and alternative dramas . In total , the NFB has produced over 3,000 productions since its inception , which have won over 5,000 awards . The NFB reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage . It has English-language and French-language production branches ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Documentary', 'summary': 'A documentary film is a non-fictional , motion picture intended to document reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record . Documentary has been described as a filmmaking practice , a cinematic tradition , and mode of audience reception that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries . Documentary films were originally called actuality films , and were one minute , or less , in length . Over time , documentaries have evolved to be longer in length , and to include more categories ; some examples being : educational , observational , and docufiction . Documentaries are meant to be informative works , and are often used within schools , as a resource to teach various principles . Social media platforms , such as YouTube , have provided an avenue for the growth of the documentary film genre ; These platforms have increased the distribution area and ease-of-accessibility ; thereby , enhancing the ability to educate a larger volume of viewers , and broadening the reach of persons who receive that information .'}]}, {'value': 'Confessions of a Porn Addict', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Porn_Addict', 'summary': "Confessions of a Porn Addict is a 2008 Canadian mockumentary comedy film directed by Duncan Christie starring Spencer Rice and Mark Breslin . The film screened at multiple film festivals ( Just for Laughs , Montreal , Calgary International Film Festival ) as well as the Los Angeles-based MockFest where it won Best Feature , Best Cinematography and Best Actor ( Spencer Rice ) in 2008 . It 's been called The most straight-faced mockumentary ever made ( Andrew Dowler , Now Magazine Vol 28 No14 ) and the viewing public is often fooled into thinking it 's a real documentary ."}]}, {'value': 'Duncan Christie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spencer Rice , Mark Breslin , Lindsey Connell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spencer_Rice', 'summary': 'Spencer Nolan Spenny Rice ( born April 14 , 1963 ) is a Canadian writer , director , producer , musician and comedian . He was the co-star of Kenny vs. Spenny along with Kenny Hotz .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Breslin', 'summary': "Mark Breslin , CM is a Canadian entrepreneur , stand-up comedian and actor best known for being the co-founder ( along with Joel Axler ) of Yuk Yuk 's , the largest chain of comedy clubs in Canada . On December 29 , 2017 , he was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada by Her Excellency the Right Honourable Julie Payette , Governor General of Canada . Breslin graduated from York University with a B.A . Honours in English Literature . Soon after graduating , he became Director of Theatre and Music for Harbourfront Corporation , an innovative cultural organization which produces events and activities at numerous venues on Toronto 's waterfront . He is a founding member of the Canadian Comedy Awards , and was a comedy mentor for the B.C . Festival of the Arts . In 1976 , Breslin and his collaborator Joel Axler opened the first Yuk Yuk 's , in the basement of Toronto 's Church Street Community Centre . Four years and many sweaty shows later , Breslin and Axler moved the Yuk Yuk 's flagship to 1280 Bay Street in the trendy Yorkville district . Over the next few decades , Yuk Yuk 's would expand its presence nationally and internationally . Presently , there are 14 clubs across Canada . Breslin made several guest appearances in the Robocop : The Series television series ."}]}, {'value': 'Faux documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruising Bar 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruising_Bar_2', 'summary': "Cruising Bar 2 is a Canadian comedy film , directed by Robert Ménard [ fr ] and Michel Côté , and released in 2008 . A sequel to the 1989 film Cruising Bar , the film stars Côté as the same four separate characters he played in the original film , now dealing with much more middle-aged sexual and relationship issues . Gérard 's wife Gertrude ( Véronique Le Flaguais ) has finally had enough of his constant infidelity , and is filing for divorce ; Patrice is in a downward spiral after his girlfriend breaks up with him ; Jean-Jacques is struggling with erectile dysfunction issues which have led his psychiatrist to suggest that he might actually be gay ; Serge , perennially unlucky in love , tries Internet dating which may finally change his life for the better . The film 's cast also includes Marie-France Duquette , Chantal Dauphinais , Lise Roy and Hélène Major ."}]}, {'value': 'Michel Côté & Robert Ménard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Côté_(actor)', 'summary': "Michel Côté ( born June 25 , 1950 ) is a Canadian actor . He is best known for his performances in the films Cruising Bar , Life After Love ( La vie après l'amour ) and C.R.A.Z.Y. , the theatrical show Broue and the television series Omertà ."}]}, {'value': 'Michel Côté , Véronique Le Flaguais', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Côté_(actor)', 'summary': "Michel Côté ( born June 25 , 1950 ) is a Canadian actor . He is best known for his performances in the films Cruising Bar , Life After Love ( La vie après l'amour ) and C.R.A.Z.Y. , the theatrical show Broue and the television series Omertà ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Véronique_Le_Flaguais', 'summary': 'Véronique Le Flaguais ( born 30 November 1947 in Paris , France ) is a French actress who has acted in many Canadian productions . Her work includes a Genie Award nomination for her supporting role in Surviving My Mother , Rumeurs , Jesus of Montreal ( Jésus de Montréal ) , Cruising Bar and the sequel Cruising Bar 2 . She is married to actor Michel Côté .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daddy Goes Ptarmigan Hunting ( Papa à la chasse aux lagopèdes )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daddy_Goes_Ptarmigan_Hunting', 'summary': 'Daddy Goes Ptarmigan Hunting ( French : Papa à la chasse aux lagopèdes ) is a Canadian drama film , directed by Robert Morin and released in 2008 . The films stars François Papineau as Vincent Lemieux , a wealthy financier on the run after facing fraud charges , who is driving through remote northern Quebec and recording a video message for his daughters . The film was shot in the Baie-James region of Quebec over 10 days . The lead character was based on Vincent Lacroix , the Montreal financier implicated in the Norbourg scandal of 2005 . Morin received two Prix Jutra nominations , for Best Director and Best Cinematography , at the 11th Prix Jutra in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Morin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Morin', 'summary': 'Robert Morin ( born May 20 , 1949 ) is a Canadian film director , screenwriter , and cinematographer .'}]}, {'value': 'François Papineau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Papineau', 'summary': "François Papineau ( born 24 December 1966 ) is a Canadian actor who worked in stage and the Cinema of Quebec for over 25 years . Papineau graduated from the National Theatre School of Canada in 1990 . He was nominated for the Genie Award for Best Actor for Route 132 ( 2010 ) . In 2015 , he joined the cast of director Benoît Pilon 's film Iqaluit , alongside Marie-Josée Croze and Natar Ungalaaq . Iqaluit was released in 2016 , the same year as his Bad Seeds , and Wild Run : The Legend ( Chasse-Galerie : La Légende ) , where Papineau played Jack Murphy , the Devil in the Chasse-galerie mythology . Papineau was tasked to play the villain as suave with a slight English accent ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le déserteur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_déserteur_(film)', 'summary': 'Le déserteur is a 2008 Quebec feature film directed by Simon Lavoie . The film stars Émile Proulx-Cloutier , Raymond Cloutier , Danielle Proulx , Viviane Audet , Benoit Gouin and Gilles Renaud . It tells the story of Georges Guénette , a deserter from the Canadian Army during World War II , who was shot and killed by members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police .'}]}, {'value': 'Simon Lavoie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Lavoie', 'summary': "Simon Lavoie ( born May 15 , 1979 ) is a Canadian film director and screenwriter from Quebec . He is best known as codirector with Mathieu Denis of Those Who Make Revolution Halfway Only Dig Their Own Graves ( Ceux qui font les révolutions à moitié n'ont fait que se creuser un tombeau ) , which won the award for Best Canadian Film at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival and garnered several Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 5th Canadian Screen Awards in 2017 , including for Best Picture and Best Director . He made a number of short films - including Une chapelle blanche , which won the Prix Jutra for Best Short Film in 2006 - before making his feature film debut in 2008 with Le déserteur . He first collaborated with Denis on the 2011 film Laurentie , and followed up with The Torrent ( Le Torrent ) in 2012 . His next project , The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches ( La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes ) , a film adaptation of Gaétan Soucy 's novel of the same name , premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2017 . It received an honorable mention for Best Canadian Film , and received a nomination for Best Motion Picture at the 2018 Canadian Screen Awards ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Down Here', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Down_Here', 'summary': 'Down Here is the second album by American singer-songwriter Tracy Bonham . It was released on April 18 , 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Wilkinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Wilkinson_(director)', 'summary': "Charles Wilkinson is a Canadian documentary filmmaker and film and television director . He is best known for his environmental quadrilogy of documentaries : Peace Out , Oil Sands Karaoke and Haida Gwaii : On the Edge of the World and Vancouver : No Fixed Address . All four films premiered at Hot Docs International Documentary Festival , and have gone on to win awards at Hot Docs , the Vancouver International Film Festival and Yorkton Film Festival . Before moving into documentaries , Wilkinson worked for many years in dramatic television series and on feature films . His directing credits include such TV series as The Highlander , The Immortal , So Weird , Dead Man 's Gun , Road to Avonlea and The Beachcombers , the feature films My Kind of Town , Max , Blood Clan and Breach of Trust , and the TV movie Heart of the Storm . As a preteen , he was one of the original performers in the Calgary Safety Roundup , paired with his brother Billy as kid cowboy singers . We sang both kinds - country and western ."}]}, {'value': 'Arlene , Bingo , Gerald , Jane , Johnny , Lianne , Lisa , Lorne , Maggie , Paul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary short', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Documentary_short', 'summary': 'A documentary film is a non-fictional , motion picture intended to document reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record . Documentary has been described as a filmmaking practice , a cinematic tradition , and mode of audience reception that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries . Documentary films were originally called actuality films , and were one minute , or less , in length . Over time , documentaries have evolved to be longer in length , and to include more categories ; some examples being : educational , observational , and docufiction . Documentaries are meant to be informative works , and are often used within schools , as a resource to teach various principles . Social media platforms , such as YouTube , have provided an avenue for the growth of the documentary film genre ; These platforms have increased the distribution area and ease-of-accessibility ; thereby , enhancing the ability to educate a larger volume of viewers , and broadening the reach of persons who receive that information .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Wikimedia list article Cinema of Canada List of Canadian films 1898–1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 vte This is a list of Canadian films which were released in 2008 :', 'uid': 'List_of_Canadian_films_of_2008_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of Canadian films which were released in 2008:'}
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Who plays Adam in the 2008 film directed by Michael MacKenzie ?
Jesse Aaron Dwyre
08b4458b22d27809
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin-antitoxin_system', 'title': 'Toxin-antitoxin system', 'header': ['Toxin', 'Antitoxin', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'ccdB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CcdA/CcdB_Type_II_Toxin-antitoxin_system', 'summary': 'The CcdA/CcdB Type II Toxin-antitoxin system is one example of the bacterial toxin-antitoxin ( TA ) systems that encode two proteins , one a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation ( toxin ) and the other its specific antidote ( antitoxin ) . These systems preferentially guarantee growth of plasmid-carrying daughter cells in a bacterial population by killing newborn bacteria that have not inherited a plasmid copy at cell division ( post-segregational killing ) . The ccd system ( control of cell death ) of the F plasmid encodes two proteins , the CcdB protein ( 101 amino acids ; toxin ) and the CcdA antidote ( 72 amino acids ) . The antidote prevents CcdB toxicity by forming a tight CcdA-CcdB complex .'}]}, {'value': 'ccdA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CcdA/CcdB_Type_II_Toxin-antitoxin_system', 'summary': 'The CcdA/CcdB Type II Toxin-antitoxin system is one example of the bacterial toxin-antitoxin ( TA ) systems that encode two proteins , one a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation ( toxin ) and the other its specific antidote ( antitoxin ) . These systems preferentially guarantee growth of plasmid-carrying daughter cells in a bacterial population by killing newborn bacteria that have not inherited a plasmid copy at cell division ( post-segregational killing ) . The ccd system ( control of cell death ) of the F plasmid encodes two proteins , the CcdB protein ( 101 amino acids ; toxin ) and the CcdA antidote ( 72 amino acids ) . The antidote prevents CcdB toxicity by forming a tight CcdA-CcdB complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Found on the F plasmid of Escherichia coli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escherichia_coli', 'summary': 'Escherichia coli ( /ˌɛʃəˈrɪkiə ˈkoʊlaɪ/ ) , also known as E. coli ( /ˌiː ˈkoʊlaɪ/ ) , is a Gram-negative , facultative anaerobic , rod-shaped , coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms ( endotherms ) . Most E. coli strains are harmless , but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts , and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination . The harmless strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut , and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2 , ( which helps blood to clot ) and preventing colonisation of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria , having a symbiotic relationship . E. coli is expelled into the environment within fecal matter . The bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for 3 days , but its numbers decline slowly afterwards . E. coli and other facultative anaerobes constitute about 0.1% of gut microbiota , and fecal-oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease . Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited amount of time , which makes them potential indicator organisms to test environmental samples for fecal contamination . A growing body of research , though , has examined environmentally persistent E. coli which can survive for and grow outside a host . The bacterium can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting , and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years . E. coli is a chemoheterotroph whose chemically defined medium must include a source of carbon and energy . E. coli is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism , and an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology , where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA . Under favorable conditions , it takes as little as 20 minutes to reproduce .'}]}, {'value': 'parE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ParDE_type_II_toxin-antitoxin_system', 'summary': 'The parDE type II toxin-antitoxin system is one example of the bacterial toxin-antitoxin ( TA ) systems that encode two proteins , one a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation ( toxin ) and the other its specific antidote ( antitoxin ) . These systems preferentially guarantee growth of plasmid-carrying daughter cells in a bacterial population by killing newborn bacteria that have not inherited a plasmid copy at cell division ( post-segregational killing ) . ParD is a plasmid anti-toxin that forms a ribbon-helix-helix DNA binding structure . It stabilises plasmids by inhibiting ParE toxicity in cells that express ParD and ParE . ParD forms a dimer and also regulates its own promoter ( parDE ) . As with CcdB the toxin target is DNA gyrase . Induction of ParE toxin results in inhibition of cell division but not cell growth . The parD and ccD systems are found to be strikingly similar in terms of their structures and actions . The antitoxin protein of each system interacts with its cognate toxin to neutralise the activity of the toxin and in the process the complex of the two becomes an efficient transcription repressor .'}]}, {'value': 'parD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ParDE_type_II_toxin-antitoxin_system', 'summary': 'The parDE type II toxin-antitoxin system is one example of the bacterial toxin-antitoxin ( TA ) systems that encode two proteins , one a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation ( toxin ) and the other its specific antidote ( antitoxin ) . These systems preferentially guarantee growth of plasmid-carrying daughter cells in a bacterial population by killing newborn bacteria that have not inherited a plasmid copy at cell division ( post-segregational killing ) . ParD is a plasmid anti-toxin that forms a ribbon-helix-helix DNA binding structure . It stabilises plasmids by inhibiting ParE toxicity in cells that express ParD and ParE . ParD forms a dimer and also regulates its own promoter ( parDE ) . As with CcdB the toxin target is DNA gyrase . Induction of ParE toxin results in inhibition of cell division but not cell growth . The parD and ccD systems are found to be strikingly similar in terms of their structures and actions . The antitoxin protein of each system interacts with its cognate toxin to neutralise the activity of the toxin and in the process the complex of the two becomes an efficient transcription repressor .'}]}, {'value': 'Found in multiple copies in Caulobacter crescentus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copy-number_variation', 'summary': 'Copy number variation ( CNV ) is a phenomenon in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals . Copy number variation is a type of structural variation : specifically , it is a type of duplication or deletion event that affects a considerable number of base pairs . However , note that although modern genomics research is mostly focused on human genomes , copy number variations also occur in a variety of other organisms including E. coli and S. cerevisiae . Recent research indicates that approximately two thirds of the entire human genome is composed of repeats and 4.8-9.5% of the human genome can be classified as copy number variations . In mammals , copy number variations play an important role in generating necessary variation in the population as well as disease phenotype . Copy number variations can be generally categorized into two main groups : short repeats and long repeats . However , there are no clear boundaries between the two groups and the classification depends on the nature of the loci of interest . Short repeats include mainly bi-nucleotide repeats ( two repeating nucleotides e.g . A-C-A-C-A-C. ) and tri-nucleotide repeats . Long repeats include repeats of entire genes . This classification based on size of the repeat is the most obvious type of classification as size is an important factor in examining the types of mechanisms that most likely gave rise to the repeats , hence the likely effects of these repeats on phenotype .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Caulobacter_crescentus', 'summary': "Caulobacter crescentus is a Gram-negative , oligotrophic bacterium widely distributed in fresh water lakes and streams . Caulobacter is an important model organism for studying the regulation of the cell cycle , asymmetric cell division , and cellular differentiation . Caulobacter daughter cells have two very different forms . One daughter is a mobile swarmer cell that has a single flagellum at one cell pole that provides swimming motility for chemotaxis . The other daughter , called the stalked cell , has a tubular stalk structure protruding from one pole that has an adhesive holdfast material on its end , with which the stalked cell can adhere to surfaces . Swarmer cells differentiate into stalked cells after a short period of motility . Chromosome replication and cell division only occurs in the stalked cell stage . Its name derives from its crescent shape caused by the protein crescentin , discovered by Christine Jacobs-Wagner 's laboratory . Its use as a model originated with developmental biologist Lucy Shapiro ."}]}, {'value': 'mazF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mazE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Found in E. coli and in chromosomes of other bacteria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome', 'summary': 'A chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) molecule with part or all of the genetic material ( genome ) of an organism . Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which , aided by chaperone proteins , bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle . This three-dimensional genome structure plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division ( where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form ) . Before this happens , every chromosome is copied once ( S phase ) , and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure ( pictured here ) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends . The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids . During metaphase the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome . In this highly condensed form chromosomes are easiest to distinguish and study . In animal cells , chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction play a significant role in genetic diversity . If these structures are manipulated incorrectly , through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation , the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe . Usually , this will make the cell initiate apoptosis leading to its own death , but sometimes mutations in the cell hamper this process and thus cause progression of cancer .'}]}, {'value': 'yafO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'yafN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A system induced by the SOS response to DNA damage in E. coli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hicA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hicB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Found in archaea and bacteria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archaea', 'summary': 'Archaea ( /ɑːrˈkiːə/ ( listen ) or /ɑːrˈkeɪə/ ar-KEE-ə or ar-KAY-ə ) ( singular archaeon ) constitute a domain of single-celled organisms . These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes . Archaea were initially classified as bacteria , receiving the name archaebacteria ( in the Archaebacteria kingdom ) , but this classification is outmoded . They have been renamed to clarify that archaea are not only not bacteria , but are more closely related to eukaryotes ( life whose cells can have a nucleus , including humans ) than to real bacteria . Archaeal cells have unique properties separating them from the other two domains , Bacteria and Eukaryota . Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla . Classification is difficult because most have not been isolated in the laboratory and have only been detected by analysis of their nucleic acids in samples from their environment . Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape , although a few archaea have very different shapes , such as the flat and square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi . Despite this morphological similarity to bacteria , archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes , notably for the enzymes involved in transcription and translation . Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique , such as their reliance on ether lipids in their cell membranes , including archaeols . Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes : these range from organic compounds , such as sugars , to ammonia , metal ions or even hydrogen gas . Salt-tolerant archaea ( the Haloarchaea ) use sunlight as an energy source , and other species of archaea fix carbon , but unlike plants and cyanobacteria , no known species of archaea does both .'}]}, {'value': 'kid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'kis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stabilises the R1 plasmid and is related to the CcdB/A system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R1_plasmid', 'summary': "The R1 Plasmid is a plasmid that was first isolated from Salmonella paratyphi bacteria in 1963 . The R1 plasmid imparts multi-drug antibiotic resistance to its host bacteria . It 's known as a low copy plasmid , meaning that it exists in relatively few copies in any given bacteria . Because of its low copy nature , R1 must rely on type II segregation system to ensure that at least one copy is contained in each daughter cell after cell division . Some genes on the R1 plasmid are :"}]}, {'value': 'ζ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeta_toxin_protein_domain', 'summary': 'In molecular biology , the protein domain Zeta ( ζ ) toxin refers to a protein domain found in prokaryotes , which acts as a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine kinase . Its function is to inhibit cell wall biosynthesis and it may act as a bactericide in nature . It is also thought that Zeta toxin induces reversible protective dormancy and permeation to propidium iodide ( PI ) .'}]}, {'value': 'ε', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Found mostly in Gram-positive bacteria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria', 'summary': 'Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test , which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their cell wall . Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test , and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through an optical microscope . This is because the thick peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it is washed away from the rest of the sample , in the decolorization stage of the test . Gram-negative bacteria can not retain the violet stain after the decolorization step ; alcohol used in this stage degrades the outer membrane of gram-negative cells , making the cell wall more porous and incapable of retaining the crystal violet stain . Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane , causing them to take up the counterstain ( safranin or fuchsine ) and appear red or pink . Despite their thicker peptidoglycan layer , gram-positive bacteria are more receptive to certain cell wall targeting antibiotics than gram-negative bacteria , due to the absence of the outer membrane .'}]}, {'value': 'ataT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ataR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Found in enterohemorragic E. coli and Klebsiella spp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli', 'summary': 'Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli ( STEC ) and verotoxigenic E. coli ( VTEC ) are strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli that produce either Shiga toxin or Shiga-like toxin ( verotoxin ) . Only a minority of the strains cause illness in humans . [ failed verification ] The ones that do are collectively known as enterohemorrhagic E. coli ( EHEC ) and are major causes of foodborne illness . When infecting humans , they often cause gastroenteritis , enterocolitis , and bloody diarrhea ( hence the name enterohemorrhagic ) and sometimes cause a severe complication called hemolytic-uremic syndrome ( HUS ) . The group and its subgroups are known by various names . They are distinguished from other strains of intestinal pathogenic E. coli including enterotoxigenic E. coli ( ETEC ) , enteropathogenic E. coli ( EPEC ) , enteroinvasive E. coli ( EIEC ) , enteroaggregative E. coli ( EAEC ) , and diffusely adherent E. coli ( DAEC ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Klebsiella', 'summary': "Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative , oxidase-negative , rod-shaped bacteria with a prominent polysaccharide-based capsule . Klebsiella species are found everywhere in nature . This is thought to be due to distinct sublineages developing specific niche adaptations , with associated biochemical adaptations which make them better suited to a particular environment . They can be found in water , soil , plants , insects and other animals including humans . Klebsiella is named after German-Swiss microbiologist Edwin Klebs ( 1834-1913 ) . Carl Friedlander described Klebsiella bacillus which is why it was termed Friedlander bacillus for many years . The members of the genus Klebsiella are a part of the human and animal 's normal flora in the nose , mouth and intestines . The species of Klebsiella are all gram-negative and usually non-motile . They tend to be shorter and thicker when compared to others in the family Enterobacteriaceae . The cells are rods in shape and generally measures 0.3 to 1.5 µm wide by 0.5 to 5.0 µm long . They can be found singly , in pairs , in chains or linked end to end . Klebsiella can grow on ordinary lab medium and do not have special growth requirements , like the other members of Enterobacteriaceae ."}]}], 'section_title': 'System types -- Type II', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Toxin-antitoxin_system_1', 'intro': "A toxin-antitoxin system is a set of two or more closely linked genes that together encode both a toxin protein and a corresponding antitoxin. Toxin-antitoxin systems are widely distributed in prokaryotes, and organisms often have them in multiple copies. When these systems are contained on plasmids - transferable genetic elements - they ensure that only the daughter cells that inherit the plasmid survive after cell division. If the plasmid is absent in a daughter cell, the unstable antitoxin is degraded and the stable toxic protein kills the new cell; this is known as 'post-segregational killing' (PSK). Toxin-antitoxin systems are typically classified according to how the antitoxin neutralises the toxin. In a type I toxin-antitoxin system, the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) that encodes the toxin is inhibited by the binding of a small non-coding RNA antitoxin that binds the toxin mRNA. The toxic protein in a type II system is inhibited post-translationally by the binding of an antitoxin protein. Type III toxin-antitoxin systems consist of a small RNA that binds directly to the toxin protein and inhibits its activity. There are also types IV-VI, which are less common. Toxin-antitoxin genes are often inherited through horizontal gene transfer and are associated with pathogenic bacteria, having been found on plasmids conferring antibiotic resistance and virulence. Chromosomal toxin-antitoxin systems also exist, some of which are thought to perform cell functions such as responding to stresses, causing cell cycle arrest and bringing about programmed cell death. In evolutionary terms, toxin-antitoxin systems can be considered selfish DNA in that the purpose of the systems are to replicate, regardless of whether they benefit the host organism or not."}
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What is the antitoxin of the toxin that is 101 amino acids ?
ccdA
08b44d9c2807554c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Nova_Scotia', 'title': 'List of airports in Nova Scotia', 'header': ['Community', 'Airport name', 'TC LID'], 'data': [{'value': 'Amherst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amherst,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Amherst ( /ˈæmɜːrst/ AM-urst ) is a town in northwestern Nova Scotia , Canada located at the northeast end of the Cumberland Basin , an arm of the Bay of Fundy , and 22 km ( 14 mi ) south of the Northumberland Strait . The town sits on a height of land at the eastern boundary of the Isthmus of Chignecto and Tantramar Marshes , 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) east of the interprovincial border with New Brunswick and 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) southeast of the city of Moncton . It is 60 km ( 37 mi ) southwest of the New Brunswick abutment of the Confederation Bridge to Prince Edward Island at Cape Jourimain . Amherst is the first town in Nova Scotia , the shire town of Cumberland County , and the largest population centre in the region .'}]}, {'value': 'Amherst Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CCB3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antigonish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antigonish,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Antigonish ( /ˌæntɪɡəˈnɪʃ/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Am Baile Mòr , pronounced [ am ˈpalə ˈmuːɾ ] ) is a town in Antigonish County , Nova Scotia , Canada . The town is home to St. Francis Xavier University and the oldest continuous Highland games outside Scotland . It is approximately 160 kilometres ( 100 miles ) northeast of Halifax , the provincial capital .'}]}, {'value': "Antigonish ( St. Martha 's Regional Hospital ) Heliport", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CDY5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arichat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arichat,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Arichat is a Canadian village in Nova Scotia . It is one of the oldest communities in the province , dating back to the 18th century . It is a district of Richmond County on Isle Madame and is currently the seat of the Municipality of Richmond County .'}]}, {'value': 'Arichat ( St. Anne Ladies Auxiliary Hospital ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CDT3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baddeck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baddeck', 'summary': "Baddeck ( /bəˈdɛk/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Badaig ; 2011 population : 769 ) is a village in Victoria County , Nova Scotia , Canada . This village is seventy-eight kilometres west of Sydney . It is Victoria County 's shire town and is situated on the northern shore of Bras d'Or Lake on Cape Breton Island . According to some historians the name Baddeck is derived from the Mi'kmaq term Abadak which has been translated as place with an island near ( in reference to Kidston Island , immediately offshore ) . Today , Baddeck functions as a service centre for the sparsely populated county and hosts a well-equipped volunteer fire department , a consolidated school serving grades Primary-12 , as well as a public library , provincial government offices , a hospital , the Bras d'Or Yacht Club , a branch of the Royal Canadian Legion and a nursing home ."}]}, {'value': 'Baddeck ( Guneden ) Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baddeck_(Guneden)_Aerodrome', 'summary': "Baddeck ( Guneden ) Aerodrome , ( TC LID : CDW2 ) , is a registered aerodrome located 3.1 nautical miles ( 5.7 km ; 3.6 mi ) north of Baddeck , Nova Scotia , Canada . While the surrounding scenery is quite beautiful , in strong wind conditions there can be significant turbulence for light aircraft on approach to runway 22 , due to the aerodrome 's location in the foothills overlooking Baddeck . The hilly location is why runway 04 uses non-standard right hand circuits ."}]}, {'value': 'CDW2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgewater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Bridgewater is a town in Lunenburg County , Nova Scotia , Canada , at the navigable limit of the LaHave River . With a population of 8,532 as of 2016 , Bridgewater is the largest town in the South Shore region . Priding itself as The Main Street of the South Shore , Bridgewater has long been established as the primary commercial and professional service centre in the southern half of the province . The community boasts a diverse local economy , as well as larger national and international employers .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridgewater/Dayspring Airpark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater/Dayspring_Airpark', 'summary': 'Bridgewater/Dayspring Airpark ( TC LID : CDY6 ) is an aerodrome located 1 nautical mile ( 1.9 km ; 1.2 mi ) north of Bridgewater , Nova Scotia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CDY6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgewater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Bridgewater is a town in Lunenburg County , Nova Scotia , Canada , at the navigable limit of the LaHave River . With a population of 8,532 as of 2016 , Bridgewater is the largest town in the South Shore region . Priding itself as The Main Street of the South Shore , Bridgewater has long been established as the primary commercial and professional service centre in the southern half of the province . The community boasts a diverse local economy , as well as larger national and international employers .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridgewater ( South Shore Regional Hospital ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CDT6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'The community is located on the southern shore of Chedabucto Bay . The southern limit of the bay is at Cape Canso , a headland approximately 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) southeast of the community . Canso is the southeastern terminus of Trunk 16 , an important secondary highway in Antigonish and Guysborough counties . As the community is situated on the end of a peninsula jutting into the Atlantic Ocean , Canso frequently experiences fog , particularly during the warmer summer months when continental air temperatures collide with cooler ocean temperatures offshore .'}]}, {'value': 'Canso ( Eastern Memorial Hospital ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CCE5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carleton,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Mink Lake Water Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mink_Lake_Water_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Mink Lake Water Aerodrome ( TC LID : CML3 ) is located on Mink Lake 2 nautical miles ( 3.7 km ; 2.3 mi ) east of Carleton , Nova Scotia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CML3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centredale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgeville,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Bridgeville is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia , located in Pictou County . It is on Nova Scotia Route 348 and the East River of Pictou .'}]}, {'value': 'Centredale Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centredale_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Centredale Aerodrome ( TC LID : CDL8 ) is located 1.4 nautical miles ( 2.6 km ; 1.6 mi ) southeast of Centredale , Nova Scotia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CDL8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church Lake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church Lake Water Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_Lake_Water_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Church Lake Water Aerodrome ( TC LID : CHL3 ) is located adjacent to Church Lake , Nova Scotia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CHL3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Debert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debert', 'summary': 'Debert ( English : /diːˈbɜːrt/ ) ( 2006 pop : 1,471 ) is an unincorporated farming community in Nova Scotia , Canada . Located in the central-western part of Colchester County , it is approximately 20 km ( 12 mi ) west of Truro . The community has two churches ( United Baptist Church and United Church of Canada ) , Royal Canadian Legion ( Branch 106 ) , a skating rink , a community centre , two vehicle repair garages , one convenience store , and a volunteer fire department . Debert is situated near coal and iron ore deposits that were mined in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Debert became a station stop on the Halifax-Montreal mainline of the Intercolonial Railway in the 1870s . This railway line continues to this day under the ownership of Canadian National Railway ( CN Rail ) , with passenger service provided by Via Rail , but without a stop at Debert .'}]}, {'value': 'Debert Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debert_Airport', 'summary': "Debert Airport ( TC LID : CCQ3 ) is located near Debert , Nova Scotia , Canada and has three runways . It was established in 1941 as Royal Air Force ( RAF ) Station Debert and was used during World War II as RAF No . 31 Operational Training Unit in support of RAF Ferry Command . In 1971 , the Debert Airport and its surrounding land was purchased by the Government of Nova Scotia for development as the Debert Air Industrial Park , and in 1972 , the Truro Flying Club was formed . Today , the Debert Flight Centre , a division of the original Truro Flying Club , still provides instruction to pilots , from student pilots to commercial students . Each summer , the airport is home to the Debert Cadet Flying Training Centre flying activities , during which a group of Royal Canadian Air Cadets train to receive their Glider Pilot 's Licence ."}]}, {'value': 'CCQ3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digby,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Digby is a town in southwestern Nova Scotia , Canada . It is the administrative centre and largest population centre in Digby County . The town is situated on the western shore of the Annapolis Basin near the entrance to the Digby Gut , which connects the basin to the Bay of Fundy . Named after Admiral Robert Digby , the town is famous for its scallop fishing fleet and the MV Fundy Rose ferry service connecting to Saint John , New Brunswick .'}]}, {'value': 'Digby/Annapolis Regional Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digby/Annapolis_Regional_Airport', 'summary': 'Digby/Annapolis Regional Airport ( IATA : YDG , ICAO : CYID ) is located 4.5 nautical miles ( 8.3 km ; 5.2 mi ) south of Digby , Nova Scotia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digby,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Digby is a town in southwestern Nova Scotia , Canada . It is the administrative centre and largest population centre in Digby County . The town is situated on the western shore of the Annapolis Basin near the entrance to the Digby Gut , which connects the basin to the Bay of Fundy . Named after Admiral Robert Digby , the town is famous for its scallop fishing fleet and the MV Fundy Rose ferry service connecting to Saint John , New Brunswick .'}]}, {'value': 'Digby ( General Hospital ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CDG2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Gore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Gore,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'East Gore is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia , located in The Municipality of the District of East Hants in Hants County . History ( from The Hants Journal : July 1 , 1981 ) Gore was named after Sir Charles Stephen Gore , who was in Canada as deputy quartermaster general during the rebellion of 1837 . Settlement here was begun by disbanded soldiers of the 84th regiment about 1785 . It was settled in 1759 as part of the Douglas Township by the 84th regiment , many of whom came from Pennsylvania , USA . Courthouse The old courthouse standing on Judgement Hill for 90 years or more , was destroyed by fire July 22 , 1956 . ( from The Hants Journal : July 1 , 1981 ) Blueberry and dairy farming are the main industries .'}]}, {'value': 'East Gore Eco Airpark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Gore_Eco_Airpark', 'summary': 'East Gore Eco Airpark ( TC LID : CCY4 ) is located 2.5 nautical miles ( 4.6 km ; 2.9 mi ) north of East Gore , Nova Scotia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CCY4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fall River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fall_River,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Fall River is a suburban community in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada . It is located north-northeast of the Bedford Basin , northeast of Bedford and Lower Sackville and north of Waverley . Fall River 's name is derived from a stream running between Miller Lake and Lake Thomas which had a waterfall . These falls supplied water power for several mills during the 19th century as well as a local electrical utility during the early 20th century . The waterfall was demolished in the late 1950s as a result of the construction of the Bicentennial Highway leading to Halifax ; the waterfall was located where the 4-lane expressway currently runs up the hill from the crossing of Lake Thomas to the interchange with Highway 118 at Miller Lake . Hydro-electric power is now generated by a tunnel that carries the water from Miller Lake which once flowed through this stream and down the waterfall . Turbines produce electricity for the main grid , during peak periods ."}]}, {'value': 'Fall River Water Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fall_River_Water_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Fall River Water Aerodrome ( TC LID : CFR3 ) is located 1.3 nautical miles ( 2.4 km ; 1.5 mi ) south of Fall River , Nova Scotia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CFR3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finlay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deerfield,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Deerfield ( 2006 population : 264 ) is a Canadian rural community located in Yarmouth County , Nova Scotia . It is an administrative part of the Municipal District of Yarmouth , It is around 17 km from Yarmouth town and as the name suggests has lots of wild Deer in the surrounding woods . Coordinates : 43°57′12.52″N 65°59′40.15″W / 43.9534778°N 65.9944861°W / 43.9534778 ; -65.9944861'}]}, {'value': 'Finlay Air Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finlay_Air_Park', 'summary': 'Finlay Air Park ( TC LID : CDH3 ) is located in Deerfield , Nova Scotia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CDH3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox Harbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Harbour,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Fox Harbour is a Canadian rural community in Cumberland County , Nova Scotia , situated on a peninsula extending into the Northumberland Strait .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox Harbour Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Harbour_Airport', 'summary': "Fox Harbour Airport ( TC LID : CFH4 ) is a privately owned airport located 1.5 nautical miles ( 2.8 km ; 1.7 mi ) north of Fox Harbour , Nova Scotia , Canada on the shore of Northumberland Strait . It was built as part of the Fox Harb ' r Resort , owned by Ron Joyce . After completion of the airport , the nearby Tatamagouche Airport , located adjacent to one of the Tim Hortons children 's camps and also owned by Ron Joyce , was closed . A crash on November 11 , 2007 at the airport destroyed a Bombardier Global 5000 private jet and seriously injured five people including the airport 's owner Ron Joyce . An investigation by the Canadian Transportation Safety Board in 2009 blamed a landing approach system that was unsuitable for high-performance jets , a road at the end of the runway that was a significant hazard and seat of the pants landing procedures at the airport ."}]}, {'value': 'CFH4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Greenwood was a small hamlet south of the Dominion Atlantic Railway 's Kingston Station . In 1942 , the Royal Air Force established RAF Station Greenwood and built an aerodrome on nearby farmland to provide a facility for training aircrew under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan . The Royal Canadian Air Force took over the facility in 1944 , renaming it RCAF Station Greenwood , a name it maintained until the February 1 , 1968 unification of the Canadian Forces which saw the airfield and associated facilities renamed CFB Greenwood . In July 1997 the air base became one of eleven operational wings in Canada , and was designated as 14 Wing Greenwood . During the 1970s-2000s , the village of Greenwood expanded in population as numerous other air force bases in eastern Canada closed and their aircraft and personnel consolidated at CFB Greenwood . Much of the housing in the heart of Greenwood is for the military families stationed at the base , and are referred to as PMQs . Most of the non-military housing for the village is located on the outskirts . Today , the village and base 's combined population numbers approximately 5,400 . The village hosts numerous services and is also the location of the Greenwood Mall , the largest shopping mall in the Annapolis Valley . In 2015 it was renovated to accommodate a new department store , which has reinvigorated the shopping centre ."}]}, {'value': 'CFB Greenwood ( Greenwood Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFB_Greenwood', 'summary': 'Canadian Forces Base Greenwood ( IATA : YZX , ICAO : CYZX ) , or CFB Greenwood , is a Canadian Forces Base located 1.5 nautical miles ( 2.8 km ; 1.7 mi ) east of Greenwood , Nova Scotia . It is primarily operated as an air force base by the Royal Canadian Air Force and is one of two bases in the country using the CP-140 Aurora and CP-140A Arcturus anti-submarine/maritime patrol and surveillance aircraft . Its primary RCAF lodger unit is 14 Wing , commonly referred to as 14 Wing Greenwood .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halifax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Halifax , officially known as the Halifax Regional Municipality ( HRM ) , is the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia . It had a population of 403,131 in 2016 , with 316,701 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour . The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996 : Halifax , Dartmouth , Bedford , and Halifax County . Halifax is a major economic centre in Atlantic Canada , with a large concentration of government services and private sector companies . Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence , Dalhousie University , Saint Mary 's University , the Halifax Shipyard , various levels of government , and the Port of Halifax . Agriculture , fishing , mining , forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of the municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'Halifax ( IWK Health Centre ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IWK_Health_Centre', 'summary': 'The IWK Health Centre is a major pediatric hospital and trauma centre in Halifax , Nova Scotia that provides care to maritime youth , children and women from Nova Scotia , New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island . The IWK is the largest facility in Atlantic Canada caring for patients under 20 years of age .'}]}, {'value': 'CIW2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halifax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Halifax , officially known as the Halifax Regional Municipality ( HRM ) , is the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia . It had a population of 403,131 in 2016 , with 316,701 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour . The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996 : Halifax , Dartmouth , Bedford , and Halifax County . Halifax is a major economic centre in Atlantic Canada , with a large concentration of government services and private sector companies . Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence , Dalhousie University , Saint Mary 's University , the Halifax Shipyard , various levels of government , and the Port of Halifax . Agriculture , fishing , mining , forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of the municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'Halifax ( QE II Health Sciences Centre ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Health_Sciences_Centre', 'summary': "Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre , in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada , is a large teaching hospital and Level 1 Trauma Centre affiliated with Dalhousie University . The QEII cares for adult patients ( 19+ yrs ) . Pediatric patients ( 0-18 yrs ) within this region are cared for at the IWK Health Centre . Administratively , the QEII is part of the Nova Scotia Health Authority . The pipes in some parts of the QEII have been contaminated with legionella bacteria since the 1980s , which has rendered the building 's water undrinkable ."}]}, {'value': 'CHQE', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of airports and heliports', 'section_text': 'The list is sorted by the name of the community served , click the sort buttons in the table header to switch listing order .', 'uid': 'List_of_airports_in_Nova_Scotia_0', 'intro': 'This is a complete list of airports, water aerodromes and heliports in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.'}
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null
What is the 2006 population of Finlay Air Park 's community ?
264
08b4a8dd0e26cb75
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1968 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doris Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doris_Brown', 'summary': "Doris Brown Heritage ( born September 17 , 1942 ) is a retired American runner . She won the International Cross Country Championships five times in a row , in 1967-1971 . She collected silver medals in the 800 m at the Pan American Games , in 1967 and 1971 > She placed fifth in the 800 at the 1968 Summer Olympics . Brown briefly held the world record in the 3000 m in 1971 . After retiring from competitions she had a long career as a running coach , and helped prepare the national women 's team to the 1984 Summer Olympics . She was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame , National Track Coaches Hall of Fame and National Distance Running Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '15:00', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vicki Foltz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '15:12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pamela Davies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Davies', 'summary': 'Dr. Pamela Davies FRCP , HonFRCPCH , DCH ( born 1924 ) was a British consultant paediatrician , who specialised in neonatal follow up and infection . After a period as a junior hospital doctor and then Lecturer in the United Oxford Hospitals , and was appointed Consultant Paediatrician at the Hammersmith Hospital from 1966 to 1982 . In 1964 , she and Dr. Victoria Smallpeice collaborated on the introduction of very early enteral feeding with human milk in preterm infants . She was a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians ( FRCP ) and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health ( HonFRCPCH )'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '15:21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anne Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '15:24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linda Mayfield', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '15:43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patricia Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '15:47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phyllis Perkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phyllis_Perkins', 'summary': "Phyllis Else Maureen Perkins ( née Green ) ( born 22 February 1934 ) is a British middle-distance runner . She competed in the women 's 800 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics . She also represented England in the 880 yards at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth , Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '15:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ann O'Brien", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '15:56', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheila Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheila_Carey', 'summary': 'Sheila Janet Carey MBE , ( née Taylor ; born 12 August 1946 ) is a retired British middle-distance runner who represented the United Kingdom at the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics . In 1968 , she placed fourth in the 800 metres , while in 1972 , she finishing fifth in the 1500 metres , setting a new British record . She represented England at the Commonwealth Games in 1970 and 1974 . She was also part of the British 4×800 metres relay team that twice broke the world record in 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '16:05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ursula Kennedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '16:10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheryl Bridges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheryl_Bridges', 'summary': 'Cheryl Bridges , now Cheryl Treworgy , is an American former long-distance runner who once held the American and world record in the marathon , racing in the 1960s and 1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '16:11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doreen King', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '16:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margaret MacSherry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '16:18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dale Greig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dale_Greig', 'summary': "Dale Greig ( 15 May 1937 - 12 May 2019 ) was a Scottish long-distance runner who was recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations as having set a world best in the women 's marathon on 23 May 1964 with a time of 3:27:45 . [ nb 1 ] Greig held world 's best title until Mildred Sampson set a new mark nearly three months later . [ nb 2 ] With this performance , she became the first woman to break 3hr 30min for the marathon distance . Her record was set on 23 May 1964 at the Isle of Wight Marathon where she was followed around the course by an ambulance . It was her first attempt at the distance . She was also the first woman to run the 55-mile London-to-Brighton race in 8:30 in 1972 - seven years before female competitors were officially allowed . In 1974 , at the age of 37 , she won the first international championship marathon for women , at the world veterans ' championships in Paris . Grieg died on 12 May 2019 aged 81 in Paisley , Renfrewshire ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '16:18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thelwyn Bateman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '16:23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leslie Watson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '16:27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosemary Stirling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosemary_Stirling', 'summary': 'Rosemary Olivia Wright ( née Stirling , born 11 December 1947 ) is a former British sprinter and middle-distance runner . She won a gold medal in the 4 × 400 m relay at the 1969 European Championships , and a gold medal in the 800m at the 1970 Commonwealth Games . Her 800m best of 2:00.15 , stood as the Scottish record for 30 years ( 1972-2002 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '16:39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natalie Roche', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '16:50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheena Fitzmaurice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '16:52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June Hale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '17:12', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Individual Race Results -- Women 's ( 2.8 mi / 4.5 km )", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1968_International_Cross_Country_Championships_2', 'intro': "The 1968 International Cross Country Championships was held in Tunis, Tunisia, at the Hippodrome de Kassar-Said on March 17, 1968. The women's championship was held one week later in Blackburn, England at the Witton Country Park on March 23, 1968. A report on the men's event as well as on the women's event was given in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results for men, junior men, women, medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published."}
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null
When did the runner with a time of 16:05 at the Women 's 4.5 km event of the 1968 International Cross Country Championships last run in the Olympics ?
1972
08b5e740ec1e97d2
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Miyagi)', 'title': 'List of Historic Sites of Japan (Miyagi)', 'header': ['Site', 'Municipality', 'Type', 'Ref'], 'data': [{'value': '* Taga-jō Site 多賀城跡附寺跡 Taga-jō ato tsuketari tera ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taga_Castle', 'summary': 'Taga Castle ( 多賀城 , Tagajō ato ) is the site of a Nara period jōsaku-style Japanese castle in what is now part of the town of Tagajō in Miyagi prefecture in the Tōhoku region of far northern Honshu , Japan . Bashō tells of his visit to the site in Oku no Hosomichi . The ruins of Taga-jō and its former temple have been designated a Special Historic Site ( 特別史跡 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Tagajō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tagajō,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Tagajō ( 多賀城市 , Tagajō-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 62,435 , and a population density of 3,171 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 19.64 square kilometres ( 7.58 sq mi ) . The city was named after Taga Castle , the capital of Mutsu Province from the Nara period .'}]}, {'value': '2 , 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '181', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iji Castle Site 伊治城跡 Iji-jō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iji_Castle', 'summary': 'Iji Castle ( 伊治城跡 , Iji-jō ato ) is the ruins of a late Nara period jōsaku-style Japanese castle located in what is now part of the city of Kurihara , Miyagi prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . The site was proclaimed a National National Historic Site on August 27 , 2003 . The actual pronouciation of the name of this fortification remains uncertain , as the kanji of its name can also be read as Koreharu Castle .'}]}, {'value': 'Kurihara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurihara,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Kurihara ( 栗原市 , Kurihara-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,925 , and a population density of 86.8 persons per km² in 24,894 households . The total area of the city is 804.97 square kilometres ( 310.80 sq mi ) . Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '3372', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tōmizuka Kofun 遠見塚古墳 Tōmizuka kofun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tōmizuka_Kofun', 'summary': 'The Tōmizuka Kofun ( 遠見塚古墳 ) is a keyhole-shaped kofun burial mound located in the Wakabayashi ward of the city of Sendai , Miyagi in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is the second largest kofun in Miyagi Prefecture ( after the Raijinyama Kofun in nearby Natori ) and the 5th largest in the Tōhoku region . It was constructed in the early to middle Kofun period , or around the late 4th to early 5th century AD . The site is a National Historic Site . The Tōmizuka Kofun is located in the southern portion of the Sendai Plain , approximately 3.5 kilometers southeast of Sendai Station . The surrounding area is noted for extensive Yayoi period remains , and the kofun was excavated by the Sendai City Board of Education in 1968 and 1972 . While this keyhole-shaped kofun has a characteristic shape , it is unusual is that the square front part is extremely lower than the round rear part . The total length is 110 meters , and the height of the two-tiered burial mound is 6.5 meters . The kofun is surrounded with an irregular-shaped moat , with width varying from 10 to 40 meter . The number of grave goods found was extremely few for the size of the kofun . Only one quartz cylindrical bead , four glass balls and 18 combs made of lacquered bamboo were excavated . These artifacts are preserved at the Sendai City Museum and the site is now a public park .'}]}, {'value': 'Sendai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sendai', 'summary': "Sendai ( 仙台市 , Sendai-shi , Japanese : [ seꜜndai ] ) is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture , Japan , the largest city in the Tōhoku region , and the second largest city north of Tokyo . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had a population of 1,089,372 , and is one of Japan 's 20 designated cities . The city was founded in 1600 by the daimyō Date Masamune . It is nicknamed the City of Trees ( 杜の都 , Mori no Miyako ) ; there are zelkova trees lining many of the main thoroughfares such as Jōzenji Street ( 定禅寺通 , Jōzenji dōri ) and Aoba Street ( 青葉通 , Aoba dōri ) . In the summer , the Sendai Tanabata Festival , the largest Tanabata festival in Japan , is held . In winter , the trees are decorated with thousands of lights for the Pageant of Starlight ( 光のページェント , Hikari no pējento ) , lasting through most of December . On March 11 , 2011 , coastal areas of the city suffered catastrophic damage from a magnitude 9.0 offshore earthquake , which triggered a destructive tsunami ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '210', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koganeyama Gold Mining Site 黄金山産金遺跡 Koganeyama sankin iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koganeyama_Gold_Mining_Site', 'summary': 'The Koganeyama Jinja ( 黄金山神社 ) is a Shintō shrine in the town of Wakuya Tōda District , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It claims to have been built on the site of the first gold mine in Japan , and is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The main festival of the shrine is held annually on September 15 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wakuya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakuya,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Wakuya ( 涌谷町 , Wakuya-chō ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 30 June 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 16,703 , and a population density of 203 persons per km² in 6,076 households . The total area of the town is 82.16 square kilometres ( 31.72 sq mi ) . The area is noted for its rice production .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '208', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iwakiri Castle Site 岩切城跡 Iwakiri-jō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iwakiri_Castle', 'summary': 'Iwakiri Castle ( 岩切城 , Iwakiri-jō ) was a Muromachi period Japanese castle located in what is now the ward of Miyagino-ku , in the city of Sendai , Miyagi Prefecture , in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . The site is a National Historic Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Sendai / Rifu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sendai', 'summary': "Sendai ( 仙台市 , Sendai-shi , Japanese : [ seꜜndai ] ) is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture , Japan , the largest city in the Tōhoku region , and the second largest city north of Tokyo . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had a population of 1,089,372 , and is one of Japan 's 20 designated cities . The city was founded in 1600 by the daimyō Date Masamune . It is nicknamed the City of Trees ( 杜の都 , Mori no Miyako ) ; there are zelkova trees lining many of the main thoroughfares such as Jōzenji Street ( 定禅寺通 , Jōzenji dōri ) and Aoba Street ( 青葉通 , Aoba dōri ) . In the summer , the Sendai Tanabata Festival , the largest Tanabata festival in Japan , is held . In winter , the trees are decorated with thousands of lights for the Pageant of Starlight ( 光のページェント , Hikari no pējento ) , lasting through most of December . On March 11 , 2011 , coastal areas of the city suffered catastrophic damage from a magnitude 9.0 offshore earthquake , which triggered a destructive tsunami ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rifu,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Rifu ( 利府町 , Rifu-chō ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 35,530 , and a population density of 791 persons per km² in 13,168 households . The total area of the town is 44.89 square kilometres ( 17.33 sq mi ) . Rifu is known for its nashi pears . Recently , wine and candy made from nashi pears have been developed in the town .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '231', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miyazawa Site 宮沢遺跡 Miyazawa iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyazawa_Site', 'summary': 'Miyazawa site ( 宮沢遺跡 , Miyazawa iseki ) is a late Nara period to early Heian period archaeological site located in the Furukawa district of what is now the city of Ōsaki , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . In the late Nara period , after the establishment of a centralized government under the Ritsuryō system , the Yamato court sent a number of military expeditions to what is now the Tōhoku region of northern Japan to bring the local Emishi tribes under its control . After the establishment of Taga Castle , Yamato forces gradually pushed into the hinterland of what is now Miyagi Prefecture , establishing several fortified settlements against increasing Emishi opposition . A fort was built on this site in 767 AD . The site was discovered during construction work on the Tohoku Expressway in 1974 , and was excavated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education from 1974-1977 . The site is in a hilly area on the northern edge of the Ōsaki plan at an altitude of around 50 meters , and extends 1400 meters east-west by 850 meters north-south . The roughly rectangular compound is surrounded by earthen ramparts , moat and a wooden palisade . Inside , post holes for buildings and the foundations of pit dwellings have been discovered , along with Sue pottery fragments and metal implements . It is uncertain if this was a josaku-type fortification , or the remains of a government office site for Nagaoka District'}]}, {'value': 'Ōsaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōsaki,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Ōsaki ( 大崎市 , Ōsaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 28 February 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 132,930 , and a population density of 167 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 796.76 square kilometres ( 307.63 sq mi ) . Ōsaki is a member of the World Health Organizations Alliance for Healthy Cities ( AFHC ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '225', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Yūbikan and Garden 旧有備館および庭園 kyū-Yūbikan oyobi teien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yūbikan', 'summary': "The Yūbikan ( 有備館 ) is an Edo period structure located in what is now the city of Ōsaki , Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . It served as a han school for the Date clan of Sendai Domain , and is the oldest existing educational structure in Japan . The building , together with its surrounding gardens are a nationally designated Historic Site and Place of Scenic Beauty . The main structure of the Yūbikan was constructed in 1633 , originally within the second bailey of Iwadeyama Castle by the second generation head of the Iwadeyama-branch of the Date clan , Date Munetoshi . Intended to serve as the domains academy , it was named Shungakukan ( 春学館 ) at that time . It was relocated to its present location in 1677 by the third-generation head , Date Toshichika and was renamed 'Yūbikan at that time . The building is in the Shoin-zukuri style of architecture , with plain wooden walls and a thatched roof . The gardens were constructed by the Date clans tea master Shimizu Dokan , under the fourth generation head , Date Murayasu in 1715 . The garden employs the backdrop of the ruins of Iwadeyama Castle for borrowing of scenery ( shakkei ) . The Yūbikan and its gardens remained property of the Date clan until 1970 , when it was donated to the town of Iwadeyama , which later became part of the city of Ōsaki . The Yūbikan main structure was severely damaged in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake during which 30 of its 33 supporting columns were damaged , causing the roof to collapse . Landslides also damaged parts of the gardens The building and its gardens were repaired and reopened to the public in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ōsaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōsaki,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Ōsaki ( 大崎市 , Ōsaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 28 February 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 132,930 , and a population density of 167 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 796.76 square kilometres ( 307.63 sq mi ) . Ōsaki is a member of the World Health Organizations Alliance for Healthy Cities ( AFHC ) .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '185', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Arikabe-juku Honjin 旧有壁宿本陣 kyū-Arikabe-juku honjin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Former_Arikabe-juku_Honjin', 'summary': 'The Former Arakabejuku Honjin ( 旧有壁宿本陣 , Kyu-Arakabejuku honjin ) is a former honjin on the Ōshū Kaidō highway connecting Edo with northern Mutsu Province in the Tōhoku region of Japan . It is located in what is now part of the city of Kurihara in Miyagi Prefecture . Arakabe was established as a shukuba on the Ōshū Kaidō by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1619 , and the large residence of the Satō clan , who had served as generation of village headmen , received designation as a honjin . The daimyō of Matsumae , Hachinohe , Morioka and Ichinoseki used this honjin on their sankin kōtai processions to and from Edo . The original structures burned down in 1744 and the present structure dates from that reconstruction . After the Meiji restoration , Emperor Meiji made two official visits to the Tōhoku region and stayed at the Arakebejuku honjin in 1876 and in 1881 . Since those visits , the main gate of the honjin has been permanently closed . The site was proclaimed a National National Historic Site in May 1971 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kurihara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurihara,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Kurihara ( 栗原市 , Kurihara-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,925 , and a population density of 86.8 persons per km² in 24,894 households . The total area of the city is 804.97 square kilometres ( 310.80 sq mi ) . Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '213', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sanjūsangendō Government Offices Site 三十三間堂官衙遺跡 Sanjūsangendō kanga iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sanjūsangendō_Government_Offices_Site', 'summary': 'Sanjusangendō Government Offices Site ( 三十三間堂官衙遺跡 , Sanjusangendō Kangai iseki ) is the site of a Heian period government office complex located in what is now part of the town of Watari , Miyagi prefecture in the Tōhoku region of far northern Honshu , Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Watari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watari,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Watari ( 亘理町 , Watari-chō ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 August 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 33,866 , and a population density of 454 persons per km² in 12,201 households . The total area of the town is 73.60 square kilometres ( 28.42 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '236', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sannō-Gakoi Site 山王囲遺跡 Sannō-Gakoi iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sannō-Gakoi_Site', 'summary': 'Sannō-Gakoi Site ( 山王囲遺跡 , Sannō-Gakoi iseki ) is a Jōmon period archaeological site in the city of Kurihara , Miyagi Prefecture , in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site in 1991 by the Japanese government .'}]}, {'value': 'Kurihara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurihara,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Kurihara ( 栗原市 , Kurihara-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,925 , and a population density of 86.8 persons per km² in 24,894 households . The total area of the city is 804.97 square kilometres ( 310.80 sq mi ) . Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '214', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamamae Site 山前遺跡 Yamamae iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamamae_Site', 'summary': 'The Yamamae Site ( 山前遺跡 , Yamamae iseki ) is an archaeological site located in what is now the town of Misato , Tōda District , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . The site is the ruins of a settlement with associated tombs and shell midden containing remains from the early Jōmon period through the Kofun period , indicating continuous occupation over several thousand years . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The site is located on an isolated hill with an elevation of 15-20 meters over the surrounding Ōsaki plains . Per excavations conducted in 1965 , 1974 and 1975 , the remains of a Jōmon period settlement were found on the southern side of the hill , with the shell midden on the eastern side . The shell midden contained shells from mostly freshwater shellfish , but also had oyster shells , despite its distance from the ocean . The settlement extended for approximately 490 meters east-west by 120 meters north-south . A number of horizontal cave tombs were also found . The top of the hill was terraced , and post holes for a 5 meter diameter pit dwelling was found near the summit . The base of the hill has moat , with a width of 5-6 meters , which indicates that the settlement was later fortified during the Kofun period . From within the moat , wooden spurs , bamboo spears and other weapons were found .'}]}, {'value': 'Misato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misato,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Misato ( 美里町 , Misato-machi ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 May 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 29,810 in 9018 households , and a population density of 331 persons per km² . The total area of the town is 74.95 square kilometres ( 28.94 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '223', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamahata Cave Tomb Cluster 山畑横穴群 Yamahata yokoana-gun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamahata_Cave_Tomb_Cluster', 'summary': 'Yamahata Cave Tomb Cluster ( 山畑横穴群 , Yamahata Yokoana-gun ) is cluster of 6th Century AD cave tombs located in what is now the city of Ōsaki , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The site is located on the southern slope of a tuff hill , and consists of 26 tombs , of which 23 were excavated in 1972 . The tombs have various styles of ceilings , some of which are gabled or arched , and some of the tombs have a finished floor . Of note are Tombs 6 , 10 and 15 , which were found to contain concentric and lattice patterned decorations in red paint . Artifacts discovered included clay vessel shards , Sue pottery , fragments of metal implements or swords , all of which date the tombs to the late 6th century in the late Kofun period through early Nara period , although some of the tombs appear to have re-used in the 9th century . The tombs were backfilled for preservation except for Tomb 15 , which was preserved as part of a museum exhibition , along with the excavated items .'}]}, {'value': 'Ōsaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōsaki,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Ōsaki ( 大崎市 , Ōsaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 28 February 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 132,930 , and a population density of 167 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 796.76 square kilometres ( 307.63 sq mi ) . Ōsaki is a member of the World Health Organizations Alliance for Healthy Cities ( AFHC ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '217', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Numazu Shell Mound 沼津貝塚 Numazu kaizuka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Numazu_Shell_Mound', 'summary': 'Numazu Shell Midden ( 沼津貝塚 , Numazu Kaizuka ) is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the city of Ishinomaki , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The rocky ria coast of Miyagi Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period , and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish , fish , animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts , including earthenware shards , fishing hooks , etc . The Numazu Shell Midden is located east of the modern city , near Mankoku Bay , at an elevation of approximately twenty-five meters from the present-day coastline . The midden is very large , extending for 220 meters east-west and 160 meters north-south , with a height of approximately 15 meters , indicating continuous usage over thousands of years . A preliminary survey was conducted intermittently from 1908 to 1929 by local authorities , during which time over 1200 artifacts such as bone fishhooks , harpoons and bone combs and ornaments , along with Jomon-period pottery and two terracotta animal figurines . These items are now stored at the Tohoku University . More comprehensive excavations were conducted in 1958 , 1963 and 1967 ; however the site did not receive protection until it was designated as a national historic site in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ishinomaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ishinomaki,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Ishinomaki ( 石巻市 , Ishinomaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 141,725 , and a population density of 256 persons per km² in 61,233 households . The total area of the city is 554.58 square kilometres ( 214.12 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '216', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jō Palisade Site 城生柵跡 Jō-no-saku iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jō_Palisade_Site', 'summary': 'Jō Palisade site ( 城生柵跡 , Jō-no-saku ato ) is the site of a Nara period jōsaku-style Japanese castle located in what is now part of the town of Kami in Kami District , Miyagi prefecture in the Tōhoku region of far northern Honshu , Japan . The site was proclaimed a National National Historic Site on May 18 , 1976 . The actual name of this fortification remains unknown , and it has been postulated that it was possibly the Shikima-saku or Takazukuri-saku mentioned in historical records , although evidence is scant . It is roughly contemporary with the larger Taga Castle to the southeast .'}]}, {'value': 'Kami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kami,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Kami ( 加美町 , Kami-machi ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 24,004 and a population density of 52.1 persons per km2 in 8014 households . The total area of the town is 460.67 square kilometres ( 177.87 sq mi ) . .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '230', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nishinohama Shell Mound 西の浜貝塚 Nishinohama kaizuka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nishinohama_Shell_Mound', 'summary': 'Nishinohama Shell Midden ( 西の浜貝塚 , Nishinohama Kaizuka ) is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the town of Matsushima , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . The rocky ria coast of Miyagi Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period , and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish , fish , animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts , including earthenware shards , fishing hooks , etc . Located on the northwest shore of Matsushima Bay , the shell midden is on a small peninsula about 15 meters from the current coastline . The midden measures 130 meters from east-west and 200 meters from north-south . As with the nearby Satohama shell mound , it is considered a type site for Jōmon period artifacts in the southern Tohoku region . Excavation in 1957-1958 and in 1965 found the remains from the early through the late Jōmon period , along with Yayoi period burial mounds . Artifacts included bone fish hooks , harpoons and swords made from bone , along with the bones of deer and wild boar . Some of the earthenware pots found at the site appear to have been used for the production of sea salt .'}]}, {'value': 'Matsushima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matsushima,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Matsushima ( 松島町 , Matsushima-machi ) is a town in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 13,553 , and a population density of 253 persons per km² . The total area of the town is 53.56 square kilometres ( 20.68 sq mi ) . It is most famous as the location of Matsushima Bay , one of the Three Views of Japan , and is also the site of the Zuigan-ji , Entsū-in and Kanrantei .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '218', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sendai Kōriyama Government Offices Site 仙台郡山官衙遺跡群 Sendai Kōriyama kanga iseki-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sendai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sendai', 'summary': "Sendai ( 仙台市 , Sendai-shi , Japanese : [ seꜜndai ] ) is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture , Japan , the largest city in the Tōhoku region , and the second largest city north of Tokyo . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had a population of 1,089,372 , and is one of Japan 's 20 designated cities . The city was founded in 1600 by the daimyō Date Masamune . It is nicknamed the City of Trees ( 杜の都 , Mori no Miyako ) ; there are zelkova trees lining many of the main thoroughfares such as Jōzenji Street ( 定禅寺通 , Jōzenji dōri ) and Aoba Street ( 青葉通 , Aoba dōri ) . In the summer , the Sendai Tanabata Festival , the largest Tanabata festival in Japan , is held . In winter , the trees are decorated with thousands of lights for the Pageant of Starlight ( 光のページェント , Hikari no pējento ) , lasting through most of December . On March 11 , 2011 , coastal areas of the city suffered catastrophic damage from a magnitude 9.0 offshore earthquake , which triggered a destructive tsunami ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '00003496', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sendai Castle Site 仙台城跡 Sendai-jō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sendai_Castle', 'summary': 'Aoba Castle ( 青葉城 , Aoba-jō ) is a Japanese castle located in Sendai , Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . Throughout the Edo period , Aoba Castle was home to the Date clan , daimyō of Sendai Domain . The castle was also known as Sendai-jō ( 仙台城 ) or as Gojō-rō ( 五城楼 ) . In 2003 , the castle site was designated a National Historic Monument .'}]}, {'value': 'Sendai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sendai', 'summary': "Sendai ( 仙台市 , Sendai-shi , Japanese : [ seꜜndai ] ) is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture , Japan , the largest city in the Tōhoku region , and the second largest city north of Tokyo . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had a population of 1,089,372 , and is one of Japan 's 20 designated cities . The city was founded in 1600 by the daimyō Date Masamune . It is nicknamed the City of Trees ( 杜の都 , Mori no Miyako ) ; there are zelkova trees lining many of the main thoroughfares such as Jōzenji Street ( 定禅寺通 , Jōzenji dōri ) and Aoba Street ( 青葉通 , Aoba dōri ) . In the summer , the Sendai Tanabata Festival , the largest Tanabata festival in Japan , is held . In winter , the trees are decorated with thousands of lights for the Pageant of Starlight ( 光のページェント , Hikari no pējento ) , lasting through most of December . On March 11 , 2011 , coastal areas of the city suffered catastrophic damage from a magnitude 9.0 offshore earthquake , which triggered a destructive tsunami ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '3371', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sendai Domain Hanayama Village Nuruyu Bansho Site 仙台藩花山村寒湯番所跡 Sendai-han Hanayama-mura Nuruyu-bansho ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuruyu_Bansho_Site', 'summary': 'Nuruyu Bansho Site ( 仙台藩花山村寒湯番所跡 , Sendai-han Hanayama-mura Nuruyu-bansho ato ) is the location of a former barrier gate and guard post between Sendai Domain and Akita Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan . The site is located within what is now the city of Kurihara in Miyagi Prefecture . Under the Tokugawa shogunate , government installations were established at strategic locations along traffic routes , where travellers were stopped for inspection , tolls were levied and suspicious travellers detained for interrogation . The Nuruyu Bansho was one such location , erected in 1608 , to control a mountain pass in the Ōu Mountains . It was located about 27.4 km northwest of old Tsukiji town and 100 m east of an onsen village on the border of the domain . The site consists of a four-pillar gate with a thatched roof , decorated with the Date clan mon . Within the gate is the bansho itself - a two-story late Edo-period building measuring 23.19 meters by 11.89 meters , which was built in the Ansei era . It contains a local history museum . The site is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Kurihara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurihara,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Kurihara ( 栗原市 , Kurihara-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,925 , and a population density of 86.8 persons per km² in 24,894 households . The total area of the city is 804.97 square kilometres ( 310.80 sq mi ) . Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '204', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daikichiyama Tile Kiln Site 大吉山瓦窯跡 Daikichiyama kawara kama ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daikichiyama_Tile_Kiln_Site', 'summary': 'Daikichiyama Tile Kiln site ( 大吉山瓦窯跡 , Daikichiyama Kawara Kama-ato ) is the remains of a late Nara period , early Heian period roof tile production site located in what is now the city of Ōsaki , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site . As the Yamato government extended its control over Mutsu Province in the 8th Century AD , a number of fortified administrative centers and Buddhist temples were built in the area centered on Taga Castle . One feature of the buildings in these structures was the use of tiled roofs , which was a symbol of continental culture and the advanced state of the central administration . The Daikichiyama Kilns are one of several which have been found within what is now Miyagi Prefecture . These kilns were located in hilly land , near the sources of clay and fuel for the kilns ; however , from the design patterns on shards found at the site , it was determined that the tiles from the kilns were used at Taga Castle , over 40 kilometers to the south , among other areas . The site is located on the eastern slope of a hill about 50 meters in height , and consists of perhaps five kilns . The kilns are built underground into the slope of a hill , and are a stepless form of the traditional anagama kiln . The site has not be excavated in detail . Various styles of roof tiles have been recovered from the site , including cylindrical , flat , arch-shaped , and parts of a demon-shaped end tile . These are identical to tiles found at the site of Taga Castle , indicating that this was an official kiln of Mutsu Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Ōsaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōsaki,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Ōsaki ( 大崎市 , Ōsaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 28 February 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 132,930 , and a population density of 167 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 796.76 square kilometres ( 307.63 sq mi ) . Ōsaki is a member of the World Health Organizations Alliance for Healthy Cities ( AFHC ) .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '221', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daigigakoi Shell Mound 大木囲貝塚 Daigigakoi kaizuka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daigigakoi_Shell_Mound', 'summary': 'Daigigakoi Shell Midden ( 大木囲貝塚 , Daigigakoi Kaizuka ) is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the town of Shichigahama , Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan . Due to the quantity , quality and variety of artifacts discovered , it has become a type site for the dating of Jōmon period remains in the southern Tōhoku region . It has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1968 . The rocky ria coast of Miyagi Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period , and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish , fish , animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts , including earthenware shards , fishing hooks , etc . The Daigigakoi Shell Midden is located on the south shore of Matsushima Bay , at an elevation of approximately thirty-five meters from the present-day coastline . The midden is very large , extending for 270 meters east-west and 280 meters north-south , in a roughly horseshoe shape , indicating continuous usage over thousands of years . In the central clearing , the remains of at least eight pit dwellings have been found . A preliminary survey was conducted intermittently from 1917-1918 , 1925 and 1927-1929 . More comprehensive excavations were conducted in 1949 , 1963 and 1965 by Tohoku University ; and again from 1972-1981 . Many of the artifacts found are housed in a local museum at the site .'}]}, {'value': 'Shichigahama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shichigahama,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Shichigahama ( 七ヶ浜町 , Shichigahama-machi ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 18,120 , and a population density of 1,374 persons per km² in 6,598 households . The total area of the town is 13.19 square kilometres ( 5.09 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '209', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'National Historic Sites', 'section_text': 'As of 1 July 2019 , thirty-six Sites have been designated as being of national significance ( including one *Special Historic Site ) ; the Dewa Sendai Kaidō Nakayamagoe Pass spans the prefectural borders with Yamagata . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Miyagi)_0', 'intro': 'This list is of the Historic Sites of Japan located within the Prefecture of Miyagi.'}
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What other name does the city where Tōmizuka Kofun is located go by ?
City of Trees
08b71e8cda152f9f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_of_1986', 'title': 'List of LGBT-related films of 1986', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Country', 'Genre', 'Cast', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anne Trister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Trister', 'summary': 'Anne Trister is a 1986 Canadian drama film directed by Léa Pool . It was entered into the 36th Berlin International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Léa Pool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Léa_Pool', 'summary': 'Léa Pool C.M . ( born 8 September 1950 ) is a Swiss-Canadian filmmaker who also teaches film at UQAM . She has directed several feature films , including Anne Trister ( 1986 ) and Set Me Free ( Emporte-moi ) ( 1999 ) , both of which screened at the prestigious Berlin International Film Festival , where the latter won the Special Prize of the Ecumenical Jury .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albane Guilhe , Louise Marleau , Lucie Laurier , Guy Thauvette , Hugues Quester , Nüvit Özdogru , Kim Yaroshevskaya , Carl Boileau , Elizabeth Briand , Pierre Plante , Sarah-Jeanne Salvy , Michael Schneider , Gilbert Sicotte , Rosalie Thauvette and Rena B. Wasserman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louise_Marleau', 'summary': "Louise Marleau ( born August 26 , 1944 ) is a Canadian actress . She won the 1985 Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for her role in A Woman in Transit ( La Femme de l'hôtel ) and was nominated in the same category in 1980 for her role in Heartbreak ( L'Arrache-cœur ) , a role for which she won the 1979 Montreal World Film Festival . Born in Montreal , she has been acting since she was a child , and she made her professional debut in 1962 at 18 . Since that time she has worked with all the major theatrical companies in Canada , including the Stratford Festival , performing in works by Molière , Feydeau , Genet , Cocteau and Shakespeare . Marleau recently [ when ? ] translated Eve Ensler 's play The Vagina Monologues into French ( Canadian French ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lucie_Laurier', 'summary': 'Lucie Laurier ( born March 19 , 1975 ) is a French-Canadian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hugues_Quester', 'summary': "Hugues Quester ( born 5 August 1948 ) is a French actor . He has appeared in more than 60 films and television shows since 1969 . He starred in Raúl Ruiz 's 1983 film City of Pirates ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kim_Yaroshevskaya', 'summary': "Kim Yaroshevskaya ( born October 1 , 1923 ) is a Russian-born Canadian film , television and stage actress . Best known to audiences in Quebec as a children 's entertainer , starring in series such as Fanfreluche and Passe-Partout in the 1970s , she also had a starring role in the English Canadian drama series Home Fires in the early 1980s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carl_Boileau', 'summary': 'Carl Boileau is a politician in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . He was elected to the Montreal city council in 2005 as a co-listed candidate with Projet Montréal leader Richard Bergeron , but did not serve . Since 2009 , he has been a member of the Plateau-Mont-Royal borough council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gilbert_Sicotte', 'summary': "Gilbert Sicotte , CM ( born February 18 , 1948 ) is a Canadian actor . He has been nominated three times for a Genie Award . His first two nominations were in the category of Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for his performances in Cap Tourmente and Les Pots cassés . He was nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Continental , a Film Without Guns ( Continental , un film sans fusil ) . Sicotte won the Jutra Award for best actor in the 2011 film The Salesman . His other works include The Secret Life of Happy People ( La Vie secrète des gens heureux ) , Maria Chapdelaine , Fortier , Louis Cyr , Léolo , Water Child , Paul à Québec and And the Birds Rained Down ( Il pleuvait des oiseaux ) . He has also done some voice over work . Sicotte has taught at the Conservatoire d'art dramatique de Montréal since 1987 but was suspended until further notice in November 2017 for allegations of humiliating students in the classroom and authoritarian attitudes . Sicotte was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada in 2013 , For his contributions to the performing arts as an actor , and for his commitment to training the next generation . He is the father of musician Antoine Sicotte of Sky ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Another Love Story', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Américo Ortiz de Zárate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arturo Bonín , Mario Pasik , Carlos Muñoz , María José Demare , Daniel Galarza , Nelly Prono , Héctor Bidonde , Alicia Aller , Roxana Berco , Susana Cart , Alejandro Vanelli , Patricio Gago , Óscar Ortiz , Alejandro Triguero and José María Carballo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Pasik', 'summary': 'Mario Pasik ( born 3 March 1951 ) is an Argentine actor . He is most known for TV series Son de Fierro ( 2007 ) , Endless Summer ( 1998 ) and Champs 12 ( 2009 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Muñoz_(actor)', 'summary': 'Carlos Muñoz Arosa ( 3 April 1919 - 15 April 2005 ) was a Spanish actor . He appeared in more than one hundred films from 1939 to 1991 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nelly_Prono', 'summary': "Nelly Prono ( August 7 , 1926 - August 29 , 1997 ) was a Paraguayan actress who had a long career in Argentine theatre , radio , television and film . She began in Argentine theatre in 1947 with María Esther Podestá . She appeared in productions such as Françoise Billetdoux 's Noche de noche , Florencio Sánchez 's Barranca abajo , Jacobo Langsner 's Una margarita llamada Mercedes in which she appeared opposite China Zorrilla , Bertolt Brecht 's Contra la seducción , and Marisé Monteiro 's Hoy llega Ezequiel , among others . In the 1970s and 1980s she enjoyed a film career , appearing in pictures such as Pájaro loco ( 1971 ) , Papá Corazón se quiere casar ( 1974 ) , Los enemigos ( 1983 ) , and Fernando Ayala 's Pasajeros de una pesadilla ( 1984 ) , among others . In television one of her notable roles was in Andrea Celeste , with Andrea Del Boca . She died in 1997 after a stroke and a period in a vegetative state ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Héctor_Bidonde', 'summary': "Héctor Pastor Bidonde ( born March 3 , 1937 in La Plata ) is a noted Argentine theatre , film and television actor . He was a shift worker in a tool & dye factory when , in 1954 , he was offered a part in Carlos P. Cabral 's play Amarretes . He was accepted in the Buenos Aires Province Comedy , in 1964 , and performed extensively in the theatre before being offered his first film role in Mario David 's La rabona ( 1978 ) . Numerous supporting roles followed , among them as that of an unhappily married husband in María Luisa Bemberg 's Momoentos ( 1981 ) and of a hard-line chief of police in Roberto Denis ' Luna Caliente ( 1985 ) . His roles for director Héctor Olivera as the scheming Suprino in Funny Dirty Little War ( 1983 ) and as Dr. Falcone , the father of a student abducted by the police in the fact-based Night of the Pencils ( 1986 ) made him prominent in Argentine film . Bidonde returned to the theatre and to Argentine public television in subsequent years . Among his notable later film performances was in Daniel Barone 's Alma mía ( 1999 ) . Politically active in left-wing politics in Argentina , Bidonde was elected to the Legislature of the City of Buenos Aires in 2003 and was Socialist Workers ' Movement candidate Vilma Ripoll 's running mate for the 2007 presidential election ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'As Is', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/As_Is_(film)', 'summary': 'As Is is a 1986 television film adapted by William M. Hoffman from his play of the same title . The play and the film depict the effect that AIDS , then a fairly new epidemic , has on a group of friends living in New York City . The film was directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg and stars Jonathan Hadary , Robert Carradine , and Colleen Dewhurst .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Lindsay-Hogg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Lindsay-Hogg', 'summary': 'Sir Michael Edward Lindsay-Hogg , 5th Baronet ( born 5 May 1940 ) is a British television , film , music video , and theatre director . Beginning his career in British television , Lindsay-Hogg became a pioneer in music film production , directing promotional films for the Beatles and the Rolling Stones . Following his work with these bands , he branched out into film and theatre , while still maintaining successful careers in television and music video production .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colleen Dewhurst , Robert Carradine , Jonathan Hadary , Doug Annear , Joanna Miles , Alan Scarfe , Julie Whitfield ( credited as Julie Ganton ) , Samantha Langevin , Reg Drager , Gerald Lenton , Tonya Lee Williams , Jeremy Ratchford , Chris Owens , Andrew Lewarne and Tedd Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colleen_Dewhurst', 'summary': "Colleen Rose Dewhurst ( 3 June 1924 - 22 August 1991 ) was a Canadian-American actress . She is known most for theatre roles , and for a while as the Queen of Off-Broadway . In her autobiography , Dewhurst wrote : I had moved so quickly from one Off-Broadway production to the next that I was known , at one point , as the 'Queen of Off-Broadway ' . This title was not due to my brilliance , but , rather , because most of the plays I was in closed after a run of anywhere from one night to two weeks . I would then move immediately into another . She was a renowned interpreter of the works of Eugene O'Neill on the stage , and her career also encompassed film , early dramas on live television , and Joseph Papp 's New York Shakespeare Festival . One of her last roles was playing Marilla Cuthbert in the Kevin Sullivan television adaptations of the Anne of Green Gables series , and her reprisal of the role in the subsequent TV series Road to Avonlea ( marketed as Avonlea in the US ) . Dewhurst won two Tony Awards and four Emmy Awards for her stage and television work ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Carradine', 'summary': "Robert Reed Carradine ( born March 24 , 1954 ) is an American actor . A member of the Carradine family , he made his first appearances on television western series such as Bonanza and his late brother David 's TV series , Kung Fu . Carradine 's first film role was in the 1972 film The Cowboys , which starred John Wayne and Roscoe Lee Browne . Carradine also portrayed fraternity president Lewis Skolnick in the Revenge of the Nerds series of comedy films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Hadary', 'summary': "Jonathan Hadary ( born October 11 , 1948 ) is an American actor . Born in Chicago , Illinois and raised in Bethesda , Maryland , Hadary arrived at Tufts University already an accomplished actor . He was cast in many shows at Tufts , both student and faculty directed . During his sophomore year , he became an understudy for the Boston company of You 're a Good Man Charlie Brown . This being the Vietnam era , the actor playing Charlie Brown was drafted . The actor playing Schroeder was moved to the Charlie Brown role , and Hadary took the part of Schroeder . He finished the Boston run of the show and the toured with it for some time . Hadary made his New York City stage debut in the 1976 Playwrights Horizons staging of Albert Innaurato 's Gemini . Critical acclaim for the off-Broadway production resulted in it transferring to PAF Playhouse and then to Circle Repertory Company , and finally to Broadway , where it ran for 1819 performances . Hadary worked off-Broadway again on the 1979 Howard Ashman and Alan Menken musical adaptation of Kurt Vonnegut 's God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater , Ted Tally 's 1980 play Coming Attractions , and the 1981 Tom Lehrer revue Tom Foolery . The following year he returned to Broadway to replace Harvey Fierstein in Torch Song Trilogy . A member of the acting company at Circle Repertory Company , Hadary won an Obie Award for his performance in the 1985 William M. Hoffman play As Is at Circle Rep , and again , the play moved to Broadway , where it was nominated for three Tony Awards and won the Drama Desk Award for Best Play ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joanna_Miles', 'summary': "Joanna Miles ( born March 6 , 1940 ) is an American actress . She was awarded two Emmy Awards for her portrayal of Laura Wingfield in the 1973 film production of Tennessee Williams ' The Glass Menagerie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alan_Scarfe', 'summary': 'Alan John Scarfe ( born 8 June 1946 ) is a British-Canadian actor , stage director and author . He is a former Associate Director of the Stratford Festival ( 1976-77 ) and the Everyman Theatre in Liverpool ( 1967-68 ) . He won the 1985 Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role for his role in The Bay Boy and earned two other Genie best actor nominations for Deserters ( 1984 ) and Overnight ( 1986 ) and a Gemini Award nomination for best actor in aka Albert Walker ( 2003 ) . He won a Jessie Award for best actor in 2005 for his performance in Trying at the Vancouver Playhouse . In 2006 he won the Jury Prize for best supporting actor at the Austin Fantastic Fest in The Hamster Cage and the Vancouver Film Critics Circle honorary award for lifetime achievement .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonya_Lee_Williams', 'summary': 'Tonya Williams ( born on July 12 , 1958 ) is a Canadian-American-English actress , producer , director and activist . Sometimes credited as Tonya Lee Williams , she is best known for her role as Dr. Olivia Barber Winters on the American daytime drama The Young and the Restless from 1990 to 2011 . She is the founder and executive director of Reelworld Film Festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Ratchford', 'summary': 'Jeremy Ratchford ( born August 6 , 1965 ) is a Canadian actor . He starred as Nick Vera on the TV series Cold Case .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Owens_(actor)', 'summary': 'Christopher Bradley Chris Owens ( born 7 September 1961 ) is a Canadian actor . He is best known for his performances on the television series The X-Files . Owens was born in Toronto , Ontario , the son of Jeannette , a jazz singer , and Garry Owens , a jazz drummer .'}]}, {'value': 'TV movie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Between Two Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Between_Two_Women_(1986_film)', 'summary': 'Between Two Women is a 1986 television film that starred Farrah Fawcett and Colleen Dewhurst ; in an emotional story about a relationship between a married woman and her mother-in-law .'}]}, {'value': 'Jon Avnet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Avnet', 'summary': 'Jonathan Michael Jon Avnet ( born November 17 , 1949 ) , is an American director , writer and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Farrah Fawcett , Colleen Dewhurst , Michael Nouri , Bridgette Andersen , Danny Corkill , Steven Hill , Terry O'Quinn , Kenneth Danziger and Carmen Argenziano", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farrah_Fawcett', 'summary': "Farrah Leni Fawcett ( /ˈfærə ˈfɔːsɪt/ ; originally spelled Ferrah ; February 2 , 1947 - June 25 , 2009 ) was an American actress of stage and screen , model , and artist . A five-time Emmy Award nominee and six-time Golden Globe Award nominee , Fawcett rose to international fame when she starred as private investigator Jill Munroe in the first season of the television series Charlie 's Angels ( 1976-1977 ) . Fawcett began her career in the 1960s appearing in commercials and guest roles on television . During the 1970s , she appeared in numerous television series , including recurring roles on Harry O ( 1974-1976 ) , and The Six Million Dollar Man ( 1974-1978 ) with her first husband , film and television star Lee Majors . Her breakthrough role came in 1976 when she was cast as Jill Munroe in Charlie 's Angels , alongside Kate Jackson and Jaclyn Smith . The show propelled all three to stardom , but especially Fawcett , who was then billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors . After appearing only in the first season , she decided to leave the show , but returned as a guest star in six episodes during the show 's third and fourth seasons ( 1978-1980 ) . For her role in Charlie 's Angels , she received her first Golden Globe nomination . In 1983 , Fawcett received positive reviews for her performance in the Off-Broadway play Extremities . She was subsequently cast in the 1986 film version and received a Golden Globe nomination . She received two Emmy Award nominations for her roles in TV movies , as a battered wife in the 1984 film The Burning Bed and as real-life murderer Diane Downs in the 1989 film Small Sacrifices . Her 1980s work in TV movies also earned her four additional Golden Globe nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colleen_Dewhurst', 'summary': "Colleen Rose Dewhurst ( 3 June 1924 - 22 August 1991 ) was a Canadian-American actress . She is known most for theatre roles , and for a while as the Queen of Off-Broadway . In her autobiography , Dewhurst wrote : I had moved so quickly from one Off-Broadway production to the next that I was known , at one point , as the 'Queen of Off-Broadway ' . This title was not due to my brilliance , but , rather , because most of the plays I was in closed after a run of anywhere from one night to two weeks . I would then move immediately into another . She was a renowned interpreter of the works of Eugene O'Neill on the stage , and her career also encompassed film , early dramas on live television , and Joseph Papp 's New York Shakespeare Festival . One of her last roles was playing Marilla Cuthbert in the Kevin Sullivan television adaptations of the Anne of Green Gables series , and her reprisal of the role in the subsequent TV series Road to Avonlea ( marketed as Avonlea in the US ) . Dewhurst won two Tony Awards and four Emmy Awards for her stage and television work ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Nouri', 'summary': 'Michael Nouri ( born December 9 , 1945 ) is an American television and film actor . His father , Edmond Nouri was born in Iraq . He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film Flashdance . He has had recurring roles in numerous television series , including NCIS as Eli David , the father of Mossad officer ( later Special Agent ) Ziva David , The O.C . as Dr. Neil Roberts , and Damages as Phil Grey . He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the 2006 comedy movie Last Holiday and LAPD Detective Thomas Beck in the science fiction action film The Hidden . He also starred opposite Julie Andrews as King Marchand in the 1995 Broadway adaptation of Victor/Victoria .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bridgette_Andersen', 'summary': "Bridgette Andersen ( July 11 , 1975 - 1997 ) was a California-based child actress and child model in American media . She starred in 1982 's Savannah Smiles , for which she received her first of four Youth in Film Award nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Danny_Corkill', 'summary': "Daniel Bryon Danny Corkill ( born March 8 , 1974 ) is an American former child actor who saw early success in such films as Without a Trace and D.A.R.Y.L . He appeared in a number of commercials and had a small part in the TV series Ryan 's Hope . He was born in Park Ridge , Illinois , and , now retired from acting , lives in the St. Paul area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steven_Hill', 'summary': 'Steven Hill ( born Solomon Krakovsky ; February 24 , 1922 - August 23 , 2016 ) was an American actor . His two better-known roles are district attorney Adam Schiff on the NBC television drama series Law & Order , whom he portrayed for 10 seasons ( 1990-2000 ) , and Dan Briggs , the original team leader of the Impossible Missions Force on the CBS television series Mission : Impossible , whom he portrayed in the initial season of the show ( 1966-1967 ) .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Terry_O'Quinn", 'summary': "Terrance Quinn ( born July 15 , 1952 ) , known professionally as Terry O'Quinn , is an American actor . He played John Locke on the TV series Lost , the title role in The Stepfather and Stepfather II , and Peter Watts in Millennium , which ran for three seasons ( 1996-1999 ) . He has also hosted Mysteries of the Missing on The Science Channel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carmen_Argenziano', 'summary': 'Carmen Antimo Argenziano ( October 27 , 1943 - February 10 , 2019 ) was an American actor who has appeared in over 50 movies and around 100 television movies or episodes . He is best known for playing Jacob Carter on Stargate SG-1 . He had recurring roles on Booker , L.A. Law , Melrose Place , and The Young and the Restless . He had a small role in The Godfather Part II , Angels & Demons and The Accused .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caravaggio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caravaggio_(1986_film)', 'summary': 'Caravaggio is a 1986 British drama film directed by Derek Jarman . The film is a fictionalised re-telling of the life of Baroque painter Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio . It is the film debut of Tilda Swinton and Sean Bean .'}]}, {'value': 'Derek Jarman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derek_Jarman', 'summary': 'Michael Derek Elworthy Jarman ( 31 January 1942 - 19 February 1994 ) was an English film director , stage designer , diarist , artist , gardener , and author .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Historical , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noam Almaz , Dawn Archibald , Sean Bean , Jack Birkett , Sadie Corre , Una Brandon-Jones , Imogen Claire , Robbie Coltrane , Garry Cooper , Lol Coxhill , Nigel Davenport , Vernon Dobtcheff , Terry Downes , Dexter Fletcher , Michael Gough , Jonathan Hyde , Spencer Leigh , Emile Nicolaou , Gene October , Cindy Oswin , John Rogan , Zohra Sehgal , Tilda Swinton , Lucien Taylor , Nigel Terry and Simon Fisher Turner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_Bean', 'summary': "Shaun Mark Bean ( born 17 April 1959 ) , credited professionally as Sean Bean ( /ˈʃɔːn ˈbiːn/ ) , is an English actor . After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , Bean made his professional debut in a theatre production of Romeo and Juliet in 1983 . Retaining his Yorkshire accent , he first found mainstream success for his portrayal of Richard Sharpe in the ITV series Sharpe . Further roles followed , including Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001-2003 ) , Equilibrium ( 2002 ) , National Treasure ( 2004 ) , Odysseus in Troy ( 2004 ) , Flightplan ( 2005 ) , North Country ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , Silent Hill ( 2006 ) , Black Death ( 2010 ) , Jupiter Ascending ( 2015 ) and The Martian ( 2015 ) . Other TV roles include the BBC anthology series Accused , Game of Thrones and the ITV historical drama series Henry VIII . As a voice actor , Bean has been featured in the video games The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , Sid Meier 's Civilization VI , and the drama The Canterbury Tales , among several others ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jack_Birkett', 'summary': "Jack Birkett ( 11 June 1934 - 10 May 2010 ) was a British dancer , mime artist , actor and singer , best known for his work on stage as a member of Lindsay Kemp 's theatre company , and in the films of Derek Jarman . He was often billed as Orlando or The Incredible Orlando . Most of his best-known work was done when he was totally blind ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sadie_Corre', 'summary': 'Sadie Corré ( 31 May 1918 - 26 August 2009 ) was an English actress , tap dancer , comic performer and leading pantomime cat . She was sometimes credited as Sadie Corrie .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robbie_Coltrane', 'summary': 'Anthony Robert McMillan OBE ( born 30 March 1950 ) , known professionally as Robbie Coltrane , is a Scottish actor and author . He is known for his roles as Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films , as Valentin Dmitrovich Zhukovsky in the James Bond films GoldenEye and The World Is Not Enough , and as Dr. Eddie Fitz Fitzgerald in the British TV series Cracker during the 1990s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Garry_Cooper', 'summary': 'Garry Cooper is an English actor . He was born in Hull , East Yorkshire , on 2 June 1955 . Garry trained at Drama Centre , London and has worked extensively in film , television and theatre .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lol_Coxhill', 'summary': 'George Lowen Coxhill ( 19 September 1932 - 10 July 2012 ) , generally known as Lol Coxhill , was an English free improvising saxophonist and raconteur . He played the soprano or sopranino saxophone .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nigel_Davenport', 'summary': 'Arthur Nigel Davenport ( 23 May 1928 - 25 October 2013 ) was a British stage , television and film actor , best known as the Duke of Norfolk and Lord Birkenhead in the Academy Award-winning films A Man for All Seasons and Chariots of Fire , respectively .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vernon_Dobtcheff', 'summary': 'Vernon Dobtcheff ( born 14 August 1934 ) is a British actor , although best known for his roles on television and film , has acted numerously in stage productions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Terry_Downes', 'summary': "Terry Downes , BEM ( 9 May 1936 - 6 October 2017 ) was a British middleweight boxer , occasional film actor , and businessman . He was nicknamed the Paddington Express for his aggressive fighting style . At the time of his death , Downes was Britain 's oldest surviving former world champion . He held the world middleweight title ( the version recognised by Europe , New York , and Massachusetts ) for ten months from 1961-62 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dexter_Fletcher', 'summary': "Dexter Fletcher ( born 31 January 1966 ) is an English actor and director . He has appeared in Guy Ritchie 's Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels and the crime comedy Smoking Guns , as well as in television shows such as the comedy-drama Hotel Babylon , the HBO series Band of Brothers and , earlier in his career , the children 's show Press Gang . He was also in the film Bugsy Malone . He had a short stint as a presenter on the third series of Channel 4 's GamesMaster in 1993 and 1994 . Fletcher made his directorial debut with Wild Bill ( 2011 ) , and also directed Sunshine on Leith ( 2013 ) and Eddie the Eagle ( 2015 ) . He replaced Bryan Singer as director of Bohemian Rhapsody , a biopic about the band Queen , released in October 2018 ; due to DGA rules , he received executive producer credit . In 2019 he directed Rocketman , a film based on the life of Elton John ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Gough', 'summary': "Francis Michael Gough ( /ˈɡɒf/ GOF ; 23 November 1916 - 17 March 2011 ) was an English character actor who made over 150 film and television appearances . He is known for his roles in the Hammer Horror Films from 1958 , with his first role as Sir Arthur Holmwood in Dracula , and for his recurring role as Alfred Pennyworth in all four films of the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher Batman tetralogy . He would appear in three more Burton films : in Sleepy Hollow , voicing Elder Gutknecht in Corpse Bride and the Dodo in Alice in Wonderland . Gough also appeared in popular British television shows , including Doctor Who , as the titular villain in The Celestial Toymaker ( 1966 ) and as Councillor Hedin in Arc of Infinity ( 1983 ) , and in a memorable episode of The Avengers as the automation-obsessed , wheelchair-bound Dr. Armstrong in The Cybernauts ( 1965 ) . In 1956 he received a British Academy Television Award for Best Actor . At the National Theatre in London , Gough excelled as a comedian , playing a resigned and rueful parent in Alan Ayckbourns Bedroom Farce ( 1977 ) . When the comedy transferred to Broadway in 1978 he won a Tony Award . One of Gough 's funniest West End roles was as Baron von Epp in the 1983 revival of John Osbornes A Patriot for Me ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Hyde', 'summary': 'Jonathan Stephen Geoffrey King , known as Jonathan Nash Hyde ( born 21 May 1948 ) , is an Australian-English actor , known for roles such as Herbert Cadbury in Richie Rich , J. Bruce Ismay in the 1997 film Titanic , Culverton Smith in The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes , Warren Westridge in Anaconda , Sam Parrish and Van Pelt in Jumanji , and Eldritch Palmer in the FX TV series The Strain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spencer_Leigh_(actor)', 'summary': 'Spencer Leigh ( born circa 1963 ) is an English TV and film actor . Born and raised in Liverpool , Leigh attended the King David High School , Childwall , a Jewish secondary school which also accepted non-Jewish pupils . ( Other notable alumnae include actor Jason Isaacs and musician Guy Chambers . ) He became interested in the theatre and joined the Everyman and Playhouse Youth Theatre soon after it opened in Liverpool . Fellow theatre student David Morrissey and he were chosen by Yorkshire Television to play as two poverty-stricken kids in the drama miniseries One Summer . Leigh has since appeared in various TV and film roles , including in several films directed by Derek Jarman , and in the premiere episode of the TV detective drama Inspector Morse , wherein he played as a university student involved in a murder investigation . In the 1980s , he was considered one of the Brit Pack . He moved to the United States in the early 1990s , where he worked with music video producer Jake Scott , then directing TV commercials . Leigh also worked with Criterion on documentary material for the Merchant Ivory Collection .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gene_October', 'summary': "Gene October is a British vocalist and songwriter who was a formative figure in London 's punk rock movement in the late 1970s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Rogan_(actor)', 'summary': 'John Rogan ( 1938 - 19 March 2017 ) was an Irish actor . His career began in theatre , appearing in productions ranging from Shakespearean plays to musicals and contemporary drama , and he then moved into film and TV work . He was a cousin of author and music critic Johnny Rogan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zohra_Sehgal', 'summary': "Zohra Mumtaz Segal ( 27 April 1912 - 10 July 2014 ) was an Indian actress , dancer , and choreographer . Segal started her career as a dancer in Uday Shankar 's troupe , performing in countries such as the United States and Japan . She went on to appear in numerous Bollywood films as a character actress with a career-span of over 60 years . The famous films she was part of include Neecha Nagar , Afsar ( 1946 ) , Bhaji on the Beach ( 1992 ) , The Mystic Masseur ( 2001 ) , Bend It Like Beckham ( 2002 ) , Dil Se . ( 1998 ) , Saaya ( 2003 ) , Saawariya and Cheeni Kum ( 2007 ) ; and the TV serials The Jewel in the Crown ( 1984 ) , Tandoori Nights ( 1985-87 ) and Amma and Family ( 1996 ) . At the age of 90 , she played the central character in the 2002 film Chalo Ishq Ladaaye . Considered the doyenne of Indian theatre , she acted with the Indian People 's Theatre Association ( IPTA ) and Prithviraj Kapoor 's Prithvi Theatre for 14 years . She has also acted in English-language films such as Bend It Like Beckham . She was awarded the Padma Shri in 1998 , Kalidas Samman in 2001 , and in 2004 , the Sangeet Natak Akademi . India 's National Academy for Music , Dance and Drama presented her with its highest award , the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship for lifetime achievement . She received the Padma Vibhushan , India 's second-highest civilian honor , in 2010 . She died in a New Delhi hospital on 10 July 2014 due to cardiac arrest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tilda_Swinton', 'summary': "Katherine Matilda Swinton ( born 5 November 1960 ) is a British actress , known for her roles in both independent arthouse films and blockbusters . She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the 2007 film Michael Clayton . She also won the BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actress for the 2003 film Young Adam , and has received three Golden Globe Award nominations . Swinton began her career in experimental films , directed by Derek Jarman , starting with Caravaggio ( 1986 ) , followed by The Last of England ( 1988 ) , War Requiem ( 1989 ) , and The Garden ( 1990 ) . Swinton won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival for her portrayal of Isabella of France in Edward II ( 1991 ) . She next starred in Sally Potter 's Orlando ( 1992 ) , and was nominated for the European Film Award for Best Actress . Swinton was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance in The Deep End ( 2001 ) . She followed this with appearances in Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) , Adaptation ( 2002 ) , Constantine ( 2005 ) , Julia ( 2008 ) , and I Am Love ( 2009 ) . She won the European Film Award for Best Actress and received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for the psychological thriller We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) . She is also known for her performance as the White Witch in The Chronicles of Narnia series ( 2005-2010 ) and the Ancient One in the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise . Swinton was given the Richard Harris Award by the British Independent Film Awards in recognition of her contributions to the British film industry . In 2013 , she was given a special tribute by the Museum of Modern Art ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nigel_Terry', 'summary': "Peter Nigel Terry ( 15 August 1945 - 30 April 2015 ) was an English stage and film actor probably best known by film audiences for his portrayal of King Arthur in John Boorman 's Excalibur ( 1981 ) . Terry primarily dedicated himself to the classical stage . When he extended himself into film and TV outings , it was mostly for historical or period roles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Simon_Fisher_Turner', 'summary': "Simon Turner ( born 21 November 1954 ) is an English musician , songwriter , composer , producer and actor . After portraying Ned East in the 1971 BBC TV adaptation of Tom Brown 's Schooldays and roles in films such as The Big Sleep ( 1978 ) , Dover-born Simon Turner quickly rose to fame as a teenage star in Britain thanks to his mentor Jonathan King who released his first album Simon Turner in 1973 on UK Records . Turner was a member of the Gadget and also joined The The for a period of two years . He has used several names as a recording artist , including Simon Fisher Turner , the King of Luxembourg , Deux Filles and Simon Turner . He continues to record albums for Mute Records as Simon Fisher Turner . He was a member of The Portsmouth Sinfonia Orchestra , and plays clarinet on their only live album , recorded at The Albert Hall , London ."}]}, {'value': 'Fictionalized re-telling of the life of the Baroque painter of the same name', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baroque', 'summary': 'The Baroque ( UK : /bəˈrɒk/ , US : /bəˈroʊk/ ; French : [ baʁɔk ] ) is a style of architecture , music , dance , painting , sculpture and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1740s . In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including the Iberian Peninsula it continued , together with new styles , until the first decade of the 1800s . It followed Renaissance art and Mannerism and preceded the Rococo ( in the past often referred to as late Baroque ) and Neoclassical styles . It was encouraged by the Catholic Church as a means to counter the simplicity and austerity of Protestant architecture , art and music , though Lutheran Baroque art developed in parts of Europe as well . The Baroque style used contrast , movement , exuberant detail , deep colour , grandeur and surprise to achieve a sense of awe . The style began at the start of the 17th century in Rome , then spread rapidly to France , northern Italy , Spain and Portugal , then to Austria , southern Germany and Russia . By the 1730s , it had evolved into an even more flamboyant style , called rocaille or Rococo , which appeared in France and Central Europe until the mid to late 18th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Caravaggio', 'summary': 'Michelangelo Merisi ( Michele Angelo Merigi or Amerighi ) da Caravaggio ( /ˌkærəˈvædʒioʊ/ , US : /-ˈvɑːdʒ ( i ) oʊ/ , Italian pronunciation : [ mikeˈlandʒelo meˈriːzi da ( k ) karaˈvaddʒo ] ; 29 September 1571 - 18 July 1610 ) was an Italian painter active in Rome , Naples , Malta , and Sicily from the early 1590s to 1610 . His paintings combine a realistic observation of the human state , both physical and emotional , with a dramatic use of lighting , which had a formative influence on Baroque painting . Caravaggio employed close physical observation with a dramatic use of chiaroscuro that came to be known as tenebrism . He made the technique a dominant stylistic element , darkening shadows and transfixing subjects in bright shafts of light . Caravaggio vividly expressed crucial moments and scenes , often featuring violent struggles , torture and death . He worked rapidly , with live models , preferring to forgo drawings and work directly onto the canvas . His influence on the new Baroque style that emerged from Mannerism was profound . It can be seen directly or indirectly in the work of Peter Paul Rubens , Jusepe de Ribera , Gian Lorenzo Bernini , and Rembrandt , and artists in the following generation heavily under his influence were called the Caravaggisti or Caravagesques , as well as tenebrists or tenebrosi ( shadowists ) . Caravaggio trained as a painter in Milan before moving in his twenties to Rome . He developed a considerable name as an artist , and as a violent , touchy and provocative man . A brawl led to a death sentence for murder and forced him to flee to Naples . There he again established himself as one of the most prominent Italian painters of his generation .'}]}, {'value': 'Chinese Characters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Fung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Fung', 'summary': "Richard Fung ( born 1954 ) is a video artist , writer , public intellectual and theorist who currently lives and works in Toronto , Ontario . He was born in Port of Spain , Trinidad and is openly gay . Fung is a professor at OCAD University . He earned an undergraduate degree at the University of Toronto , and received a MEd in sociology and cultural studies at University of Toronto . Fung 's work in video explores the role of Asian men in gay pornography , while addressing the intersections between colonialism , immigration , racism , homophobia , and AIDS . Many of his works have been presented at venues in Canada and the United States of America . Fung is an activist and founded the Toronto-based organization Gay Asians of Toronto in 1980 . In 2019 , he was presented the Bonham Centre Award from The Mark S. Bonham Centre for Sexual Diversity Studies , University of Toronto , for his contributions to the advancement and education of issues around sexual identification ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lloyd Wong , Lim and Paul Cheung', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Decline of the American Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_American_Empire', 'summary': "The Decline of the American Empire ( French : Le Déclin de l'empire américain ) is a 1986 Canadian sex comedy-drama film directed by Denys Arcand and starring Rémy Girard , Pierre Curzi and Dorothée Berryman . The film follows a group of intellectual friends from the Université de Montréal history department as they engage in a long dialogue about their sexual affairs , touching on issues of adultery , homosexuality , group sex , BDSM and prostitution . A number of characters associate self-indulgence with societal decline . The film was a box office success in Quebec , English-speaking Canada and internationally and received good reviews . It won the FIPRESCI Prize at the Cannes Film Festival , nine Genie Awards , including Best Motion Picture , and was the first Canadian film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . It was followed by two sequels , The Barbarian Invasions in 2003 and Days of Darkness in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Denys Arcand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denys_Arcand', 'summary': "Georges-Henri Denys Arcand CC GOQ ( French : [ dəni aʁkɑ̃ ] ; born June 25 , 1941 ) is a French Canadian film director , screenwriter and producer . His film The Barbarian Invasions won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film in 2004 . His films have also been nominated three further times , including two nominations in the same category for The Decline of the American Empire in 1986 and Jesus of Montreal in 1989 , becoming the only French-Canadian director in history whose films have received this number of nominations and , subsequently , to have a film win the award . Also for The Barbarian Invasions , he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay , losing to Sofia Coppola for Lost in Translation . During his four decades career , he became the most globally recognized director from Quebec , winning many awards from the Cannes Film Festival , including the Best Screenplay Award , the Jury Prize , and many other prestigious awards worldwide . He won three César Awards in 2004 for The Barbarian Invasions : Best Director , Best Original Screenplay and Best Film , being the only Canadian director to have accomplished this . Arcand has directed three Canadian films that have received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Film and three films in the Toronto International Film Festival 's 2004 list of the top 10 Canadian films of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rémy Girard , Dominique Michel , Dorothée Berryman , Louise Portal , Pierre Curzi , Yves Jacques , Geneviève Rioux , Daniel Brière , Gabriel Arcand and Ariane Frédérique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rémy_Girard', 'summary': 'Rémy Girard OC ( born August 10 , 1950 ) is a Canadian actor and former television host from Quebec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dominique_Michel', 'summary': 'Dominique Michel , OC , CQ ( born September 24 , 1932 in Sorel-Tracy , Quebec as Aimée Sylvestre ) is a Quebec comedian , actress , singer and artist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dorothée_Berryman', 'summary': 'Dorothée Berryman ( born April 28 , 1948 ) is a Canadian actress and singer from Quebec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Louise_Portal', 'summary': 'Louise Portal ( born May 12 , 1950 ) is a Canadian actress , film director , singer and writer . She won the Genie Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film The Decline of the American Empire , and was a nominee for Best Actress for Sous-sol ( Not Me ! ) . Her other film roles have included Full Blast , Séraphin : Heart of Stone , The Barbarian Invasions ( Les Invasions barbares ) , The Five of Us ( Elles étaient cinq ) , Adrien ( Le Garagiste ) , Paul à Québec , The Orphan Muses ( Les Muses orphelines ) , Les Salopes , or the Naturally Wanton Pleasure of Skin and Cordélia . Portal was born in Chicoutimi , Quebec . Her twin sister Pauline Lapointe ( died 2010 ) was also an actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Curzi', 'summary': 'Pierre Curzi ( born February 11 , 1946 in Montreal , Quebec ) is an actor , screenwriter and politician in Quebec . He is a former Member of the National Assembly of Quebec ( MNA ) for the riding of Borduas in the Montérégie region south of Montreal . Elected under the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) banner , he later sat as an independent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yves_Jacques', 'summary': 'Yves Jacques OC ( born 10 May 1956 ) is a Canadian film , television and stage actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Geneviève_Rioux', 'summary': 'Geneviève Rioux ( born 3 November 1961 in Quebec City ) is a Québécoise television host and actor in theatre , television and film .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gabriel_Arcand', 'summary': "Gabriel Arcand ( born June 4 , 1949 ) is a Canadian actor . He is the brother of film director Denys Arcand . After studying philosophy at McGill University , Gabriel Arcand spent his formative years - professionally speaking - at La Criée in Marseilles , France , and later in Poland where he studied theatre . Since he made his 1973 screen debut in his brothers first feature , La Maudite Galette , he established himself as Quebecs iconic strong , silent type and has given subtle but powerful performances in a wide range of films such as Réjeanne Padovani , Les Plouffe , Le Crime dOvide Plouffe , Le Déclin de lempire américain , Post Mortem and Congorama . He won the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television 's award for Best Actor at the 6th Genie Awards in 1985 for his performance in The Crime of Ovide Plouffe ( Le Crime d'Ovide Plouffe ) and at the 2nd Canadian Screen Awards in 2014 for The Dismantling ( Le Démantèlement ) , and the award for Best Supporting Actor at the 8th Genie Awards in 1987 for Decline of the American Empire . He was also nominated for Best Actor at the 3rd Genie Awards in 1982 for Les Plouffe and at the 20th Genie Awards for Post Mortem , and for Best Supporting Actor at the 2nd Genie Awards in 1981 for Suzanne and at the 20th Genie Awards in 1999 for Le Grand serpent du monde ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Der Rosenkönig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Werner Schroeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werner_Schroeter', 'summary': 'Werner Schroeter ( 7 April 1945 - 12 April 2010 ) was a German film director , screenwriter , and opera director known for his stylistic excess . Schroeter was cited by Rainer Werner Fassbinder as an influence both on his own work and on German cinema at large .'}]}, {'value': 'West Germany Portugal France Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama , musical', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magdalena Montezuma , Mostefa Djadjam , Antonio Orlando , Karina Fallenstein , Sintra and Montijo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'aka The Rose King', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Flavor of Corn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Flavor_of_Corn', 'summary': 'The Flavor of Corn ( Italian : Il sapore del grano ; also known in English as The Taste of Wheat ) is a 1986 Italian coming-of-age film . Written and directed by Gianni Da Campo , the film stars Lorenzo Lena and Marco Mestriner and follows the story of a same-sex romance that develops between a young professor and his 12-year-old student .'}]}, {'value': 'Gianni Da Campo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coming-of-age , romance , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorenzo Lena , Marco Mestriner , Alba Mottura , Egidio Termine , Mattia Pinoli , Paolo Garlato , Elena Barbalich , Elisabetta Barbini and Marina Vlady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marina_Vlady', 'summary': 'Marina Vlady ( born Marina Catherine de Poliakoff-Baydaroff ; 10 May 1938 ) is a French actress .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In a Glass Cage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_a_Glass_Cage', 'summary': 'In a Glass Cage ( Spanish : Tras el cristal ) is a 1986 Spanish drama film written and directed by Agustí Villaronga , and starring Günter Meisner , Marisa Paredes and David Sust . Inspired by the history of Gilles de Rais , the plot follows an ex-Nazi child molester who is now paralyzed and depending on an iron lung to live . A young man who comes to nurse him was one of his former victims years before . Due to themes mixing Nazism , pedophilia , torture and homosexuality , the film was highly controversial . To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Teddy Awards , the film was selected to be shown at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Agustí Villaronga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agustí_Villaronga', 'summary': 'Agustí Villaronga Riutort ( Catalan pronunciation : [ əɣusˈti βiʎəˈɾoŋɡə ] ; born 4 March 1953 ) is a Balearic Spanish film director , screenwriter and actor . He has directed seven feature films , a documentary , three projects for television and three shorts . His film El niño de la luna was entered into the 1989 Cannes Film Festival . In 2011 he won the Goya Award for Best Director for Pa negre ( Black Bread ) . The film was selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards , but it did not make the final shortlist .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Günter Meisner , David Sust , Marisa Paredes , Gisèle Echevarría , Imma Colomer , Ricardo Carcelero and Alberto Manzano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Günter_Meisner', 'summary': 'Günter Meisner ( 18 April 1926 - 5 December 1994 ) was a German film and television character actor . He is remembered for his several cinematic portrayals of Adolf Hitler and for his role as Arthur Slugworth in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . He was fluent in four languages and appeared in many English-language , German-language and French-language films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marisa_Paredes', 'summary': 'María Luisa Paredes Bartolomé ( born 3 April 1946 in Madrid ) , known professionally as Marisa Paredes , is a Spanish actress .'}]}, {'value': 'a.k.a . Tras el cristal ; inspired by the history of Gilles de Rais', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilles_de_Rais', 'summary': "Gilles de Rais ( c. September 1405 - 26 October 1440 ) , Baron de Rais ( French : [ də ʁɛ ] ) , was a knight and lord from Brittany , Anjou and Poitou , a leader in the French army , and a companion-in-arms of Joan of Arc . He is best known for his reputation and later conviction as a confessed serial killer of children . A member of the House of Montmorency-Laval , Gilles de Rais grew up under the tutelage of his maternal grandfather and increased his fortune by marriage . He earned the favour of the Duke of Brittany and was admitted to the French court . From 1427 to 1435 , Rais served as a commander in the French army , and fought alongside Joan of Arc against the English and their Burgundian allies during the Hundred Years ' War , for which he was appointed Marshal of France . In 1434 or 1435 he retired from military life , depleted his wealth by staging an extravagant theatrical spectacle of his own composition , and was accused of dabbling in the occult . After 1432 , Rais was accused of engaging in a series of child murders , with victims possibly numbering in the hundreds . The killings came to an end in 1440 , when a violent dispute with a clergyman led to an ecclesiastical investigation that brought the crimes to light , and attributed them to Rais . At his trial the parents of missing children in the surrounding area and Rais 's own confederates in crime testified against him . He was condemned to death and hanged at Nantes on 26 October 1440 . Rais is believed to be the inspiration for the 1697 fairy tale Bluebeard ( Barbe bleue ) by Charles Perrault ."}]}, {'value': 'Mala Noche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mala_Noche', 'summary': "Mala Noche ( also known as Bad Night ) is a 1986 American drama film based on Walt Curtis ' autobiographical novel . It marked Gus Van Sant 's directorial film debut , and stars Tim Streeter , Doug Cooeyate , Ray Monge , and Nyla McCarthy . The film was shot in 16 mm with black-and-white at Portland , Oregon ."}]}, {'value': 'Gus Van Sant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant', 'summary': "Gus Green Van Sant Jr. ( born July 24 , 1952 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , painter , photographer , musician , and author who has earned acclaim as both an independent and mainstream filmmaker . His films typically deal with themes of marginalized subcultures , in particular homosexuality ; as such , Van Sant is considered one of the most prominent auteurs of the New Queer Cinema movement . Van Sant 's early career was devoted to directing television commercials in the Pacific Northwest . He made his feature-length cinematic directorial debut with Mala Noche ( 1985 ) . His second feature Drugstore Cowboy ( 1989 ) was highly acclaimed , and earned Van Sant screenwriting awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and New York Film Critics Circle and the award for Best Director from the National Society of Film Critics . His following film , My Own Private Idaho ( 1991 ) , was similarly praised , as was the black comedy To Die For ( 1995 ) , the drama Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) , and the biographical film Milk ( 2008 ) ; for the latter two , Van Sant was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and both films received Best Picture nominations . In 2003 , Van Sant 's film about the Columbine High School massacre , Elephant , won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival . Van Sant also received the festival 's Best Director Award that same year , making him one of only two filmmakers - the other being Joel Coen - to win both accolades at the festival in the same year . Though most of Van Sant 's other films received favourable reviews , such as Finding Forrester ( 2000 ) and Paranoid Park ( 2007 ) , some of his efforts , such as the art house production Last Days ( 2005 ) and the environmental drama Promised Land ( 2012 ) , have received more mixed reviews from critics , while his adaptation of Tom Robbins 's Even Cowgirls Get the Blues ( 1994 ) , his 1998 remake of Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho , and The Sea of Trees ( 2015 ) , were critical and commercial failures . In addition to directing , Van Sant has written the screenplays for several of his earlier works , and is the author of a novel entitled Pink . A book of his photography , called 108 Portraits , has also been published , and he has released two musical albums . He is openly gay and lives in Los Feliz , California ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tim Streeter , Doug Cooeyate , Ray Monge , Nyla McCarthy , Don Chambers and Walt Curtis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Chambers', 'summary': "Don Chambers is author and artist for the Golden Pencil award-winning newspaper comic strip Mannequins . Mannequins was first published in the Arthur Graphic-Clarion , Arthur , Illinois , in 1996 . Mannequins was the first newspaper comic strip to feature computer-generated and physical 3D characters along with actual photographic images in the background of the comic panels . Chambers ' artwork and comics have been featured in dozens of magazines , including Farm Journal , Street Rodder and Car Craft . His animations and graphics have been used in four regional Emmy Award winning documentaries for PBS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Walt_Curtis', 'summary': "Walt Curtis ( born July 4 , 1941 ) is a poet , novelist and painter from Portland , Oregon . His autobiographical work , Mala Noche ( 1977 ) , became the basis for Gus Van Sant 's 1985 film of the same name . He was the co-founder of the Oregon Cultural Heritage Commission . He has written about and championed Oregon literary figures such as Joaquin Miller , Hazel Hall , Frances Fuller Victor , and many others . Portland Mayor Sam Adams declared July 1-7 , 2010 Walt Curtis Week ."}]}, {'value': 'a.k.a . Bad Night ; based on the autobiographical novel Mala Noche : And Other Illegal Adventures by Walt Curtis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Autobiographical_novel', 'summary': "An autobiographical novel is a form of novel using autofiction techniques , or the merging of autobiographical and fictive elements . The literary technique is distinguished from an autobiography or memoir by the stipulation of being fiction . Because an autobiographical novel is partially fiction , the author does not ask the reader to expect the text to fulfill the autobiographical pact . Names and locations are often changed and events are recreated to make them more dramatic but the story still bears a close resemblance to that of the author 's life . While the events of the author 's life are recounted , there is no pretense of exact truth . Events may be exaggerated or altered for artistic or thematic purposes . Novels that portray settings and/or situations with which the author is familiar are not necessarily autobiographical . Neither are novels that include aspects drawn from the author 's life as minor plot details . To be considered an autobiographical novel by most standards , there must be a protagonist modeled after the author and a central plotline that mirrors events in his or her life . Novels that do not fully meet these requirements or are further distanced from true events are sometimes called semi-autobiographical novels . Many novels about intense , private experiences such as war , family conflict or sex , are written as autobiographical novels . Some works openly refer to themselves as 'nonfiction novels . '"}, {'url': '/wiki/Walt_Curtis', 'summary': "Walt Curtis ( born July 4 , 1941 ) is a poet , novelist and painter from Portland , Oregon . His autobiographical work , Mala Noche ( 1977 ) , became the basis for Gus Van Sant 's 1985 film of the same name . He was the co-founder of the Oregon Cultural Heritage Commission . He has written about and championed Oregon literary figures such as Joaquin Miller , Hazel Hall , Frances Fuller Victor , and many others . Portland Mayor Sam Adams declared July 1-7 , 2010 Walt Curtis Week ."}]}, {'value': 'Mona Lisa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(1986_film)', 'summary': 'Mona Lisa is a 1986 British neo-noir crime drama film about an ex-convict who becomes entangled in the dangerous life of a high-class call girl . The film was written by Neil Jordan and David Leland , and directed by Jordan . It was produced by HandMade Films and stars Bob Hoskins , Cathy Tyson , and Michael Caine . The film was nominated for multiple awards , and Bob Hoskins was nominated for several awards for his performance ( including the Academy Award for Best Actor ) , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama and BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role .'}]}, {'value': 'Neil Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neil_Jordan', 'summary': 'Neil Patrick Jordan ( born 25 February 1950 ) is an Irish film director , screenwriter , novelist and short-story writer . His first book , Night in Tunisia , won a Somerset Maugham Award and the Guardian Fiction Prize in 1979 . He won an Academy Award ( Best Original Screenplay ) for The Crying Game ( 1992 ) . He has also won three Irish Film and Television Awards , as well as the Silver Bear for Best Director at the Berlin International Film Festival for The Butcher Boy ( 1997 ) . Jordan also created The Borgias ( 2011 TV series ) for Showtime .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crime , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Hoskins , Cathy Tyson , Michael Caine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Hoskins', 'summary': "Robert William Hoskins ( 26 October 1942 - 29 April 2014 ) was an English actor . His work included lead roles in Pennies from Heaven ( 1978 ) , The Long Good Friday ( 1980 ) , Mona Lisa ( 1986 ) , Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) , Mermaids ( 1990 ) , and Super Mario Bros. ( 1993 ) , and supporting performances in Brazil ( 1985 ) , Hook ( 1991 ) , Nixon ( 1995 ) , Enemy at the Gates ( 2001 ) , Mrs. Henderson Presents ( 2005 ) , A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) , Made in Dagenham ( 2010 ) , and Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . He also directed two feature films : The Raggedy Rawney ( 1988 ) and Rainbow ( 1996 ) . Hoskins received the best actor award at the Cannes Film Festival , the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama for his role in Mona Lisa . He was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for the same role . In 2009 , Hoskins won an International Emmy Award for Best Actor for his appearance on the BBC One drama The Street . Hoskins retired from acting in 2012 due to Parkinson 's disease , and died from pneumonia on 29 April 2014 , at age 71 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cathy_Tyson', 'summary': 'Catherine Tyson ( born 12 June 1965 ) is an English stage , film and television actress . She won the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1986 film Mona Lisa . The film also earned her Golden Globe and BAFTA Award nominations . She has also starred in The Serpent and the Rainbow ( 1988 ) , Priest ( 1994 ) , and in the ITV drama series Band of Gold ( 1995-97 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Caine', 'summary': "Sir Michael Caine , CBE ( /keɪn/ ; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Jr. , 14 March 1933 ) is an English actor , film producer and author . He has appeared in more than 130 films in a career spanning over 60 years and is considered a British film icon . Known for his cockney accent , Caine was born in Southeast London . He made his breakthrough in the 1960s with starring roles in British films , including Zulu ( 1964 ) , The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) , Alfie ( 1966 ) , for which he was nominated for an Academy Award , The Italian Job ( 1969 ) and Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) . His roles in the 1970s included Get Carter ( 1971 ) , The Last Valley ( 1971 ) , Sleuth ( 1972 ) , for which he earned his second Academy Award nomination , The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) and A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) . He achieved some of his greatest critical success in the 1980s , with Educating Rita ( 1983 ) , earning him the BAFTA and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . In 1986 , he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Woody Allen 's Hannah and Her Sisters . Caine played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) . This was his first starring role in several years , which led to a career resurgence in the late 1990s , receiving his second Golden Globe Award for his performance in Little Voice in 1998 and his second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Cider House Rules , the following year . Caine played Nigel Powers in the 2002 parody Austin Powers in Goldmember , and Alfred Pennyworth in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy . He appeared in several other of Nolan 's films , including The Prestige ( 2006 ) , Inception ( 2010 ) and Interstellar ( 2014 ) . He also appeared in Alfonso Cuarón 's Children of Men and Matthew Vaughn 's action comedy film Kingsman : The Secret Service ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moscow Does Not Believe in Queers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Greyson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Greyson', 'summary': "John Greyson ( born March 13 , 1960 ) is a Canadian director , writer , video artist , producer , and political activist , whose work frequently deals with gay themes . Greyson is also a professor at York University 's film school , where he teaches film and video theory , film production , and editing . He was part of a loosely-affiliated group of filmmakers to emerge in the 1980s from Toronto known as the Toronto New Wave . Greyson has won accolades and achieved critical success with his films - most notably Zero Patience ( 1993 ) and Lilies ( 1996 ) . His outspoken persona , activism , and public image have also attracted international press and controversy ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short , documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'About the 10 days the director spent in Moscow , during the 12th World Festival of Youth and Students in 1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/12th_World_Festival_of_Youth_and_Students', 'summary': 'The 12th World Festival of Youth and Students was a festival held in Moscow from July 27 to August 3 , 1985 . The festival was attended by 26,000 people from 157 countries . The slogan of the festival was For anti-imperialist solidarity , peace and friendship .'}]}, {'value': 'My Two Loves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Two_Loves_(1986_film)', 'summary': 'My Two Loves is a 1986 American made-for-television romantic drama film directed by Noel Black starring Mariette Hartley and Lynn Redgrave . It is considered groundbreaking for its portrayal of bisexuality and lesbianism on network television in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Noel Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noel_Black', 'summary': 'Noel Black ( June 30 , 1937 - July 5 , 2014 ) was an American film and television director , screenwriter , and producer . Black was born in Chicago , Illinois . He won awards at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival for an 18-minute short subject filmed in 1965 called Skaterdater . It had no dialogue , but used music and sound effects to advance the plot . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1966 . He directed the 1968 cult film Pretty Poison , and subsequently concentrated on directing for television , occasionally directing films such as Private School . Black died of bacterial pneumonia in Santa Barbara , California on July 5 , 2014 . He was 77 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mariette Hartley , Lynn Redgrave , Barry Newman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariette_Hartley', 'summary': 'Mary Loretta Hartley ( born June 21 , 1940 ) is an American Emmy Award winning character actress , and a founder of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynn_Redgrave', 'summary': "Lynn Rachel Redgrave OBE ( 8 March 1943 - 2 May 2010 ) was an English and American actress . She won 2 Golden Globe Awards , was a two-time Oscar nominee and received Emmy and Tony nominations . A member of the Redgrave family of actors , Lynn trained in London before making her theatrical debut in 1962 . By the mid-1960s she had appeared in several films , including Tom Jones ( 1963 ) and Georgy Girl ( 1966 ) , which won her a New York Film Critics Award , a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical/Comedy as well as earning her a nomination for an Academy Award . She made her Broadway debut in 1967 , and performed in several stage productions in New York while making frequent returns to London 's West End . She performed with her sister Vanessa in Three Sisters in London , and in the title role of Baby Jane Hudson in a television production of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? in 1991 . She made a return to films in the late 1990s in films such as Shine ( 1996 ) and Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) for which she received her second Academy Award nomination and won a Golden Globe Award For Best Supporting Actress . Lynn Redgrave is the only person to have been nominated for all of the 'Big Four ' American entertainment awards ( Grammy , Emmy , Oscar , and Tony ) without winning any of them ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barry_Newman', 'summary': 'Barry Foster Newman ( born November 7 , 1938 ) is an American actor of stage , screen and television known for his portrayal of Kowalski in Vanishing Point , and for his title role in the 1970s television series Petrocelli . He has been nominated for Golden Globe and Emmy awards .'}]}, {'value': 'TV movie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parting Glances', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parting_Glances', 'summary': 'Parting Glances is a 1986 American drama film . With its realistic look at urban gay life in the Ronald Reagan era and at the height of the AIDS crisis , many film critics consider it an important film in the history of gay cinema . It was also one of the first American films to address the AIDS pandemic . First-time director Bill Sherwood died of complications due to AIDS in 1990 without ever completing another film .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Sherwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Sherwood', 'summary': 'William Charles Patrick Sherwood , better known as Bill Sherwood ( June 14 , 1952 - February 10 , 1990 ) was an American musician , screenwriter and film director . Sherwood was born in Washington , D.C. , and grew up in Battle Creek , Michigan . A talented violinist , he attended the National Music Camp and graduated from the Interlochen Arts Academy in Michigan in 1970 , where he majored in composition . He then moved to New York City , where he was a composition student of Elliott Carter at The Juilliard School . Discouraged by his progress and fascinated by the cultural and social upheavals going on in New York at the time , he discontinued his composition studies , eventually enrolling at Hunter College as a composition major , where he earned a degree and made several short films . He had a promising career as a filmmaker , but died in New York City from AIDS complications . He is best known for his 1986 film Parting Glances , made for $ 310,000 , a bittersweet romantic comedy that spans a 24-hour period in the upwardly mobile New York gay community . He wrote half a dozen screenplays and completed three short films in the six years before Parting Glances , and wrote additional screenplays in the four years after . These additional screenplays were never produced .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Ganoung , John Bolger , Steve Buscemi , Adam Nathan , Kathy Kinney , Patrick Tull , Yolande Bavan , Andre Morgan , Richard Wall , Jim Selfe , Kristin Moneagle , John Siemens , Bob Koherr ( credited as Bob Kohrherr ) , Theodore Ganger and Nada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Michael_Bolger', 'summary': "John Michael Bolger ( born June 27 , 1956 ) is an American actor who resides in the Hell 's Kitchen area of Manhattan 's Westside . Bolger appeared in Michael Mann 's Public Enemies , portraying 1930s East Chicago , Indiana detective Martin Zarkovich . Most recently Bolger has been seen on television in Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Law & Order : Criminal Intent and Blind Justice . Bolger is perhaps most well known for his three-season run in the NBC hit series Third Watch where series fans know him as FDNY Lieutenant Johnson . His television credits span twenty years and include NYPD Blue , Brooklyn South , Beauty and the Beast and ER among others . Bolger has been seen in the films Carlito 's Way ( starring Al Pacino ) and Twins ( starring Danny DeVito and Arnold Schwarzenegger ) . Bolger starred in several independently released films including Rounding First , Closer to Home , and Artists of Hell 's Kitchen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Buscemi', 'summary': "Steven Vincent Buscemi ( /buːˈsɛmi/ boo-SEM-ee , [ Note 1 ] Italian : [ buʃˈʃɛːmi ] ; born December 13 , 1957 ) is an American actor , director , writer , and producer . He has starred in a number of successful movies , including Parting Glances ( 1986 ) , New York Stories ( 1989 ) , Mystery Train ( 1989 ) , Reservoir Dogs ( 1992 ) , Desperado ( 1995 ) , Con Air , Armageddon ( 1998 ) , The Grey Zone ( 2001 ) , Ghost World ( 2001 ) , Big Fish ( 2003 ) , and The Death of Stalin ( 2017 ) . Buscemi is also known for his supporting roles in the Coen brothers films such as Miller 's Crossing ( 1990 ) , Barton Fink ( 1991 ) , The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 ) , Fargo ( 1996 ) , and The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) . Buscemi has had lead voiceover roles in films including Monster House ( 2006 ) , Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) , Igor ( 2008 ) and The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) . He portrayed the voice of Randall Boggs in the Monsters , Inc. film franchise Monsters , Inc. , and Wayne the Werewolf in the Hotel Transylvania film franchise . From 2010 to 2014 , Buscemi portrayed Enoch Nucky Thompson in the critically acclaimed series Boardwalk Empire , which earned him two Screen Actors Guild Awards , a Golden Globe and two nominations for an Emmy Award . He made his directorial film debut with Trees Lounge ( 1996 ) , in which he also starred . Other films he has directed include Animal Factory ( 2000 ) , Lonesome Jim ( 2005 ) , and Interview ( 2007 ) . Buscemi played the role of Pete Wittel in the tragicomedy web series Horace and Pete ( 2016 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kathy_Kinney', 'summary': 'Kathy Kinney ( born November 3 , 1954 , in Stevens Point , Wisconsin ) is an American actress and comedian . She gained considerable popularity in the late 1990s for playing Mimi Bobeck , the outrageously made-up , flamboyantly vulgar , and vindictive nemesis of Drew Carey on the sitcom The Drew Carey Show . She had been involved in television , feature film , and stage work for years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Tull', 'summary': 'Patrick Tull ( 28 July 1941 - 23 September 2006 ) was a British stage , film and television actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yolande_Bavan', 'summary': 'Yolande Bavan ( born June 1 , 1942 ) is a Sri Lankan singer and actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bob_Koherr', 'summary': "Bob Koherr is an American TV director and director and known for directing episodes of Anger Management and various Disney Network multi-cam comedies . In 1997 , Koherr made his directorial debut with the feature film Plump Fiction , a parody film of Quentin Tarantino 's Pulp Fiction . Since 2000 , He has directed episodes of Anger Management , The Drew Carey Show , Wanda at Large , Still Standing , Freddie , George Lopez , Hannah Montana , Wizards of Waverly Place , Good Luck Charlie , The Suite Life on Deck , Cristela , the pilot for A.N.T . Farm , the pilot for The Thundermans , and the pilot for Jessie , among other series . As an actor , Koherr has guest starred in number of television series namely , Cybill , Party of Five , Nash Bridges , The Pretender , Malcolm in the Middle , Close to Home , Weeds , Seven Days and the feature films Poor White Trash , Parting Glances , Firehouse Dog and Race to Witch Mountain . He also co-starred in the Comedy Central series Strip Mall opposite Julie Brown . On September 23 , 2008 , he married Walter Batt , a Los Angeles-based entertainment attorney ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Project A-ko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Project_A-ko', 'summary': 'Project A-ko ( プロジェクトA子 , Purojekuto Ēko ) is a 1986 Japanese science fiction anime film that had several sequels and a spin-off . This film focuses on a happy-go-lucky 16-year-old red-haired , sailor-suited teenage schoolgirl , A-ko Magami , who goes on her magical adventure from high school to outer space as she struggles to finish her homework , rescue her friend C-ko and save the Earth from the evil alien invasion . This series references a number of other works of anime from the 1970s and 1980s , such as Macross , Fist of the North Star and Gundam . The title itself is a reference to the 1983 Jackie Chan movie Project A , although the film bears no resemblance to Project A ; the working title ended up sticking .'}]}, {'value': 'Katsuhiko Nishijima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katsuhiko_Nishijima', 'summary': 'Katsuhiko Nishijima ( 西島 克彦 , Nishijima Katsuhiko , born February 4 , 1960 ) is a Japanese animator , storyboard artist , and director known for panty-fanservice .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Animation , sci-fi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tenue de soirée', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tenue_de_soirée', 'summary': 'Tenue de soirée ( also titled Ménage ) is a 1986 French comedy-drama film directed by Bertrand Blier . It was entered into the 1986 Cannes Film Festival where Michel Blanc won the award for Best Actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Bertrand Blier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bertrand_Blier', 'summary': "Bertrand Blier ( French : [ bɛʁtʁɑ̃ blje ] ; born 14 March 1939 ) is a French film director and writer . His 1978 film Get Out Your Handkerchiefs won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards . He is the son of famous French actor Bernard Blier . His 1996 film Mon Homme was entered into the 46th Berlin International Film Festival . His 2005 film How Much Do You Love Me ? was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival where he won the Silver George for Best Director . A defence of Blier 's work until 2000 was written by Sue Harris , Queen Mary College , London and published in 2001 by Manchester University Press ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , crime , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michel Blanc , Gérard Depardieu , Miou-Miou , Michel Creton , Jean-Pierre Marielle , Jean-Yves Berteloot , Bruno Cremer , Caroline Sihol , Mylène Demongeot , Jean-François Stevenin , Dominique Besnehard and Bernard Farcy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Blanc', 'summary': 'Michel Blanc ( born 16 April 1952 ) is a French actor , writer and director . He is noted for his roles of losers and hypochondriacs . He is frequently associated with Le Splendid , which he co-founded , along with Thierry Lhermitte , Josiane Balasko , Christian Clavier , Marie-Anne Chazel and Gérard Jugnot . Michel Blanc has also shown his versatility by appearing in more serious roles , such as the title role in the Patrice Leconte film Monsieur Hire .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gérard_Depardieu', 'summary': "Gérard Xavier Marcel Depardieu ( UK : /ˈdɛpɑːrdjɜː , ˌdɛpɑːrˈdjɜː/ , US : /-ˈdjʌ , ˌdeɪpɑːrˈdjuː/ , French : [ ʒeʁaʁ ɡzavje maʁsɛl dəpaʁdjø ] ( listen ) ; born 27 December 1948 ) is a French actor . He is one of the most prolific character actors in film history , having completed more than 170 films since 1967 . [ citation needed ] He has received acclaim for his performances in The Last Metro ( 1980 ) , for which he won the César Award for Best Actor , in Police ( 1985 ) , for which he won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor , Jean de Florette ( 1986 ) , and Cyrano de Bergerac ( 1990 ) , winning the Cannes Film Festival for Best Actor , his second César Award for Best Actor , and his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor . He co-starred in Peter Weir 's comedy Green Card ( 1990 ) , winning a Golden Globe Award and later acted in many big budget Hollywood movies including Ridley Scott 's 1492 : Conquest of Paradise ( 1992 ) , Kenneth Branagh 's Hamlet ( 1996 ) , Randall Wallace 's The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) , and Ang Lee 's Life of Pi ( 2012 ) . He is a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite . He was granted citizenship of Russia in January 2013 ( officially adopted name in Russian : Жерар Депардьё , romanized : Zherar Depardyo ) , and became a cultural ambassador of Montenegro during the same month ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miou-Miou', 'summary': 'Miou-Miou ( French : [ mjumju ] ; born Sylvette Herry on 22 February 1950 ) is a French actress . In her career she has worked with a number of international directors , including Michel Gondry , Bertrand Blier , Claude Berri , Jacques Deray , Patrice Leconte , Joseph Losey and Louis Malle . A 10-time César Award nominee , she won the César Award for Best Actress for the 1979 film Memoirs of a French Whore . Her other films include This Sweet Sickness ( 1977 ) , Entre Nous ( 1983 ) , May Fools ( 1990 ) , Germinal ( 1993 ) , Dry Cleaning ( 1997 ) and Arrêtez-moi ( 2013 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michel_Creton', 'summary': "Michel Creton ( 17 August 1942 in Wassy , Haute-Marne , France ) is a French actor . He came to international attention with the release of Un homme de trop ( Shock Troops ) by Costa Gavras in 1967 . Since then , he played in many films , appeared on TV and on stage ( for example in 1989 in Un fil à la patte de Georges Feydeau in Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris ) . While he was in cinema a supporting actor , as one of Bernard Fresson 's friends in Max an the junkmen , and mostly rare in major roles like his thief in Nicholas Gessner 's Le tuer triste , he was a leading man on TV : as Claude Jade 's husband François in Fou comme François . For his second TV movie alongside to Claude Jade , Treize , who was the writer , too ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Marielle', 'summary': 'Jean-Pierre Marielle ( 12 April 1932 - 24 April 2019 ) was a French actor . He appeared in more than a hundred films in which he played very diverse roles , from a banal citizen ( Les Galettes de Pont-Aven ) , to a serial killer ( Sans mobile apparent ) , to a World War II hero ( Les Milles ) , to a compromised spy ( La Valise [ fr ] ) , to a has-been actor ( Les Grands Ducs ) , to his portrayal of Jacques Saunière in ( The Da Vinci Code ) . He was well known for his distinctive cavernous voice , which is often imitated by French humorists who considered him to be archetypical of the French gentleman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean-Yves_Berteloot', 'summary': 'Jean-Yves Berteloot ( born 27 August 1958 ) is a French actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Cremer', 'summary': 'Bruno Jean Marie Cremer ( 6 October 1929 - 7 August 2010 ) was a French actor best known for portraying Jules Maigret on French television , from 1991 to 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mylène_Demongeot', 'summary': 'Mylène Demongeot ( born Marie-Hélène Demongeot ; 29 September 1935 ) is a French actress with a career spanning six decades . She has appeared in 72 films since 1953 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean-François_Stevenin', 'summary': 'Jean-François Stévenin ( French : [ stevnɛ̃ ] ; born 23 April 1944 ) is a French actor and filmmaker . He has appeared in 150 films and television shows since 1968 . He starred in the film Cold Moon , which was entered into the 1991 Cannes Film Festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dominique_Besnehard', 'summary': 'Dominique Besnehard ( French : [ dɔminik bɛsneaʁ ] ; born 5 February 1954 ) is a French actor , film producer , casting director , writer and talent manager . He has appeared in over 80 films and television shows since 1975 . He starred in the 1983 film À nos amours , which was entered into the 34th Berlin International Film Festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bernard_Farcy', 'summary': 'Bernard Farcy ( born 17 March 1949 ) is a French theatre and film actor best known for his role in action-comedy franchise Taxi .'}]}, {'value': 'a.k.a . Ménage', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vera_(film)', 'summary': 'Vera is a 1986 Brazilian drama film written and directed by Sérgio Toledo . Shot in São Paulo , it stars Ana Beatriz Nogueira , Norma Blum , Raul Cortez and Carlos Kroeber . The film is based on the life of Anderson Bigode Herzer , a transsexual most known as the author of poems book A queda para o alto ( Descending Upwards ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sérgio Toledo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sérgio_Toledo', 'summary': 'Sérgio Toledo Segall or simply Sérgio Toledo ( born in São Paulo , Brazil in 1956 ) is the son of actress Beatriz Segall and an award-winning Brazilian screenwriter and director most known for his film Vera , that won the Silver Bear for Best Actress for Ana Beatriz Nogueira and a nomination for Golden Bear ( best film ) at the 37th Berlin International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ana Beatriz Nogueira , Norma Blum , Raul Cortez , Carlos Kroeber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ana_Beatriz_Nogueira', 'summary': 'Ana Beatriz Soares Nogueira ( born October 22 , 1967 in Rio de Janeiro ) is a Brazilian actress . In 1987 she won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 37th Berlin International Film Festival for her role in the film Vera , directed by Sergio Toledo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raul_Cortez', 'summary': 'Raul Christiano Machado Cortez ( August 28 , 1932 - July 18 , 2006 ) was a Brazilian actor . He was born in São Paulo , São Paulo state and was the father of actress Lígia Cortez . He worked in TV , theater and movies . Cortez died of pancreatic cancer in 2006 , aged 73 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Kroeber', 'summary': 'Carlos Henrique Kroeber ( 1934-1999 ) was a Brazilian film and television actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the life of Anderson Bigode Herzer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anderson_Bigode_Herzer', 'summary': "Anderson Bigode Herzer ( born Sandra Mara Herzer 10 June 1962 in Rolândia , Paraná , Brazil - 10 August 1982 , in São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil ) was a writer and poet . He committed suicide at the age of 20 . The film Vera by Sérgio Toledo is based on Herzer 's life ."}]}, {'value': 'A Virus Knows No Morals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Virus_Knows_No_Morals', 'summary': 'A Virus Knows No Morals ( German : Ein Virus kennt keine Moral ) is a 1986 German film directed , written and produced by Rosa von Praunheim . The film is a black comedy about the AIDS epidemic . Made with a low budget , campy style and no professional actors , it covers many aspects of AIDS and its effects as well as attacking the rumors surrounding it in a satirical way .'}]}, {'value': 'Rosa von Praunheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim', 'summary': 'Rosa von Praunheim ( born 25 November 1942 ) is a German film director , author , painter and the most famous gay rights activist in Germany , Austria and Switzerland . In over 50 years , von Praunheim has made more than 150 films ( short and feature-length films ) . His works influenced the development of LGBTQ rights movements worldwide . He began his career associated to the New German Cinema as a senior member of the Berlin school of underground filmmaking . He took the artistic female name Rosa von Praunheim to remind people of the pink triangle that homosexuals had to wear in Nazi concentration camps . A pioneer of Queer Cinema , von Praunheim has been an activist in the gay rights movement . He was an early advocate of AIDS awareness and safer sex , but has been a controversial figure even within the gay community . His films center on gay related themes and strong female characters . His works are characterized by excess and employ a campy style . His films have featured such personalities as Diamanda Galás , Jayne County , Vaginal Davis , Divine , Jeff Stryker and a row of Warhol superstars .'}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , drama , sci-fi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dieter Dicken , Maria Hasenäcker , Christian Kesten , Eva-Maria Kurz ( credited as Eva Kurz ) , Rosa von Praunheim , Ina Blum ( as Regina Rudnick ) , Thilo von Trotha , Holger Klotzbach , Arnulf Rating , Günter Thews , Craig Russell , Hella von Sinnen , Gisela Dreyer ( credited as Gisela Dryer ) , Nadja Reichardt ( credited as Nadja Patricia Reichardt ) and Ellen Reichhardt ( credited as Ellen F. Reichhardt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'a.k.a . Ein Virus kennt keine Moral', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual_or_transgender-related_films_of_1986_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films released in 1986. It contains theatrically released films that deal with important gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender characters or issues and may have same-sex romance or relationships as a plot device.'}
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Which year did the director of the 1986 film Mala Noche remake Psycho ?
1998
08b77b3e6e14d474
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulburn_Valley_Football_League', 'title': 'Goulburn Valley Football League', 'header': ['Club', 'Nickname', 'Estab', 'Previous league'], 'data': [{'value': 'Benalla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benalla_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Benalla Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football and netball club based in Benalla , Victoria . Its teams currently compete in the Goulburn Valley Football League . Originally known as the Demons , the club changed its club colours and guernsey in 1996 when it moved from the Ovens and Murray Football League to the Goulburn Valley Football League , which was to mirror those of the St Kilda Football Club .'}]}, {'value': 'Saints', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ovens & Murray FL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ovens_&_Murray_Football_League', 'summary': 'The Ovens and Murray Football Netball League ( O & MFNL ) is an Australian rules football and netball competition containing ten clubs based in north-eastern Victoria , the southern Riverina region of New South Wales and the Ovens and Murray area . The name comes from the Ovens River , the river in the part of north-eastern Victoria covered by the league , and the Murray River , which separates Victoria and New South Wales . The league features three grades in the Australian rules football competition , with these being First-Grade , Reserve-Grade and Under 18s . In the netball competition , there are four grades , with these being A-Grade , B-Grade , C-Grade and Under 16s . Currently a home and away season consisting of eighteen rounds is played . The best five teams then play off according to the McIntyre System , culminating in the O & MFNL Grand Final , which from 1995 to 2017 was held at the Lavington Sports Ground in the Albury suburb of Hamilton Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Echuca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echuca_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Echuca Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Murray Bombers , is an Australian rules football and netball club based in the Victorian town of Echuca , Victoria . The club teams currently compete in the Goulburn Valley Football League ( GVFL ) , having joined in 1909 . Echuca also played in the Bendigo Football League , from 1925 until they returned to the GVFL in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bombers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bendigo FL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bendigo_Football_League', 'summary': 'The Bendigo Football Netball League is an Australian rules football and netball competition based in the Bendigo region of Victoria . Formed in 1880 , it is one of the oldest football leagues in Australia , and among its members are some of the oldest football clubs in Australia , including the Castlemaine Football Club , acknowledged as the second oldest football club in Australia and one of the oldest in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Euroa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euroa_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Euroa Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Magpies , is an Australian rules football and netball club sited in the town of Euroa , in the north-east of Victoria . The club teams has competed in the Goulburn Valley Football League since 1970 . Previously Euroa Football Club played in the following football competitions -'}]}, {'value': 'Magpies', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waranga NE FL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyabram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyabram_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Kyabram Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Bombers , is an Australian rules football and netball club based in the town of Kyabram , Victoria . The club teams currently compete in the Goulburn Valley Football League ( GVFL ) . Kyabram was a foundation club in the Goulburn Valley Football League and has been one of the most dominant . Only the Shepparton Football Club have won more premierships . The club had a successful era the 1920s , when they won five premierships . The club has produced many VFL/AFL footballers , including Ross Dillon , Garry Lyon and Brett Deledio . Kyabram 's Chris Stuhldreier won the GVFL goal-kicking every season from 1991 to 1994 , including a record setting 164 goals in 1993 . Between 2016 and 2018 the club won an astounding 62 wins in a row . The sequence stopped at the 2018 Grand Final . The club was undefeated in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bombers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founding club', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mansfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mansfield_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Mansfield Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Eagles , is an Australian rules football and netball club based in Mansfield , Victoria . The Mansfield teams currently compete in the Goulburn Valley League . The Eagles home ground is the Mansfield Recreation Reserve .'}]}, {'value': 'Eagles', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1880s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'from Tungamah FL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mooroopna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mooroopna_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Mooroopna Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Cats , is an Australian rules football and netball club based in the rural town of Mooroopna , Victoria . The club teams currently compete in the Goulburn Valley League , which Mooroopna is a founding member . The club has competed there during most of its career , leaving only after the end of World War II to play in the Central Goulburn Valley Football League ( during which Mooroopna won the 1946 premiership ) . In 1949 Mooroopna returned to the GVFL , where has played up to present days .'}]}, {'value': 'Cats', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founding club', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rochester_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Rochester Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is an Australian rules football and netball club , formed at a meeting held on 8 June 1874 at Tidy 's Restdown Hotel . The club was formed with the purpose of soon playing and beating Echuca . An intense rivalry that has endured ever since regardless of which competition each was playing in . Rochester FNC is based in the town of Rochester , Victoria . Its teams currently play in the Goulburn Valley League , where Rochester played for the first time in 1913 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tigers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bendigo FL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bendigo_Football_League', 'summary': 'The Bendigo Football Netball League is an Australian rules football and netball competition based in the Bendigo region of Victoria . Formed in 1880 , it is one of the oldest football leagues in Australia , and among its members are some of the oldest football clubs in Australia , including the Castlemaine Football Club , acknowledged as the second oldest football club in Australia and one of the oldest in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Seymour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seymour_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Seymour Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Lions , is an Australian rules football and netball club based in the historic railway township of Seymour , Victoria . Seymour first competed in the North East Football Association ( NEFA ) in 1891 , then played in four consecutive grand finals , winning two in 1899 & 1902 , then again in 1904 , 1910 and 1912 . In 1913 with only Avenel , Euroa & Seymour teams left in the NEFA , a meeting was held & the Waranga North East Football Association was formed on - Tuesday , 13th May , 1913 from the following teams - Avenel , Euroa , Murchieson , Nagambie , Rushworth & Seymour . Seymour FC teams have compete in the Goulburn Valley League continuously since 1976 . In recent times , Seymour has won the GVFL premiership three years in a row from 2005 to 2007 and finished runners up in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lions', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waranga NE FL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shepparton FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shepparton_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Shepparton Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Bears , is an Australian rules football and netball club in the Goulburn Valley Football League . The team , known as the Bears , ( once known as the maroons ) , are based in Shepparton and play their home games at the Deakin Reserve , the premier football ground in the town . They share the ground with the Shepparton United Football Club . Notable past players include St Kilda ruckman Steven King , Geelong midfielder Shannon Byrnes , politician Bill Sykes and former Melbourne player David Code .'}]}, {'value': 'Bears', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1880s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founding club', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shepparton Swans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shepparton_Swans_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Shepparton Swans Football Netball Club is an Australian rules football and netball club based in the city of Shepparton in northern Victoria . The club teams currently compete in the Goulburn Valley League .'}]}, {'value': 'Swans', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lemnos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shepparton United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shepparton_United_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Shepparton United Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Demons , is an Australian rules football and netball based in the city of Shepparton in northern Victoria . The club teams currently compete in the Goulburn Valley League .'}]}, {'value': 'Demons', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City United and SPC & Shepparton East', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tatura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tatura_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Tatura Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Bulldogs , is an Australian rules football and netball club sited in the town of Tatura Tatura , Victoria . Tatura teams currently compete in the Goulburn Valley League .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulldogs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'founding club', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current clubs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Goulburn_Valley_Football_League_0', 'intro': 'The Goulburn Valley League (GVL) is an Australian rules football and netball competition based in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia. It is a member of the Victorian Country Football League and has won the Victorian Country Football Championships in 2003 and 2005.'}
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What is the name of the club that had 62 wins in a row between 2016 and 2018 ?
Kyabram
08b8a1649038ad20
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_East_Asia', 'title': 'Cities of East Asia', 'header': ['City', 'Japanese', 'Prefecture', 'Population ( 2010 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Special wards of Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo', 'summary': "Special wards ( 特別区 , tokubetsu-ku ) are a special form of municipalities in Japan under the 1947 Local Autonomy Law . They are city-level wards : primary subdivisions of a prefecture with municipal autonomy largely comparable to other forms of municipalities . Although the autonomy law today allows for special wards to be established in other prefectures , to date , they only exist in the Tokyo Metropolis which consists of 23 special wards and 39 other , ordinary municipalities ( cities , towns and villages ) . The Special wards of Tokyo ( 東京特別区 , Tōkyō tokubetsu-ku ) occupy the land that was Tokyo City in its 1936 borders before it was abolished under the Tōjō Cabinet in 1943 to become directly ruled by the prefectural government , then renamed to Metropolitan . During the Occupation of Japan , municipal autonomy was restored to former Tokyo City by the establishment of special wards , each with directly elected mayor and assembly , as in any other city , town or village in Tokyo and the rest of the country . Minority , mostly leftist calls for a restoration of Tokyo City ( 東京市復活 , Tōkyō-shi fukkatsu ) were not answered . The question of whether special wards actually are municipalities with full local autonomy rights at all remained a political and legal issue for decades . In Japanese , they are collectively also known as Wards area of Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都区部 , Tōkyō-to kubu ) , former Tokyo City ( 旧東京市 , kyū-Tōkyō-shi ) , or less formally the 23 wards ( 23区 , nijūsan-ku ) or just Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō ) if the context makes obvious that this does n't refer to the whole prefecture . Today , all wards refer to themselves as a city in English , but the Japanese designation of special ward ( tokubetsu-ku ) remains unchanged . They are a group of 23 municipalities ; there is no associated single government body separate from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government which governs all 62 municipalities of Tokyo , not only the special wards ."}]}, {'value': '東京特別区', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '8,949,447', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokohama', 'summary': "Yokohama ( Japanese : 横浜 , Hepburn : Yokohama , pronounced [ jokohama ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest city in Japan by population , and the most populous municipality of Japan . It is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture . It lies on Tokyo Bay , south of Tokyo , in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu . It is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area . Yokohama developed rapidly as Japan 's prominent port city following the end of Japan 's relative isolation in the mid-19th century , and is today one of its major ports along with Kobe , Osaka , Nagoya , Hakata , Tokyo , and Chiba ."}]}, {'value': '横浜', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanagawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Kanagawa Prefecture ( 神奈川県 , Kanagawa-ken ) is a prefecture located in Kantō region of Japan . The capital of the prefecture is Yokohama . Kanagawa is part of the Greater Tokyo Area . Kanagawa Prefecture is home to Kamakura and Hakone , two popular side trip destinations from Tokyo .'}]}, {'value': '3,689,603', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osaka', 'summary': "Osaka ( Japanese : 大阪市 , Hepburn : Ōsaka-shi , pronounced [ oːsakaɕi ] ; commonly just 大阪 , Ōsaka [ oːsaka ] ( listen ) ) is a designated city in the Kansai region of the Honshu Island in Japan . It is the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and the largest component of the Keihanshin Metropolitan Area , the second largest metropolitan area in Japan and among the largest in the world with more than 20 million inhabitants . Osaka was traditionally considered Japan 's economic hub . By the Kofun period ( 300-538 ) it had developed into an important regional port , and in the 7th and 8th centuries it served briefly as the imperial capital . Osaka continued to flourish during the Edo period ( 1603-1867 ) and became known as a center of Japanese culture . Following the Meiji Restoration , Osaka greatly expanded in size and underwent rapid industrialization . In 1889 , Osaka was officially established as a municipality . Today , Osaka is a major financial center of Japan . It is home to the Osaka Securities Exchange as well as the multinational electronics corporations Panasonic and Sharp . Famous landmarks in Osaka include Osaka Castle - which played a pivotal role in the Siege of Osaka and was featured in the 1980 American television mini-series Shogun - and Shitennō-ji - the oldest Buddhist temple in Japan ."}]}, {'value': '大阪', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Osaka Prefecture ( 大阪府 , Ōsaka-fu ) is a prefecture located in the Kansai region on Honshu , the main island of Japan . The capital is the city of Osaka . It is the center of Keihanshin area . Osaka is one of the two urban prefectures ( 府 , fu ) of Japan , Kyoto being the other ( Tokyo became a metropolitan prefecture , or to , in 1941 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2,666,371', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagoya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagoya', 'summary': "Nagoya ( 名古屋 ) is the largest city in the Chūbu region of Japan . It is Japan 's fourth-largest incorporated city and the third-most-populous urban area . It is located on the Pacific coast on central Honshu . It is the capital of Aichi Prefecture and is one of Japan 's major ports along with those of Tokyo , Osaka , Kobe , Yokohama , Chiba , and Kitakyushu . It is also the center of Japan 's third-largest metropolitan region , known as the Chūkyō metropolitan area . As of 1 October 2019 [ update ] , 2,327,557 people lived in the city , part of Chūkyō Metropolitan Area 's 10.11 million people . It is also one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world ."}]}, {'value': '名古屋', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture', 'summary': "Aichi Prefecture ( 愛知県 , Aichi-ken , Japanese pronunciation : [ aitɕi̥ꜜkeɴ ] ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū . Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 ( 1 October 2019 ) and a geographic area of 5,172.92 km² ( 1,997.28 sq mi ) with a population density of 1,460 persons per km² . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west , Gifu Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture to the north , and Shizuoka Prefecture to the east . Nagoya is the capital and largest city of Aichi Prefecture , and the fourth-largest city in Japan , with other major cities including Toyota , Okazaki , and Ichinomiya . Aichi Prefecture and Nagoya form the core of the Chūkyō metropolitan area , the third-largest metropolitan area in Japan and one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world . Aichi Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and forms part of the Tōkai region , a subregion of the Chūbu region and Kansai region . Aichi Prefecture is home to the Toyota Motor Corporation , the world 's largest automotive manufacturer , the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization , and sixth-largest company in the world by revenue , with its headquarters in the city of Toyota . Aichi Prefecture features the Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens , Chubu Centrair International Airport , and Legoland Japan Resort ."}]}, {'value': '2,263,907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sapporo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sapporo', 'summary': 'Sapporo ( 札幌市 , Sapporo-shi ) is the fifth largest city in Japan , and the largest city on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido . It is the capital city of Hokkaido Prefecture and Ishikari Subprefecture . It is an ordinance-designated city . Located in the southwestern part of Hokkaido , Sapporo lies within the alluvial fan of the Toyohira River , a tributary stream of the Ishikari River . As with most of Hokkaido , the area of Sapporo was home to settlements of the indigenous Ainu people . Sapporo was increasingly settled from Japanese migrants in the late 19th century . Sapporo hosted the 1972 Winter Olympics , the first Winter Olympics ever held in Asia , and the Sapporo Dome hosted three games during the 2002 FIFA World Cup and two games during the 2019 Rugby World Cup . The annual Sapporo Snow Festival draws more than 2 million tourists from abroad . The city is served by the New Chitose Airport in nearby Chitose , and is home to Hokkaido University .'}]}, {'value': '札幌', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hokkaido', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokkaido', 'summary': 'Hokkaido ( 北海道 , Hokkaidō , lit . Northern Sea Circuit ; Japanese : [ hokːaꜜidoː ] ( listen ) , English : /hɒˈkaɪdoʊ/ ) is the second largest main island of Japan , and the largest and northernmost prefecture . The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu . It was formerly known as Ezo , Yezo , Yeso , or Yesso . The two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel . The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital , Sapporo , which is also its only ordinance-designated city . About 43 kilometers ( 26 mi ) north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin Island and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands , which are administered by Russia , although the four most southerly are claimed by Japan - see Kuril Islands dispute .'}]}, {'value': '1,914,434', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kobe', 'summary': "Kobe ( /ˈkoʊbi , -beɪ/ KOH-bee , -\u2060bay ; Japanese : [ koꜜːbe ] ; officially 神戸市 , Kōbe-shi ) is the sixth-largest city [ citation needed ] in Japan and the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture . It is located on the southern side of the main island of Honshū , on the north shore of Osaka Bay and about 30 km ( 19 mi ) west of Osaka . With a population around 1.5 million , the city is part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kyoto . The earliest written records regarding the region come from the Nihon Shoki , which describes the founding of the Ikuta Shrine by Empress Jingū in AD 201 . For most of its history , the area was never a single political entity , even during the Tokugawa period , when the port was controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate . Kobe did not exist in its current form until its founding in 1889 . Its name comes from Kanbe ( 神戸 , an archaic title for supporters of the city 's Ikuta Shrine ) . Kobe became one of Japan 's designated cities in 1956 . Kobe was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the 1853 end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan and nuclear-free zone port city . While the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake diminished much of Kobe 's prominence as a port city , it remains Japan 's fourth-busiest container port . Companies headquartered in Kobe include ASICS , Kawasaki Heavy Industries , and Kobe Steel , as well as over 100 international corporations with Asian or Japanese headquarters in the city , such as Eli Lilly and Company , Procter & Gamble , Boehringer Ingelheim , and Nestlé . The city is the point of origin and namesake of Kobe beef , as well as the site of one of Japan 's most famous hot spring resorts , Arima Onsen ."}]}, {'value': '神戸', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hyōgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyōgo_Prefecture', 'summary': "Hyōgo Prefecture ( 兵庫県 , Hyōgo-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Hyōgo Prefecture has a population of 5,469,762 ( 1 June 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 8,400 km² ( 3,243 sq mi ) . Hyōgo Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the east , Osaka Prefecture to the southeast , and Okayama Prefecture and Tottori Prefecture to the west . Kōbe is the capital and largest city of Hyōgo Prefecture , and the sixth-largest city in Japan , with other major cities including Himeji , Nishinomiya , and Amagasaki . Hyōgo Prefecture 's mainland stretches from the Sea of Japan to the Seto Inland Sea , where Awaji Island and a small archipelago of islands belonging to the prefecture are located . Hyōgo Prefecture is a major economic center , transportation hub , and tourist destination in western Japan , with 20% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Hyōgo Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': '1,544,873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': '京都', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': '1,474,473', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fukuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukuoka', 'summary': "Fukuoka ( 福岡市 , Fukuoka-shi , Japanese : [ ɸɯ̥kɯꜜoka ] ) is the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture , situated on the northern shore of the Japanese island Kyushu . It is the most populous city on the island , followed by Kitakyushu . It is the largest city and metropolitan area west of Keihanshin . The city was designated on April 1 , 1972 , by government ordinance . Greater Fukuoka , with a population of 2.5 million people ( 2005 census ) , is part of the heavily industrialized Fukuoka-Kitakyushu zone . As of 2015 [ update ] , Fukuoka is Japan 's sixth largest city , having passed the population of Kobe . In July 2011 , Fukuoka surpassed the population of Kyoto . Since the founding of Kyoto in 794 , this marks the first time that a city west of the Kinki region has a larger population than Kyoto . In ancient times , however , the area near Fukuoka , the Chikushi region , was thought by some historians to have possibly been even more influential than the Yamato region ."}]}, {'value': '福岡', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fukuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Fukuoka Prefecture ( Japanese : 福岡県 , Hepburn : Fukuoka-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan on Kyūshū Island . The capital is the city of Fukuoka . As of 2018 , it is the ninth most populated prefecture in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '1,463,826', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawasaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa', 'summary': 'Kawasaki ( 川崎市 , Kawasaki-shi ) is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan . It is the 8th most populated city in Japan ( including the Tokyo Metropolitan Area ) and one of the main cities forming the Greater Tokyo Area and Keihin Industrial Area . As of October 1 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 1,503,690 , with 716,470 households , and a population density of 10,000 persons per km2 . Kawasaki is the only city in Japan with more than one million inhabitants that is not a prefectural capital . The total area is 142.70 km2 ( 55.10 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '川崎', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanagawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Kanagawa Prefecture ( 神奈川県 , Kanagawa-ken ) is a prefecture located in Kantō region of Japan . The capital of the prefecture is Yokohama . Kanagawa is part of the Greater Tokyo Area . Kanagawa Prefecture is home to Kamakura and Hakone , two popular side trip destinations from Tokyo .'}]}, {'value': '1,425,678', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saitama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saitama_(city)', 'summary': 'Saitama ( さいたま市 , Saitama-shi , Japanese : [ saꜜitama ] ) is the capital and the most populous city of Saitama Prefecture , Japan . Its area incorporates the former cities of Urawa , Ōmiya , Yono and Iwatsuki . It is a city designated by government ordinance . Being in the Greater Tokyo Area and lying 15 to 30 kilometres north of central Tokyo , many of its residents commute into Tokyo . As of 1 January 2020 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 1,309,768 , and a population density of 6,024 persons per km² . Its total area is 217.43 square kilometres ( 83.95 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'さいたま', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saitama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture', 'summary': "Saitama Prefecture ( 埼玉県 , Saitama-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region . The capital is the city of Saitama . This prefecture is part of the Greater Tokyo Area , and many of Saitama 's cities can be described as suburbs of Tokyo , to which many residents commute each day ."}]}, {'value': '1,222,910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hiroshima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiroshima', 'summary': "Hiroshima ( 広島市 , Hiroshima-shi , /ˌhɪroʊˈʃiːmə/ , also UK : /hɪˈrɒʃɪmə/ , US : /hɪˈroʊʃɪmə/ , Japanese : [ çiɾoɕima ] ) is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan . As of June 1 , 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 2.089 million . The gross domestic product ( GDP ) in Greater Hiroshima , Hiroshima Urban Employment Area , was US $ 61.3 billion as of 2010 . Kazumi Matsui has been the city 's mayor since April 2011 . Hiroshima was founded in 1589 as a castle town on the Ōta River delta . Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868 , Hiroshima rapidly transformed into a major urban center and industrial hub . In 1889 , Hiroshima officially gained city status . The city was a center of military activities during the imperial era , playing significant roles such as the First Sino-Japanese War , the Russo-Japanese War , and the two world wars . Towards the end of World War II , Hiroshima is best remembered as the first city targeted by a nuclear weapon , when the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) dropped an atomic bomb on the city at 8:15 a.m. on August 6 , 1945 . Most of the city was destroyed , and by the end of the year 90,000-166,000 had died as a result of the blast and its effects . The Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) serves as a memorial of the bombing . Hiroshima was rebuilt after the war ."}]}, {'value': '広島', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hiroshima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Hiroshima Prefecture ( 広島県 , Hiroshima-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region on Honshu island . The capital is the city of Hiroshima . It has a population of around 2.8 million .'}]}, {'value': '1,174,209', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sendai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sendai', 'summary': "Sendai ( 仙台市 , Sendai-shi , Japanese : [ seꜜndai ] ) is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture , Japan , the largest city in the Tōhoku region , and the second largest city north of Tokyo . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had a population of 1,089,372 , and is one of Japan 's 20 designated cities . The city was founded in 1600 by the daimyō Date Masamune . It is nicknamed the City of Trees ( 杜の都 , Mori no Miyako ) ; there are zelkova trees lining many of the main thoroughfares such as Jōzenji Street ( 定禅寺通 , Jōzenji dōri ) and Aoba Street ( 青葉通 , Aoba dōri ) . In the summer , the Sendai Tanabata Festival , the largest Tanabata festival in Japan , is held . In winter , the trees are decorated with thousands of lights for the Pageant of Starlight ( 光のページェント , Hikari no pējento ) , lasting through most of December . On March 11 , 2011 , coastal areas of the city suffered catastrophic damage from a magnitude 9.0 offshore earthquake , which triggered a destructive tsunami ."}]}, {'value': '仙台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miyagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Miyagi Prefecture ( 宮城県 , Miyagi-ken ) is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan . The capital is Sendai .'}]}, {'value': '1,045,903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitakyushu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitakyushu', 'summary': "Kitakyushu ( Japanese : 北九州市 , Hepburn : Kitakyūshū-shi ) is a city located in Fukuoka Prefecture , Japan . Kitakyushu has an estimated population of 940,978 ( 1 June 2019 ) , making it the second-largest city in both Fukuoka Prefecture and the island of Kyushu after the city of Fukuoka . Kitakyushu is one of Japan 's 20 designated cities , one of three on Kyushu , and is divided into 7 wards . Kitakyushu was formed in 1963 from a merger of municipalities centered on the historic city of Kokura , and its name literally means North Kyushu City in Japanese . Kitakyushu is located at the northernmost point of Kyushu on the Kanmon Straits , separating the island from Honshu , across from the city of Shimonoseki . Kitakyushu and Shimonoseki are connected by numerous transport links including the Kanmon Bridge and the Kanmon Tunnel . Kitakyushu 's Urban Employment Area forms part of the Fukuoka-Kitakyushu Greater Metropolitan Region , with a population of 5,738,977 ( 2005-2006 ) is the largest metropolitan area in Japan west of the Keihanshin ."}]}, {'value': '北九州', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fukuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Fukuoka Prefecture ( Japanese : 福岡県 , Hepburn : Fukuoka-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan on Kyūshū Island . The capital is the city of Fukuoka . As of 2018 , it is the ninth most populated prefecture in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '977,288', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiba_(city)', 'summary': "Chiba ( 千葉市 , Chiba-shi , Japanese : [ tɕiꜜba ] ) is the capital city of Chiba Prefecture , Japan . It sits about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) southeast of the centre of Tokyo on Tokyo Bay . Chiba City became a government-designated city in 1992 . In June 2019 , its population was 979,768 , with a population density of 3,605 people per km² . The city has an area of 271.77 square kilometres ( 104.93 sq mi ) . Chiba City is one of the Kantō region 's primary seaports , and is home to Chiba Port , which handles one of the highest volumes of cargo in the nation . Much of the city is residential , although there are many factories and warehouses along the coast . There are several major urban centres in the city , including Makuhari , a prime waterfront business district in which Makuhari Messe is located , and Central Chiba , in which the prefectural government office and the city hall are located . Chiba is famous for the Chiba Urban Monorail , the longest suspended monorail in the world . Some popular destinations in the city include : Kasori Shell Midden , the largest shellmound in the world at 134,000 m2 ( 160,000 sq yd ) , Inage Beach , the first artificial beach in the nation which forms part of the longest artificial beach in Japan , and the Chiba City Zoological Park , popular on account of the standing red panda Futa ."}]}, {'value': '千葉', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Chiba Prefecture ( 千葉県 , Chiba-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region , and the Greater Tokyo Area . The sixth most populous prefecture , and 27th largest by land area , Chiba is on the east coast of Honshu and largely consists of the Bōsō Peninsula , which encloses the eastern side of Tokyo Bay . Its capital is the city of Chiba .'}]}, {'value': '962,130', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sakai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakai', 'summary': 'Sakai ( 堺市 , Sakai-shi ) is a city located in Osaka Prefecture , Japan on the edge of Osaka Bay at the mouth of the Yamato River . It has been one of the largest and most important seaports of Japan since the Medieval era . Following the February 2005 annexation of the town of Mihara ( from Minamikawachi District ) , the city grew to the fourteenth most populous city in Japan , with 828,741 residents as of June 1 , 2019 . The current city was legally founded on April 1 , 1889 according to the laws of Imperial Japan . Sakai became a designated city in April 2006 giving it a greater measure of self-determination in governmental affairs . It is divided into seven districts . Sakai is known for its keyhole-shaped burial mounds , or kofun , which date from the 5th century . The largest of these , Daisen Kofun , is believed to be the grave of the Emperor Nintoku and is the largest grave in the world by area . Once known for samurai swords , Sakai is now famous for the quality of its kitchen knives ; most high-quality Japanese cutlery originates in Sakai , and its production is a major industry in the city .'}]}, {'value': '堺', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Osaka Prefecture ( 大阪府 , Ōsaka-fu ) is a prefecture located in the Kansai region on Honshu , the main island of Japan . The capital is the city of Osaka . It is the center of Keihanshin area . Osaka is one of the two urban prefectures ( 府 , fu ) of Japan , Kyoto being the other ( Tokyo became a metropolitan prefecture , or to , in 1941 ) .'}]}, {'value': '842,134', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niigata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niigata_(city)', 'summary': "Niigata ( 新潟市 , Niigata-shi , Japanese : [ niːɡata ] ) is the capital and the most populous city of Niigata Prefecture located in the Chūbu region of Japan . It is the largest city on the west coast of Honshu , and the second largest city in Chūbu region after Nagoya . It faces the Sea of Japan and Sado Island . As of 1 July 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 797,591 , and a population density of 1,098 persons per km² . The total area is 726.45 square kilometres ( 280.48 sq mi ) . Greater Niigata , Niigata Metropolitan Employment Area , has a GDP of US $ 43.3 billion as of 2010 . With a long history as a port town , Niigata became a free port following the Meiji Restoration . Niigata 's city government was established in 1889 . Mergers with nearby municipalities in 2005 allowed the city 's population to jump to 810,000 . The annexation of the surrounding area has also given the city the greatest rice paddy field acreage in Japan . On April 1 , 2007 , it became the first government-designated city on the Japan Sea coast of Honshu ."}]}, {'value': '新潟', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niigata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Niigata Prefecture ( 新潟県 , Niigata-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu . Niigata Prefecture has a population of 2,227,496 ( 1 July 2019 ) and is the fifth-largest prefecture of Japan by geographic area at 12,584.18 km² ( 4,858.78 sq mi ) . Niigata Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture to the southwest , Gunma Prefecture to the south , Fukushima Prefecture to the east , and Yamagata Prefecture to the northeast . Niigata is the capital and largest city of Niigata Prefecture , with other major cities including Nagaoka , Jōetsu , and Sanjō . Niigata Prefecture contains the Niigata Major Metropolitan Area centered on Niigata with a population of 1,395,612 , the largest metropolitan area on the Sea of Japan coast and the twelfth-largest in Japan . Niigata Prefecture is part of the historic Hokuriku region and features Sado Island , the sixth largest island of Japan in area following the four main islands and Okinawa Island .'}]}, {'value': '812,192', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamamatsu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamamatsu', 'summary': "Hamamatsu ( 浜松市 , Hamamatsu-shi ) is a city located in western Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 December 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 791,707 in 340,591 households , making it the prefecture 's largest city , and a population density of 508 persons per km² . The total area of the site was 1,558.06 km2 ( 601.57 sq mi ) . Hamamatsu is a member of the World Health Organizations Alliance for Healthy Cities ( AFHC ) ."}]}, {'value': '浜松', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shizuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture', 'summary': "Shizuoka Prefecture ( 静岡県 , Shizuoka-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu . Shizuoka Prefecture has a population of 3,637,998 ( 1 December 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 7,777.42 km² ( 3,002.88 sq mi ) . Shizuoka Prefecture borders Kanagawa Prefecture to the east , Yamanashi Prefecture to the northeast , Nagano Prefecture to the north , and Aichi Prefecture to the west . Shizuoka is the capital and Hamamatsu is the largest city in Shizuoka Prefecture , with other major cities including Fuji , Numazu , and Iwata . Shizuoka Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and features Suruga Bay formed by the Izu Peninsula , and Lake Hamana which is considered to be one of Japan 's largest lakes . Mount Fuji , the tallest volcano in Japan and cultural icon of the country , is partially located in Shizuoka Prefecture on the border with Yamanashi Prefecture . Shizuoka Prefecture has a significant motoring heritage as the founding location of Honda , Suzuki , and Yamaha , and is home to the Fuji International Speedway ."}]}, {'value': '800,912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kumamoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kumamoto', 'summary': 'Kumamoto ( 熊本市 , Kumamoto-shi ) is the capital city of Kumamoto Prefecture on the island of Kyushu , Japan . As of June 1 , 2019 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 738,907 and a population density of 1,893 persons per km² . The total area is 390.32 km² . Greater Kumamoto ( 熊本都市圏 ) had a population of 1,461,000 , as of the 2000 census . As of 2010 [ update ] , Kumamoto Metropolitan Employment Area has a GDP of US $ 39.8 billion . It is not considered part of the Fukuoka-Kitakyushu metropolitan area , despite their shared border . The city was designated on April 1 , 2012 by government ordinance .'}]}, {'value': '熊本', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kumamoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Kumamoto Prefecture ( 熊本県 , Kumamoto-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyushu . The capital is the city of Kumamoto .'}]}, {'value': '734,294', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sagamihara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sagamihara', 'summary': 'Sagamihara ( 相模原市 , Sagamihara-shi ) is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan . It is the third most populous city in the prefecture , after Yokohama and Kawasaki , and the fifth most populous suburb of the Greater Tokyo Area . Its northern neighbor is Machida , with which a cross-prefectural merger has been proposed . As of April 1 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 720,986 , with 316,648 households , and a population density of 2,200 persons per km² . The total area is 328.91 km² . On 1 April 2010 , the city became the 19th city designated by government ordinance . As a result of this , three wards were established : Midori-ku , Chūō-ku and Minami-ku .'}]}, {'value': '相模原', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanagawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Kanagawa Prefecture ( 神奈川県 , Kanagawa-ken ) is a prefecture located in Kantō region of Japan . The capital of the prefecture is Yokohama . Kanagawa is part of the Greater Tokyo Area . Kanagawa Prefecture is home to Kamakura and Hakone , two popular side trip destinations from Tokyo .'}]}, {'value': '717,561', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shizuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shizuoka,_Shizuoka', 'summary': "Shizuoka ( 静岡市 , Shizuoka-shi , [ ɕizɯꜜoka ] ) is the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan , and the prefecture 's second-largest city in both population and area . It has been populated since prehistoric times . As of 1 December 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 690,881 in 106,087 households , and a population density of 489 persons per km² . The city 's name is made up of two kanji , 静 shizu , meaning still or calm ; and 岡 oka , meaning hill ( s ) . In 1869 , Shizuoka Domain was first created out of the older Sunpu Domain , and that name was retained when the city was incorporated in 1885 . In 2003 , Shizuoka absorbed neighboring Shimizu City ( now Shimizu Ward ) to create the new and expanded city of Shizuoka , briefly becoming the largest city by land area in Japan . In 2005 , it became one of Japan 's designated cities ."}]}, {'value': '静岡', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shizuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture', 'summary': "Shizuoka Prefecture ( 静岡県 , Shizuoka-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu . Shizuoka Prefecture has a population of 3,637,998 ( 1 December 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 7,777.42 km² ( 3,002.88 sq mi ) . Shizuoka Prefecture borders Kanagawa Prefecture to the east , Yamanashi Prefecture to the northeast , Nagano Prefecture to the north , and Aichi Prefecture to the west . Shizuoka is the capital and Hamamatsu is the largest city in Shizuoka Prefecture , with other major cities including Fuji , Numazu , and Iwata . Shizuoka Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and features Suruga Bay formed by the Izu Peninsula , and Lake Hamana which is considered to be one of Japan 's largest lakes . Mount Fuji , the tallest volcano in Japan and cultural icon of the country , is partially located in Shizuoka Prefecture on the border with Yamanashi Prefecture . Shizuoka Prefecture has a significant motoring heritage as the founding location of Honda , Suzuki , and Yamaha , and is home to the Fuji International Speedway ."}]}, {'value': '716,328', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Japan', 'section_text': 'Tokyo Yokohama Osaka Nagoya Sapporo', 'uid': 'Cities_of_East_Asia_2', 'intro': 'List of major cities in East Asia.'}
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What is the 2010 population of the second urban prefecture in Japan , first being Osaka ?
1,474,473
08b9845c558b2ad6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1979', 'title': 'List of horror films of 1979', 'header': ['Title', 'Director ( s )', 'Cast', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alien_(film)', 'summary': "Alien is a 1979 science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Dan O'Bannon . Based on a story by O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett , it follows the crew of the commercial space tug Nostromo , who encounter the eponymous Alien , a deadly and aggressive extraterrestrial set loose on the ship . The film stars Tom Skerritt , Sigourney Weaver , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm , and Yaphet Kotto . It was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler , and Walter Hill through their company Brandywine Productions , and was distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill revised and made additions to the script ; Shusett was executive producer . The Alien and its accompanying artifacts were designed by the Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the more human settings . Alien premiered May 25 , 1979 , in the United States , before receiving a wide release on June 22 , and was released September 6 in the United Kingdom . It was met with critical acclaim and box-office success , winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , three Saturn Awards ( Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright ) , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other nominations . It has been consistently praised in the years since its release , and is considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , Alien was deemed culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked by the American Film Institute as the seventh-best film in the science-fiction genre , and as the 33rd-greatest film of all time by Empire . The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of films , novels , comic books , video games , and toys ."}]}, {'value': 'Ridley Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ridley_Scott', 'summary': "Sir Ridley Scott ( born 30 November 1937 ) is an English filmmaker . Following his commercial breakthrough in 1979 with the science fiction horror film Alien , further works include the neo-noir dystopian film Blade Runner , the road adventure film Thelma & Louise , the historical drama Gladiator ( which won the Academy Award for Best Picture ) and the science fiction film The Martian . Beginning his career in advertising where he honed his filmmaking skills by making inventive mini-films for television commercials , Scott 's work is known for its atmospheric , highly concentrated visual style . Though his films range widely in setting and period , they frequently showcase memorable imagery of urban environments , whether 2nd-century Rome ( Gladiator ) , 12th-century Jerusalem ( Kingdom of Heaven ) , Medieval England ( Robin Hood ) , contemporary Mogadishu ( Black Hawk Down ) , the future cityscapes of Blade Runner , or the distant planets in Alien , Prometheus , The Martian and Alien : Covenant . Several of his films are also known for their strong female characters . Scott has been nominated for three Academy Awards for Directing ( for Thelma & Louise , Gladiator and Black Hawk Down ) . In 1995 , both Ridley and his brother Tony received a BAFTA for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema . In 2003 , Scott was knighted for his services to the British film industry . In a 2004 BBC poll , Scott was named the tenth most influential person in British culture . In 2015 , he received an honorary doctorate from the Royal College of Art in London , and in 2018 received the BAFTA Fellowship for lifetime achievement ."}]}, {'value': 'Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver', 'summary': "Susan Alexandra Weaver ( born October 8 , 1949 ) , professionally known as Sigourney Weaver ( /sɪˈɡɔːrni/ ) , is an American actress . Dubbed Queen of Sci-Fi , Weaver is considered to be a pioneer of action heroines in science fiction films . She is primarily known for her role as Ellen Ripley in the Alien franchise . The role earned her an Academy Award nomination in 1986 and is often regarded as one of the most significant female protagonists in all of cinema . A seven-time Golden Globe Award nominee , in 1988 she won both Best Actress in Drama and Best Supporting Actress for her work in the films Gorillas in the Mist and Working Girl , becoming the first person to win two acting Golden Globes in the same year . She also received Academy Award nominations for both films . For her role in the film The Ice Storm ( 1997 ) , she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . Weaver also received a Tony Award nomination for her work in the 1984 Broadway play Hurlyburly . Weaver 's other popular film work includes Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) , Ghostbusters II ( 1989 ) , Galaxy Quest ( 1999 ) , Holes ( 2003 ) , WALL-E ( 2008 ) , Avatar ( 2009 ) , Prayers for Bobby ( 2009 ) , Paul ( 2011 ) , The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) , A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) , and The Defenders ( 2017 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Skerritt', 'summary': 'Thomas Roy Skerritt ( born August 25 , 1933 ) is an American actor who has appeared in more than forty films and more than two hundred television episodes since 1962 . He is known for his film roles in M*A*S*H , Alien , The Dead Zone , Top Gun , A River Runs Through It , Up in Smoke , and the television series Picket Fences . Skerritt has earned several nominations and awards , including a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1993 for Picket Fences .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Veronica_Cartwright', 'summary': "Veronica Cartwright ( born 20 April 1949 ) is a British-born American actress who has worked mainly in US film and television in a career spanning six decades . As a child actress , she appeared in supporting roles in The Children 's Hour and The Birds . She is best known for her roles in the 1970s science fiction films Invasion of the Body Snatchers and Alien , for which she won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress . In the 1980s , she appeared in The Right Stuff and The Witches of Eastwick . In the 1990s , she received three Emmy nominations as Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her roles on the television series ER and The X-Files ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Amityville Horror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Amityville_Horror_(1979_film)', 'summary': "The Amityville Horror is a 1979 American supernatural horror film directed by Stuart Rosenberg and starring James Brolin and Margot Kidder as a young couple who purchase a home haunted by combative supernatural forces . The film is based on Jay Anson 's 1977 book of the same name . The story is based on the alleged experiences of the Lutz family who bought a new home in Amityville , New York , where a mass murder had been committed the year before . It is the first film based on the Amityville horror . Upon its release in the summer of 1979 , The Amityville Horror was a major commercial success for American International Pictures , grossing over $ 80 million in the United States and going on to become one of the highest-grossing independent films of all time . It received mostly negative reviews from critics , though the film has been contemporarily noted by some film scholars as a classic of the horror genre . [ a ] The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score by composer Lalo Schifrin and Kidder also earned a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress . A remake was produced in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stuart Rosenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuart_Rosenberg', 'summary': 'Stuart Rosenberg ( August 11 , 1927 - March 15 , 2007 ) was an American film and television director whose motion pictures include Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) , Voyage of the Damned ( 1976 ) , The Amityville Horror ( 1979 ) , and The Pope of Greenwich Village ( 1984 ) . He was noted for his work with actor Paul Newman .'}]}, {'value': 'James Brolin , Margot Kidder , Rod Steiger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Brolin', 'summary': 'James Brolin ( /ˈbroʊlɪn/ ; born Craig Kenneth Bruderlin , July 18 , 1940 ) is an American actor , producer , and director . He is the father of actor Josh Brolin and husband of Barbra Streisand . Brolin has won two Golden Globes and an Emmy . He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on August 27 , 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Margot_Kidder', 'summary': "Margaret Ruth Kidder ( October 17 , 1948 - May 13 , 2018 ) , known professionally as Margot Kidder , was a Canadian-American actress , director , and activist whose career spanned over five decades . Her accolades include three Canadian Screen Awards and one Daytime Emmy Award . Though she appeared in an array of films and television , Kidder is most widely known for her performance as Lois Lane in the Superman film series , appearing in the first four films . Born in Yellowknife to a Canadian mother and an American father , Kidder was raised in the Northwest Territories as well as several other Canadian provinces . She began her acting career in the 1960s appearing in low-budget Canadian films and television series , before landing a lead role in Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronx ( 1970 ) . She then played twins in Brian De Palma 's cult thriller Sisters ( 1973 ) , a sorority student in the slasher film Black Christmas ( 1974 ) and the titular character 's girlfriend in the drama The Great Waldo Pepper ( 1975 ) , opposite Robert Redford . In 1977 , she was cast as Lois Lane in Richard Donner 's Superman ( 1978 ) , a role which established her as a mainstream actress . Her performance as Kathy Lutz in the blockbuster horror film The Amityville Horror ( 1979 ) gained her further mainstream exposure , after which she went on to reprise her role as Lois Lane in Superman II , III , and IV ( 1980-1987 ) . The 1990s were marked by significant health problems for Kidder : In 1990 , she sustained serious injuries in a car accident that left her temporarily paralyzed , and she later had a highly publicized manic episode and nervous breakdown in 1996 stemming from bipolar disorder . By the 2000s , she maintained steady work in independent films and television , with guest-starring roles on Smallville , Brothers & Sisters and The L Word , and appeared in a 2002 Off-Broadway production of The Vagina Monologues . In 2015 , she won a Daytime Emmy Award for her performance on the children 's television series R.L . Stine 's The Haunting Hour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rod_Steiger', 'summary': "Rodney Stephen Steiger ( April 14 , 1925 - July 9 , 2002 ) was an American actor , noted for his portrayal of offbeat , often volatile and crazed characters . Cited as one of Hollywood 's most charismatic and dynamic stars , he is closely associated with the art of method acting , embodying the characters he played , which at times led to clashes with directors and co-stars . He starred as Marlon Brando 's mobster brother Charley in On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) , the title character Sol Nazerman in The Pawnbroker ( 1964 ) , and as police chief Bill Gillespie opposite Sidney Poitier in the film In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) which won him the Academy Award for Best Actor . Steiger was born in Westhampton , New York , the son of a vaudevillian . He had a difficult childhood , with an alcoholic mother from whom he ran away at the age of 16 . After serving in the South Pacific Theater during World War II , he began his acting career with television roles in 1947 , and went on to garner critical acclaim for his portrayal of the title character in the teleplay Marty ( 1953 ) . He made his stage debut in 1946 , in a production of Curse you , Jack Dalton ! at the Civic Repertory Theatre of Newark , and subsequently appeared in productions such as An Enemy of the People ( 1950 ) , Clifford Odets 's Night Music ( 1951 ) , Seagulls Over Sorrento ( 1952 ) and Rashomon ( 1959 ) . Steiger made his film debut in Fred Zinnemann 's Teresa in 1951 , and subsequently appeared in films such as The Big Knife ( 1955 ) , Oklahoma ! ( 1955 ) , Across the Bridge ( 1957 ) and Al Capone ( 1959 ) . After Steiger 's performance in The Pawnbroker in 1964 , in which he played an embittered Jewish Holocaust survivor working as a pawnbroker in New York City , he portrayed an opportunistic Russian politician in David Lean 's Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) . In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) won five Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Actor for Steiger , who was lauded for his performance as a Mississippi police chief who learns to respect an African-American officer ( Poitier ) as they search for a killer ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angel Guts : Red Classroom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_Guts:_Red_Classroom_(film)', 'summary': 'Angel Guts : Red Classroom ( 天使のはらわた 赤い教室 , Tenshi No Harawata Akai Kyoshitsu ) is a 1979 Japanese film directed by Chūsei Sone and released by the Nikkatsu studio as part of their Roman porno line . It is the second in the Angel Guts film series , based on a manga by Takashi Ishii .'}]}, {'value': 'Chūsei Sone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chūsei_Sone', 'summary': "Chūsei Sone ( 曽根 中生 , Sone Chūsei , 1 October 1937 - 26 August 2014 ) was a Japanese film director known for his stylish and popular Roman Porno films for Nikkatsu , particularly the first two installments of the Angel Guts series . Despite a somewhat uneven career , many mainstream critics consider Sone the best of Nikkatsu 's Roman Porno directors ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beyond the Darkness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_the_Darkness_(film)', 'summary': "Beyond the Darkness ( Italian : Buio Omega ) is a 1979 Italian horror film directed by Joe D'Amato . It stars Kieran Canter , Cinzia Monreale , Franca Stoppi and Sam Modesto . Filmed in two weeks in Italy , Beyond the Darkness is a remake of the 1966 film The Third Eye . It was released in Italy to what Italian film historian Roberto Curti described as relatively poor box office , and was re-released in Italy in 1987 as In quella casa Buio omega to associate it with the La casa film series . Beyond the Darkness is about Francesco , an orphan who inherits a house in the woods where he lives with his housekeeper Iris , who is determined to become the new owner . After Iris kills his girlfriend Anna with a voodoo curse , Francesco steals her corpse from the local cemetery . He then commits murders connected to his enduring passion for her . A local undertaker investigates and meets Teodora , Anna 's twin sister ."}]}, {'value': "Joe D'Amato", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Joe_D'Amato", 'summary': "Aristide Massaccesi ( 15 December 1936 - 23 January 1999 ) , known professionally as Joe D'Amato , was an Italian film director , producer , cinematographer , and screenwriter who worked in many genres ( westerns , decamerotici , peplum , war films , swashbuckler , comedy , fantasy , postapocalyptic film , and erotic thriller ) but is best known for his horror , erotic and adult films . D'Amato worked in the 1950s as electric and set photographer , in the 1960s as camera operator , and from 1969 onwards as cinematographer . Starting in 1972 , he directed and co-directed around 200 films under numerous pseudonyms , regularly acting as cinematographer as well . [ citation needed ] Starting in the early 1980s , D'Amato produced many of his own and other directors ' genre films through the companies he founded or co-founded , the best known being Filmirage . From 1979 to 1982 and from 1993 to 1999 , D'Amato also produced and directed about 120 adult films . Among his best known erotic films are his five entries into the Black Emanuelle series of films starring Laura Gemser ( 1976-1978 ) and his horror/pornography crossover films Erotic Nights of the Living Dead and Porno Holocaust ( both shot in Santo Domingo in 1979 ) . In the horror genre , he is above all remembered for his films Beyond the Darkness ( 1979 ) and Antropophagus ( 1980 ) , which have gained cult status , as well as Absurd ( 1981 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Cinzia Monreale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinzia_Monreale', 'summary': 'Cinzia Monreale ( born Cinzia Moscone ; 22 June 1957 ) is an Italian actress . She is probably best known for her role in the horror classics Beyond the Darkness and The Beyond .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Magic Terror', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'L. Sudjio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alan Nuary , W.D . Mochtar , Teddy Purba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloodrage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloodrage', 'summary': 'Bloodrage ( also known as Never Pick Up a Stranger ) is a 1979 American horror film directed by Joseph Zito ( under the pseudonym Joseph Bigwood ) and written by Robert Jahn .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Zito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Zito', 'summary': 'Joseph Zito ( born May 14 , 1946 ) is an American film director and producer , best known for directing several cult and genre films throughout the 1980s , such as Missing in Action , Invasion U.S.A. , Red Scorpion , The Prowler , and Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter , In 1985-1986 , Zito spent a year of pre-production on the Cannon version of Spider-Man , a film that was evidently never actually made .'}]}, {'value': 'Ian Scott , Judith-Marie Bergan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith-Marie_Bergan', 'summary': 'Judith-Marie Bergan was an American film , television and stage actress , known for starring in the films Abduction , Bloodrage , The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick and Finding Kelly . She appeared in the television series , Brothers , and had a recurring role in Soap and in Maggie . Bergan was married to cinematographer João Fernandes .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bog_(film)', 'summary': 'Bog is a 1979 American independent horror film directed by Don Keeslar .'}]}, {'value': 'Don Keeslar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gloria DeHaven , Aldo Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gloria_DeHaven', 'summary': 'Gloria Mildred DeHaven ( July 23 , 1925 - July 30 , 2016 ) was an American actress and singer who was a contract star for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aldo_Ray', 'summary': "Aldo Ray ( born Aldo Da Re ; September 25 , 1926 - March 27 , 1991 ) was an American actor of film and television . He began his career as a contract player for Columbia Studios , before achieving stardom through his roles in The Marrying Kind , Pat and Mike ( which earned him a Golden Globe nomination ) , Let 's Do It Again , and Battle Cry . His athletic build and gruff , raspy voice saw him frequently typecast in tough guy roles throughout his career , which lasted well into the late 1980s . Though the latter part of his career was marked by appearances in low-budget B-movies and exploitation films , he still starred occasionally in higher-profile features , including The Secret of NIMH ( 1982 ) and The Sicilian ( 1987 ) . Since his passing , Ray 's body of work and screen persona has undergone a reappraisal , and has been cited by contemporary filmmakers like Quentin Tarantino as an inspiration for their own characters ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Brood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Brood', 'summary': "The Brood is a 1979 Canadian psychological body horror film written and directed by David Cronenberg , and starring Oliver Reed , Samantha Eggar , and Art Hindle . Its plot follows a man and his mentally-ill ex-wife , who has been sequestered by a psychologist known for his controversial therapy techniques . A series of brutal unsolved murders serves as the backdrop for the central narrative . Conceived by Cronenberg after his own acrimonious divorce , he intended the screenplay as a meditation on a fractured relationship between a husband and wife who share a child , and cast Eggar and Hindle as loose facsimiles of himself and his ex-wife . He would later state that , despite its incorporation of science fiction elements , he considered it his sole feature that most embodied a classic horror film . Principal photography of The Brood took place in late 1978 in Toronto on a budget of $ 1.5 million . The film 's score was composed by Howard Shore , in his film composing debut . Released in the spring of 1979 by New World Pictures , The Brood proved profitable for the studio , grossing over $ 5 million . Though it initially received mixed reviews from critics , it would establish itself as a cult film in the following decades . It has attracted scholarly interest from academics in the areas of film theory for its themes regarding mental illness and motherhood , and its combining elements of the woman 's film with body horror . In 2006 , the Chicago Film Critics Association named it the 88th scariest film of all time . In 2013 , it was selected for restoration by The Criterion Collection , who subsequently released it on Blu-ray ."}]}, {'value': 'David Cronenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Cronenberg', 'summary': "David Paul Cronenberg CC OOnt FRSC ( born March 15 , 1943 ) is a Canadian filmmaker . He is one of the principal originators of what is commonly known as the body horror genre , with his films exploring visceral bodily transformation , infection , technology and the intertwining of the psychological with the physical . In the first third of his career he explored these themes mostly through horror and science fiction films such as Scanners ( 1981 ) and Videodrome ( 1983 ) , although his work has since expanded beyond these genres . Cronenberg 's films have polarized critics and audiences alike ; he has earned critical acclaim and has sparked controversy for his depictions of gore and violence . The Village Voice called him the most audacious and challenging narrative director in the English-speaking world . His films have won numerous awards , including , for Crash , the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival , a unique award that is distinct from the Jury Prize as it is not given annually , but only at the request of the official jury , who in this case gave the award for originality , for daring and for audacity ."}]}, {'value': 'Oliver Reed , Samantha Eggar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliver_Reed', 'summary': "Robert Oliver Reed ( 13 February 1938 - 2 May 1999 ) was an English actor known for his upper-middle class , macho image and hellraiser lifestyle . Notable films include The Trap ( 1966 ) , playing Bill Sikes in the Best Picture Oscar winner Oliver ! ( 1968 ) , Women in Love ( 1969 ) , Hannibal Brooks ( 1969 ) , The Devils ( 1971 ) , portraying Athos in The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) , Tommy ( 1975 ) , Lion of the Desert ( 1981 ) , Castaway ( 1986 ) , The Adventures of Baron Munchausen ( 1988 ) , Funny Bones ( 1995 ) and Gladiator ( 2000 ) . For playing Antonius Proximo , the old , gruff gladiator trainer in Ridley Scott 's Gladiator ( 2000 ) in what was his final film , Reed was posthumously nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . At the peak of his career , in 1971 , British exhibitors voted Reed 5th most popular star at the box office . An alcoholic , Reed 's issues with drink were well publicised , from appearances on chat shows to a high-profile friendship with drinking partner , the Who drummer Keith Moon , with the two meeting while working on Tommy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samantha_Eggar', 'summary': "Victoria Louise Samantha Marie Elizabeth Therese Eggar ( born 5 March 1939 ) is an English-American film , stage , television , and voice actress . After beginning her career in Shakespearean theatre , she rose to fame for her performance in William Wyler 's thriller The Collector ( 1965 ) , which earned her a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . She later appeared as Emma Fairfax in Doctor Dolittle ( 1967 ) , and the American drama The Molly Maguires ( 1970 ) . In the early 1970s , Eggar relocated to the United States and Canada , where she later starred in several horror films , including The Dead Are Alive ( 1972 ) , The Uncanny ( 1977 ) , and David Cronenberg 's cult thriller The Brood ( 1979 ) . Eggar has also worked as a voice actress , as Hera in Walt Disney 's Hercules ( 1997 ) , and lent her voice to several video games , including Gabriel Knight 3 : Blood of the Sacred , Blood of the Damned and 007 : Nightfire . Her television work includes roles on Fantasy Island , and a recurring part as Charlotte Devane in the soap opera All My Children in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Butterfly Murders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Butterfly_Murders', 'summary': 'The Butterfly Murders is a 1979 Hong Kong wuxia film directed by Tsui Hark . It has elements of history and a murder mystery . The film is not widely available on tape or DVD in the West ( there is a German and a French DVD release ) , though there was a Hong Kong release .'}]}, {'value': 'Tsui Hark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsui_Hark', 'summary': 'Tsui Hark ( Chinese : 徐克 , Vietnamese : Từ Khắc , born 15 February 1950 ) , born Tsui Man-kong , is a Hong Kong film director , producer and screenwriter . Tsui has directed several influential Hong Kong films such as Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain ( 1983 ) , the Once Upon a Time in China film series ( 1991-1997 ) and The Blade ( 1995 ) . Tsui also has been a prolific writer and ( a very hands-on ) producer ; his productions include A Better Tomorrow ( 1986 ) , A Chinese Ghost Story ( 1987 ) , The Killer ( 1989 ) , The Legend of the Swordsman ( 1992 ) , The Wicked City ( 1992 ) , Iron Monkey ( 1993 ) and Black Mask ( 1996 ) . He is viewed as a major figure in the Golden Age of Hong Kong cinema and is regarded by critics as one of the masters of Asian cinematography . In the late 1990s , Tsui had a short-lived career in the United States , directing the Jean-Claude Van Damme-led films Double Team ( 1997 ) and Knock Off ( 1998 ) . Both films were commercially unsuccessful and critically panned ; Tsui himself was unsatisfied with his lack of creative control and returned to Hong Kong to continue his career . He has since found new commercial and critical success with blockbusters such as the Detective Dee film series ( 2010-present ) , Flying Swords of Dragon Gate ( 2011 ) , and The Taking of Tiger Mountain ( 2014 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Lau Siu-Ming , Eddy Ko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddy_Ko', 'summary': 'Eddy Ko Hung ( Chinese : 高雄 ; pinyin : Gāo Xióng ; born Ho Yiu-sum Chinese : 何耀深 ; pinyin : Hé Yàoshēn ; 1937 ) is a Hong Kong television and film actor who has worked on the TV stations RTV ( now defunct ) , TVB and ATV .'}]}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominique_(1978_film)', 'summary': 'Dominique is a 1979 British film directed by Michael Anderson . The film is based on the 1948 short story What Beckoning Ghost by Harold Lawlor . The film is also known as Dominique Is Dead ( American reissue title and UK video title ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Anderson_(director)', 'summary': "Michael Joseph Anderson ( 30 January 1920 - 25 April 2018 ) was an English film director , best known for directing the Second World War film The Dam Busters ( 1955 ) , the epic Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) and the dystopian sci-fi film Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Cliff Robertson , Jean Simmons , Jenny Agutter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cliff_Robertson', 'summary': "Clifford Parker Robertson III ( September 9 , 1923 - September 10 , 2011 ) was an American actor with a film and television career that spanned half a century . Robertson portrayed a young John F. Kennedy in the 1963 film PT 109 , and won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the film Charly . On television , he portrayed retired astronaut Buzz Aldrin in the 1976 adaptation of Aldrin 's autobiographic Return to Earth , played a fictional character based on Director of Central Intelligence Richard Helms in the 1977 miniseries Washington : Behind Closed Doors , and portrayed Henry Ford in the 1987 Ford : The Man and the Machine . His last well-known film appearances were from 2002-2007 as Uncle Ben in the Spider-Man film trilogy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Simmons', 'summary': "Jean Merilyn Simmons , OBE ( 31 January 1929 - 22 January 2010 ) was a British-American actress and singer . One of J. Arthur Rank 's well-spoken young starlets , she appeared predominantly in films , beginning with those made in Great Britain during and after World War II , followed mainly by Hollywood films from 1950 onwards . Simmons was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Hamlet ( 1948 ) , and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) . Her other film appearances include Young Bess ( 1953 ) , The Robe ( 1953 ) , Elmer Gantry ( 1960 ) , Spartacus ( 1960 ) , and the 1969 film The Happy Ending , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also won an Emmy Award for the miniseries The Thorn Birds ( 1983 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jenny_Agutter', 'summary': "Jennifer Ann Agutter OBE ( born 20 December 1952 ) is an English actress . She began her career as a child actress in 1964 , appearing in East of Sudan , Star ! , and two adaptations of The Railway Children - the BBC 's 1968 television serial and the 1970 film version . She also starred in the critically acclaimed film Walkabout and the TV film The Snow Goose ( both 1971 ) , for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama . She relocated to the United States in 1974 to pursue a Hollywood career and subsequently appeared in Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) , Amy ( 1981 ) , An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) , and Child 's Play 2 ( 1990 ) . Parallel to her Hollywood film roles , Agutter continued appearing in high-profile British films such as The Eagle Has Landed ( 1976 ) , Equus ( 1977 ) , for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role , and The Riddle of the Sands ( 1979 ) . In 1981 , she also co-starred in The Survivor , an Australian adaptation of the James Herbert novel , and was nominated for an AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . After returning to Britain in the early 1990s to pursue family life , Agutter shifted her focus to television , and in 2000 , she appeared in a new television adaptation of The Railway Children , this time taking on the role of the mother . She has continued to work steadily in British television drama , and since 2012 , she has starred in the BBC 's primetime ratings hit Call the Midwife . She also made a return to Hollywood film-making in 2012 , appearing in Marvel 's The Avengers , and reprised her role in Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) . Agutter is married with one adult son . She supports several charitable causes , mostly in relation to cystic fibrosis , a condition from which her niece suffers , and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for charitable services ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dracula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dracula_(1979_film)', 'summary': "Dracula is a 1979 British-American dark romantic horror film directed by John Badham . The film starred Frank Langella in the title role as well as Laurence Olivier , Donald Pleasence and Kate Nelligan . The film was based on Bram Stoker 's novel Dracula and its 1924 stage adaptation , though much of Stoker 's original plot was revised to make the film - which was advertised with the tagline A Love Story - more romantic . The film won the 1979 Saturn Award for Best Horror Film ."}]}, {'value': 'John Badham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Badham', 'summary': 'John MacDonald Badham ( born August 25 , 1939 ) is an English-born American director of film and television , best known for the films Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) , Dracula ( 1979 ) , Blue Thunder ( 1983 ) , WarGames ( 1983 ) , Short Circuit ( 1986 ) , and Stakeout ( 1987 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Langella , Laurence Olivier , Donald Pleasence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Langella', 'summary': "Frank A. Langella Jr. ( /lænˈdʒɛlə/ ; born January 1 , 1938 ) is an American stage and film actor . He has won four Tony Awards , two for Best Leading Actor in a Play for his performances as Richard Nixon in the play and the film production of Frost/Nixon , which earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor . and as André in The Father and two for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performances in Edward Albee 's Seascape and Ivan Turgenev 's Fortune 's Fool . His notable film roles include George Prager in Diary of a Mad Housewife ( 1970 ) , Count Dracula in Dracula ( 1979 ) , Skeletor in Masters of the Universe ( 1987 ) , Bob Alexander in Dave ( 1993 ) , and William S. Paley in Good Night , and Good Luck ( 2005 ) . He had a recurring role as Gabriel , the KGB handler for the lead characters , in the FX series The Americans between 2013 and 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laurence_Olivier', 'summary': "Laurence Kerr Olivier , Baron Olivier , OM ( /ˈlɒrəns ˈkɜːr əˈlɪvieɪ/ ; 22 May 1907 - 11 July 1989 ) was an English actor and director who , along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson , Peggy Ashcroft and John Gielgud , dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century . He also worked in films throughout his career , playing more than fifty cinema roles . Late in his career , he had considerable success in television roles . His family had no theatrical connections , but Olivier 's father , a clergyman , decided that his son should become an actor . After attending a drama school in London , Olivier learned his craft in a succession of acting jobs during the late 1920s . In 1930 he had his first important West End success in Noël Coward 's Private Lives , and he appeared in his first film . In 1935 he played in a celebrated production of Romeo and Juliet alongside Gielgud and Ashcroft , and by the end of the decade he was an established star . In the 1940s , together with Richardson and John Burrell , Olivier was the co-director of the Old Vic , building it into a highly respected company . There his most celebrated roles included Shakespeare 's Richard III and Sophocles 's Oedipus . In the 1950s Olivier was an independent actor-manager , but his stage career was in the doldrums until he joined the avant garde English Stage Company in 1957 to play the title role in The Entertainer , a part he later played on film . From 1963 to 1973 he was the founding director of Britain 's National Theatre , running a resident company that fostered many future stars . His own parts there included the title role in Othello ( 1965 ) and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice ( 1970 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donald_Pleasence', 'summary': "Donald Henry Pleasence OBE ( /ˈplɛzəns/ ; 5 October 1919 - 2 February 1995 ) was an English actor . He began his career on-stage in his native Britain before transitioning into a screen career , where he played numerous supporting and character roles including RAF Flight Lieutenant Colin Blythe in The Great Escape ( 1963 ) , the villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld in the James Bond film You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) , SEN 5241 in THX 1138 ( 1971 ) , and the deranged Clarence Doc Tydon in Wake in Fright ( 1971 ) . Pleasence gained widespread recognition for his role as psychiatrist Dr. Samuel Loomis in Halloween ( 1978 ) and four of its sequels , a role for which he was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor . The series ' popularity and critical success lead to a resurgent career for Pleasence , who appeared in numerous American and European-produced horror and thriller films . He collaborated with Halloween director twice more , as the President of the United States in Escape from New York ( 1981 ) , and as the Priest in Prince of Darkness ( 1987 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Driller Killer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Driller_Killer', 'summary': 'The Driller Killer is a 1979 black comedy horror film directed by Abel Ferrara and starring Ferrara ( credited as Jimmy Laine ) , Carolyn Marz , Baybi Day , and Harry Schultz . The plot concerns Reno Miller , a struggling artist in New York City , turning insane from stress and killing derelicts with a power drill . The film was infamous for being on the list of video nasties in the United Kingdom , resulting the film banned from 1984 ( due to new censorship laws ) until 1999 , when a cut version was approved for an 18 ( years of age ) certificate . The full uncut version was finally passed by the BBFC in November 2002 . On 10 June 2010 it was re-released as video on demand ( VOD ) . The film is now in the public domain .'}]}, {'value': 'Abel Ferrara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abel_Ferrara', 'summary': 'Abel Ferrara ( born July 19 , 1951 ) is an American filmmaker , known for the provocative and often controversial content in his films , his use of neo-noir imagery and gritty urban settings . A long-time independent filmmaker , some of his best known films include Ms .45 ( 1981 ) , King of New York ( 1990 ) , Bad Lieutenant ( 1992 ) and The Funeral ( 1996 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Laine , Carolyn Marz , Baybi Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Laine', 'summary': 'Abel Ferrara ( born July 19 , 1951 ) is an American filmmaker , known for the provocative and often controversial content in his films , his use of neo-noir imagery and gritty urban settings . A long-time independent filmmaker , some of his best known films include Ms .45 ( 1981 ) , King of New York ( 1990 ) , Bad Lieutenant ( 1992 ) and The Funeral ( 1996 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Evictors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Evictors', 'summary': 'The Evictors is a 1979 American crime-horror film written and directed by Charles B . Pierce , and starring Vic Morrow , Michael Parks , and Jessica Harper . A period piece set in 1942 , it follows a couple who are terrorized by a mysterious man on the property of their new home in rural Louisiana , which is the site of various unsolved homicides from years prior . Released in April 1979 , it was one of the last films distributed by American International Pictures .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles B . Pierce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_B._Pierce', 'summary': 'Charles B . Pierce ( June 16 , 1938 - March 5 , 2010 ) was an American film director , screenwriter , producer , set decorator , cinematographer and actor , and is considered one of the first modern independent filmmakers . Pierce directed thirteen films over the span of 26 years , but is best known for his cult hits The Legend of Boggy Creek ( 1973 ) and The Town That Dreaded Sundown ( 1976 ) . An Arkansas resident most of his life , Pierce made his directorial debut with Boggy Creek , a faux documentary-style film inspired by the legend of the Bigfoot-like Fouke Monster . The low-budget film grossed roughly $ 25 million , and Pierce followed that success with several inexpensive , regional films set in the southern United States , including The Town That Dreaded Sundown , based on the true story of the Phantom Killer murders in Texarkana . Pierce continued directing films into the 1980s , when he wrote the story for the Clint Eastwood film Sudden Impact . For that screenplay , he is said to have written the phrase , Go ahead , make my day , which became one of the most famous movie quotes in history . After years of pressure from producers , Pierce directed a Boggy Creek sequel , Boggy Creek II : And the Legend Continues , which he considered the worst film of his career . It was later riffed on by the comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vic Morrow , Michael Parks , Jessica Harper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vic_Morrow', 'summary': "Victor Morrow ( born Victor Morozoff , February 14 , 1929 - July 23 , 1982 ) was an American actor and director whose credits include a starring role in the 1960s ABC television series Combat ! , prominent roles in a handful of other television and film dramas , and numerous guest roles on television . Morrow also gained notice for his roles in movies Blackboard Jungle ( 1955 ) , King Creole ( 1958 ) , God 's Little Acre ( 1958 ) , Dirty Mary , Crazy Larry ( 1974 ) , and The Bad News Bears ( 1976 ) . Morrow and two child actors were killed in 1982 by a stunt helicopter crash during the filming of Twilight Zone : The Movie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Parks', 'summary': "Michael Parks ( born Harry Samuel Parks ; April 24 , 1940 - May 9 , 2017 ) was an American singer and actor . He appeared in many films and made frequent television appearances , notably starring in the 1969-70 series Then Came Bronson , but was probably best known for his work in his later years with filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino , David Lynch , Robert Rodriguez and Kevin Smith . As of 2018-2019 , Kevin Smith was producing a documentary on Michael 's life titled Long Lonesome Highway , The Story of Michael Parks . It stars James Parks , Kurt Russell , Haley Joel Osment , Robert Rodriguez , Leonard Maltin , Mickey Rourke , Justin Long , Wyatt Russell , Mark Frost , and more ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Harper', 'summary': "Jessica Harper ( born October 10 , 1949 ) is an American actress , producer , and singer . Harper began her feature film career with a starring role in Brian De Palma 's Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) as well as a role in Inserts ( 1975 ) . She is best known for her portrayal of Suzy Bannion , the protagonist of Dario Argento 's giallo cult classic Suspiria ( 1977 ) , and appeared in a supporting role in Luca Guadagnino 's 2018 remake . Her other films include Stardust Memories ( 1980 ) , Shock Treatment ( 1981 ) ( the followup to The Rocky Horror Picture Show in which she replaced Susan Sarandon as Janet Weiss ) , The Blue Iguana ( 1988 ) , Safe ( 1995 ) , and Minority Report ( 2002 ) . In addition to acting , Harper is also an author of children 's music and books ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fascination', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fascination_(1979_film)', 'summary': 'Fascination is a 1979 French horror film directed by Jean Rollin , and starring Franca Maï and Brigitte Lahaie . It focuses on a thief who seeks refuge in a remote château where two mysterious women with potentially sinister intentions are residing .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean Rollin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Rollin', 'summary': "Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil ( 3 November 1938 - 15 December 2010 ) was a French film director , actor , and novelist best known for his work in the fantastique genre . His career , spanning over fifty years , featured early short films and his achievements with his first four vampire classics Le viol du vampire ( 1968 ) , La vampire nue ( 1970 ) , Le frisson des vampires ( 1970 ) , and Requiem pour un vampire ( 1971 ) . Rollin 's subsequent notable works include La rose de fer ( 1973 ) , Lèvres de sang ( 1975 ) , Les raisins de la mort ( 1978 ) , Fascination ( 1979 ) , and La morte vivante ( 1982 ) . His films are noted for their exquisite , if mostly static , cinematography , off-kilter plot progression and poetic dialogue , their playful surrealism and recurrent use of well-constructed female lead characters . Outlandish denouments and abstruse visual symbols were trademarks throughout his 'dark fantasy ' career . Remarkably , in spite of their seeming high production values and precise craftsmanship , his films were made with very little money , and often under crushing deadlines . In the mid-1970s , lack of regular work led the director to direct mostly pornographic films under various pseudonyms , an activity he continued until the early 1980s ."}]}, {'value': 'Muriel Montossé , Franca Mai , Jean-Marie Lemaire', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Human Experiments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Human_Experiments', 'summary': "Human Experiments ( also known as Beyond the Gate ) is a 1979 American horror film directed and co-produced by Gregory Goodell . It stars Linda Haynes , Geoffrey Lewis , Ellen Travolta , Aldo Ray , Jackie Coogan and Lurene Tuttle . This film earned its notoriety for being targeted by England 's Director of Public Prosecutions during the video nasty furore in the early 1980s . Although it was listed on the first video nasty list issued by the DPP on July 4 , 1983 , the film was never prosecuted under the Obscene Publications Act and had originally been given an uncut ( now defunct ) X rating by the BBFC for theatrical release in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gregory Goodell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ellen Travolta , Linda Haynes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellen_Travolta', 'summary': 'Ellen M. Travolta ( born October 6 , 1939 ) is an American actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Linda_Haynes', 'summary': 'Linda Haynes ( born November 4 , 1947 ) is an American actress who appeared in several films in the 1970s and early 1980s before retiring from the business and becoming a legal secretary . A life member of The Actors Studio , Haynes is best known for her roles in Coffy , The Nickel Ride and Rolling Thunder .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Killer Fish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Killer_Fish', 'summary': 'Killer Fish is a 1979 Italian-French-Brazilian horror film directed by Antonio Margheriti .'}]}, {'value': 'Antonio Margheriti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Margheriti', 'summary': 'Antonio Margheriti ( 19 September 1930 - 4 November 2002 ) , also known under the pseudonyms Anthony M. Dawson and Antony Daisies ( daisies is margherite in Italian ) , was an Italian filmmaker . Margheriti worked in many different genres in the Italian film industry , and was known for his sometimes derivative but often stylish and entertaining science fiction , sword and sandal , horror/giallo , Eurospy , spaghetti western , Vietnam War and action movies that were released to a wide international audience . He died in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lee Majors , Marisa Berenson , Karen Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Majors', 'summary': 'Lee Majors ( born Harvey Lee Yeary ; April 23 , 1939 ) is an American film , television and voice actor . Majors is best known for portraying the characters of Heath Barkley in the American television Western series The Big Valley ( 1965-1969 ) , Colonel Steve Austin in the American television science fiction action series The Six Million Dollar Man ( 1973-1978 ) , and Colt Seavers in American television action series The Fall Guy ( 1981-1986 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marisa_Berenson', 'summary': 'Vittoria Marisa Schiaparelli Berenson ( born February 15 , 1947 ) is an American actress and model . She appeared on the front covers of Vogue and Time , and won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Natalia Landauer in the 1972 film Cabaret . The role also earned her Golden Globe and BAFTA Award nominations . In 2001 , she made her Broadway debut in the revival of Design for Living . Her other film appearances include Death in Venice ( 1971 ) , Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) , S.O.B . ( 1981 ) and I Am Love ( 2009 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karen_Black', 'summary': "Karen Blanche Black ( née Ziegler ; July 1 , 1939 - August 8 , 2013 ) was an American actress , screenwriter , singer , and songwriter . She rose to prominence for her work in various independent films in the 1970s , frequently portraying eccentric and offbeat characters , and established herself as a figure of New Hollywood . Her career spanned over 50 years , and includes nearly 200 credits in both independent and mainstream films . Black received numerous accolades throughout her career , including two Golden Globe Awards , as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . A native of suburban Chicago , Black studied theater at Northwestern University before dropping out and relocating to New York City . She performed on Broadway in 1965 before making her major film debut in Francis Ford Coppola 's You 're a Big Boy Now ( 1966 ) . Black relocated to California and was cast as an acid-tripping prostitute in Dennis Hopper 's road film Easy Rider ( 1969 ) . This led to a lead in the drama Five Easy Pieces ( 1970 ) , in which she played a hopeless waitress , for which she was nominated for an Academy Award and won a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress . Black made her first major commercial picture with the disaster film Airport 1975 ( 1974 ) , and her subsequent appearance as Myrtle Wilson in The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) won her a second Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress . Black starred as a glamorous country singer in Robert Altman 's ensemble musical drama Nashville ( 1975 ) , also writing and performing two songs for the soundtrack , which won a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack . Her portrayal of an aspiring actress in John Schlesinger 's morbid drama The Day of the Locust ( also 1975 ) earned her a third Golden Globe nomination , this time for Best Actress . She subsequently appeared in three roles in Dan Curtis 's anthology horror film Trilogy of Terror ( 1975 ) , followed by Curtis 's supernatural horror feature , Burnt Offerings ( 1976 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil Italy United Kingdom United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murder by Decree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_by_Decree', 'summary': "Murder by Decree is a 1979 British-Canadian mystery thriller film directed by Bob Clark . It features the Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson characters created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , who are embroiled in the investigation surrounding the real-life 1888 Whitechapel murders committed by Jack the Ripper . Christopher Plummer plays Holmes and James Mason plays Watson . Though it features a similar premise , it is notably different in tone and result to A Study in Terror . It is loosely based on The Ripper File by Elwyn Jones and John Lloyd . The film 's premise of the plot behind the murders is influenced by the book Jack the Ripper : The Final Solution , by Stephen Knight , who presumed that the killings were part of a Masonic plot . The original script contained the names of the historical suspects , Sir William Gull and John Netley . In the actual film , they are represented by fictional analogues : Thomas Spivy ( Gull ) and William Slade ( Netley ) . This plot device was later used in other Jack the Ripper-themed fiction , including the graphic novel From Hell ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Clark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Clark', 'summary': "Benjamin Bob Clark ( August 5 , 1939 - April 4 , 2007 ) was an American director , screenwriter , producer , and actor . He is best known for his work in the Canadian film industry throughout the 1970s and 1980s , where he was responsible for some of the most successful films in Canadian film history such as Black Christmas ( 1974 ) , Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) , Tribute ( 1980 ) , Porky 's ( 1981 ) , and A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) . He won three Genie Awards ( two Best Direction and one Best Screenplay ) with two additional nominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Christopher Plummer , Donald Sutherland , John Gielgud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Plummer', 'summary': 'Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer CC ( born December 13 , 1929 ) is a Canadian actor whose career has spanned six decades , beginning with his film debut in Stage Struck ( 1958 ) . He is known for portraying Captain Georg von Trapp in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , and has portrayed numerous major historical figures , including the Emperor Commodus in The Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1964 ) , Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington in Waterloo ( 1970 ) , Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) , Mike Wallace in The Insider ( 1999 ) , Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station ( 2009 ) , Kaiser Wilhelm II in The Exception ( 2016 ) , and J. Paul Getty in All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) . Plummer has received various accolades for his work , including an Academy Award , a Genie Award , two Emmy Awards , two Tony Awards , a Golden Globe Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a British Academy Film Award ; he is one of the few performers to receive the Triple Crown of Acting , and the only Canadian . He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor at the age of 82 for Beginners ( 2010 ) , becoming the oldest actor to win an acting award , and he received a nomination at the age of 88 for All the Money in the World , making him the oldest person to be nominated in an acting category .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Donald_Sutherland', 'summary': "Donald McNichol Sutherland , CC ( born 17 July 1935 ) is a Canadian actor whose film career spans more than five decades . Sutherland rose to fame after starring in films including The Dirty Dozen ( 1967 ) , M*A*S*H ( 1970 ) , Kelly 's Heroes ( 1970 ) , Klute ( 1971 ) , Do n't Look Now ( 1973 ) , Fellini 's Casanova ( 1976 ) , 1900 ( 1976 ) , Animal House ( 1978 ) , Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1978 ) , Ordinary People ( 1980 ) , and Eye of the Needle ( 1981 ) . He subsequently established himself as one of the most respected , prolific and versatile character actors from Canada . He later went on to star in many other films where he appeared either in leading or supporting roles such as A Dry White Season ( 1989 ) , JFK ( 1991 ) , Outbreak ( 1995 ) , A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) , Without Limits ( 1998 ) , The Italian Job ( 2003 ) , Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) , Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) , Aurora Borealis ( 2006 ) and The Hunger Games franchise ( 2012-2015 ) . Sutherland has been nominated for eight Golden Globe Awards , winning two for his performances in the television films Citizen X ( 1995 ) and Path to War ( 2002 ) ; the former also earned him a Primetime Emmy Award . An inductee of the Hollywood Walk of Fame and Canadian Walk of Fame , he also received a Canadian Academy Award for the drama film Threshold ( 1981 ) . Several media outlets and film critics describe him as one of the best actors who have never received an Academy Award nomination . In 2017 , he received an Academy Honorary Award for his contributions to cinema . He is the father of actors Kiefer Sutherland , Rossif Sutherland and Angus Sutherland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Gielgud', 'summary': "Sir Arthur John Gielgud , OM , CH ( /ˈɡiːlɡʊd/ ; 14 April 1904 - 21 May 2000 ) was an English actor and theatre director whose career spanned eight decades . With Ralph Richardson and Laurence Olivier , he was one of the trinity of actors who dominated the British stage for much of the 20th century . A member of the Terry family theatrical dynasty , he gained his first paid acting work as a junior member of his cousin Phyllis Neilson-Terry 's company in 1922 . After studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art he worked in repertory theatre and in the West End before establishing himself at the Old Vic as an exponent of Shakespeare in 1929-31 . During the 1930s Gielgud was a stage star in the West End and on Broadway , appearing in new works and classics . He began a parallel career as a director , and set up his own company at the Queen 's Theatre , London . He was regarded by many as the finest Hamlet of his era , and was also known for high comedy roles such as John Worthing in The Importance of Being Earnest . In the 1950s Gielgud feared that his career was threatened when he was convicted and fined for a homosexual offence , but his colleagues and the public supported him loyally . When avant-garde plays began to supersede traditional West End productions in the later 1950s he found no new suitable stage roles , and for several years he was best known in the theatre for his one-man Shakespeare show Ages of Man . From the late 1960s he found new plays that suited him , by authors including Alan Bennett , David Storey and Harold Pinter . During the first half of his career , Gielgud did not take the cinema seriously . Though he made his first film in 1924 , and had successes with The Good Companions ( 1933 ) and Julius Caesar ( 1953 ) , he did not begin a regular film career until his sixties ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nightwing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nightwing_(film)', 'summary': "Nightwing is a 1979 American horror film directed by the Canadian filmmaker Arthur Hiller . ( This was his only horror film . ) The screenplay is by Martin Cruz Smith , Steve Shagan and Bud Shrake , based on the 1977 novel of the same title by Smith . The movie 's tagline is Day belongs to man , but night is theirs ! It was one of many imitators of the 1975 film Jaws . Such movies about animals gone wild were popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s . These included Grizzly ( 1976 ) , Orca ( 1977 ) , Tentacles ( 1977 ) , The Pack ( 1977 ) , Piranha ( 1978 ) , Alligator ( 1980 ) and Great White ( 1980 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Hiller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Hiller', 'summary': "Arthur Hiller , OC ( November 22 , 1923 [ a ] - August 17 , 2016 ) was a Canadian-American television and film director with over 33 films to his credit during a 50-year career . He began his career directing television in Canada and later in the U.S. By the late 1950s he began directing films , most often comedies . He also directed dramas and romantic subjects , such as Love Story ( 1970 ) , which was nominated for seven Oscars . Hiller collaborated on films with screenwriters Paddy Chayefsky and Neil Simon . Among his other films were The Americanization of Emily ( 1964 ) , Tobruk ( 1967 ) , The Hospital ( 1971 ) , The Out-of-Towners ( 1970 ) , Plaza Suite ( 1971 ) , The Man in the Glass Booth ( 1975 ) , Silver Streak ( 1976 ) , The In-Laws ( 1979 ) and Outrageous Fortune ( 1987 ) . Hiller served as president of the Directors Guild of America from 1989 to 1993 and president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1993 to 1997 . He was the recipient of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 2002 . An annual film festival in Hiller 's honor was held from 2006 until 2009 at his alma mater , Victoria School of Performing and Visual Arts ."}]}, {'value': 'Nick Mancuso , David Warner , Kathryn Harrold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Mancuso', 'summary': 'Nicodemo Antonio Massimo Mancuso ( born May 29 , 1948 ) is an Italian-Canadian actor , artist , playwright , and director . Beginning his career as a stage actor , he had his breakthrough role in the 1981 drama Ticket to Heaven , for which he won the Genie Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor . He has over 155 film and television credits , including a starring role on the NBC series Stingray ( 1985-87 ) and as antichrist Franco Macalousso in the Apocalypse film series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Warner_(actor)', 'summary': 'David Hattersley Warner ( born 29 July 1941 ) is an English actor and voice actor who has worked in film , television , and theatre . He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and worked in the theatre before attaining prominence on screen in the early 1960s through his lead performance in the Karel Reisz film Morgan : A Suitable Case for Treatment , for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . Warner has portrayed both romantic leads and villainous characters across a range of media , including The Ballad of Cable Hogue , Straw Dogs , Cross of Iron , The Omen , Holocaust , The Thirty Nine Steps , Time After Time , Time Bandits , Tron , A Christmas Carol , Portrait in Evil , Titanic , Mary Poppins Returns and various characters in the Star Trek franchise including Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country and Star Trek : The Next Generation . In 1981 , he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special for his portrayal of Pomponius Falco in the television miniseries Masada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kathryn_Harrold', 'summary': "Kathryn Harrold ( born August 2 , 1950 ) is an American counselor and retired film actress , best known for her female leading roles in films The Hunter ( 1980 ) , Modern Romance ( 1981 ) , The Pursuit of D. B. Cooper ( 1981 ) , Yes , Giorgio ( 1982 ) , and Raw Deal ( 1986 ) . She had leading roles in horror films Nightwing ( 1979 ) and The Sender ( 1982 ) . She also played Fracine Sanders in HBO 's The Larry Sanders Show"}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nosferatu the Vampyre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nosferatu_the_Vampyre', 'summary': "Nosferatu the Vampyre is a 1979 West German horror film written and directed by Werner Herzog . Its original German title is Nosferatu : Phantom der Nacht ( Nosferatu : Phantom of the Night ) . The film is set primarily in 19th-century Wismar , Germany and Transylvania , and was conceived as a stylistic remake of F. W. Murnau 's 1922 German Dracula adaptation Nosferatu . The picture stars Klaus Kinski as Count Dracula , Isabelle Adjani as Lucy Harker , Bruno Ganz as Jonathan Harker , and French artist-writer Roland Topor as Renfield . There are two different versions of the film , one in which the actors speak English , and one in which they speak German . Herzog 's production of Nosferatu was very well received by critics and enjoyed a comfortable degree of commercial success . The film also marks the second of five collaborations between director Herzog and actor Kinski , immediately followed by 1979 's Woyzeck . The film had 1,000,000 admissions in West Germany and grossed ITL 53,870,000 in Italy . The film was also a modest success in Adjani 's home country , taking in 933,533 admissions in France . A novelization of the screenplay was written by Paul Monette and published by both Avon Publishing no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } . The 1988 Italian horror film Nosferatu in Venice is an in-name-only sequel , again featuring Kinski in the title role ."}]}, {'value': 'Werner Herzog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werner_Herzog', 'summary': "Werner Herzog ( German : [ ˈvɛɐ̯nɐ ˈhɛɐ̯tsoːk ] ; born 5 September 1942 ) is a German film director , screenwriter , author , actor , and opera director . Herzog is a figure of the New German Cinema . His films often feature ambitious protagonists with impossible dreams , people with unique talents in obscure fields , or individuals who are in conflict with nature . Werner Herzog made his first film in 1961 at the age of 19 . Since then he has produced , written , and directed more than sixty feature films and documentaries , such as Aguirre , the Wrath of God ( 1972 ) , Heart of Glass ( 1976 ) , Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1978 ) , Fitzcarraldo ( 1982 ) , Lessons of Darkness ( 1992 ) , Little Dieter Needs to Fly ( 1997 ) , My Best Fiend ( 1999 ) , Invincible ( 2000 ) , Grizzly Man ( 2005 ) , Encounters at the End of the World ( 2007 ) , Bad Lieutenant : Port of Call New Orleans ( 2009 ) , and Cave of Forgotten Dreams ( 2010 ) . He has published more than a dozen books of prose , and directed as many operas . French filmmaker François Truffaut once called Herzog the most important film director alive . American film critic Roger Ebert said that Herzog has never created a single film that is compromised , shameful , made for pragmatic reasons , or uninteresting . Even his failures are spectacular . He was named one of the world 's 100 most influential people by Time magazine in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Klaus Kinski , Isabelle Adjani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Kinski', 'summary': "Klaus Kinski ( born Klaus Günter Karl Nakszynski ; 18 October 1926 - 23 November 1991 ) was a German actor . He appeared in more than 130 films , and was a leading role actor in the films of Werner Herzog , including Aguirre , the Wrath of God ( 1972 ) , Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1979 ) , Woyzeck ( 1979 ) , Fitzcarraldo ( 1982 ) , and Cobra Verde ( 1987 ) . He also appeared in many Spaghetti Westerns , such as For a Few Dollars More ( 1965 ) , A Bullet for the General ( 1966 ) , The Great Silence ( 1968 ) , And God Said to Cain ( 1970 ) , Shoot the Living and Pray for the Dead ( 1971 ) and A Genius , Two Partners and a Dupe ( 1975 ) . Kinski was a controversial figure , and some of his tantrums on set were filmed in Herzog 's documentary My Best Fiend . He is the father of Pola , Nastassja , and Nikolai Kinski , born of three different marriages . They have all become actors and have worked in Germany and the United States , in film and TV ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Adjani', 'summary': "Isabelle Yasmina Adjani ( born 27 June 1955 ) is a French film actress and singer . She is the only actress or actor in history to win five César Awards ; she won Best Actress for Possession ( 1981 ) , One Deadly Summer ( 1983 ) , Camille Claudel ( 1988 ) , La Reine Margot ( 1994 ) , and Skirt Day ( 2009 ) . She was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 2010 , and a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters in 2014 . Adjani 's performance as Adèle Hugo in the 1975 film The Story of Adele H. earned her the first of two nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Her second nomination - for Camille Claudel - made her the first French actress to receive two nominations for foreign-language films . She won Best Actress at the 1981 Cannes Film Festival for her performances in Possession and Quartet , and , later , she won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 1989 Berlin Film Festival for Camille Claudel . Her other notable film performances include The Tenant ( 1976 ) , Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1979 ) , Subway ( 1985 ) , Diabolique ( 1996 ) , and French Women ( 2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'West Germany France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phantasm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phantasm_(film)', 'summary': "Phantasm is a 1979 American science fantasy horror film directed , written , photographed , and edited by Don Coscarelli . The first film in the Phantasm franchise , it introduces the Tall Man ( Angus Scrimm ) , a supernatural and malevolent undertaker who turns the dead of Earth into dwarf zombies to be sent to his planet and used as slaves . He is opposed by a young boy , Mike ( Michael Baldwin ) , who tries to convince his older brother Jody ( Bill Thornbury ) and family friend Reggie ( Reggie Bannister ) of the threat . Phantasm was a locally financed independent film ; the cast and crew were mostly amateurs and aspiring professionals . Though initial reviews were mixed in regards to the dreamlike , surreal narrative and imagery , later reception was more positive and the film became a cult classic . It has appeared on several critics ' lists of best horror films , and it has been cited as an influence on later horror series . It was followed by four sequels : Phantasm II ( 1988 ) , Phantasm III : Lord of the Dead ( 1994 ) , Phantasm IV : Oblivion ( 1998 ) and Phantasm : Ravager ( 2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Coscarelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Coscarelli', 'summary': 'Don Coscarelli Jr. ( born February 17 , 1954 ) is an American film director , producer , and screenwriter best known for horror films . His credits include the Phantasm series , The Beastmaster , and Bubba Ho-Tep .'}]}, {'value': 'A. Michael Baldwin , Bill Thornbury , Reggie Bannister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._Michael_Baldwin', 'summary': 'A. Michael Baldwin ( born Michael M. Baldwin ; April 4 , 1963 ) is an American actor , producer , and screenwriter . He came to public notice as a child actor , appearing as Mike Pearson in Phantasm ( 1979 ) and its sequels .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Reggie_Bannister', 'summary': 'Reginald Horace Reggie Bannister ( born September 29 , 1945 ) is an American musician , actor , producer , writer , and activist .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': ' Horror films By decade 1896–1959 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 vte A list of horror films released in 1979 .', 'uid': 'List_of_horror_films_of_1979_0', 'intro': 'A list of horror films released in 1979.'}
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Who directed the film whose remake was produced in 2005 ?
Stuart Rosenberg
08b9b0836ba504bd
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_Heritage_properties', 'title': 'List of English Heritage properties', 'header': ['Name', 'Type', 'Date', 'Condition', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aldborough Roman Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum', 'summary': 'Isurium or Isurium of the Brigantes ( Latin : Isurium Brigantum ) was a Roman fort and town in the province of Britannia at the site of present-day Aldborough in North Yorkshire , England , in the United Kingdom . Its remains - the Aldborough Roman Site - are in the care of English Heritage . The Roman road through the town formed a leg of both Dere Street - connecting Eboracum ( York ) to the Antonine Wall - and the Roman equivalent of Watling Street , which here connected Eboracum with Luguvalium ( Carlisle ) . The modern village retains part of the Roman street plan and the church stands on the site of the forum .'}]}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town', 'summary': 'Towns are mainly non agricultural settlements . A town is a human settlement . Towns are generally larger than villages but smaller than cities , though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts of the world .'}]}, {'value': '1st century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Remains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Remains of a Roman town , once capital of the Brigantes tribe . Ruins laid out amid a Victorian arboretum with an onsite museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Byland Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byland_Abbey', 'summary': 'Byland Abbey is a ruined abbey and a small village in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire , England , in the North York Moors National Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey', 'summary': 'An abbey is a complex of buildings , a type of monastery used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess . It provides a place for religious activities , work , and housing of Christian monks and nuns . The concept of the abbey has developed over many centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them . Religious life in an abbey may be monastic . An abbey may be the home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors . The layout of the church and associated buildings of an abbey often follows a set plan determined by the founding religious order . Abbeys are often self-sufficient while using any abundance of produce or skill to provide care to the poor and needy , refuge to the persecuted , or education to the young . Some abbeys offer accommodation to people who are seeking spiritual retreat . There are many famous abbeys across Europe .'}]}, {'value': '1135', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cistercian monastery with early gothic architecture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlton Towers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_Towers', 'summary': "Carlton Towers in the parish of Carlton , 5 miles ( 8 km ) south-east of Selby , North Yorkshire , England , is a very large Grade I listed country house , in the Victorian Gothic-revival style , and is surrounded by a 250-acre park . The house was re-built to its present form in 1873-5 by Henry Stapleton , 9th Baron Beaumont ( 1848-1892 ) , whose father Miles Stapleton , 8th Baron Beaumont ( 1805-1854 ) had in 1840 inherited the title Baron Beaumont , in abeyance since 1507 . His architect was Edward Welby Pugin , who encased and incorporated the earlier manor house dating from 1614 into a larger structure . He sold much of the estate to finance the building work . The 9th Baron died of pneumonia , without issue , and it passed to his younger brother the 10th Baron . The house is now the property of the 10th Baron 's great-grandson Edward Fitzalan-Howard , 18th Duke of Norfolk , 13th Baron Beaumont ( born 1956 ) of Arundel Castle in Sussex , who has allowed it to become the home of his younger brother Lord Gerald Fitzalan-Howard ( born 1962 ) . The main parts of the house are available for hire for wedding receptions and other events ."}]}, {'value': 'Country house', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_house', 'summary': 'An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside . Such houses were often owned by individuals who also owned a town house . This allowed them to spend time in the country and in the city - hence , for these people , the term distinguished between town and country . However , the term also encompasses houses that were , and often still are , the full-time residence for the landed gentry that ruled rural Britain until the Reform Act 1832 . Frequently , the formal business of the counties was transacted in these country houses . With large numbers of indoor and outdoor staff , country houses were important as places of employment for many rural communities . In turn , until the agricultural depressions of the 1870s , the estates , of which country houses were the hub , provided their owners with incomes . However , the late 19th and early 20th centuries were the swansong of the traditional English country house lifestyle . Increased taxation and the effects of World War I led to the demolition of hundreds of houses ; those that remained had to adapt to survive . While a château or a Schloss can be a fortified or unfortified building , a country house , similar to an Ansitz , is usually unfortified . If fortified , it is called a castle , but not all buildings with the name castle are fortified ( for example Highclere Castle ) .'}]}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Complete', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian country house design by Pugin and built in the gothic-rival style', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Clifford 's Tower", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Clifford's_Tower", 'summary': "York Castle is a fortified complex in the city of York , England . It has comprised a sequence of castles , prisons , law courts and other buildings , which were built over the last nine centuries on the south side of the River Foss . The now-ruined keep of the medieval Norman castle is commonly referred to as Clifford 's Tower . Built originally on the orders of William I to dominate the former Viking city of Jórvík , the castle suffered a tumultuous early history before developing into a major fortification with extensive water defences . After a major explosion in 1684 rendered the remaining military defences uninhabitable , York Castle continued to be used as a jail and prison until 1929 . The first motte and bailey castle on the site was built in 1068 following the Norman conquest of York . After the destruction of the castle by rebels and a Viking army in 1069 , York Castle was rebuilt and reinforced with extensive water defences , including a moat and an artificial lake . York Castle formed an important royal fortification in the north of England . In 1190 , 150 local Jews were killed in a pogrom in the castle keep ; most of them committed suicide in order not to fall into the hands of the mob . Henry III rebuilt the castle in stone in the middle of the 13th century , creating a keep with a unique quatrefoil design , supported by an outer bailey wall and a substantial gatehouse . During the Scottish wars between 1298 and 1338 , York Castle was frequently used as the centre of royal administration across England , as well as an important military base of operations . York Castle fell into disrepair by the 15th and 16th centuries , becoming used increasingly as a jail for both local felons and political prisoners ."}]}, {'value': 'Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castle', 'summary': 'A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders . Scholars debate the scope of the word castle , but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble . This is distinct from a palace , which is not fortified ; from a fortress , which was not always a residence for royalty or nobility ; and from a fortified settlement , which was a public defence - though there are many similarities among these types of construction . Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses . Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built , they took on a great many forms with many different features , although some , such as curtain walls , arrowslits , and portcullises , were commonplace . European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries , after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes . These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures ; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as offered protection from enemies . Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies , the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power . Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes , and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community , such as mills , fertile land , or a water source . Many northern European castles were originally built from earth and timber , but had their defences replaced later by stone . Early castles often exploited natural defences , lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central keep . In the late 12th and early 13th centuries , a scientific approach to castle defence emerged .'}]}, {'value': '13th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mostly complete', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The keep of York Castle , and the most prominent surviving part of the original medieval fortification . It was built on the orders of William I and rebuilt by Henry III . It has also served as a prison and a royal mint', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Easby Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Easby_Abbey', 'summary': 'Easby Abbey , or the Abbey of St Agatha , is a ruined Premonstratensian abbey on the eastern bank of the River Swale on the outskirts of Richmond in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire , England . The site is maintained by English Heritage and can be reached by a riverside walk from Richmond Castle . Within the precinct is the still-active parish church , displaying 13th-century wall paintings .'}]}, {'value': 'Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey', 'summary': 'An abbey is a complex of buildings , a type of monastery used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess . It provides a place for religious activities , work , and housing of Christian monks and nuns . The concept of the abbey has developed over many centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them . Religious life in an abbey may be monastic . An abbey may be the home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors . The layout of the church and associated buildings of an abbey often follows a set plan determined by the founding religious order . Abbeys are often self-sufficient while using any abundance of produce or skill to provide care to the poor and needy , refuge to the persecuted , or education to the young . Some abbeys offer accommodation to people who are seeking spiritual retreat . There are many famous abbeys across Europe .'}]}, {'value': '1152', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premonstratensian abbey . Notable for its lavish roof-height refectory built around 1300 . Within the precinct is the still-active parish church , displaying 13th century wall paintings', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fountains Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fountains_Abbey', 'summary': 'Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England . It is located approximately 3 miles ( 5 kilometres ) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire , near to the village of Aldfield . Founded in 1132 , the abbey operated for 407 years becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution in 1539 under the order of Henry VIII . The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey', 'summary': 'An abbey is a complex of buildings , a type of monastery used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess . It provides a place for religious activities , work , and housing of Christian monks and nuns . The concept of the abbey has developed over many centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them . Religious life in an abbey may be monastic . An abbey may be the home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors . The layout of the church and associated buildings of an abbey often follows a set plan determined by the founding religious order . Abbeys are often self-sufficient while using any abundance of produce or skill to provide care to the poor and needy , refuge to the persecuted , or education to the young . Some abbeys offer accommodation to people who are seeking spiritual retreat . There are many famous abbeys across Europe .'}]}, {'value': '1132', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England . Owned by the National Trust and maintained by English Heritage', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gisborough Priory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gisborough_Priory', 'summary': "Gisborough Priory is a ruined Augustinian priory in Guisborough in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland and ceremonial county of North Yorkshire , England . It was founded in 1119 as the Priory of St Mary by the Norman feudal magnate Robert de Brus , also an ancestor of the Scottish king , Robert the Bruce . It became one of the richest monastic foundations in England with grants from the crown and bequests from de Brus , other nobles and gentry and local people of more modest means . Much of the Romanesque Norman priory was destroyed in a fire in 1289 . It was rebuilt in the Gothic style on a grander scale over the following century . Its remains are regarded as among the finest surviving examples of early Gothic architecture in England . The priory prospered until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1540 , when it was abolished along with England 's other monastic communities . The priory buildings were demolished and the stone re-used in other buildings in Guisborough . The east end of the priory church was left standing with its great window forming a distinctive arch , a well-known landmark used as a symbol for Guisborough . It became part of the estate of the Chaloner family , who acquired it in 1550 . The east window was preserved by them as part of a Romantic vista adjoining their seat , Gisborough Hall , from which the priory takes its idiosyncratically spelled name . It is owned by the Chaloners but is in the care of English Heritage as a scheduled monument ."}]}, {'value': 'Priory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Priory', 'summary': 'A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress . Priories may be houses of mendicant friars or nuns ( such as the Dominicans , Augustinians , Franciscans , and Carmelites , for instance ) , or monasteries of monks or nuns ( as with the Benedictines ) . Houses of canons regular and canonesses regular also use this term , the alternative being canonry . In pre-Reformation England , if an abbey church was raised to cathedral status , the abbey became a Cathedral Priory . The bishop , in effect , took the place of the abbot , and the monastery itself was headed by a prior .'}]}, {'value': '14th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': "An Augustinian priory founded in 1119 by an ancestor of Robert the Bruce . It is dominated by the skeleton of the 14th century church 's east end", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helmsley Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmsley_Castle', 'summary': 'Helmsley Castle ( also known anciently as Hamlake ) is a medieval castle situated in the market town of Helmsley , within the North York Moors National Park , North Yorkshire , England .'}]}, {'value': 'Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castle', 'summary': 'A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders . Scholars debate the scope of the word castle , but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble . This is distinct from a palace , which is not fortified ; from a fortress , which was not always a residence for royalty or nobility ; and from a fortified settlement , which was a public defence - though there are many similarities among these types of construction . Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses . Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built , they took on a great many forms with many different features , although some , such as curtain walls , arrowslits , and portcullises , were commonplace . European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries , after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes . These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures ; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as offered protection from enemies . Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies , the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power . Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes , and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community , such as mills , fertile land , or a water source . Many northern European castles were originally built from earth and timber , but had their defences replaced later by stone . Early castles often exploited natural defences , lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central keep . In the late 12th and early 13th centuries , a scientific approach to castle defence emerged .'}]}, {'value': '13th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A castle founded around 1120 , and rebuilt around 1300 . It later became a Tudor mansion , a Civil War stronghold , and then a romantic Victorian ruin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirkham Priory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirkham_Priory', 'summary': "The ruins of Kirkham Priory are situated on the banks of the River Derwent , at Kirkham , North Yorkshire , England . The Augustinian priory was founded in the 1120s by Walter l'Espec , lord of nearby Helmsley , who also built Rievaulx Abbey . The priory was surrendered in 8 December 1539 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries . Legend has it that Kirkham was founded in remembrance of l'Espec 's only son who had died nearby as a consequence of his horse being startled by a boar . The area was later used to test the D-Day landing vehicles , and was visited by Winston Churchill . The ruins are now Grade I listed and in the care of English Heritage ."}]}, {'value': 'Priory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Priory', 'summary': 'A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress . Priories may be houses of mendicant friars or nuns ( such as the Dominicans , Augustinians , Franciscans , and Carmelites , for instance ) , or monasteries of monks or nuns ( as with the Benedictines ) . Houses of canons regular and canonesses regular also use this term , the alternative being canonry . In pre-Reformation England , if an abbey church was raised to cathedral status , the abbey became a Cathedral Priory . The bishop , in effect , took the place of the abbot , and the monastery itself was headed by a prior .'}]}, {'value': '1120s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': "An Augustinian priory was founded in the 1120s by Walter l'Espec , lord of nearby Helmsley , who also built Rievaulx Abbey", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marmion Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marmion_Tower', 'summary': 'Marmion Tower , also known historically as Tanfield Castle , is a 15th-century gatehouse near the village of West Tanfield in North Yorkshire , England . It survived the destruction of the surrounding fortified manor and is now managed by English Heritage .'}]}, {'value': 'Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tower', 'summary': 'A tower is a tall structure , taller than it is wide , often by a significant factor . Towers are distinguished from masts by their lack of guy-wires and are therefore , along with tall buildings , self-supporting structures . Towers are specifically distinguished from buildings in that they are not built to be habitable but to serve other functions . The principal function is the use of their height to enable various functions to be achieved including : visibility of other features attached to the tower such as clock towers ; as part of a larger structure or device to increase the visibility of the surroundings for defensive purposes as in a fortified building such as a castle ; as a structure for observation for leisure purposes ; or as a structure for telecommunication purposes . Towers can be stand alone structures or be supported by adjacent buildings or can be a feature on top of a large structure or building .'}]}, {'value': '15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A gatehouse of a vanished riverside manor house . The monuments of the manor 's family owners are in the adjacent church", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middleham Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middleham_Castle', 'summary': 'Middleham Castle is a ruined castle in Middleham in Wensleydale , in the county of North Yorkshire , England . It was built by Robert Fitzrandolph , 3rd Lord of Middleham and Spennithorne , commencing in 1190 . The castle was the childhood home of King Richard III , although he spent very little of his reign there . The castle was built to defend the road from Richmond to Skipton , though some have suggested the original site of the castle was far better to achieve this than the later location . After the death of King Richard III the castle remained in royal hands until it was allowed to go to ruin in the 17th century . Many of the stones from the castle were used in other buildings in the village of Middleham .'}]}, {'value': 'Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castle', 'summary': 'A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders . Scholars debate the scope of the word castle , but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble . This is distinct from a palace , which is not fortified ; from a fortress , which was not always a residence for royalty or nobility ; and from a fortified settlement , which was a public defence - though there are many similarities among these types of construction . Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses . Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built , they took on a great many forms with many different features , although some , such as curtain walls , arrowslits , and portcullises , were commonplace . European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries , after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes . These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures ; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as offered protection from enemies . Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies , the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power . Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes , and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community , such as mills , fertile land , or a water source . Many northern European castles were originally built from earth and timber , but had their defences replaced later by stone . Early castles often exploited natural defences , lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central keep . In the late 12th and early 13th centuries , a scientific approach to castle defence emerged .'}]}, {'value': '12th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A fortified palace in Wensleydale . Once the childhood home of Richard III', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Grace Priory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Grace_Priory', 'summary': "Mount Grace Priory , in the parish of East Harlsey , North Yorkshire , England , within the North York Moors National Park , is today the best preserved and most accessible of the nine medieval Carthusian houses ( charterhouses ) in England . Set in woodlands , it was founded in 1398 by Thomas Holland , 1st Duke of Surrey , the son of King Richard II 's half-brother Thomas , Earl of Kent . It was the last monastery established in Yorkshire , and one of the few founded anywhere in Britain in the period between the Black Death ( 1349-50 ) and the Reformation . It was a fairly small establishment , with space for a prior and twenty-three monks . Mount Grace Priory consisted of a church and two cloisters . The Great Cloister , to the north of the church , had seventeen cells for monks whilst the southern Lesser Cloister had six cells for the lay brothers . Upon the abdication of King Richard II , Holland and others of the king 's supporters attempted to assassinate his recently crowned successor , Henry IV , at New Year , 1400 , but were captured and executed . Holland 's body was eventually recovered and , in 1412 , re-buried in the charterhouse that he had founded . The orphaned priory of Mount Grace , bereft of its founder and the income that had been granted to it by Holland and King Richard , depended upon royal largesse for its income for more than a decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Priory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Priory', 'summary': 'A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress . Priories may be houses of mendicant friars or nuns ( such as the Dominicans , Augustinians , Franciscans , and Carmelites , for instance ) , or monasteries of monks or nuns ( as with the Benedictines ) . Houses of canons regular and canonesses regular also use this term , the alternative being canonry . In pre-Reformation England , if an abbey church was raised to cathedral status , the abbey became a Cathedral Priory . The bishop , in effect , took the place of the abbot , and the monastery itself was headed by a prior .'}]}, {'value': '1398', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The best preserved Carthusian priory in Britain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pickering Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pickering_Castle', 'summary': 'Pickering Castle is a motte-and-bailey fortification in Pickering , North Yorkshire , England .'}]}, {'value': 'Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castle', 'summary': 'A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders . Scholars debate the scope of the word castle , but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble . This is distinct from a palace , which is not fortified ; from a fortress , which was not always a residence for royalty or nobility ; and from a fortified settlement , which was a public defence - though there are many similarities among these types of construction . Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses . Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built , they took on a great many forms with many different features , although some , such as curtain walls , arrowslits , and portcullises , were commonplace . European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries , after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes . These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures ; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as offered protection from enemies . Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies , the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power . Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes , and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community , such as mills , fertile land , or a water source . Many northern European castles were originally built from earth and timber , but had their defences replaced later by stone . Early castles often exploited natural defences , lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central keep . In the late 12th and early 13th centuries , a scientific approach to castle defence emerged .'}]}, {'value': '13th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A motte-and-bailey fortification used as a royal hunting lodge , holiday home and a stud farm by a succession of medieval kings', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piercebridge Roman Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piercebridge_Roman_Bridge', 'summary': 'Piercebridge Roman Bridge is the ruin of a Roman bridge over the River Tees near the village of Piercebridge , County Durham , England . The bridge carried Dere Street Roman road across the river . Piercebridge Roman Fort guarded the bridge . The Tees has narrowed and changed its course over the centuries so the remains lie in a field around 90 metres ( 300 ft ) south of the current course of the river , and about 450 metres ( 1,480 ft ) east of Piercebridge . What remains of the bridge are massive masonry blocks that formed its piers . The lower courses of one of the abutments still stand , partially complete , and it is possible to see the holes into which the wooden structure of the bridge would have fitted . All of the timber has disappeared in the nearly 16 centuries since the end of the Roman occupation .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arch_bridge', 'summary': 'An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch . Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side . A viaduct ( a long bridge ) may be made from a series of arches , although other more economical structures are typically used today .'}]}, {'value': '2nd century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Remains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stonework foundations , now marooned in a field , of a bridge which once led to Piercebridge Roman Fort', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richmond Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Castle', 'summary': "Richmond Castle in Richmond , North Yorkshire , England , stands in a commanding position above the River Swale , close to the centre of the town of Richmond . It was originally called Riche Mount , 'the strong hill ' . The castle was constructed by Alan Rufus from 1071 onwards following the Norman Conquest of England , and the Domesday Book of 1086 refers to ' a castlery ' at Richmond . In the 12th century , his great-nephew Conan expanded the castle and built the keep . Although it was derelict by 1540 , it was restored centuries later . The property is the best-preserved early Norman castle in England and an important tourist attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castle', 'summary': 'A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders . Scholars debate the scope of the word castle , but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble . This is distinct from a palace , which is not fortified ; from a fortress , which was not always a residence for royalty or nobility ; and from a fortified settlement , which was a public defence - though there are many similarities among these types of construction . Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses . Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built , they took on a great many forms with many different features , although some , such as curtain walls , arrowslits , and portcullises , were commonplace . European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries , after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes . These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures ; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as offered protection from enemies . Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies , the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power . Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes , and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community , such as mills , fertile land , or a water source . Many northern European castles were originally built from earth and timber , but had their defences replaced later by stone . Early castles often exploited natural defences , lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central keep . In the late 12th and early 13th centuries , a scientific approach to castle defence emerged .'}]}, {'value': '11th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A castle originally built to subdue the unruly North of England , it is one of the greatest Norman fortresses in Britain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rievaulx Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey', 'summary': 'Rievaulx Abbey /riːˈvoʊ/ ree-VOH was a Cistercian abbey in Rievaulx , situated near Helmsley in the North York Moors National Park , North Yorkshire , England . It was one of the great abbeys in England until it was seized under Henry VIII of England in 1538 during the dissolution of the monasteries . The striking ruins of its main buildings are a tourist attraction , owned and maintained by English Heritage .'}]}, {'value': 'Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey', 'summary': 'An abbey is a complex of buildings , a type of monastery used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess . It provides a place for religious activities , work , and housing of Christian monks and nuns . The concept of the abbey has developed over many centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them . Religious life in an abbey may be monastic . An abbey may be the home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors . The layout of the church and associated buildings of an abbey often follows a set plan determined by the founding religious order . Abbeys are often self-sufficient while using any abundance of produce or skill to provide care to the poor and needy , refuge to the persecuted , or education to the young . Some abbeys offer accommodation to people who are seeking spiritual retreat . There are many famous abbeys across Europe .'}]}, {'value': '1132', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A Cistercian abbey , and once one of the wealthiest abbeys in England . It is one of the most complete and atmospheric of England 's abbey ruins", 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Mary 's Church , Studley Royal", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Mary's,_Studley_Royal", 'summary': 'The Church of St Mary , Studley Royal , is a Victorian Gothic Revival church built in the Early English style by William Burges . It is located in the grounds of Studley Royal Park at Fountains Abbey , in North Yorkshire , England . Burges was commissioned by the First Marquess of Ripon to build the church as a memorial church to Frederick Grantham Vyner , his brother in law . It is one of two such churches , the other being the Church of Christ the Consoler at Skelton-on-Ure .'}]}, {'value': 'Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_(building)', 'summary': 'A church building or church house , often simply called a church , is a building used for Christian religious activities , particularly for Christian worship services . The term is often used by Christians to refer to the physical buildings where they worship , but it is sometimes used ( by analogy ) to refer to buildings of other religions . In traditional Christian architecture , a church interior is often structured in the shape of a Christian cross . When viewed from plan view the vertical beam of the cross is represented by the center aisle and seating while the horizontal beam and junction of the cross is formed by the bema and altar . Towers or domes are often added with the intention of directing the eye of the viewer towards the heavens and inspiring a range of thoughts and emotions in visitors and worshippers . Modern church buildings have a variety of architectural styles and layouts ; many buildings that were designed for other purposes have now been converted for church use , and , conversely , many original church buildings have been put to other uses . The earliest identified Christian church building was a house church founded between 233 and 256 . From the 11th through the 14th centuries , a wave of building of cathedrals and smaller parish churches were erected across Western Europe . A cathedral is a church building , usually Roman Catholic , Protestant ( including Anglican ) , Eastern Orthodox , or Oriental Orthodox , housing a cathedra , the formal name for the seat or throne of a presiding bishop .'}]}, {'value': '1870s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Complete', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Victorian Gothic Revival church , located in the grounds of Studley Royal Park at Fountains Abbey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scarborough Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scarborough_Castle', 'summary': "Scarborough Castle is a former medieval Royal fortress situated on a rocky promontory overlooking the North Sea and Scarborough , North Yorkshire , England . The site of the castle , encompassing the Iron Age settlement , Roman signal station , an Anglo-Scandinavian settlement and chapel , the 12th-century enclosure castle and 18th-century battery , is a scheduled monument of national importance . Fortifications for a wooden castle were built in the 1130s , but the present stone castle dates from the 1150s . Over the centuries , several other structures were added , with medieval monarchs investing heavily in what was then an important fortress that guarded the Yorkshire coastline , Scarborough 's port trade , and the north of England from Scottish or continental invasion . It was fortified and defended during various civil wars , sieges and conflicts , as kings fought with rival barons , faced rebellion and clashed with republican forces , though peace with Scotland and the conclusion of civil and continental wars in the 17th century led to its decline in importance . Once occupied by garrisons and governors who often menaced the town , the castle has been a ruin since the sieges of the English Civil War , but attracts many visitors to climb the battlements , take in the views and enjoy the accompanying interactive exhibition and special events run by English Heritage ."}]}, {'value': 'Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castle', 'summary': 'A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders . Scholars debate the scope of the word castle , but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble . This is distinct from a palace , which is not fortified ; from a fortress , which was not always a residence for royalty or nobility ; and from a fortified settlement , which was a public defence - though there are many similarities among these types of construction . Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses . Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built , they took on a great many forms with many different features , although some , such as curtain walls , arrowslits , and portcullises , were commonplace . European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries , after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes . These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures ; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as offered protection from enemies . Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies , the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power . Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes , and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community , such as mills , fertile land , or a water source . Many northern European castles were originally built from earth and timber , but had their defences replaced later by stone . Early castles often exploited natural defences , lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central keep . In the late 12th and early 13th centuries , a scientific approach to castle defence emerged .'}]}, {'value': '12th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A medieval Royal fortress . The site of the castle , encompasses an Iron Age settlement , Roman signal station , an Anglo-Scandinavian settlement and chapel , a 12th-century enclosure castle and an 18th-century battery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spofforth Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spofforth_Castle', 'summary': 'Spofforth Castle in the village of Spofforth , North Yorkshire , England was a fortified manor house , ruined during the English Civil War and now run by English Heritage as a tourist attraction .'}]}, {'value': 'Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castle', 'summary': 'A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders . Scholars debate the scope of the word castle , but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble . This is distinct from a palace , which is not fortified ; from a fortress , which was not always a residence for royalty or nobility ; and from a fortified settlement , which was a public defence - though there are many similarities among these types of construction . Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses . Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built , they took on a great many forms with many different features , although some , such as curtain walls , arrowslits , and portcullises , were commonplace . European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries , after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes . These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures ; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as offered protection from enemies . Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies , the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power . Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes , and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community , such as mills , fertile land , or a water source . Many northern European castles were originally built from earth and timber , but had their defences replaced later by stone . Early castles often exploited natural defences , lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central keep . In the late 12th and early 13th centuries , a scientific approach to castle defence emerged .'}]}, {'value': '14th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The ruined hall and chamber of a fortified manor house , dating mainly from the 14th and 15th centuries . Its undercroft is cut into a rocky outcrop', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanwick_Iron_Age_Fortifications', 'summary': "Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications ( also known as 'Stanwick Camp ' ) , a huge Iron Age hill fort , sometimes but not always considered an oppidum , comprising over 9 kilometers ( 5.6 mi ) of ditches and ramparts enclosing approximately 300 hectares ( 700 acres ) of land , are situated in Richmondshire , North Yorkshire , England . Whether Stanwick was the stronghold of Venutius or Cartimandua , or perhaps of them both for a brief time before their acrimonious split some time after 51 AD , it is certain that this settlement was one of the most important in Brigantia , the Brigantes kingdom during the early stages of the Roman occupation of Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Hillfort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillforts_in_Britain', 'summary': 'Hillforts in Britain refers to the various hillforts within the island of Great Britain . Although the earliest such constructs fitting this description come from the Neolithic British Isles , with a few also dating to later Bronze Age Britain , British hillforts were primarily constructed during the British Iron Age . Some of these were apparently abandoned in the southern areas that were a part of Roman Britain , although at the same time , those areas of northern Britain that remained free from Roman occupation saw an increase in their construction . Some hillforts were reused in the Early Middle Ages , and in some rarer cases , into the Later Medieval period as well . By the early modern period , these had essentially all been abandoned , with many being excavated by archaeologists in the nineteenth century onward . There are around 3,300 structures that can be classed as hillforts or similar defended enclosures within Britain . Most of these are clustered in certain regions : south and south-west England , the west coast of Wales and Scotland , the Welsh Marches and the Scottish border hills . British hillforts varied in size , with the majority covering an area of less than 1 ha ( 3 acres ) , but with most others ranging from this up to around 12 ha ( 30 acres ) in size . In certain rare cases , they were bigger , with a few examples being over 80 ha ( 200 acres ) in size . Various archaeologists operating in Britain have criticised the use of the term hillfort both because of its perceived connection to fortifications and warfare and because not all such sites were actually located on hills . Leslie Alcock believed that the term enclosed places was more accurate , whilst J. Forde-Johnston commented on his preference for defensive enclosures .'}]}, {'value': 'Iron-age', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Remains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An excavated section , part cut into rock , of the ramparts of the huge Iron Age trading and power-centre of the Brigantes tribe', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'North Yorkshire', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_English_Heritage_properties_26', 'intro': "English Heritage is a registered charity that manages the National Heritage Collection. This comprises over 400 of England's historic buildings, monuments, and sites spanning more than 5,000 years of history. It has direct ownership over some historic sites and also liaises with private owners of sites that are managed under guardianship arrangements. The following is a list of English Heritage properties containing links for any stately home, historic house, castle, abbey, museum or other property in the care of English Heritage."}
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Which 13th century ruins are a motte-and-bailey type structure ?
Pickering Castle
08b9da1f3584e923
hybridqa
{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_EHF_Champions_League", 'title': "Women's EHF Champions League", 'header': ['Club', 'Winners', 'Runners-up', 'Years won', 'Years runners-up'], 'data': [{'value': 'Spartak Kiev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spartak_Kiev', 'summary': "Spartak Kiev is a Ukrainian women 's handball club from Kiev . It used to be a member of the Spartak VSS during the Soviet era . Spartak was arguably the best team in Europe between the 1970s and the late-1980s , with a record 13 European Cups in addition to twenty Soviet Championships in a row . The 1989 final lost to emerging Austrian powerhouse Hypo Niederösterreich marked Spartak 's last appearance in the competition . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union the team declined . It has since won three Ukrainian championships , most recently in 2000 . However , in 2003 it enjoyed a last European success reaching the Cup Winner 's Cup 's final . In recent seasons it has appeared in the Challenge Cup ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1983 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1984–85_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1984-85 Women 's European Champions Cup was the 24th edition of the Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , running between October 1984 and Spring 1985 . Spartak Kiev defeated defending champion Radnicki Belgrade in the final to win its tenth title ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1985–86_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1985-86 Women 's European Champions Cup was the 25th edition of the Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , running between October 1985 and Spring 1986 . Defending champion Spartak Kiev defeated CS Stiinta Bacau in the final to win its eleventh title ."}]}, {'value': '1974 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hypo Niederösterreich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hypo_Niederösterreich', 'summary': "Hypo Niederösterreich ( Hypo NÖ ) is an Austrian women 's handball club , headquartered in Maria Enzersdorf . They are one of the most successful teams on the EHF Champions League , having won the title eight times . They are also former winners of the EHF Champions Trophy in 2000 . Between 2011 and 2014 , Hypo NÖ had a partnership with the Brazilian Handball Confederation , playing host to various players of the Brazil women 's national handball team - including Alexandra Nascimento , who already played for Hypo since 2003 - and coach Morten Soubak . During the period , Brazil won the 2013 World Women 's Handball Championship with six Hypo Nö players in its roster . Hypo Nö also won the EHF Women 's Cup Winners ' Cup that year ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1998 , 2000', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1989–90_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1989-90 Women 's European Champions Cup was the 29th edition of the Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , running between October 1989 and 27 May 1990 . Defending champion Hypo Niederösterreich defeated Kuban Krasnodar in the final to win its second title ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1991–92_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1991-92 Women 's European Champions Cup was the 31st edition of Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , taking place between September 1991 and 18 April 1992 . Hypo Niederösterreich defeated defending champion TV Giessen-Lützellinden in a rematch of the previous edition 's final to win its third title ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1992–93_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1992-93 Women 's European Champions Cup was the 32nd and final edition of Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , taking place September 1992 and 15 May 1993 . Starting with the following edition the competition was run by EHF , which changed its name to Champions League and its system to include a group stage . Defending champion Hypo Niederösterreich defeated Vasas Budapest in the final to win its fourth title in five years ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1993–94_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1993-94 EHF Women 's Champions League was the first edition of the European Champions Cup , the premier European women 's club handball tournament , being organized by the European Handball Federation . The competition was renamed EHF Champions League and the format of the football 1991-92 European Cup and 1992-93 UEFA Champions League was adopted . This inaugural edition of the Champions League was won by Hypo Niederösterreich in a replay of the previous season 's final match against Vasas Budapest . It was their third European Cup in a row ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1994–95_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1994-95 EHF Women 's Champions League was the second edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women 's handball clubs , running from 7 October 1994 to 7 May 1995 . Defending champion Hypo Niederösterreich defeated Podravka Koprivnica in the final to win its fourth title in a row , an overall sixth . While Lokomotiva Zagreb had reached the competition 's final in 1975 , Podravka became the first Croatian team to attain this representing independent Croatia as war approached its end ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1997–98_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1997-98 EHF Women 's Champions League was the fifth edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women 's handball clubs , running from 4 October 1997 to 16 May 1998 . Hypo Niederösterreich defeated defending champion Mar Valencia in the final to win its seventh title ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1999–2000_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1999-2000 EHF Women 's Champions League was the seventh edition of the modern era of the premier competition for European national champions women 's handball clubs , running from 1 October 1999 to 27 May 2000 . Hypo Niederösterreich defeated Macedonia 's Gjorce Petrov in the final to win its eighth title , with Budućnost Podgorica ( which defeated defending champion Dunaújvárosi NKS in the quarter-finals ) and Dynamo Volgograd also reaching the semifinals ."}]}, {'value': '1987 , 1988 , 1991 , 1996 , 2008', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1990–91_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1990-91 IHF Women 's European Champions Cup was the 30th edition of Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , running between September 1990 and April 1991 . TV Giessen defeated defending champion Hypo Niederösterreich to become the third German club to win the competition after East Germany 's HC Leipzig and TSC Berlin . Rostselmash and Buducnost Titograd were the last teams to represent former powerhouses Soviet Union and SFR Yugoslavia in the competition due to the collapse of both states in the following months ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1995–96_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1995-96 EHF Women 's Champions League was the third edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women 's handball clubs , running from 7 October 1995 to 11 May 1996 . Podravka Koprivnica defeated Hypo Niederösterreich in a rematch of the previous edition 's final to become the first Croatian club to win the competition , ending the Austrians four-years winning streak ."}]}, {'value': 'Győri Audi ETO KC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Győri_Audi_ETO_KC', 'summary': "Győri ETO KC ( Hungarian : Győri Egyetértés Torna Osztály Kézilabda Club , lit . Concordance Gymnastics Department of Győr Handball Club ) is a Hungarian women 's handball club from Győr . Since they are sponsored by Audi , the official name for the team is Győri Audi ETO KC . On domestic level ETO won 15 Hungarian Championship title , including seven in a row between 2008 and 2014 . They are also a fourteen-time Hungarian Cup winners , having won all their finals between 2005 and 2016 . ETO won the Champions League in 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 , and 2019 . The team also reached the final in 2009 , 2012 , and in 2016 . In addition , Győr reached the final of the EHF Cup Winners ' Cup in 2006 and the final of the EHF Cup in 1999 , 2002 , 2004 , and 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012–13_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2012-13 EHF Women 's Champions League was the 20th edition of the EHF Women 's Champions League , the competition for top women 's clubs of Europe , organized and supervised by the European Handball Federation . Budućnost Podgorica was title holder , after beating Győri Audi ETO KC in past season 's final . Győri redeemed themselves by winning this seasons 's edition . They defeated Larvik HK 47-43 in the final ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2013–14_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2013-14 EHF Women 's Champions League is the 21st edition of the EHF Women 's Champions League , the competition for top women 's clubs of Europe , organized and supervised by the European Handball Federation . Győri Audi ETO KC were the title holder and successfully defended their title ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2016–17_Women's_EHF_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2016-17 Women 's EHF Champions League was the 24th edition of the Women 's EHF Champions League , the competition for top women 's clubs of Europe , organized and supervised by the European Handball Federation . CSM București were defending champions ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2017–18_Women's_EHF_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2017-18 EHF Champions League was the 25th edition of Europe 's premier club handball tournament . Győri ETO defended their title by defeating HC Vardar in the final ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2018–19_Women's_EHF_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2018-19 Women 's EHF Champions League was the 26th edition of the Women 's EHF Champions League , the competition for top women 's clubs of Europe , organized and supervised by the European Handball Federation . Győri ETO defended their title by defeating Rostov-Don 25-24 in the final , to win their fifth overall and third straight title ."}]}, {'value': '2009 , 2012 , 2016', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2008–09_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The EHF Women 's Champions League 2008/09 was the 16th edition of the EHF Women 's Champions League , a handball competition for top women 's clubs of Europe managed by the European Handball Federation . It was won by Danish club Viborg HK who defeated Hungarian Győri Audi ETO KC at the finals with an aggregate score of 50-49 . It was the second title for Viborg and the fifth for a Danish team . German international Grit Jurack was the tournament 's top scorer with 113 goals ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2011–12_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2011-12 EHF Women 's Champions League was the nineteenth edition of the EHF Women 's Champions League , the top continental handball event for club teams in Europe , organized and supervised by the European Handball Federation . Larvik HK entered the competition as title holders after beating SD Itxako in past season 's final . Budućnost Podgorica won the title for the first time by defeating Győri Audi ETO KC in the big final ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2015–16_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2015-16 Women 's EHF Champions League was the 23rd edition of the Women 's EHF Champions League , the competition for top women 's clubs of Europe , organized and supervised by the European Handball Federation . CSM Bucharest won trophy in their European debut season by defeating Győri ETO 29-26 in the big final ."}]}, {'value': 'Radnički Belgrade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ŽRK_Radnički_Belgrade', 'summary': "ŽRK Radnički Belgrade ( Serbian Cyrillic : Женски рукометни клуб Раднички Београд ) is a women 's handball club from Belgrade , Serbia . Currently , ŽRK Radnički Belegrade competes in the Handball League of Serbia . ŽRK Radnički Belegrade is the most successful Serbian women 's handball club ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976 , 1980 , 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1984–85_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1984-85 Women 's European Champions Cup was the 24th edition of the Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , running between October 1984 and Spring 1985 . Spartak Kiev defeated defending champion Radnicki Belgrade in the final to win its tenth title ."}]}, {'value': 'Viborg HK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viborg_HK', 'summary': "Viborg HK ( Viborg Håndbold Klub ) is the name of a Danish handball club from Viborg . The club has many teams for both women and men , but especially the professional women 's team is one of the most successful in Danish and European handball since the beginning of the 1990s . This team currently competes in the women 's Danish Women 's Handball League . The women 's team have won a total of 14 Danish Championships ( all-time record ) , ten Danish Cup Championships ( ranking second in all-time Cup trophies behind FIF ) , three Women 's EHF Cup Championships ( all-time record ) , and three EHF Women 's Champions League Championships ( ranking fifth in all-time Champions League trophies ) . They are also two-time winners of the now cancelled tournament EHF Champions Trophy and one-time winner of the EHF Women 's Cup Winners ' Cup . They won the EHF Women 's Champions League in the 2009/2010 season and won the second time in a row . They also held the title in the 2005-2006 season ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 , 2009 , 2010', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2008–09_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The EHF Women 's Champions League 2008/09 was the 16th edition of the EHF Women 's Champions League , a handball competition for top women 's clubs of Europe managed by the European Handball Federation . It was won by Danish club Viborg HK who defeated Hungarian Győri Audi ETO KC at the finals with an aggregate score of 50-49 . It was the second title for Viborg and the fifth for a Danish team . German international Grit Jurack was the tournament 's top scorer with 113 goals ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2009–10_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2009-10 EHF Women 's Champions League was the 17th edition of the EHF Women 's Champions League , a handball competition for top women 's clubs of Europe managed by the European Handball Federation . It was won by Danish club Viborg HK who defeated Romanian CS Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea at the finals with an aggregate score of 60-52 . It was the third title for Viborg and the sixth for a Danish team ."}]}, {'value': '1997 , 2001', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1996–97_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1996-97 EHF Women 's Champions League was the fourth edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women 's handball clubs , running from 10 October 1996 to 10 May 1997 . The competition system was reformed , as the group stage was expanded from 8 to 16 teams , now replacing the Round of 16 , and the quarter-finals and semifinals were reestablished . Mar Valencia defeated Viborg HK in the final to become the first Spanish team to win the competition . Defending champion Podravka Koprivnica was defeated by the Danish in the quarter-finals ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2000–01_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1999-2000 EHF Women 's Champions League was the eighth edition of the modern era of the EHF 's premier competition for women 's handball clubs , running from 7 October 2000 to 23 May 2001 . Krim Ljubljana defeated Viborg HK in the final to become the first Slovenian team to win the competition , with Budućnost Podgorica and Ferencvárosi TC also reaching the semifinals . Defending champion Hypo Niederösterreich did n't make it past que group stage ."}]}, {'value': 'Slagelse DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slagelse_FH', 'summary': "Slagelse Dream Team is a handball team from the town of Slagelse , Denmark . It is sometimes referred to as Slagelse DT , and is the professional first team for the handball club Slagelse Forenede Håndboldklubber ( Slagelse FH ) . The club was catapulted into the limelight in 2000 when Anja Andersen took the head coach job and in a very short time led the women 's team to the first Danish victory in the Women 's EHF Champions League final in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 , 2005 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SC Leipzig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_Club_Leipzig', 'summary': "HC Leipzig is a women 's handball club based in Leipzig , Germany . They play in Handball-Bundesliga Frauen and are often competing in the EHF Women 's Champions League , the now defunct EHF Women 's Cup Winners ' Cup , which merged with the Women 's EHF Cup and are internationally regarded as one of the best German women 's handball clubs ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966 , 1974', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1965–66_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1965-66 Women 's European Champions Cup was the 6th edition of the Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , taking place from 9 January to 16 April 1966 . HC Copenhague entered the competition as title holder , after beating in past season 's final Budapesti Spartacus . Copenhague reached once again the final , but this year the Danish team was defeated by SC Leipzig . It was the first time that an East-German team won the title ."}]}, {'value': '1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1977', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1966–67_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1966-67 Women 's Handball European Cup was the seventh edition of the international competition for European women 's handball national champion clubs , taking place from December 1966 to 2 April 1967 . The title holder , SC Leipzig reached once again the final of the competition , but was defeated in the final by Žalgiris Kaunas . This victory meant the beginning of the soviet domination , until the collapse of the USSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Krim Ljubljana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RK_Krim', 'summary': "Rokometni klub Krim ( English : Krim Handball Club ) , commonly referred to as RK Krim or simply Krim , currently named Krim Mercator due to sponsorship reasons , is a women 's handball club from Ljubljana , Slovenia . The club was founded in 1984 . Krim has won the Slovenian First League 24 times in 28 seasons between 1992 and 2019 . Their international success includes winning the EHF Champions League and EHF Women 's Champions Trophy ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 , 2003', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2000–01_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1999-2000 EHF Women 's Champions League was the eighth edition of the modern era of the EHF 's premier competition for women 's handball clubs , running from 7 October 2000 to 23 May 2001 . Krim Ljubljana defeated Viborg HK in the final to become the first Slovenian team to win the competition , with Budućnost Podgorica and Ferencvárosi TC also reaching the semifinals . Defending champion Hypo Niederösterreich did n't make it past que group stage ."}]}, {'value': '1999 , 2004 , 2006', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1998–99_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1998-99 EHF Women 's Champions League was the sixth edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women 's handball clubs , running from 4 September 1998 to 16 May 1999 . Dunaújvárosi NKS defeated Krim Ljubljana in the final to follow the steps of Vasas SC as the second Hungarian club to win the competition . Defending champion Hypo Niederösterreich was defeated by the Slovenians in the semifinals ."}]}, {'value': 'ŽRK Budućnost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ŽRK_Budućnost', 'summary': "ŽRK Budućnost is a women 's handball team from Podgorica , Montenegro ( previously , the club also appeared under the names ZRK Buducnost MONET , Buducnost Brillant and Buducnost Titograd ) . Among the numerous titles , Budućnost is two-times winner of EHF Women 's Champions League The club was founded on February 13 , 1949 , and played its first official game in 1950 . The first trophy , the Cup of Yugoslavia , was won in 1984 . In 1985 , ŽRK Budućnost won the Yugoslavian championship , and went on to win their first European title ( Cup Winners ' Cup ) that same year . At the time , the club was pronounced as the best in the country . As of 1988/1989 season , ŽRK Budućnost dominated the national competition , and was the champion of all the now defunct countries - SFR Yugoslavia , FR Yugoslavia , Serbia & Montenegro . The club continued to dominate the national championship in Montenegro since it gained independence in 2006 . ŽRK Budućnost won the titles of European Champion twice - on seasons 2012 and 2015 . ŽRK Budućnost is strongly supported by Budućnost sports fans , the Varvari . ŽRK Budućnost is a part of Budućnost Podgorica sports society ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012 , 2015', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2011–12_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2011-12 EHF Women 's Champions League was the nineteenth edition of the EHF Women 's Champions League , the top continental handball event for club teams in Europe , organized and supervised by the European Handball Federation . Larvik HK entered the competition as title holders after beating SD Itxako in past season 's final . Budućnost Podgorica won the title for the first time by defeating Győri Audi ETO KC in the big final ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2014–15_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2014-15 Women 's EHF Champions League was the 22nd edition of the Women 's EHF Champions League , the competition for top women 's clubs of Europe , organized and supervised by the European Handball Federation . Budućnost won the title for the second time by defeating Larvik HK 26-22 in the big final ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2013–14_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2013-14 EHF Women 's Champions League is the 21st edition of the EHF Women 's Champions League , the competition for top women 's clubs of Europe , organized and supervised by the European Handball Federation . Győri Audi ETO KC were the title holder and successfully defended their title ."}]}, {'value': 'Žalgiris Kaunas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MRK_Žalgiris_Kaunas', 'summary': "Moterų Rankinio Klubas Žalgiris Kaunas is a Lithuanian women 's handball club from Kaunas . A founding member of the European Cup in 1961 , Žalgiris won three editions in a row between 1967 and 1969 in addition to two Soviet Championships , which makes it one of the most successful Lithuanian teams in overall international competitions . However the team declined subsequently , with Spartak Kiev dominating both competitions for nearly two decades . In 1979 Žalgiris made it into the championship 's top three for the last time , with Egle Vilnius becoming the major Lithuanian team in the championship . Since the break-up of the Soviet Union Žalgiris has played in the Lithuanian League ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967 , 1968', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1966–67_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1966-67 Women 's Handball European Cup was the seventh edition of the international competition for European women 's handball national champion clubs , taking place from December 1966 to 2 April 1967 . The title holder , SC Leipzig reached once again the final of the competition , but was defeated in the final by Žalgiris Kaunas . This victory meant the beginning of the soviet domination , until the collapse of the USSR ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vasas Budapest', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Vasas_SC_(women's_handball)", 'summary': "Vasas-Angyalföldi Sportiskola ( English : Vasas-Sports School of Angyalföld , abbreviated Vasas-ASI ) is a Hungarian women 's handball team . It is part of the Budapest-based multi-sports club Vasas SC . One of the most successful teams in the country , they have won the Hungarian championship a record 15 times and in 1982 they were also crowned as the European Champions Cup winners ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978 , 1979 , 1993 , 1994', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1992–93_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1992-93 Women 's European Champions Cup was the 32nd and final edition of Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , taking place September 1992 and 15 May 1993 . Starting with the following edition the competition was run by EHF , which changed its name to Champions League and its system to include a group stage . Defending champion Hypo Niederösterreich defeated Vasas Budapest in the final to win its fourth title in five years ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1993–94_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1993-94 EHF Women 's Champions League was the first edition of the European Champions Cup , the premier European women 's club handball tournament , being organized by the European Handball Federation . The competition was renamed EHF Champions League and the format of the football 1991-92 European Cup and 1992-93 UEFA Champions League was adopted . This inaugural edition of the Champions League was won by Hypo Niederösterreich in a replay of the previous season 's final match against Vasas Budapest . It was their third European Cup in a row ."}]}, {'value': 'Sagunto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BM_Sagunto', 'summary': "Club Balonmano Sagunto was a Spanish women 's handball club from Sagunto founded in 1978 which in July , 2012 moved to Valencia and joint CE Handbol Marítim to play in División de Honor as Valencia Aicequip ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1996–97_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1996-97 EHF Women 's Champions League was the fourth edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women 's handball clubs , running from 10 October 1996 to 10 May 1997 . The competition system was reformed , as the group stage was expanded from 8 to 16 teams , now replacing the Round of 16 , and the quarter-finals and semifinals were reestablished . Mar Valencia defeated Viborg HK in the final to become the first Spanish team to win the competition . Defending champion Podravka Koprivnica was defeated by the Danish in the quarter-finals ."}]}, {'value': '1998 , 2003', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1997–98_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1997-98 EHF Women 's Champions League was the fifth edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women 's handball clubs , running from 4 October 1997 to 16 May 1998 . Hypo Niederösterreich defeated defending champion Mar Valencia in the final to win its seventh title ."}]}, {'value': 'Kometal Skopje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kometal_Gjorče_Petrov_Skopje', 'summary': 'Kometal Gjorče Petrov Skopje ( Macedonian : Ракометен Клуб Кометал Ѓорче Петров ) was a female handball club based in Skopje , the capital of Macedonia .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000 , 2005', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1999–2000_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1999-2000 EHF Women 's Champions League was the seventh edition of the modern era of the premier competition for European national champions women 's handball clubs , running from 1 October 1999 to 27 May 2000 . Hypo Niederösterreich defeated Macedonia 's Gjorce Petrov in the final to win its eighth title , with Budućnost Podgorica ( which defeated defending champion Dunaújvárosi NKS in the quarter-finals ) and Dynamo Volgograd also reaching the semifinals ."}]}, {'value': 'Larvik HK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larvik_HK', 'summary': "Larvik Håndballklubb , is a women 's handball club from Larvik , Norway ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2010–11_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The EHF Women 's Champions League 2010-11 is the 18th edition of the EHF Women 's Champions League , a handball competition for top women 's clubs of Europe managed by the European Handball Federation . Larvik HK won the title for the first time after defeating SD Itxako 47-46 on aggregate in the final ."}]}, {'value': '2013 , 2015', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012–13_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2012-13 EHF Women 's Champions League was the 20th edition of the EHF Women 's Champions League , the competition for top women 's clubs of Europe , organized and supervised by the European Handball Federation . Budućnost Podgorica was title holder , after beating Győri Audi ETO KC in past season 's final . Győri redeemed themselves by winning this seasons 's edition . They defeated Larvik HK 47-43 in the final ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2014–15_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 2014-15 Women 's EHF Champions League was the 22nd edition of the Women 's EHF Champions League , the competition for top women 's clubs of Europe , organized and supervised by the European Handball Federation . Budućnost won the title for the second time by defeating Larvik HK 26-22 in the big final ."}]}, {'value': 'HG København', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1964–65_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1964-65 Women 's Handball European Champions Cup was the fifth edition of the international competition for European women 's handball national champion clubs , taking place from late 1964 to 16 April 1965 . The number of contestants decreased from thirteen to ten due to the absences of Austria , Poland and Romania , so the qualifying stage was reduced from five ties to just two . Unlike the two previous editions , the final was carried out as a two-legged tie . HG Copenhague became the first team from the Western Bloc to win the competition in the third appearance in a row of the Danish representative in the final , while Budapesti Spartacus was the first Hungarian team to reach it . The absence of Romania meant there was no defending champion this year ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1965–66_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1965-66 Women 's European Champions Cup was the 6th edition of the Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , taking place from 9 January to 16 April 1966 . HC Copenhague entered the competition as title holder , after beating in past season 's final Budapesti Spartacus . Copenhague reached once again the final , but this year the Danish team was defeated by SC Leipzig . It was the first time that an East-German team won the title ."}]}, {'value': 'TV Giessen-Lützellinden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TV_Giessen-Lützellinden', 'summary': "TV Lützellinden 1904 e.V. , also known as TV Giessen-Lützellinden , was a German sports club from Giessen best known for its women 's handball team . It was established in 1904 . Lützellinden won seven national championships and five national cups between 1988 and 2001 , which makes it the Bundesliga 's most successful team after Bayer Leverkusen . In 1991 it reached the European Cup 's final and defeated defending champion Hypo Niederösterreich to become the first ex-West German club to win the major European trophy . Lützellinden also reached the final the following year , but lost to Niederösterreich . In 1993 Lützellinden won its second EHF trophy , the Cup Winners ' Cup , beating Rostselmash in the final . It subsequently reached the 1994 Champions League 's semifinals and the 1995 Cup Winners ' Cup 's final , lost to Dunaújvárosi NKS , before winning its second Cup Winners ' Cup in 1996 over Kraš Zagreb . Its best results in its seven last international appearances , between 1997 and 2003 , was reaching the 2002 EHF Cup 's semifinals . In 2004 Lützellinden was relegated to the Regionalliga for financial trouble , and two years later it was disbanded . A new club was created , TSV 2006 Lützellinden ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1990–91_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1990-91 IHF Women 's European Champions Cup was the 30th edition of Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , running between September 1990 and April 1991 . TV Giessen defeated defending champion Hypo Niederösterreich to become the third German club to win the competition after East Germany 's HC Leipzig and TSC Berlin . Rostselmash and Buducnost Titograd were the last teams to represent former powerhouses Soviet Union and SFR Yugoslavia in the competition due to the collapse of both states in the following months ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1991–92_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1991-92 Women 's European Champions Cup was the 31st edition of Europe 's competition for national champions women 's handball clubs , taking place between September 1991 and 18 April 1992 . Hypo Niederösterreich defeated defending champion TV Giessen-Lützellinden in a rematch of the previous edition 's final to win its third title ."}]}, {'value': 'Podravka Koprivnica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RK_Podravka_Koprivnica', 'summary': "Rukometni Klub Podravka Koprivnica is a Croatian women 's handball club from Koprivnica . It is the most successful club in Croatian women 's handball since formation of the league in 1992 . The team currently competes in the Croatia women 's first handball league . They have a fan club called Red Roosters formed in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1995–96_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1995-96 EHF Women 's Champions League was the third edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women 's handball clubs , running from 7 October 1995 to 11 May 1996 . Podravka Koprivnica defeated Hypo Niederösterreich in a rematch of the previous edition 's final to become the first Croatian club to win the competition , ending the Austrians four-years winning streak ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1994–95_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", 'summary': "The 1994-95 EHF Women 's Champions League was the second edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women 's handball clubs , running from 7 October 1994 to 7 May 1995 . Defending champion Hypo Niederösterreich defeated Podravka Koprivnica in the final to win its fourth title in a row , an overall sixth . While Lokomotiva Zagreb had reached the competition 's final in 1975 , Podravka became the first Croatian team to attain this representing independent Croatia as war approached its end ."}]}, {'value': 'Știința București', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CS_Universitatea_Știința_București', 'summary': "CS Universitatea Știința București , commonly known as Știința București , is a women 's handball team based in Bucharest , Romania that competes in the Divizia A . In 1961 , they became the first Romanian team to win the European Champions Cup ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1961_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1961 Women 's Handball European Champions Cup was the inaugural edition of the premier competition for women 's handball clubs . Eight teams from Austria , Czechoslovakia , France , West Germany , Poland , Romania , the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia took part in the competition , which took place from 19 January to 18 March 1961 . Știința Bucharest defeated Spartak Subotica , Zalgiris Kaunas and finally Dynamo Prague in the final 's both legs to become the first European champion . It was the first of three titles won by Romanian teams to date ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sparta Prague', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1961–62_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1961-62 Women 's Handball European Champions Cup was the second edition of the premier international competition for women 's handball clubs . Like the inaugural edition , eight teams took part in the championship , which took place from November 1961 to 1 April 1962 . Out of the eight founding members the Soviet Union did n't take part in the competition , while Romania was represented by national champion Rapid Bucharest and defending champion Ştiinţa Bucharest . Both teams were confronted in the quarter-finals , in the first match between two teams from the same country . Sparta Prague won the competition by beating ORK Belgrade in the final . This remains the only edition won by a club from former Czechoslovakia and the last appearance of a Czech team in a final ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trud Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trud_Moscow', 'summary': "KSK Luch Moscow is a Russian women 's handball club from Moscow . Founded in 1959 as Trud Moscow , it took its current name in 1966 . The team enjoyed its golden era in the 1960s , winning the third edition of the European Cup and five of the seven first editions of the Soviet Championship . Luch gradually declined in subsequent years , making it into the championship 's top three for the last time in 1975 . Following the break-up of the Soviet Union Luch has played in the Russian Super League . The team has appeared occasionally in European competitions since , with the 1998 Cup Winners ' Cup 's quarter-finals and the 2001 Challenge Cup 's semifinals as its best results . It last appeared in the 2009 Cup Winners ' Cup . Most recently it was 7th in the 2012 championship 's regular stage ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1962–63_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", 'summary': "The 1962-63 Women 's Handball European Champions Cup was the third edition of the premier international competition for European women 's handball clubs , taking place from November 1962 to April 1963 . Fourteen teams took part in the competition , with Denmark , East Germany , Hungary , Netherlands and Sweden making its first appearance , so a first round was introduced . 1962 champion and runner-up Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were granted byes for the quarter-finals . For the first time the final was carried out as a single match , taking place in Prague on April 14 . Trud Moscow , representing the Soviet Union as the first champion of the newly founded Soviet Championship , became the first of three Soviet teams to win the competition by beating Ruch Chorzów , defending champion Spartak Prague Sokolovo and finally Frederiksberg IF , which was the first team from Western Europe to reach the final ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Records and statistics -- Performance by club', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "EHF_Women's_Champions_League_0", 'intro': "The Women's EHF Champions League is the competition for the top women's handball clubs in Europe, organised annually by the European Handball Federation (EHF). The official name for the competition is the DELO WOMEN'S EHF Champions League. It is the most prestigious tournament for clubs, with the champions of Europe's top national leagues participating."}
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Where is the club with the most winners from ?
Kiev
08bae66e415504a9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Massachusetts', 'title': 'List of newspapers in Massachusetts', 'header': ['Newspaper', 'Language', 'Place of publication'], 'data': [{'value': 'Armenian Mirror-Spectator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenian_Mirror-Spectator', 'summary': 'The Armenian Mirror-Spectator is a newspaper published by the Baikar Association , in Watertown , Massachusetts . Among others , Arthur Derounian ( John Roy Carlson ) wrote for it .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Watertown is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and is part of Greater Boston . The population was 31,915 in the 2010 census . Its neighborhoods include Bemis , Coolidge Square , East Watertown , Watertown Square , and the West End . It is one of thirteen Massachusetts municipalities that retain the title of town while functioning under state law as cities . Watertown was one of the first Massachusetts Bay Colony settlements organized by English Puritans in 1630 . The city is home to the Perkins School for the Blind , the Armenian Library and Museum of America , and the historic Watertown Arsenal , which produced military armaments from 1816 through World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Baikar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baikar', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Armenian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenian_language', 'summary': 'The Armenian language ( classical : հայերէն ; reformed : հայերեն [ hɑjɛˈɾɛn ] hayeren ) is an Indo-European language that is the only language in the Armenian branch . It is the official language of Armenia as well as the de facto Republic of Artsakh . Historically being spoken throughout the Armenian Highlands , today , Armenian is widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora . Armenian is written in its own writing system , the Armenian alphabet , introduced in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots .'}]}, {'value': 'Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Watertown is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and is part of Greater Boston . The population was 31,915 in the 2010 census . Its neighborhoods include Bemis , Coolidge Square , East Watertown , Watertown Square , and the West End . It is one of thirteen Massachusetts municipalities that retain the title of town while functioning under state law as cities . Watertown was one of the first Massachusetts Bay Colony settlements organized by English Puritans in 1630 . The city is home to the Perkins School for the Blind , the Armenian Library and Museum of America , and the historic Watertown Arsenal , which produced military armaments from 1816 through World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Dielli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dielli', 'summary': 'Dielli is a newspaper published in the United States by Vatra , the Pan-Albanian Federation of America .'}]}, {'value': 'Albanian , English', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albanian_language', 'summary': 'Albanian ( /ælˈbeɪniən/ ; shqip [ ʃc͡çip ] or gjuha shqipe [ ɟ͡ʝuha ˈʃc͡çipɛ ] ) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Albanians in the Balkans and the Albanian diaspora in the Americas , Europe and Oceania . With about 7.5 million speakers , it comprises an independent branch within the Indo-European languages and is not closely related to any other language . First attested in the 15th century , it is the last Indo-European branch to appear in written records . This is one of the reasons why its still-unknown origin has long been a matter of dispute among linguists and historians . Albanian is considered to be the descendant of one of the Paleo-Balkan languages of antiquity . For more historical and geographical reasons than specifically linguistic ones , there are various modern historians and linguists who believe that the Albanian language may have descended from a southern Illyrian dialect spoken in much the same region in classical times . Alternative hypotheses hold that Albanian may have descended from Thracian or Daco-Moesian , other ancient languages spoken farther east than Illyrian . Not enough is known of these languages to completely prove or disprove the various hypotheses . The two main Albanian dialects , Gheg and Tosk which are primarily distinguished by phonological differences , are mutually intelligible , with Gheg spoken in the north and Tosk spoken in the south of the Shkumbin river . Their characteristics in the treatment of the native and loanwords from other languages , have led to the conclusion that the dialectal split occurred after Christianisation of the region ( 4th century AD ) and at the time of the Slavic migration to the Balkans , with the historic boundary between Gheg and Tosk being the Shkumbin which straddled the Jireček line . Standard Albanian is a standardised form of spoken Albanian based on the Tosk dialect . It is the official language of Albania and Kosovo [ a ] and a co-official language in North Macedonia as well as a minority language of Italy , Montenegro , Romania and Serbia .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Hairenik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hairenik', 'summary': 'Hairenik Association Inc. has also published :'}]}, {'value': 'Armenian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenian_language', 'summary': 'The Armenian language ( classical : հայերէն ; reformed : հայերեն [ hɑjɛˈɾɛn ] hayeren ) is an Indo-European language that is the only language in the Armenian branch . It is the official language of Armenia as well as the de facto Republic of Artsakh . Historically being spoken throughout the Armenian Highlands , today , Armenian is widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora . Armenian is written in its own writing system , the Armenian alphabet , introduced in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots .'}]}, {'value': 'Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Watertown is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and is part of Greater Boston . The population was 31,915 in the 2010 census . Its neighborhoods include Bemis , Coolidge Square , East Watertown , Watertown Square , and the West End . It is one of thirteen Massachusetts municipalities that retain the title of town while functioning under state law as cities . Watertown was one of the first Massachusetts Bay Colony settlements organized by English Puritans in 1630 . The city is home to the Perkins School for the Blind , the Armenian Library and Museum of America , and the historic Watertown Arsenal , which produced military armaments from 1816 through World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Hellenic Chronicle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'El Mundo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'El Planeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Planeta', 'summary': 'El Planeta is a Boston-based Spanish language newspaper serving the Hispanic community of New England . It is the largest Spanish-language newspaper in New England . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese Times', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portuguese_language', 'summary': "Portuguese ( português or , in full , língua portuguesa ) is a Western Romance language originating in the Iberian Peninsula . It is the sole official language of Portugal , Brazil , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe . It also has co-official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea and Chinese Macau . As the result of expansion during colonial times , a cultural presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole speakers are also found in Goa , Daman and Diu in India ; in Batticaloa on the east coast of Sri Lanka ; in the Indonesian island of Flores ; in the Malacca state of Malaysia ; and the ABC islands in the Caribbean where Papiamento is spoken , while Cape Verdean Creole is the most widely spoken Portuguese-based Creole . A Portuguese-speaking person or nation is referred to as Lusophone ( Lusófono ) . Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal , and has kept some Celtic phonology and lexicon . With approximately 215 to 220 million native speakers and 250 million total speakers , Portuguese is usually listed as the sixth most natively spoken language in the world , the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers , and the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere . It is also the second-most spoken language , after Spanish , in South America and all of Latin America , one of the 10 most spoken languages in Africa and is an official language of the European Union , Mercosur , OAS , ECOWAS and the African Union . The Community of Portuguese Language Countries is an international organization made up of all of the world 's officially Lusophone nations ."}]}, {'value': 'New Bedford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "New Bedford is a city in Bristol County , Massachusetts , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 95,072 , making it the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts . New Bedford is nicknamed The Whaling City because it was one of the world 's most important whaling ports in the nineteenth century , along with Nantucket , Massachusetts and New London , Connecticut . New Bedford , Fall River and Taunton are the three largest cities in the South Coast region of Massachusetts . The city is known for its fishing fleet and accompanying seafood industry , as well as for its high concentration of Portuguese Americans ."}]}, {'value': 'Predvestnik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_language', 'summary': 'Russian ( русский язык , tr . rússky yazýk ) is an East Slavic language , which is an official language in Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan , as well as being widely used throughout Eastern Europe , the Baltic states , the Caucasus and Central Asia . It was the de facto language of the Soviet Union until its dissolution on 25 December 1991 . Although nearly three decades have passed since the breakup of the Soviet Union , Russian is used in official capacity or in public life in all the post-Soviet nation-states , as well as in Israel and Mongolia . Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages , one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages , and part of the larger Balto-Slavic branch . Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century onward . Russian is the largest native language in Europe and the most geographically widespread language in Eurasia . It is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages , with 144 million speakers in Russia , Ukraine and Belarus . Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers and the seventh by total number of speakers . The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet , after English . Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without , the so-called soft and hard sounds .'}]}, {'value': 'Westfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Westfield is a city in Hampden County , in the Pioneer Valley of western Massachusetts , United States . Westfield was first settled in 1660 . It is part of the Springfield , Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 41,094 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Raivaaja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raivaaja', 'summary': 'Raivaaja ( English : The Pioneer ) was a Finnish-language newspaper published from 1905 to 2009 in Fitchburg , Massachusetts , by Raivaaja Publishing Company . For the first three decades of its existence the publication was closely associated with the Socialist Party of America ( SPA ) . In 1936 as part of a large factional split in the SPA , the former Finnish Socialist Federation severed its connection to become the Finnish American League for Democracy , with Raivaaja remaining the official organ of this remodeled organization . During its final years the publication included both English language and Finnish language content . It was last edited by Marita Cauthen from 1984 until its termination in 2009 . Today the not-for-profit Raivaaja Foundation still runs a website and an online bookstore .'}]}, {'value': 'Finnish , English', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finnish_language', 'summary': 'Finnish ( suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) or suomen kieli [ ˈsuo̯meŋ ˈkie̯li ] ) is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland . Finnish , along with Swedish , is an official language of Finland ; Finnish is also an official minority language in Sweden . In Sweden , both Standard Finnish and Meänkieli , its own language or a dialect of Finnish , are spoken . The Kven language , a dialect of Finnish or even a distinct language , is spoken in Northern Norway by a minority group of Finnish descent . The status of Kven and Meänkieli is debated . Finnish is a member of the Finnic language family and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages . It modifies and inflects nouns , adjectives , pronouns , numerals and verbs , depending on their roles in the sentence . Sentences are normally formed following the subject-verb-object syntax , although the extensive use of inflection allows them to be ordered otherwise . Words are written using a Latin-script alphabet derived from the Swedish alphabet , and are meant to be spelled exactly as they are pronounced , with each letter representing one phoneme . Vowel length and geminated consonants are distinguished , and its phonology includes a range of diphthongs , although vowel harmony limits which diphthongs are possible .'}]}, {'value': 'Fitchburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Fitchburg is a city in northern Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . The third-largest city in the county , its population was 40,318 at the 2010 census . Fitchburg is home to Fitchburg State University as well as 17 public and private elementary and high schools .'}]}, {'value': 'Sampan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sampan', 'summary': 'A sampan is a relatively flat-bottomed Chinese and Malay wooden boat . Some sampans include a small shelter on board and may be used as a permanent habitation on inland waters . Sampans are generally used for transportation in coastal areas or rivers and are often used as traditional fishing boats . It is unusual for a sampan to sail far from land , as they do not have the means to survive rough weather . The word sampan comes from the original Cantonese term for the boats , sāan báan ( 三板 ) , literally meaning three planks . The name referred to the hull design , which consists of a flat bottom ( made from one plank ) joined to two sides ( the other two planks ) . The design closely resembles Western hard chine boats like the scow or punt . However , Pierre-Yves Manguin pointed out possible Austronesian origin of the word , attested in a Malay inscription from 684 CE . Sampans may be propelled by poles , oars ( particularly a single , long sculling oar called a yuloh ) or may be fitted with outboard motors . Sampans are still in use by rural residents of Southeast Asia , particularly in Malaysia , Indonesia , Bangladesh , Myanmar , Sri Lanka and Vietnam . In the Malay community in Southeast Asia , they also use the term sampan for their boats . Large boats such as sampan panjang , kolek and perahu panjang are used and built by the Malays and Orang Laut living in their coastal villages .'}]}, {'value': 'Chinese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_language', 'summary': "Chinese ( simplified Chinese : 汉语 ; traditional Chinese : 漢語 ; pinyin : Hànyǔ ; literally : 'Han language ' ; or especially though not exclusively for written Chinese : 中文 ; Zhōngwén ; 'Chinese writing ' ) is a group of languages that forms the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages . Chinese languages are spoken by the ethnic Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China . About 1.2 billion people ( around 16% of the world 's population ) speak some form of Chinese as their first language . The varieties of Chinese are usually considered by native speakers to be regional variants of ethnic Chinese speech , without consideration of whether they are mutually intelligible . Due to their lack of mutual intelligibility , linguists generally describe them as distinct languages , perhaps hundreds , sometimes noting that they are more varied than the Romance languages . [ b ] Investigation of the historical relationships among the Sinitic languages is just getting started . Currently , most classifications posit 7 to 13 main regional groups , based on often superficial phonetic developments , of which the most populous by far is Mandarin ( about 800 million speakers , e.g . Southwestern Mandarin ) , followed by Min ( 75 million , e.g . Southern Min ) , Wu ( 74 million , e.g . Shanghainese ) , Yue ( 68 million , e.g . Cantonese ) . These groups are unintelligible to each other , and generally many of their subgroups are mutually unintelligible as well ( e.g. , not only is Min Chinese a family of mutually unintelligible languages , but Southern Min itself is not a single language ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'World Journal ( Boston edition )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Journal', 'summary': 'World Journal ( Chinese : 世界日報 ; pinyin : Shìjiè Rìbào ) is a daily Chinese language broadsheet newspaper published in North America . It is the largest Chinese language newspaper in the United States and one of the largest Chinese language newspapers outside of China , with a daily circulation of 350,000 . The newspaper is headquartered in the College Point neighborhood of Queens in New York City . World Journal is published in major cities in the United States with large overseas Chinese populations including New York as well as Boston , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Los Angeles , Philadelphia , and San Francisco . The publication is widely sold in many Chinatowns and major suburbs . Subscription is available in the United States and Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Chinese , English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston ?', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Foreign-language newspapers', 'section_text': "This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2013 )", 'uid': 'List_of_newspapers_in_Massachusetts_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of newspapers in Massachusetts, including print and online.'}
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What is the place of publication for the newspaper that is published in the United States by Vatra ?
Boston ?
08bb364da18acd51
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_national_capitals', 'title': 'List of former national capitals', 'header': ['Old capital city', 'Country', 'Today a part of', 'From', 'Until', 'Change , reason'], 'data': [{'value': 'Novgorod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Novgorod', 'summary': "Veliky Novgorod ( Russian : Вели́кий Но́вгород , IPA : [ vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət ] ) , also known as Novgorod the Great , or Novgorod Veliky , or just Novgorod ( meaning newtown ) , is one of the oldest and most important historic cities in Russia , with more than 1000 years of history . The city serves as the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast . The city lies along the Volkhov River just downstream from its outflow from Lake Ilmen and is situated on the M10 federal highway connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg . UNESCO recognized Novgorod as a World Heritage Site in 1992 . The city has a population of 218,717 ( 2010 Census ) ; At its peak during the 14th century , the city was the capital of the Novgorod Republic and was one of Europe 's largest cities . The Veliky ( great ) part was eventually added to city 's name to disambiguate it with another city of similar name , Nizhny Novgorod ( lower newtown ) ."}]}, {'value': "Kievan Rus '", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kievan_Rus'", 'summary': "Kievan Rus ' ( Old East Slavic : Рѹсь ( Rus' ) , Рѹсьскаѧ землѧ ( Rus'skaya zemlya ) ; Latin : Rus ( s ) ia , Ruscia , Ruzzia , Rut ( h ) enia ) was a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century , under the reign of the Varangian Rurik dynasty . The modern nations of Belarus , Russia , and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus ' as their cultural ancestors . At its greatest extent , in the mid-11th century , it stretched from the White Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from the headwaters of the Vistula in the west to the Taman Peninsula in the east , uniting the majority of East Slavic tribes . According to Rus ' Primary Chronicle , the first ruler to start uniting East Slavic lands into what has become known as Kievan Rus ' was Prince Oleg ( 882-912 ) . He extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east , and he moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev . Sviatoslav I ( died 972 ) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus ' territorial control , fighting a war of conquest against the Khazars . Vladimir the Great ( 980-1015 ) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and , by decree , extended it to all inhabitants of Kiev and beyond . Kievan Rus ' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav the Wise ( 1019-1054 ) ; his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code , the Rus ' Justice , shortly after his death . The state declined beginning in the late 11th century and during the 12th century , disintegrating into various rival regional powers . It was further weakened by economic factors , such as the collapse of Rus ' commercial ties to the Byzantine Empire due to the decline of Constantinople and the accompanying diminution of trade routes through its territory . The state finally fell to the Mongol invasion of the 1240s ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '862', 'urls': []}, {'value': '882', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moved to Kiev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kiev ( Kiev )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiev', 'summary': "Kiev or Kyiv [ a ] ( Ukrainian : Київ , romanized : Kyiv ; Russian : Киев , romanized : Kiyev ) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine . It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River . Its population in July 2015 was 2,887,974 ( though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press ) , making Kiev the 6th-most populous city in Europe . Kiev is an important industrial , scientific , educational and cultural center of Eastern Europe . It is home to many high-tech industries , higher education institutions , and historical landmarks . The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure , including the Kiev Metro . The city 's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi , one of its four legendary founders . During its history , Kiev , one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe , passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity . The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century . A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople , Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars , until its capture by the Varangians ( Vikings ) in the mid-9th century . Under Varangian rule , the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus ' , the first East Slavic state . Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240 , the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come ."}]}, {'value': "Kievan Rus '", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kievan_Rus'", 'summary': "Kievan Rus ' ( Old East Slavic : Рѹсь ( Rus' ) , Рѹсьскаѧ землѧ ( Rus'skaya zemlya ) ; Latin : Rus ( s ) ia , Ruscia , Ruzzia , Rut ( h ) enia ) was a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century , under the reign of the Varangian Rurik dynasty . The modern nations of Belarus , Russia , and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus ' as their cultural ancestors . At its greatest extent , in the mid-11th century , it stretched from the White Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from the headwaters of the Vistula in the west to the Taman Peninsula in the east , uniting the majority of East Slavic tribes . According to Rus ' Primary Chronicle , the first ruler to start uniting East Slavic lands into what has become known as Kievan Rus ' was Prince Oleg ( 882-912 ) . He extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east , and he moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev . Sviatoslav I ( died 972 ) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus ' territorial control , fighting a war of conquest against the Khazars . Vladimir the Great ( 980-1015 ) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and , by decree , extended it to all inhabitants of Kiev and beyond . Kievan Rus ' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav the Wise ( 1019-1054 ) ; his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code , the Rus ' Justice , shortly after his death . The state declined beginning in the late 11th century and during the 12th century , disintegrating into various rival regional powers . It was further weakened by economic factors , such as the collapse of Rus ' commercial ties to the Byzantine Empire due to the decline of Constantinople and the accompanying diminution of trade routes through its territory . The state finally fell to the Mongol invasion of the 1240s ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '882', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1169', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'state broke up , moved to Vladimir , Halych and Novgorod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia', 'summary': "Vladimir ( Russian : Владимир , IPA : [ vlɐdʲi'mʲɪr ] ( listen ) ) is a city and the administrative center of Vladimir Oblast , Russia , located on the Klyazma River , 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ) to the east of Moscow . It is served by a railway and the M7 motorway . Its population is 345,373 ( 2010 Census ) ; 315,954 ( 2002 Census ) ; 349,702 ( 1989 Census ) . Vladimir has historical significance because it was Russia 's capital in the 12th-13th centuries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Halych', 'summary': 'Halych ( Ukrainian : Га́лич , romanized : Halyč [ ˈɦɑlɪtʃ ] ; Romanian : Halici ; Polish : Halicz ; Russian : Га́лич , romanized : Galič ; German : Halytsch ) is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine . The city gave its name to the Principality of Halych , the historic province of Galicia ( Halychyna ) , and the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia , of which it was the capital until the early 14th century , when the seat of the local rulers moved to Lviv . Nowadays , Halych is a small town located only on one part of the territory of the former Galician capital , although it has preserved its name . It functions as the administrative center of Halych Raion ( district ) of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ( region ) . It lies 26 km ( 16 mi ) north of the oblast capital , Ivano-Frankivsk . Population : 6,247 ( 2016 est . ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Novgorod', 'summary': "Veliky Novgorod ( Russian : Вели́кий Но́вгород , IPA : [ vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət ] ) , also known as Novgorod the Great , or Novgorod Veliky , or just Novgorod ( meaning newtown ) , is one of the oldest and most important historic cities in Russia , with more than 1000 years of history . The city serves as the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast . The city lies along the Volkhov River just downstream from its outflow from Lake Ilmen and is situated on the M10 federal highway connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg . UNESCO recognized Novgorod as a World Heritage Site in 1992 . The city has a population of 218,717 ( 2010 Census ) ; At its peak during the 14th century , the city was the capital of the Novgorod Republic and was one of Europe 's largest cities . The Veliky ( great ) part was eventually added to city 's name to disambiguate it with another city of similar name , Nizhny Novgorod ( lower newtown ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Vladimir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia', 'summary': "Vladimir ( Russian : Владимир , IPA : [ vlɐdʲi'mʲɪr ] ( listen ) ) is a city and the administrative center of Vladimir Oblast , Russia , located on the Klyazma River , 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ) to the east of Moscow . It is served by a railway and the M7 motorway . Its population is 345,373 ( 2010 Census ) ; 315,954 ( 2002 Census ) ; 349,702 ( 1989 Census ) . Vladimir has historical significance because it was Russia 's capital in the 12th-13th centuries ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Duchy of Vladimir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal', 'summary': "Vladimir-Suzdal ( Russian : Владимирско-Су́здальская , Vladimirsko-Suzdal'skaya ) , also Vladimir-Suzdalian Rus ' formally known as the Grand Duchy of Vladimir ( 1157-1331 ) ( Russian : Владимиро-Су́здальское кня́жество , romanized : Vladimiro-Suzdal'skoye knyazhestvo , lit . 'Vladimiro-Suzdalian principalty ' ; Latin : Volodimeriae ) , was one of the major principalities that succeeded Kievan Rus ' in the late 12th century , centered in Vladimir-on-Klyazma . With time the principality grew into a grand duchy divided into several smaller principalities . After being conquered by the Mongol Empire , the principality became a self-governed state headed by its own nobility . A governorship of principality , however , was prescribed by a Khan declaration ( jarlig ) issued from the Golden Horde to a noble family of any of smaller principalities . Vladimir-Suzdal is traditionally perceived as a cradle of the Great Russian language and nationality , and it gradually evolved into the Grand Duchy of Moscow ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1169', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1327', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moved to Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': 'Bolghar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolghar', 'summary': 'Bolghar ( Tatar : Болгар , Chuvash : Пăлхар ) was intermittently capital of Volga Bulgaria from the 8th to the 15th centuries , along with Bilyar and Nur-Suvar . It was situated on the bank of the Volga River , about 30 km downstream from its confluence with the Kama River and some 130 km from modern Kazan in what is now Spassky District . West of it lies a small modern town , since 1991 known as Bolgar . The UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex ( ancient Bolghar hill fort ) to the World Heritage List in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Volga Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria', 'summary': 'Volga Bulgaria ( Tatar : Идел Болгар , Chuvash : Атӑлҫи Пӑлхар ) or Volga-Kama Bulghar , was a historic Bulgar state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River , in what is now European Russia . Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state with large numbers of Turkic Bulgars , a variety of Finnic and Ugrian peoples , and many East Slavs.The very strategic position of Volga Bulgaria allowed it to create a monopoly between the trade of Arabs , Norse and Avars .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '8th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1240s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volga Bulgaria lost sovereignty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazan', 'summary': "Kazan ( /kəˈzæn , -ˈzɑːn/ ; Russian : Каза́нь , IPA : [ kɐˈzanʲ ] ; Tatar : Казан ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan , Russia . With a population of 1,243,500 , it is the sixth most populous city in Russia . Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia , about 715 kilometres ( 444 mi ) east from Moscow . In the Late Middle Ages , Kazan was an important trade and political center within the Golden Horde . In 1438 , the city became the capital of the Khanate of Kazan . In 1552 , Kazan was captured by Ivan the Terrible and became part of Russia . The city was largely destroyed during Pugachev 's Rebellion , but was later rebuilt during the reign of Catherine the Great . In the following centuries , Kazan grew to become a major industrial , cultural and religious center in Russia . Kazan is renowned for its vibrant mix of Oriental and Russian cultures . In 2015 , 2.1 million tourists visited Kazan , and 1.5 million tourists visited the Kazan Kremlin , a World Heritage Site . In April 2009 , the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the Third Capital of Russia . In 2009 it was chosen as the sports capital of Russia and it still is referred to as such ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazan Khanate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazan_Khanate', 'summary': 'The Khanate of Kazan ( Tatar : Казан ханлыгы ; Russian : Казанское ханство , Romanization : Kazanskoye khanstvo ) was a medieval Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552 . The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan , Mari El , Chuvashia , Mordovia , and parts of Udmurtia and Bashkortostan ; its capital was the city of Kazan . It was one of the successor states of the Golden Horde , and it came to an end when it was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1438', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1552', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazan Khanate lost sovereignty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': 'Moscow , Grand Duchy of', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow', 'summary': "The Grand Duchy of Moscow , or Grand Principality of Moscow ( Russian : Великое Княжество Московское , Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye , also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Latin : Moscoviae ) was a Rus ' principality of the Late Middle Ages centered around Moscow , and the predecessor state of the Tsardom of Russia in the early modern period . The state originated with the Mongol invasion of Rus ' , at which point Daniel I was appointed to the newly-created Moscow in 1283 as effectively a puppet to the Mongol Empire ( under the Tatar Yoke ) , the latter of which had eclipsed and eventually absorbed its parent duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal by the 1320s . It later annexed the Novgorod Republic in 1478 and conquered the Grand Duchy of Tver in 1485 , and ultimately remained ruled by the Mongols for most of its history until 1480 . Muscovites , Suzdalians and other inhabitants of the Rus ' principality were able to maintain their Slavic , Pagan and Orthodox traditions for the most part under the Tatar Yoke . Ivan III further consolidated the state during his 43-year reign , campaigning against his major remaining rival power , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and by 1503 he had tripled the territory of his realm , adopting the title of tsar and claiming the title of Ruler of all Rus ' . By his marriage to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor , he claimed Muscovy to be the successor state of the Roman Empire , the Third Rome . The emigration of the Byzantine people influenced and strengthened Moscow 's identity as the heir of the Orthodox traditions . Ivan 's successor Vasili III also enjoyed military success , gaining Smolensk from Lithuania in 1512 , pushing Muscovy 's borders to the Dniepr River . Vasili 's son Ivan IV ( later known as Ivan the Terrible ) was an infant at his father 's death in 1533 . He was crowned in 1547 , assuming the title of tsar together with the proclamation of Tsardom of Russia ( Russian : Царство Русcкое , Tsarstvo Russkoye ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1327', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1547', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia , Tsardom of', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia', 'summary': 'The Tsardom of Russia ( Russian : Ру́сское ца́рство , Russkoje tsarstvo later changed to Росси́йское ца́рство , Rossiyskoye tsarstvo ) , also called the Tsardom of Muscovy , was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721 . From 1551 to 1700 , Russia grew by 35,000 km2 per year . The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties , many wars with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Sweden and the Ottoman Empire as well as the Russian conquest of Siberia , leading up to the ground-changing reign of Peter the Great , who took power in 1689 and transformed the Tsardom into a major European power . During the Great Northern War , he implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire ( Russian : Российская империя , Rossiyskaya imperiya ) after victory over Sweden in 1721 .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1547', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1712', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moved to Saint Petersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Saint Petersburg ( Russian : Санкт-Петербу́рг , tr . Sankt-Peterburg , IPA : [ ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk ] ( listen ) ) , formerly and still commonly known as Leningrad ( Russian : Ленинград ) is a city situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . It is Russia 's second-largest city after Moscow . With over 5,351,935 million inhabitants as of 2018 , it is the fourth-most populous city in Europe . An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea , it has a status of a federal subject ( a federal city ) . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [ O.S . 16 May ] 1703 , on the site of a captured Swedish fortress . It served as a capital of Russian Tsardom and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918 ( being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730 ) . After the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow . In modern times , Saint Petersburg is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site , so it 's also referred to as Russia 's Culture Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Yaroslavl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yaroslavl', 'summary': "Yaroslavl ( Russian : Ярослáвль , IPA : [ jɪrɐˈsɫavlʲ ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast , Russia , located 250 kilometers ( 160 mi ) northeast of Moscow . The historic part of the city , a World Heritage Site , is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers . It is one of the Golden Ring cities , a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history . In 2010 , the city had a population of 591,486 . Etymology Yaroslav [ the Wise ] + suffix l′ for his settlement ( ? ) : Russian Yaro-slav 'harsh , severe ' + 'fame , glory ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia , Tsardom of', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia', 'summary': 'The Tsardom of Russia ( Russian : Ру́сское ца́рство , Russkoje tsarstvo later changed to Росси́йское ца́рство , Rossiyskoye tsarstvo ) , also called the Tsardom of Muscovy , was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721 . From 1551 to 1700 , Russia grew by 35,000 km2 per year . The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties , many wars with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Sweden and the Ottoman Empire as well as the Russian conquest of Siberia , leading up to the ground-changing reign of Peter the Great , who took power in 1689 and transformed the Tsardom into a major European power . During the Great Northern War , he implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire ( Russian : Российская империя , Rossiyskaya imperiya ) after victory over Sweden in 1721 .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1611', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1612', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'de facto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Petersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Saint Petersburg ( Russian : Санкт-Петербу́рг , tr . Sankt-Peterburg , IPA : [ ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk ] ( listen ) ) , formerly and still commonly known as Leningrad ( Russian : Ленинград ) is a city situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . It is Russia 's second-largest city after Moscow . With over 5,351,935 million inhabitants as of 2018 , it is the fourth-most populous city in Europe . An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea , it has a status of a federal subject ( a federal city ) . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [ O.S . 16 May ] 1703 , on the site of a captured Swedish fortress . It served as a capital of Russian Tsardom and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918 ( being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730 ) . After the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow . In modern times , Saint Petersburg is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site , so it 's also referred to as Russia 's Culture Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia , Tsardom of', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia', 'summary': 'The Tsardom of Russia ( Russian : Ру́сское ца́рство , Russkoje tsarstvo later changed to Росси́йское ца́рство , Rossiyskoye tsarstvo ) , also called the Tsardom of Muscovy , was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721 . From 1551 to 1700 , Russia grew by 35,000 km2 per year . The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties , many wars with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Sweden and the Ottoman Empire as well as the Russian conquest of Siberia , leading up to the ground-changing reign of Peter the Great , who took power in 1689 and transformed the Tsardom into a major European power . During the Great Northern War , he implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire ( Russian : Российская империя , Rossiyskaya imperiya ) after victory over Sweden in 1721 .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1712', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1721', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Russian Tsardom became the Russian Empire', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Petersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Saint Petersburg ( Russian : Санкт-Петербу́рг , tr . Sankt-Peterburg , IPA : [ ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk ] ( listen ) ) , formerly and still commonly known as Leningrad ( Russian : Ленинград ) is a city situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . It is Russia 's second-largest city after Moscow . With over 5,351,935 million inhabitants as of 2018 , it is the fourth-most populous city in Europe . An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea , it has a status of a federal subject ( a federal city ) . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [ O.S . 16 May ] 1703 , on the site of a captured Swedish fortress . It served as a capital of Russian Tsardom and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918 ( being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730 ) . After the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow . In modern times , Saint Petersburg is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site , so it 's also referred to as Russia 's Culture Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Russian Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Empire', 'summary': "The Russian Empire [ a ] was an empire that extended across Eurasia and North America from 1721 , following the end of the Great Northern War , until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917 . The third-largest empire in history , at its greatest extent stretching over three continents , Europe , Asia , and North America , the Russian Empire was surpassed in size only by the British and Mongol empires . The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighboring rival powers : the Swedish Empire , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Persia and the Ottoman Empire . It played a major role in 1812-1814 in defeating Napoleon 's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south . The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762 . Its matrilineal branch of patrilineal German descent , the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov , ruled from 1762 to the end of the empire . At the beginning of the 19th century , the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south , from the Baltic Sea on the west into Alaska and Northern California in America on the east . With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census , it had the third-largest population in the world at the time , after Qing China and India . Like all empires , it featured great diversity in terms of economies , ethnicities , languages , and religion . There were many dissident elements that launched numerous rebellions and assassinations over the centuries . In the 19th century , they were closely watched by the imperial secret police , and thousands were exiled to Siberia . Economically , the empire was predominantly agricultural , with low productivity on large estates worked by Russian peasants , known as serfs , who were tied to the land in a feudal arrangement ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1721', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1727', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empire was officially proclaimed by Tsar Peter I , following the Treaty of Nystad ( 1721 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_the_Great', 'summary': "Peter the Great ( Russian : Пётр Вели́кий , tr . Pyotr Velikiy , IPA : [ ˈpʲɵtr vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ] ) , Peter I ( Russian : Пётр Первый , tr . Pyotr Pyerviy , IPA : [ ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj ] ) or Peter Alexeyevich ( Russian : Пётр Алексе́евич , IPA : [ ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ] ; 9 June [ O.S . 30 May ] 1672 - 8 February [ O.S . 28 January ] 1725 ) [ b ] ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [ O.S . 27 April ] 1682 until his death in 1725 , jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother , Ivan V. Through a number of successful wars , he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power and also laid the groundwork for the Russian navy after capturing ports at Azov and the Baltic Sea . He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern , scientific , Westernised and based on the Enlightenment . Peter 's reforms had a lasting impact on Russia , and many institutions of the Russian government trace their origins to his reign . He is also known for founding and developing the city of Saint Petersburg , which remained the capital of Russia until 1917 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad', 'summary': 'The Treaty of Nystad ( Russian : Ништадтский мир ; Finnish : Uudenkaupungin rauha ; Swedish : Freden i Nystad ; Estonian : Uusikaupunki rahu ) was the last peace treaty of the Great Northern War of 1700-1721 . It was concluded between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire on 10 September [ O.S . 30 August ] 1721 in the then Swedish town of Nystad ( Finnish : Uusikaupunki , in the south-west of present-day Finland ) . Sweden had settled with the other parties in Stockholm ( 1719 and 1720 ) and in Frederiksborg ( 1720 ) . During the war Peter I of Russia had occupied all Swedish possessions on the eastern Baltic coast : Swedish Ingria ( where he began to build the soon-to-be new Russian capital of St. Petersburg in 1703 ) , Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia ( which had capitulated in 1710 ) , and Finland . In Nystad , King Frederick I of Sweden formally recognized the transfer of Estonia , Livonia , Ingria , and Southeast Finland ( Kexholmslän and part of Karelian Isthmus ) to Russia in exchange for two million silver thaler , while Russia returned the bulk of Finland to Swedish rule . The Treaty enshrined the rights of the German Baltic nobility within Estonia and Livonia to maintain their financial system , their existing customs border , their self-government , their Lutheran religion , and the German language ; this special position in the Russian Empire was reconfirmed by all Russian Tsars from Peter the Great ( reigned 1682-1725 ) to Alexander II ( reigned 1855-1881 ) . Nystad manifested the decisive shift in the European balance of power which the war had brought about : the Swedish imperial era had ended ; Sweden entered the Age of Liberty , while Russia had emerged as a new empire .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': 'Russian Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Empire', 'summary': "The Russian Empire [ a ] was an empire that extended across Eurasia and North America from 1721 , following the end of the Great Northern War , until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917 . The third-largest empire in history , at its greatest extent stretching over three continents , Europe , Asia , and North America , the Russian Empire was surpassed in size only by the British and Mongol empires . The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighboring rival powers : the Swedish Empire , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Persia and the Ottoman Empire . It played a major role in 1812-1814 in defeating Napoleon 's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south . The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762 . Its matrilineal branch of patrilineal German descent , the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov , ruled from 1762 to the end of the empire . At the beginning of the 19th century , the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south , from the Baltic Sea on the west into Alaska and Northern California in America on the east . With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census , it had the third-largest population in the world at the time , after Qing China and India . Like all empires , it featured great diversity in terms of economies , ethnicities , languages , and religion . There were many dissident elements that launched numerous rebellions and assassinations over the centuries . In the 19th century , they were closely watched by the imperial secret police , and thousands were exiled to Siberia . Economically , the empire was predominantly agricultural , with low productivity on large estates worked by Russian peasants , known as serfs , who were tied to the land in a feudal arrangement ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1727', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1731', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moved to Saint Petersburg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Petersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Saint Petersburg ( Russian : Санкт-Петербу́рг , tr . Sankt-Peterburg , IPA : [ ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk ] ( listen ) ) , formerly and still commonly known as Leningrad ( Russian : Ленинград ) is a city situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . It is Russia 's second-largest city after Moscow . With over 5,351,935 million inhabitants as of 2018 , it is the fourth-most populous city in Europe . An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea , it has a status of a federal subject ( a federal city ) . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [ O.S . 16 May ] 1703 , on the site of a captured Swedish fortress . It served as a capital of Russian Tsardom and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918 ( being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730 ) . After the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow . In modern times , Saint Petersburg is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site , so it 's also referred to as Russia 's Culture Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Russian Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Russia', 'summary': "The Russian Empire [ a ] was an empire that extended across Eurasia and North America from 1721 , following the end of the Great Northern War , until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917 . The third-largest empire in history , at its greatest extent stretching over three continents , Europe , Asia , and North America , the Russian Empire was surpassed in size only by the British and Mongol empires . The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighboring rival powers : the Swedish Empire , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Persia and the Ottoman Empire . It played a major role in 1812-1814 in defeating Napoleon 's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south . The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762 . Its matrilineal branch of patrilineal German descent , the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov , ruled from 1762 to the end of the empire . At the beginning of the 19th century , the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south , from the Baltic Sea on the west into Alaska and Northern California in America on the east . With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census , it had the third-largest population in the world at the time , after Qing China and India . Like all empires , it featured great diversity in terms of economies , ethnicities , languages , and religion . There were many dissident elements that launched numerous rebellions and assassinations over the centuries . In the 19th century , they were closely watched by the imperial secret police , and thousands were exiled to Siberia . Economically , the empire was predominantly agricultural , with low productivity on large estates worked by Russian peasants , known as serfs , who were tied to the land in a feudal arrangement ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1731', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City renamed Petrograd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petrograd ( Saint Petersburg )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Saint Petersburg ( Russian : Санкт-Петербу́рг , tr . Sankt-Peterburg , IPA : [ ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk ] ( listen ) ) , formerly and still commonly known as Leningrad ( Russian : Ленинград ) is a city situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . It is Russia 's second-largest city after Moscow . With over 5,351,935 million inhabitants as of 2018 , it is the fourth-most populous city in Europe . An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea , it has a status of a federal subject ( a federal city ) . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [ O.S . 16 May ] 1703 , on the site of a captured Swedish fortress . It served as a capital of Russian Tsardom and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918 ( being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730 ) . After the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow . In modern times , Saint Petersburg is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site , so it 's also referred to as Russia 's Culture Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Russian Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Russia', 'summary': "The Russian Empire [ a ] was an empire that extended across Eurasia and North America from 1721 , following the end of the Great Northern War , until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917 . The third-largest empire in history , at its greatest extent stretching over three continents , Europe , Asia , and North America , the Russian Empire was surpassed in size only by the British and Mongol empires . The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighboring rival powers : the Swedish Empire , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Persia and the Ottoman Empire . It played a major role in 1812-1814 in defeating Napoleon 's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south . The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762 . Its matrilineal branch of patrilineal German descent , the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov , ruled from 1762 to the end of the empire . At the beginning of the 19th century , the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south , from the Baltic Sea on the west into Alaska and Northern California in America on the east . With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census , it had the third-largest population in the world at the time , after Qing China and India . Like all empires , it featured great diversity in terms of economies , ethnicities , languages , and religion . There were many dissident elements that launched numerous rebellions and assassinations over the centuries . In the 19th century , they were closely watched by the imperial secret police , and thousands were exiled to Siberia . Economically , the empire was predominantly agricultural , with low productivity on large estates worked by Russian peasants , known as serfs , who were tied to the land in a feudal arrangement ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moved to Moscow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Union', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State union dissolved , Became capital of Russia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volodymyr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volodymyr-Volynskyi', 'summary': 'Volodymyr-Volynskyi ( Ukrainian : Володимир-Волинський , Polish : Włodzimierz Wołyński , Russian : Влади́мир-Волы́нский , Yiddish : לודמיר , Latin : Lodomeria ) is a small city located in Volyn Oblast , in north-western Ukraine . Serving as the administrative centre of the Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion , the city itself is also designated as a separate municipality within the oblast as the city of regional significance . The city is the historic centre of the region of Volhynia and the historic capital of the Principality of Volhynia . Population : 39,074 ( 2015 est . ) The mediaeval Latin name of the town Lodomeria became the namesake of the 19th century Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria [ citation needed ] , of which the town itself was not a part . 5 kilometres ( 3 miles ) south from Volodymyr is Zymne , where the oldest Orthodox Monastery in Volynia is located .'}]}, {'value': 'Galicia-Volhynia , Kingdom of', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia–Volhynia', 'summary': "The Kingdom or Principality of Galicia-Volhynia ( Old East Slavic : Галицко-Волинскоє князство ; Ukrainian : Галицько-Волинське князівство ; Latin : Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae ) , also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia ( Ukrainian : Королівство Русь , Latin : Regnum Russiae ) since 1253 , was a state in the regions of Galicia and Volhynia that existed 1199 to 1349 . The territory is today to be found in the modern states of Poland , Ukraine and the Slovak Republic . Galicia was conquered by the Prince of Volhynia Roman the Great with the help of Leszek the White of Poland . Roman the Great united the principalities of Halych and Volhynia into a single state . Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal , it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus ' . Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus ' ( 1239 to 1241 ) , Prince Danylo Romanovych was forced to pledge allegiance to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in 1246 . He strove to rid his realm of the Mongol yoke , however , by a formal orientation to Western Europe . He was crowned as a Rex Rusiae by a papal legate in 1253 . He also tried , unsuccessfully , to establish military alliances with other European rulers . The Polish conquest of the kingdom in 1349 ended its vassalage to the Golden Horde . Western Galicia-Volhynia extended between the rivers San and Wieprz in what is now south-eastern Poland , while eastern territories covered the Pripet Marshes ( now in Belarus ) and the upper reaches of Southern Bug river in modern Ukraine . During its time , the kingdom was bordered by Black Rus ' , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Principality of Turov-Pinsk , the Principality of Kiev , the Golden Horde , the Kingdom of Hungary , the Kingdom of Poland , the Principality of Moldova and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '1199', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1238', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moved to Halych', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halych', 'summary': 'Halych ( Ukrainian : Га́лич , romanized : Halyč [ ˈɦɑlɪtʃ ] ; Romanian : Halici ; Polish : Halicz ; Russian : Га́лич , romanized : Galič ; German : Halytsch ) is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine . The city gave its name to the Principality of Halych , the historic province of Galicia ( Halychyna ) , and the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia , of which it was the capital until the early 14th century , when the seat of the local rulers moved to Lviv . Nowadays , Halych is a small town located only on one part of the territory of the former Galician capital , although it has preserved its name . It functions as the administrative center of Halych Raion ( district ) of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ( region ) . It lies 26 km ( 16 mi ) north of the oblast capital , Ivano-Frankivsk . Population : 6,247 ( 2016 est . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Halych', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halych', 'summary': 'Halych ( Ukrainian : Га́лич , romanized : Halyč [ ˈɦɑlɪtʃ ] ; Romanian : Halici ; Polish : Halicz ; Russian : Га́лич , romanized : Galič ; German : Halytsch ) is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine . The city gave its name to the Principality of Halych , the historic province of Galicia ( Halychyna ) , and the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia , of which it was the capital until the early 14th century , when the seat of the local rulers moved to Lviv . Nowadays , Halych is a small town located only on one part of the territory of the former Galician capital , although it has preserved its name . It functions as the administrative center of Halych Raion ( district ) of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ( region ) . It lies 26 km ( 16 mi ) north of the oblast capital , Ivano-Frankivsk . Population : 6,247 ( 2016 est . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Galicia-Volhynia , Kingdom of', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia–Volhynia', 'summary': "The Kingdom or Principality of Galicia-Volhynia ( Old East Slavic : Галицко-Волинскоє князство ; Ukrainian : Галицько-Волинське князівство ; Latin : Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae ) , also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia ( Ukrainian : Королівство Русь , Latin : Regnum Russiae ) since 1253 , was a state in the regions of Galicia and Volhynia that existed 1199 to 1349 . The territory is today to be found in the modern states of Poland , Ukraine and the Slovak Republic . Galicia was conquered by the Prince of Volhynia Roman the Great with the help of Leszek the White of Poland . Roman the Great united the principalities of Halych and Volhynia into a single state . Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal , it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus ' . Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus ' ( 1239 to 1241 ) , Prince Danylo Romanovych was forced to pledge allegiance to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in 1246 . He strove to rid his realm of the Mongol yoke , however , by a formal orientation to Western Europe . He was crowned as a Rex Rusiae by a papal legate in 1253 . He also tried , unsuccessfully , to establish military alliances with other European rulers . The Polish conquest of the kingdom in 1349 ended its vassalage to the Golden Horde . Western Galicia-Volhynia extended between the rivers San and Wieprz in what is now south-eastern Poland , while eastern territories covered the Pripet Marshes ( now in Belarus ) and the upper reaches of Southern Bug river in modern Ukraine . During its time , the kingdom was bordered by Black Rus ' , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Principality of Turov-Pinsk , the Principality of Kiev , the Golden Horde , the Kingdom of Hungary , the Kingdom of Poland , the Principality of Moldova and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '1238', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1272', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moved to Lev ( Lviv )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lviv', 'summary': "Lviv ( Ukrainian : Львів [ lʲwiu̯ ] ( listen ) ; Old East Slavic : Львіхород ; Polish : Lwów [ lvuf ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Львов , romanized : Lvov [ lʲvof ] ; German : Lemberg ; Latin : Leopolis ; see also other names ) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall , with a population of 724,713 as of January 2019 . Lviv is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine . Named in honour of Leo , the eldest son of Daniel , Prince of Ruthenia , it was the capital of the Galicia-Volhynia from 1272 to 1349 , when it was conquered by King Casimir III the Great of Poland . From 1434 , it was the regional capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland . In 1772 , after the First Partition of Poland , the city became the capital of the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . In 1918 , for a short time , it was the capital of the West Ukrainian People 's Republic . Between the wars , the city was the centre of the Lwów Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic . After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 , Lviv became part of the Soviet Union , and in 1944-46 there was a population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine . In 1991 , it became part of the independent nation of Ukraine . Administratively , Lviv serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and has the status of city of oblast significance . Lviv was the centre of the historical regions of Red Ruthenia and Galicia . The historical heart of the city , with its old buildings and cobblestone streets , survived Soviet and German occupations during World War II largely unscathed ."}]}, {'value': 'Lev ( Lviv )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lviv', 'summary': "Lviv ( Ukrainian : Львів [ lʲwiu̯ ] ( listen ) ; Old East Slavic : Львіхород ; Polish : Lwów [ lvuf ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Львов , romanized : Lvov [ lʲvof ] ; German : Lemberg ; Latin : Leopolis ; see also other names ) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall , with a population of 724,713 as of January 2019 . Lviv is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine . Named in honour of Leo , the eldest son of Daniel , Prince of Ruthenia , it was the capital of the Galicia-Volhynia from 1272 to 1349 , when it was conquered by King Casimir III the Great of Poland . From 1434 , it was the regional capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland . In 1772 , after the First Partition of Poland , the city became the capital of the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . In 1918 , for a short time , it was the capital of the West Ukrainian People 's Republic . Between the wars , the city was the centre of the Lwów Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic . After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 , Lviv became part of the Soviet Union , and in 1944-46 there was a population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine . In 1991 , it became part of the independent nation of Ukraine . Administratively , Lviv serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and has the status of city of oblast significance . Lviv was the centre of the historical regions of Red Ruthenia and Galicia . The historical heart of the city , with its old buildings and cobblestone streets , survived Soviet and German occupations during World War II largely unscathed ."}]}, {'value': 'Galicia-Volhynia , Kingdom of', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia–Volhynia', 'summary': "The Kingdom or Principality of Galicia-Volhynia ( Old East Slavic : Галицко-Волинскоє князство ; Ukrainian : Галицько-Волинське князівство ; Latin : Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae ) , also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia ( Ukrainian : Королівство Русь , Latin : Regnum Russiae ) since 1253 , was a state in the regions of Galicia and Volhynia that existed 1199 to 1349 . The territory is today to be found in the modern states of Poland , Ukraine and the Slovak Republic . Galicia was conquered by the Prince of Volhynia Roman the Great with the help of Leszek the White of Poland . Roman the Great united the principalities of Halych and Volhynia into a single state . Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal , it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus ' . Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus ' ( 1239 to 1241 ) , Prince Danylo Romanovych was forced to pledge allegiance to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in 1246 . He strove to rid his realm of the Mongol yoke , however , by a formal orientation to Western Europe . He was crowned as a Rex Rusiae by a papal legate in 1253 . He also tried , unsuccessfully , to establish military alliances with other European rulers . The Polish conquest of the kingdom in 1349 ended its vassalage to the Golden Horde . Western Galicia-Volhynia extended between the rivers San and Wieprz in what is now south-eastern Poland , while eastern territories covered the Pripet Marshes ( now in Belarus ) and the upper reaches of Southern Bug river in modern Ukraine . During its time , the kingdom was bordered by Black Rus ' , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Principality of Turov-Pinsk , the Principality of Kiev , the Golden Horde , the Kingdom of Hungary , the Kingdom of Poland , the Principality of Moldova and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '1272', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1349', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia lost its sovereignty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia–Volhynia', 'summary': "The Kingdom or Principality of Galicia-Volhynia ( Old East Slavic : Галицко-Волинскоє князство ; Ukrainian : Галицько-Волинське князівство ; Latin : Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae ) , also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia ( Ukrainian : Королівство Русь , Latin : Regnum Russiae ) since 1253 , was a state in the regions of Galicia and Volhynia that existed 1199 to 1349 . The territory is today to be found in the modern states of Poland , Ukraine and the Slovak Republic . Galicia was conquered by the Prince of Volhynia Roman the Great with the help of Leszek the White of Poland . Roman the Great united the principalities of Halych and Volhynia into a single state . Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal , it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus ' . Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus ' ( 1239 to 1241 ) , Prince Danylo Romanovych was forced to pledge allegiance to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in 1246 . He strove to rid his realm of the Mongol yoke , however , by a formal orientation to Western Europe . He was crowned as a Rex Rusiae by a papal legate in 1253 . He also tried , unsuccessfully , to establish military alliances with other European rulers . The Polish conquest of the kingdom in 1349 ended its vassalage to the Golden Horde . Western Galicia-Volhynia extended between the rivers San and Wieprz in what is now south-eastern Poland , while eastern territories covered the Pripet Marshes ( now in Belarus ) and the upper reaches of Southern Bug river in modern Ukraine . During its time , the kingdom was bordered by Black Rus ' , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Principality of Turov-Pinsk , the Principality of Kiev , the Golden Horde , the Kingdom of Hungary , the Kingdom of Poland , the Principality of Moldova and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights ."}]}, {'value': 'Chyhyryn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chyhyryn', 'summary': 'Chyhyryn ( Ukrainian : Чигири́н , pronounced [ tʃɪɦɪˈrɪn ] ) is a city and historic site located in the Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine . From 1648 to 1669 the city was a Hetman residence . After a forced relocation of the Ruthenian Orthodox metropolitan see from Kiev in 1658 , it became a full-fledged capital of the Cossack Hetmanate . Chyhyryn also became a traditional place for the appointment to the office of Hetman of Zaporizhian Host . Chyhyryn serves as administrative center of Chyhyryn Raion .'}]}, {'value': 'Cossack Hetmanate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate', 'summary': "The Cossack Hetmanate [ nb 1 ] ( Ukrainian : Гетьманщина , Hetmanščyna ) , officially known as the Zaporizhian Host ( Військо Запорозьке , Vijśko Zaporoźke , Latin : Exercitus Zaporoviensis ) , was a Cossack host in the region of Central Ukraine between 1648 and 1764 ( or until 1782 according to some sources ) . The Hetmanate was founded by the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Uprising of 1648-57 . Establishment of vassal relations with the Tsardom of Russia in the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654 is considered a benchmark of the Cossack Hetmanate in Soviet , Ukrainian , and Russian historiography . The second Pereyaslav Council in 1659 further restricted the independence of the Hetmanate , and from the Moscow side there were attempts to declare agreements reached with Yuri Khmelnitsky in 1659 as nothing more than the former Bohdan 's agreements of 1654 . The 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo - conducted without any representation from the Cossack Hetmanate - established borders between the Polish and Russian states , dividing the Hetmanate in half along the Dnieper and putting the Zaporizhian Sich under a formal joint Russian-Polish administration . After a failed attempt to break the union with Russia by Ivan Mazepa in 1708 , the whole area was included into the Government of Kiev and Cossack autonomy was severely restricted . Catherine II of Russia officially abolished the institute of the Hetman in 1764 , and in 1764-1781 the Cossack Hetmanate was incorporated as the Little Russia Governorate headed by Pyotr Rumyantsev , with the last remnants of the Hetmanate 's administrative system abolished in 1781 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '1648', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1669', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moved to Baturyn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baturyn', 'summary': 'Batúryn ( Ukrainian : Бату́рин , pronounced [ bɐˈturɪn ] ) , is a historic town in Chernihiv Oblast ( province ) of northern Ukraine . It is located in Bakhmach Raion ( district ) on the banks of the Seym River . Baturyn lost its city status in 1923 and received it back only in 2008 . Population : 2,622 ( 2015 est . )'}]}, {'value': 'Baturyn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baturyn', 'summary': 'Batúryn ( Ukrainian : Бату́рин , pronounced [ bɐˈturɪn ] ) , is a historic town in Chernihiv Oblast ( province ) of northern Ukraine . It is located in Bakhmach Raion ( district ) on the banks of the Seym River . Baturyn lost its city status in 1923 and received it back only in 2008 . Population : 2,622 ( 2015 est . )'}]}, {'value': 'Cossack Hetmanate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate', 'summary': "The Cossack Hetmanate [ nb 1 ] ( Ukrainian : Гетьманщина , Hetmanščyna ) , officially known as the Zaporizhian Host ( Військо Запорозьке , Vijśko Zaporoźke , Latin : Exercitus Zaporoviensis ) , was a Cossack host in the region of Central Ukraine between 1648 and 1764 ( or until 1782 according to some sources ) . The Hetmanate was founded by the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Uprising of 1648-57 . Establishment of vassal relations with the Tsardom of Russia in the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654 is considered a benchmark of the Cossack Hetmanate in Soviet , Ukrainian , and Russian historiography . The second Pereyaslav Council in 1659 further restricted the independence of the Hetmanate , and from the Moscow side there were attempts to declare agreements reached with Yuri Khmelnitsky in 1659 as nothing more than the former Bohdan 's agreements of 1654 . The 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo - conducted without any representation from the Cossack Hetmanate - established borders between the Polish and Russian states , dividing the Hetmanate in half along the Dnieper and putting the Zaporizhian Sich under a formal joint Russian-Polish administration . After a failed attempt to break the union with Russia by Ivan Mazepa in 1708 , the whole area was included into the Government of Kiev and Cossack autonomy was severely restricted . Catherine II of Russia officially abolished the institute of the Hetman in 1764 , and in 1764-1781 the Cossack Hetmanate was incorporated as the Little Russia Governorate headed by Pyotr Rumyantsev , with the last remnants of the Hetmanate 's administrative system abolished in 1781 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '1669', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1708', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moved to Hlukhiv after demolition of the city by Russian forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hlukhiv', 'summary': 'Hlukhiv ( originally Ukrainian : Глу́хів ) , ( Polish : Głuchów ) , ( Russian : Глухов/Glukhov ) is a small historic town on the Esman River . Currently it is a city of regional significance in the Sumy region of Ukraine , just south of the Russian border . Hlukhiv is administratively incorporated as a city of oblast significance . Hlukhiv Municipality includes Hlukhiv and the village of Sliporod . Hlukhiv also serves as administrative center of Hlukhiv Raion but does not belong to the raion . Population : 33,794 ( 2015 est . ) It is known for being a capital of the Cossack Hetmanate after deposition of Ivan Mazepa in 1708-1764 . The former Soviet Chervone Pustohorod air base is located near Hlukhiv .'}]}, {'value': 'Hlukhiv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hlukhiv', 'summary': 'Hlukhiv ( originally Ukrainian : Глу́хів ) , ( Polish : Głuchów ) , ( Russian : Глухов/Glukhov ) is a small historic town on the Esman River . Currently it is a city of regional significance in the Sumy region of Ukraine , just south of the Russian border . Hlukhiv is administratively incorporated as a city of oblast significance . Hlukhiv Municipality includes Hlukhiv and the village of Sliporod . Hlukhiv also serves as administrative center of Hlukhiv Raion but does not belong to the raion . Population : 33,794 ( 2015 est . ) It is known for being a capital of the Cossack Hetmanate after deposition of Ivan Mazepa in 1708-1764 . The former Soviet Chervone Pustohorod air base is located near Hlukhiv .'}]}, {'value': 'Cossack Hetmanate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate', 'summary': "The Cossack Hetmanate [ nb 1 ] ( Ukrainian : Гетьманщина , Hetmanščyna ) , officially known as the Zaporizhian Host ( Військо Запорозьке , Vijśko Zaporoźke , Latin : Exercitus Zaporoviensis ) , was a Cossack host in the region of Central Ukraine between 1648 and 1764 ( or until 1782 according to some sources ) . The Hetmanate was founded by the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Uprising of 1648-57 . Establishment of vassal relations with the Tsardom of Russia in the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654 is considered a benchmark of the Cossack Hetmanate in Soviet , Ukrainian , and Russian historiography . The second Pereyaslav Council in 1659 further restricted the independence of the Hetmanate , and from the Moscow side there were attempts to declare agreements reached with Yuri Khmelnitsky in 1659 as nothing more than the former Bohdan 's agreements of 1654 . The 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo - conducted without any representation from the Cossack Hetmanate - established borders between the Polish and Russian states , dividing the Hetmanate in half along the Dnieper and putting the Zaporizhian Sich under a formal joint Russian-Polish administration . After a failed attempt to break the union with Russia by Ivan Mazepa in 1708 , the whole area was included into the Government of Kiev and Cossack autonomy was severely restricted . Catherine II of Russia officially abolished the institute of the Hetman in 1764 , and in 1764-1781 the Cossack Hetmanate was incorporated as the Little Russia Governorate headed by Pyotr Rumyantsev , with the last remnants of the Hetmanate 's administrative system abolished in 1781 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '1708', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1722', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cossack Hetmanate lost its sovereignty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate', 'summary': "The Cossack Hetmanate [ nb 1 ] ( Ukrainian : Гетьманщина , Hetmanščyna ) , officially known as the Zaporizhian Host ( Військо Запорозьке , Vijśko Zaporoźke , Latin : Exercitus Zaporoviensis ) , was a Cossack host in the region of Central Ukraine between 1648 and 1764 ( or until 1782 according to some sources ) . The Hetmanate was founded by the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Uprising of 1648-57 . Establishment of vassal relations with the Tsardom of Russia in the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654 is considered a benchmark of the Cossack Hetmanate in Soviet , Ukrainian , and Russian historiography . The second Pereyaslav Council in 1659 further restricted the independence of the Hetmanate , and from the Moscow side there were attempts to declare agreements reached with Yuri Khmelnitsky in 1659 as nothing more than the former Bohdan 's agreements of 1654 . The 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo - conducted without any representation from the Cossack Hetmanate - established borders between the Polish and Russian states , dividing the Hetmanate in half along the Dnieper and putting the Zaporizhian Sich under a formal joint Russian-Polish administration . After a failed attempt to break the union with Russia by Ivan Mazepa in 1708 , the whole area was included into the Government of Kiev and Cossack autonomy was severely restricted . Catherine II of Russia officially abolished the institute of the Hetman in 1764 , and in 1764-1781 the Cossack Hetmanate was incorporated as the Little Russia Governorate headed by Pyotr Rumyantsev , with the last remnants of the Hetmanate 's administrative system abolished in 1781 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Europe -- Eastern Europe', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_former_national_capitals_9', 'intro': 'Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. This is a list of such cities, sorted by country and then by date. Where a city name has changed, the name of the city when it was a capital is listed first, followed by its modern name in brackets.'}
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How many miles from Moscow is the city that was the capital of Russia from 1611 to 1612 ?
160
08bb7915c626b715
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Presbyterian churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Presbyterian Church of Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Atlanta', 'summary': 'Presbyterian Church of Atlanta is a historic Presbyterian church located at Atlanta in Steuben County , New York , United States . It was built in 1895 and is a Queen Anne style buildings constructed of red pressed brick over a limestone basement . The interior is designed on the Akron Plan . Also on the property is a former horse shed that was converted in the 1920s for use as a Sunday School and Boy Scout facility . Founded after a devastating fire destroyed most of the downtown area of the village , the church has always served a broad cross section of the community . Having nearly closed the church is now experiencing a period of renewal . Services are at 11:00 AM on Sundays . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '1895 built 2010 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Main Street 42°33′13.79″N 77°28′23.33″W / 42.5538306°N 77.4731472°W / 42.5538306 ; -77.4731472 ( Presbyterian Church of Atlanta )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_New_York', 'summary': 'Cohocton is a town in Steuben County , New York , United States . The population was 2,626 at the 2000 census . The name might be the native term for log in the water . [ citation needed ] The town contains a village , also called Cohocton and is in the northwest part of the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Queen Anne , Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Batavia , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Batavia,_New_York)', 'summary': "The First Presbyterian Church in Batavia , New York , United States , is located at East Main ( New York state routes 5 and 33 ) and Liberty streets . It is a joined complex of several buildings . The main one , the church 's sanctuary , is a limestone Gothic Revival structure built in the mid-19th century . Its congregation was the first church to be organized in Batavia , albeit as a Congregationalist group at that time . Over the next century various improvements and expansions would be made , using later architectural styles , reflecting changing styles of American Protestant worship . This transition was completed with changes to the sanctuary in the mid-20th century . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '1854 built 2004 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Main and Liberty Streets 42°59′47″N 78°10′44″W / 42.99639°N 78.17889°W / 42.99639 ; -78.17889 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Schenectady , New York ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batavia , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batavia,_New_York', 'summary': "Batavia is a city in and the county seat of Genesee County , New York , United States . It is near the center of the county , surrounded by the Town of Batavia , which is a separate municipality . Its population as of the 2010 census was 15,465 . The name Batavia is Latin for the Betuwe region of the Netherlands , and honors early Dutch land developers . The city hosts the Batavia Muckdogs baseball club of the New York-Penn League , at the Dwyer Stadium , at 299 Bank Street . The Muckdogs are an affiliate of the Miami Marlins . They won the 2008 championship . In 2006 , a national magazine ranked Batavia third among the nation 's micropolitans based on economic development . The New York State Thruway ( Interstate 90 ) passes north of the city . Genesee County Airport ( GVQ ) is also north of the city . Its UN/LOCODE is USBIA ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bedford Presbyterian Church ( New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bedford_Presbyterian_Church_(New_York)', 'summary': 'The Bedford Presbyterian Church is a parish church in Bedford , Westchester County , New York . It was built in 1872 in the Gothic Revival style , as the fourth building for the congregation on the site . The historic building is part of the Bedford Village Historic District , and was listed in 1973 . It also serves as a venue for performances of sacred music .'}]}, {'value': '1872 built 1973 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44 Village Green 41°12′12″N 73°38′33″W / 41.2032°N 73.6425°W / 41.2032 ; -73.6425 ( Bedford Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bedford Village Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bedford_Village_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Bedford Village Historic District is a national historic district in Bedford , Westchester County , New York . The district contains 80 contributing buildings and one contributing site . It encompasses most of the original 1680 hamlet and is laid out in a typical village green plan . Notable buildings include the court house ( 1787 ) , library ( 1807 ) , school house ( 1829 ) , post office ( c. 1838 ) , and Presbyterian church ( 1872 ) . The buildings are good examples of the Greek Revival and Gothic Revival styles . Two of the buildings are now museums .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Schenectady , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Schenectady,_New_York)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church in Schenectady , New York is a historic Presbyterian Church in America congregation . The roots of the congregation go back to the 1730s . Episcopalians and Presbyterians used the St. George Episcopal Church building each group using different entrances to the building . The church was founded in 1769 , when the members decided to build a wooden church structure . The first settled pastor was Rev . Alexander Miller in 1771 . The present church building was copied from the Ransom Court Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania under Rev . Alexander Monteith pastorate ( 1809-0815 ) . First Presbyterian Church was distinguished by a wrap-around balcony of the oval interior . The original church had white walls and blue woodwork . Additions were made in 1834 , and transepts were made in 1859 . The congregation helped start several other churches in the neighbourhood including State Street Presbyterian Church in 1869 .'}]}, {'value': '1809 built 2000 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '115 Union Street 42°49′02.6″N 73°56′41.2″W / 42.817389°N 73.944778°W / 42.817389 ; -73.944778 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Batavia , New York ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schenectady , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York', 'summary': 'Schenectady ( /skəˈnɛktədi/ ) is a city in Schenectady County , New York , United States , of which it is the county seat . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 66,135 . The name Schenectady is derived from a Mohawk word , skahnéhtati , meaning beyond the pines . Schenectady was founded on the south side of the Mohawk River by Dutch colonists in the 17th century , many from the Albany area . They were prohibited from the fur trade by the Albany monopoly , which kept its control after the English takeover in 1664 . Residents of the new village developed farms on strip plots along the river . Connected to the west via the Mohawk River and Erie Canal , Schenectady developed rapidly in the 19th century as part of the Mohawk Valley trade , manufacturing and transportation corridor . By 1824 more people worked in manufacturing than agriculture or trade , and the city had a cotton mill , processing cotton from the Deep South . Numerous mills in New York had such ties with the South . Through the 19th century , nationally influential companies and industries developed in Schenectady , including General Electric and American Locomotive Company ( ALCO ) , which were powers into the mid-20th century . Schenectady was part of emerging technologies , with GE collaborating in the production of nuclear-powered submarines and , in the 21st century , working on other forms of renewable energy . Schenectady is in eastern New York , near the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers .'}]}, {'value': 'New England style , member of the Presbyterian Church in America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America', 'summary': 'The Presbyterian Church in America ( PCA ) is the second largest Presbyterian church body ( second to Presbyterian Church ( USA ) ) and the largest conservative Reformed denomination in the United States . The PCA is Reformed in theology , presbyterian in government , and active in missions . It is characterized by a blend of Reformed practice and broad evangelicalism .'}]}, {'value': 'Batchellerville Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batchellerville_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Batchellerville Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church on Co. Rt . 7 in Batchellerville , Saratoga County , New York . It was built in 1867 and is a rectangular , timber framed church in the Greek Revival style . It was moved to its present site in 1931 . It features a two-stage , louvered belfry topped by a bell cast metal roof . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '1867 built 2000 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co. Rt . 7 43°12′33″N 74°3′21″W / 43.20917°N 74.05583°W / 43.20917 ; -74.05583 ( Batchellerville Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batchellerville , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batchellerville,_New_York', 'summary': 'Edinburg ( originally Edinburgh ) is a town in Saratoga County , New York , United States . The population was 1,384 at the 2000 census . The town is named after the city of Edinburgh in Scotland . The Town of Edinburg is in the northwest part of the county and is north of Schenectady . It is within the Adirondack Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Greek Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Presbyterian Church ( New York City )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Presbyterian_Church_(New_York_City)', 'summary': 'Central Presbyterian Church is a historic congregation on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City . It is a member of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church . Central Presbyterian worships in a Gothic Revival structure completed in 1922 that was commissioned and funded by John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Today Central is a culturally diverse body of more than 500 people , including seasoned leaders , many families , and a dynamic body of students , young professionals , and artists .'}]}, {'value': '1821 founded 1922 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '593 Park Avenue 40°45′56.5″N 73°58′01.9″W / 40.765694°N 73.967194°W / 40.765694 ; -73.967194 ( Central Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Avenue', 'summary': "Park Avenue is a wide New York City boulevard which carries north and southbound traffic in the borough of Manhattan . For most of the road 's length in Manhattan , it runs parallel to Madison Avenue to the west and Lexington Avenue to the east . Park Avenue 's entire length was formerly called Fourth Avenue ; the title still applies to the section between the Bowery and 14th Street . The avenue is called Union Square East between 14th and 17th Streets , and Park Avenue South between 17th and 32nd Streets ."}]}, {'value': 'New York , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York,_New_York', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival , current building built as Park Avenue Baptist Church by John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , member of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church ( United States )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller,_Jr.', 'summary': 'John Davison Rockefeller Jr. ( January 29 , 1874 - May 11 , 1960 ) was an American financier and philanthropist who was a prominent member of the Rockefeller family . He was the only son among the five children of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller and the father of the five famous Rockefeller brothers . In biographies , he is commonly referred to as Junior to distinguish him from his father , Senior . His sons included Nelson Rockefeller , the 41st Vice President of the United States ; Winthrop Rockefeller , the 37th Governor of Arkansas ; and banker David Rockefeller .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Evangelical Presbyterian Church ( EPC ) is an American church body holding to presbyterian governance and Reformed theology , expressed in an orthodox , conservative vein . The motto of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church is In Essentials , Unity . In Non-Essentials , Liberty . In All Things , Charity ; Truth In Love . The Office of the General Assembly is in Orlando , Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Brockport , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Brockport,_New_York)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church , incorporated as the Congregational Society of Brockport , is a historic Presbyterian church located at Brockport in Monroe County , New York . It is a Greek Revival-style edifice built in 1852 . The main block of the building is four bays long and three bays wide ( 76 feet by 52 feet ) , constructed of red brick on a sandstone foundation . It features a three-stage tower with an octagonal drum from which the spire rises . The main worship space has a meeting house plan with a three sided upper gallery supported by fluted Doric columns . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . It is located in the Park Avenue and State Street Historic District .'}]}, {'value': '1852 built 1999 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35 State St. 43°12′52″N 77°56′14″W / 43.21444°N 77.93722°W / 43.21444 ; -77.93722 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Brockport , New York ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brockport , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brockport,_New_York', 'summary': "Brockport is a village in the Town of Sweden , with two tiny portions in the Town of Clarkson , in Monroe County , New York , United States . The population was 8,366 at the 2010 census . The name is derived from Heil Brockway , an early settler . It is the home of The College at Brockport , State University of New York ( SUNY-Brockport ) The Village of Brockport is roughly 20 miles west of the city of City of Rochester , in the western end of Monroe County . The village is north of the junction of New York State Route 19 ( north-south ) and New York State Route 31 ( east-west ) on the Town of Sweden 's northern line . Brockport calls itself The Victorian Village on the Erie Canal . Brockport recently remodeled the village portion of the Erie canal , providing a bricked walkway , a brand new canal visitor 's center , and several pieces of art ."}]}, {'value': 'Greek Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Setauket Presbyterian Church and Burial Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Setauket_Presbyterian_Church_and_Burial_Ground', 'summary': 'Setauket Presbyterian Church and Burial Ground , also known as First Presbyterian Church of Brookhaven , is a historic Presbyterian church and cemetery at 5 Caroline Avenue in the Village of Setauket , Suffolk County , New York .'}]}, {'value': '1812 built 1996 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 Caroline Ave. 40°56′45″N 73°6′41″W / 40.94583°N 73.11139°W / 40.94583 ; -73.11139 ( Setauket Presbyterian Church and Burial Ground )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brookhaven , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brookhaven,_New_York', 'summary': "The Town of Brookhaven is the most populous of the ten towns of Suffolk County , New York , United States . Part of the New York metropolitan area , it is located approximately 50 miles from Manhattan . It is the only town in the county that stretches from the North Shore to the South Shore of Long Island . It is the largest of New York State 's 932 towns ( by area with water ) , and the second most populous , exceeded only by the Town of Hempstead . The first settlement in what is now Brookhaven was known as Setauket . Founded as a group of agricultural hamlets in the mid-17th century , Brookhaven first expanded as a major center of shipbuilding in the 19th century . Its proximity to New York City facilitated the establishment of resort communities and then a post-war population boom . In the 2010 census record Brookhaven contained 486,040 people . The township is home to two renowned Research centers , Stony Brook University and Brookhaven National Laboratory . Combined these two research centers are approximately 50% of the Town 's top ten employer 's employee count . Tourism is also a major part of the local economy . The largest traditional downtowns are located in Port Jefferson , a regional transportation hub , and Patchogue ."}]}, {'value': 'Federal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cuyler Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuyler_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Cuyler Presbyterian Church , also known as Cuyler Chapel and Cuyler Presbyterian Church and Parsonage , is a historic Presbyterian church at 358-360 Pacific Street in Brooklyn , New York , New York . It was designed by architect Edward Sargent ( 1842-1914 ) . It was built in 1892 and is a two-story rectangular plan building with a steeply pitched , slate covered gable roof and molded terra cotta copings . It was converted to a private residence in the early 1980s . The former parsonage was built c. 1851 and is a Greek Revival style dwelling . The church served as the cornerstone for the Mohawk community in Boerum Hill ( formerly known as North Gowanus ) . The Mohawk called their neighborhood Little Caughnawaga , after their homeland in Canada . For nearly 50 years , most Mohawk in New York lived within 10 square blocks in Brooklyn ; they were from Kahnawake , a reserve in Quebec , Canada . The men were ironworkers on the bridge and skyscraper projects of New York . The women , some of whom had gone to New York separately for economic opportunity , and others who were wives and mothers , worked in a variety of jobs , as well as creating community for their families . The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '1892 built 2001 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '358-360 Pacific St. 40°41′12″N 73°59′11.3″W / 40.68667°N 73.986472°W / 40.68667 ; -73.986472 ( Cuyler Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brooklyn , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York', 'summary': "Brooklyn ( /ˈbrʊklɪn/ ) is a borough of New York City , coterminous with Kings County , located in the U.S. state of New York , the most populous county in the state , and the second-most densely populated county in the United States . It is New York City 's most populous borough , with an estimated 2,504,700 residents in 2010 . Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen , it shares a land border with the borough of Queens at the western end of Long Island . Brooklyn has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan across the East River , and the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge connects it with Staten Island . With a land area of 70.82 square miles ( 183.4 km2 ) and water area of 26 square miles ( 67 km2 ) , Kings County is New York state 's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area , though it is the second-largest among the city 's five boroughs . If each borough were ranked as a city , Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous in the U.S. , after Los Angeles and Chicago . Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city ( and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution ) until January 1 , 1898 , when , after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s , according to the new Municipal Charter of Greater New York , Brooklyn was consolidated with the other cities , boroughs , and counties to form the modern City of New York , surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs . The borough continues , however , to maintain a distinct culture . Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves . Brooklyn 's official motto , displayed on the Borough seal and flag , is Eendraght Maeckt Maght , which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength . In the first decades of the 21st century , Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as an avant-garde destination for hipsters , with concomitant gentrification , dramatic house price increases and a decrease in housing affordability . Since the 2010s , Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship , high technology startup firms , postmodern art and design ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward Sargent -designed , Greek Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Sargent', 'summary': 'Edward A. Sargent ( November 1 , 1842 - 1914 ) was an American architect . New York City Schools , Churches , office buildings , clubs , armory and country homes .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Buffalo , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Buffalo,_New_York)', 'summary': 'The First Presbyterian Church in Buffalo , New York was the first organized religious body formed in what was then the western frontier of New York State . The town of Buffalo was sparsely populated when the church was organized on February 2 , 1812 . However , having survived the War of 1812 , the town of Buffalo was rebuilt and rapidly grew with the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 . The first two buildings were located on the same downtown lot . However , the congregation relocated between 1889 and 1891 to its present location approximately one and-a-half miles to the north in a more residential area .'}]}, {'value': '1812 founded 1891 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York', 'summary': "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lafayette_Avenue_Presbyterian_Church_(Buffalo,_New_York)', 'summary': 'Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church complex located at 875 Elmwood Ave , Buffalo in Erie County , New York . The complex consists of the large cruciform-plan church building that was built in 1894 with an attached rear chapel . Adjoining them is the Community House that constructed of brick in the Tudor Revival style , that was built in 1921 . The main church building is constructed of Medina sandstone with a terra cotta tile roof in the Romanesque Revival style . It features a 120-foot-tall ( 37 m ) , square bell tower with a pyramidal roof . The church cost $ 150,000 to build and has a capacity of 1,000 people'}]}, {'value': '1894 built 2009 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '875 Elmwood Avenue 42°55′15.31″N 78°52′37.17″W / 42.9209194°N 78.8769917°W / 42.9209194 ; -78.8769917 ( Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York', 'summary': "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ."}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church of Chester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_of_Chester', 'summary': 'The First Presbyterian Church of Chester is a Presbyterian church in Chester . It is located along NY 94 in the eponymous village in Orange County , New York , United States . The current church building , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 , is the third in the history of the congregation , on as many locations . Two additions have been built but the building otherwise remains intact , a well-preserved example of a 19th-century rural American church .'}]}, {'value': '1854 built 1998 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '106-108 Main St. 41°21′25″N 74°16′39″W / 41.35694°N 74.27750°W / 41.35694 ; -74.27750 ( First Presbyterian Church of Chester )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Chester is a village in Orange County , New York , United States . The population was 3,969 at the 2010 census . It was named after the City of Chester in England . Chester is part of the Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York-Newark-Bridgeport , NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area . The Village of Chester is primarily located in the northern part of the Town of Chester .'}]}, {'value': 'Greek Revival , built for $ 10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cochecton Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cochecton_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Cochecton Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church on Co. Rd . 114 , E of Delaware R. Bridge in Cochecton , Sullivan County , New York , United States . It was built in 1903 and is a cross gabled , wood frame structure featuring a corner bell tower . The interior is designed on the Akron Plan . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': '1903 built 1992 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co. Rd . 114 , E of Delaware R. Bridge 41°42′25″N 75°3′52″W / 41.70694°N 75.06444°W / 41.70694 ; -75.06444 ( Cochecton Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cochecton , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cochecton,_New_York', 'summary': "Cochecton ( /kəˈʃɛktən/ ) is a town located in west-central Sullivan County , New York , USA . The population was 1,372 at the 2010 census . The name is an aboriginal word for low land . The Town of Cochecton ( its official name ) is situated on the Delaware River , directly across from Damascus , Pennsylvania , to which a bridge over the river provides access . The village of Cochecton has a ZIP code of 12726 ; the ZIP codes for two other communities located within the town 's boundaries - Cochecton Center and Lake Huntington - are 12727 and 12752 respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Late 19th and Early 20th Century American Movements , Akron Plan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silliman_Memorial_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church was a historic Presbyterian church located at Cohoes in Albany County , New York . The complex was built in 1896-1897 and consisted of a church , a church house , and a manse . The Romanesque style church was a square structure constructed of brownstone and brick with an engaged tower at each corner . It featured various gables and turrets on the roof covered in slate . The church house was a \u200b2 1⁄2-story , Richardsonian Romanesque-style building . The manse was a 2-story stone residence with a Tudor arch doorway . The complex was demolished in 1998 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 , and it remains listed on the National Register despite no longer being in existence .'}]}, {'value': '1897 built 1979 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohawk and Seneca Sts . 42°46′28″N 73°42′2″W / 42.77444°N 73.70056°W / 42.77444 ; -73.70056 ( Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cohoes , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cohoes,_New_York', 'summary': "Cohoes ( /kəˈhoʊz/ kə-HOHZ ) is an incorporated city located in the northeast corner of Albany County in the U.S. state of New York . It is called the Spindle City because of the importance of textile manufacturing to its growth in the 19th century . The city 's factories processed cotton from the Deep South . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 16,168 . The name Cohoes is believed to be derived from a Mohawk term , Ga-ha-oose , referring to the Cohoes Falls and meaning Place of the Falling Canoe , an interpretation noted by Horatio Gates Spafford in his 1823 publication A Gazetteer of the State of New York . Later historians posited that the name is derived from the Algonquian Cohoes , a place name based on a word meaning 'pine tree ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Fuller & Wheeler -designed , Romanesque , Richardsonian Romanesque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fuller_&_Wheeler', 'summary': 'Albert W. Fuller ( 1854-1934 ) was an American architect practicing in Albany , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Canterbury Presbyteria ] Church is located along Clinton Street in downtown Cornwall , New York , United States . It is a white stone and brick building in the Federal style , with later additions in a Colonial Revival style consistent with the earlier structure . Since 1996 it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Services were last held in 2004 as the church merged into Cornwall Presbyterian Church , which had been founded by dissident members of Canterbury . The building has been used by several local nonprofit groups .'}]}, {'value': '1826 built 1996 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41°26′7″N 74°1′53″W / 41.43528°N 74.03139°W / 41.43528 ; -74.03139 ( Canterbury Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cornwall , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornwall,_New_York', 'summary': "Cornwall is a town in Orange County , New York , United States , about 50 miles north of New York City on the western shore of the Hudson River . As of the 2010 census , the population was at 12,646 . Cornwall has become a bedroom community for area towns and cities including New York City . Commuter rail service to North Jersey and New York City is available via the Salisbury Mills-Cornwall train station , operated by NJ Transit in behalf of Metro-North Railroad . The town is located less than an hour from the George Washington Bridge with access to major commuter routes like the New York State Thruway and the Palisades Parkway . Cornwall 's Main Street includes gift shops , taverns , restaurants , coffeehouses , yoga studios and boutiques . Government offices , churches , parks , the riverfront , and St. Luke 's Cornwall Hospital , a part of the Montefiore Health System , are situated within walking distance of downtown . The town is a designated Tree City . Cornwall was featured as The Best Places to Raise Kids 2013 in New York by Bloomberg Business Week magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Federal style', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church Complex ( Cortland , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_Complex_(Cortland,_New_York)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church Complex , also known as United Presbyterian Church , is a historic Presbyterian church located at Cortland in Cortland County , New York . It was built in 1889-1890 and is a solid massed masonry building consisting of a central hip-roofed main block fronted by steeply pitched gable projections . Major additions to the original church were completed in 1922 and 1958 . The church features a stout , multi stage bell tower with a tall steeple and prominent cross on the spire . Also on the property is a Queen Anne style manse completed in 1903 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '1889 built 2002 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 Church St. 42°35′57″N 76°10′41″W / 42.59917°N 76.17806°W / 42.59917 ; -76.17806 ( First Presbyterian Church Complex ( Cortland , New York ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland,_New_York', 'summary': "Cortland is a city in Cortland County , New York , United States of America . Known as the Crown City , Cortland is in New York 's Southern Tier region . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,204 . It is the county seat of Cortland County . The city of Cortland , near the county 's western border , is surrounded by the town of Cortlandville ."}]}, {'value': 'Late Victorian , Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hopewell Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hopewell_Presbyterian_Church_(Crawford,_New_York)', 'summary': 'The Hopewell Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at the junction of Thompson Ridge Road ( Orange County Route 17 ) and NY 302 in the Thompson Ridge section of the Town of Crawford in Orange County , New York . The church itself was established in 1778 , in a stone building 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) west of the present site . It moved to the current building , a stone Gothic revival building , in 1831 . In 1968 , an addition was built on the back . In 1998 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '1831 built 1998 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 302 , at jct . of NY 17 41°34′14″N 74°20′8″W / 41.57056°N 74.33556°W / 41.57056 ; -74.33556 ( Hopewell Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crawford , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crawford,_New_York', 'summary': 'Crawford is a town in the north of Orange County , New York , USA . The population was 9,316 at the 2010 census . The name comes from a settler who gave his name to a community in the hamlet now called Pine Bush .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Delhi , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Delhi,_New_York)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Delhi in Delaware County , New York . It is a large wood frame building on a cut stone foundation designed by Isaac G. Perry and built in 1880-1882 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '1882 built 2006 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clinton St. 42°16′28″N 74°55′21″W / 42.27444°N 74.92250°W / 42.27444 ; -74.92250 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Delhi , New York ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delhi , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delhi,_New_York', 'summary': 'Delhi ( /ˈdɛl.haɪ/ DEL-hy ) is a town in Delaware County , New York , United States . The population was 5,117 at the 2010 census . The town is in the east-central part of the county and contains the village of Delhi . The State University of New York at Delhi is located in the town . The town is named after the city of Delhi , the capital territory of India . The name was in honor of founder Ebenezer Foote , who was known as The Great Mogul . Another founder , Erastus Root , a rival of Foote , is responsible for the pronunciation . Root preferred the name Mapleton . When he learned the town was to be named Delhi , he exclaimed , Delhi , Hell-high ! Might as well call it Foote-high . The town is the setting for the classic 1959 novel My Side of the Mountain by Jean Craighead George .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Victorian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'South Presbyterian Church , usually just referred to as South Church , is located along Broadway ( US 9 ) in Dobbs Ferry , New York , United States . Founded in 1820 , it is currently in its second building , a stone Gothic Revival style structure dating to 1869 . Members of the church have done much of the work on both buildings , and the church itself is actively involved in the community . The main church building is the only known extant work of architect Julius Munckowitz . Two outbuildings , a manse and a house built by a former parishioner , were built around the same time and of similar materials but show traces of the Second Empire style , such as mansard roofs . They have changed very little since they were first opened , despite the conversion of one into a day care center . All three were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as a well-preserved example of an urban Gothic Revival church .'}]}, {'value': '1868-69 built 2000 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41°0′55″N 73°52′10″W / 41.01528°N 73.86944°W / 41.01528 ; -73.86944 ( South Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dobbs Ferry , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dobbs_Ferry,_New_York', 'summary': "Dobbs Ferry is a village in Westchester County , New York . The population was 10,875 according to the 2010 United States Census . In 2018 , it 's population rose to an estimated 11,027 . The village of Dobbs Ferry is located in , and is a part of , the town of Greenburgh . The village ZIP code is 10522 . Most of the village falls within the boundaries of the Dobbs Ferry Union Free School District . Dobbs Ferry was ranked seventh in the list of the top 10 places to live in New York State for 2014 according to the national online real estate brokerage Movoto . Dobbs Ferry is also the first village in New York State certified as a Climate Smart Community and was granted in 2014 the highest level given out in the state ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reformed Presbyterian Church Parsonage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_Parsonage', 'summary': 'Reformed Presbyterian Church Parsonage is a historic Reformed Presbyterian church parsonage on Duanesburg Churches Road in Duanesburg , Schenectady County , New York . It was built about 1829 and is a two-story , five-bay , frame vernacular Federal style residence . It has a gable roof with cornice returns , a narrow frieze , clapboard siding , and slender corner boards . It has a two-story rear wing . Also on the property is a contributing barn . The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'c.1829 built 1984 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duanesburg Churches Rd . 42°46′16″N 74°9′26″W / 42.77111°N 74.15722°W / 42.77111 ; -74.15722 ( Reformed Presbyterian Church Parsonage )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duanesburg , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duanesburg,_New_York', 'summary': 'Duanesburg is a town in Schenectady County , New York , United States . The population was 6,122 at the 2010 census . Duanesburg is named for James Duane , who held most of it as an original land grant . The town is in the western part of the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Federal , Vernacular Federal', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'New York', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States_30', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Presbyterian churches in the United States, where a church is notable either as a congregation or as a building. In the United States, numerous churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are noted on state or local historic registers. Also more than 300 Presbyterian historic sites have been listed by the Presbyterian Historical Society onto the American Presbyterian/Reformed Historic Sites Registry (APRHS); those sites which are churches are . in progress . being added here.'}
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What are the dates for the church that was converted to a private residence in the early 1980 ?
1892 built 2001 NRHP-listed
08bbd35eee2d395d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Copa_do_Brasil_winners', 'title': 'List of Copa do Brasil winners', 'header': ['State', 'Winners', 'Runners-up', 'Winning clubs', 'Runners-up'], 'data': [{'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_(state)', 'summary': 'São Paulo ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus . As the richest Brazilian state and a major industrial complex , often dubbed the locomotive of Brazil , the state is responsible for 33.9% of the Brazilian GDP . São Paulo also has the second highest Human Development Index ( HDI ) and GDP per capita , the fourth lowest infant mortality rate , the third highest life expectancy , and the third lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil , being by far , the safest state in the country . The homicide rate is 3.8 per 100 thousand as of 2018 , almost 1/4 of the Brazilian rate . São Paulo alone is richer than Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay and Bolivia combined . The economy of São Paulo State is the most developed in Brazil . With more than 46 million inhabitants in 2019 , São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian state , the most populous national subdivision in the Americas , and the third most populous political unit of South America , surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian Federation and Colombia . The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians , who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century ; of the Portuguese , who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region ; indigenous peoples , many distinct ethnic groups ; Africans , who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country . In addition , Arabs , Germans , Spanish , Japanese , Chinese , and Greeks also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population . The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 BC . In the early 16th century , the coast of the region was visited by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators . In 1532 Martim Afonso de Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas - the village of São Vicente , in the Baixada Santista .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corinthians ( 3 ) , Palmeiras ( 3 ) , Paulista ( 1 ) , Santo André ( 1 ) , Santos ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista', 'summary': "Sport Club Corinthians Paulista ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ isˈpɔʁtʃi ˈklubi kʊˈɾĩtʃɐ̃s pawˈɫistɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club based in the city of São Paulo . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Corinthians is mostly known for its professional association football team . The football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the top tier of the Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1 , [ nb 2 ] the first division of the traditional in-state competition . Founded in 1910 by five railway workers , Corinthians was inspired by the London-based club Corinthian Football Club . Since 1910 , Corinthians has become one of the most successful Brazilian clubs , having won the national title seven times , in addition to three Copa do Brasil trophies . Corinthians has a record 30 state championships . In 2000 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup 's first edition as the host team and in 2012 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup for the second time after winning the Copa Libertadores de América for the first time . The club was listed by Forbes as the most valuable football club in the Americas , worth $ 576.9 million . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world and the second most in Brazil , with over 30 million fans . Since 2014 , Corinthians has played its home matches at the Arena Corinthians , one of the venues in the 2014 FIFA World Cup , having hosted six matches during the tournament , including the opener on 12 June 2014 . The club 's home kit traditionally features white shirts and black shorts , accompanied by white socks , since 1920 . Their traditional crest was introduced in 1939 , by modernist painter Francisco Rebolo featuring the São Paulo state flag in a shield , two oars , and an anchor ( representing the club 's early success in nautical sports ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras', 'summary': "Palmeiras ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ pawˈmejɾɐs ] ) is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . Founded on 26 August 1914 , as Palestra Italia ( pronounced [ paˌlɛstɾiˈtaliɐ ] ) , but changed to the current name on 14 September 14 , 1942 . It is a popular and successful Brazilian club , with around 18 million supporters and 126,000 affiliated fans , including many Brazilians of Italian ancestry . Despite being primarily an association football team , Palmeiras competes in a number of different sports , most notably football . The football team plays in the Campeonato Paulista , the state of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as in the Brasileirão Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . Palmeiras have won 14 national competitions , making it the most successful club inside Brazil . The club 's most important titles are the 1951 Copa Rio international tournament , 1999 Copa Libertadores , 10 Brazilian National League titles ( Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ) , 2 Brasileirão Série B , 3 Brazil Cups ( Copa do Brasil ) , 1 Champions Cup ( Copa dos Campeões ) and the 1998 Copa Mercosul , as well as 5 Interstate titles ( Torneio Rio - São Paulo ) , and 22 State Championship titles ( Campeonato Paulista ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paulista_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Paulista Futebol Clube , or Paulista as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Jundiaí , in São Paulo , founded on 17 May 1909 . They play at the fourth tier of Brazilian football professional league . Home stadium is the Jayme Cintra stadium , capacity 15,000 . They play in black , white and red stripes , white shorts and socks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Santo_André', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Santo André , also known as Santo André , is a Brazilian football team from Santo André , São Paulo state . Santo André greatest rival is São Caetano , the other team in ABC region . The club 's mascot name is Ramalhão ( Big Ramalho ) after the bandeirante João Ramalho . João Ramalho founded the city of Santo André in 1553 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Santos_FC', 'summary': "Santos Futebol Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈsɐ̃tus futʃiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known simply as Santos , is a Brazilian sports club based in Vila Belmiro , a bairro in the city of Santos . It plays in the Paulistão , the State of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as the Brasileirão , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded in 1912 by the initiative of three sports enthusiasts from Santos by Raimundo Marques , Mário Ferraz de Campos , and Argemiro de Souza Júnior as a response to the lack of representation the city had in football . Since then , Santos became one of Brazil 's most successful clubs , becoming a symbol of Jogo Bonito ( English : the Beautiful Game ) in football culture , hence the motto Técnica e Disciplina ( Technique and discipline ) . The most recognized Santista anthem is the Leão do Mar written by Mangeri Neto . This was largely thanks to the Peixe 's golden generation of the 1960s which contained players such as Gilmar , Mauro Ramos , Mengálvio , Coutinho , Pepe and Pelé , named the Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee , and widely regarded as the best and most accomplished footballer in the game 's history . Os Santásticos , considered by some the best club team of all times , won a total of 24 titles during that decade including five consecutive Brasileirões , a feat that remains unequaled today . Os Santásticos won four competitions in 1962 , thus completing a quadruple , comprising the Paulistão , the Brasileirão , the Copa Libertadores and the European/South American Cup . Santos is one of the most successful clubs in the Brasileirão , becoming national champions on eight occasions . It has also won 21 Paulistãos , three Copa Libertadores , two Intercontinental Cups , one Supercopa de Campeones Intercontinentales , one Copa CONMEBOL ( the precursor of current Copa Sudamericana ) , one Copa do Brasil and one Recopa Sudamericana . On January 20 , 1998 , Santos became the first team , in any category in the world , to reach the milestone of 10,000 goals in the entire history of football and was voted by FIFA as one of the most successful clubs of the 20th century . The Peixe play their home games at the Vila Belmiro , which currently holds up to 20,120 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Corinthians ( 3 ) , Palmeiras ( 1 ) , Santos ( 1 ) , São Paulo ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista', 'summary': "Sport Club Corinthians Paulista ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ isˈpɔʁtʃi ˈklubi kʊˈɾĩtʃɐ̃s pawˈɫistɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club based in the city of São Paulo . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Corinthians is mostly known for its professional association football team . The football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the top tier of the Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1 , [ nb 2 ] the first division of the traditional in-state competition . Founded in 1910 by five railway workers , Corinthians was inspired by the London-based club Corinthian Football Club . Since 1910 , Corinthians has become one of the most successful Brazilian clubs , having won the national title seven times , in addition to three Copa do Brasil trophies . Corinthians has a record 30 state championships . In 2000 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup 's first edition as the host team and in 2012 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup for the second time after winning the Copa Libertadores de América for the first time . The club was listed by Forbes as the most valuable football club in the Americas , worth $ 576.9 million . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world and the second most in Brazil , with over 30 million fans . Since 2014 , Corinthians has played its home matches at the Arena Corinthians , one of the venues in the 2014 FIFA World Cup , having hosted six matches during the tournament , including the opener on 12 June 2014 . The club 's home kit traditionally features white shirts and black shorts , accompanied by white socks , since 1920 . Their traditional crest was introduced in 1939 , by modernist painter Francisco Rebolo featuring the São Paulo state flag in a shield , two oars , and an anchor ( representing the club 's early success in nautical sports ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras', 'summary': "Palmeiras ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ pawˈmejɾɐs ] ) is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . Founded on 26 August 1914 , as Palestra Italia ( pronounced [ paˌlɛstɾiˈtaliɐ ] ) , but changed to the current name on 14 September 14 , 1942 . It is a popular and successful Brazilian club , with around 18 million supporters and 126,000 affiliated fans , including many Brazilians of Italian ancestry . Despite being primarily an association football team , Palmeiras competes in a number of different sports , most notably football . The football team plays in the Campeonato Paulista , the state of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as in the Brasileirão Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . Palmeiras have won 14 national competitions , making it the most successful club inside Brazil . The club 's most important titles are the 1951 Copa Rio international tournament , 1999 Copa Libertadores , 10 Brazilian National League titles ( Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ) , 2 Brasileirão Série B , 3 Brazil Cups ( Copa do Brasil ) , 1 Champions Cup ( Copa dos Campeões ) and the 1998 Copa Mercosul , as well as 5 Interstate titles ( Torneio Rio - São Paulo ) , and 22 State Championship titles ( Campeonato Paulista ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Santos_FC', 'summary': "Santos Futebol Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈsɐ̃tus futʃiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known simply as Santos , is a Brazilian sports club based in Vila Belmiro , a bairro in the city of Santos . It plays in the Paulistão , the State of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as the Brasileirão , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded in 1912 by the initiative of three sports enthusiasts from Santos by Raimundo Marques , Mário Ferraz de Campos , and Argemiro de Souza Júnior as a response to the lack of representation the city had in football . Since then , Santos became one of Brazil 's most successful clubs , becoming a symbol of Jogo Bonito ( English : the Beautiful Game ) in football culture , hence the motto Técnica e Disciplina ( Technique and discipline ) . The most recognized Santista anthem is the Leão do Mar written by Mangeri Neto . This was largely thanks to the Peixe 's golden generation of the 1960s which contained players such as Gilmar , Mauro Ramos , Mengálvio , Coutinho , Pepe and Pelé , named the Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee , and widely regarded as the best and most accomplished footballer in the game 's history . Os Santásticos , considered by some the best club team of all times , won a total of 24 titles during that decade including five consecutive Brasileirões , a feat that remains unequaled today . Os Santásticos won four competitions in 1962 , thus completing a quadruple , comprising the Paulistão , the Brasileirão , the Copa Libertadores and the European/South American Cup . Santos is one of the most successful clubs in the Brasileirão , becoming national champions on eight occasions . It has also won 21 Paulistãos , three Copa Libertadores , two Intercontinental Cups , one Supercopa de Campeones Intercontinentales , one Copa CONMEBOL ( the precursor of current Copa Sudamericana ) , one Copa do Brasil and one Recopa Sudamericana . On January 20 , 1998 , Santos became the first team , in any category in the world , to reach the milestone of 10,000 goals in the entire history of football and was voted by FIFA as one of the most successful clubs of the 20th century . The Peixe play their home games at the Vila Belmiro , which currently holds up to 20,120 spectators ."}, {'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_FC', 'summary': "São Paulo Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w ˈpawlu fuʧiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , simply known as São Paulo , is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . It has played in the Campeonato Paulista ( the State of São Paulo 's premier state league ) and Campeonato Brasileiro ( the top tier of the Brazilian football league system ) . As for international titles , SPFC is the most successful team from Brazil , with 12 international titles . It is also one of the most successful South American clubs in terms of overall titles , having won 21 state titles , six Brasileirão titles , three Copa Libertadores titles , one Copa Sudamericana , one Supercopa Libertadores , one Copa CONMEBOL , one Copa Masters CONMEBOL , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . Founded in 1930 , São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13 group of Brazil 's leading football clubs . The club 's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s , under coach Telê Santana , when it won three state titles , one national championship , two Copa Libertadores , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cups , a Supercopa Sudamericana , a Copa CONMEBOL , and a Copa Masters CONMEBOL . São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil , with over 16 million supporters . The team 's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes ( one red and one black ) , white shorts and white socks . Its home ground is the 67,052-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo , where it has played since 1960 . The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . São Paulo is the second richest Brazilian football club in terms of revenue , with an annual revenue of $ 111.9m ( €78.2m ) , and the nation 's second most valuable club , worth over $ 353.4m ( €246.9m ) in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio Grande do Sul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul', 'summary': 'Rio Grande do Sul ( UK : /ˌriːuː ˌɡrændi duː ˈsʊl/ , US : /ˌriːuː ˌɡrɑːndi duː ˈsuːl/ , Portuguese : [ ˈʁiw ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒi du ˈsuw ] ( listen ) ; [ a ] lit . Great Southern River ) is a state in the southern region of Brazil . It is the fifth-most-populous state and the ninth largest by area . Located in the southernmost part of the country , Rio Grande do Sul is bordered clockwise by Santa Catarina to the north and northeast , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the Uruguayan departments of Rocha , Treinta y Tres , Cerro Largo , Rivera and Artigas to the south and southwest , and the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones to the west and northwest . The capital and largest city is Porto Alegre . The state has the highest life expectancy in Brazil , and the crime rate is relatively low compared to Brazilian national average . Despite the high standard of living , unemployment is still high and according to census data , it is one of the most difficult states in Brazil for foreigners to find jobs . The state has a gaucho culture like its foreign neighbors . It was originally inhabited by Guarani people . The first Europeans there were Jesuits , followed by settlers from the Azores . In the 19th century it was the scene of conflicts including the Farroupilha Revolution and the Paraguayan War . Large waves of German and Italian migration have shaped the state .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grêmio ( 5 ) , Internacional ( 1 ) , Juventude ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grêmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense', 'summary': "Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈɡɾẽmju ˌfutʃˈbɔw ˌpoɾtw ɐlɛˈɡɾẽsi ] ) , commonly known as Grêmio , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul . The club plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system , and the Campeonato Gaúcho , Rio Grande do Sul 's top state league . The club was founded in 1903 . The club 's home ground is the Arena do Grêmio , to which it moved in 2013 , having previously played at Estádio Olímpico Monumental since 1954 . Grêmio was the first club outside the Southeast of Brazil to become World Champion , after beating Hamburger SV in 1983 ( 2-1 ) . Also , Grêmio is the Brazilian club that most won the Copa Libertadores da América ( 3 ) , alongside São Paulo ( 3 ) and Santos ( 3 ) . As of 2017 , Grêmio was ranked number one in the CBF club rankings and is listed by Forbes as the third most valuable football club in the Americas with an estimated value of $ 295.5 million . Grêmio has won 38 Campeonato Gaúcho , 2 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , 1 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , 1 Supercopa do Brasil , 1 Copa Sul and 5 Copa do Brasil . Internationally , Grêmio has won 1 Intercontinental Cup , 3 Copa Libertadores de América , 2 Recopa Sudamericana and 1 Sanwa Bank Cup . Grêmio usually plays in a tricolor ( blue , black and white ) striped shirt , black shorts and white socks . Grêmio has a fierce rivalry with Internacional , which is widely considered the most heated in Brazil and one of the most heated in the world . Matches between the two teams are known as Grenal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional', 'summary': "Sport Club Internacional ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˌĩteɾnɐsjoˈnaw ] ) , commonly known as Inter , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre . Founded in 4 April , 1909 by the Poppe brothers , with the clear goal of being a democratic institution without prejudice . Its colors are red and white and its fans are known as Colorados . It is one of the most successful clubs in Brazil and America in recent years , being the third club with the most international titles in Brazil , with 7 trophies . Its historical rival is Grêmio , with whom it contests the Grenal , one of the greatest derbies of the world . Internacional plays in the Brasileirão Série A since 2018 after achieving the second place in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B as well as in the Campeonato Gaúcho , [ nb 1 ] the state of Rio Grande do Sul 's premier state league . The team 's home stadium , known as Beira-Rio ( Riverside ) , was one of the twelve 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and has a capacity of 51,300 . Internacional is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 200,000 . Internacional was South American champions in 2010 , winning their second Copa Libertadores title . The year 2006 was the most successful in Inter 's history as they won the Copa Libertadores and the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time , defeating European champions Barcelona in the latter and Club World Cup reigning champions São Paulo in the former . In their second participation in the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup , Inter entered history as the first South American champion club to stay out of the final of a World Championship , after being defeated by the emerging TP Mazembe . In the following year , the club turned the corner , becoming champion of the Gaúcho Championship for the 40th time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Juventude', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Juventude , also known as Juventude , is a Brazilian football team in Caxias do Sul , Rio Grande do Sul . The club competed several times in the Série A , won the Copa do Brasil and the Série B once and competed once in the Copa Libertadores . Juventude 's greatest rival is Caxias ."}]}, {'value': 'Grêmio ( 3 ) , Internacional ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grêmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense', 'summary': "Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈɡɾẽmju ˌfutʃˈbɔw ˌpoɾtw ɐlɛˈɡɾẽsi ] ) , commonly known as Grêmio , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul . The club plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system , and the Campeonato Gaúcho , Rio Grande do Sul 's top state league . The club was founded in 1903 . The club 's home ground is the Arena do Grêmio , to which it moved in 2013 , having previously played at Estádio Olímpico Monumental since 1954 . Grêmio was the first club outside the Southeast of Brazil to become World Champion , after beating Hamburger SV in 1983 ( 2-1 ) . Also , Grêmio is the Brazilian club that most won the Copa Libertadores da América ( 3 ) , alongside São Paulo ( 3 ) and Santos ( 3 ) . As of 2017 , Grêmio was ranked number one in the CBF club rankings and is listed by Forbes as the third most valuable football club in the Americas with an estimated value of $ 295.5 million . Grêmio has won 38 Campeonato Gaúcho , 2 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , 1 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , 1 Supercopa do Brasil , 1 Copa Sul and 5 Copa do Brasil . Internationally , Grêmio has won 1 Intercontinental Cup , 3 Copa Libertadores de América , 2 Recopa Sudamericana and 1 Sanwa Bank Cup . Grêmio usually plays in a tricolor ( blue , black and white ) striped shirt , black shorts and white socks . Grêmio has a fierce rivalry with Internacional , which is widely considered the most heated in Brazil and one of the most heated in the world . Matches between the two teams are known as Grenal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional', 'summary': "Sport Club Internacional ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˌĩteɾnɐsjoˈnaw ] ) , commonly known as Inter , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre . Founded in 4 April , 1909 by the Poppe brothers , with the clear goal of being a democratic institution without prejudice . Its colors are red and white and its fans are known as Colorados . It is one of the most successful clubs in Brazil and America in recent years , being the third club with the most international titles in Brazil , with 7 trophies . Its historical rival is Grêmio , with whom it contests the Grenal , one of the greatest derbies of the world . Internacional plays in the Brasileirão Série A since 2018 after achieving the second place in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B as well as in the Campeonato Gaúcho , [ nb 1 ] the state of Rio Grande do Sul 's premier state league . The team 's home stadium , known as Beira-Rio ( Riverside ) , was one of the twelve 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and has a capacity of 51,300 . Internacional is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 200,000 . Internacional was South American champions in 2010 , winning their second Copa Libertadores title . The year 2006 was the most successful in Inter 's history as they won the Copa Libertadores and the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time , defeating European champions Barcelona in the latter and Club World Cup reigning champions São Paulo in the former . In their second participation in the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup , Inter entered history as the first South American champion club to stay out of the final of a World Championship , after being defeated by the emerging TP Mazembe . In the following year , the club turned the corner , becoming champion of the Gaúcho Championship for the 40th time ."}]}, {'value': 'Minas Gerais', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minas_Gerais', 'summary': "Minas Gerais ( [ ˈminɐz ʒeˈɾajs ] ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in Southeastern Brazil . It ranks as the second most populous , the third by gross domestic product ( GDP ) , and the fourth largest by area in the country . The state 's capital and largest city , Belo Horizonte , is a major urban and finance center in Latin America , and the sixth largest municipality in Brazil , after the cities of São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro , Salvador , Brasilia and Fortaleza , but its metropolitan area is the third largest in Brazil with just over 5,800,000 inhabitants , after those of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . Nine Brazilian presidents were born in Minas Gerais , the most of any state . With an area of 586,528 square kilometres ( 226,460 sq mi ) - larger than Metropolitan France - it is the fourth most extensive state in Brazil . The main producer of coffee and milk in the country , Minas Gerais is known for its heritage of architecture and colonial art in historical cities such as São João del Rei , Congonhas , Ouro Preto , Diamantina , Tiradentes and Mariana . In the south , the tourist points are the hydro mineral spas , such as Caxambu , Lambari , São Lourenço , Poços de Caldas , São Thomé das Letras , Monte Verde and the national parks of Caparaó and Canastra . The landscape of the State is marked by mountains , valleys , and large areas of fertile lands . In the Serra do Cipó , Sete Lagoas , Cordisburgo and Lagoa Santa , the caves and waterfalls are the attractions . Some of Brazil 's most famous caverns are located there . In recent years , the state has emerged as one of the largest economic forces of Brazil , exploring its great economic potential , which up until now has not yet been exploited ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruzeiro ( 6 ) , Atlético Mineiro ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruzeiro_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Cruzeiro Esporte Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ kɾuˈzejɾu esˈpoɾtʃi ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known as Cruzeiro and nicknamed Raposa ( English : Fox ) , is one of the biggest Brazilian ( and South American ) multisport clubs ; based in Barro Preto , Belo Horizonte . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Cruzeiro is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Campeonato Mineiro , [ nb 1 ] the state of Minas Gerais 's premier state league , as well as in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , [ nb 2 ] the second tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded on January 2 , 1921 by sportsmen from the Italian colony of Belo Horizonte , some members of Yale Atlético Clube and many Italian immigrant workers decided to create a new club called Societá Sportiva Ypiranga , changing the name months later to Palestra Mineiro and after one game to Palestra Itália . As a result of the Second World War , the Brazilian federal government banned the use of any symbols referring to the Axis powers in 1942 . The club board members rebaptized the club with the name of a leading national symbol : the Cruzeiro do Sul 's constellation . Cruzeiro play their home games at the Mineirão stadium , which currently holds up to 62,547 spectators . Cruzeiro 's regular kit colours are blue shirts and white shorts with blue socks ( although the team has worn white socks with their home kit for certain periods of time ) . Umbro are the side 's current kit manufacturers . Cruzeiro is one of Brazil 's most successful clubs despite its relatively young age ( compared with other major Brazilian clubs ) . It won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for the first time in 1966 , after defeating Santos ' Os Santásticos in the final series . Cruzeiro has won the Brasileirão again in 2003 , 2013 and 2014 , obtaining the best campaign in the present format of the competition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Mineiro', 'summary': "Clube Atlético Mineiro ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi aˈtlɛtʃiku miˈneɾu ] ) , commonly known as Atlético Mineiro or Atlético , and colloquially as Galo ( pronounced [ ˈgalu ] , Rooster ) , is a professional football club based in Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil . The team competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first level of Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Mineiro , the top tier state league of Minas Gerais . Atlético Mineiro is the oldest active football club in Minas Gerais , founded on 25 March 1908 by twenty-two students from Belo Horizonte . Despite having liberal , upper-class founders , the club opened its doors to players of every social class , establishing itself as a people 's club , and becoming one of the most-supported clubs in Brazil . The club 's mascot , a rooster , has been strongly associated with Atlético since its introduction in the 1930s . Over the years , the word galo ( Portuguese for rooster ) became a common nickname for the club itself . The team 's regular home kit comprises black-and-white striped shirts , with black shorts and white socks . Atlético has won the Campeonato Mineiro a record 44 times . At national level , the club has won the Campeonato Brasileiro once and has finished second on five occasions . Atlético has also won one Copa do Brasil , one Copa dos Campeões Estaduais and the Copa dos Campeões Brasileiros . In international club football , Atlético has won the Copa Libertadores and the Recopa Sudamericana once each , and a record two Copa CONMEBOL ; the team has also reached three other continental finals . The club has also competed in other sports throughout its history , with the futsal department becoming especially notable ."}]}, {'value': 'Cruzeiro ( 2 ) , Atlético Mineiro ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruzeiro_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Cruzeiro Esporte Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ kɾuˈzejɾu esˈpoɾtʃi ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known as Cruzeiro and nicknamed Raposa ( English : Fox ) , is one of the biggest Brazilian ( and South American ) multisport clubs ; based in Barro Preto , Belo Horizonte . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Cruzeiro is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Campeonato Mineiro , [ nb 1 ] the state of Minas Gerais 's premier state league , as well as in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , [ nb 2 ] the second tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded on January 2 , 1921 by sportsmen from the Italian colony of Belo Horizonte , some members of Yale Atlético Clube and many Italian immigrant workers decided to create a new club called Societá Sportiva Ypiranga , changing the name months later to Palestra Mineiro and after one game to Palestra Itália . As a result of the Second World War , the Brazilian federal government banned the use of any symbols referring to the Axis powers in 1942 . The club board members rebaptized the club with the name of a leading national symbol : the Cruzeiro do Sul 's constellation . Cruzeiro play their home games at the Mineirão stadium , which currently holds up to 62,547 spectators . Cruzeiro 's regular kit colours are blue shirts and white shorts with blue socks ( although the team has worn white socks with their home kit for certain periods of time ) . Umbro are the side 's current kit manufacturers . Cruzeiro is one of Brazil 's most successful clubs despite its relatively young age ( compared with other major Brazilian clubs ) . It won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for the first time in 1966 , after defeating Santos ' Os Santásticos in the final series . Cruzeiro has won the Brasileirão again in 2003 , 2013 and 2014 , obtaining the best campaign in the present format of the competition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Mineiro', 'summary': "Clube Atlético Mineiro ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi aˈtlɛtʃiku miˈneɾu ] ) , commonly known as Atlético Mineiro or Atlético , and colloquially as Galo ( pronounced [ ˈgalu ] , Rooster ) , is a professional football club based in Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil . The team competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first level of Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Mineiro , the top tier state league of Minas Gerais . Atlético Mineiro is the oldest active football club in Minas Gerais , founded on 25 March 1908 by twenty-two students from Belo Horizonte . Despite having liberal , upper-class founders , the club opened its doors to players of every social class , establishing itself as a people 's club , and becoming one of the most-supported clubs in Brazil . The club 's mascot , a rooster , has been strongly associated with Atlético since its introduction in the 1930s . Over the years , the word galo ( Portuguese for rooster ) became a common nickname for the club itself . The team 's regular home kit comprises black-and-white striped shirts , with black shorts and white socks . Atlético has won the Campeonato Mineiro a record 44 times . At national level , the club has won the Campeonato Brasileiro once and has finished second on five occasions . Atlético has also won one Copa do Brasil , one Copa dos Campeões Estaduais and the Copa dos Campeões Brasileiros . In international club football , Atlético has won the Copa Libertadores and the Recopa Sudamericana once each , and a record two Copa CONMEBOL ; the team has also reached three other continental finals . The club has also competed in other sports throughout its history , with the futsal department becoming especially notable ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒɐˈnejɾu ] River of January ) is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil . It has the second largest economy of Brazil , with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo . The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast ( assigned by IBGE ) . Rio de Janeiro shares borders with all the other states in the same Southeast macroregion : Minas Gerais ( N and NW ) , Espírito Santo ( NE ) and São Paulo ( SW ) . It is bounded on the east and south by the South Atlantic Ocean . Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km2 ( 16,855 sq mi ) . Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro , which was the capital of the Portuguese Colony of Brazil from 1763 to 1815 , of the following United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves from 1815 to 1822 , and of later independent Brazil as a kingdom and republic from 1822 to 1960 . The state 's 22 largest cities are Rio de Janeiro , São Gonçalo , Duque de Caxias , Nova Iguaçu , Niterói , Campos dos Goytacazes , Belford Roxo , São João de Meriti , Petrópolis , Volta Redonda , Magé , Macaé , Itaboraí , Cabo Frio , Armação dos Búzios , Angra dos Reis , Nova Friburgo , Barra Mansa , Barra do Piraí , Teresópolis , Mesquita and Nilópolis . Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion and one of the smallest in Brazil . It is , however , the third most populous Brazilian state , with a population of 16 million of people in 2011 ( making it the most densely populated state in Brazil ) and has the third longest coastline in the country ( after those of the states of Bahia and Maranhão ) . In the Brazilian flag , the state is represented by Mimosa , the beta star in the Southern Cross ( β Cru ) ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flamengo ( 3 ) , Fluminense ( 1 ) , Vasco da Gama ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo', 'summary': "Clube de Regatas do Flamengo ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi dʒi ʁeˈɡataʒ du flaˈmẽɡu ] ; English : Flamengo Rowing Club ) , commonly referred to as Flamengo , is a Brazilian sports club based in Rio de Janeiro best known for their professional football team . The club was first established in 1895 as a rowing club and played their first official match in 1912 . Flamengo 's traditional uniform features red and black striped shirts with white shorts , and red and black striped socks . Flamengo has typically played their home matches in the Maracanã , the national stadium of Brazil , since its completion in 1950 , with some exceptions in recent years . Since 1969 , the vulture ( Portuguese : urubu ) has been the most recognized mascot of Flamengo . Flamengo established themselves as one of Brazil 's most successful sports clubs in the 20th century during of the era of state leagues in Brazil when they captured several Campeonato Carioca ( Rio de Janeiro state league ) titles prior to the establishment of the first Brazilian national football league in 1959 . Since then , they have remained successful in Brazilian football , having won 7 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , 3 Copa do Brasil , and a record 35 Campeonato Carioca . They are one of three clubs to have never been relegated from the Brasileirão . In South American and worldwide competitions , the club 's highest achievements are their conquests of the 1981 and 2019 Copa Libertadores , and 1981 Intercontinental Cup against Liverpool , led by the club 's most iconic player Zico . Flamengo 's fiercest and longest-standing rivalries are with the other Big Four of Rio de Janeiro : Fluminense , Botafogo and Vasco da Gama . Flamengo is the most popular club in Brazil , with over 30 million supporters as of 2018 . As of 2017 , it is also Brazil 's richest football club with an annual revenue of R $ 648.0 million ( €163.04 million ) and a valuation of over R $ 1.69 billion ( €425.21 million ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fluminense_Football_Club', 'summary': "Fluminense Football Club ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ flumiˈnẽsi ˈfutʃibow klɐb ] ) , known simply as Fluminense or Tricolor , is a Brazilian sports club best known for its professional football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the first tier of Brazilian football and the Campeonato Carioca , [ nb 2 ] the state league of Rio de Janeiro . The club is based in the Laranjeiras neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro . Fluminense plays their home games at the Maracanã Stadium , which currently holds up to 78,838 spectators . The club was founded on 21 July 1902 by the sons of Carioca aristocrats , being led by Oscar Cox , a Brazilian sportsman , in the bairro of Flamengo , a direct contrast between the aristocratic founders and the modest ground it was founded on . Cox was elected as the club 's first president . Fluminense have been state champions on 31 occasions , second only to Flamengo with 34 . The team have been national champions four times , most recently in 2012 in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , they won the Copa do Brasil in 2007 and the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C [ nb 3 ] in 1999 . The Copa Rio de 1952 ( or Copa Rio Internacional ) and the Copa Libertadores runners up in 2008 and the Copa Sudamericana runners up in 2009 are their best international performances . Fluminense is a demonym for people who reside in the State of Rio de Janeiro . Although football was the club 's original endeavor , the club is today an umbrella organisation for several teams in more than 16 different sport activities . Fluminense 's traditional home kit is dark red-and-green vertical striped shirts , with white shorts , accompanied by white socks ; this combination has been used since 1920 . Under Armour is the current kit manufacturer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CR_Vasco_da_Gama', 'summary': "Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi dʒi ʁɛˈgataʃ ˈvaʃku dɐ ˈgɐ̃mɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club that was founded on August 21 , 1898 ( although the professional football department started on November 5 , 1915 ) , by Portuguese immigrants , and still has a strong fanbase among the Portuguese community of Rio de Janeiro . It is one of the most popular clubs in Brazil , with more than 30 million supporters . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Vasco is mostly known for its football team . It plays in the Campeonato Carioca , the state of Rio de Janeiro 's premier state league and in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first tier of Brazilian football league system . Its statute defines the club as a sportive , recreative , educational , assistant and philanthropic non-profit organization of public utility . Their home stadium is São Januário , with a capacity of 21,880 , the third biggest in Rio de Janeiro ( after Maracanã and Engenhão ) , but some matches ( especially the city derbies ) are played at the Maracanã ( capacity of about 80,000 ) . They play in black shirts with a white diagonal sash that contains a Cross pattée , black shorts and black socks . The club is named after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama ."}]}, {'value': 'Flamengo ( 4 ) , Fluminense ( 2 ) , Botafogo ( 1 ) , Vasco da Gama ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo', 'summary': "Clube de Regatas do Flamengo ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi dʒi ʁeˈɡataʒ du flaˈmẽɡu ] ; English : Flamengo Rowing Club ) , commonly referred to as Flamengo , is a Brazilian sports club based in Rio de Janeiro best known for their professional football team . The club was first established in 1895 as a rowing club and played their first official match in 1912 . Flamengo 's traditional uniform features red and black striped shirts with white shorts , and red and black striped socks . Flamengo has typically played their home matches in the Maracanã , the national stadium of Brazil , since its completion in 1950 , with some exceptions in recent years . Since 1969 , the vulture ( Portuguese : urubu ) has been the most recognized mascot of Flamengo . Flamengo established themselves as one of Brazil 's most successful sports clubs in the 20th century during of the era of state leagues in Brazil when they captured several Campeonato Carioca ( Rio de Janeiro state league ) titles prior to the establishment of the first Brazilian national football league in 1959 . Since then , they have remained successful in Brazilian football , having won 7 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , 3 Copa do Brasil , and a record 35 Campeonato Carioca . They are one of three clubs to have never been relegated from the Brasileirão . In South American and worldwide competitions , the club 's highest achievements are their conquests of the 1981 and 2019 Copa Libertadores , and 1981 Intercontinental Cup against Liverpool , led by the club 's most iconic player Zico . Flamengo 's fiercest and longest-standing rivalries are with the other Big Four of Rio de Janeiro : Fluminense , Botafogo and Vasco da Gama . Flamengo is the most popular club in Brazil , with over 30 million supporters as of 2018 . As of 2017 , it is also Brazil 's richest football club with an annual revenue of R $ 648.0 million ( €163.04 million ) and a valuation of over R $ 1.69 billion ( €425.21 million ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fluminense_Football_Club', 'summary': "Fluminense Football Club ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ flumiˈnẽsi ˈfutʃibow klɐb ] ) , known simply as Fluminense or Tricolor , is a Brazilian sports club best known for its professional football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the first tier of Brazilian football and the Campeonato Carioca , [ nb 2 ] the state league of Rio de Janeiro . The club is based in the Laranjeiras neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro . Fluminense plays their home games at the Maracanã Stadium , which currently holds up to 78,838 spectators . The club was founded on 21 July 1902 by the sons of Carioca aristocrats , being led by Oscar Cox , a Brazilian sportsman , in the bairro of Flamengo , a direct contrast between the aristocratic founders and the modest ground it was founded on . Cox was elected as the club 's first president . Fluminense have been state champions on 31 occasions , second only to Flamengo with 34 . The team have been national champions four times , most recently in 2012 in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , they won the Copa do Brasil in 2007 and the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C [ nb 3 ] in 1999 . The Copa Rio de 1952 ( or Copa Rio Internacional ) and the Copa Libertadores runners up in 2008 and the Copa Sudamericana runners up in 2009 are their best international performances . Fluminense is a demonym for people who reside in the State of Rio de Janeiro . Although football was the club 's original endeavor , the club is today an umbrella organisation for several teams in more than 16 different sport activities . Fluminense 's traditional home kit is dark red-and-green vertical striped shirts , with white shorts , accompanied by white socks ; this combination has been used since 1920 . Under Armour is the current kit manufacturer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Botafogo_de_Futebol_e_Regatas', 'summary': "Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɔtaˈfoɡu dʒi futʃiˈbɔw i ʁeˈɡataʃ ] ; Botafogo Football and Rowing ) , also known as Botafogo , is a Brazilian sports club based in Botafogo , Rio de Janeiro . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Botafogo is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first tier of the Brazilian football league system , and in the state of Rio de Janeiro 's premier state league . In 2000 , Botafogo finished 12th in a vote by subscribers of FIFA Magazine for the FIFA Club of the Century . In addition , the club has some of Brazilian football 's most notable records , as the largest number of unbeaten matches : 52 games between 1977 and 1978 ; the most unbeaten matches record in the Brazilian Championship games : 42 , also between 1977 and 1978 ; the largest number of player participations in total matches of the Brazil national football team ( considering official and unofficial games ) : 1,094 participations and the largest number of players assigned to the Brazilian national team for World Cup . The club is still responsible for the greatest victory ever recorded in Brazilian football : 24-0 against Sport Club Mangueira in 1909 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CR_Vasco_da_Gama', 'summary': "Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi dʒi ʁɛˈgataʃ ˈvaʃku dɐ ˈgɐ̃mɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club that was founded on August 21 , 1898 ( although the professional football department started on November 5 , 1915 ) , by Portuguese immigrants , and still has a strong fanbase among the Portuguese community of Rio de Janeiro . It is one of the most popular clubs in Brazil , with more than 30 million supporters . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Vasco is mostly known for its football team . It plays in the Campeonato Carioca , the state of Rio de Janeiro 's premier state league and in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first tier of Brazilian football league system . Its statute defines the club as a sportive , recreative , educational , assistant and philanthropic non-profit organization of public utility . Their home stadium is São Januário , with a capacity of 21,880 , the third biggest in Rio de Janeiro ( after Maracanã and Engenhão ) , but some matches ( especially the city derbies ) are played at the Maracanã ( capacity of about 80,000 ) . They play in black shirts with a white diagonal sash that contains a Cross pattée , black shorts and black socks . The club is named after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama ."}]}, {'value': 'Paraná', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paraná_(state)', 'summary': 'Paraná ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ paɾaˈna ] ( listen ) ) is one of the 26 states of Brazil , in the south of the country , bordered on the north by São Paulo state , on the east by the Atlantic Ocean , on the south by Santa Catarina state and the province of Misiones , Argentina , and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraguay , with the Paraná River as its western boundary line . Its area is 199,307.9 km2 ( 76,953.2 sq mi ) , slightly smaller than Romania , a country with similar shape . It is subdivided into 399 municipalities . Its capital is the city of Curitiba . Other major cities are Londrina , Maringá , Ponta Grossa , Cascavel , São José dos Pinhais and Foz do Iguaçu . Crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn , Paraná has what is left of the araucaria forest , one of the most important subtropical forests in the world . At the border with Argentina is the National Park of Iguaçu , considered by UNESCO as a World Heritage site . At only 40 km ( 25 mi ) from there , at the border with Paraguay , the largest dam in the world was built , the Hidroelétrica de Itaipu ( Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam ) . The crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards and the state is one of the most developed ones in the nation , ranking 4th in gross domestic product , only behind the states of Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo and Minas Gerais .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletico Paranaense ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Athletico_Paranaense', 'summary': "Club Athletico Paranaense , commonly known as Athletico-PR , is a Brazilian football team from Curitiba in Paraná , founded on March 26 , 1924 . The team won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , Brazil 's top football division , in 2001 , the Copa Sudamericana in 2018 and the Copa do Brasil in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Coritiba ( 2 ) , Athletico Paranaense ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coritiba_Foot_Ball_Club', 'summary': 'Coritiba Foot Ball Club , commonly known as Coritiba , and colloquially as Coxa Branca or simply Coxa , is a Brazilian football club from Curitiba in the state of Paraná . Founded in 1909 , it is the oldest football club in the state . Coritiba have won the Paraná State Championship 37 times - more than both of its main rivals combined ( Athletico Paranaense have 22 titles and Paraná Clube have 7 ) . Coritiba has won the Brazilian Championship once in 1985 . Coritiba is the first club from southern Brazil to have won a national title , the 1973 Torneio do Povo , and is also the first southern club to have competed in both main continental competitions - the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana . Coritiba was both the first club from Paraná to have won the Série A ( the main title in Brazil ) , and to reach the semi-finals in the second main competition in the country - the Copa do Brasil - in 1991 , 2001 , 2009 , and to reach the finals in 2011 and 2012 . Coritiba is the only club who have six consecutive Paranaense titles , between 1971 and 1976 . Coritiba is also the club with the most appearances in this championship . The club are currently in first place on the FPF ranking , 14th place on the CBF ranking , 83rd place on the Conmebol ranking and 125th on the international IFFHS ranking . The club has more than 30,000 members [ citation needed ] . As of 2013 , Coritiba has partnerships ( including loans and exchanges of youth players ) with Porto and Benfica of Portugal , Chivas Guadalajara of Mexico , Daegu of South Korea and VVV-Venlo of the Netherlands . Coritiba is the first football club in the south of Brazil to begin to embrace American football .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Club_Athletico_Paranaense', 'summary': "Club Athletico Paranaense , commonly known as Athletico-PR , is a Brazilian football team from Curitiba in Paraná , founded on March 26 , 1924 . The team won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , Brazil 's top football division , in 2001 , the Copa Sudamericana in 2018 and the Copa do Brasil in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pernambuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pernambuco', 'summary': "Pernambuco ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ pɛʁnɐ̃ˈbuku ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil , located in the Northeast region of the country . The state of Pernambuco also includes the archipelago Fernando de Noronha . With an estimated population of 9.2 million people in 2013 , it is the seventh most populous state of Brazil , and is the sixth most densely populated and the 19th most extensive among the states and territories of the country . Its capital and largest city , Recife , is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country . As of 2013 estimates , Recife 's metropolitan area is the fifth most populous in the country , and the largest urban agglomeration in Northeast Brazil . In 1982 , the city of Olinda was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . Recife , the state capital and Olinda have one of the most traditional Brazilian Carnivals . Both have Portuguese architecture , with centuries-old casarões ( colonial houses ) and churches , kilometers of beaches and much culture . The proximity of the equator guarantees sunshine throughout the year , with average temperatures of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sport ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_do_Recife', 'summary': "Sport Club do Recife ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈspɔɾti ˈklub du ʁeˈsifi ] ; known as Sport and Sport Recife , abbreviated as SCR ) is a Brazilian sports club , located in the city of Recife , in the state of Pernambuco . It was founded on May 13 , 1905 , by Guilherme de Aquino Fonseca , who lived for many years in England , where he studied at Cambridge University . In football , the club has won six CBD/CBF titles , including three national and three regional . Its greatest glories are the Brazilian Championship 1987 and Brazil Cup 2008 . In addition to professional football , the club also participates in women 's football and Olympic sports , such as rowing , swimming , hockey , basketball , futsal , volleyball , table tennis , taekwondo , judo and athletics . It has a historic rivalry with Náutico , where matches between the two are known as the Clássico dos Clássicos , this being the third oldest derby in the country . The derby against Santa Cruz is called the Clássico das Multidões , while the derby with América-PE is called the Clássico dos Campeões ."}]}, {'value': 'Sport ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_do_Recife', 'summary': "Sport Club do Recife ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈspɔɾti ˈklub du ʁeˈsifi ] ; known as Sport and Sport Recife , abbreviated as SCR ) is a Brazilian sports club , located in the city of Recife , in the state of Pernambuco . It was founded on May 13 , 1905 , by Guilherme de Aquino Fonseca , who lived for many years in England , where he studied at Cambridge University . In football , the club has won six CBD/CBF titles , including three national and three regional . Its greatest glories are the Brazilian Championship 1987 and Brazil Cup 2008 . In addition to professional football , the club also participates in women 's football and Olympic sports , such as rowing , swimming , hockey , basketball , futsal , volleyball , table tennis , taekwondo , judo and athletics . It has a historic rivalry with Náutico , where matches between the two are known as the Clássico dos Clássicos , this being the third oldest derby in the country . The derby against Santa Cruz is called the Clássico das Multidões , while the derby with América-PE is called the Clássico dos Campeões ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Catarina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)', 'summary': "Santa Catarina ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈsɐ̃tɐ kataˈɾinɐ ] ( listen ) , Saint Catherine ) is a state in the South Region of Brazil . It is the 7th smallest state in total area and the 11th most populous . Additionally , it is the 9th largest settlement , with 295 municipalities . Catholicism is the religion of the majority of the population . The official language , as in other Brazilian federative units , is the Portuguese language . The state covers an area of 95,733 km2 ( 36,813.366 sq mi ) , reaching a larger area than Portugal or the sum of the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro , Espirito Santo , and the Federal District . Santa Catarina is bordered by Paraná to the north , Rio Grande do Sul to the south , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , and to the west by the Argentine province of Misiones . The coastal path is over 450 km , i.e. , about half of Portugal 's mainland coast . The host city of the state executive , legislative and judiciary powers is the capital Florianópolis . Joinville , however , is the most populous city in the state . Besides Espírito Santo , Santa Catarina is the only state whose capital is not the most populous city . South of the Tropic of Capricorn , situated in the planet 's southern temperate zone , the state has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) in the east and west and an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) in the center ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Criciúma ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Criciúma_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Criciúma Esporte Clube , also known simply as Criciúma , is a Brazilian football club from Criciúma , Santa Catarina . It plays in the Campeonato Catarinense , [ nb 1 ] the state of Santa Catarina 's premier state league , as well as the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C , [ nb 2 ] the third tier of the Brazilian football league system . Criciúma is the most successful team from Santa Catarina , having won the 1991 Copa do Brasil , the 2002 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , and the 2006 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C ."}]}, {'value': 'Figueirense ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figueirense_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Figueirense Futebol Clube , also known as Figueirense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ fiɡejˈɾẽsi ] ) , is a Brazilian football club based in Florianópolis , Santa Catarina . Their home stadium is Estádio Orlando Scarpelli , also known as Scarpelão , with a capacity of 19,584 . In the state of Santa Catarina , Figueirense is the club that more often participated in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , with 17 holdings by 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bahia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahia', 'summary': "Bahia ( /bəˈhiːə/ ( listen ) ; locally [ baˈi.ɐ ] ) [ a ] is one of the 26 states of Brazil and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast . It is the 4th-largest Brazilian state by population ( after São Paulo , Minas Gerais , and Rio de Janeiro ) and the 5th-largest by area . Bahia 's capital is the city of Salvador ( formerly known as Cidade do São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos , lit . City of Holy Saviour of All Saints Bay ) , located on a spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic . Once a monarchial stronghold dominated by agricultural , slaving , and ranching interests , Bahia is now a major manufacturing center whose last four elections have been dominated by the Workers ' Party ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vitória ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vitória', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Vitória , usually known simply as Vitória , is a Brazilian football team from Salvador in Bahia , founded on May 13 , 1899 . The team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B and the Campeonato Baiano . Vitória 's home games are played at the club 's own stadium , Manoel Barradas , capacity 35,632 . The team plays in red and black horizontal striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . The stripes have changed over time : they have been sometimes vertical , horizontal , wide and narrow . The youth system of the club is one of the most successful of the world , holding , between 1995 and 2000 , at its peak , at least 21 international titles . Recent names that started playing in the club are Bebeto , Vampeta , Dida , Júnior , Hulk , David Luiz , Dudu Cearense , Marcelo Moreno , Gabriel Paulista and others . The rivals of Vitória are Esporte Clube Bahia . Their matches are known as Ba-Vi ( Ba from Bahia and Vi from Vitória ) . It is one of the most intense rivalries in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Ceará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceará', 'summary': "Ceará ( [ seaˈɾa ] ( listen ) , locally in Ceará or in Northeast Region of Brazil the pronunciation is [ sɪaˈɾa ] ) is one of the 27 states of Brazil , located in the northeastern part of the country , on the Atlantic coast . It is the eighth-largest Brazilian State by population and the 17th by area . It is also one of the main tourist destinations in Brazil . The state capital is the city of Fortaleza , the country 's fourth most populous city . Literally , the name Ceará means sings the jandaia . According to José de Alencar , one of the most important writers of Brazil and an authority in Tupi Guaraní , Ceará means turquoise or green waters . There are also theories that the state name would derive from Siriará , a reference to the crabs from the seashore . The state is best known for its extensive coastline , with 600 kilometers ( 370 mi ) of sand . There are also mountains and valleys producing tropical fruits . To the south , on the border of Paraíba , Pernambuco and Piauí , is the National Forest of Araripe ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ceará ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceará_Sporting_Club', 'summary': 'Ceará Sporting Club , or Ceará , as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Fortaleza in Ceará , founded on June 2 , 1914 by Luís Esteves Júnior e Pedro Freire . Ceará is one of the most traditionally successful clubs in the Northeast region of Brazil alongside Bahia , Santa Cruz , Sport , Náutico , Vitória and their city rivals Fortaleza .'}]}, {'value': 'Distrito Federal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)', 'summary': 'The Federal District ( Portuguese : Distrito Federal [ d͡ʒisˈtɾitu fedeˈɾaṷ ] ( listen ) ) is one of 27 federative units of Brazil . Located in the Center-West Region , it is the smallest Brazilian federal unit and the only one that has no municipalities , being divided into 31 administrative regions , totaling an area of 5,802 km² . In its territory , is located the federal capital of Brazil , Brasília , that is also the seat of government of the Federal District .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brasiliense ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brasiliense_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Brasiliense Futebol Clube , or Brasiliense , as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team . It plays in Taguatinga in Federal District ( Brazil ) , founded on August 1 , 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Goiás', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goiás', 'summary': "Goiás ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ɡojˈjas ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil , located in the Center-West region of the country . The name Goiás ( formerly , Goyaz ) comes from the name of an indigenous community . The original word seems to have been guaiá , a compound of gua e iá , meaning the same person or people of the same origin . It borders the Federal District and the states of ( from north clockwise ) Tocantins , Bahia , Minas Gerais , Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso . The most populous state of its region , Goiás is characterized by a landscape of chapadões ( plateaus ) . In the height of the drought season , from June to September , the lack of rain makes the level of the Araguaia River go down and exposes almost 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) of beaches , making it the main attraction of the State . At the Emas National Park in the municipality of Mineiros , it is possible to observe the typical fauna and flora from the region . At the Chapada dos Veadeiros the attractions are the canyons , valleys , rapids and waterfalls . Other attractions are the historical city of Goiás ( or Old Goiás ) , 132 km ( 82 mi ) from Goiânia , established in the beginning of 18th Century , and Caldas Novas , with its hot water wells attracting more than one million tourists per year . In Brazil 's geoeconomic division , Goiás belongs to the Centro-Sul ( Center-South ) , being the northernmost state of the southern portion of Brazil ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goiás ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goiás_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Goiás Esporte Clube is a Brazilian sports club , best known for its association football team , located in Goiânia , Goiás state . It 's the biggest club of the Central-Western . Goiás has won Brazilian 's second tier Série B twice , also 28 Campeonato Goiano and 3 Copa Centro-Oeste . Goiás ' football team has been a mainstay in premiere Brazilian league Série A and has been promoted to Latin America 's Copa Libertadores twice and South America 's Copa Sudamericana six times . Its main rival is Vila Nova . Goiás has a wide advantage in matches between the two teams ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Performance by state', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Copa_do_Brasil_winners_1', 'intro': "The Copa do Brasil is an annual football competitions for clubs in Brazil established in 1989. With the exception of those teams competing in that season's Copa Libertadores, the competition is open to the top teams from Brazil's state leagues, as well as the top ten clubs in the country. Sixty-four teams qualify and compete in a two-legged single elimination tournament that culminates in the finals. The finals is contested over two legs, an away game and a home game. Thirteen teams have won the competition. Cruzeiro is the most successful team in the history of the competition, having won it six times. Teams from São Paulo state have won the tournament seven times, more than any other state. Only Cruzeiro won the title consecutively in the years 2017 and 2018. In fact, from 2001 to 2012, such a feat was impossible, as teams who won the tournament were not allowed to defend their title on the following year due to scheduling conflicts with the Copa Libertadores. Starting in 2013, the Copa do Brasil was rescheduled so that it instead conflicts with the Copa Sudamericana. Thus, it is now possible for teams to defend their titles."}
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Which state had more winners ? The one which is located in the Center-West region of the country and borders Tocantins , or with a population of 16 million of people in 2011 ?
Rio de Janeiro
08bc64d337ee5660
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sigma_Chi_members', 'title': 'List of Sigma Chi members', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Stan Albeck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stan_Albeck', 'summary': 'Charles Stanley Albeck ( born May 17 , 1931 ) is a former professional basketball coach . Albeck has coached for several teams in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) and National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , including the Denver Rockets , the San Diego Conquistadors , ( often subbing for an absent Wilt Chamberlain ) , the Cleveland Cavaliers , the San Antonio Spurs , the New Jersey Nets , and the Chicago Bulls .'}]}, {'value': 'Bradley , 1955', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradley_University', 'summary': 'Bradley University is a private university in Peoria , Illinois . Founded in 1897 , Bradley University currently enrolls 5,400 students who are pursuing degrees in more than 100 undergraduate programs and more than 30 graduate programs in five colleges . The university is regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and 22 national accrediting agencies .'}]}, {'value': 'Head Basketball Coach , NBA - Cleveland Cavaliers 1979-80 ; San Antonio Spurs 1980-83 ; New Jersey Nets 1983-85 ; Chicago Bulls 1985-86 . NCAA - Bradley Braves 1986-91', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers', 'summary': "The Cleveland Cavaliers , often referred to as the Cavs , are an American professional basketball team based in Cleveland . The Cavaliers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team began play as an expansion team in 1970 , along with the Portland Trail Blazers and Buffalo Braves . Home games were first held at Cleveland Arena from 1970 to 1974 , followed by the Richfield Coliseum from 1974 to 1994 . Since 1994 , the Cavs have played home games at Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse in downtown Cleveland , which is shared with the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League and the Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League . Dan Gilbert has owned the team since March 2005 . The Cavaliers opened their inaugural season losing their first 15 games and struggled in their early years , placing no better than sixth in the Eastern Conference during their first five seasons . The team won their first Central Division title in 1976 , which also marked the first winning season and playoff appearance in franchise history , where they advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals . The franchise was purchased by Ted Stepien in 1980 . Stepien 's tenure as owner was marked by six coaching changes , questionable trades and draft decisions , and poor attendance , leading to $ 15 million in financial losses . The Cavs went 66-180 in that time and endured a 24-game losing streak spanning the 1981-82 and 1982-83 seasons . George and Gordon Gund purchased the franchise in 1983 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs', 'summary': "The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional basketball team based in San Antonio . The Spurs compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the AT & T Center in San Antonio . The Spurs are one of four former American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams to remain intact in the NBA after the 1976 ABA-NBA merger and are the only former ABA team to have won an NBA championship . The franchise has won NBA championships in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , and 2014 . As of May 2015 , the Spurs had the highest winning percentage among active NBA franchises . As of May 2017 , the Spurs had the best winning percentage of any franchise in the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada over the previous three decades . From 1999-2000 to 2016-17 , the Spurs won 50 games each season , setting a record of 18 consecutive 50-win seasons . In the 2018-19 season , the Spurs matched an NBA record for most consecutive playoff appearances with 22 . The team 's recent success has coincided with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich and with the playing careers of Spurs icons David Robinson ( 1989-2003 ) and Tim Duncan ( 1997-2016 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets', 'summary': "The Brooklyn Nets are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Brooklyn . The Nets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Barclays Center . They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City ; the other is the New York Knicks . The team was established in 1967 as a charter franchise of the NBA 's rival league , the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . They played in New Jersey as the New Jersey Americans during their first season , before moving to Long Island in 1968 and changing their name to the New York Nets . During this time , the Nets won two ABA championships ( in 1974 and 1976 ) . In 1976 , the ABA merged with the NBA , and the Nets were absorbed into the NBA along with three other ABA teams ( the San Antonio Spurs , Indiana Pacers , and Denver Nuggets , all of whom remain in the league today ) . In 1977 , the team returned to New Jersey and played as the New Jersey Nets from 1977 to 2012 . During this time , the Nets won two consecutive Eastern Conference championships ( in the 2001-02 and 2002-03 seasons ) , but failed to win a league title . In the summer of 2012 , the team moved to Barclays Center , and took its current geographic name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Bulls', 'summary': "The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 and played its first game later that year . The Bulls play their home games at the United Center , an arena on Chicago 's west side shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they played a major part in popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats . All six of their championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships while never losing an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995-96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015-16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015-16 Warriors . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Cleveland Cavaliers , Detroit Pistons , Miami Heat and the New York Knicks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bradley_Braves', 'summary': "The Bradley Braves are the intercollegiate athletics teams of Bradley University , located in Peoria , Illinois , United States . The Braves ' athletic program is a member of the Missouri Valley Conference ( MVC ) and competes at the NCAA Division I level . The Bradley mascot is Kaboom ! the Gargoyle , and the school colors are red and white ."}]}, {'value': 'Asef Islam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 2020', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute', 'summary': "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ( /rɛnsəˈlɪər/ ) ( RPI ) is a private research university in Troy , New York , with additional campuses in Hartford and Groton , Connecticut . It was established in 1824 by Stephen van Rensselaer and Amos Eaton for the application of science to the common purposes of life and is the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world . Numerous American colleges or departments of applied sciences were modeled after Rensselaer . Built on a hillside , RPI 's 265-acre ( 107 ha ) campus overlooks the city of Troy and the Hudson River and is a blend of traditional and modern architecture . The institute operates an on - campus business incubator and the 1,250-acre ( 510 ha ) Rensselaer Technology Park . Today , RPI is organized into six main schools which contain 37 departments , with emphasis on science and technology . It is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering , computing , business and management , information technology , the sciences , design , and liberal arts . As of 2017 , RPI 's faculty and alumni include six members of the National Inventors Hall of Fame , six National Medal of Technology winners , five National Medal of Science winners , eight Fulbright Scholarship recipients , and a Nobel Prize winner in Physics ; in addition , 86 faculty or alumni are members of the National Academy of Engineering , 17 of the National Academy of Sciences , 25 of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , eight of the National Academy of Medicine , one of the National Academy of Public Administration , and nine of the National Academy of Inventors ."}]}, {'value': "Head Men 's Basketball Coach , New York 2018", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/RPI_Engineers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The RPI Engineers are composed of 21 teams representing Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in intercollegiate athletics , including men and women 's basketball , cross country , ice hockey , lacrosse , soccer , swimming & diving , tennis , and track and field . Men 's sports include baseball , football , and golf . Women 's sports include field hockey , and softball . The Engineers compete in the NCAA Division III and are members of the Liberty League for all sports except ice hockey , which competes in NCAA Division I , as a member of ECAC Hockey ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Belko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Belko', 'summary': 'Stephen Maxmillian Belko ( February 14 , 1916 - May 12 , 2000 ) was an American college basketball coach at Idaho State College and the University of Oregon . He was later the third commissioner of the Big Sky Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Idaho , 1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Idaho', 'summary': "The University of Idaho ( U of I , or UIdaho ) is a public university in Moscow , Idaho . It is the state 's land-grant and primary research university . It is the lead university in the Idaho Space Grant Consortium . The University of Idaho was the state 's sole university for 71 years , until 1963 , and its College of Law , established in 1909 , was first accredited by the American Bar Association in 1925 . Formed by the territorial legislature on January 30 , 1889 , the university opened its doors in 1892 on October 3 , with an initial class of 40 students . The first graduating class in 1896 contained two men and two women . It has an enrollment exceeding 12,000 , with over 11,000 on the Moscow campus . The university offers 142 degree programs , from accountancy to wildlife resources , including bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and specialists ' degrees . Certificates of completion are offered in 30 areas of study . At 25% and 53% , its 4 and 6 year graduation rates are the highest of any public university in Idaho , and it generates 74 percent of all research money in the state , with research expenditures of $ 100 million in 2010 alone . As a land-grant university and the primary research university in the state , UI has the largest campus in the state at 1,585 acres ( 6.4 km2 ) , in the rolling hills of the Palouse region at an elevation of 2,600 feet ( 790 m ) above sea level . The school is home to the Idaho Vandals , who compete in NCAA Division I athletics ."}]}, {'value': "Head Men 's Basketball Coach , Oregon 1956-1971 , Idaho State , 1950-1956", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Oregon_Ducks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Oregon Ducks men 's basketball team is an intercollegiate basketball program that competes in the NCAA Division I and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference , representing the University of Oregon . The Ducks play their home games at Matthew Knight Arena , which has a capacity of 12,364 . Then coached by Howard Hobson , Oregon won the first NCAA men 's basketball national championship in 1939 . They again reached the Final Four in 2017 under head coach Dana Altman , marking the longest span between appearances in NCAA history ( 78 years ) . The Ducks have made the NCAA tournament sixteeen times , and have won six conference championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Idaho_State_University', 'summary': "Idaho State University ( ISU ) is a public research university in Pocatello , Idaho . Founded 119 years ago in 1901 as the Academy of Idaho , ISU offers more than 280 programs at its main campus and at locations in Meridian , Idaho Falls , and Twin Falls . It is the state 's designated lead institution in health professions and medical education . [ citation needed ] There are 48 U.S. states and 59 countries represented at ISU and 285 programs , including Master 's and Doctorate programs . The student-teacher ratio is 17:1 , gender of students is 44 percent male , 56 percent female , and ISU has more than 160 clubs and organizations . Enrollment for the fall semester in 2012 stood at 14,209 , including 12,143 undergraduate students and 2,066 graduate students ."}]}, {'value': 'Brad Brownell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Brownell', 'summary': 'Bradley Robert Brownell ( born November 15 , 1968 ) is an American college basketball coach and the current head basketball coach at Clemson University . Prior to coming to Clemson , he held the same position at Wright State and UNC Wilmington . He is currently in his 10th season at Clemson .'}]}, {'value': 'DePauw University , 1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DePauw_University', 'summary': 'DePauw University in Greencastle , Indiana , is a private liberal arts college with an enrollment of 1,972 students . The school has a Methodist heritage and was originally known as Indiana Asbury University . DePauw is a member of both the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the North Coast Athletic Conference . The Society of Professional Journalists was founded at DePauw .'}]}, {'value': "Head Men 's Basketball Coach , Clemson University", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_University', 'summary': "Clemson University ( /ˈklɛmp.sən , ˈklɛm.zən/ [ note a ] ) is a public , land-grant research university in Clemson , South Carolina . Founded in 1889 , Clemson is the second-largest university in student population in South Carolina . For the fall 2017 semester , the university enrolled a total of 19,402 undergraduate students and 4,985 graduate students , and the student/faculty ratio was 18:1 . Clemson 's 1,400-acre campus is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits next to Lake Hartwell . The university manages the nearby 17,500-acre Clemson Experimental Forest that is used for research , education , and recreation . Clemson University consists of seven colleges : Agriculture , Forestry and Life Sciences ; Architecture , Arts and Humanities ; Business ; Behavioral , Social and Health Sciences ; Education ; Engineering , Computing and Applied Sciences ; and Science . U.S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University tied for 24 among all national public universities . Clemson University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryan Colangelo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan_Colangelo', 'summary': 'Bryan Paul Colangelo ( born June 1 , 1965 ) is an American basketball executive who is the former general manager of the Philadelphia 76ers , Toronto Raptors and Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He also served as president of basketball operations for Philadelphia and Toronto . He is the son of Phoenix sports mogul Jerry Colangelo . He graduated from Cornell University with a bachelor of science degree in business management and applied economics . He was the 2005 and 2007 recipient of the NBA Executive of the Year Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornell University , 1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': 'President and General Manager of the Toronto Raptors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Raptors', 'summary': "The Toronto Raptors are a Canadian professional basketball team based in Toronto . The Raptors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division . They play their home games at the Scotiabank Arena , which they share with the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team was founded in 1995 as part of the NBA 's expansion into Canada , along with the Vancouver Grizzlies . Since the 2001-02 season , the Raptors have been the only Canadian-based team in the league , as the Grizzlies relocated from Vancouver to Memphis , Tennessee . As with most expansion teams , the Raptors struggled in their early years ; but after the acquisition of Vince Carter through a draft-day trade in 1998 , the franchise set league-attendance records and made the NBA playoffs in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 . Carter was instrumental in leading the team to their first playoff series win in 2001 , where they advanced to the Eastern Conference semifinals . During the 2002-03 and 2003-04 seasons , they failed to make significant progress , and Carter was traded in 2004 to the New Jersey Nets . After Carter left , Chris Bosh emerged as the team leader . For the 2006-07 season , Bryan Colangelo was appointed as general manager , and through a combination of Bosh , 2006 first overall draft pick Andrea Bargnani , and a revamp of the roster , the Raptors qualified for their first playoff berth in five years , capturing the Atlantic Division title . In the 2007-08 season , they also advanced to the playoffs but failed to reach the post-season in each of the next five seasons . Colangelo overhauled the team 's roster for the 2009-10 season in a bid to persuade pending free agent Bosh to stay , but Bosh departed to sign with the Miami Heat in July 2010 , ushering in yet another era of rebuilding for the Raptors ."}]}, {'value': 'W.A . Cunningham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W.A._Cunningham', 'summary': 'William Alexander Cunningham ( July 9 , 1886 - August 15 , 1958 ) was an American football and basketball coach . He served as the head football coach at the University of Georgia from 1910 to 1919 and as co-head football coach at Southern Methodist University ( SMU ) in 1921 with Victor Kelly and J. Burton Rix , compiling a career college football record of 44-24-10 . Cunningham was also the head basketball coach at Georgia ( 1910-1911 , 1916-1917 ) , tallying a mark of 10-6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vanderbilt University , 1906', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanderbilt_University', 'summary': "Vanderbilt University ( informally Vandy or VU ) is a private research university in Nashville , Tennessee . Founded in 1873 , it was named in honor of New York shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt , who provided the school its initial $ 1-million endowment despite having never been to the South . Vanderbilt hoped that his gift and the greater work of the university would help to heal the sectional wounds inflicted by the Civil War . Ranked at number 15 among United States research universities by U.S. News & World Report , Vanderbilt enrolls approximately 13,100 students from all 50 U.S. states and over 100 foreign countries in four undergraduate and six graduate and professional schools . The university is in the process of converting its residence halls into an academic residential college system . Several research centers and institutes are affiliated with the university , including the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities , the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center , and Dyer Observatory . Vanderbilt University Medical Center , formerly part of the university , became a separate institution in 2016 . With the exception of the off-campus observatory , all of the university 's facilities are situated on its 330-acre ( 1.3 km2 ) campus in the heart of Nashville , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) from downtown . Despite its urban surroundings , the campus itself is a national arboretum and features over 300 different species of trees and shrubs . The Fugitives and Southern Agrarians were based at the university in the first half of the 20th century and helped revive Southern literature among others . The Jean and Alexander Heard Library , the campus library system , contains over 8 million items across ten libraries and stands as one of the nation 's top research libraries . Vanderbilt Television News Archive holds the most extensive collection of television news coverage in the world , with over 40,000 hours of content ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Georgia Head Football Coach and Head Basketball Coach 1910-1919', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Georgia', 'summary': "The University of Georgia ( UGA or Georgia ) is a public research university with its main campus in Athens , Georgia . Founded in 1785 , it is one of the oldest public universities in the United States . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity , and as having more selective undergraduate admissions , its most selective admissions category , while the ACT Assessment Student Report places UGA admissions in the Highly Selective category , the highest classification . In keeping with the teaching portion of its motto , the university has a student-to-faculty ratio of 17 students per faculty member , and 46 percent of its classes have fewer than 20 students . In its 2020 rankings , U.S. News & World Report ranked the university tied for 50th among all U.S. public and private national universities and 16th among all public ones . In addition to the main campuses in Athens with their approximately 470 buildings , the university has two smaller campuses located in Tifton and Griffin . The university has two satellite campuses located in Atlanta and Lawrenceville . The university operates several service and outreach stations spread across the state . The total acreage of the university in 30 Georgia counties is 41,539 acres ( 168.10 km2 ) . The university also owns a residential education and research center in Washington , DC , as well as three international residential and research centers located at Oxford University in Oxford , England , at Cortona , Italy , and at Monteverde , Costa Rica . Student life includes more than 700 student organizations . The University of Georgia 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Georgia Bulldogs nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ron Greene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Greene', 'summary': 'Ronald L. Greene ( born 1939 ) is an American basketball coach who served as head coach of three Division I college basketball teams , as well as teams in Division II , the World Basketball League , the American Basketball Association , and high school .'}]}, {'value': 'Murray State University , 1962', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murray_State_University', 'summary': 'Murray State University ( MSU ) is a public university in Murray , Kentucky . In addition to the main campus in Calloway County in southwestern Kentucky , Murray State operates extended campuses offering upper level and graduate courses in Paducah , Hopkinsville , Madisonville , and Henderson .'}]}, {'value': 'Former head coach Mississippi State University , Murray State University , Indiana State University ; 1978 Southeastern Conference Coach of the Year', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippi_State_University', 'summary': "Mississippi State University for Agriculture and Applied Science , commonly known as Mississippi State University ( MSU ) , is a public land-grant research university adjacent to Starkville , Mississippi . It is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very High Research Activity and has a total research and development budget of $ 239.4 million , the largest in Mississippi . The university was chartered as Mississippi Agricultural & Mechanical College on February 28 , 1878 and admitted its first students in 1880 . Organized into 12 colleges and schools , the university offers over 180 baccalaureate , graduate , and professional degree programs , and is home to Mississippi 's only accredited programs in architecture and veterinary medicine . Mississippi State participates in the National Sea Grant College Program and National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program . The university 's main campus in Starkville is supplemented by auxiliary campuses in Meridian , Biloxi , and Vicksburg . The 19th and current president of Mississippi State is Mark E. Keenum , a former United States Under Secretary of Agriculture . Mississippi State 's intercollegiate sports teams , the Mississippi State Bulldogs , compete in NCAA Division I athletics as members of the Southeastern Conference 's western division . Mississippi State was a founding member of the SEC in 1932 . In their more-than 120-year history , the Bulldogs have won 21 individual national championships and 30 regular season conference championships . The school is noted for a pervasive baseball fan culture , with Dudy Noble Field holding 17 of the top 25 all-time NCAA attendance records and the school 's Left Field Lounge being described as an epicenter of college baseball ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Murray_State_University', 'summary': 'Murray State University ( MSU ) is a public university in Murray , Kentucky . In addition to the main campus in Calloway County in southwestern Kentucky , Murray State operates extended campuses offering upper level and graduate courses in Paducah , Hopkinsville , Madisonville , and Henderson .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Indiana_State_University', 'summary': 'Indiana State University ( ISU ) is a public university in Terre Haute , Indiana . It was founded in 1865 and offers over 100 undergraduate majors and more than 75 graduate and professional programs . Indiana State is classified by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as a Doctoral/Research University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Hill', 'summary': 'Robert W. Hill ( born November 24 , 1948 ) is an American basketball coach . Hill grew up in Mount Sterling , Ohio , moving to Worthington , Ohio for high school . Hill attended Bowling Green State University .'}]}, {'value': 'BGSU , 1971', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University', 'summary': "Bowling Green State University ( BGSU ) is a public research university in Bowling Green , Ohio . The 1,338-acre ( 541.5 ha ) main academic and residential campus is 15 miles ( 24 km ) south of Toledo , Ohio . The university has nationally recognized programs and research facilities in the natural and social sciences , education , arts , business , health and wellness , humanities and applied technologies . The institution was granted a charter in 1910 as a normal school , specializing in teacher training and education , as part of the Lowry Normal School Bill that authorized two new normal schools in the state of Ohio . Over the university 's history , it developed from a small rural normal school into a comprehensive public university . As of 2019 , Bowling Green offered over 200 undergraduate programs , as well as master 's and doctoral degrees through eight academic colleges . Its academic programs have been nationally ranked by Forbes magazine , U.S. News & World Report , and Washington Monthly . The University is also ranked the most affordable college in Ohio by Business Insider in 2018 . Additionally , in 2018 BGSU received designation as an Innovation and Economic Prosperity ( IEP ) university by the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities ( APLU ) and its Commission on Innovation , Competitiveness , and Economic Prosperity . The 2011 Carnegie Foundation classified BGSU as having high research activity . Research projects in the areas of psychology , sociology , education and human development , energy and sustainability are among the most prominent . BGSU had an on-campus residential student population of approximately 6,000 students and a total enrollment of over 19,000 students as of 2018 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Head coach , NBA Seattle SuperSonics , 2006 ; San Antonio Spurs 1994-1996 ; Indiana Pacers 1990-1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sport)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics', 'summary': "The Seattle SuperSonics , commonly known as the Sonics , were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle , Washington . The SuperSonics played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Pacific and Northwest divisions from 1967 until 2008 . After the 2007-08 season ended , the team relocated to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , and now plays as the Oklahoma City Thunder . Sam Schulman owned the team from its 1967 inception until 1983 . It was then owned by Barry Ackerley ( 1983-2001 ) , and then Basketball Club of Seattle , headed by Starbucks chairman emeritus , former president and CEO Howard Schultz ( 2001-2006 ) . On July 18 , 2006 , the Basketball Club of Seattle sold the SuperSonics and its Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) sister franchise Seattle Storm to the Professional Basketball Club LLC , headed by Oklahoma City businessman Clay Bennett . The sale was approved by the NBA Board of Governors on October 24 , 2006 , and finalized on October 31 , 2006 , at which point the new ownership group took control . After failing to find public funding to construct a new arena in the Seattle area , the SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City before the 2008-09 season , following a $ 45 million settlement with the city of Seattle to pay off the team 's existing lease at KeyArena at Seattle Center in advance of its 2010 expiration . Home games were played at KeyArena , originally known as Seattle Center Coliseum , for 33 of the franchise 's 41 seasons in Seattle . In 1978 , the team moved to the Kingdome , which was shared with the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) . They returned to the Coliseum full-time in 1985 , moving temporarily to the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma , Washington , for the 1994-95 season while the Coliseum was renovated and rebranded as KeyArena . The SuperSonics won the NBA championship in 1979 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs', 'summary': "The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional basketball team based in San Antonio . The Spurs compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the AT & T Center in San Antonio . The Spurs are one of four former American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams to remain intact in the NBA after the 1976 ABA-NBA merger and are the only former ABA team to have won an NBA championship . The franchise has won NBA championships in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , and 2014 . As of May 2015 , the Spurs had the highest winning percentage among active NBA franchises . As of May 2017 , the Spurs had the best winning percentage of any franchise in the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada over the previous three decades . From 1999-2000 to 2016-17 , the Spurs won 50 games each season , setting a record of 18 consecutive 50-win seasons . In the 2018-19 season , the Spurs matched an NBA record for most consecutive playoff appearances with 22 . The team 's recent success has coincided with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich and with the playing careers of Spurs icons David Robinson ( 1989-2003 ) and Tim Duncan ( 1997-2016 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Pacers', 'summary': "The Indiana Pacers are an American professional basketball team based in Indianapolis , Indiana . The Pacers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The Pacers were first established in 1967 as a member of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) and became a member of the NBA in 1976 as a result of the ABA-NBA merger . They play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse . The team is named after Indiana 's history with the Indianapolis 500 's pace cars and with the harness racing industry . The Pacers have won three championships , all in the ABA . The Pacers were NBA Eastern Conference champions in 2000 . The team has won nine division titles . Six Hall of Fame players - Reggie Miller , Chris Mullin , Alex English , Mel Daniels , Roger Brown , and George McGinnis - played with the Pacers for multiple seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Gavin Maloof', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gavin_Maloof', 'summary': "The Maloof family is a prominent American family based in Las Vegas , Nevada , who are owners of numerous business properties in the Western United States . The origin of the family name is Maalouf and is of Lebanese descent via their paternal grandfather . Originally from New Mexico , the family 's success began with the distribution rights for Coors Beer in the Southwest region of the US in 1937 . The Maloofs were the owners of the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1998 until 2013 and are minority owners of the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Notable family members include George J. Maloof Sr. , Adrienne Maloof , and George J. Maloof Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Chattanooga , 1978', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Chattanooga', 'summary': 'The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga ( UT-Chattanooga , UTC , or Chattanooga ) is a public university in Chattanooga , Tennessee . It is one of three universities and two other affiliated institutions in the University of Tennessee System ( UT System ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Owner of the Sacramento Kings and Monarchs . Owner , Maloof Sports & Entertainment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Orr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Orr_(basketball,_born_1927)', 'summary': "John Michael Orr ( June 10 , 1927 - December 30 , 2013 ) was an American basketball player and coach , best known as the head coach of men 's basketball at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , University of Michigan , and at Iowa State University . In the 1975-76 season , Orr was named National Coach of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Beloit College , 1951', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beloit_College', 'summary': 'Beloit College is a private liberal arts college in Beloit , Wisconsin . Founded in 1846 , while the state of Wisconsin was still a territory , it is the oldest continuously operated college in the state . It is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest and has an enrollment of roughly 1,402 undergraduate students .'}]}, {'value': 'Basketball coach , Michigan and Iowa State', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Piatkowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Piatkowski', 'summary': 'Eric Todd Piatkowski ( /ˌpaɪ.ətˈkaʊski/ ; born September 30 , 1970 ) is an American former professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Nebraska Cornhuskers . He is the son of former ABA player Walt Piatkowski .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Nebraska , 1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Guard/Forward , L.A. Clippers , Houston Rockets , Chicago Bulls , Phoenix Suns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/L.A._Clippers', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Clippers ( branded as the LA Clippers ) are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles . The Clippers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Pacific Division in the league 's Western Conference . The Clippers play their home games at the Staples Center , an arena they share with fellow NBA team the Los Angeles Lakers , as well as the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) , and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The franchise was founded in 1970 as the Buffalo Braves , and were one of three expansion teams to join the NBA that year , along with the Cleveland Cavaliers and Portland Trail Blazers . The Braves saw some success and reached the playoffs three times , led by league Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Bob McAdoo . Conflicts with the Canisius Golden Griffins over the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium and the sale of the franchise led to their relocating from Buffalo , New York , to San Diego , California . In 1978 , upon relocating , the franchise was rebranded to be known as the San Diego Clippers , in reference to the sailing ships that can be seen in the San Diego Bay . The franchise saw limited success on the court in its six years in San Diego despite the acquisition of star center Bill Walton , who missed nearly three full seasons due to injury upon his arrival . In 1981 , the franchise was acquired by Los Angeles-based real estate mogul Donald Sterling . In 1984 , the franchise was controversially relocated to Los Angeles by Sterling without the approval of the NBA . Despite fines and a lawsuit brought on against franchise ownership by the NBA seeking to return the franchise to San Diego , the team was ultimately permitted to remain in Los Angeles , where they failed to see significant regular season or playoff success . They were frequently seen as an example of a perennial loser in American professional sports , drawing unfavorable comparisons to their historically successful city-rivals , the Lakers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Houston_Rockets', 'summary': "The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston . They compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member team of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in Downtown Houston . The Rockets have won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . The team was established in 1967 as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego . In 1971 , the Rockets moved to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets were awarded the first overall pick and selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record for almost a decade until the 1976-77 season , when they traded for All-Star center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice while playing with the Rockets and led Houston to the Eastern Conference Finals in his first year with the team . During the 1980-81 season , the Rockets finished the regular season with a 40-42 record . Despite their losing record , they qualified for the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Bulls', 'summary': "The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 and played its first game later that year . The Bulls play their home games at the United Center , an arena on Chicago 's west side shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they played a major part in popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats . All six of their championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships while never losing an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995-96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015-16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015-16 Warriors . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Cleveland Cavaliers , Detroit Pistons , Miami Heat and the New York Knicks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_Suns', 'summary': "The Phoenix Suns are an American professional basketball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . The Suns compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division , and are the only team in their division not based in California . The Suns play their home games at the Talking Stick Resort Arena . The franchise began play in 1968 as an expansion team , and their early years were shrouded in mediocrity , but their fortunes changed in the 1970s , where , after partnering long-term guard Dick Van Arsdale and center Alvan Adams with Paul Westphal , the Suns reached the 1976 NBA Finals , in what is considered to be one of the biggest upsets in NBA history . However , after failing to capture a championship , the Suns would rebuild around Walter Davis for a majority of the 1980s , until the acquisition of Kevin Johnson in 1988 . Under Johnson , and after trading for perennial NBA All-Star Charles Barkley , and combined with the output of Tom Chambers and Dan Majerle , the Suns reached the playoffs for a franchise-record thirteen consecutive appearances and remained a regular title contender throughout the 1990s , and reached the 1993 NBA Finals . However , the team would again fail to win a championship , and entered into another period of mediocrity until the early part of the 2000s . In 2004 , the Suns reacquired Steve Nash , and immediately returned into playoff contention . With Nash , Shawn Marion , and Amar ' e Stoudemire , and under head coach Mike D'Antoni , the Suns became renowned worldwide for their quick , dynamic offense , which led them to tie a franchise record in wins in the 2004-05 season . Two more top two Conference placements followed , but the Suns again failed to attain an NBA championship , and were forced into another rebuild . The Suns own the NBA 's seventh-best all-time winning percentage , and have the second highest winning percentage of any teams to have never won an NBA championship . 10 Hall of Famers have played for Phoenix , while two Suns , Barkley and Nash , have won the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award while playing for the team ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Sikma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Sikma', 'summary': 'Jack Wayne Sikma ( born November 14 , 1955 ) is an American retired basketball center . He was a seven-time NBA All-Star with the Seattle SuperSonics , who drafted him in the first round with the eighth overall pick of the 1977 NBA draft . In 1979 , he won an NBA championship with Seattle . Sikma finished his playing career with the Milwaukee Bucks . He was elected to the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 2019 . He was known for his trademark reverse pivot and step back behind-the-head jumper , coined as the Sikma move , [ circular reference ] along with his distinctive curly , blond hair during his playing days . During his thirteen-year career , he reached the playoffs eleven times and anomalously established himself as an accurate-shooting center . His style of play would become significantly influential for centers at both the amateur and professional levels . Sikma scored 17,287 points in his NBA career .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois Wesleyan University , 1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Illinois Wesleyan University is an independent , exclusively undergraduate liberal arts college in Bloomington , Illinois . Founded in 1850 , the central portion of the present campus was acquired in 1854 with the first building erected in 1856 .'}]}, {'value': 'Center , NBA Seattle SuperSonics ( 1977-86 ) , NBA Milwaukee Bucks ( 1986-91 ) ; Assistant Coach , NBA Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003-07 ) , NBA Houston Rockets ( 2007-11 ) , NBA Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2011-14 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The center ( C ) , also known as the five position , or the big man , is one of the five positions in a basketball game . The center is normally the tallest player on the team , and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well . In the NBA , the center is usually 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) or taller and usually weighs 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) or more . They traditionally have played close to the basket in the low post . Centers are valued for their ability to protect their own goal while scoring with high efficiency . In the 1950s and 1960s , George Mikan and Bill Russell were centerpieces of championship dynasties and defined early prototypical centers . With the addition of a three-point field goal for the 1979-80 season , however , NBA basketball gradually became more perimeter-oriented and saw the importance of the center position diminished . A center with the ability to shoot outside from three-point range is known as stretch five .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics', 'summary': "The Seattle SuperSonics , commonly known as the Sonics , were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle , Washington . The SuperSonics played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Pacific and Northwest divisions from 1967 until 2008 . After the 2007-08 season ended , the team relocated to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , and now plays as the Oklahoma City Thunder . Sam Schulman owned the team from its 1967 inception until 1983 . It was then owned by Barry Ackerley ( 1983-2001 ) , and then Basketball Club of Seattle , headed by Starbucks chairman emeritus , former president and CEO Howard Schultz ( 2001-2006 ) . On July 18 , 2006 , the Basketball Club of Seattle sold the SuperSonics and its Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) sister franchise Seattle Storm to the Professional Basketball Club LLC , headed by Oklahoma City businessman Clay Bennett . The sale was approved by the NBA Board of Governors on October 24 , 2006 , and finalized on October 31 , 2006 , at which point the new ownership group took control . After failing to find public funding to construct a new arena in the Seattle area , the SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City before the 2008-09 season , following a $ 45 million settlement with the city of Seattle to pay off the team 's existing lease at KeyArena at Seattle Center in advance of its 2010 expiration . Home games were played at KeyArena , originally known as Seattle Center Coliseum , for 33 of the franchise 's 41 seasons in Seattle . In 1978 , the team moved to the Kingdome , which was shared with the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) . They returned to the Coliseum full-time in 1985 , moving temporarily to the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma , Washington , for the 1994-95 season while the Coliseum was renovated and rebranded as KeyArena . The SuperSonics won the NBA championship in 1979 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks', 'summary': "The Milwaukee Bucks are an American professional basketball team based in Milwaukee . The Bucks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded in 1968 as an expansion team , and play at the Fiserv Forum . Former U.S . Senator Herb Kohl was the long-time owner of the team , but on April 16 , 2014 , a group led by billionaire hedge fund managers Wes Edens and Marc Lasry agreed to purchase a majority interest in the team from Kohl , a sale which was approved by the owners of the NBA and its Board of Governors one month later on May 16 . The team is managed by Jon Horst , the team 's former director of basketball operations , who took over for John Hammond in May 2017 . The Bucks have won one league title ( 1971 ) , two conference titles ( 1971 and 1974 ) , and 14 division titles ( 1971-1974 , 1976 , 1980-1986 , 2001 , 2019 ) . They have featured such notable players as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , Sidney Moncrief , Oscar Robertson , Bob Dandridge , Bob Lanier , Glenn Robinson , Ray Allen , Sam Cassell , Junior Bridgeman , Michael Redd , Terry Cummings , Vin Baker , Jon McGlocklin , Marques Johnson , and Brian Winters . Abdul-Jabbar and Giannis Antetokounmpo have been named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player while playing for the Bucks , for a total of four MVP awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics', 'summary': "The Seattle SuperSonics , commonly known as the Sonics , were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle , Washington . The SuperSonics played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Pacific and Northwest divisions from 1967 until 2008 . After the 2007-08 season ended , the team relocated to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , and now plays as the Oklahoma City Thunder . Sam Schulman owned the team from its 1967 inception until 1983 . It was then owned by Barry Ackerley ( 1983-2001 ) , and then Basketball Club of Seattle , headed by Starbucks chairman emeritus , former president and CEO Howard Schultz ( 2001-2006 ) . On July 18 , 2006 , the Basketball Club of Seattle sold the SuperSonics and its Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) sister franchise Seattle Storm to the Professional Basketball Club LLC , headed by Oklahoma City businessman Clay Bennett . The sale was approved by the NBA Board of Governors on October 24 , 2006 , and finalized on October 31 , 2006 , at which point the new ownership group took control . After failing to find public funding to construct a new arena in the Seattle area , the SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City before the 2008-09 season , following a $ 45 million settlement with the city of Seattle to pay off the team 's existing lease at KeyArena at Seattle Center in advance of its 2010 expiration . Home games were played at KeyArena , originally known as Seattle Center Coliseum , for 33 of the franchise 's 41 seasons in Seattle . In 1978 , the team moved to the Kingdome , which was shared with the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) . They returned to the Coliseum full-time in 1985 , moving temporarily to the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma , Washington , for the 1994-95 season while the Coliseum was renovated and rebranded as KeyArena . The SuperSonics won the NBA championship in 1979 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Houston_Rockets', 'summary': "The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston . They compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member team of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in Downtown Houston . The Rockets have won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . The team was established in 1967 as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego . In 1971 , the Rockets moved to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets were awarded the first overall pick and selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record for almost a decade until the 1976-77 season , when they traded for All-Star center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice while playing with the Rockets and led Houston to the Eastern Conference Finals in his first year with the team . During the 1980-81 season , the Rockets finished the regular season with a 40-42 record . Despite their losing record , they qualified for the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves', 'summary': "The Minnesota Timberwolves ( also commonly known as the Wolves ) are an American professional basketball team based in Minneapolis . The Timberwolves compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . Founded in 1989 , the team is owned by Glen Taylor who also owns the WNBA 's Minnesota Lynx . The Timberwolves play their home games at Target Center , their home since 1990 . Like most expansion teams , the Timberwolves struggled in their early years , but after the acquisition of Kevin Garnett in the 1995 NBA draft , the team qualified for the playoffs in eight consecutive seasons from 1997 to 2004 . Despite losing in the first round in their first seven attempts , the Timberwolves won their first division championship in 2004 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals that same season . Garnett was also named the NBA Most Valuable Player for that season . The team then went into rebuilding mode for more than a decade after missing the postseason in 2005 , and trading Garnett to the Boston Celtics in 2007 . Garnett returned to the Timberwolves in a February 2015 trade and finished his career there , retiring in the 2016 offseason . The Timberwolves ended a 14-year playoff drought when they returned to the postseason in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eddie Sutton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Sutton', 'summary': "Edward Eugene Sutton ( born March 12 , 1936 ) is a retired American college basketball coach . He was a head coach for 36 years at the Division I level , at Creighton , Arkansas , Kentucky , Oklahoma State ( his alma mater ) , and the University of San Francisco . Sutton became the first coach to take four schools to the NCAA tournament , and he reached the Final Four with Arkansas in 1978 and Oklahoma State in 1995 and 2004 . He is one of only eight major college men 's basketball coaches to have over 800 career wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma State , 1958', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University–Oklahoma_City', 'summary': 'Oklahoma State University-Oklahoma City ( OSU-OKC ) is a public university in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . It is part of the Oklahoma State University System . Founded in 1961 as a branch of Oklahoma State University-Stillwater , its name changed from Oklahoma State University Technical Institute to its current designation in 1990 . The school offers more than 40 degrees and/or certificates . Classes are held weekdays and weeknights , on-campus , online and hybrid , with intersession courses available . The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma State Basketball Coach ( retired ) , Big 12 Coach of the Year', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sports)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Big_12', 'summary': "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ."}]}, {'value': 'Jay Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Wright_(coach)', 'summary': "Jerold Taylor Jay Wright Jr. ( born December 24 , 1961 ) is an American college basketball coach . He is currently the men 's head coach at Villanova University , a position he has held since 2001 . He previously served as head coach at Hofstra University ( 1994-2001 ) , leading the program to NCAA Tournament appearances in both 2000 and 2001 . Wright has led the Villanova Wildcats to six Big East conference championships and 14 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 18 seasons as head coach . Wright took Villanova to the Final Four in 2009 . Wright then led Villanova to the 2016 NCAA Championship , defeating North Carolina . In addition to the 2016 championship , Wright and Villanova also won the 2018 NCAA Championship . Wright is widely regarded to be one of the best coaches in the NCAA currently . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Bucknell , 1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucknell_University', 'summary': "Bucknell University is a private liberal arts college in Lewisburg , Pennsylvania . The university consists of the College of Arts and Sciences , Freeman College of Management , and the College of Engineering . Bucknell was founded in 1846 , and features programs in the arts , humanities , sciences , social sciences , engineering , management , education , and music , as well as programs and pre-professional advising that prepare students for study in law and medicine . It offers nearly 50 majors and over 60 minors . South of central Lewisburg , the 445-acre ( 1.80 km2 ) campus is along the west bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River , at an elevation of 530 feet ( 160 m ) above sea level . Primarily an undergraduate school ( with about 3,600 students ) , Bucknell has about 50 graduate students . Students come from all fifty U.S. states and from more than 66 countries ; it has nearly 200 student organizations and a large Greek presence . The school 's mascot is Bucky the Bison and the school is a member of the Patriot League in NCAA Division I athletics ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Basketball Coach , Villanova University , Big East Coach of the Year : 2006 , 2009 , 2014", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sports)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Villanova_University', 'summary': "Villanova University is a private Catholic research university in Radnor Township , Pennsylvania . Named after Saint Thomas of Villanova , the university is the oldest Catholic university in Pennsylvania and the only Augustinian university in the United States . Founded in 1842 by the Order of Saint Augustine , the university traces its roots to old Saint Augustine 's Church , Philadelphia , which the Augustinian friars founded in 1796 , and to its parish school , Saint Augustine 's Academy , which was established in 1811 . The school 's identity remains deeply rooted in its Augustinian Catholic foundation - the majority of students are Catholic , the administration is led by priests , there is a cross on every building , and all students are required to take the Augustine and Culture Seminar course their freshman year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979–2013)', 'summary': "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013 . The conference 's members participated in 24 NCAA sports . The conference had a history of success at the national level in basketball throughout its history , while its shorter ( 1991 to 2013 ) football program , created by inviting one college and four other associate members ( their football programs only ) into the conference , resulted in two national championships . In basketball , Big East teams made 18 Final Four appearances and won seven NCAA Championships ( UConn with three , Villanova , Georgetown , Syracuse , and Louisville with one each ) . Of the Big East 's full members , all but South Florida attended the Final Four , the most of any conference , though Marquette , DePaul , Notre Dame , Rutgers , Cincinnati , and Pittsburgh made all their trips before joining the Big East . In 2011 , the Big East set the record for the most teams sent to the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship by a single conference with eleven out of their sixteen teams qualifying . In football , the Big East entered competition as a conference in 1991 , after inviting five football colleges to become members of the Big East , joining three teams from the Big East whose football teams were competing as Division I independents ( Boston College , Pittsburgh and Syracuse ) to form a new Division I football league . The strength of this league earned the Big East an automatic berth in the Bowl Championship Series , when that series was created in 1998 . The Big East won two national football championships , both by University of Miami . Between 2005 and 2012 , four of the more successful football schools left the Big East for other conferences , starting a process that led to a complete realignment of the Big East in 2013 . On July 1 , 2013 , the non-football playing schools ( also known collectively as the secular Catholic 7 ) formed a non-football playing conference that retains the Big East Conference name . The remaining six football-playing members , three of whom had only joined the Big East in 2005 when the earlier exodus had started , joined with four schools from other conferences to become the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which is the Big East 's legal successor ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Sigma_Chi_members_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable alumni of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. Many notable Sigma Chi Brothers are awarded the Significant Sig Award by headquarters, indicated by as superscriptS.'}
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Who was the member whose original chapter was founded in 1846 ?
Jay Wright
08be28ba43b31faf
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBA_franchise_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of NBA franchise post-season droughts', 'header': ['Team', 'Conference Quarter-Final appearances', 'Conference Semi-Final appearances', 'Conference Final appearances', 'Fewest wins short of NBA Championship'], 'data': [{'value': 'Brooklyn Nets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Brooklyn_Nets_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Brooklyn Nets professional basketball team . The Nets were founded as the New Jersey Americans in 1967 , a charter franchise of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . A year later , the team moved to Long Island , New York , and were renamed as the New York Nets . There , behind the play of Hall of Famer Julius Erving , the team won its only two ABA championships : in 1974 and 1976 . After the 1975-76 season , the ABA merged with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the Nets were one of four franchises that joined the NBA . After a season of being the second team to represent the state of New York ( the other being the New York Knicks ) , the team moved back to New Jersey as the New Jersey Nets . In the NBA , the Nets have experienced only one period of sustained success , from the 2001-02 season to the 2006-07 season , when led by Jason Kidd they played in the postseason every year and twice reached the NBA Finals , but lost to Shaquille O'Neal-led Los Angeles Lakers in 2002 and then to Tim Duncan-led San Antonio Spurs in 2003 . After 35 seasons in New Jersey , owner Mikhail Prokhorov moved the team to the New York City borough of Brooklyn to become the Brooklyn Nets ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 2 wins short : 2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2003 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2002-03 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs defeating the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Nets , 4 games to 2 , in the NBA Finals . Tim Duncan was named NBA Finals MVP for the second time . This postseason featured the most series decided by 6 games in NBA Playoff history . This postseason is notable for being the first time since 1974 that all series were conducted in a best-of-seven format ; From 1984 to 2002 , the first-round series were best-of-five . It is also notable as the only time the conference quarterfinal round did not include any series sweeps . This is the first time that the NBA Playoffs carried more games on cable television than regular broadcast television , and marks the debut for the NBA Playoffs to be aired on NBA TV , and the return broadcast on ESPN and ABC after the NBA departed from NBC and TBS . The Detroit Pistons advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since the Isiah Thomas and Joe Dumars-led team was swept by the Chicago Bulls in 1991 , ending the Pistons ' quest for a third consecutive title . The Pistons would go on to appear in six consecutive Eastern Conference Finals through 2008 , the most consecutive appearances for any Eastern Conference team since the Bill Russell-led Boston Celtics ( 1956-69 ) . The Dallas Mavericks ended a long conference finals drought by making it there for the first time since 1988 . As of 2018 , the 49-win Nets are the most recent NBA Finals participant to win fewer than 50 games in an 82-game season . The Boston Celtics were swept in a postseason series for the first time since 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana Pacers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Indiana_Pacers_seasons', 'summary': 'The Indiana Pacers are a professional basketball team based in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . They are members of the Central Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Pacers were founded in 1967 , originally as members of the American Basketball Association , where they were crowned league champions three times and made the playoffs in all of the nine seasons they participated in the league . The Pacers were led during the ABA days by two-time MVP Mel Daniels and by head coach Bobby Leonard . The 1976-77 season marked the first season of NBA play for the Pacers and the team struggled early , compared to their ABA success . The Pacers only made it to the NBA playoffs three times in their first 13 seasons . The Pacers would not win their first playoff series until the 1993-94 season , which came against the Orlando Magic . It was during this time that the Pacers were led by 1987 draft pick , Reggie Miller , who entered the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012 . Miller would play for the Pacers until the 2005 season and with his help , the Pacers would go on to win one Eastern Conference championship , four Central Division championships , and make 15 playoff appearances . Over the Pacers 49 seasons of play they have made the playoffs 32 times ( 23 in the NBA and 9 in the ABA ) . The Pacers have appeared in the NBA Eastern Conference Finals eight times ( 1994 , 1995 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2004 , 2013 , 2014 ) and advanced to the NBA Finals in 2000 , where they eventually lost to the Los Angeles Lakers 4-2 . The Pacers are one of 11 franchises to have never won an NBA championship and the only Central Division team without at least one title .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 2 wins short : 2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2000 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 1999-2000 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeating the Eastern Conference champion Indiana Pacers four games to two . Shaquille O'Neal was named NBA Finals MVP . The San Antonio Spurs were the champions going into the playoffs , but following a season-ending injury to fourth-year star Tim Duncan , were eliminated by the Phoenix Suns in the first round , marking the first time since 1987 that a title-winning team did not repeat . They were also the first defending champion to be eliminated in the first round since the Philadelphia 76ers in 1984 . The Lakers ' win was the first title for both O'Neal and Kobe Bryant , both considered future first-ballot Hall of Famers , and the first Lakers championship since the 1988 NBA Finals . A. C. Green , the only player left from the Lakers ' Showtime era , was in the Lakers starting lineup for this series as well . For the Pacers , it was their first Eastern Conference title after four previous appearances in the Eastern Conference Finals ; however , after this season , the team was radically altered with key players Dale Davis , Derrick McKey and Mark Jackson moving to other teams and Rik Smits retiring . Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals was the last game Patrick Ewing ever played as a Knick , and New York would not win another playoff series until 2013 . The Trail Blazers defeated the Timberwolves and the Jazz in the first two rounds before falling to the Lakers in the conference final . The Trail Blazers would not win another playoff series until 2014 . This season 's playoffs also marked the debut of the five-year-old expansion Toronto Raptors ."}]}, {'value': 'Phoenix Suns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Phoenix_Suns_seasons', 'summary': "The Phoenix Suns are a professional basketball team based in Phoenix , Arizona , United States . They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Suns began playing in the NBA as an expansion team in the 1968-69 NBA season . In their inaugural season , the Suns posted a win-loss record of 16-66 . They participated in the playoffs only once in their first seven seasons . In the 1975-76 season , a rookie Alvan Adams helped the team reach its first NBA Finals , which they lost to the Boston Celtics 4-2 . Charles Barkley and Steve Nash won the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award while playing for the Suns . Barkley led the Suns to the 1993 NBA Finals , where they lost to the Chicago Bulls . After signing with the Suns in 2004 , Nash led the team to three straight division titles , but after reaching the Conference Finals in 2009-10 the Suns have subsequently experienced their worst period of on-court failure , missing the playoffs for eight consecutive seasons ( the franchise 's previous record playoff drought was five seasons , which happened after the team made the postseason in only their second year of existence during the 1969-70 campaign ) . Despite their failures in the 2010s , the Suns franchise has the NBA 's fourth-best all-time winning percentage , winning 54 percent of its games , as of the end of the 2015-16 season . In their first forty-three seasons , the Suns made the playoffs 29 times , posted nineteen seasons with fifty or more wins , appeared nine times in the Western Conference Finals , and advanced to the NBA Finals in 1976 and 1993 . As a result , based on their all-time winning percentage , the Suns are the most successful franchise to never win an NBA championship ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 2 wins short : 1976 , 1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 1976 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 1975-76 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Boston Celtics defeating the Western Conference champion Phoenix Suns 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . The series was highlighted by Game 5 , a 3-OT victory by Boston . The Celtics won their 13th NBA title , second in the Dave Cowens era . Jo Jo White was named NBA Finals MVP . The Suns earned their first two playoff series victories in franchise history to advance to the NBA Finals ; they won their second ( and as of 2019 [ update ] , most recent ) Western Conference title in 1993 . The sixth-year Cleveland Cavaliers made their first playoff appearance and won their first playoff series . This was the final playoff appearance for the Buffalo Braves franchise in Buffalo and last until 1992 , when they returned as the Los Angeles Clippers . The Philadelphia 76ers made the playoffs for the first time since 1971 , starting a 12-year run that included four NBA Finals appearances ( 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , and 1983 ) . Despite winning their division with a losing record of 38-44 , the Milwaukee Bucks were forced to play in the best of three first round against the Detroit Pistons . This is also noted to be the most recent NBA Playoffs that did not include a sweep ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1993_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 1993 NBA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 1992-93 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bulls defeating the Western Conference champion Phoenix Suns 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . Michael Jordan was named NBA Finals MVP for the third straight year . This was the Suns ' second Western Conference title ; they made their first NBA Finals appearance since 1976 , losing to the Boston Celtics . The Knicks-Pacers rivalry started in their first-round encounter , which New York won , 3-1 . But it was n't until the next two meetings ( 1994 and 1995 ) that the rivalry became even more intense , particularly due to Reggie Miller 's heroics in the Garden that made him a household name and Indiana legitimate contenders in the East . [ citation needed ] The Charlotte Hornets made their playoff debut . Their opening-round series versus Boston was also last time the Celtics made the playoffs with Kevin McHale , who retired after the series , and Robert Parish , who left as a free agent . Game 1 of the series was the final game of Reggie Lewis ' career , as he collapsed during the first quarter and did not play for the rest of the series ; he died in July of a heart attack . Game 7 of the Western Conference Finals saw the Suns attempt sixty-four free throws while connecting on fifty-seven of them , both NBA postseason records . Sportswriter Bill Simmons called the 1993 post-season the best in NBA history ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah Jazz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Utah_Jazz_seasons', 'summary': 'This article is a list of seasons completed by the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Jazz joined the NBA as the New Orleans Jazz , an expansion team that began play in the 1974-75 season . The Jazz relocated from New Orleans to Salt Lake City , Utah for the 1979-80 season . As of April 15 , 2015 , the Utah Jazz are the last franchise to not record a 60-loss season .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 2 wins short : 1997 , 1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 1997 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 1996-97 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bulls defeating the Western Conference champion Utah Jazz 4 games to 2 . This was the Bulls ' second straight title , and fifth overall ( They completed the 3-peat by beating Utah again in 1998 ) . Michael Jordan was named NBA Finals MVP for the fifth time . This was the first Western Conference title for the Jazz in their 23-year history . The Miami Heat 's run to the Eastern Conference Finals marked the farthest they had reached in the playoffs up to that point ; they did not return until 2005 , and won the NBA Finals in 2006 . The Minnesota Timberwolves made their playoff debut after failing to win more than 30 games in their first 7 seasons . It was also the first of 7 straight years in which they made the playoffs only to lose in the first round . They were the last of the 1988/89 expansion four to make their playoff debut This was the first ( and so far , only ) time since the ABA-NBA merger that the 4 former ABA teams , the San Antonio Spurs , the Denver Nuggets , the Indiana Pacers , and the New Jersey Nets , have all missed the playoffs , even more remarkable considering the rarity with which San Antonio has missed the playoffs at all ( only 4 times since the merger ) . All four 1988/89 expansion teams ( Minnesota , Miami , Orlando and Charlotte ) made the playoffs for the first time . This would happen again in 2001 . The two # 8 seeds in this tournament , the Washington Bullets and the Los Angeles Clippers , broke long playoff droughts ( Bullets eight years , Clippers only just three ) with their appearances in the 1997 Playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1998_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 1998 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 1997-98 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bulls defeating the Western Conference champion Utah Jazz 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . The Bulls also achieved a second three peat , a goal unrivaled since the Boston Celtics in 1966 . The 1998 playoffs was the last involving the Jordan-led Bulls ( Chicago did n't make the playoffs again until 2005 ) . Michael Jordan was named NBA Finals MVP for the sixth and final time . The Indiana Pacers took the Bulls to the limit in the Eastern Conference Finals , becoming 1 of only 2 teams to force a Game 7 in the Bulls ' title years ( the Knicks achieved this in 1992 ) . This team was later named by Pacers.com as the greatest in franchise history , even better than the 2000 team that won the Eastern Conference Title , primarily due to their record . The New Jersey Nets made the playoffs for the first time since 1994 , but did not appear again until 2002 . Their presence was a mere asterisk compared to what they accomplished in 2002 , getting swept by the eventual champion Bulls . The Cleveland Cavaliers lost to Indiana in the first round 3-1 and did not appear again until 2006 . The Los Angeles Lakers advanced to the Western Conference Finals for the first time since 1991 . They were ultimately swept by the Jazz ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando Magic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Orlando_Magic_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Orlando Magic . The Orlando Magic are an American professional basketball team based in Orlando , Florida . They play in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The team was established in 1989 . The Magic have not won an NBA title , but have appeared in the NBA Finals twice , in 1995 and 2009 . The best record posted by the Magic was 60-22 , in the 1995-96 season , and their worst record was 18-64 , in the team 's inaugural season ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 3 wins short : 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2009 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2008-09 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeating the Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals . Kobe Bryant was named NBA Finals MVP . The Boston Celtics lost a best-of-7 series after leading 3-2 for the first time to the Magic in the Eastern Conference Semifinals . Before that , their first round series with the Chicago Bulls set an NBA Playoff record for the most overtime games ( 4 ) and periods ( 7 ) played . The Houston Rockets won a first round series for the first time since 1997 . They pushed the eventual champion Lakers to a Game 7 before losing . The Atlanta Hawks won a first round series for the first time since 1999 , but were swept by the Cavs after enduring a tough 7-game series with the Miami Heat , who made the playoffs for the fifth time in 6 years . The Denver Nuggets won a playoff series for the first time since 1994 , eventually reaching their first conference final since 1985 . As for the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio Spurs , they failed to advance past the first round for the first time since 2000 . The Pistons were swept by the Cavs , while the Spurs lost to the Dallas Mavericks 4-1 . The Portland Trail Blazers made the playoffs for the first time since 2003 , but for the fourth straight time , they were eliminated in the first round , courtesy of Houston in 6 games ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver Nuggets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Denver_Nuggets_seasons', 'summary': 'This is a list of seasons completed by the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They have played for 49 seasons , 38 in the NBA and nine in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . As of the close of the 2017 season , they have never reached an NBA Finals and only been to three Western Conference Finals series .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 6 wins short : 1978 , 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 1978 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 1977-78 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Washington Bullets defeating the Western Conference champion Seattle SuperSonics 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals . Wes Unseld was named NBA Finals MVP . To date , it remains the only NBA title that the Bullets ( since renamed the Wizards ) have won . It was the third NBA Finals appearance and first title for the Bullets , founded in 1961 . The Sonics made the Finals for the first time in their 11-year existence . This would be the first of two straight meetings in the Finals between the Bullets and Sonics , with Seattle winning the title the next year . This was the first time since the expansion of the playoff field to 10 teams in 1975 that neither conference champion had the benefit of a first-round bye by being one of the top two teams in the conference during the regular season . The 1979 Finals rematch between the Sonics and Bullets took place with both teams as the # 1 seed in their respective conference . The Denver Nuggets , one of the four former American Basketball Association teams to join the NBA the previous season , became the first of them to win an NBA playoff series , defeating the Milwaukee Bucks in a 7-game conference semifinal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2009 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2008-09 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeating the Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals . Kobe Bryant was named NBA Finals MVP . The Boston Celtics lost a best-of-7 series after leading 3-2 for the first time to the Magic in the Eastern Conference Semifinals . Before that , their first round series with the Chicago Bulls set an NBA Playoff record for the most overtime games ( 4 ) and periods ( 7 ) played . The Houston Rockets won a first round series for the first time since 1997 . They pushed the eventual champion Lakers to a Game 7 before losing . The Atlanta Hawks won a first round series for the first time since 1999 , but were swept by the Cavs after enduring a tough 7-game series with the Miami Heat , who made the playoffs for the fifth time in 6 years . The Denver Nuggets won a playoff series for the first time since 1994 , eventually reaching their first conference final since 1985 . As for the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio Spurs , they failed to advance past the first round for the first time since 2000 . The Pistons were swept by the Cavs , while the Spurs lost to the Dallas Mavericks 4-1 . The Portland Trail Blazers made the playoffs for the first time since 2003 , but for the fourth straight time , they were eliminated in the first round , courtesy of Houston in 6 games ."}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Timberwolves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_Timberwolves_seasons', 'summary': 'This article is a list of seasons completed by the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association . The Timberwolves joined the NBA as an expansion team for the 1989-90 NBA season , along with the Orlando Magic .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 6 wins short : 2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2004 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2003-04 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Detroit Pistons defeating the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals . Chauncey Billups was named NBA Finals MVP . The Minnesota Timberwolves , after missing the playoffs their first seven seasons and losing in the first round the next seven , won their first two playoff series in 2004 before losing to the Lakers in the Western Conference Finals . As of 2019 [ update ] , these are the Wolves ' only two series victories . The Timberwolves would not make the playoffs again until 2018 . The Indiana Pacers made the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since their NBA Finals run in 2000 , after which they significantly changed the makeup of their team ( yet still made the playoffs every year ) . Game 2 of the series with the Pistons was pivotal , as Tayshaun Prince blocked a lay-up by Reggie Miller late in the game to preserve the victory ; the Pistons won 4-2 . The 2004 playoffs was the first appearance for the Memphis Grizzlies in their 9-year history which began in Vancouver . However , they failed to win a single game in their first 3 playoff appearances ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 ) , before earning their first playoff game and series victories in 2011 . This was the last playoff appearance for the New York Knicks until 2011 , when they would be swept in the first round . The Portland Trail Blazers and Utah Jazz missed the playoffs for the first time since 1982 and 1983 , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Memphis Grizzlies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Memphis_Grizzlies_seasons', 'summary': 'This is a list of seasons completed by the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The team was founded in 1995 as the Vancouver Grizzlies as one of two franchises that joined the NBA for the 1995-96 season . The Grizzlies moved to Memphis after the 2000-01 season .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 8 wins short : 2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2013 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2012-13 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat defeating the Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals . LeBron James was named NBA Finals MVP . The Miami Heat headed into the playoffs with a franchise-best 66 wins , topping the league in the regular season . Their 2012 Finals opponents , the Oklahoma City Thunder , topped the Western Conference with 60 wins , making it the first time since 2006 that the two teams who faced off in the previous year 's finals topped their respective conferences in the next regular season . However , when the Thunder lost to the Memphis Grizzlies in the Conference Semifinals , home court advantage in the Western Conference Finals went to the San Antonio Spurs , who were two games ahead of the Grizzlies . The New York Knicks entered the playoffs with their best regular-season performance since 1997 , finishing atop the Atlantic Division for the first time since 1994 . The Indiana Pacers won the Central Division for the first time since 2004 , while the Los Angeles Clippers made franchise history by winning their first Pacific Division title and having a 56-win season , tied with the Memphis Grizzlies , whose 56 wins were also a franchise record . The Denver Nuggets earned the West 's third seed and headed into the playoffs with a franchise-record 57 wins . The Brooklyn Nets and Golden State Warriors made their first playoff appearances since 2007 . This also marked the first time that Barclays Center hosted a playoff game . The Houston Rockets made their first playoff appearance since 2009 , while the Milwaukee Bucks appeared for the first time since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Clippers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_Clippers_seasons', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Clippers are a professional basketball team based in Los Angeles , California . They play in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and are a member of the NBA Western Conference 's Pacific Division . The Clippers were founded in 1970 as the Buffalo Braves . They were one of three franchises that joined the NBA as an expansion team in the 1970-71 season . The Braves moved to San Diego , California after the 1977-78 season , and became known as the San Diego Clippers . For the 1984-85 NBA season , the Clippers moved north to Los Angeles and became known as the Los Angeles Clippers . On October 14 , 1970 , the Braves beat the Cleveland Cavaliers 107-92 in their first game . In the 1972 NBA Draft , the Braves selected Bob McAdoo , who later won such awards as Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player . During McAdoo 's years ( 1972-76 ) with the franchise , the Braves reached the post-season three times and had a record of nine wins and 13 losses during that time . Overall , the Clippers have qualified for the post-season fourteen times ; most recently in the 2018-19 season . They passed the first round of the playoffs five times ( 1975-76 , 2005-06 , 2011-12 , 2013-14 and 2014-15 ) . The Clippers have never won league or Conference titles ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 wins short : 1975 , 2006 , 2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1975_NBA_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1975 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 1974-75 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors defeating the Eastern Conference champion Washington Bullets 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals . Rick Barry was named NBA Finals MVP . The Warriors won their third NBA title and first since 1956 as the Philadelphia Warriors . The playoff format was revised again , as the result of which the first two finishers in each division were guaranteed playoff berths , along with the best third-place team from each conference . Once each conference 's qualifiers were selected , they were seeded 1-5 , with the fourth and fifth seeds playing a best-of-three series , with the victor advancing to play the first seed in a best-of-seven semifinal , while the second and third seeds played the other semifinal . The eight-year-old Seattle SuperSonics made their playoff debut , winning the first playoff series in franchise history against the Detroit Pistons . Seattle would go on to make consecutive NBA Finals appearances in 1978 and 1979 , winning the championship the latter year . The Kansas City-Omaha Kings made their first playoff appearance since 1967 as the Cincinnati Royals , and the Houston Rockets made their first playoff appearance since 1969 as the San Diego Rockets . The 1975 playoffs expanded the number of playoff qualifiers to 10 ; it would be expanded again to 12 in 1977 and again to its current number of 16 in 1984 . At the time , this was the closest the Chicago Bulls came to an NBA title , losing to the Warriors in the Western Conference Finals 4-3 . This was their only Western Conference Finals appearance as they would move to the Eastern Conference in 1980 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2006 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2005-06 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat defeating the Western Conference champion Dallas Mavericks 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . Dwyane Wade was named NBA Finals MVP . The Clippers were the biggest surprise , as they not only made the playoffs for the first time since 1997 , but advanced to the second round for the first time since 1976 , when they were the Buffalo Braves . They came within 1 game of making the conference finals for the first time , but lost Game 7 to the Suns . 2006 was the playoff debut of LeBron James , who helped the Cavaliers eke out 1-point OT victories over the Washington Wizards in Games 5 and 6 of their first-round series to advance . It was their first playoff appearance since 1998 , and they earned their first playoff series win since 1993 . Against the two-time defending Eastern Conference champion Detroit Pistons , the Cavs were routed in Game 1 and lost Game 2 by 6 before winning the next 3 and being 1 game away from beating the Pistons . Detroit recovered and won the last 2 to take the series in 7 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2015 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2014-15 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors defeating the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . Andre Iguodala was named NBA Finals MVP ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Pelicans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_Orleans_Pelicans_seasons', 'summary': 'The New Orleans Pelicans are a professional basketball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana . They are members of the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The franchise began play during the 2002-03 NBA season as the New Orleans Hornets following the relocation of the Charlotte Hornets , based in Charlotte , North Carolina . After three seasons in New Orleans , Hurricane Katrina forced the franchise to temporarily relocate to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , where they spent two seasons as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets . The Hornets returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007-08 season . The team changed its name to the New Orleans Pelicans at the conclusion of the 2012-13 season . Led by All-Star Baron Davis , the New Orleans Hornets qualified for their first post-season appearance during the 2002-03 season . They lost to the Philadelphia 76ers in the first round . The team earned their first division title during the 2007-08 season , behind the play of All-Stars Chris Paul and David West . Finishing with a franchise-best record of 56 wins and 26 losses , the Hornets won the Southwest Division title over the defending champion San Antonio Spurs . They advanced to the Conference Semifinals , where they were defeated by the Spurs in seven games . In 16 seasons , the Pelicans have compiled an overall record of 630-715 all-time .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 wins short : 2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2008 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2007-08 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Boston Celtics defeating the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . Paul Pierce was named NBA Finals MVP . The playoffs were noted for the Atlanta Hawks ' return after 9 years , taking the # 1 seed and eventual champion Celtics to 7 games before bowing out . Also notable was the debut of the Chris Paul-led Hornets in the playoffs after Hurricane Katrina and their 7-game series against defending champions San Antonio Spurs , and the Lakers and Celtics ' revitalization of their franchises , most especially after key trades during the preseason and regular season . The Celtics ended up playing 26 playoff games ( 2 games short of a full length postseason of 28 ) , breaking the 25 game record of the 1994 Knicks and 2005 Pistons by 1 game for the most playoff games in a single season played by 1 NBA team . The Knicks , however , only played a Best-of-5 First Round , and so had 2 fewer games to accomplish that feat . Also , the top seeds from each Conference met in the NBA Finals for the first time since 2000 . The 2008 Finals was also the first since 1998 to feature neither Shaquille O'Neal nor Tim Duncan . The Golden State Warriors won 48 games , more than 5 of the 8 playoff teams in the Eastern Conference . However , all eight qualifiers in the Western Conference finished with at least 50 wins , thus leaving the Warriors out of the postseason ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte Hornets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Charlotte_Hornets_seasons', 'summary': "The Charlotte Hornets are a professional basketball club based in Charlotte , North Carolina . They are members of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , playing in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference . The original Charlotte Hornets franchise played in Charlotte from 1988-2002 before relocating to New Orleans , Louisiana and becoming the New Orleans Hornets . A new franchise , the Charlotte Bobcats , began play in the 2004-05 season . The team played for ten seasons as the Bobcats before adopting the Hornets name again starting in the 2014-15 season . The Hornets name was left available after the New Orleans Hornets renamed themselves the New Orleans Pelicans . As part of a deal between the Bobcats , Pelicans and NBA , the renamed Hornets reclaimed the original Hornets ' history and records from 1988 to 2002 , while all of the Hornets ' history and records from after relocation to New Orleans in 2002 through 2013 remained with the Pelicans . As a result , the Hornets are now reckoned as having suspended operations after the 2001-02 season before returning as the Bobcats in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 wins short : 2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_NBA_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2001 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2000-01 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeating the Eastern Conference champion Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 1 . Shaquille O'Neal was named NBA Finals MVP for the second straight year . Since 2001 , the 76ers have not advanced beyond the conference semifinals . This was the 76ers ' first Finals appearance since Moses Malone and Julius Erving led the 1983 team to the NBA title ( coincidentally , last defeating the Lakers ) in the famous fo ' , fo ' , fo ' year ( it ended up being fo ' , fi ' , fo ' , as Philadelphia lost one second-round game to the Milwaukee Bucks that year ) . However , it was the Lakers ' turn to put together the most dominant postseason in NBA history , going 15-1 with their only loss coming in OT to the Sixers in Game 1 of the Finals . They set many records , including going undefeated in regulation and on the road ( finishing 8-0 in the latter category ) . They were the second NBA champion to defeat four 50-win or better teams on their way to the title as the Rockets did it first in 1995 . The Lakers also equaled the previous records set by their 1989 team by winning their first 11 post-season games and sweeping three series in the post-season . Their playoff dominance would be bested after the first round of playoffs was extended to a best of seven format instead of the best of five in the 2003 NBA playoffs by the 2016-17 Golden State Warriors who would go 16-1 on their way to their fifth championship . The Milwaukee Bucks won their first playoff series since 1989 , made the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 1986 and won the division for the first time since that year . They won the division and a playoff series in 2019 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'All-time droughts -- Closest approaches without winning', 'section_text': 'Updated through the 2019 playoffs .', 'uid': 'List_of_NBA_franchise_post-season_droughts_5', 'intro': 'This is a list of National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise post-season appearance droughts. This list includes the all-time and the active consecutive non-playoffs. Aside from the NBA playoff appearance droughts, this list also includes droughts of series wins, appearances in the NBA Finals and NBA championship wins. The oldest such franchise is the Suns (51 seasons), while the Royals/Kings and the Hawks have even longer championship droughts (68 and 61 seasons, respectively). Six franchises have never been to the NBA Finals, the highest number among the major North American sports. The oldest such team is the Braves/Clippers franchise (49 seasons); the Kings and the Hawks have appearance droughts that are even longer (69 and 59 seasons, respectively). The longest a franchise has gone without appearing in the playoffs at all is 15 seasons: the Braves/Clippers franchise from 1977 to 1991. Of the 19 franchises that have won an NBA championship, 8 have droughts of 36 seasons or more, which is to say that the past 36 championships have been shared among only 11 franchises: the Lakers (8), Bulls (6), Spurs (5), Celtics (3), Pistons (3), Heat (3), Warriors (3), Rockets (2), Mavericks (1), Cavaliers (1), and Raptors (1). By contrast, the other three major North American sports have each had at least 16 franchises become champions over the same period of time.'}
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How many Conference Semi-Final Appearances has the only team to not record a 60-loss season made ?
16
08be4c178727d878
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Ethiopia at the 2012 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tirunesh Dibaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tirunesh_Dibaba', 'summary': "Tirunesh Dibaba , also known as Tirunesh Dibaba Kenene , ( Amharic : ጥሩነሽ ዲባባ ቀነኒ ; born 1 June 1985 ) is an Ethiopian athlete who competes in long distance track events and international road races . She is the 5000 metres ( outdoor track ) world record holder . She has won three Olympic track gold medals , five World Championship track gold medals , four individual World Cross Country ( WCC ) adult titles , and one individual WCC junior title . She is nicknamed the Baby Faced Destroyer . At the 2005 IAAF World Championships in Helsinki Finland , she became the first women to win the 5000 m and 10000m at the same championship . She is the one of two women ( the other Sonia O'Sullivan ) who won the short and long course World Cross Country title at the same championship ( 2005 in Saint Galmier , France ) . With her 2003 World championship title , she became the youngest World Champion with the age of 18 years and 90 days ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10,000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_10,000_metres", 'summary': "The women 's 10,000 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom was held at Olympic Stadium on 3 August . The race started off conservatively , led by the three Japanese runners , trailed by Britton who broke away to a 15-meter lead 800 metres into the race , though the peloton reeled that in . After the first 8 laps , the Kenyan and Ethiopian runners moved to the front as other runners dropped off the back , one by one . The field whittled itself down to just the three Kenyan and Ethiopian athletes , trailed by Eshete ( Ethiopian born , running for Bahrain ) . Eshete would set the Bahrain national record in this race . With 7 laps to go , Chepkirui dropped out . In that same move Oljira and Eshete lost a step of contact and were separated from the field . Led by Kidane pushing the pace , it turned into a dual meet . With three laps to go , Kipyego edged into the lead with her move covered by the defending champion Dibaba . World champion Cheruiyot trailed but did n't look like she had the power to push ahead . In the turn with under 600 metres to go , Dibaba put the hammer down , passing Kipyego decisively and charging away . The last lap was a victory sprint for Dibaba with no challenger in sight ."}]}, {'value': '3 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tiki Gelana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiki_Gelana', 'summary': 'Erba Tiki Gelana ( Amharic : ኧርባ ቲኪ ገላና ; born 22 October 1987 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes in marathon races . Her personal best of 2:18:58 had been the Ethiopian national record for the event from 2012 to 2017 . She won the 2011 Amsterdam Marathon and the 2012 Rotterdam Marathon . She won the gold medal at the 2012 London Olympics with a time of 2:23:07 , a new Olympic record .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's marathon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_marathon", 'summary': "The women 's marathon at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held on the Olympic marathon street course on 5 August . The course started and finished on The Mall in central London . Runners completed one short circuit of 2.219 miles around part of the City of Westminster and then three longer circuits of 8 miles around Westminster , the Victoria Embankment and the City of London . The course was designed to pass many of London 's best known landmarks , including Buckingham Palace , Trafalgar Square , St Paul 's Cathedral , the Guildhall , Leadenhall Market , the Monument , the Tower of London and the Houses of Parliament . Tiki Gelana from Ethiopia won the gold medal , completing the course in an Olympic record-breaking time of 2 hours 23 minutes 7 seconds . Kenya 's Priscah Jeptoo finished second to win silver and Tatyana Petrova Arkhipova , representing Russia , took bronze ."}]}, {'value': '5 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meseret Defar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meseret_Defar', 'summary': 'Meseret Defar Tola ( Amharic : መሰረት ደፋር ; born 19 November 1983 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes chiefly in the 3000 metres and 5000 metres events . She has won medals at top-tier international competitions including Olympic and World Championship gold medals over 5000 metres . She broke the world record in the event in 2006 , broke it again in 2007 and held it until 2008 , when fellow Ethiopian Tirunesh Dibaba beat her time . In 2007 on a track in Brussels Belgium , she became the only woman , with a 2 mile run in less than 9 minutes ( 8:58.58 ) . This was an improvement on the world record by 11 seconds . Defar has been successful in the 5000 m at the Olympic Games , taking gold at the 2012 London Olympics , 2004 Athens Olympics and bronze at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . She has experienced similar success in the World Championships , taking silver in 2005 Helsinki Championships and gold at the 2007 Osaka Championships . Defar held the indoor records for the 5000 metres , 3000 metres and two-mile run . She has dominated the 3000 m indoor event , winning four consecutive gold medals at the IAAF World Indoor Championships from 2004 to 2010 . She is also a two-time champion at the All-Africa Games , a four-time medalist at the African Championships and a two-time gold medalist at the World Junior Championships . Defar took a break from competition in 2014 in order to start a family . She vowed to return by 2015 although she did not compete in the August World Championships in Beijing .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 5000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_5000_metres", 'summary': "The Women 's 5000 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . The event final was held at the Olympic Stadium on 10 of August . From the start of the final Joanne Pavey took the lead , with Dibaba moving into the fourth position in the procession , ready to cover any moves . After about four laps Elena Romagnolo took up the front position for a few laps , to be replaced again with Pavey . At the 3K mark , Julia Bleasdale moved in behind her teammate , but in the next 200 metres , Dibaba decided it was time to take up the lead . The pace accelerated markedly , with the Ethiopian and Kenyan teams coming to the front and the others falling off the back . Viola Jelagat Kibiwot was the last to pay attention , sprinting along the outside to catch the group of leaders . Bleasdale was the last to stay with that group of six , who had achieved separation with 600 to go , Dibaba and Meseret Defar , led Kibiwot and Vivian Cheruiyot with the pace steadily increasing . With 200 to go , Cheruiyot moved into third , Kibiwot losing ground . Coming off the turn Defar moved onto Dibaba 's shoulder , followed by Cheruiyot . Coming around the outside , Defar passed Dibaba , with Dibaba unable to change pace . 3 metres behind , Cheruiyot followed Defar to the line ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sofia Assefa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sofia_Assefa', 'summary': 'Sofia Assefa ( Amharic : ሶፍአ አሠፋ ; born 14 November 1987 in Tenta , South Wollo ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specializes in the 3000 metres steeplechase . She was the silver medalist at the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 3000 m steeplechase", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_3000_metres_steeplechase", 'summary': "The Women 's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2012 Summer Olympics took place on 4-6 August at the Olympic Stadium . From the gun in the final , reigning world champion Yuliya Zaripova sprinted out to the lead and dictated the pace . But rather than continuing to accelerate , she slowed , with the rest of the field bunching behind with nobody willing to go around . The pack slowly disintegrated by attrition . With 3 laps to go a group of seven had separated , including all three Ethiopians , plus Milcah Chemos Cheywa , Mercy Wanjiku Njoroge and Habiba Ghribi , all still behind Zaripova . On the 6th lap , defending champion and World Record holder Gulnara Galkina , already off the back , made a right turn and stepped off the track . The pace quickened , losing Etenesh Diro and Njoroge at the water jump . Zaripova just continued to accelerate . On the back stretch Ghribi looked to be clear of the other three but almost put her hand out so as not to pass Zaripova . From that point , Zaripova just extended her lead with Ghribi clearly in second place . Sofia Assefa broke away from her teammate Hiwot Ayalew . Down the home stretch Cheywa made a late run but Assefa held on for the bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': '6 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dejen Gebremeskel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dejen_Gebremeskel', 'summary': 'Dejen Gebremeskel ( born 24 November 1989 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who primarily competes in track events . His personal best of 12:46.81 minutes for the 5000 metres ranks him as the fifth fastest of all time for the distance . He was the 5000 m silver medallist at the 2012 London Olympics and took the bronze medal over that distance at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics . He won his first track medals as a junior , coming second at the African Junior Athletics Championships , then taking the bronze medal at the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics . He was a finalist at the IAAF World Indoor Championships in 2010 and 2012 . He is a five-time winner of the Carlsbad 5000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 5000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_5000_metres", 'summary': "The men 's 5000 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . The event was held at the Olympic Stadium on 8-11 August . The final race started out slowly , the first lap in 74.1 and only that fast because Hayle Ibrahimov accelerated the last 100 . The field continued running splits in the 70s , Lopez Lomong leading through 2000 in a pedestrian 5:56.7 . In the seventh lap Yenew Alamirew moved to the front and accelerated the pace , the next several laps down below 62 , Mo Farah the only one to break up the Ethiopian team at the front . With 700 to go , Farah took the lead , his training partner Galen Rupp joining him with 500 to go , as the rest of the field jostling to be in position to sprint . First Hagos Gebrhiwet challenged , then disappeared . Down the backstretch , Thomas Pkemei Longosiwa challenged , with Abdalaati Iguider immediately behind . Dejen Gebremeskel , Bernard Lagat and Isiah Kiplangat Koech packing up around the final turn . At the head of the stretch , Koech contacted Lagat as he was just coming clear to sprint , Lagat stumbling . Meanwhile , Farah was accelerating ahead of Longosiwa , who could n't handle the speed . Gebremeskel went around the outside with Lagat 's delayed sprint unable to catch Longosiwa ."}]}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tariku Bekele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tariku_Bekele', 'summary': 'Tariku Bekele ( Amharic : ታሪኩ በቀለ ; born 28 February 1987 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner , who specializes in the 5000 metres and has moved up to 10000 metres as well . He is the younger brother of Kenenisa Bekele . He is the fourth fastest Ethiopian ever over 5000 m and 3000 metres . His indoor 3000 m best of 7:31.09 ranks him as the ninth fastest of all-time in the event . He was the 10,000 m bronze medallist at the 2012 Summer Olympics . His first major victory came at the 2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships , where he won the 3000 m gold medal . He was the 2006 World Junior Champion over the distance and also won a cross country junior bronze medal that year . He took a continental silver medal at the 2007 All-Africa Games . Tariku has finished in the top eight of 5000 m finals at the 2008 Summer Olympics and at the World Championships in Athletics in 2005 and 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10,000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_10,000_metres", 'summary': "The Men 's 10,000 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . The event was held at the Olympic Stadium on 4 August . The race was won by Mo Farah , the reigning 5000 metres World Champion , in a time of 27:30.42 . From the beginning Farah stayed close to the race leaders , who on the first lap were the defending champion Kenenisa Bekele and his brother Tariku . After six laps , the half marathon world record holder Zersenay Tadese and his Eritrean teammates began to push the pace . At the same time , Moses Kipsiro went down , causing the field to scatter and Farah to fall back in the field with his American training partner Galen Rupp . When Tariku Bekele came up behind Tadese , his attempt to force the pace slowed . The 5000 metre mark was reached in 14:05.79 , with Tadesse in front , though Bedan Karoki Muchiri took the lead soon after . Thirteen runners remained in the lead pack including three Ethiopians , three Eritreans , two Kenyans , Kipsiro , Kenyan born Polat Kemboi Arikan running for Turkey , Canadian Cameron Levins , Farah and Rupp . Strategic play continued as Tariku elbowed Farah , causing him to step to the outside ready to cover a move . Then the third Ethiopian Gebregziabher Gebremariam , ran to the front , but rather than forcing the pace , he seemed to slow it down . With two laps to go , Tariku Bekele regained the lead , with Farah on his shoulder and Moses Ndiema Masai , Rupp and Michuri following in close formation ."}]}, {'value': '4 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tirunesh Dibaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tirunesh_Dibaba', 'summary': "Tirunesh Dibaba , also known as Tirunesh Dibaba Kenene , ( Amharic : ጥሩነሽ ዲባባ ቀነኒ ; born 1 June 1985 ) is an Ethiopian athlete who competes in long distance track events and international road races . She is the 5000 metres ( outdoor track ) world record holder . She has won three Olympic track gold medals , five World Championship track gold medals , four individual World Cross Country ( WCC ) adult titles , and one individual WCC junior title . She is nicknamed the Baby Faced Destroyer . At the 2005 IAAF World Championships in Helsinki Finland , she became the first women to win the 5000 m and 10000m at the same championship . She is the one of two women ( the other Sonia O'Sullivan ) who won the short and long course World Cross Country title at the same championship ( 2005 in Saint Galmier , France ) . With her 2003 World championship title , she became the youngest World Champion with the age of 18 years and 90 days ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 5000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_5000_metres", 'summary': "The Women 's 5000 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . The event final was held at the Olympic Stadium on 10 of August . From the start of the final Joanne Pavey took the lead , with Dibaba moving into the fourth position in the procession , ready to cover any moves . After about four laps Elena Romagnolo took up the front position for a few laps , to be replaced again with Pavey . At the 3K mark , Julia Bleasdale moved in behind her teammate , but in the next 200 metres , Dibaba decided it was time to take up the lead . The pace accelerated markedly , with the Ethiopian and Kenyan teams coming to the front and the others falling off the back . Viola Jelagat Kibiwot was the last to pay attention , sprinting along the outside to catch the group of leaders . Bleasdale was the last to stay with that group of six , who had achieved separation with 600 to go , Dibaba and Meseret Defar , led Kibiwot and Vivian Cheruiyot with the pace steadily increasing . With 200 to go , Cheruiyot moved into third , Kibiwot losing ground . Coming off the turn Defar moved onto Dibaba 's shoulder , followed by Cheruiyot . Coming around the outside , Defar passed Dibaba , with Dibaba unable to change pace . 3 metres behind , Cheruiyot followed Defar to the line ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abeba Aregawi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abeba_Aregawi', 'summary': 'Abeba Aregawi Gebretsadik ( Amharic : አበባ አረጋዊ ; born 5 July 1990 ) is an Ethiopian-born middle-distance runner from Tigray , who specialised in the 1500 metres . Her personal best for the event is 3:56.54 . Aregawi is the 2013 world champion over 1500 metres . She represented Sweden internationally . However after failing a drugs test and being banned from the sport it emerged that she had never gained Swedish citizenship and had lied to the Swedish federation in order to compete for them . Abeba was born in Adigrat , Ethiopia , and holds both Swedish and Ethiopian citizenships . She represented her birth country in middle-distance until December 2012 . Abeba was married to an Ethiopian man with Swedish citizenship and allegedly lived in Stockholm 2009-2012 . She is now remarried to Yemane Tsegay and lives in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . She represented the Stockholm-based club Hammarby IF to January 2016 . She was naturalized as a Swedish citizen in the summer of 2012 , and has represented Sweden in international competition since December 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 1500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_1500_metres", 'summary': "The women 's 1500 metres competition was an event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . The competition was held at the Olympic Stadium from 6-10 August . The top two finishers were later found to have used prohibited drugs during this period , and subsequently disqualified ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ethiopia_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Ethiopia competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, from 27 July to 12 August 2012. This was the nation's twelfth appearance at the Olympics, having missed three occasions because of the African, Soviet, and North Korean boycott. The Ethiopian Olympic Committee sent a total of 35 athletes to the Games, 18 men and 17 women, to compete only in athletics, specifically in the middle and long-distance running events, and swimming, the nation's Olympic debut. The Ethiopian team featured the defending Olympic champions, long-distance runners Kenenisa Bekele and Tirunesh Dibaba. Among these champions, Dibaba managed to defend her Olympic title, in the women's 10,000 metres event. Another middle-distance runner Meseret Defar became the second Ethiopian female athlete to regain her title in the women's 5,000 metres event, ahead of her compatriot and defending champion Dibaba, who won only the bronze medal. Tiki Gelana became the second female Ethiopian to win the women's marathon after 16 years. Swimmer Yanet Seyoum was the nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony. Ethiopia left London with a total of 7 medals (3 gold, 1 silver, and 3 bronze), sharing the same records with Beijing and Athens, respectively. One more medal was redistributed after the games ended due to doping cases. All gold medals were received only by women for the first time in its history."}
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The winner of bronze at the 2012 Summer Olympics event of Men 's 10,000 m was born in what year ?
1987
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hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Kyrgyzstan', 'title': 'President of Kyrgyzstan', 'header': ['Date', 'President', 'Location', 'Document Sworn On', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'December 10 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Askar Akayev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Askar_Akayev', 'summary': 'Askar Akayevich Akayev ( Kyrgyz : Аскар Акаевич Акаев , Asqar Aqayeviç Aqayev ) ( born 10 November 1944 ) is a Kyrgyz politician who served as President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until being overthrown in the March 2005 Tulip Revolution .'}]}, {'value': 'White House , Bishkek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_House,_Bishkek', 'summary': 'The White House is the presidential office building in Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan . The White House was the site of riots during both the 2005 Tulip Revolution and the 2010 Kyrgyzstani riots . During the 2010 riots a fire broke out and damaged portions of the building and destroyed the hard copies of many government records .'}]}, {'value': 'Constitution of the Kyrgyz SSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constitution_of_Kyrgyzstan', 'summary': 'The current constitution of Kyrgyzstan was passed by referendum on June 27 , 2010 , replacing the previous constitution . It introduced a strong parliament to the country , reducing the power of the historically strong president . The constitution is similar in many ways to the previous one .'}]}, {'value': 'It was the first presidential inauguration in the history of Kyrgyzstan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 29 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Askar Akayev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Askar_Akayev', 'summary': 'Askar Akayevich Akayev ( Kyrgyz : Аскар Акаевич Акаев , Asqar Aqayeviç Aqayev ) ( born 10 November 1944 ) is a Kyrgyz politician who served as President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until being overthrown in the March 2005 Tulip Revolution .'}]}, {'value': 'White House , Bishkek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_House,_Bishkek', 'summary': 'The White House is the presidential office building in Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan . The White House was the site of riots during both the 2005 Tulip Revolution and the 2010 Kyrgyzstani riots . During the 2010 riots a fire broke out and damaged portions of the building and destroyed the hard copies of many government records .'}]}, {'value': 'Constitution of Kyrgyzstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constitution_of_Kyrgyzstan', 'summary': 'The current constitution of Kyrgyzstan was passed by referendum on June 27 , 2010 , replacing the previous constitution . It introduced a strong parliament to the country , reducing the power of the historically strong president . The constitution is similar in many ways to the previous one .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 24 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Askar Akayev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Askar_Akayev', 'summary': 'Askar Akayevich Akayev ( Kyrgyz : Аскар Акаевич Акаев , Asqar Aqayeviç Aqayev ) ( born 10 November 1944 ) is a Kyrgyz politician who served as President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until being overthrown in the March 2005 Tulip Revolution .'}]}, {'value': 'Philarmonic Hall named after Toktogul Satylganov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constitution of Kyrgyzstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constitution_of_Kyrgyzstan', 'summary': 'The current constitution of Kyrgyzstan was passed by referendum on June 27 , 2010 , replacing the previous constitution . It introduced a strong parliament to the country , reducing the power of the historically strong president . The constitution is similar in many ways to the previous one .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 14 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurmanbek Bakiyev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurmanbek_Bakiyev', 'summary': "Kurmanbek Saliyevich Bakiyev ( Kyrgyz : Курманбек Салиевич ( Сали уулу ) Бакиев , Qurmanbek Saliyeviç ( Sali Uulu ) Baqiyev ; born 1 August 1949 ) is a politician who served as the second President of Kyrgyzstan , from 2005 to 2010 . Large opposition protests in April 2010 led to the takeover of government offices , forcing Bakiyev to flee the country . Bakiyev was the leader of the People 's Movement of Kyrgyzstan before his ascendance to the presidency . He received most of his popular support from the south of the country . The Legislative Assembly of Kyrgyzstan of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan appointed him acting President on 25 March 2005 , following the ousting , during the Tulip Revolution , of President Askar Akayev . In October 2007 , Bakiyev initiated the creation of Ak Jol party , but could not lead it due to his presidency ."}]}, {'value': 'Ala-Too Square', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ala-Too_Square', 'summary': "Ala-Too Square ( Kyrgyz : Ала-тоо аянты , Ala-Too ayanty , [ ɑlɑˈtoː ɑjɑnˈtɯ́ ] ; Russian : Площадь Ала-Тоо , Ploshchad ' Ala-Too , [ ˈploɕːətʲ ɐlɐˈto ] ) is the central square in Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan ."}]}, {'value': 'Constitution of Kyrgyzstan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'It took place on Ala-Too Square for the first time . The President of Kazakhstan , Nursultan Nazarbayev , the Prime Minister of Tajikistan , Oqil Oqilov , the Chairman of the National Assembly of Belarus , Gennady Novitsky , the Minister of Defense of Turkey , Vecdi Gönül , and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine , Borys Tarasyuk attended the inauguration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev', 'summary': "Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbayev [ note 2 ] ( born 6 July 1940 ) is a Kazakh politician currently serving as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan and previously served as the first President of Kazakhstan , in office from 24 April 1990 to his resignation on 19 March 2019 . He is one of the longest-served non-royal leaders in the world , having ruled Kazakhstan for nearly three decades . He was named First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR in 1989 and was elected as the nation 's first president following its independence from the Soviet Union . He holds the title Leader of the Nation . In April 2015 , Nazarbayev was re-elected with almost 98% of the vote , as he ran virtually unopposed . Nazarbayev has been accused of human rights abuses by several human rights organisations and suppressed dissent and presided over an authoritarian regime . No election held in Kazakhstan since independence has been judged to be free or fair by the West . In 2010 , he announced reforms to encourage a multi-party system . In January 2017 , Nazarbayev proposed constitutional reforms that would delegate powers to the Parliament of Kazakhstan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oqil_Oqilov', 'summary': "Oqil Oqilov ( Tajik : Оқил Ғайбуллоевич Оқилов , Oqil Ghaybulloyevich Oqilov ; Russian : Окил Гайбуллаевич Окилов ; born 2 February 1944 ) is a Tajikistani politician . He was the Prime Minister of Tajikistan from 20 December 1999 to 23 November 2013 . He is a member of the People 's Democratic Party of Tajikistan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gennady_Novitsky', 'summary': "Gennady Vasilyevich Novitsky ( Belarusian : Гена́дзь Васі́левіч Наві́цкі , tr . Henadz Vasilevich Navitski , [ ʝeˈnadzʲ naˈvʲitsci ] ; Russian : Генна́дий Васи́льевич Нови́цкий , tr . Gennadiy Vasilyevich Novitskiy ; born January 2 , 1949 ) is a Belarusian politician . He was a Deputy Prime Minister from 1997 to 2001 . He has held various positions including the position as the 5th Prime Minister of Republic of Belarus . Novitsky served in his Prime Ministerial office under the Presidency of Alexander Lukashenko . He held this position from October 2001 until Sergey Sidorsky 's appointment in July 2004 . More recently Navicki has held the post of speaker of Council of the Republic of Belarus ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vecdi_Gönül', 'summary': "Mehmet Vecdi Gönül ( pronounced [ vedʒdi ˈɟœnyl ] ; born 29 November 1939 ) is a Turkish politician who served as the Minister of National Defence of Turkey from 3 July to 17 November 2015 . He previously served in the same position from 2002 to 2011 and was a Member of Parliament from 1999 to 2015 . Gönül first entered Parliament in the 1999 general election as an MP for Kocaeli from the Islamist Virtue Party ( FP ) . He joined the Justice and Development Party ( AKP ) in 2011 when the FP was shut down and was re-elected as an AKP MP from Kocaeli in the 2002 general election . He became Minister of National Defence in the government of Abdullah Gül and continued in his position when Recep Tayyip Erdoğan took over as Prime Minister in March 2003 . He was re-elected as an MP , this time from İzmir 's second electoral district , in the 2007 general election and again from Antalya in 2011 . In Erdoğan 's third cabinet , he was succeeded as National Defence Minister by İsmet Yılmaz . Due to the AKP 's three term limit , Gönül stepped down from Parliament at the June 2015 general election . After serving National Defence Minister İsmet Yılmaz was elected as Speaker of the Grand National Assembly on 1 July 2015 , Gönül was re-appointed as National Defence Minister by Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu despite not being an MP and served until 17 November 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Borys_Tarasyuk', 'summary': "Borys Ivanovych Tarasyuk ( Ukrainian : Борис Іванович Тарасюк ; born 1 January 1949 ) is a Ukrainian politician who twice served as the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and a former MP who is since December 2019 Ukraine 's permanent representative to the Council of Europe . Tarasyuk studied international relations and international law at National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv , and graduated in 1975 . Besides Ukrainian , he is fluent in English , French and Russian . As of 2012 , Tarasyuk is a sitting member of the International Honorary Council of the European Academy of Diplomacy ."}]}, {'value': 'August 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurmanbek Bakiyev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurmanbek_Bakiyev', 'summary': "Kurmanbek Saliyevich Bakiyev ( Kyrgyz : Курманбек Салиевич ( Сали уулу ) Бакиев , Qurmanbek Saliyeviç ( Sali Uulu ) Baqiyev ; born 1 August 1949 ) is a politician who served as the second President of Kyrgyzstan , from 2005 to 2010 . Large opposition protests in April 2010 led to the takeover of government offices , forcing Bakiyev to flee the country . Bakiyev was the leader of the People 's Movement of Kyrgyzstan before his ascendance to the presidency . He received most of his popular support from the south of the country . The Legislative Assembly of Kyrgyzstan of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan appointed him acting President on 25 March 2005 , following the ousting , during the Tulip Revolution , of President Askar Akayev . In October 2007 , Bakiyev initiated the creation of Ak Jol party , but could not lead it due to his presidency ."}]}, {'value': 'Government House , Bishkek', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constitution of Kyrgyzstan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 3 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roza Otunbayeva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roza_Otunbayeva', 'summary': 'Roza Isakovna Otunbayeva ( Kyrgyz : Роза Исаковна ( Исак кызы ) Отунбаева , Roza İsaqovna ( İsaq qızı ) Otunbayeva ; born August 23 , 1950 ) is a Kyrgyz diplomat and politician who served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 7 April 2010 until 1 December 2011 . She was sworn in on July 3 , 2010 , after acting as interim leader following the 2010 April revolution which led to the ousting of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev . She previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and as head of the parliamentary caucus for the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan .'}]}, {'value': 'Philarmonic Hall named after Toktogul Satylganov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constitution of Kyrgyzstan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Almazbek Atambayev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almazbek_Atambayev', 'summary': 'Almazbek Sharshenovich Atambayev ( Kyrgyz : Алмазбек Шаршенович ( Шаршен уулу ) Атамбаев , Almazbek Şarşenoviç ( Şarşen uulu ) Atambayev ; born 17 September 1956 ) is a Kyrgyz politician who served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 1 December 2011 to 24 November 2017 . He was Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 17 December 2010 to 1 December 2011 , and from 29 March 2007 to 28 November 2007 . He served as Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan ( SDPK ) from 30 July 1999 to 23 September 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Philarmonic Hall named after Toktogul Satylganov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constitution of Kyrgyzstan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'He was inaugurated on December 1 , 2011 . The ceremony was attended by the President of Turkey , Abdullah Gul , and President of Georgia , Mikheil Saakashvili . The ceremony budget cost less than half of what was spent for inauguration ceremony of Kurmanbek Bakiev in 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdullah_Gül', 'summary': "Abdullah Gül ( /ɡuːl/ ( listen ) ; Turkish : [ abduɫˈɫah ˈɟyl ] ; born 29 October 1950 ) is a Turkish politician who served as the 11th President of Turkey , in office from 2007 to 2014 . He previously served for four months as Prime Minister from 2002 to 2003 , and concurrently served as both Deputy Prime Minister and as Foreign Minister between 2003 and 2007 . He is currently a member of the Advisory Panel for the President of the Islamic Development Bank . Advocating staunch Islamist political views during his university years , Gül became a Member of Parliament for Kayseri in 1991 and was re-elected in 1995 , 1999 , 2002 and 2007 . Initially a member of the Islamist Welfare Party , Gül joined the Virtue Party in 1998 after the former was banned for anti-secular activities . When the party split into hardline Islamist and modernist factions in 2000 , Gül joined fellow party member Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in advocating the need for reform and moderation . He ran against serving leader Recai Kutan for the Virtue Party leadership on behalf of Erdoğan , who was banned from holding political office at the time . As the candidate for the modernist camp , he came second with 521 votes while Kutan won 633 . He co-founded the moderate Justice and Development Party ( AKP ) with Erdoğan in 2001 after the Virtue Party was shut down in the same year , while hardline conservative members founded the Felicity Party instead . Gül became Prime Minister after the AKP won a landslide victory in the 2002 general election , since Erdoğan was still banned from office . His government had removed Erdoğan 's political ban by March 2003 , after which Erdoğan became an MP for Siirt in a by-election and took over as Prime Minister . Gül subsequently served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister until 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili', 'summary': "Mikheil Saakashvili ( Georgian : მიხეილ სააკაშვილი , romanized : Mikheil Saakashvili , IPA : [ miˈχɛil ˈsɑːkʼɑʃvili ] ; Ukrainian : Міхеіл Саакашвілі , romanized : Mikheil Saakashvili , IPA : [ m⁽ʲ⁾ixeˈil sɐɐkɐʃˈwil⁽ʲ⁾i ] ; born 21 December 1967 ) is a Georgian and Ukrainian politician . He was the third President of Georgia for two consecutive terms from 25 January 2004 to 17 November 2013 . From May 2015 until November 2016 , Saakashvili was the Governor of Ukraine 's Odessa Oblast . He is the founder and former chairman of the United National Movement party . Involved in Georgian politics since 1995 , Saakashvili became president in January 2004 after President Eduard Shevardnadze resigned in the November 2003 bloodless Rose Revolution led by Saakashvili and his political allies , Nino Burjanadze and Zurab Zhvania . He was re-elected in the Georgian presidential election on 5 January 2008 . While his first term was marred by political quagmire , his second term saw unprecedented economic growth ( averaging GDP increases of 10% a year ) , as well as drastic drops in endemic corruption . His foreign policy was characterized by pro-NATO and pro-West politics . In 2010 , he had a 67% approval rating despite being criticized by the opposition for his alleged authoritarian tendencies and electoral fraud . On 2 October 2012 , Saakashvili admitted his party 's defeat in Georgia 's parliamentary election against the Georgian Dream coalition led by the tycoon Bidzina Ivanishvili . He was barred by the constitution of Georgia from seeking a third term in the 2013 presidential election , which was won by the Georgian Dream 's candidate Giorgi Margvelashvili . Shortly after the election , Saakashvili left Georgia ."}]}, {'value': 'November 24 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sooronbay Jeenbekov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sooronbay_Jeenbekov', 'summary': 'Sooronbay Sharipovich Jeenbekov ( Kyrgyz : Сооронбай Шарипович ( Шарип уулу ) Жээнбеков , Sooronbay Şaripoviç ( Şarip uulu ) Jéénbekov ; [ soːrɔnˈbɑj ʃɑˈripɐvit͡ʃ d͡ʒeːnˈbɛkəf ] or Sooronbay Zheenbekov ; born 16 November 1958 ) is a Kyrgyz politician , and the President of Kyrgyzstan . He officially took office on 24 November 2017 . He was also the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from April 2016 to August 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ala Archa State Residence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ala_Archa_State_Residence', 'summary': 'The Ala Archa State Residence is an official presidential residence in Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan . It is the current official home of the President of Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov . Many summits that take place in Bishkek have taken place in the residence such as the CIS summit of 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Constitution of Kyrgyzstan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main article : Inauguration of Sooronbay Jeenbekov It was the first inauguration ceremony to take place at the Ala Archa State Residence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inauguration_of_Sooronbay_Jeenbekov', 'summary': 'The Inauguration of Sooronbay Jeenbekov as the President of Kyrgyzstan took place on November 24 , 2017 , in the Enesay reception house of the Ala Archa State Residence in Bishkek . The inauguration was declared the first peaceful transnation of power in Kyrgyzstan in its 26-year history by foreign analyst .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ala_Archa_State_Residence', 'summary': 'The Ala Archa State Residence is an official presidential residence in Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan . It is the current official home of the President of Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov . Many summits that take place in Bishkek have taken place in the residence such as the CIS summit of 2008 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Inauguration ceremony', 'section_text': 'The Inauguration ceremony of the President of Kyrgyzstan is a ceremony that takes place to mark the start of a new term for the President of Kyrgyzstan . List of inaugural ceremonies', 'uid': 'President_of_Kyrgyzstan_0', 'intro': 'The President of Kyrgyzstan is the head of state and the highest official of the Kyrgyz Republic. The president, according to the constitution, is the symbol of the unity of people and state power, and is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, and of an individual and citizen. The president is directly elected for no more than one six-year term by the Kyrgyz electorate. The office of president was established in 1990 replacing the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet that existed, in different forms, from 1927 whilst the country was known as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic. The first popularly elected officeholder was Askar Akayev, who served from October 1990 until March 24, 2005. In July 2005, Kurmanbek Bakiyev was elected. He was re-elected in 2009, but large riots in April 2010 forced him to resign and flee the country. Roza Otunbayeva was selected in April 2010 to head the interim government. She was officially inaugurated on July 3, 2010, as president for a limited term, until elections could be organised. Her successor, Almazbek Atambayev, was elected in the Kyrgyzstani presidential election in 2011 and took over on 1 December 2011. On October 16, 2017, Sooronbay Jeenbekov, the former Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan, was elected President of the country. He took office on 24 November 2017.'}
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What previous ministerial position was served by the President of Kyrgyzstan sworn in at Philarmonic Hall ?
Minister of Foreign Affairs
08bf334362b56112
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni', 'title': 'List of University of Oregon alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Degree ( s )', 'Year ( s )', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Howard Backen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Backen', 'summary': 'Howard Backen ( born 1936 ) is an American architect . He co-founded Backen , Arrigoni & Ross , now BAR Architects , following college and later founded Backen , Gillam & Kroeger in Napa , California . At the latter firm , he primarily focuses on residential and winery projects . Eschewing narcissistic styles as fads , Backen opts for architectural design that mesh with the landscape and its occupants . He is credited for being a large influence on the architectural aesthetic of Napa .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of BAR Architects and Backen , Gillam & Kroeger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brad Cloepfil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Cloepfil', 'summary': 'Brad Cloepfil ( born 1956 ) is an American architect , educator and principal of Allied Works Architecture of Portland , Oregon and New York City . His first major project was an adaptive reuse of a Portland warehouse for the advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy . Since 2000 , Cloepfil and Allied Works have completed cultural , commercial and residential projects including the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis , the University of Michigan Museum of Art , the Dutchess County Residence Guest House and the Museum of Arts and Design . Recent and notable works include the Clyfford Still Museum in Denver , Colorado , completed in November 2011 , and the National Music Centre of Canada in Calgary , Alberta , which opened in July 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of Allied Works Architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allied_Works_Architecture', 'summary': 'Brad Cloepfil ( born 1956 ) is an American architect , educator and principal of Allied Works Architecture of Portland , Oregon and New York City . His first major project was an adaptive reuse of a Portland warehouse for the advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy . Since 2000 , Cloepfil and Allied Works have completed cultural , commercial and residential projects including the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis , the University of Michigan Museum of Art , the Dutchess County Residence Guest House and the Museum of Arts and Design . Recent and notable works include the Clyfford Still Museum in Denver , Colorado , completed in November 2011 , and the National Music Centre of Canada in Calgary , Alberta , which opened in July 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tinker Hatfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinker_Hatfield', 'summary': "Tinker Linn Hatfield , Jr. , ( born April 30 , 1952 , Hillsboro , Oregon ) is an American designer of numerous Nike athletic shoe models , including the Air Jordan 3 through Air Jordan 15 , the twentieth anniversary Air Jordan XX , the Air Jordan XXIII , the 2010 ( XXV ) , the 2015 Air Jordan XX9 ( XXIX ) , and other athletic sneakers including the world 's first cross training shoes , the Nike Air Trainer . Hatfield oversees Nike 's Innovation Kitchen . He is Nike 's Vice President for Design and Special Projects . For his many innovative designs and numerous creations over more than three decades , Hatfield is considered a legend of design ."}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VP , designer and architect for Nike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike,_Inc.', 'summary': "Nike , Inc. ( /ˈnaɪki/ ) [ note 1 ] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $ 29.6 billion . Nike ranked No . 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 to 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro ."}]}, {'value': 'Mazharul Islam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mazharul_Islam', 'summary': "Muzharul Islam ( 25 December 1923 - 15 July 2012 ) was a Bangladeshi architect , urban planner , educator and activist . He is considered as the Grand Master of regional modernism in South Asia . [ by whom ? ] Islam is the pioneer of modern architecture in Bangladesh and the father of Bengali modernism . Islam 's style and influence dominated the architectural scene in the country during the 1960s and 70s , along with major US architects he brought to work in Dhaka . As a teacher , architect , social and political activist , Islam set the course of architectural practice in the country not only through his own many varied works but also through being instrumental in inviting architects like Louis Kahn , Richard Neutra , Stanley Tigerman , Paul Rudolph , Robert Boughey and Konstantinos Doxiadis to work in Bangladesh ."}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Architect credited with bringing modernist architecture to Bangladesh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnpaul Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnpaul_Jones', 'summary': "Johnpaul Jones ( born July 24 , 1941 ) is an American architect and landscape architect , partner in Seattle-based architecture firm Jones & Jones Architects and Landscape Architects , best known for innovative habitat immersion method design of zoo exhibits . A Native American himself , he has also executed many projects for various Native American organizations , and was lead design consultant for the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of the American Indian , completed 2004 in Washington , D.C . He was the first architect ever to receive the National Humanities Medal ."}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First architect to win the National Humanities Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal', 'summary': "The National Humanities Medal is an American award that annually recognizes several individuals , groups , or institutions for work that has deepened the nation 's understanding of the humanities , broadened our citizens ' engagement with the humanities , or helped preserve and expand Americans ' access to important resources in the humanities . The annual Charles Frankel Prize in the Humanities was established in 1988 and succeeded by the National Humanities Medal in 1997 . The initial design for the National Humanities Medal was created by a 1995 Frankel Prize winner , David Macaulay , and was used for all recipients through 2012 . During 2013 , The National Endowment for the Humanities ran a public competition for a new medal design , judged by metalsmith Chunghi Choo , coin engraver Don Everhart of the U.S. Mint and sculptor George Anthonisen . In June 2013 , the agency announced that a design by Paul C. Balan of Illinois had been selected as the winner . The final medal will be unveiled in Washington D.C. in November 2013 . The new design was used for the first time for the 2013 National Humanities Medals , which were presented in mid-2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rick Mather', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Mather', 'summary': 'Rick Mather ( May 30 , 1937 - April 20 , 2013 ) was an American-born architect working in England . Born in Portland , Oregon and awarded a B.arch . at the University of Oregon in 1961 , he came to London in 1963 and worked at the architectural firm Lyons Israel Ellis for two years . He became a leading figure [ citation needed ] at the Architectural Association in the 1970s , and in 1973 founded his own practice , Rick Mather Architects .'}]}, {'value': 'B.IArch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RIBA ; founder of Rick Mather Architects ; trustee of Victoria and Albert Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum', 'summary': "The Victoria and Albert Museum ( often abbreviated as the V & A ) in London is the world 's largest museum of applied and decorative arts and design , as well as sculpture , housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects . It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert . The V & A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , in an area that has become known as Albertopolis because of its association with Prince Albert , the Albert Memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . These include the Natural History Museum , the Science Museum , the Royal Albert Hall and Imperial College London . The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . As with other national British museums , entrance is free . The V & A covers 12.5 acres ( 5.1 ha ) and 145 galleries . Its collection spans 5,000 years of art , from ancient times to the present day , from the cultures of Europe , North America , Asia and North Africa . However , the art of antiquity in most areas is not collected . The holdings of ceramics , glass , textiles , costumes , silver , ironwork , jewellery , furniture , medieval objects , sculpture , prints and printmaking , drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world . The museum owns the world 's largest collection of post-classical sculpture , with the holdings of Italian Renaissance items being the largest outside Italy . The departments of Asia include art from South Asia , China , Japan , Korea and the Islamic world ."}]}, {'value': 'Mel Streeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mel_Streeter', 'summary': 'Mel Streeter ( 1931 - June 12 , 2006 ) was an American architect and college basketball player . A native of Riverside , California , he was the second African-American basketball player at the University of Oregon for the Ducks in the early 1950s . After serving as an officer in the U.S. Army , he moved to Seattle and worked as an architect .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second African-American to play basketball for the Ducks ; founded architecture firm in Seattle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarah Susanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Susanka', 'summary': 'Sarah Susanka FAIA ( born March 21 , 1957 ) is an English-born American-based architect , an author of nine best-selling books , and a public speaker . Susanka is the originator of the Not So Big philosophy of residential architecture , which aims to build better , not bigger . Susanka has been credited with initiating the small house movement .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Architect , author of The Not so Big House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eugene Tsui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Tsui', 'summary': 'Eugene Tssui ( /tsweɪ/ born Eugene Tsui , September 14 , 1954 ) is an American architect noted for his use of ecological principles and biologic design , a term coined by Tssui himself in the 2010 issue of World Architecture Review . He has proposed a number of projects such as a bridge across the Strait of Gibraltar to connect the continents of Africa and Europe as well as a 2-mile-high tower capable of housing 1 million residents . He has been called the Seminal Architect of the 21st Century . In May of 2013 , Tssui was also listed as one of one hundred Guardian Angels of the Planet by Project Coyote .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Controversial architect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DeNorval Unthank Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeNorval_Unthank_Jr.', 'summary': 'DeNorval Unthank Jr. ( October 27 , 1929 - November 2 , 2000 ) was an American architect . In 1951 he was the first black man to earn an architecture degree from the University of Oregon ( UO ) . Unthank worked on the courthouse in Lane County , Oregon ; McKenzie Hall ( formerly the UO School of Law building ) ; and Kennedy Junior Middle School in Eugene , Oregon . He is the eponym of Unthank Hall at UO .'}]}, {'value': 'B.Arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prolific architect in Oregon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margo Grant Walsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margo_Grant_Walsh', 'summary': "Marjolaine ( Margo ) Grant Walsh was born in 1936 to Alfred and Ann Grant on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation in Fort Peck , Montana . Her father was a Chippewa , and her mother of Scottish origin . Shortly after her birth , the Grants moved to the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation in Belcourt , North Dakota , a Chippewa Indian reservation near the Canadian border where Grant spent her childhood . After the start of World War Two , the Grant family moved to the Portland , Oregon area , to assist in the war effort at the Kaiser Shipyards . After high school , Grant took courses at the Portland Art Museum , which she later credited as sparking her interest in making a career in interior design . She graduated from the University of Oregon Summa Cum Laude with a Bachelor of Science in 1959 and a Bachelor of Interior Architecture in 1960 . On 20 February 1994 , Margo Grant married John Perry Walsh , becoming Margo Grant Walsh , at St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan , NY . Walsh was a class of 1950 Yale graduate with an MBA from New York University , who worked as a private investor and former president of Florence Walsh Fashions Inc. , his late mother 's company . He died of cancer in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'B.IArch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice Chairman emeritus of Gensler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gensler', 'summary': 'Gensler is a global design and architecture firm . Organized into 16 diverse practice areas covering a broad spectrum of industry sectors , Gensler delivers a range of project types for clients around the world . In 2017 , Gensler generated $ 1.197 billion in revenue , the most of any architecture firm in the United States . As of 2018 , Gensler operated offices in 48 cities in 16 countries worldwide , working for clients in over 100 countries .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Architecture and design', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni_1', 'intro': 'This List of University of Oregon alumni includes graduates and current students of the University of Oregon as well as former students who studied at the university but did not obtain a formal degree. The university opened in 1876 and the first class contained only five members, graduating in 1878. The university has over 195,000 alumni, 10 of whom are Pulitzer Prize winners, and 2 of whom are Nobel laureates.'}
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What year was the Prize established that was succeeded by an award that was won by the creator of the innovative habitat immersion method design of zoo exhibits ?
1988
08c0ac3ddb45a2a0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_World_Championships_in_Athletics', 'title': '1980 World Championships in Athletics', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birgit Friedmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birgit_Friedmann', 'summary': "Birgit Friedmann ( born 8 April 1960 ) is a German former middle- and long-distance runner who competed in the 1500 metres and 3000 metres for West Germany . Born in Königstein im Taunus , she made her first major appearance for West Germany at the 1977 European Athletics Junior Championships , where she finished seventh in the 1500 m. The following year she won the national title in the 3000 m at the West German Athletics Championships and was also runner-up to Brigitte Kraus in the 1500 m. She was selected to run the longer event at the 1978 European Athletics Championships , but failed to finish the race . She represented her country at the 1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and came 71st while the West German women placed fourth overall . Friedmann had her greatest success in 1980 . She won the West German title in the 3000 m with a run of 9:02 minutes . This gained her selection for the 1980 World Championships in Athletics - a two-event competition created by the International Amateur Athletics Federation in response to the lack of the women 's 400 metres hurdles and 3000 m run at the 1980 Summer Olympics . Friedmann defeated all-comers at the competition and became the first ever women 's 3000 m world champion with a personal best run of 8:48.05 minutes ( also a West German record ) . The year after she won her third 3000 m national title and also placed third in the 1500 m. She also won the semi-final 1981 European Cup competition . At the 1982 European Athletics Championships Friedmann achieved a West German and world junior record of 8:43.65 for the 3000 m , but this was only enough for fifth place . She also competed over 1500 m at that championships , but was some way behind the winner in eleventh place . The 1982 season was her last as an athlete and she won her fourth and final national title that year . During her career she was affiliated with Eintracht Frankfurt and was 1.66 m tall and weighed 51 kg ."}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '8:48.05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karoline Nemetz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karoline_Nemetz', 'summary': "Karoline Nemetz ( married name : Ettemark ; born 28 June 1958 ) is a Swedish former middle- and long-distance runner . Nemetz grew up in Eskilstuna and began competing in athletics and skiing . She eventually settled on running as her focus and made her breakthrough at national level in 1978 by winning the 1500 metres and 3000 metres titles at the Swedish Athletics Championships . She followed this up by retaining those titles the following season and also taking the cross country running short race title . Nemetz won her first major medal at the 1980 World Championships in Athletics . This was a two-event competition created by the International Amateur Athletics Federation in response to the lack of the women 's 400 metres hurdles and 3000 m run at the 1980 Summer Olympics . Nemetz took the 3000 m silver medal behind Birgit Friedmann . Her runner-up time of 8:50.22 minutes was a new Swedish record and she was the first to beat Inger Knutsson 's Swedish time for that distance . Nemetz 's time stood for almost sixteen years , at which point Sara Wedlund improved the mark by a second and a half . Nemetz also retained her Swedish short cross country title , but Katharina Jönnå and Birgit Bringslid took that year 's Swedish track titles . She won the 3000 m at the 1980 DN Galan in Stockholm . In 1981 Nemetz won her third 3000 m national title ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '8:50.22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingrid Kristiansen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingrid_Kristiansen', 'summary': "Ingrid Kristiansen ( née Christensen on 21 March 1956 ) is a Norwegian former athlete . She was one of the best female long distance runners during the 1980s . She is a former world record holder in the 5000 metres , 10,000 metres and the marathon ( at one point in time , she held those records simultaneously , the only person ever ) and was a World Champion on the track , roads and cross-country . Kristiansen was the first athlete to win World titles on all three surfaces . At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics , she finished fourth in the first women 's Olympic marathon . At the 1988 Seoul Olympics , she dropped out of the 10,000 metres final while leading . Early in her career , she was also an elite cross country skier , winning several Norwegian titles and a European junior championship . Her world record in the 10000 m set in 1986 was n't broken for 16 years . The time in her 1985 London Marathon 2:21.06 was the fastest marathon time for 13 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '8:58.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joelle Debrouwer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joelle_Debrouwer', 'summary': 'Joëlle De Brouwer ( born October 18 , 1950 at Maubeuge ) is a former French athlete who specialized in middle distance running .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '8:59.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breda Pergar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breda_Pergar', 'summary': "Breda Pergar ( 22 February 1953 - 27 April 1989 ) was a middle distance and long distance runner from Yugoslavia . A one-time Olympian ( 1980 ) she is best known for winning the gold medal at the 1981 Summer Universiade in Bucharest in the women 's 3,000 metres event , clocking 8:53.78 on 26 July 1981 ."}]}, {'value': 'Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ."}]}, {'value': '8:59.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penny Werthner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penny_Werthner', 'summary': "Penny Christine Werthner-Bales ( born July 5 , 1951 in Ottawa , Ontario ) is a retired female track and field athlete , who represented Canada at the 1976 Summer Olympics in the women 's 1.500 metres . She claimed the bronze medal in the women 's 800 metres event at the 1971 Pan American Games in Cali , Colombia , followed by a bronze in the 1.500 metres in 1979 . Penny Werthner , Dean of Kineisiology at the University of Calgary , is married to John Bales , President of the Coaching Association of Canada . Werthner is one of Canadas most distinguished consultants in the field of sport psychology and recognized as one of CAAWS Top 20 Most Influential Women in Sport and Physical Activity . She joins us after spending the past 12 years at the University of Ottawa where she was Director and Associate Dean , School of Human Kinetics from 2011-2012 . Having come late in her career to academics , Werthner is a kinesiologist with excellent leadership skills and a perfect match for optimizing the potential in our kinesiology faculty . Her more than 30 years of distinguished experience in sport psychology consulting , sport-related management consulting and program management and academic leadership will help us achieve this goal . An Olympic athlete herself in track and field , she has served as a sport psychology consultant for national and Olympic teams since 1985 , including as an advisor to the Canadian Olympic Committee on Sport Psychology for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Team and the 2004 Athens Olympic Team . Werthner will be travelling to the Olympics again this summer , her 8th Olympics , where she will be working with Canadas canoe/kayak and diving teams . Werthner earned her BA from McMaster University , and her MA and PhD from the University of Ottawa . She has written dozens of peer-reviewed papers and parts of books . She serves as a reviewer for various journals , such as Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise , and Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , and is a member of the editorial board of the Canadian Journal for Women in Coaching ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '9:03.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte Teske', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Teske', 'summary': 'Charlotte Teske ( née Bernhardt ; born November 23 , 1949 in Sachsenhausen , a neighborhood in Waldeck , Hesse ) is a former female long-distance runner from Germany , who represented West Germany at the 1984 Summer Olympics . She won the 1982 edition of the Boston Marathon , and the 1986 edition of the Berlin Marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '9:04.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eva Ernström', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eva_Ernström', 'summary': "Eva Margareta Ernström ( 2 September 1961 - 8 November 2017 ) was a Swedish long-distance runner . She competed in the women 's 3000 metres at the 1984 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '9:07.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aurora Cunha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurora_Cunha', 'summary': "Aurora Cunha ( born May 31 , 1959 in Ronfe , near Guimarães ) is a retired long-distance runner from Portugal , living in Póvoa de Varzim . From 1984-1992 she represented her native country in three consecutive Olympic Games . Cunha 's greatest successes were in road running , at which she was a three-time World Champion . She also won several marathons during her career , including Paris ( 1988 ) , Tokyo ( 1988 ) , Chicago ( 1990 ) and Rotterdam ( 1992 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '9:11.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Shea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '9:13.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geri Fitch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geri_Fitch', 'summary': "Geraldine Fitch ( born 7 April 1954 ) is a Canadian long-distance runner . She competed in the women 's 3000 metres at the 1984 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '9:37.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wendy Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wendy_Smith-Sly', 'summary': 'Wendy Sly MBE ( née Smith , born 5 November 1959 ) is a female British former athlete , who competed mainly in the 3000 metres . She won a silver medal in the event at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics . She won the 1983 10km World Road Race Championships in San Diego .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '3000 metres results -- Final', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1980_World_Championships_in_Athletics_5', 'intro': "The 1980 World Championships in Athletics was the second global, international athletics competition organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). Hosted from 14 to 16 August 1980 at the De Baandert in Sittard, Netherlands, it featured two events: the women's 400 metres hurdles and the women's 3000 metres run. West Germany's Birgit Friedmann took the first women's world title in the 3000 m, while her East German counterpart Bärbel Broschat became the first women's 400 m hurdles world champion."}
null
null
Which year did the home country of Breda Pergar break apart ?
1992
08c32aff5b8c0378
hybridqa
{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women's_Lacrosse_League", 'title': "National Women's Lacrosse League", 'header': ['Institution', 'Location', 'Affiliation', 'Enrollment', 'Nickname', 'Primary Conference'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aquinas College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquinas_College_(Michigan)', 'summary': "The Congregation of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart of the Roman Catholic Order of Preachers ( Dominican Order ) , today commonly known as the Dominican Sisters of Grand Rapids , Michigan , led by Mother Aquinata Fiegler , OP , founded the Roman Catholic Novitiate Normal School in Traverse City , Michigan in 1886 . The School 's mission was to educate young women who had yet to make their vows in the Order of Preachers , i. e. , novitiates , to be parochial elementary school teachers throughout Michigan , and it trained and sent forth numerous sister teachers successfully . In 1911 the School was transferred to Grand Rapids , along with the motherhouse of the Sisters , pursuant to an invitation of the Bishop of the young Diocese of Grand Rapids . In response to the need for their sister teachers to hold baccalaureate degrees , in 1922 the Sisters reorganized the Novitiate Normal School as Sacred Heart College and also commenced admitting lay women . The State of Michigan granted a charter to award two-year degrees to women to the new College in the same year . The site of the new College was transferred to the newly erected motherhouse of the Sisters on East Fulton Street , in the margins of Grand Rapids . At some time between 1922 and 1931 it was renamed as Marywood College . In 1931 , it was reorganized as Catholic Junior College , transferred to a site on Ransom Street adjacent to the Grand Rapids Public Library , and became the first Roman Catholic college in the United States governed by women religious to become coeducational . Bishop Joseph G. Pinten of Grand Rapids instigated the reform to admit men alongside women . At that time it awarded two-year degrees . In 1939 Catholic Junior College added a third year to its curriculum . The College began awarding four-year baccalaureate degrees and was renamed Aquinas College in honor of St. Thomas Aquinas , OP and its founder , Mother Aquinata Fiegler , OP , in 1940 , but the articles of incorporation to legally effect the institutional change were not filed with the State of Michigan until 1941 ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Rapids , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan', 'summary': "Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan and the largest city in West Michigan . It is on the Grand River about 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of Lake Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 188,040 . In 2010 , the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648 , and the combined statistical area of Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland had a population of 1,321,557 . Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County . A historic furniture-manufacturing center , Grand Rapids is home to five of the world 's leading office furniture companies , and is nicknamed Furniture City . Other nicknames include River City and more recently , Beer City ( the latter given by USA Today and adopted by the city as a brand ) . The city and surrounding communities are economically diverse , based in the health care , information technology , automotive , aviation , and consumer goods manufacturing industries , among others . Grand Rapids is the childhood home of U.S. President Gerald Ford , who is buried with his wife Betty on the grounds of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in the city . The city 's main airport and one of its freeways are also named after him ."}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Catholic )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '2,159', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saints', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolverine-Hoosier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolverine-Hoosier_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference ( WHAC ) is a college athletic conference of twelve colleges and universities in the U.S. states of Michigan , Indiana , and Ohio . Founded in 1992 , the conference was created as a successor group for the now-defunct NAIA District 23 . The conference is a part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics , and is headquartered in Livonia , Michigan . The WHAC announced on January 27 , 2012 , that it is making history by adding bowling and lacrosse for both men and women as conference sports effective the fall of 2012 , becoming the first NAIA conference to offer championships in these sports . On October 13 , 2016 , the Council of Presidents unanimously voted to accept Rochester College ( now Rochester University ) into the Conference beginning with the 2017-2018 academic year . The WHAC again made history in July 2017 , by adding men 's ice hockey as conference sports effective the fall of 2017 . The WHAC became the first conference in the NAIA to offer the sport as a conference championship sport . Initially , the five conference members that sponsor ice hockey will participate in a conference championship . In July 2017 , Concordia University Ann Arbor announced that the university will begin an ice hockey program and begin competition in the NAIA Division and WHAC Hockey Conference in the 2018-19 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Asbury University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asbury_University', 'summary': "Asbury University , is a private Christian liberal arts university in Wilmore , Kentucky . Although it is a nondenominational school , the college 's foundation stems from a Wesleyan-Holiness tradition . The school offers 50-plus majors across 17 departments . In the fall of 2016 , Asbury University had a total enrollment of 1,854 : 1,640 traditional undergraduate students and 214 graduate students . The campus of Asbury Theological Seminary , which became a separate institution in 1940 , is located across the street from Asbury University ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilmore , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmore,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Wilmore is a home rule-class city in Jessamine County , Kentucky , United States . The population was 3,686 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Lexington-Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.6 square miles ( 6.7 km2 ) , all of it land .'}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Christian )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christianity', 'summary': "Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth . Its adherents , known as Christians , believe that Jesus is the Christ , whose coming as the messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible , called the Old Testament in Christianity , and chronicled in the New Testament . It is the world 's largest religion with about 2.4 billion followers . Christianity began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the 1st century in the Roman province of Judea . Jesus ' apostles and their followers spread around Syria , the Levant , Europe , Anatolia , Mesopotamia , Transcaucasia , Egypt , and Ethiopia , despite initial persecution . It soon attracted gentile God-fearers , which led to a departure from Jewish customs , and , after the Fall of Jerusalem , AD 70 which ended the Temple-based Judaism , Christianity slowly separated from Judaism . Emperor Constantine the Great converted to Christianity before his death ( 337 ) , and was baptized by bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia ; Constantine decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan ( 313 ) , later convening the Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire ( 380 ) . The early history of Christianity 's united church before major schisms is sometimes referred to as the Great Church . The Church of the East split after the Council of Ephesus ( 431 ) and Oriental Orthodoxy split after the Council of Chalcedon ( 451 ) over differences in Christology , while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East-West Schism ( 1054 ) , especially over the authority of the bishop of Rome . Similarly , Protestantism split in numerous denominations from the Latin Catholic Church in the Reformation era ( 16th century ) over theological and ecclesiological disputes , most predominantly on the issue of justification and the primacy of the bishop of Rome . Following the Age of Discovery ( 15th-17th century ) , Christianity was spread into the Americas , Oceania , sub-Saharan Africa , and the rest of the world via missionary work . Christianity remains culturally diverse in its Western and Eastern branches , as well as in its doctrines concerning justification and the nature of salvation , ecclesiology , ordination , and Christology ."}]}, {'value': '1,764', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The River States Conference ( RSC ) , formerly known as Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( KIAC ) , is a collegiate athletic conference with membership in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) . Although it was historically a Kentucky-only conference , it has now expanded to include members in Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and West Virginia , and at various times in the past has also had members in Missouri , Tennessee , and Virginia . In March 2016 , the KIAC announced it would change its name to the River States Conference , effective July 1 , 2016 , to better reflect its membership , which has expanded beyond Kentucky and now includes members in Pennsylvania , Indiana , Ohio and West Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Ave Maria University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ave_Maria_University', 'summary': "Ave Maria University ( AMU ) is a private Catholic university in Ave Maria , Florida . Ave Maria University shares its history with the former Ave Maria College in Ypsilanti , Michigan , which was founded in 1998 and closed in 2007 . The school was founded by Tom Monaghan , the founder of Domino 's Pizza . In 2016 , the enrollment was 1,100 , 80 percent of whom were Catholic ."}]}, {'value': 'Ave Maria , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ave_Maria,_Florida', 'summary': 'Ave Maria , Florida , United States , is a planned college town currently under development in Collier County , near Immokalee and Naples .'}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Catholic )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '1,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gyrenes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sun Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sun_Conference', 'summary': 'The Sun Conference ( TSC ) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA . Eight of the twelve full member institutions are located in Florida , with three in Georgia and one in South Carolina . The Sun Conference competes in the NAIA in all sponsored sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbia College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_College_(South_Carolina)', 'summary': "Columbia College is a private liberal arts women 's college in Columbia , South Carolina . Founded in 1854 by the United Methodist Church as a womens liberal arts college , Columbia College also offers evening , graduate and online programs serving both women and men ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia , South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Columbia is the capital and second largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina , with a population estimate of 133,451 as of 2018 . The city serves as the county seat of Richland County , and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County . It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census , growing to 832,666 by July 1 , 2018 , according to 2018 U.S. Census estimates . This makes it the 70th largest metropolitan statistical area in the nation , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau as of July 1 , 2018 . The name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States , originating from the name of Christopher Columbus . The city is located approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) northwest of the geographic center of South Carolina , and is the primary city of the Midlands region of the state . It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River , which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River . Columbia is home to the University of South Carolina , the state 's flagship university and the largest in the state , and is also the site of Fort Jackson , the largest United States Army installation for Basic Combat Training . Columbia is also located 20 miles west of the site of McEntire Joint National Guard Base , which is operated by the U.S. Air Force and is used as a training base for the 169th Fighter Wing of The South Carolina Air National Guard . Columbia is also the location of the South Carolina State House , which is the center of government for the state . In 1860 , the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention , which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fighting Koalas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appalachian Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appalachian_Athletic_Conference_(NAIA)', 'summary': "The Appalachian Athletic Conference ( AAC ) is a college athletic conference that competes in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Division II competition . Members of the conference are located in the Southeastern United States in Tennessee , Kentucky , Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina , and Virginia . The conference is the successor to the Volunteer State Athletic Conference ( VSAC ) , which began in the 1940s ; and later the Tennessee-Virginia Athletic Conference ( TVAC ) that operated during the 1980s and 1990s . The Appalachian Athletic Conference was formed in 2001 with the additions of members from Virginia , Kentucky , and North Carolina . In 2019 the conference added Kentucky Christian University as a full member and Savannah College of Art and Design as an associate member in Men 's and Women 's lacrosse . Bluefield College was a member of the AAC from 2001 until 2012 when it left to join the Mid-South Conference . On March 3 , 2014 , Bluefield College announced that it would return to the AAC effective Fall 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Davenport University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport_University', 'summary': "Davenport University is a private , not for profit , university with campuses throughout Michigan and online . It was founded in 1866 by Conrad Swensburg and currently offers associate 's , bachelor 's , and master 's degrees ; diplomas ; and post-grad certification programs in business , technology , health professions , and graduate studies ( MBA ) . Davenport 's W.A . Lettinga Main Campus is in Grand Rapids , Michigan . The main campus includes student organizations , residence halls , and athletic programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Rapids , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan', 'summary': "Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan and the largest city in West Michigan . It is on the Grand River about 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of Lake Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 188,040 . In 2010 , the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648 , and the combined statistical area of Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland had a population of 1,321,557 . Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County . A historic furniture-manufacturing center , Grand Rapids is home to five of the world 's leading office furniture companies , and is nicknamed Furniture City . Other nicknames include River City and more recently , Beer City ( the latter given by USA Today and adopted by the city as a brand ) . The city and surrounding communities are economically diverse , based in the health care , information technology , automotive , aviation , and consumer goods manufacturing industries , among others . Grand Rapids is the childhood home of U.S. President Gerald Ford , who is buried with his wife Betty on the grounds of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in the city . The city 's main airport and one of its freeways are also named after him ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_University', 'summary': 'Private universities ( and private colleges ) are usually not operated by governments , although many receive tax breaks , public student loans , and grants . Depending on their location , private universities may be subject to government regulation . This is in contrast to public universities and national universities . Many private universities are nonprofit organizations .'}]}, {'value': '11,733', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport_Panthers', 'summary': "The Davenport Panthers are the athletic teams of Davenport University located in Caledonia Township , Michigan . DU is a member of the NCAA and compete at the Division II level in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) for most sports . Men 's lacrosse and wrestling compete as an NCAA independent . In addition the university 's competitive cheer and Stunt teams compete National Cheerleaders Association ( NCA ) while the DU competitive dance team competes in the National Dance Association ( NDA ) . Davenport added varsity Esports as a member of National Association of Collegiate Esports ( NACE ) in 2018 . In addition to NCAA sports , DU also offers additional sports that the NCAA does not currently sponsor championships . Men 's rugby competes at the Division I level of USA Rugby 's Midwest Rugby Union , as well as a JV team at the DII level . Men 's ice hockey competes in the ACHA Division I in the Great Lakes Collegiate Hockey League ( GLCHL ) , as well as a JV team at the ACHA DIII level . Davenport gained full membership in the NCAA in 2019 after successfully completing the multi-year transition process . Formerly the panthers were a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) and the Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference ( WHAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Wolverine-Hoosier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolverine-Hoosier_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference ( WHAC ) is a college athletic conference of twelve colleges and universities in the U.S. states of Michigan , Indiana , and Ohio . Founded in 1992 , the conference was created as a successor group for the now-defunct NAIA District 23 . The conference is a part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics , and is headquartered in Livonia , Michigan . The WHAC announced on January 27 , 2012 , that it is making history by adding bowling and lacrosse for both men and women as conference sports effective the fall of 2012 , becoming the first NAIA conference to offer championships in these sports . On October 13 , 2016 , the Council of Presidents unanimously voted to accept Rochester College ( now Rochester University ) into the Conference beginning with the 2017-2018 academic year . The WHAC again made history in July 2017 , by adding men 's ice hockey as conference sports effective the fall of 2017 . The WHAC became the first conference in the NAIA to offer the sport as a conference championship sport . Initially , the five conference members that sponsor ice hockey will participate in a conference championship . In July 2017 , Concordia University Ann Arbor announced that the university will begin an ice hockey program and begin competition in the NAIA Division and WHAC Hockey Conference in the 2018-19 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgetown College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown_College', 'summary': 'Georgetown College is a private , Christian liberal arts college in Georgetown , Kentucky . Chartered in 1829 , Georgetown was the first Baptist college west of the Appalachian Mountains . Committed to academic excellence and the future success of its students , Georgetown College has produced five Rhodes Scholars over its history , and 38 Fulbright Scholars since just 1989 . The college offers 38 undergraduate degrees and a Master of Arts in education . Georgetown College offers degrees in areas of visual and performing arts , math and sciences , humanities , language and culture , business , medicine and healthcare , and others . It is best known for its excellence in pre-medical fields and education .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgetown , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Georgetown is a home rule-class city in Scott County , Kentucky , in the United States . The 2018 population was 34,395 per the United States Census Bureau . It is the 7th-largest city by population in the U.S. state of Kentucky . It is the seat of its county . It was originally called Lebanon when founded by Rev . Elijah Craig and was renamed in 1790 in honor of President George Washington . It is the home of Georgetown College , a private liberal arts college . Georgetown is part of the Lexington-Fayette , KY Metropolitan Statistical Area . At one time the city served as the training camp home for the NFL 's Cincinnati Bengals . The city 's growth began in the mid-1980s , when Toyota built Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky in the city . This was its first wholly owned United States plant . The plant opened in 1988 ; as of 2020 , it builds the Camry , Camry Hybrid , Avalon , Lexus ES , and RAV4 Hybrid automobiles ."}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Christian )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christianity', 'summary': "Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth . Its adherents , known as Christians , believe that Jesus is the Christ , whose coming as the messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible , called the Old Testament in Christianity , and chronicled in the New Testament . It is the world 's largest religion with about 2.4 billion followers . Christianity began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the 1st century in the Roman province of Judea . Jesus ' apostles and their followers spread around Syria , the Levant , Europe , Anatolia , Mesopotamia , Transcaucasia , Egypt , and Ethiopia , despite initial persecution . It soon attracted gentile God-fearers , which led to a departure from Jewish customs , and , after the Fall of Jerusalem , AD 70 which ended the Temple-based Judaism , Christianity slowly separated from Judaism . Emperor Constantine the Great converted to Christianity before his death ( 337 ) , and was baptized by bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia ; Constantine decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan ( 313 ) , later convening the Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire ( 380 ) . The early history of Christianity 's united church before major schisms is sometimes referred to as the Great Church . The Church of the East split after the Council of Ephesus ( 431 ) and Oriental Orthodoxy split after the Council of Chalcedon ( 451 ) over differences in Christology , while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East-West Schism ( 1054 ) , especially over the authority of the bishop of Rome . Similarly , Protestantism split in numerous denominations from the Latin Catholic Church in the Reformation era ( 16th century ) over theological and ecclesiological disputes , most predominantly on the issue of justification and the primacy of the bishop of Rome . Following the Age of Discovery ( 15th-17th century ) , Christianity was spread into the Americas , Oceania , sub-Saharan Africa , and the rest of the world via missionary work . Christianity remains culturally diverse in its Western and Eastern branches , as well as in its doctrines concerning justification and the nature of salvation , ecclesiology , ordination , and Christology ."}]}, {'value': '1,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tigers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mid-South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-South_Conference', 'summary': 'The Mid-South Conference ( MSC ) is an athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA . Member institutions are located in Alabama , Kentucky , Mississippi , Ohio , Tennessee , and Virginia . The Mid-South Conference has nine full members : Campbellsville , Cumberland ( TN ) , Cumberlands ( KY ) , Georgetown College ( KY ) , Lindsey Wilson , Life , Pikeville , Shawnee State , and Thomas More . Seven of these members sponsor football ; Life and Shawnee State do not . The Mid-South Conference also has six associate members that compete primarily in other conferences . Faulkner , Kentucky Christian , Union and recently former member Bluefield are associate members of the MSC for football , Bethel is an associate member of the MSC for football and track and field , and Reinhardt is an associate member of the MSC for football . This gave the conference 13 members for football . In the spring of 2016 , the conference expanded to 20 members , adding the six football members of The Sun Conference , as well as Faulkner University for football , On January 4 , 2018 , the conference added Keiser University for football , and St. Thomas announced in July they would be joining the conference for football in 2019 . In April 2018 , Thomas More University ( then Thomas More College ) , which had been an NAIA member before moving to NCAA Division III in 1990 , announced that it had been formally invited to rejoin the NAIA effective in 2019-20 as a member of the Mid-South Conference . The school , while acknowledging that it was considering this move , denied published reports that it had accepted the invitation . Thomas More eventually confirmed in July 2018 that it would join the Mid-South in 2019 . Another Sun Conference member , St. Thomas in Miami Gardens , Florida also joined the MSC as an affiliate member for football in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Indiana Institute of Technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': "The Indiana Institute of Technology ( Indiana Tech ) is a private university in Fort Wayne , Indiana . It was founded in 1930 as Indiana Technical College by John A. Kalbfleisch , who was also the school 's first president . The university today is organized into five colleges . The university specializes in career-oriented degree programs in business , engineering , computer science , education , criminal justice and others . In addition to the traditional semester-long class format , Indiana Tech also offers accelerated degree programs and online programs via its College of Professional Studies . Beyond its main campus in Fort Wayne , Indiana Tech maintains regional classroom and enrollment centers in 13 locations , including Elkhart , Evansville , Fishers , Greenwood , Huntington , Indianapolis , Jeffersonville , Kendallville , Mishawaka , Munster and Warsaw in Indiana ; and Louisville and Fort Wright in Kentucky . Indiana Tech also has two enrollment centers in the Chicago area , located in Naperville and Wilmette , Illinois . Student athletics , both organized and intramural , are an important part of student life . Indiana Tech fields eleven men 's and eleven women 's teams that compete in the NAIA , in which Indiana Tech is a member of the Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference for all intercollegiate athletics ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Wayne , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana', 'summary': "Fort Wayne is a city in the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Allen County , United States . Located in northeastern Indiana , the city is 18 miles ( 29 km ) west of the Ohio border and 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of the Michigan border . With a population of 253,691 in the 2010 census , it is the second-most populous city in Indiana after Indianapolis , and the 75th-most populous city in the United States . It is the principal city of the Fort Wayne metropolitan area , consisting of Allen , Wells , and Whitley counties , a combined population of 419,453 as of 2011 . Fort Wayne is the cultural and economic center of northeastern Indiana . The city is within a 300-mile ( 482.803 km ) radius of major population centers , including Chicago , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Columbus , Detroit , Indianapolis , Louisville , Lexington , and Milwaukee . In addition to the three core counties , the combined statistical area ( CSA ) includes Adams , DeKalb , Huntington , Noble , and Steuben counties , with an estimated population of 615,077 . Fort Wayne was built in 1794 by the United States Army under the direction of American Revolutionary War general Anthony Wayne , the last in a series of forts built near the Miami village of Kekionga . Named in Wayne 's honor , the European-American settlement developed at the confluence of the St. Joseph , St. Marys , and Maumee rivers as a trading post for pioneers . The village was platted in 1823 and underwent tremendous growth after completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal and advent of the railroad . Once a booming manufacturing town located in what became known as the Rust Belt , Fort Wayne 's economy in the 21st century is based upon distribution , transportation and logistics , healthcare , professional and business services , leisure and hospitality , and financial services . The city is a center for the defense industry which employs thousands ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warriors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolverine-Hoosier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolverine-Hoosier_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference ( WHAC ) is a college athletic conference of twelve colleges and universities in the U.S. states of Michigan , Indiana , and Ohio . Founded in 1992 , the conference was created as a successor group for the now-defunct NAIA District 23 . The conference is a part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics , and is headquartered in Livonia , Michigan . The WHAC announced on January 27 , 2012 , that it is making history by adding bowling and lacrosse for both men and women as conference sports effective the fall of 2012 , becoming the first NAIA conference to offer championships in these sports . On October 13 , 2016 , the Council of Presidents unanimously voted to accept Rochester College ( now Rochester University ) into the Conference beginning with the 2017-2018 academic year . The WHAC again made history in July 2017 , by adding men 's ice hockey as conference sports effective the fall of 2017 . The WHAC became the first conference in the NAIA to offer the sport as a conference championship sport . Initially , the five conference members that sponsor ice hockey will participate in a conference championship . In July 2017 , Concordia University Ann Arbor announced that the university will begin an ice hockey program and begin competition in the NAIA Division and WHAC Hockey Conference in the 2018-19 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Lawrence Technological University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence_Technological_University', 'summary': "Lawrence Technological University ( LTU ) , frequently referred to as Lawrence Tech , is a private university in Southfield , Michigan . Lawrence Tech was founded in 1932 in Highland Park , Michigan , as the Lawrence Institute of Technology ( LIT ) by Russell E. Lawrence . The university moved to Southfield in 1955 and has since expanded to 107 acres ( 0.43 km2 ) . The campus also includes the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Affleck House in Bloomfield Hills and the Detroit Center for Design + Technology in Midtown Detroit . The school offers undergraduate , masters , and doctoral programs in science , technology , engineering , arts , and mathematics fields . The university 's four colleges are Architecture and Design , Arts and Sciences , Business and Information Technology , and Engineering . LTU 's athletic teams are known as the Blue Devils . They compete in Division II of the NAIA and joined the Wolverine Hoosier Athletic Conference in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Southfield , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan', 'summary': "Southfield is a city in Oakland County , Michigan , United States . It is a northern suburb of Detroit . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 71,739 . A part of Metro Detroit 's upscale office market , the city 's marque is a cluster of five golden skyscrapers - known as the Golden Triangle - that form the contemporary 2,200,000 square feet ( 204,400 m2 ) Southfield Town Center office complex with a Westin Hotel and a conference center . In addition , a 33-story luxury residential high-rise is separate from the complex . To the west , near the confluence of I-696/Reuther Freeway and M-10/Lodge Freeway , is the American Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Devils', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolverine-Hoosier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolverine-Hoosier_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference ( WHAC ) is a college athletic conference of twelve colleges and universities in the U.S. states of Michigan , Indiana , and Ohio . Founded in 1992 , the conference was created as a successor group for the now-defunct NAIA District 23 . The conference is a part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics , and is headquartered in Livonia , Michigan . The WHAC announced on January 27 , 2012 , that it is making history by adding bowling and lacrosse for both men and women as conference sports effective the fall of 2012 , becoming the first NAIA conference to offer championships in these sports . On October 13 , 2016 , the Council of Presidents unanimously voted to accept Rochester College ( now Rochester University ) into the Conference beginning with the 2017-2018 academic year . The WHAC again made history in July 2017 , by adding men 's ice hockey as conference sports effective the fall of 2017 . The WHAC became the first conference in the NAIA to offer the sport as a conference championship sport . Initially , the five conference members that sponsor ice hockey will participate in a conference championship . In July 2017 , Concordia University Ann Arbor announced that the university will begin an ice hockey program and begin competition in the NAIA Division and WHAC Hockey Conference in the 2018-19 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Lindenwood University - Belleville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lindenwood_University_–_Belleville', 'summary': 'Lindenwood University-Belleville , also known as Lindenwood Belleville , is a private , four-year liberal arts university . It is a full-fledged , standalone sister college of Lindenwood University with an enrollment around 2,300 students . Lindenwood Belleville is located in Belleville , Illinois and occupies the campus that was formerly Belleville West High School . Lindenwood Belleville offers a day program , as well as evening programs for working adults . Lindenwood Belleville now offers 30 different undergraduate and graduate degree options .'}]}, {'value': 'Belleville , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belleville,_Illinois', 'summary': "Belleville ( French : Belle ville , meaning Beautiful city ) is a city in St. Clair County , Illinois , coterminous with the now defunct Belleville Township . The population was 44,478 according to the Census Bureau 's 2010 data , making it the largest city in southern Illinois . It is the eighth-most populated city in the state outside the Chicago metropolitan area , and the most-populated city in the state south of Springfield . It is the county seat of St. Clair County , and the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Belleville and the National Shrine of Our Lady of the Snows . Belleville is the most-populated city in the Metro-East region of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area and in Southern Illinois . Due to its proximity to Scott Air Force Base , the population receives a boost from military and federal civilian personnel , defense contractors , and military retirees . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lynx', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Midwest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Midwest_Conference', 'summary': 'The American Midwest Conference ( AMC ) is a NAIA college athletic conference with 13 member institutions located in Arkansas , Illinois , Missouri and Tennessee in the United States . The conference began as the Show-Me Conference in 1986 , then changed to its current name in 1994 , reflecting that its footprint had expanded beyond Missouri .'}]}, {'value': 'Lourdes University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lourdes_University', 'summary': 'Lourdes University is a private Franciscan university in Sylvania , Ohio . Established in 1958 , the university is sponsored by the Sisters of St. Francis of Sylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Sylvania , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvania,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Sylvania , officially the City of Sylvania , is a city in Lucas County , Ohio , United States . The population was 18,971 at the 2010 census . Sylvania is a suburb of Toledo , and encompassed by Sylvania Township . Its northern border is the southern border of the State of Michigan . The name Sylvania is borrowed from the Latin sylvan or sylva , meaning forest land . This owing to the dense forests that once made up the region , part of the Great Black Swamp .'}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Catholic )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '2,343', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gray Wolves', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolverine-Hoosier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolverine-Hoosier_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference ( WHAC ) is a college athletic conference of twelve colleges and universities in the U.S. states of Michigan , Indiana , and Ohio . Founded in 1992 , the conference was created as a successor group for the now-defunct NAIA District 23 . The conference is a part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics , and is headquartered in Livonia , Michigan . The WHAC announced on January 27 , 2012 , that it is making history by adding bowling and lacrosse for both men and women as conference sports effective the fall of 2012 , becoming the first NAIA conference to offer championships in these sports . On October 13 , 2016 , the Council of Presidents unanimously voted to accept Rochester College ( now Rochester University ) into the Conference beginning with the 2017-2018 academic year . The WHAC again made history in July 2017 , by adding men 's ice hockey as conference sports effective the fall of 2017 . The WHAC became the first conference in the NAIA to offer the sport as a conference championship sport . Initially , the five conference members that sponsor ice hockey will participate in a conference championship . In July 2017 , Concordia University Ann Arbor announced that the university will begin an ice hockey program and begin competition in the NAIA Division and WHAC Hockey Conference in the 2018-19 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Missouri Baptist University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Baptist_University', 'summary': 'Missouri Baptist University ( MBU ) is a private Southern Baptist university in Creve Coeur , Missouri . It is one of three universities of the Missouri Baptist Convention . The main campus is located on a 68-acre site near Creve Coeur and Town and County in West St Louis County , off highway 64-40 . There are currently 12 MBU locations including its regional learning centers throughout the St. Louis region and Illinois .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Christian )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christianity', 'summary': "Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth . Its adherents , known as Christians , believe that Jesus is the Christ , whose coming as the messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible , called the Old Testament in Christianity , and chronicled in the New Testament . It is the world 's largest religion with about 2.4 billion followers . Christianity began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the 1st century in the Roman province of Judea . Jesus ' apostles and their followers spread around Syria , the Levant , Europe , Anatolia , Mesopotamia , Transcaucasia , Egypt , and Ethiopia , despite initial persecution . It soon attracted gentile God-fearers , which led to a departure from Jewish customs , and , after the Fall of Jerusalem , AD 70 which ended the Temple-based Judaism , Christianity slowly separated from Judaism . Emperor Constantine the Great converted to Christianity before his death ( 337 ) , and was baptized by bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia ; Constantine decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan ( 313 ) , later convening the Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire ( 380 ) . The early history of Christianity 's united church before major schisms is sometimes referred to as the Great Church . The Church of the East split after the Council of Ephesus ( 431 ) and Oriental Orthodoxy split after the Council of Chalcedon ( 451 ) over differences in Christology , while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East-West Schism ( 1054 ) , especially over the authority of the bishop of Rome . Similarly , Protestantism split in numerous denominations from the Latin Catholic Church in the Reformation era ( 16th century ) over theological and ecclesiological disputes , most predominantly on the issue of justification and the primacy of the bishop of Rome . Following the Age of Discovery ( 15th-17th century ) , Christianity was spread into the Americas , Oceania , sub-Saharan Africa , and the rest of the world via missionary work . Christianity remains culturally diverse in its Western and Eastern branches , as well as in its doctrines concerning justification and the nature of salvation , ecclesiology , ordination , and Christology ."}]}, {'value': '4,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spartans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Midwest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Midwest_Conference', 'summary': 'The American Midwest Conference ( AMC ) is a NAIA college athletic conference with 13 member institutions located in Arkansas , Illinois , Missouri and Tennessee in the United States . The conference began as the Show-Me Conference in 1986 , then changed to its current name in 1994 , reflecting that its footprint had expanded beyond Missouri .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Pikeville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pikeville', 'summary': "The University of Pikeville ( UPIKE ) is a private university affiliated with the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) and located in Pikeville , Kentucky . It was founded in 1889 by the Presbyterian Church and is located on a 25-acre ( 10 ha ) campus on a hillside overlooking downtown Pikeville . The university is home to the Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine , one of three medical schools in the state of Kentucky . The university confers associate , bachelor 's , master 's and doctorate degrees through its six academic divisions and one medical college ; enrollment was 2,366 students in fall 2016 . Its intercollegiate athletic teams , the Bears , are members of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics at the NAIA Division I level and participate in the Mid-South Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Pikeville , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pikeville,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Pikeville ( /ˈpaɪkvəl/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pike County , Kentucky , United States . During the 2010 U.S. Census , the population within Pikeville 's city limits was 6,903 . In Kentucky 's current city classification system , Pikeville is a home rule-class city , a category that includes all of the state 's more than 400 cities except for the two largest , Louisville and Lexington ."}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Presbyterian )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)', 'summary': 'The Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , abbreviated PC ( USA ) , is a mainline Protestant Christian denomination in the United States . A part of the Reformed tradition , it is the largest Presbyterian denomination in the US , and known for its relatively progressive stance on doctrine . The PC ( USA ) was established by the 1983 merger of the Presbyterian Church in the United States , whose churches were located in the Southern and border states , with the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America , whose congregations could be found in every state . The similarly named Presbyterian Church in America is a separate denomination whose congregations can also trace their history to the various schisms and mergers of Presbyterian churches in the United States . The denomination had 1,352,678 active members and 19,243 ordained ministers in 9,161 congregations at the end of 2018 . This number does not include members who are baptized but who are not confirmed or the inactive members also affiliated . For example , in 2005 , the PC ( USA ) claimed 318,291 baptized , but not confirmed , members and nearly 500,000 inactive members in addition to active members . Its membership has been declining over the past several decades ; the trend has significantly accelerated in recent years , partly due to breakaway congregations . Average denominational worship attendance dropped to 565,467 in 2017 from 748,774 in 2013 . The PC ( USA ) is the largest Presbyterian denomination in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '2,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lady Bears', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mid-South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-South_Conference', 'summary': 'The Mid-South Conference ( MSC ) is an athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA . Member institutions are located in Alabama , Kentucky , Mississippi , Ohio , Tennessee , and Virginia . The Mid-South Conference has nine full members : Campbellsville , Cumberland ( TN ) , Cumberlands ( KY ) , Georgetown College ( KY ) , Lindsey Wilson , Life , Pikeville , Shawnee State , and Thomas More . Seven of these members sponsor football ; Life and Shawnee State do not . The Mid-South Conference also has six associate members that compete primarily in other conferences . Faulkner , Kentucky Christian , Union and recently former member Bluefield are associate members of the MSC for football , Bethel is an associate member of the MSC for football and track and field , and Reinhardt is an associate member of the MSC for football . This gave the conference 13 members for football . In the spring of 2016 , the conference expanded to 20 members , adding the six football members of The Sun Conference , as well as Faulkner University for football , On January 4 , 2018 , the conference added Keiser University for football , and St. Thomas announced in July they would be joining the conference for football in 2019 . In April 2018 , Thomas More University ( then Thomas More College ) , which had been an NAIA member before moving to NCAA Division III in 1990 , announced that it had been formally invited to rejoin the NAIA effective in 2019-20 as a member of the Mid-South Conference . The school , while acknowledging that it was considering this move , denied published reports that it had accepted the invitation . Thomas More eventually confirmed in July 2018 that it would join the Mid-South in 2019 . Another Sun Conference member , St. Thomas in Miami Gardens , Florida also joined the MSC as an affiliate member for football in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Point University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_University', 'summary': 'Point University is a private , Christian , liberal arts university in West Point , Georgia . It was founded in 1937 as Atlanta Christian College in East Point . The college announced its name change to Point University in 2011 and relocated its main campus to West Point in June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'West Point , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Point,_Georgia', 'summary': 'West Point is a city in Troup and Harris counties in the U.S. state of Georgia . It is located approximately halfway between Montgomery , Alabama and Atlanta along Interstate 85 . As of the 2010 census , it had a population of 3,474 , and in 2015 the estimated population was 3,728 . Most of the city is in Troup County , which is part of the LaGrange Micropolitan Statistical Area , and hence part of the Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs , GA Combined Statistical Area . [ citation needed ] A sliver in the south is in Harris County , which is part of the Columbus Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Christian )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christianity', 'summary': "Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth . Its adherents , known as Christians , believe that Jesus is the Christ , whose coming as the messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible , called the Old Testament in Christianity , and chronicled in the New Testament . It is the world 's largest religion with about 2.4 billion followers . Christianity began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the 1st century in the Roman province of Judea . Jesus ' apostles and their followers spread around Syria , the Levant , Europe , Anatolia , Mesopotamia , Transcaucasia , Egypt , and Ethiopia , despite initial persecution . It soon attracted gentile God-fearers , which led to a departure from Jewish customs , and , after the Fall of Jerusalem , AD 70 which ended the Temple-based Judaism , Christianity slowly separated from Judaism . Emperor Constantine the Great converted to Christianity before his death ( 337 ) , and was baptized by bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia ; Constantine decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan ( 313 ) , later convening the Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire ( 380 ) . The early history of Christianity 's united church before major schisms is sometimes referred to as the Great Church . The Church of the East split after the Council of Ephesus ( 431 ) and Oriental Orthodoxy split after the Council of Chalcedon ( 451 ) over differences in Christology , while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East-West Schism ( 1054 ) , especially over the authority of the bishop of Rome . Similarly , Protestantism split in numerous denominations from the Latin Catholic Church in the Reformation era ( 16th century ) over theological and ecclesiological disputes , most predominantly on the issue of justification and the primacy of the bishop of Rome . Following the Age of Discovery ( 15th-17th century ) , Christianity was spread into the Americas , Oceania , sub-Saharan Africa , and the rest of the world via missionary work . Christianity remains culturally diverse in its Western and Eastern branches , as well as in its doctrines concerning justification and the nature of salvation , ecclesiology , ordination , and Christology ."}]}, {'value': '1,439', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skyhawks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appalachian Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appalachian_Athletic_Conference_(NAIA)', 'summary': "The Appalachian Athletic Conference ( AAC ) is a college athletic conference that competes in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Division II competition . Members of the conference are located in the Southeastern United States in Tennessee , Kentucky , Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina , and Virginia . The conference is the successor to the Volunteer State Athletic Conference ( VSAC ) , which began in the 1940s ; and later the Tennessee-Virginia Athletic Conference ( TVAC ) that operated during the 1980s and 1990s . The Appalachian Athletic Conference was formed in 2001 with the additions of members from Virginia , Kentucky , and North Carolina . In 2019 the conference added Kentucky Christian University as a full member and Savannah College of Art and Design as an associate member in Men 's and Women 's lacrosse . Bluefield College was a member of the AAC from 2001 until 2012 when it left to join the Mid-South Conference . On March 3 , 2014 , Bluefield College announced that it would return to the AAC effective Fall 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reinhardt University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reinhardt_University', 'summary': 'Reinhardt University is a private university in Waleska , Georgia . The university has an off-campus center in Alpharetta and offers some programs in Cartersville , Marietta , and Canton , and online . Reinhardt is affiliated with the United Methodist Church .'}]}, {'value': 'Waleska , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waleska,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Waleska ( /wɔːˈlɛskə/ waw-LES-kə ) is a city in Cherokee County , Georgia , United States . The population was 644 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Methodist )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Methodist_Church', 'summary': "The United Methodist Church ( UMC ) is a worldwide mainline Protestant denomination based in the United States , and a major part of Methodism . In the 19th century , its main predecessor , the Methodist Episcopal Church , was a leader in evangelicalism . The present denomination was founded in 1968 in Dallas , Texas , by union of the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church . The UMC traces its roots back to the revival movement of John and Charles Wesley in England , as well as the Great Awakening in the United States . As such , the church 's theological orientation is decidedly Wesleyan . It embraces liturgical , holiness , and evangelical elements . The United Methodist Church has a connectional polity , a typical feature of a number of Methodist denominations . It is organized into conferences . The highest level is called the General Conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the UMC . The church is a member of the World Council of Churches , the World Methodist Council , and other religious associations . With at least 12 million members as of 2014 , the UMC is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement of approximately 80 million people across the world . In the United States , the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination , the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention , and the third largest Christian denomination ."}]}, {'value': '1,057', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appalachian Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appalachian_Athletic_Conference_(NAIA)', 'summary': "The Appalachian Athletic Conference ( AAC ) is a college athletic conference that competes in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Division II competition . Members of the conference are located in the Southeastern United States in Tennessee , Kentucky , Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina , and Virginia . The conference is the successor to the Volunteer State Athletic Conference ( VSAC ) , which began in the 1940s ; and later the Tennessee-Virginia Athletic Conference ( TVAC ) that operated during the 1980s and 1990s . The Appalachian Athletic Conference was formed in 2001 with the additions of members from Virginia , Kentucky , and North Carolina . In 2019 the conference added Kentucky Christian University as a full member and Savannah College of Art and Design as an associate member in Men 's and Women 's lacrosse . Bluefield College was a member of the AAC from 2001 until 2012 when it left to join the Mid-South Conference . On March 3 , 2014 , Bluefield College announced that it would return to the AAC effective Fall 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Morris University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Morris_University_(Illinois)', 'summary': "Robert Morris University Illinois , formerly Robert Morris College , is a private university with its main campus in Chicago , Illinois . It has additional locations in Arlington Heights , Elgin , Orland Park , Peoria , and Waukegan . Robert Morris University-Illinois was formerly known as Robert Morris College ; the institution changed its name to Robert Morris University-Illinois on May 1 , 2009 . It offers associate and bachelor 's degrees through the School of Business Administration , Institute of Art and Design , Institute of Technology & Media , Institute of Culinary Arts , and the College of Nursing & Health Studies . In 2006 , the Morris Graduate School of Management was established , providing Master of Business Administration and Master of Information Systems programs at the Chicago , DuPage and Orland Park campuses . The graduate program has now expanded to all locations across Illinois . Robert Morris University is regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicagoland Collegiate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicagoland_Collegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference ( CCAC ) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA . Its 14 members are located in the Midwestern United States . In many sports , the conference is structured as part of the Region VII of the NAIA , while in some sports the conference champion qualifies directly for national competition . The CCAC sanctions play in eight men 's and eight women 's sports . Men 's sports include soccer , cross country , basketball , track and field , tennis , baseball , golf , and volleyball . Women 's sports include soccer , volleyball , cross country , track and field , basketball , tennis , golf , and softball . In all sports , it sanctions regular season league play as well as a post-season tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Andrews University ( North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Andrews_University_(North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'St. Andrews University , a branch of Webber International University , is a private , Presbyterian liberal arts college in Laurinburg , North Carolina . The university was established in 1958 as a result of a merger of Flora MacDonald College in Red Springs and Presbyterian Junior College ; it was named St. Andrews Presbyterian College from 1960 until 2011 when the college changed its name to St. Andrews University . That same year , the college entered into a merger with Webber International University of Babson Park , Florida . It is also home to the St. Andrews Press . In 2013 , St. Andrews added its first graduate program , an MBA in business administration .'}]}, {'value': 'Laurinburg , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurinburg,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Laurinburg is a city in and the county seat of Scotland County , North Carolina , United States . Located in southern North Carolina near the South Carolina border , Laurinburg is southwest of Fayetteville and is home to St. Andrews University . The Laurinburg Institute , a historically African-American school , is also located in Laurinburg . The population at the 2010 Census was 15,962 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Andrews_University_Knights', 'summary': 'The St. Andrews Knights are the athletic teams for St. Andrews University in Laurinburg , North Carolina . The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , primarily competing in Appalachian Athletic Conference . The Knights also compete in the Mid-South Conference for wrestling and swimming . St. Andrews was formerly a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division II level , primarily competing in Conference Carolinas from 1988 to 2012 . The university transitioned to the NAIA after 23 years in the NCAA , following the end of the 2011-12 academic year . In addition to the 19 NAIA sports , St. Andrews sponsors an extensive equestrian program . The St. Andrews Equestrian Team has won American National Riding Commission ( ANRC ) national champions in 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , and 2007 ; in addition the Knights finished Reserve Champion at the ANRC Intercollegiate National Championships in 2004 and 2006 . The program won two Intercollegiate Horse Show Association ( IHSA ) Zone Hunter Seat All-Star Championships in 2002 and 2004 ; six IHSA Hunter Seat Reserve Regional Team Championships in 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 ; six IHSA Western Regional Team Championships in 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 ; and qualified for the Intercollegiate Dressage Association ( IDA ) National Final eight times ( 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , and 2010 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Appalachian Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appalachian_Athletic_Conference_(NAIA)', 'summary': "The Appalachian Athletic Conference ( AAC ) is a college athletic conference that competes in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Division II competition . Members of the conference are located in the Southeastern United States in Tennessee , Kentucky , Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina , and Virginia . The conference is the successor to the Volunteer State Athletic Conference ( VSAC ) , which began in the 1940s ; and later the Tennessee-Virginia Athletic Conference ( TVAC ) that operated during the 1980s and 1990s . The Appalachian Athletic Conference was formed in 2001 with the additions of members from Virginia , Kentucky , and North Carolina . In 2019 the conference added Kentucky Christian University as a full member and Savannah College of Art and Design as an associate member in Men 's and Women 's lacrosse . Bluefield College was a member of the AAC from 2001 until 2012 when it left to join the Mid-South Conference . On March 3 , 2014 , Bluefield College announced that it would return to the AAC effective Fall 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Savannah College of Art and Design', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah_College_of_Art_and_Design', 'summary': 'Savannah College of Art and Design ( SCAD ) is a private nonprofit art school with locations in Savannah , Georgia ; Atlanta ; Hong Kong ; and Lacoste , France . Founded in 1978 to provide degrees in programs not yet offered in the southeast of the United States , the university now operates two locations in Georgia , a degree-granting location in Hong Kong , a degree-granting online education program , and a study abroad location in Lacoste , France with rotating course offerings . The university enrolls more than 13,000 students from across the United States and around the world with international students comprising up to 14 percent of the student population . SCAD is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges and other regional and professional accrediting bodies .'}]}, {'value': 'Savannah , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia', 'summary': "Savannah ( /səˈvænə/ ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County . Established in 1733 on the Savannah River , the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia . A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War , Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport . It is Georgia 's fifth-largest city , with a 2018 estimated population of 145,862 . The Savannah metropolitan area , Georgia 's third-largest , had an estimated population of 389,494 in 2018 . Each year Savannah attracts millions of visitors to its cobblestone streets , parks , and notable historic buildings . These buildings include the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low ( founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA ) , the Georgia Historical Society ( the oldest continually operating historical society in the South ) , the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences ( one of the South 's first public museums ) , the First African Baptist Church ( one of the oldest African-American Baptist congregations in the United States ) , Temple Mickve Israel ( the third-oldest synagogue in the U.S. ) , and the Central of Georgia Railway roundhouse complex ( the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in the U.S. ) . Savannah 's downtown area , which includes the Savannah Historic District , the Savannah Victorian Historic District , and 22 parklike squares , is one of the largest National Historic Landmark Districts in the United States ( designated by the U.S. government in 1966 ) . [ a ] Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe ( a design now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) . Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,478', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bees', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sun Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sun_Conference', 'summary': 'The Sun Conference ( TSC ) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA . Eight of the twelve full member institutions are located in Florida , with three in Georgia and one in South Carolina . The Sun Conference competes in the NAIA in all sponsored sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Siena Heights University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siena_Heights_University', 'summary': 'Siena Heights University ( SHU ) is a Roman Catholic university in Adrian , Michigan .'}]}, {'value': 'Adrian , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian,_Michigan', 'summary': "Adrian is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Lenawee County . The population was 21,133 at the 2010 census . Adrian lies in Michigan 's 7th congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Catholic )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '2,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saints', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolverine-Hoosier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolverine-Hoosier_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference ( WHAC ) is a college athletic conference of twelve colleges and universities in the U.S. states of Michigan , Indiana , and Ohio . Founded in 1992 , the conference was created as a successor group for the now-defunct NAIA District 23 . The conference is a part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics , and is headquartered in Livonia , Michigan . The WHAC announced on January 27 , 2012 , that it is making history by adding bowling and lacrosse for both men and women as conference sports effective the fall of 2012 , becoming the first NAIA conference to offer championships in these sports . On October 13 , 2016 , the Council of Presidents unanimously voted to accept Rochester College ( now Rochester University ) into the Conference beginning with the 2017-2018 academic year . The WHAC again made history in July 2017 , by adding men 's ice hockey as conference sports effective the fall of 2017 . The WHAC became the first conference in the NAIA to offer the sport as a conference championship sport . Initially , the five conference members that sponsor ice hockey will participate in a conference championship . In July 2017 , Concordia University Ann Arbor announced that the university will begin an ice hockey program and begin competition in the NAIA Division and WHAC Hockey Conference in the 2018-19 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Tennessee Wesleyan University ( TWU ) is a private Methodist university in Athens , Tennessee . It was founded in 1857 and is affiliated with the Holston Conference of the United Methodist Church . It maintains a branch campus in Knoxville , where it offers evening programs in business administration . It also conducts its nursing classes in Knoxville . Tennessee Wesleyan offers ten varsity sports . The Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs compete in the Appalachian Athletic Conference of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athens , Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens,_Tennessee', 'summary': 'Athens is a city in McMinn County , Tennessee , United States . It is the county seat of McMinn County and the principal city of the Athens Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the larger Chattanooga-Cleveland-Athens Combined Statistical Area . The city is located almost equidistantly between the major cities of Knoxville and Chattanooga . The population was 13,220 at the 2000 census and 13,458 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Methodist )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulldogs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appalachian Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appalachian_Athletic_Conference_(NAIA)', 'summary': "The Appalachian Athletic Conference ( AAC ) is a college athletic conference that competes in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Division II competition . Members of the conference are located in the Southeastern United States in Tennessee , Kentucky , Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina , and Virginia . The conference is the successor to the Volunteer State Athletic Conference ( VSAC ) , which began in the 1940s ; and later the Tennessee-Virginia Athletic Conference ( TVAC ) that operated during the 1980s and 1990s . The Appalachian Athletic Conference was formed in 2001 with the additions of members from Virginia , Kentucky , and North Carolina . In 2019 the conference added Kentucky Christian University as a full member and Savannah College of Art and Design as an associate member in Men 's and Women 's lacrosse . Bluefield College was a member of the AAC from 2001 until 2012 when it left to join the Mid-South Conference . On March 3 , 2014 , Bluefield College announced that it would return to the AAC effective Fall 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Truett-McConnell College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truett-McConnell_College', 'summary': 'Truett McConnell University is a private Baptist university in Cleveland , Georgia . It is operated under the auspices of the Georgia Baptist Convention and controlled by a board of trustees elected by the convention . The university was named to honor George W. Truett and Fernando C. McConnell .'}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Cleveland is a city in White County , Georgia , United States , located 90 miles ( 140 km ) northeast of Atlanta and 128 miles ( 206 km ) southeast of Chattanooga , Tennessee . Its population was 3,410 at the 2010 census ( up from 1,907 in 2000 ) . It is the county seat of White County . Cleveland is home to the North Georgia Zoo and Petting Farm , as well as Babyland General Hospital , where Cabbage Patch Kids are cared for .'}]}, {'value': 'Private ( Baptist )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptist', 'summary': "Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing believers only ( believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism ) , and doing so by complete immersion ( as opposed to affusion or aspersion ) . Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency ( the responsibility and accountability of every person before God ) , sola fide ( salvation by faith alone ) , sola scriptura ( scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice ) and congregationalist church government . Baptists generally recognize two ordinances : baptism and communion . Diverse from their beginning , those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe , how they worship , their attitudes toward other Christians , and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship . Historians trace the earliest Baptist church to 1609 in Amsterdam , Dutch Republic with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor . In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults . Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law , so that individuals might have freedom of religion . Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English dissenters under King James I . In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies . In the 18th and 19th centuries , the First and Second Great Awakening increased church membership in the United States . Baptist missionaries have spread their faith to every continent ."}]}, {'value': '1,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bears', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appalachian Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appalachian_Athletic_Conference_(NAIA)', 'summary': "The Appalachian Athletic Conference ( AAC ) is a college athletic conference that competes in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Division II competition . Members of the conference are located in the Southeastern United States in Tennessee , Kentucky , Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina , and Virginia . The conference is the successor to the Volunteer State Athletic Conference ( VSAC ) , which began in the 1940s ; and later the Tennessee-Virginia Athletic Conference ( TVAC ) that operated during the 1980s and 1990s . The Appalachian Athletic Conference was formed in 2001 with the additions of members from Virginia , Kentucky , and North Carolina . In 2019 the conference added Kentucky Christian University as a full member and Savannah College of Art and Design as an associate member in Men 's and Women 's lacrosse . Bluefield College was a member of the AAC from 2001 until 2012 when it left to join the Mid-South Conference . On March 3 , 2014 , Bluefield College announced that it would return to the AAC effective Fall 2014 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Member schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "National_Women's_Lacrosse_League_0", 'intro': "The National Women's Lacrosse League (NWLL) is a National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) women's lacrosse-only college athletic conference. The vast majority of NAIA women's lacrosse programs play at the club level as part of the Women's Collegiate Lacrosse Associates (WCLA). The NAIA does not currently organize the sport of lacrosse for its member institutions, although there is hope this may change in the near future. In the meantime, the NWLL is providing an umbrella organization for all women's varsity NAIA lacrosse teams in the USA, including a national championship tournament. Founding schools of the NWLL were Indiana Institute of Technology, Missouri Baptist University, Reinhardt University, Robert Morris University (Illinois), Shorter University and Tennessee Wesleyan College. Conference play began during the 2010-11 season, culminating in the first NWLL conference tournament championship won by Indiana Tech on April 22-23, 2011 at Shorter University. On April 26, 2011 the NWLL announced the addition of three new members for the 2011-12 academic year: Davenport University, Savannah College of Art and Design and Siena Heights University. On October 12, 2011 it was announced that Midland University would also join in 2011-12. The Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference (WHAC) announced on January 27, 2012, that it is making history by adding lacrosse for both men and women as conference sports effective the fall of 2012. The WHAC is the first conference in the NAIA to offer lacrosse as a conference championship sport. At this time, the WHAC schools are still operating under the umbrella of NWLL."}
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In what year was the college founded that also offers coeducational evening , graduate and online programs and is of private affiliation ?
1854
08c44f286c482e9e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bomberman_video_games', 'title': 'List of Bomberman video games', 'header': ['Title', 'Year', 'Platforms', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bomberman Land', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bomberman_Land', 'summary': 'Bomberman Land is the first game of the Bomberman Land series , commemorating 15 years of the Bomberman franchise . The goal of the game is to collect 125 B-CARD pieces obtained through the adventures inside the Bomberman Land theme park .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation', 'summary': "PlayStation ( Japanese : プレイステーション , Hepburn : Pureisutēshon , officially abbreviated as PS ) is a video game brand that consists of four home video game consoles , as well as a media center , an online service , a line of controllers , two handhelds and a phone , as well as multiple magazines . The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment , a division of Sony , with the first console releasing as the PlayStation in Japan released in December 1994 , and worldwide the following year . The original console in the series was the first console of any type to ship over 100 million units , doing so in under a decade . Its successor , the PlayStation 2 , was released in 2000 . The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling home console to date , having reached over 155 million units sold by the end of 2012 . Sony 's next console , the PlayStation 3 , was released in 2006 , selling over 87.4 million units by March 2017 . Sony 's latest console , the PlayStation 4 , was released in 2013 , selling a million units within a day , becoming the fastest selling console in history . The next console in the series , the PlayStation 5 , is expected to be released by the end of 2020 . The first handheld game console in the series , the PlayStation Portable or PSP , sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November 2013 . Its successor , the PlayStation Vita , which launched in Japan in December 2011 and in most other major territories in February 2012 , selling over four million units by January 2013 . PlayStation TV is a microconsole and a non-portable variant of the PlayStation Vita handheld game console . Other hardware released as part of the PlayStation series includes the PSX , a digital video recorder which was integrated with the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 , though it was short lived due to its high price and was never released outside Japan , as well as a Sony Bravia television set which has an integrated PlayStation 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan-only release', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bomberman 64', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bomberman_64_(2001_video_game)', 'summary': 'Bomberman 64 ( ボンバーマン64 , Bonbāman Rokujūyon ) is a Japanese Nintendo 64 game of the Bomberman franchise .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nintendo 64', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_64', 'summary': 'The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan-only ; 4-player support . Unrelated to the 1997 title of the same name', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bomberman_64_(1997_video_game)', 'summary': "Bomberman 64 [ a ] is a video game developed by Hudson Soft , published by Hudson Soft in Japan and published by Nintendo in North America and Europe for the Nintendo 64 . The game was released in Europe on November 27 , 1997 and released in North America three days later . While the game never saw a release on the Wii 's Virtual Console service , it was eventually released on the Wii U Virtual Console in both Europe and North America in March 2017 followed by Japan in June 2017 . Bomberman 64 is the first 3D game within the Bomberman series . It implements a different single-player mode by incorporating action-adventure and platforming stages instead of arenas in which enemies or other elements must be destroyed . Three more Bomberman games were released on the Nintendo 64 : Bomberman Hero ( 1998 ) , Bomberman 64 : The Second Attack ( 2000 ) , and Bomberman 64 ( 2001 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bomberman Land 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bomberman_Land_2', 'summary': 'Bomberman Land 2 : The Biggest Theme Park in Game History is a 2003 video game developed by Racjin . The game was released in Japan only for the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo Gamecube .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GameCube , PlayStation 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GameCube', 'summary': "The Nintendo GameCube [ b ] [ c ] ( commonly abbreviated as GameCube ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo in Japan and North America in 2001 and in the PAL territories in 2002 . The sixth-generation console is the successor to the Nintendo 64 . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft 's original Xbox . The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium . The discs are in the miniDVD format and the system was not designed to play full-sized DVDs or audio CDs , unlike its competitors , and focused on gaming instead . The console supports limited online gaming for a small number of games via a GameCube broadband or modem adapter and can connect to a Game Boy Advance with a link cable , which allows players to access exclusive in-game features using the handheld as a second screen and controller . The GameCube uses composite video cables to display games on the television ; however , there are differences in the two GameCube models . The models produced before May 2004 also have the ability to use digital component AV cables and progressive scan and a second serial port . The nameplate on the top of the console with the words Nintendo GameCube can be removed . This model is known as DOL-001 . The previously mentioned features were removed in GameCube consoles produced between 2004-2007 ; the later model was known as DOL-101 . The newer model has updated firmware that disables Action Replay cheats and cheat codes ( a newer version was developed to circumvent this ) and the disc-reading laser was improved in many ways , though it is not as durable ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan-only release', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bomberman Land 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bomberman_Land_3', 'summary': "Bomberman Land 3 is an action video game released in 2005 by Racjin . The game was released in Japan . However , with the PlayStation 3 's debut , the Japanese version was put on the North American store called Bomberman Land 3 ( PS2 Classic ) ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan-only release', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bomberman Land Touch !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bomberman_Land_Touch!', 'summary': 'Bomberman Land Touch ! [ a ] is a puzzle video game developed by Hudson Soft for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console . Bomberman Land Touch ! is the first Bomberman game in the Bomberman Land series to be officially released outside Japan , and the first Bomberman Land video game to use the square head Bomberman design found in most Bomberman titles .'}]}, {'value': '2006 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nintendo DS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_DS', 'summary': "The Nintendo DS , [ b ] or simply DS , is a dual-screen handheld game console developed and released by Nintendo . The device released globally across 2004 and 2005 . The DS , an acronym for Developers ' System or Dual Screen , introduced distinctive new features to handheld gaming : two LCD screens working in tandem ( the bottom one being a touchscreen ) , a built-in microphone , and support for wireless connectivity . Both screens are encompassed within a clamshell design similar to the Game Boy Advance SP . The Nintendo DS also features the ability for multiple DS consoles to directly interact with each other over Wi-Fi within a short range without the need to connect to an existing wireless network . Alternatively , they could interact online using the now-defunct Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service . Its main competitor was Sony 's PlayStation Portable during the seventh generation of video game consoles . Prior to its release , the Nintendo DS was marketed as an experimental , third pillar in Nintendo 's console lineup , meant to complement the Game Boy Advance and GameCube . However , backward compatibility with Game Boy Advance titles and strong sales ultimately established it as the successor to the Game Boy series . On March 2 , 2006 , Nintendo launched the Nintendo DS Lite , a slimmer and lighter redesign of the original Nintendo DS with brighter screens . On November 1 , 2008 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DSi , another redesign with several hardware improvements and new features , although it lost backwards compatibility for Game Boy Advance titles . All Nintendo DS models combined have sold 154.02 million units , making it the best selling handheld game console to date , and the second best selling video game console of all time behind Sony 's PlayStation 2 ."}]}, {'value': '8-player support over wireless play , 4-player internet Wi-Fi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wi-Fi', 'summary': "Wi-Fi ( /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ ) is a family of wireless networking technologies , based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards , which are commonly used for local area networking of devices and Internet access . Wi - Fi is a trademark of the non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance , which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing . As of 2010 [ update ] , the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 375 companies from around the world . As of 2009 [ update ] , Wi-Fi-integrated circuit chips shipped approximately 580 million units yearly . Devices that can use Wi-Fi technologies include desktops and laptops , smartphones and tablets , smart TVs , printers , digital audio players , digital cameras , cars and drones . Wi-Fi uses multiple parts of the IEEE 802 protocol family , and is designed to interwork seamlessly with its wired sibling Ethernet . Compatible devices can network through a wireless access point to each other as well as to wired devices and the Internet . The different versions of Wi-Fi are specified by various IEEE 802.11 protocol standards , with the different radio technologies determining radio bands , and the maximum ranges , and speeds that may be achieved . Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz ( 120 mm ) UHF and 5 gigahertz ( 60 mm ) SHF ISM radio bands ; these bands are subdivided into multiple channels . Channels can be shared between networks but only one transmitter can locally transmit on a channel at any moment in time . Wi-Fi 's wavebands have relatively high absorption and work best for line-of-sight use . Many common obstructions such as walls , pillars , home appliances etc ."}]}, {'value': 'Bomberman Land ( Wii )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bomberman_Land_(Wii)', 'summary': 'Bomberman Land ( also known as Bomberman Land Wii ) is a game that features a collection of various , Wii Remote-based minigames . The game is developed and published by Hudson Soft . It was released in Japan for Wii on March 8 , 2007 , January 29 , 2008 in North America , and March 14 , 2008 in Europe .'}]}, {'value': '2007 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wii', 'summary': "The Wii ( /wiː/ WEE ; known unofficially as the Nintendo Wii ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo on November 19 , 2006 . As a seventh-generation console , the Wii competed with Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Sony 's PlayStation 3 . Nintendo states that its console targets a broader demographic than that of the two others . As of the first quarter of 2016 [ update ] , the Wii led its generation over the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in worldwide sales , with more than 101 million units sold ; in December 2009 , the console broke the sales record for a single month in the United States . The Wii introduced the Wii Remote controller , which can be used as a handheld pointing device and which detects movement in three dimensions . The console runs games supplied on Wii optical discs . It also supported the now discontinued WiiConnect24 service , which enabled Wii to receive messages and updates over the Internet while in standby mode . Like other seventh-generation consoles it supported a service , called Virtual Console , that downloaded emulated games from past Nintendo consoles , support for online video streaming such as BBC iPlayer , and other services provided by Nintendo over the Internet . From June 28 , 2013 , Internet services were gradually discontinued ; since January 31 , 2019 , only re-download of games , system software update , and transfer of data between Wii and Wii U continued to be available , to be withdrawn at an unspecified future date . Wii Points could no longer be purchased after March 2018 , and could not be used and were permanently lost from January 31 , 2019 . The Wii succeeded the GameCube ; early models are fully backward-compatible with all GameCube games and most accessories . Nintendo first spoke of the console at the E3 2004 press conference and later unveiled it at E3 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Remake of 2000 Japan-only release , designed to take advantage of Wii controller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bomberman Land ( PSP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bomberman_Land_(PSP)', 'summary': 'Bomberman Land is a title in the Bomberman Land spin-off series of Bomberman games . It focuses on mini-games including a classic Battle Mode based on the original game . This is not to be confused with the Wii and PlayStation titles of the same name .'}]}, {'value': '2007 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '4-player support with one per system or with only one copy of the game', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bomberman Land Touch ! 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bomberman_Land_Touch!_2', 'summary': "Bomberman Land Touch ! 2 ( known as Touch ! Bomberman Land Star Bomber 's Miracle World in Japan ) , is a puzzle video game for the Nintendo DS , the sequel to Bomberman Land Touch ! . Like its predecessor , it is a spin-off of the main Bomberman series , and focuses on mini-games . It is the 4th Bomberman title on the DS , and is the 3rd to use the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection . Using both the Bomberman Battle Pack and Bomberman Battle Pack 2 abilities , it can connect to any Bomberman game for local wireless challenges and exciting WiFi battles ."}]}, {'value': '2007 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nintendo DS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_DS', 'summary': "The Nintendo DS , [ b ] or simply DS , is a dual-screen handheld game console developed and released by Nintendo . The device released globally across 2004 and 2005 . The DS , an acronym for Developers ' System or Dual Screen , introduced distinctive new features to handheld gaming : two LCD screens working in tandem ( the bottom one being a touchscreen ) , a built-in microphone , and support for wireless connectivity . Both screens are encompassed within a clamshell design similar to the Game Boy Advance SP . The Nintendo DS also features the ability for multiple DS consoles to directly interact with each other over Wi-Fi within a short range without the need to connect to an existing wireless network . Alternatively , they could interact online using the now-defunct Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service . Its main competitor was Sony 's PlayStation Portable during the seventh generation of video game consoles . Prior to its release , the Nintendo DS was marketed as an experimental , third pillar in Nintendo 's console lineup , meant to complement the Game Boy Advance and GameCube . However , backward compatibility with Game Boy Advance titles and strong sales ultimately established it as the successor to the Game Boy series . On March 2 , 2006 , Nintendo launched the Nintendo DS Lite , a slimmer and lighter redesign of the original Nintendo DS with brighter screens . On November 1 , 2008 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DSi , another redesign with several hardware improvements and new features , although it lost backwards compatibility for Game Boy Advance titles . All Nintendo DS models combined have sold 154.02 million units , making it the best selling handheld game console to date , and the second best selling video game console of all time behind Sony 's PlayStation 2 ."}]}, {'value': '8-player support over wireless play and 4-player support over Wi-Fi connection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wi-Fi', 'summary': "Wi-Fi ( /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ ) is a family of wireless networking technologies , based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards , which are commonly used for local area networking of devices and Internet access . Wi - Fi is a trademark of the non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance , which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing . As of 2010 [ update ] , the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 375 companies from around the world . As of 2009 [ update ] , Wi-Fi-integrated circuit chips shipped approximately 580 million units yearly . Devices that can use Wi-Fi technologies include desktops and laptops , smartphones and tablets , smart TVs , printers , digital audio players , digital cameras , cars and drones . Wi-Fi uses multiple parts of the IEEE 802 protocol family , and is designed to interwork seamlessly with its wired sibling Ethernet . Compatible devices can network through a wireless access point to each other as well as to wired devices and the Internet . The different versions of Wi-Fi are specified by various IEEE 802.11 protocol standards , with the different radio technologies determining radio bands , and the maximum ranges , and speeds that may be achieved . Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz ( 120 mm ) UHF and 5 gigahertz ( 60 mm ) SHF ISM radio bands ; these bands are subdivided into multiple channels . Channels can be shared between networks but only one transmitter can locally transmit on a channel at any moment in time . Wi-Fi 's wavebands have relatively high absorption and work best for line-of-sight use . Many common obstructions such as walls , pillars , home appliances etc ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Spin-offs -- Bomberman Land games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Bomberman_video_games_5', 'intro': 'This is a list of Bomberman video games.'}
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What head shape did Bomberman have for the first time in the title that had a sequel that was the 3rd Bomberman game to use the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection ?
Square
08c5599b9749fc5b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_auto_racing_tracks_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of auto racing tracks in the United States', 'header': ['Track Name', 'Location', 'Length', 'Shape/Banking', 'Classes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Angola Motor Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Angola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Angola,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Angola is a city in Pleasant Township , Steuben County , Indiana , United States . The population was 8,612 at the 2010 census . The city is the county seat of Steuben County . Angola was founded by Thomas Gale and Cornelius Gilmore on June 28 , 1838 , and is home to Trine University . The town is served by I-69 and the Indiana Toll Road ( I-80 and I-90 ) .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limited . Late Models , I-Modifieds , Factory Stocks , Mini Stocks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auto City Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan Clio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clio,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Clio ( /ˈklaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) ) is a city in Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The city is located entirely within Vienna Township , but is administratively autonomous . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 2,646 . Along with the rest of Genesee County , Clio is part of the Flint metropolitan statistical area .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km ) & 0.3333 miles ( 0.5364 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Late Models , Auto City templet body Super Late modelsModifieds , Factory Stock , Sportsman , Thunder Trucks , Lead Sleads , Hornets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronson Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronson_Speedway', 'summary': "The Bronson Speedway is an asphalt , 3/8 mile racetrack located in Levy County , Florida , United States . It hosts several local racing series as well as a number of touring series throughout the year . Proud to claim to be the home track of The Best Drivers in the South Bronson generally runs events on every other weekend through the race season which stretches from January/February through August . Local race series include : 4-cylinders , a Strictly Stock class , Pure Stock class , Street Stock class , Sportsman class , Open-Wheel Modifieds , and Drift Racing . Touring series which frequent the facility include the Pro-Challenge Series as well as the Florida United Promoters Series ( including Sportsman , Pro-Truck , and Legends divisions ) and the Daytona Antique Auto Racing Association ( DAARA ) . Originally constructed in the mid-1970s in an attempt to bring a different , northern feel to Southern motorsports ( as opposed to the dirt tracks which typify the region ) , the track changed hands a number of times before being purchased by Chris and Ann Young in 2011 . Attempting to bring a family feel into the local racing scene , the Youngs have emphasized a reduction of overhead costs and ticket prices in an effort to encourage local families to return to the speedway for their Saturday night entertainment . Featured in numerous local publications as well as in The New York Times the Bronson Speedway has developed a reputation for a unique and innovative approach to the racing industry including an emphasis on the integration of social media within traditional track promotions efforts . Currently the Youngs are in the process of diversifying the use of the track , working to provide local drivers and drifters with a track to call home as well as to reopen a mudbog which fell into disuse during the frequent ownership changes of the past . In the fall of 2013 , Bronson Speedway became one of the first short-tracks to enter into partnership with Humpy Wheeler 's Speedway Benefits group , a marketing and advertising association of more than 1,000 international short-track owners and venues seeking to gain greater negotiating authority via collective bargaining with potential suppliers and sponsors . During the season , the Bronson Speedway typically runs events on every other weekend with special events advertised well in advance ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida Bronson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bronson,_Florida', 'summary': 'Bronson is a town in Levy County , Florida , United States . The population was 1,113 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Levy County .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strictly Stock , Pure Stock , Street Stock , Sportsman , Open-wheel Modified , Pro-Challenge Series , Legends , DAARA & Figure 8s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte County Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_County_Speedway', 'summary': 'The 4-17 Southern Speedway is an asphalt , 3/8th mile racetrack located in Punta Gorda , Florida , United States . The track was built in 1990 by LeRoy Davidson who operated it until 1995 . It started off its life playing host to Super Late Models , late models , sprint cars , sportsmen , open wheeled modified , FASTRUCK , FASTKIDS , and several other types of racing . It sported one of the largest fields of late models in the South . The track was featured several times on the cover of Circle Track Magazine as one of the top circle tracks in the South Eastern United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida Punta Gorda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punta_Gorda,_Florida', 'summary': "Punta Gorda ( /ˌpʌntə ˈɡɔːrdə/ ; English : Fat Point ) is a city in Charlotte County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census the city had a population of 16,641 . It is the county seat of Charlotte County and the only incorporated municipality in the county . Punta Gorda is the principal city of the Punta Gorda , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area and is also in the Sarasota-Bradenton-Punta Gorda Combined Statistical Area . Punta Gorda was the scene of massive destruction after Charley , a Category 4 hurricane , came through the city on August 13 , 2004 . Charley was the strongest tropical system to hit Florida since Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , and the first hurricane since Hurricane Donna in 1960 to make a direct hit on Florida 's southwest coast . In the immediate years following the storm , buildings were restored or built to hurricane-resistant building codes . The new buildings , restorations and amenities concurrently preserved the city 's past while showcasing newer facilities . During this time , Laishley Park Municipal Marina was built and the Harborwalk , Linear Park and various trails were created throughout the city for bicycle and pedestrian traffic ."}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late Models , Modifieds , Sportsman , Street Stocks , Bombers , Trucks , 4-Cylinder FWD , Legends , Bandoleros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemung Speedrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chemung_Speedrome', 'summary': 'The Chemung Speedrome is a 3/8 mile Asphalt race track in Chemung , New York , USA . Built in 1951 by the Bodine family , the track was first dirt-surfaced , then paved . It was closed in 1978 . After buying the track in 1985 , one of the current owners Bob Stapleton started to rebuild the track in 1997 , and in 2000 the track held its inaugural event .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Chemung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chemung,_New_York', 'summary': 'Chemung is a town in Chemung County , New York , United States . The population was 2,563 at the 2010 census . The town name is derived from the Chemung River , which means Big Horn in the native language . The town is in the southeast corner of the county and is southeast of Elmira . It is part of the Elmira Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NASCAR SST Modifieds , Super Stocks , 4-Cylinders , INEX Legends , INEX Bandoleros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Citrus County Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Inverness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Inverness,_Florida', 'summary': 'Inverness is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 7,210 . It is the county seat of Citrus County and is home to the Citrus County Courthouse and near the 10,950-acre ( 4,430 ha ) Flying Eagle Preserve .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Late Models , Open Wheel Modifieds , Limiteds , Figure 8 Sportsman , Hobby Stocks , Mini Stocks , Thunder Stocks , 4 Cyl . Bombers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado National Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_National_Speedway', 'summary': 'Colorado National Speedway is a paved oval in Dacono , Colorado spanning 0.375 miles ( 0.604 km ) . The track is currently a member of the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series and hosts the NASCAR K & N Pro Series West annually .'}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Dacono', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado', 'summary': 'Colorado ( /ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ , -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ ( listen ) , other variants ) is a state of the Western United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains . It is the 8th most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state . The estimated population of Colorado is 5,770,545 as of 2019 , an increase of 14.7% since the 2010 United States Census . The state was named for the Colorado River , which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado ( Red River ) for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains . The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28 , 1861 , and on August 1 , 1876 , U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state . Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state one century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence . Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north , Nebraska to the northeast , Kansas to the east , Oklahoma to the southeast , New Mexico to the south , Utah to the west , and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners . Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of mountains , forests , high plains , mesas , canyons , plateaus , rivers and desert lands . Colorado is part of the western and southwestern United States and is one of the Mountain States . Denver is the capital and most populous city of Colorado . Residents of the state are known as Coloradans , although the antiquated term Coloradoan is occasionally used .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dacono,_Colorado', 'summary': 'The City of Dacono is a Home Rule Municipality located in Weld County , Colorado , United States . The population was 4,152 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late models , Grand American Modifieds , Super Stock , Figure 8 , trains , NASCAR K & N Pro Series West', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Desoto Super Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Bradenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bradenton,_Florida', 'summary': "Bradenton ( /ˈbreɪdəntən/ BRAY-dən-tən ) is a city in Manatee County , Florida , United States . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's 2018 population to be 57,644 . Bradenton is a principal city of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton metropolitan statistical area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 821,573 . It is the county seat ."}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limited Late Model , Late Model , Desoto Truck Series , Sportsman , Streetstock , Novice Stock , Modified Mini , Mini Stock , Open Wheel Modified', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elko Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elko_Speedway', 'summary': 'Elko Speedway , is a 3/8 mile asphalt oval NASCAR-sanctioned race track located in Elko New Market , Minnesota . Elko Speedway is a track in the Whelen All-American Series . The track is located in the former Elko portion of the merged city .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Elko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elko_New_Market,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Elko New Market is a city in Scott County in the State of Minnesota resulting from a merger of bordering cities Elko and New Market in 2006 . The population was 4,110 at the 2010 census . Served by Interstate 35 and Scott County Road 2 , the city contains one public school Eagle View Elementary , and is primarily known for Elko Speedway . The New Market Hotel and Store is on the National Register of Historic Places . The city contains a marker for the Big Woods of south-central Minnesota . Elko was initially a railway village in 1858 . New Market was named for the town near Cambridge , England though it was first named Jackson until its establishment about the same time . Both Elko and New Market were common town names of the era according to the Minnesota Historical Society .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limited Late Model , Late Model , Desoto Truck Series , Sportsman , Streetstock , Novice Stock , Modified Mini , Mini Stock , Open Wheel Modified', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hickory Motor Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hickory_Motor_Speedway', 'summary': "Hickory Motor Speedway is a short track located in Hickory , North Carolina . It is one of stock car racing 's most storied venues , and is often referred to as the World 's Most Famous Short Track and the Birthplace of the NASCAR Stars . The track first opened in 1951 as a 1⁄2-mile ( 0.80 km ) dirt track . Gwyn Staley won the first race at the speedway and later became the first track champion . Drivers such as Junior Johnson , Ned Jarrett , and Ralph Earnhardt also became track champions in the 1950s , with Earnhardt winning five of them . In 1953 , NASCAR 's Grand National Series ( later the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) visited the track for the first time . Tim Flock won the first race at the speedway , which became a regular part of the Grand National schedule . After winning his track championship in 1952 , Junior Johnson became the most successful Grand National driver at Hickory , winning there seven times . The track has been re-configured three times in its history . The track became a 0.4-mile ( 644 meters ) dirt track in 1955 , which was paved for the first time during the 1967 season . In 1970 , the Hickory track was shortened to a length of 0.363 miles ( 584 meters ) . Hickory was dropped from the Grand National schedule after the 1971 season when R. J. Reynolds began sponsoring the series and dropped all races under 250 miles ( 402 kilometers ) from the schedule ."}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina Hickory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina', 'summary': "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Hickory is a city located primarily in Catawba County , with formal boundaries extending into Burke and Caldwell counties . The city lies in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Hickory 's population at the 2010 census was 40,010 ( primarily in Catawba County ) , with an estimated population in 2018 of 40,925 . Hickory is the principal city in the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton MSA , in which the population at the 2010 census was 365,497 and is located just northwest of the Charlotte-Concord Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '0.363 miles ( 0.584 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NASCAR Whelen All-American Late Model Series , Limited Late Models , Trucks , Street Stock , Hobby Stocks , Pro-4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Motorsports Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Houston', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D-shaped Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NASCAR Late Models , Modifieds , Legends , Bandoleros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalamazoo Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan Kalamazoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan', 'summary': "Kalamazoo /ˌkæləməˈzuː/ is a city in the southwest region of the U.S. state of Michigan . It is the county seat of Kalamazoo County . As of the 2010 census , Kalamazoo had a population of 74,262 . Kalamazoo is the major city of the Kalamazoo-Portage Metropolitan Statistical Area , which has a population of 335,340 as of 2015 . Kalamazoo is equidistant from the major American cities of Chicago and Detroit , each less than 150 miles away . One of Kalamazoo 's most notable features is the Kalamazoo Mall , an outdoor pedestrian shopping mall . The city created the mall in 1959 by closing part of Burdick Street to auto traffic , although two of the mall 's four blocks have been reopened to auto traffic since 1999 . Kalamazoo is home to Western Michigan University , a large public university , Kalamazoo College , a private liberal arts college , and Kalamazoo Valley Community College , a two-year community college ."}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outlaw Late Models , NASCAR Modifieds , Sportsmans , Pure Stocks , Cyber Stocks ( 6 cyl . FW Drive )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kil-Kare Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kil-Kare_Speedway', 'summary': 'Kil-Kare Raceway is a motorsports complex located in Xenia Township , Greene County , near Xenia and Dayton , Ohio , USA . It first opened in 1959 and features two separate tracks : Kil-Kare Speedway , a 3/8 mile ( 0.6 km ) asphalt oval for stock car racing and Kil-Kare Dragway , a 1/4 mile dragstrip . The oval is unconventional in shape , with the cars almost in a continuous slide between turns one and four . The facility is affiliated with both the NHRA and NASCAR and holds events in the Whelen All-American Series as well as local events including figure 8 races . It formerly hosted races in ARCA and USAR Pro Cup Series competition . The name Kil Kare is believed to be derived from an old resort that once stood on the property currently occupied by the raceway . The Creekside Trail bicycle path , which borders the raceway to the south , was once the Columbus and Xenia Railroad . The railroad carried passenger trains near the turn of the 20th century . The passenger trains stopped at the resort that was named Kill all your cares . As time progressed , the resort closed , the railroad was dismantled , and the name Kil-Kare , which was formed from the name of the resort , stuck . The 1/4 mile drag strip at Kil-Kare underwent a major renovation in 2013 which included tearing up the old asphalt surface and replacing it with concrete for the entire length of the strip . Kil-Kare is one of few in the country that features a concrete racing surface for the entire 1/4 mile length .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio Xenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Xenia,_Ohio', 'summary': "Xenia ( /ˈziːniə/ ZEE-nee-ə ) is a city in and the county seat of Greene County , Ohio , United States . The municipality is located in southwestern Ohio 15 miles ( 24 km ) from Dayton and is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area , as well as the Miami Valley region . The name comes from the Greek word Xenia ( ξενία ) , which means hospitality . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 25,719 . Xenia is the third-largest city by population in Greene County , behind Fairborn and Beavercreek . At the geographical center of the county , it was selected as the county seat and houses the County Courthouse , County Sheriff 's Department , Jail , and other regional departments ."}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late Models , Modifieds , Sport Stocks , Compacts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Erie Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Erie_Speedway', 'summary': 'Lake Erie Speedway is a 3/8 mile ( 0.6 km ) paved , banked oval race track which opened on June 21 , 2002 in Erie County , Pennsylvania south of North East , Pennsylvania , United States . It was a member of the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series from 2002 till 2013 when the track dropped the NASCAR sanctioning body and started only holding a few special event races a year as an unsanctioned track . Lake Erie Speedway previously ran five weekly race divisions including : Modifieds , Street Stocks , Compacts , Legends , and Bandoleros . The track formerly hosted the ARCA RE/MAX Series and the NASCAR Busch East/North Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Erie County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Erie County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . As of the 2018 , the population was 272,061 . Its county seat is Erie . The county was created in 1800 and later organized in 1803 . Erie County comprises the Erie , PA Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lanier National Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lanier_National_Speedway', 'summary': "Lanier Raceplex is a 0.375-mile paved oval racetrack located just outside Braselton , Georgia . The track opened in 1982 as a dirt track , and was paved in the mid-1980s . The track was under the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series banner with Super Late Models , SuperTrucks , Junkyard Dogs , Outlaw Late Models , Mini Stocks , INEX RaceCeiver/zMax Legends Cars and INEX Bandolero Cars . The track ended weekly racing at the end of the 2011 season , but will remain open for larger events . But said larger events have not taken place since its closure in 2011 . On January 20 , 2014 it was reported that the former track owner Donnie Clack was no longer associated and that the track had been sold . Lanier Raceplex is located across from the Road Atlanta motor racing circuit . New photos surfaced online in August & October 2013 showing the 0.375 mi track in disrepair after having closed in 2011 . In 2014 , Lanier National Speedway was purchased by Jim Downing and is being renamed Lanier Raceplex . The new venue is to host concerts and serve as a race track August 12 photos emerged showing the infield walls , buildings , and facilities being razed in preparation for a complete black lake paving job of the entire infield and oval . Track amenities are also receiving major renovations . The track is expected to reopen by January 2016 and feature 'arrive and drive ' karting , as well as host oval track ( legends series ) , and drift events ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Braselton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Braselton,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Braselton ( /ˈbræzəltən/ BRAZ-əl-tən ) is a town in Barrow , Gwinnett , Hall , and Jackson counties in the U.S. state of Georgia , approximately 53 miles ( 85 km ) northeast of Atlanta . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 7,511 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 11,652 . The Gwinnett and Barrow County portions of Braselton are part of the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta , GA , Metropolitan Statistical Area , and the Hall County portion is part of both the Atlanta and Gainesville , GA Metropolitan Statistical Areas . The remaining Jackson County portion of Braselton is not part of any core based statistical area .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pro Late Models , Super Trucks , Sportsman , Open Wheel Modifieds , Street Stocks , and INEX Legends , Bandoleros , & Thunder Roadsters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanon I-44 Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanon_I-44_Speedway', 'summary': "Lebanon I-44 Speedway is a multi-purpose speedway located in Ozark hills just off Interstate 44 outside Lebanon , Missouri . The Speedway 's main 3/8 mile oval has been holding races since 1982 . The 1/5 mile Inner Track or Little Track is in the small infield that has held races for 4 cylinders and an occasional Midwest Mods race since June 2018 . The track is known for breeding drivers such as Carl Edwards , Jamie McMurray , Justin Jennings , Kenny Wallace , Mike Wallace , Kyle and Kevin Donahue , and many other great racers . Chrissy Wallace was the 2011 track champion in the Pro Late Model division . The Speedway is the main breeding ground for most Missouri and MB Motorsports Asphalt racers . It was built by Bill Willard and currently runs as an asphalt and dirt track . It is also an approved NASCAR and ASA speedway . The track has held touring races . The NASCAR Midwest Series raced at the track in 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , and 2001 . One K & N West Series race was held at the track in 2013 and it was won by Michael Self ."}]}, {'value': 'Missouri Lebanon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lebanon,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Lebanon is a city in Laclede County , Missouri , United States . The population was 14,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Laclede County . The Lebanon Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of Laclede County .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee USA Speedway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Hampshire Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Hampshire', 'summary': "New Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ ) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south , Vermont to the west , Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by area and the 10th least populous U.S. state . Concord is the state capital , while Manchester is the largest city . New Hampshire has no general sales tax , nor income tax other than on interest and dividends . The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle . Its license plates carry the state motto , Live Free or Die . The state 's nickname , The Granite State , refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries . In January 1776 , it became the first of the British North American colonies to establish a government independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain 's authority , and it was the first to establish its own state constitution . Six months later , it became one of the original 13 colonies that signed the United States Declaration of Independence , and in June 1788 it was the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution , bringing that document into effect . Historically , New Hampshire was a major center for textile manufacturing , shoemaking , and papermaking , with Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester at one time being the largest cotton textile plant in the world . Numerous mills were located along various rivers in the state , especially the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lee,_New_Hampshire', 'summary': 'Lee is a town in Strafford County , New Hampshire , United States . The population was 4,330 at the 2010 census . The town is a rural farm and bedroom community , being close to the University of New Hampshire .'}]}, {'value': '0.358 miles ( 0.576 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'high-banked Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late Models , Small Block Supers , Late Model Sportsman , Hobby Stocks , Road Runners , and Ironman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorain County Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorain_County_Speedway', 'summary': 'Lorain County Speedway is an auto racing track located in Amherst Township , Lorain County , near South Amherst , Ohio , USA opened in 1949 as a 1/3 mile dirt oval . It was paved between the 1960 and 1961 racing seasons . It is currently a 3/8-mile asphalt oval , with 12 degree banking in both turns , and slight banking on the straightaways .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio South Amherst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Amherst,_Ohio', 'summary': 'South Amherst is a village in Lorain County , Ohio , United States . The population was 1,688 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modifieds , Sportsmen , Street Stocks , Pure Stocks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orange County Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_County_Speedway', 'summary': 'Orange County Speedway is a 3/8 mile ( 0.6 km ) asphalt oval in Orange County , North Carolina , near Rougemont . It first opened in 1966 as 1/4 mile ( 0.4 km ) and 5/8 mile ( 1.6 km ) dirt oval ( Trico Speedway ) , which operated until 1967 and 1973 , respectively . The facility was reopened and paved in 1983 . With a slogan of the fastest 3/8-mile race track in America , the oval features 19 degree banking through the turns and 16 degrees on the straightaways creating three distinct grooves making for very fast turns . The aluminum grandstands stretch from Turn 4 all the way down the front straightaway to Turn 1 . The speedway closed in 2003 , but reopened on March 11 , 2006 as an American Speed Association member track . Some of the most famous names in stock car racing have raced at the Orange County Speedway , including Dale Earnhardt , Jeff Gordon , Mark Martin , Davey and Donnie Allison , Dale Jarrett , Jeff and Ward Burton , Elliott and Hermie Sadler , Scott Riggs , Michael Waltrip , Todd Bodine , Kyle Petty and Bobby Labonte . Some more recent notable drivers include Timothy Peters , Darrell Bubba Wallace , Jr. , Ryan Blaney , Jeb Burton , Timmy Hill , Ryan Reed , Jesse Little and Gray Gaulding . David Pearson and Glen Wood raced at the speedway when it was a dirt track . The track currently runs a regular weekly show on the second and fourth Saturday night of each month , April thru October . The facility also hosts the PASS and CARS touring series .'}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina Rougemont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina', 'summary': "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rougemont,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Rougemont is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Durham and Person counties , North Carolina , United States . The population of the CDP was 978 at the 2010 census . An act to incorporate Rougemont as a town was introduced to the North Carolina General Assembly in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D-shaped Oval ( asphalt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late Models , Late Model Super Trucks , Limited Late Models , Sportsman , Legends , Mini Stock , Street Stock , Pure Stock , Modifieds , U-Car', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando Speedworld', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Bithlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bithlo,_Florida', 'summary': "Bithlo is a census-designated place and an unincorporated community in Orange County , Florida , United States . The population was 8,268 at the 2010 census , up from 4,626 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee Metropolitan Statistical Area . The Bithlo Post Office opened in 1922 . For 20 years in the early 20th century , Bithlo was an incorporated town , but in 1929 ceased to function as a town due to economic hardship . By 1941 , the town council meetings had ended and in 1944 the Okeechobee Railroad Branch was abandoned . After the end of World War II , the town became known as a waste dump and pollution site . It was in 1970 when the residents of Bithlo petitioned the state legislature to revoke the town 's charter . The city was finally unincorporated in 1977 , an act which was not finalized until 1982 due to outstanding bonds and legal problems . Bithlo is the location of several of the broadcasting towers for the digital television stations in the Orlando-Daytona Beach-Melbourne market . It is also home to Bithlo Park and the East Orange Babe Ruth youth baseball and softball program ."}]}, {'value': '0.375 miles ( 0.604 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sportsman , Super Stocks , Mini Stocks , Strictly Stocks , Super Late Models , Modifieds , Legends , Bandolero', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Paved ovals -- Paved short tracks', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_auto_racing_tracks_in_the_United_States_9', 'intro': 'This is a list of all auto racing tracks in the United States. The track length stands for the standard, full courses for each track. The major series listed are only series that currently hold a race at the track.'}
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In what year was the town founded that hosts the Angola Motor Speedway ?
1838
08ca70f5b562711c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Houston', 'title': 'Sports in Houston', 'header': ['Event', 'Host', 'Sport', 'Venue', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'UFC 69 : Shootout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UFC_69', 'summary': 'UFC 69 : Shootout was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on Saturday , April 7 , 2007 at the Toyota Center in Houston , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'UFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship', 'summary': "The Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) is an American mixed martial arts ( MMA ) promotion company based in Las Vegas , Nevada , which is owned and operated by parent company William Morris Endeavor . It is the largest MMA promotion company in the world and features on its roster the highest-level fighters in the sport . The UFC produces events worldwide that showcase twelve weight divisions and abides by the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . As of 2019 , the UFC has held over 500 events . Dana White has been UFC president since 2001 . Under White 's stewardship , the UFC has grown into a globally popular multi-billion-dollar enterprise . The first event was held in 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver , Colorado . The purpose of the early Ultimate Fighting Championship competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines like boxing , kickboxing , Brazilian jiu-jitsu , sambo , wrestling , Muay Thai , karate , and judo . In subsequent events , fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline , which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts . In 2016 , UFC 's parent company , Zuffa , was sold to a group led by William Morris Endeavor ( WME-IMG ) , including Silver Lake Partners , Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and MSD Capital for US $ 4.025 billion . With a TV deal and expansion in Australia , Asia , Europe , and new markets within the United States , the UFC has increased in popularity , and has achieved greater mainstream media coverage ; the promotion brought in a total revenue of US $ 609 million in 2015 , and its next domestic media rights agreement with ESPN was valued at $ 1.5 billion over a five-year term ."}]}, {'value': 'Mixed martial arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts', 'summary': "Mixed martial arts ( MMA ) , also known as cage fighting , is a full-contact combat sport that allows striking and grappling , both standing and on the ground , using techniques from various combat sports and martial arts . The first documented use of the term mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993 . The term gained popularity when newfullcontact.com , then one of the largest websites covering the sport , hosted and republished the article . The question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate . During the early 20th century , various interstylistic contests took place throughout Japan and in the countries of the Four Asian Tigers . In Brazil , there was the sport of Vale Tudo , in which fighters from various styles fought with little to no rules . The Gracie family was known to promote Vale Tudo matches as a way to promote their own Brazilian jiu-jitsu style . An early high-profile mixed martial arts bout was fought in 1951 , between the judoka Masahiko Kimura and Brazilian jiu-jitsu founder Hélio Gracie in Brazil . In the West , the concept of combining elements of multiple martial arts was popularized by Bruce Lee 's Jeet Kune Do during the late 1960s to early 1970s . A precursor to modern MMA was the 1976 Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki bout , fought between boxer Muhammad Ali and wrestler Antonio Inoki in Japan , where it later inspired the foundation of Pancrase in 1993 and Pride Fighting Championships in 1997 . In 1980 , CV Productions , Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States , called Tough Guy Contest , which was later renamed Battle of the Superfighters . The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Center', 'summary': 'Toyota Center is an indoor arena located in downtown Houston , Texas . It is named after the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota . The arena is home to the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association , and it was once the home of the Houston Aeros of the American Hockey League . Rockets owner Leslie Alexander first began to request a new arena in 1995 , and attempted to release the Rockets from their lease at The Summit , which ran until 2003 . However , he was denied by arena owner Chuck Watson , then-owner of the Aeros , who also wanted control of a new arena . The two sides agreed to equal control over an arena in a deal signed in 1997 , but the proposal was rejected by city voters in a 1999 referendum . It was not until the city and the Rockets signed an amended agreement in 2001 , excluding the Aeros , that the proposal was accepted . Construction began in July 2001 , and the new arena was officially opened in October 2003 . The total costs were $ 235 million , with the city of Houston paying the majority , and the Rockets paying for enhancements . Toyota paid US $ 100 million for the naming rights .'}]}, {'value': 'April 7 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestlemania X-Seven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestlemania_X-Seven', 'summary': 'WrestleMania X-Seven was the 17th annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on April 1 , 2001 at the Reliant Astrodome in Houston , Texas , the first WrestleMania held in the state of Texas . Twelve matches were contested at the event , including one broadcast exclusively on Sunday Night Heat . The main event was a No Disqualification match between Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock for the WWF Championship . The undercard included Triple H versus The Undertaker , the second Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match for the WWF Tag Team Championship and a Street Fight between Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon with Mick Foley as special guest referee . A record-breaking attendance for the Reliant Astrodome of 67,925 grossed US $ 3.5 million . In addition to its commercial success , the event has received universal acclaim from critics and fans , and is often regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestling pay-per-views of all time , and by many considered the best WrestleMania of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'WWE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WWE', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Astrodome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrodome', 'summary': "The NRG Astrodome , also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome , is the world 's first multi-purpose , domed sports stadium , located in Houston , Texas . Financed and assisted in development by Roy Hofheinz , mayor of Houston and known for pioneering modern stadiums . Construction on the stadium began in 1962 , and it officially opened in 1965 . It served as home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from its opening in 1965 until 1999 , and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1968 until 1996 , and also the part-time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1971 until 1975 . Additionally , the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002 . When opened , it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the Eighth Wonder of the World . After the original natural grass playing surface died , the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to install artificial turf , which became known as AstroTurf . In another technological first , the Astrodome featured the Astrolite , which was the first animated scoreboard . The Astrodome was renovated in 1988 , expanding seating and altering many original features . By the 1990s , the Astrodome was becoming obsolete . Unable to secure a new stadium , Oilers owner Bud Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season , where they eventually became the Tennessee Titans . The Astros played at the dome through the 1999 season , before relocating to Enron Field ( later changed to Minute Maid Park ) in 2000 , while the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo continued to be held at the Astrodome until the opening of the adjacent NRG Stadium in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 1 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestlemania XXV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestlemania_XXV', 'summary': "WrestleMania XXV ( also marketed as The 25th Anniversary of WrestleMania ) was the 25th annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on April 5 , 2009 , at Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas . The event featured talent from all three WWE brands : Raw , SmackDown , and ECW . It was the second WrestleMania to be held in Houston , with the first being WrestleMania X-Seven at the Reliant Astrodome , which was held in 2001 . Eight matches were held on the event 's card , which featured a supercard , a scheduling of more than one main bout . The first of these matches saw The Undertaker defeat Shawn Michaels . The second was a Triple Threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship , which saw John Cena defeat the champion , Edge , and the third participant in the match , The Big Show , to win the championship . The final match of the night was a singles match for the WWE Championship that featured the champion , Triple H , defeating Randy Orton to retain the title . Featured matches on the undercard included Jeff Hardy versus Matt Hardy in an Extreme Rules match , Chris Jericho versus the team of Roddy Piper , Ricky Steamboat and Jimmy Snuka , and the annual Money in the Bank ladder match . Tickets for the event commenced sale to the public on November 8 , 2008 . For the third consecutive year , WrestleMania broke the record for the highest-grossing pay-per-view in WWE history , grossing US $ 6.9 million in ticket sales , which included fans from all 50 U.S. states , 24 countries , and seven Canadian provinces . WrestleMania XXV generated approximately 960,000 pay-per-view buys , grossing $ 21.0 million in revenue ."}]}, {'value': 'WWE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WWE', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Reliant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 5 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Bowl VIII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_VIII', 'summary': "Super Bowl VIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Minnesota Vikings and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1973 season . The Dolphins defeated the Vikings by the score of 24-7 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl , the first team to do so since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowls I and II , and the first AFL/AFC team to do so . The game was played on January 13 , 1974 at Rice Stadium in Houston , Texas . This was the first time the Super Bowl venue was not home to that of an NFL franchise . This was also the first Super Bowl not to be held in either the Los Angeles , Miami or New Orleans areas . It was also the last Super Bowl , and penultimate game overall ( the 1974 Pro Bowl in Kansas City played the next week was the last ) to feature goal posts at the front of the end zone ( they were moved to the endline , in the back of the endzone , the next season ) . This was the Dolphins ' third consecutive Super Bowl appearance . They posted a 12-2 record during the regular season , then defeated the Cincinnati Bengals and the Oakland Raiders in the playoffs . The Vikings were making their second Super Bowl appearance after also finishing the regular season with a 12-2 record , and posting postseason victories over the Washington Redskins and the Dallas Cowboys . Super Bowl VIII was largely dominated by the Dolphins , who scored 24 unanswered points during the first three quarters , including two touchdowns on their first two drives . Minnesota 's best chance to threaten Miami occurred with less than a minute left in the first half , but Vikings running back Oscar Reed fumbled the ball away at the Dolphins ' 6-yard line , and his team was unable to overcome Miami 's lead in the second half . The Dolphins ' Larry Csonka became the first running back to be named Super Bowl MVP ; both his 145 rushing yards and his 33 carries were Super Bowl records ."}]}, {'value': 'NFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'Rice Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rice_Stadium_(Rice_University)', 'summary': 'Rice Stadium is an American football stadium located on the Rice University campus in Houston , Texas . It has been the home of the Rice Owls football team since its completion in 1950 and hosted Super Bowl VIII in 1974 . Architecturally , Rice Stadium is an example of modern architecture , with simple lines and an unadorned , functional design . The lower seating bowl is located below the surrounding ground level . Built solely for football , the stadium has excellent sightlines from almost every seat . To achieve this , the running track was eliminated so that spectators were closer to the action and each side of the upper decks was brought in at a concave angle to provide better sightlines . It is still recognized in many circles as the best stadium in Texas for watching a football game . Entrances and aisles were strategically placed so that the entire stadium could be emptied of spectators in nine minutes . In 2006 , Rice University upgraded the facility by switching from AstroTurf to FieldTurf and adding a modern scoreboard above the north concourse . Seating in the upper deck is in poor condition , which led the university to move home games for which large crowds were expected to nearby NRG Stadium . High school football games , especially neutral-site playoff games , are frequently played at Rice Stadium . It can also be used as a concert venue .'}]}, {'value': 'January 13 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Bowl XXXVIII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII', 'summary': "Super Bowl XXXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Carolina Panthers and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2003 season . The Patriots defeated the Panthers by a score of 32-29 . The game was played at Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas , on February 1 , 2004 . At the time , this was the most watched Super Bowl ever with 144.4 million viewers . The Panthers were making their first ever Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11-5 regular season record . They also made it the second straight year that a team from the NFC South division made the Super Bowl , with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers winning Super Bowl XXXVII . The Patriots were seeking their second Super Bowl title in three years after posting a 14-2 record . NFL fans and sports writers widely consider this game one of the most well-played and thrilling Super Bowls ; Sports Illustrated writer Peter King hailed it as the Greatest Super Bowl of all time . Although neither team could score in the first and third quarters , they ended up with a combined total of 868 yards and 61 points . The game was scoreless for a Super Bowl record 26:55 before the two teams combined for 24 points prior to halftime . The clubs then combined for a Super Bowl record 37 points in the fourth quarter . The contest was finally decided when the Patriots kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 41-yard field goal was made with four seconds left ."}]}, {'value': 'NFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'Reliant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 1 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 World Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_World_Series', 'summary': "The 2005 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2005 season . The 101st edition of the World Series , it was a best-of-seven playoff between the American League ( AL ) champion Chicago White Sox and the National League ( NL ) champion Houston Astros . The White Sox swept the Astros in four games , winning their third World Series championship and their first in 88 seasons . Although the series was a sweep , all four games were quite close , being decided by two runs or fewer . The series was played between October 22-26 , 2005 . Home-field advantage was awarded to Chicago by virtue of the AL 's 7-5 victory over the NL in the 2005 MLB All-Star Game . The Astros were attempting to become the fourth consecutive wild card team to win the Series , following the Anaheim Angels ( 2002 ) , Florida Marlins ( 2003 ) and Boston Red Sox ( 2004 ) . Both teams were attempting to overcome decades of disappointment , with a combined 132 years between the two teams without a title . The Astros were making their first Series appearance in 44 years of play , while the White Sox had waited exactly twice as long for a title , having last won the Series in 1917 , and had not been in the Series since 1959 , three years before the Astros ' inaugural season . Like the 1982 World Series between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Milwaukee Brewers , the 2005 World Series is one of only two World Series in the modern era ( 1903-present ) with no possibility for a rematch between the two opponents , because the Astros moved to the AL in 2013 . The Astros would return to the World Series in 2017 as an AL franchise , where they would win in seven games against the Los Angeles Dodgers ."}]}, {'value': 'MLB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Minute Maid Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park', 'summary': "Minute Maid Park , previously known as The Ballpark at Union Station , Enron Field , and Astros Field , is a ballpark in Downtown Houston , Texas , United States , that opened in 2000 as the home stadium for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The ballpark is Houston 's first retractable-roofed stadium , and features a natural grass playing field . The ballpark was built as a replacement of the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium ever built , which opened in 1965 . It is named for beverage brand Minute Maid , a subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company , which acquired naming rights in 2002 for $ 100 million over 30 years . As of 2016 , Minute Maid Park has a seating capacity of 41,168 , which includes 5,197 club seats and 63 luxury suites ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968 MLB All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game', 'summary': 'The 1968 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 39th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 9 , 1968 , at the Astrodome in Houston , Texas the home of the Houston Astros of the National League , making this the first All-Star Game to be played indoors . The game resulted in the National League defeating the American League 1-0 . It is the only All-Star Game ever played without a run batted in ( RBI ) . This was the first night All-Star Game since 1944 . Apart from the 1969 game ( which was originally scheduled to be played at night but was postponed to the following afternoon due to rain ) , all subsequent All-Star Games have been played at night .'}]}, {'value': 'MLB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Astrodome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrodome', 'summary': "The NRG Astrodome , also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome , is the world 's first multi-purpose , domed sports stadium , located in Houston , Texas . Financed and assisted in development by Roy Hofheinz , mayor of Houston and known for pioneering modern stadiums . Construction on the stadium began in 1962 , and it officially opened in 1965 . It served as home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from its opening in 1965 until 1999 , and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1968 until 1996 , and also the part-time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1971 until 1975 . Additionally , the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002 . When opened , it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the Eighth Wonder of the World . After the original natural grass playing surface died , the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to install artificial turf , which became known as AstroTurf . In another technological first , the Astrodome featured the Astrolite , which was the first animated scoreboard . The Astrodome was renovated in 1988 , expanding seating and altering many original features . By the 1990s , the Astrodome was becoming obsolete . Unable to secure a new stadium , Oilers owner Bud Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season , where they eventually became the Tennessee Titans . The Astros played at the dome through the 1999 season , before relocating to Enron Field ( later changed to Minute Maid Park ) in 2000 , while the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo continued to be held at the Astrodome until the opening of the adjacent NRG Stadium in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 9 , 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986 MLB All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game', 'summary': 'The 1986 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 57th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 15 , 1986 , at the Astrodome in Houston , Texas , the home of the Houston Astros of the National League . The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 3-2 and ended a streak where the NL won 13 of the last 14 games . Boston Red Sox pitcher Roger Clemens was named the Most Valuable Player .'}]}, {'value': 'MLB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Astrodome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrodome', 'summary': "The NRG Astrodome , also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome , is the world 's first multi-purpose , domed sports stadium , located in Houston , Texas . Financed and assisted in development by Roy Hofheinz , mayor of Houston and known for pioneering modern stadiums . Construction on the stadium began in 1962 , and it officially opened in 1965 . It served as home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from its opening in 1965 until 1999 , and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1968 until 1996 , and also the part-time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1971 until 1975 . Additionally , the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002 . When opened , it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the Eighth Wonder of the World . After the original natural grass playing surface died , the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to install artificial turf , which became known as AstroTurf . In another technological first , the Astrodome featured the Astrolite , which was the first animated scoreboard . The Astrodome was renovated in 1988 , expanding seating and altering many original features . By the 1990s , the Astrodome was becoming obsolete . Unable to secure a new stadium , Oilers owner Bud Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season , where they eventually became the Tennessee Titans . The Astros played at the dome through the 1999 season , before relocating to Enron Field ( later changed to Minute Maid Park ) in 2000 , while the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo continued to be held at the Astrodome until the opening of the adjacent NRG Stadium in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 15 , 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 MLB All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game', 'summary': 'The 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 75th playing of the midseason exhibition baseball game between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 13 , 2004 at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , the home of the Houston Astros of the National League . The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 9-4 , thus awarding an AL team ( which would eventually be the Boston Red Sox ) home-field advantage in the 2004 World Series .'}]}, {'value': 'MLB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Minute Maid Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park', 'summary': "Minute Maid Park , previously known as The Ballpark at Union Station , Enron Field , and Astros Field , is a ballpark in Downtown Houston , Texas , United States , that opened in 2000 as the home stadium for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The ballpark is Houston 's first retractable-roofed stadium , and features a natural grass playing field . The ballpark was built as a replacement of the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium ever built , which opened in 1965 . It is named for beverage brand Minute Maid , a subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company , which acquired naming rights in 2002 for $ 100 million over 30 years . As of 2016 , Minute Maid Park has a seating capacity of 41,168 , which includes 5,197 club seats and 63 luxury suites ."}]}, {'value': 'July 13 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 NBA All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_NBA_All-Star_Game', 'summary': "The 2006 NBA All-Star Game was played on Sunday , February 19 , 2006 at the Toyota Center in Houston , Texas , home of the Houston Rockets . The game was the 55th annual All-Star game . The theme song was by Houston native Chamillionaire who made a new version of his hit Turn It Up . Trailing by 21 points , the East rode the hot shooting of LeBron James and the teamwork of the four All-Stars from the Detroit Pistons to a 122-120 victory over the West . The 21-year-old James , who scored 29 points and grabbed six rebounds , became the youngest player to win MVP . With the score tied , Dwyane Wade , who finished with 20 points , hit the game-winning layup with 16 seconds left . Tracy McGrady of the Houston Rockets led all players with a game-high 36 points . The Detroit Pistons tied a record with the 1962 Boston Celtics ( Sam Jones , Bill Russell , Bob Cousy , Tom Heinsohn ) , 1975 Celtics ( John Havlicek , JoJo White , Dave Cowens , Paul Silas ) , 1983 Philadelphia 76ers ( Julius Erving , Moses Malone , Andrew Toney and Maurice Cheeks ) , 1998 Lakers ( Kobe Bryant , Shaquille O'Neal , Eddie Jones and Nick Van Exel ) , and later the 2011 Boston Celtics ( Rajon Rondo , Kevin Garnett , Paul Pierce and Ray Allen ) , 2015 Atlanta Hawks ( Al Horford , Jeff Teague , Paul Millsap and Kyle Korver ) , and both the 2017 and 2018 Golden State Warriors ( Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Klay Thompson , and Draymond Green ) by sending four players to the All-Star game ."}]}, {'value': 'NBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Center', 'summary': 'Toyota Center is an indoor arena located in downtown Houston , Texas . It is named after the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota . The arena is home to the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association , and it was once the home of the Houston Aeros of the American Hockey League . Rockets owner Leslie Alexander first began to request a new arena in 1995 , and attempted to release the Rockets from their lease at The Summit , which ran until 2003 . However , he was denied by arena owner Chuck Watson , then-owner of the Aeros , who also wanted control of a new arena . The two sides agreed to equal control over an arena in a deal signed in 1997 , but the proposal was rejected by city voters in a 1999 referendum . It was not until the city and the Rockets signed an amended agreement in 2001 , excluding the Aeros , that the proposal was accepted . Construction began in July 2001 , and the new arena was officially opened in October 2003 . The total costs were $ 235 million , with the city of Houston paying the majority , and the Rockets paying for enhancements . Toyota paid US $ 100 million for the naming rights .'}]}, {'value': 'February 19 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': "1971 NCAA Men 's Final Four", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1971_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1971 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament involved 25 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division I college basketball . It began on March 13 , 1971 , and ended with the championship game on March 27 in Houston , Texas . A total of 29 games were played , including a third place game in each region and a national third place game . UCLA , coached by John Wooden , won the national title with a 68-62 victory in the final game over Villanova , coached by Jack Kraft . Howard Porter of Villanova was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player . However , Villanova was disqualified after the tournament for having an ineligible player , Howard Porter , who had signed with an agent prior to the tournament . Having lost to undefeated , second-ranked Penn ( coached by Dick Harter ) twice before , Porter did not think they would make past the regionals where third-ranked South Carolina was also in their path . However , Penn vanquished South Carolina by 15 and then had their worst game of the year against Villanova in the East Regional final , losing 90-47 . Villanova 's first-place finish in the east regional was relinquished to Penn , with the regional consolation game ( 3rd place ) winner , Fordham ( coached by Digger Phelps , a former Penn assistant coach ) , receiving 2nd place ."}]}, {'value': 'NCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Astrodome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrodome', 'summary': "The NRG Astrodome , also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome , is the world 's first multi-purpose , domed sports stadium , located in Houston , Texas . Financed and assisted in development by Roy Hofheinz , mayor of Houston and known for pioneering modern stadiums . Construction on the stadium began in 1962 , and it officially opened in 1965 . It served as home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from its opening in 1965 until 1999 , and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1968 until 1996 , and also the part-time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1971 until 1975 . Additionally , the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002 . When opened , it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the Eighth Wonder of the World . After the original natural grass playing surface died , the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to install artificial turf , which became known as AstroTurf . In another technological first , the Astrodome featured the Astrolite , which was the first animated scoreboard . The Astrodome was renovated in 1988 , expanding seating and altering many original features . By the 1990s , the Astrodome was becoming obsolete . Unable to secure a new stadium , Oilers owner Bud Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season , where they eventually became the Tennessee Titans . The Astros played at the dome through the 1999 season , before relocating to Enron Field ( later changed to Minute Maid Park ) in 2000 , while the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo continued to be held at the Astrodome until the opening of the adjacent NRG Stadium in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 25 and 27 , 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 MLS All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_MLS_All-Star_Game', 'summary': "The 2010 Major League Soccer All-Star Game , held on July 28 , 2010 , was the 15th annual Major League Soccer All-Star Game , a soccer match involving all-stars from Major League Soccer . The MLS All-Stars faced Manchester United of the English Premier League in the seventh All-Star Game that featured the league 's best players facing international competition . The match was broadcast in the US on ESPN2 in English and Galavision in Spanish . Manchester United thrashed the MLS All-Stars 5-2 to become the first international club to defeat the All-Stars in regulation time ( fellow Premier League side Everton won the 2009 All-Star Game on penalties ) . United forward Federico Macheda , who scored the game 's first two goals , was named Most Valuable Player . Houston Dynamo and MLS announced Reliant Stadium as the venue on September 8 , 2009 . MLS Commissioner Don Garber speculated the league might have drawn a team from Mexico to play the MLS All-Stars in 2010 , given the close proximity of the country to Houston ."}]}, {'value': 'MLS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Soccer', 'summary': "Major League Soccer ( MLS ) is a men 's professional soccer league sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation which represents the sport 's highest level in the United States and Canada . The league comprises 26 teams - 23 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada and constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues in both countries . The league plans to expand to 30 teams with the additions of Austin FC and Charlotte in 2021 , then Sacramento Republic FC and a St. Louis franchise in 2022 . The regular season starts in late February or early March and goes through mid-October , with each team playing 34 games ; the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters ' Shield . Fourteen teams compete in the postseason MLS Cup Playoffs through October and November , culminating in the championship game , the MLS Cup . MLS teams also play in domestic competitions against teams from other divisions in the U.S. Open Cup and in the Canadian Championship . MLS teams also compete against continental rivals in the CONCACAF Champions League . With an average attendance of over 20,000 per game , MLS has the third highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the National Football League ( NFL ) and Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , and is the seventh highest attended professional soccer league worldwide . Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States ' successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup . The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams . MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years : the league lost millions of dollars , teams played in mostly empty American football stadiums , and two teams folded in 2002 . Since then , MLS has expanded to 26 teams , soccer-specific stadiums have proliferated around the league , average attendance exceeds that of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the Designated Player Rule allows teams to sign star players such as David Beckham , MLS secured national TV contracts , and the league is now profitable ."}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Reliant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 28 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2011 NCAA Men 's Final Four", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2011_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 2011 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was a single-elimination tournament involving 68 teams to determine the national champion of the 2010-11 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The 73rd edition of the NCAA Tournament began on March 15 , 2011 , and concluded with the championship game on April 4 at Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas . This tournament marked the introduction of the First Four round and an expansion of the field of participants from 65 teams to 68 . The South and Midwest regional games were replaced by the monikers Southeast and Southwest for this tournament , due to the geographical location of New Orleans and San Antonio , respectively . The Final Four featured no top seeds for the first time since 2006 , with the highest remaining seed being West Region winner , # 3 Connecticut . For the first time since 2000 , a # 8 seed advanced to the Final Four as Butler , the national runner-up from the year before , won the Southeast Region . For only the third time ever , a # 11 seed advanced to the Final Four as Virginia Commonwealth , one of the First Four teams , won the Southwest Region . Those three teams were joined by East Region champion Kentucky , a # 4 seed . Connecticut won its third national championship in the championship game by defeating Butler 53-41 . Upsets ruled the 2011 tournament . The East Region saw its # 11 seed , Marquette , advance to the Sweet Sixteen where they were downed by North Carolina . The Southwest Region saw four of its double digit seeds win , as VCU was joined by # 12 seed and citymate Richmond , # 10 seed Florida State , and # 13 seed Morehead State as first round winners ."}]}, {'value': 'NCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Reliant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 2 and 4 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big 12 Championship Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Football_Championship_Game', 'summary': "The Big 12 Championship Game is a college football game held by the Big 12 Conference . The game was played each year since the conference 's formation in 1996 until 2010 and returned during the 2017 season . From 1996 to 2010 the championship game pitted the Big 12 North Division champion against the South Division champion in a game held after the regular season was completed . From 2017 onward , the game features the two teams with the best conference records . The Big 12 South led the series 11-4 and outscored the Big 12 North 463-324 in the first 15 years the game was held . In the first eight Big 12 championship games , from 1996 to 2003 , the divisions split four games each , with the north champion winning in every odd-numbered year and the south champion winning in every even-numbered year . However , the North division champion did not win after # 13 Kansas State 's 35-7 upset victory over # 1 Oklahoma in 2003 . The game will be played at AT & T Stadium in Arlington , Texas until at least 2021 . The game 's current title sponsor is Dr Pepper ."}]}, {'value': 'Big 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Conference', 'summary': "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'Reliant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2002 and 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2013 USA Women 's Sevens", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2013_USA_Women's_Sevens", 'summary': "The 2013 USA Women 's Sevens - the first edition of the component of the IRB Women 's Sevens World Series tournament USA Women 's Sevens designed for the female national teams in the Rugby 7s . It was held between February 1 to 2 , 2013 for BBVA Compass Stadium in Houston as it was the second stop of the 2012-13 IRB Women 's Sevens World Series . England took home their first win of the season after defeating the host USA 29-12 ."}]}, {'value': 'IRB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Rugby', 'summary': "World Rugby is the world governing body for the sport of rugby union . World Rugby organises the Rugby World Cup every four years , the sport 's most recognised and most profitable competition . It also organises a number of other international rugby competitions , such as the World Rugby Sevens Series , the Rugby World Cup Sevens , the World Under 20 Championship , and the Pacific Nations Cup . World Rugby 's headquarters are in Dublin , Ireland . Its membership now comprises 120 national unions . Each member country must also be a member of one of the six regional unions into which the world is divided : Africa , Americas North , Asia , Europe , South America and Oceania . World Rugby was founded as the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) in 1886 by Scotland , Wales and Ireland , with England joining in 1890 . Australia , New Zealand and South Africa became full members in 1949 . France became a member in 1978 and a further eighty members joined from 1987 to 1999 . The body was renamed the International Rugby Board ( IRB ) in 1998 , and took up its current name of World Rugby in November 2014 . In 2009 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) voted to include rugby sevens in the 2016 Summer Olympics . World Rugby gained membership of the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations ( ASOIF ) in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rugby sevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_sevens', 'summary': "Rugby sevens ( commonly known as simply sevens ) , and originally known as seven-a-side rugby , is a variant of rugby union in which teams are made up of seven players playing seven minute halves , instead of the usual 15 players playing 40 minute halves . Rugby sevens is administered by World Rugby , the body responsible for rugby union worldwide . The game is popular at all levels , with amateur and club tournaments generally held in the summer months . Sevens is one of the most well distributed forms of rugby , and is popular in parts of Africa , Asia , Europe , and the Americas , and especially in the South Pacific . Rugby sevens originated in Melrose , Scotland in the 1880s ; the Melrose Sevens tournament is still played annually . The popularity of rugby sevens increased further with the development of the Hong Kong Sevens in the 1970s and was later followed by the inclusion of the sport into the Commonwealth Games for the first time in 1998 and the establishment of the annual World Rugby Sevens Series in 1999 and the World Rugby Women 's Sevens Series in 2012 . In 2016 , rugby sevens was contested in the Summer Olympics for the first time . It has also been played in regional events such as the Pan American Games and the Asian Games , and in 2018 a women 's tournament was played for the first time at the Commonwealth Games ."}]}, {'value': 'BBVA Compass Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBVA_Compass_Stadium', 'summary': "BBVA Stadium ( formerly BBVA Compass Stadium ) is an American multi-purpose stadium located in Houston , Texas that is home to the Houston Dynamo , a Major League Soccer club , the Houston Dash of the National Women 's Soccer League , and to Texas Southern Tigers football . The stadium is the result of combined commitments of $ 35.5 million from the city of Houston and $ 60 million from the Houston Dynamo . Harris County agreed to pay for half of the land in exchange for the ability to jointly own the stadium after its completion date in May 2012 . BBVA , Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria , is the stadium 's sponsor company . The stadium is located on a tract of land bordered by Texas , Walker , Emancipation , and Hutchins in East Downtown and east of Interstate 69/U.S . Route 59 and Downtown Houston ."}]}, {'value': 'February 1-2 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013 NBA All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_NBA_All-Star_Game', 'summary': "The 2013 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game that was played on February 17 , 2013 at Toyota Center in Houston , Texas , the current home of the Houston Rockets . This game was the 62nd edition of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) All-Star Game and was played during the 2012-13 NBA season . The Houston Rockets were awarded the All-Star Game in an announcement by commissioner David Stern on February 8 , 2012 . This was the third time that Houston had hosted the All-Star Game ; the city had previously hosted the event in 1989 at the Astrodome and 2006 at the Toyota Center . The West won the game 143-138 , and Chris Paul of the Los Angeles Clippers was named the game 's most valuable player ( MVP ) . Starters for the game were selected by the fans , who could select three frontcourt players and two guards from each conference . Previously , fans selected two forwards and one center instead of generic frontcourt players . Kobe Bryant of the Los Angeles Lakers received the most overall votes at 1,591,437 . Starting this season , NBA All-Star Saturday Night events became contests between the Eastern and Western Conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'NBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Center', 'summary': 'Toyota Center is an indoor arena located in downtown Houston , Texas . It is named after the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota . The arena is home to the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association , and it was once the home of the Houston Aeros of the American Hockey League . Rockets owner Leslie Alexander first began to request a new arena in 1995 , and attempted to release the Rockets from their lease at The Summit , which ran until 2003 . However , he was denied by arena owner Chuck Watson , then-owner of the Aeros , who also wanted control of a new arena . The two sides agreed to equal control over an arena in a deal signed in 1997 , but the proposal was rejected by city voters in a 1999 referendum . It was not until the city and the Rockets signed an amended agreement in 2001 , excluding the Aeros , that the proposal was accepted . Construction began in July 2001 , and the new arena was officially opened in October 2003 . The total costs were $ 235 million , with the city of Houston paying the majority , and the Rockets paying for enhancements . Toyota paid US $ 100 million for the naming rights .'}]}, {'value': 'February 17 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2016 NCAA Men 's Final Four", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2016_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 2016 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men 's National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2015-16 season . The 78th edition of the Tournament began on March 15 , 2016 , and concluded with the championship game on April 4 at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas . Upsets were the story of the first round of the Tournament ; No . 15 seed Middle Tennessee upset No . 2 seed Michigan State in the biggest upset , just the eighth ever win for a No . 15 seed over a No . 2 . At least one 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , and 15 seed won a first-round game for the third time ever and the first time since 2013 . In the Final Four , Villanova defeated Oklahoma , while North Carolina defeated Syracuse ( the Cinderella team of the tournament ) . Villanova then defeated North Carolina to win the championship on a three-point buzzer beater by Kris Jenkins . Pundits called the game one of the best in tournament history , going on to say this was one of the most competitive finals ever ."}]}, {'value': 'NCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'NRG Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 2 and 4 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Copa América Centenario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copa_América_Centenario', 'summary': "The Copa América Centenario ( Portuguese : Copa América Centenário , French : Coupe Amerique Centennaire ( for Haiti ) , English : Centennial Cup America ; literally Centennial America Cup ) was an international men 's association football tournament that was hosted in the United States in 2016 . The competition was a celebration of the centenary of CONMEBOL and the Copa América , and was the first Copa América hosted outside South America . The tournament was a commemorative version of Copa América ( not the 45th edition ) . It was held as part of an agreement between CONMEBOL ( the South American football confederation ) and CONCACAF ( the football confederation for North and Central America and the Caribbean ) as a special edition between the usual four-year cycle , and featured an expanded field of 16 teams ( an increase from the usual 12 ) , with all ten teams from CONMEBOL and six teams from CONCACAF . Despite the tournament being an official iteration of the Copa América , the winner would not receive an invitation to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup due to the commemorative nature of the tournament , although eventual winners Chile had already qualified through their 2015 victory . Chile became the fourth nation to win at least two consecutive titles in CONMEBOL tournaments , after Uruguay , Argentina and Brazil . Argentina , meanwhile , lost their third consecutive final in a major tournament , following losses to Germany at the 2014 World Cup and Chile at the 2015 Copa América . When taking into account Argentina 's losses against Brazil ( 2004 Copa América , 2007 Copa América and 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup ) and Denmark ( 1995 King Fahd Cup ) , this is Argentina 's seventh lost final since their last triumph at the 1993 Copa América ."}]}, {'value': 'CONMEBOL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CONMEBOL', 'summary': "The South American Football Confederation ( CONMEBOL , /ˈkɒnmɪbɒl/ ; Spanish : Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ; Portuguese : Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol or CSF ) is the continental governing body of football in South America ( apart from Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana ) , and it is one of FIFA 's six continental confederations . The oldest continental confederation in the world , its headquarters are located in Luque , Paraguay , near Asunción . CONMEBOL is responsible for the organization and governance of South American football 's major international tournaments . With 10 member football associations , it has the fewest members of all the confederations in FIFA . CONMEBOL national teams have won nine FIFA World Cups ( Brazil five , Uruguay two , and Argentina two ) , and CONMEBOL clubs have won 22 Intercontinental Cups and four FIFA Club World Cups . Argentina and Uruguay have won two Olympic gold medals each , and Brazil has won one Olympic gold medal . It is considered one of the strongest confederations in the world . The World Cup qualifiers of CONMEBOL have been described as the toughest qualifiers in the world for their simple round-robin system , entry of some of the top national teams in the world , leveling of the weaker national teams , climate conditions , geographic conditions , strong home stands , and passionate supporters . Currently , [ when ? ] the Confederation is planning to create the first women 's qualification to the FIFA Women 's World Cup to replace the Copa América Femenina . Juan Ángel Napout ( Paraguay ) was the president of CONMEBOL until 3 December 2015 when he was arrested in a raid in Switzerland as part of the U.S. Justice Department 's bribery case involving FIFA . Wilmar Valdez ( Uruguay ) was interim president until 26 January 2016 when Alejandro Domínguez ( Paraguay ) was elected president ."}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'NRG Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 11,13 , and 21 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Bowl LI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_LI', 'summary': "Super Bowl LI was an American football game played at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas , on February 5 , 2017 , to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2016 season . The American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots , after trailing by as many as 25 points ( 28-3 ) during the third quarter , defeated the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Atlanta Falcons , 34-28 in overtime . As such , the game is often known as 28-3 after the Falcons ' blown lead . The Patriots ' 25-point comeback is the largest in Super Bowl history , and Super Bowl LI was the first to be decided in overtime . The Patriots ' victory was their fifth , and moved them into a three-way tie with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for second place on the all-time Super Bowl wins list , and at that time , trailing only the Pittsburgh Steelers who have six victories . New England , after finishing the regular season with a league-best 14-2 record , advanced to their record-setting ninth Super Bowl appearance , their second in three years , and their seventh under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . The Falcons entered the game after completing an 11-5 regular season record , and were trying to win their first Super Bowl title , having lost their only previous appearance in Super Bowl XXXIII . After a scoreless first quarter , Atlanta scored 21 points before New England made a field goal with two seconds left in the second quarter , to make it a 21-3 halftime lead . The Falcons then increased their lead to 28-3 midway through the third quarter , with quarterback Matt Ryan completing his second touchdown pass . The Patriots then scored 25 unanswered points to tie the game at 28-28 with 57 seconds left in regulation . New England won the overtime coin toss , received the kickoff and drove 75 yards to win with a 2-yard touchdown run by running back James White . When the game ended , more than 30 team and individual Super Bowl records had been either broken or matched ."}]}, {'value': 'NFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'NRG Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 5 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017 World Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_World_Series', 'summary': "The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was a best-of-seven playoff played between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the 2017 World Series presented by YouTube TV . The series was played between October 24 and November 1 . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , also becoming the first team from Texas to do so . It was the first time since 2001-2002 when two consecutive World Series went to seven games . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Chase Utley in 2009 . This was the first World Series in which home-field advantage was decided by the regular season record of the two pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home-field advantage had been determined by coin flips and by alternating between the AL and NL . [ a ] From 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All-Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . The Dodgers earned home-field advantage over the Astros ."}]}, {'value': 'MLB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Minute Maid Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park', 'summary': "Minute Maid Park , previously known as The Ballpark at Union Station , Enron Field , and Astros Field , is a ballpark in Downtown Houston , Texas , United States , that opened in 2000 as the home stadium for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The ballpark is Houston 's first retractable-roofed stadium , and features a natural grass playing field . The ballpark was built as a replacement of the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium ever built , which opened in 1965 . It is named for beverage brand Minute Maid , a subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company , which acquired naming rights in 2002 for $ 100 million over 30 years . As of 2016 , Minute Maid Park has a seating capacity of 41,168 , which includes 5,197 club seats and 63 luxury suites ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2017', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Other major events', 'section_text': 'In addition to the events listed below , Houston hosted the Masters Grand Prix in 1976 and the Tennis Masters Cup in 2003 and 2004 .', 'uid': 'Sports_in_Houston_2', 'intro': 'The city of Houston and the Houston metropolitan area has a rich sporting culture and the area residents are active in many spectator and participant sports. Spectators attend events including teams from four major professional sports teams and collegiate sports. Participants enjoy activities from running in Memorial Park to sailing on Galveston Bay and Clear Lake. A number of other sports are also available, including nearly a dozen fencing clubs, ranging from recreational clubs to elite competitive organizations.'}
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What was the construction cost of the venue which hosted Super Bowl XXXVIII ?
$ 352 million
08cacb09ba450a2f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Matanuska-Susitna_Borough,_Alaska', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bailey Colony Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bailey_Colony_Farm', 'summary': "The Bailey Colony Farm ' , also known as the Estelle Farm , is a historic Matanuska Colony farmstead that dates from 1935 . It is located along the Glenn Highway near Palmer , Alaska in Matanuska-Susitna Borough . It was part of a New Deal program opening farms in Alaska as part of assisting overpopulated rural areas of the lower 48 states of the US , in a program conceived of by FERA architect David Williams . The Bailey Colony Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 . The listing included two contributing buildings . It was the home of Ferber and Ruth Bailey and their children , who were colonists from Wisconsin . The house is a 28-by-32-foot ( 8.5 m × 9.8 m ) \u200b1 1⁄2-story building with a gambrel roof ; the barn is a 32-by-32-foot ( 9.8 m × 9.8 m ) log and frame built building also with a gambrel roof . Both were built in 1935 . The barn was moved about 150 feet in the 1940s to its present location , when the Glenn Highway was widened ."}]}, {'value': 'June 21 , 1991 ( # 91000775 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3150 North Glenn Highway 61°36′57″N 149°07′10″W / 61.61585°N 149.11931°W / 61.61585 ; -149.11931 ( Bailey Colony Farm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Highway', 'summary': 'The Glenn Highway ( part of Alaska Route 1 ) is a highway in the U.S. state of Alaska , extending 179 miles ( 288 km ) from Anchorage near Merrill Field to Glennallen on the Richardson Highway . The Tok Cut-Off is often considered part of the Glenn Highway , for a total length of 328 miles ( 528 km ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berry House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berry_House_(Palmer,_Alaska)', 'summary': "The Berry House is a historic house at 5805 North Farm Loop Road , near Palmer , Alaska . It is a simple 1-1/2 story wood frame structure with a gable roof . It was designed by architect and community planner David Williams , and built in 1935 as part of the Matanuska Valley Colony project . Despite a rearward extension in 1971 , the building is a well-preserved example of the type of housing built as part of this New Deal project . The house is named for James Berry , one of the project participants who was the house 's third occupant . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 . It is owned by the National Outdoor Leadership School ."}]}, {'value': 'June 21 , 1991 ( # 91000779 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5805 North Farm Loop Road 61°38′42″N 149°08′53″W / 61.64509°N 149.14801°W / 61.64509 ; -149.14801 ( Berry House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campbell House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbell_House_(Palmer,_Alaska)', 'summary': 'The Campbell House , also known as Colony House # 54 and Campbell-Bouwens-Hamming House , is a historic house at 1540 Inner Springer Loop Road , near Palmer , Alaska . It is a simple 1-1/2 story wood frame structure with a side gable roof . It was designed by architect and community planner David Williams , and built in 1935 as part of the Matanuska Valley Colony project . Of the 75 frame houses built as part of the colony , the Campbell House is one of the few that has survived , and is among the best-preserved . The Campbell House property also retains the original , now restored outhouse , and the chicken coop . At present time the Campbell House is the only colony home available to the public as a vacation rental . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in April 2013 . It is owned by Quarter 54 Colony Rentals LLC .'}]}, {'value': 'April 3 , 2013 ( # 13000129 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1540 Inner Springer Loop 61°34′15″N 149°07′38″W / 61.57094°N 149.1271°W / 61.57094 ; -149.1271 ( Campbell House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cunningham-Hall PT-6 , NC-692W', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cunningham-Hall_PT-6_NC692W', 'summary': 'Cunningham-Hall PT-6 NC692W is one of two surviving aircraft of its type from the early days of aviation in the history of Alaska . The Cunningham-Hall PT-6 is a single-engine six-seat cabin biplane built by the Cunningham-Hall Aircraft Corporation , which was designed mainly as a personal transport . The aircraft , registered as NC692W , with c/n . 2962 , was built in 1930 and is the second of its kind constructed . It was entirely rebuilt as a static display using non-airworthy materials in the 1970s . At the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 , it was stationed at the Transportation Museum of Alaska , in Palmer . It was later moved to the Alaska Museum of Transportation and Industry in Wasilla , Alaska .'}]}, {'value': 'December 29 , 1978 ( # 78000531 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In Alaska Museum of Transportation and Industry , 3800 West Museum Drive 61°34′38″N 149°32′39″W / 61.57734°N 149.54426°W / 61.57734 ; -149.54426 ( Cunningham-Hall PT-6 , NC-692W )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wasilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wasilla,_Alaska', 'summary': "Wasilla is a city in Matanuska-Susitna Borough , United States and the sixth-largest city in Alaska . It is located on the northern point of Cook Inlet in the Matanuska-Susitna Valley of the southcentral part of the state . The city 's population was 7,831 at the 2010 census , up from 5,469 in 2000 . Estimates in 2018 put the population at roughly 10,529 . Wasilla is the largest city in the borough and a part of the Anchorage metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 399,148 in 2018 . Established at the intersection of the Alaska Railroad and Old Carle Wagon Road , the city prospered at the expense of the nearby mining town of Knik . Historically entrepreneurial , the economic base shifted in the 1970s from small-scale agriculture and recreation to support for workers employed in Anchorage or on Alaska 's North Slope oilfields and related infrastructure . The George Parks Highway turned the town into a commuter suburb of Anchorage . Several state and federal agencies have offices in Wasilla , including the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation and Divisions of Public Assistance , Social Services . Wasilla gained international attention when Sarah Palin , who served as Mayor of Wasilla before her election as Governor of Alaska , was chosen by John McCain as his running mate for Vice President of the United States in the 2008 United States presidential election . Wasilla is named after Chief Wasilla , a local Dena'ina chief . Wasilla is the anglicized spelling of the chief 's Russian-given name , Васи́лий Vasilij , which corresponds to the English name Basil ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curry Lookout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curry_Lookout', 'summary': 'The Curry Lookout , also known as Camp Regalvista , is an historic backcountry shelter in Denali State Park , Alaska . It is located on top of Curry Ridge , overlooking the Susitna River and the hamlet of Curry , a former depot on the Alaska Railroad . The only access to the shelter is via a 3-mile ( 4.8 km ) hiking trail beginning at mile 137.2 of the Parks Highway . The shelter is a hexagonal wood frame structure with a tent-shaped roof , and no foundation . Each side is about 6.5 feet ( 2.0 m ) wide and 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) high . A flagpole rises from the center of the shelter , and is secured to the structure via steel cables . The shelter was built by the railroad in 1923 , the same year the Curry Hotel ( no longer standing ) was built . It was intended as an excursion point for visitors , providing views of the surrounding area , including Denali . The shelter was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 27 , 1992 ( # 92000424 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atop Curry Ridge , mile 137.2 of the Parks Highway 62°37′22″N 150°05′54″W / 62.62264°N 150.09832°W / 62.62264 ; -150.09832 ( Curry Lookout )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parks_Highway', 'summary': 'The George Parks Highway ( numbered Interstate A-4 and signed Alaska Route 3 ) , usually called simply the Parks Highway , runs 323 miles ( 520 km ) from the Glenn Highway 35 miles ( 56 km ) north of Anchorage to Fairbanks in the Alaska Interior . The highway , originally known as the Anchorage-Fairbanks Highway , was completed in 1971 , and given its current name in 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'Talkeetna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talkeetna,_Alaska', 'summary': "Talkeetna ( Dena'ina : K'dalkitnu ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 876 , up from 772 in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairview Inn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairview_Inn', 'summary': 'The Fairview Inn is a historic hotel building on Main Street in the center of Talkeetna , Alaska , United States . It is a two-story frame structure , with a hip roof . The main block , 36 feet ( 11 m ) square , was built between 1920 and 1923 , following the arrival in the area of the Alaska Railroad . The building exterior is little-altered since then ; its major modification has been the addition in the 1970s of an addition for owner living quarters . The interior also still follows essentially the same floor plan as when it was built . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and was added as a contributing property to Talkeetna Historic District in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 7 , 1982 ( # 82004905 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main Street 62°19′24″N 150°06′48″W / 62.32328°N 150.11332°W / 62.32328 ; -150.11332 ( Fairview Inn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talkeetna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talkeetna,_Alaska', 'summary': "Talkeetna ( Dena'ina : K'dalkitnu ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 876 , up from 772 in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herried House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herried_House', 'summary': 'The Herried House , also known as Grow House , is a historic house at 4400 North Palmer-Fishook Road , near Palmer , Alaska . It is a 1-1/2 story log structure , built from pre-cut logs that were assembled on site . The walls are three-sided logs , notched at the corners , with the gaps filled by burlap and caulking . To the west side of the main block is a wood frame garage which has log siding . The house was built in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration as part of the Matanuska Valley Colony , and is one of its best-preserved survivors . The first owners , Leonard and Ellie Herried , lived there 1935-38 . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 21 , 1991 ( # 91000778 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4400 North Palmer-Fishook Road 61°37′41″N 149°10′13″W / 61.62793°N 149.17025°W / 61.62793 ; -149.17025 ( Herried House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hyland Hotel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyland_Hotel_(Palmer,_Alaska)', 'summary': 'The Hyland Hotel , also known as the Everglenn Hotel , is a historic hotel building at 333 Evergreen Avenue in Palmer , Alaska . It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure with a front-gable roof , and a glass-enclosed porch extending across its front . The building was enlarged to the rear and resided in 1953 . It was one of the first buildings erected in Palmer after the town was established in 1935 . Myles and Joanna Hyland built the hotel , digging the foundation themselves , and using lumber salvaged from a mining camp dormitory . The Hylands ran the hotel until their respective deaths ( Myles in 1949 , Joanna in 1966 ) . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 21 , 1991 ( # 91000774 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '333 Evergreen Avenue 61°35′59″N 149°07′11″W / 61.5996°N 149.11974°W / 61.5996 ; -149.11974 ( Hyland Hotel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence Mines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence_Mines', 'summary': "The Independence Mines , now Independence Mine State Historic Park , is the site of a former gold mining operation in the Talkeetna Mountains , across Hatcher Pass from Palmer , Alaska . The area 's mining history dates to at least 1897 , when active claims were reported in the vicinity of Fishook Creek . These early mining efforts were eventually joined to form the Wasilla Mining Company , which worked the mines from 1934 to 1943 , and again from 1948 to 1950 . The mining operation at Independence was the second-largest hard-rock gold mining operation in the state , after a larger site near Juneau . The company and the miners that preceded it built a substantial mining camp , with as many as sixteen wood frame buildings , which were originally connected to each other by sheltered wooden tunnels . When the company ended operations in 1950 , it had expected to eventually resume operations , but never did ; this resulted in a particularly well-preserved collection of mining equipment and buildings , although the weather has since taken a significant toll on the latter . The mining camp was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 . The land was donated to the state in 1980 , which established a state historic park on the site ."}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 1974 ( # 74000440 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'About 14.2 miles ( 22.9 km ) northwest of Palmer 61°47′25″N 149°17′05″W / 61.7903°N 149.28467°W / 61.7903 ; -149.28467 ( Independence Mines )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kirsch 's Place", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kirsch's_Place", 'summary': "Kirsch 's Place , also known as the Fireweed Station Lodge , and now the Fireweed Station Inn , is a historic traveler accommodation near Talkeetna , Alaska . It is located about 10.5 miles ( 16.9 km ) south of Talkeetna , roughly 200 feet ( 61 m ) east of mile 215.3 of the Alaska Railroad , a place known as Sunshine Siding . It is a 1-1/2 story log structure , built in 1946 by John Kirsch as a residence and guest lodge . Kirsch operated the lodge until his death in 1959 . The lodge is a rare survivor of a post-World War II rural building boom , which was later eclipsed as roads and settlement in the area became more prevalent . The lodge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 9 , 1998 ( # 97001631 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "About 10.5 miles ( 16.9 km ) south of Talkeetna 62°10′01″N 150°04′30″W / 62.16704°N 150.07493°W / 62.16704 ; -150.07493 ( Kirsch 's Place )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talkeetna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talkeetna,_Alaska', 'summary': "Talkeetna ( Dena'ina : K'dalkitnu ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 876 , up from 772 in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knik Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knik_Site', 'summary': "The Knik Site , also known as the Old Knik Townsite , is the location in Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska that was once home to the largest settlement on Cook Inlet . The only surviving remnants of the community are a former log roadhouse , now a museum operated by the Wasilla-Knik Historical Society , and a log cabin . The Knik area had long been a meeting point of Native Alaskans , and in 1898 it became the principal community on Cook Inlet from which goods were shipped into the interior . In 1916 the Alaska Railroad reached the site of present-day Anchorage , bypassing Knik and leading to Anchorage 's growth . When the railroad reached Wasilla , Knik lost all importance as a transshipment point , and its buildings were either abandoned or moved to one of the other communities . Knik is located about 13 miles ( 21 km ) southwest of Wasilla . The two surviving buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 24 , 1973 ( # 73000379 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Along South Knik Goose Bay Road , about 13 miles ( 21 km ) southwest of Wasilla 61°27′27″N 149°43′52″W / 61.45748°N 149.73108°W / 61.45748 ; -149.73108 ( Knik Site )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wasilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wasilla,_Alaska', 'summary': "Wasilla is a city in Matanuska-Susitna Borough , United States and the sixth-largest city in Alaska . It is located on the northern point of Cook Inlet in the Matanuska-Susitna Valley of the southcentral part of the state . The city 's population was 7,831 at the 2010 census , up from 5,469 in 2000 . Estimates in 2018 put the population at roughly 10,529 . Wasilla is the largest city in the borough and a part of the Anchorage metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 399,148 in 2018 . Established at the intersection of the Alaska Railroad and Old Carle Wagon Road , the city prospered at the expense of the nearby mining town of Knik . Historically entrepreneurial , the economic base shifted in the 1970s from small-scale agriculture and recreation to support for workers employed in Anchorage or on Alaska 's North Slope oilfields and related infrastructure . The George Parks Highway turned the town into a commuter suburb of Anchorage . Several state and federal agencies have offices in Wasilla , including the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation and Divisions of Public Assistance , Social Services . Wasilla gained international attention when Sarah Palin , who served as Mayor of Wasilla before her election as Governor of Alaska , was chosen by John McCain as his running mate for Vice President of the United States in the 2008 United States presidential election . Wasilla is named after Chief Wasilla , a local Dena'ina chief . Wasilla is the anglicized spelling of the chief 's Russian-given name , Васи́лий Vasilij , which corresponds to the English name Basil ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matanuska Colony Community Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matanuska_Colony_Community_Center', 'summary': "The Matanuska Colony Community Center , also Palmer Historic District , is a cluster of buildings near the center of Palmer , Alaska that were the centerpiece of the Depression-era Matanuska Valley Colony . This federal rural resettlement program was intended to give needy families resources and land to improve their condition . The colony 's buildings were erected beginning in 1935 , and those that survive represent a well-preserved example of government community planning . It is centered on a city block bounded by East Dahlia Avenue , South Valley Way , South Denali Street , and East Elmwood Avenue , and extends to the north and south . The buildings on this block are organized around a grassy quadrangle , laid out in 1935 . Prominent buildings include the Palmer Depot and three churches , located in the block just southeast of the quadrangle , one of which , the United Protestant Church , is a distinctive log structure . The colony 's Central School , now added to several times , houses the offices of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough . The area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 21 , 1991 ( # 91000773 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by South Colony Way , East Firewood Avenue , South Eklutna Street , East Elmwood Avenue , South Denali Street and a line of properties along East Dahlia Avenue 61°35′56″N 149°06′34″W / 61.59881°N 149.10944°W / 61.59881 ; -149.10944 ( Matanuska Colony Community Center )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Willow Community Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Willow_Community_Center', 'summary': 'The Old Willow Community Center is a historic community building on West Willow Community Center Circle , off mile marker 69.7 of the Parks Highway in Willow , Alaska . It is a single-story log structure , measuring 60 by 40 feet ( 18 m × 12 m ) , built out of local spruce . It is covered by a broad aluminum gabled roof ; the gable ends are finished in wooden shingles . The interior consists of a single large chamber . The building was constructed in 1961 as part of a community drive for a meeting space that was more spacious than the local railroad station . In 1992 , it was moved a short way south of its original location , where the new community center and library now stand . The building continues to be used for community events . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 5 , 2017 ( # 100001695 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W. Willow Community Center Cir . 61°44′40″N 150°03′03″W / 61.744534°N 150.050840°W / 61.744534 ; -150.050840 ( Old Willow Community Center )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willow,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Willow is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage , Alaska Metropolitan Statistical Area . At the 2010 census the population was 2,102 , up from 1,658 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmer Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer_Depot', 'summary': 'The Palmer Depot is a historic train station at South Valley Way and Evergreen Avenue in Palmer , Alaska . It is a large three-section single story frame structure , built in 1935 to provide transportation services to the newly established Matanuska Valley Colony . The main section is the former warehouse , which is 94 feet ( 29 m ) long . The next section , with a lower profile than the warehouse , housed baggage facilities , a passenger waiting area , and living quarters for the station agent . The third section , the smallest of the three , houses the former ticketing office . The building now houses a community center . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and was added as a contributing property to Matanuska Colony Community Center in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 9 , 1978 ( # 78000530 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corner of Evergreen Avenue and South Valley Way 61°36′00″N 149°06′49″W / 61.59999°N 149.11362°W / 61.59999 ; -149.11362 ( Palmer Depot )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patten Colony Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patten_Colony_Farm', 'summary': 'The Patten Colony Farm is a historic farm property in Palmer , Alaska . It is located near milepost 39.9 on the Glenn Highway , and is a relatively complete instance of a farmstead established in the 1930s as part of the Matanuska Valley Colony initiative . The complex consists of eight buildings , six of which were built in the 1930s . The main house is an L-shaped log structure with a concrete foundation , a rarity in the colony . Smaller outbuildings include a log outhouse , a chicken house , and two barns , one of which is the only surviving horse barn ( out of two built ) of the colony . The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 21 , 1991 ( # 91000776 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mile 39.9 of the Glenn Highway , about 1.7 miles ( 2.7 km ) southwest of Palmer 61°34′43″N 149°08′29″W / 61.57862°N 149.14138°W / 61.57862 ; -149.14138 ( Patten Colony Farm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Highway', 'summary': 'The Glenn Highway ( part of Alaska Route 1 ) is a highway in the U.S. state of Alaska , extending 179 miles ( 288 km ) from Anchorage near Merrill Field to Glennallen on the Richardson Highway . The Tok Cut-Off is often considered part of the Glenn Highway , for a total length of 328 miles ( 528 km ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puhl House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puhl_House', 'summary': "The Puhl House , also known as the Bacon House , is a historic house at the corner of Scott Road and Glenn Highway in Palmer , Alaska . It is a rectangular single-story log structure measuring 35 by 25 feet ( 10.7 m × 7.6 m ) , built out of round logs joined by saddle notches at the corners . The diameter and length of the logs reduces as they rise to the eaves ; oakum chinking is used to close the gaps . The house was built in 1935 by Joe and Blanche Puhl , settlers who were part of the Matanuska Valley Colony settlement project . This building is distinctive as a colony house because it was not built by the crews of the Works Progress Administration that built most of the colony 's housing ; the Puhls organized their own construction team and acquired materials for its construction on their own . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 21 , 1991 ( # 91000777 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corner of Scott Road and Glenn Highway 61°36′38″N 149°07′09″W / 61.61062°N 149.11908°W / 61.61062 ; -149.11908 ( Puhl House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Highway', 'summary': 'The Glenn Highway ( part of Alaska Route 1 ) is a highway in the U.S. state of Alaska , extending 179 miles ( 288 km ) from Anchorage near Merrill Field to Glennallen on the Richardson Highway . The Tok Cut-Off is often considered part of the Glenn Highway , for a total length of 328 miles ( 528 km ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raymond Rebarchek Colony Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Rebarchek_Colony_Farm', 'summary': "The Raymond Rebarchek Colony Farm is a historic farm property on Rebarchek Avenue in Palmer , Alaska . It consists of a 40-acre ( 16 ha ) tract of land granted to Raymond Rebarchek in a 1935 land lottery organized by the Matanuska Valley Colony , a Depression-era agricultural colony project . The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . At that time the farm complex included ten buildings , including Rebarcheck 's original log house , the first built in the colony , along with a dairy barn , wellhouse , greenhouse , chicken house . Only the original farm house , silo , and milking parlor are still standing today . The property was purchased by the Alaska State Fair in 2002 , which is contemplating the establishment of a demonstration farm there ."}]}, {'value': 'October 3 , 1978 ( # 78000532 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Along East Rebarcheck Avenue , about 1.6 miles ( 2.6 km ) southwest of Palmer 61°34′38″N 149°07′37″W / 61.57728°N 149.1269°W / 61.57728 ; -149.1269 ( Raymond Rebarchek Colony Farm )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city is 5,937 .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susitna River Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susitna_River_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Susitna River Bridge , also known as the Gold Creek Bridge , was the longest bridge span on the United States Government Railway in Alaska . The steel 504-ft. through-truss channel spans the Susitna River . It was completed in February , 1921 . The crossing of the Susitna includes two 121-ft. combination Howe truss flanking spans and two 70-ft. combination pony Howe truss end spans , with 392 ft. of trestle at the southern approach and 28 ft. at the northern approach , making a total length of 1,322 ft . It is located 150 miles north of Anchorage , and 264 miles north of the terminus at Seward . The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 15 , 1977 ( # 77000227 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alaska Railroad Mile 264.1 , North of Gold Creek 62°46′05″N 149°41′35″W / 62.76793°N 149.69318°W / 62.76793 ; -149.69318 ( Susitna River Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alaska_Railroad', 'summary': 'The Alaska Railroad ( reporting mark ARR ) is a Class II railroad which extends from Seward and Whittier , in the south of the state of Alaska , in the United States , to Fairbanks ( passing through Anchorage ) , and beyond to Eielson Air Force Base and Fort Wainwright in the interior of that state . Uniquely ( for the US ) , it carries both freight and passengers throughout its system , including Denali National Park . The railroad has a mainline over 470 miles ( 760 km ) long and is well over 500 miles ( 800 km ) including branch lines and siding tracks . It is currently owned by the state of Alaska . The railroad is connected to the contiguous 48 via three rail barges that sail between the Port of Whittier , Alaska and Harbor Island in Seattle ( the Alaska Railroad-owned Alaska Rail Marine , and the CN Rail-owned Aqua Train , from Whittier to Prince Rupert , British Columbia ) but does not currently have a direct , land-based connection with any other railroad lines on the North American network . In 2016 , the company suffered a net loss of $ 4.3 million on revenues of $ 169.8 million , holding $ 1.1 billion in total assets .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sutton Community Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sutton_Community_Hall', 'summary': 'The Sutton Community Hall is a historic municipal building in Sutton , Alaska . It is located on the west side of Jonesville Road , about 0.25 miles ( 0.40 km ) north of its junction with the Glenn Highway . It is a single-story wood frame structure , measuring 40 by 70 feet ( 12 m × 21 m ) , with a shallow-pitch gabled sheet metal roof . The building has entrances on the north , south and east sides , the east-facing one sheltered by a hood with diagonal bracing . The exterior has several types of cladding , including asphalt shingles and board-and-batten siding . The building was built in 1927 to serve as a bunkhouse for workers building the Eklutna Power Plant , and was moved to the present location in 1950 to serve the unincorporated community of Sutton as a meeting space . The hall served the community as its principal civic and social meeting space for forty years . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 . It was at that time unused and in deteriorating condition .'}]}, {'value': 'August 27 , 2013 ( # 13000617 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alon Jonesville Road , about 0.25 miles ( 0.40 km ) north of Glenn Highway 61°42′40″N 148°53′49″W / 61.71118°N 148.89685°W / 61.71118 ; -148.89685 ( Sutton Community Hall )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Highway', 'summary': 'The Glenn Highway ( part of Alaska Route 1 ) is a highway in the U.S. state of Alaska , extending 179 miles ( 288 km ) from Anchorage near Merrill Field to Glennallen on the Richardson Highway . The Tok Cut-Off is often considered part of the Glenn Highway , for a total length of 328 miles ( 528 km ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sutton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sutton,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Sutton is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska . It is part of the Anchorage , Alaska Metropolitan Statistical Area . At the 2010 census the population was 1,447 , up from 1,080 in 2000 . The CDP includes the former coal mining community and road construction camp of Sutton , as well as the former mining camps of Eska and Jonesville .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talkeetna Airstrip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talkeetna_Airstrip', 'summary': 'The Talkeetna Airstrip is a historic runway in Talkeetna , Alaska . It is a rectangular area of land , covered by grass and gravel , extending southward along D Street from First Street toward the Susitna River . It is about 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) long and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) wide , with its northern stretch now lined with private residences and its southern stretch surrounded by public woodlands . The airstrip was created in 1940 as the result of a presidential executive order issued by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1937 , which set aside federal land near Talkeetna for aviation-related purposes . It played a major role in the economic development of the community , as air transport was the most reliable method of bringing supplies and travelers into the area . The airstrip was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 , at which time it was still occasionally used for aviation . Most aviation now uses the state-owned Talkeetna Airport , located east of the village center .'}]}, {'value': 'August 2 , 2002 ( # 02000814 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Along D Street , from East First Street to the Susitna River 62°19′12″N 150°06′48″W / 62.31997°N 150.11333°W / 62.31997 ; -150.11333 ( Talkeetna Airstrip )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susitna_River', 'summary': "The Susitna River /suːˈsɪtnə/ ( Sasut Na in Ahtna or Susitnu in Dena'ina ) is a 313-mile ( 504 km ) long river in the Southcentral Alaska . It is the 15th largest river in the United States , ranked by average discharge volume at its mouth . The river stretches from the Susitna Glacier to Cook Inlet 's Knik Arm ."}]}, {'value': 'Talkeetna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talkeetna,_Alaska', 'summary': "Talkeetna ( Dena'ina : K'dalkitnu ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Alaska , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 876 , up from 772 in 2000 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Matanuska-Susitna_Borough,_Alaska_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 29 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the borough.'}
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What is the date registered of the historic place that is one of two surviving aircraft of its type from the early days of aviation in the history of Alaska ?
# 78000531
08cb8245aa581f8f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_films_of_1985', 'title': 'List of French films of 1985', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Cast', 'Genre'], 'data': [{'value': 'Adieu Blaireau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adieu_Blaireau', 'summary': 'Adieu Blaireau ( Farewell Blaireau ) is a 1985 film directed by Bob Decout . The picture stars Philippe Léotard , Annie Girardot and Juliette Binoche and premiered at the 1985 Cognac Festival du Film Policier .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Decout', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippe Léotard , Annie Girardot , Juliette Binoche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Léotard', 'summary': 'Philippe Léotard ( Ange Philippe Paul André Léotard-Tomasi ; 28 August 1940 - 25 August 2001 ) was a French actor , poet and singer . He was born in Nice , one of seven children - four girls , then three boys , of which he was the oldest - and was the brother of politician François Léotard . His childhood was normal except for an illness ( rheumatic fever ) which struck him and forced him to spend days in bed during which time he read a great many books . He was particularly fond of the poets - Baudelaire , Rimbaud , Lautréamont , Blaise Cendrars . He met Ariane Mnouchkine at the Sorbonne and in 1964 they formed the théâtre du soleil . He played Philippe , the tormented son of a woman with terminal illness , in the 1974 drama film La Gueule ouverte , by the controversial director Maurice Pialat . He won a César Award for Best Actor for his role in the 1982 movie La Balance . One of his few English-language roles was a cameo in the 1973 thriller The Day of the Jackal and he co-starred as Jacques in the 1975 John Frankenheimer movie French Connection II which starred Gene Hackman and Fernando Rey , ( sequel to The French Connection ) . Léotard died in 2001 of respiratory failure in Paris at the age of 60 . He was interred at the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Annie_Girardot', 'summary': 'Annie Girardot ( 25 October 1931 - 28 February 2011 ) was a three-time César Award winning French actress . She often played strong-willed , independent , hard-working , and often lonely women , imbuing her characters with an earthiness and reality that endeared her to women undergoing similar daily struggles . Over the course of a five-decade career , she starred in nearly 150 films . She was a three-time César Award winner ( 1977 , 1996 , 2002 ) , a two-time Molière Award winner ( 2002 ) , a David di Donatello Award winner ( 1977 ) , a BAFTA nominee ( 1962 ) , and a recipient of several international prizes including the Volpi Cup ( Best actress ) at the 1965 Venice Film Festival for Three Rooms in Manhattan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Juliette_Binoche', 'summary': "Juliette Binoche ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒyljɛt binɔʃ ] ; born 9 March 1964 ) is a French actress , artist , and dancer . She has appeared in more than 60 feature films , been the recipient of numerous international awards , and performed frequently on stage - both as an actress and dancer - internationally . She began taking acting lessons during adolescence and , after performing in several stage productions , was cast in the films of such notable auteur directors as Jean-Luc Godard ( Hail Mary , 1985 ) , Jacques Doillon ( Family Life , 1985 ) , and André Téchiné ; the latter would make her a star in France with the leading role in his 1985 drama Rendez-vous . Her sensual performance in her English-language debut The Unbearable Lightness of Being ( 1988 ) , directed by Philip Kaufman , launched her international career . She sparked the interest of Steven Spielberg , who offered her several parts , including a role in Jurassic Park which she declined , choosing instead to join Krzysztof Kieślowski in Three Colors : Blue ( 1993 ) , a performance for which she won the Venice Film Festival Award for Best Actress and a César . Three years later , Binoche gained further acclaim in Anthony Minghella 's The English Patient ( 1996 ) , for which she was awarded an Academy Award and a BAFTA for Best Supporting Actress , in addition to the Best Actress Award at the 1997 Berlin International Film Festival . For her performance in Lasse Hallström 's romantic comedy Chocolat ( 2000 ) , Binoche was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress in 2001 . During the 2000s she maintained a successful career , alternating between French and English language roles in both mainstream and art-house productions . In 2010 , she won the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival for her role in Abbas Kiarostami 's Certified Copy making her the first actress to win the European Best Actress Triple Crown ( for winning best actress awards at the Berlin , Cannes and Venice film festivals ) . Throughout her career Binoche has intermittently appeared on stage , most notably in a 1998 London production of Luigi Pirandello 's Naked and in a 2000 production of Harold Pinter 's Betrayal on Broadway for which she was nominated for a Tony Award . In 2008 she began a world tour with a modern dance production in-i devised in collaboration with Akram Khan . Often referred to as La Binoche by the press , her other notable performances include : Mauvais Sang ( 1986 ) , Les Amants du Pont-Neuf ( 1991 ) , Damage ( 1992 ) , The Horseman on the Roof ( 1995 ) , Code Unknown ( 2000 ) , Caché ( 2005 ) , Breaking and Entering ( 2006 ) , Flight of the Red Balloon ( 2007 ) , Camille Claudel 1915 ( 2013 ) , and Clouds of Sils Maria ( 2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Crime', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adieu Bonaparte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adieu_Bonaparte', 'summary': "Adieu Bonaparte or Bonaparte in Egypt ( Egyptian Arabic : وداعا بونابرت , translit . Weda'an Bonapart ) is a 1985 Egyptian-French historical drama film directed by Youssef Chahine . It was entered into the 1985 Cannes Film Festival . It was later selected for screening as part of the Cannes Classics section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Youssef Chahine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youssef_Chahine', 'summary': "Youssef Chahine ( Arabic : يوسف شاهين ; 25 January 1926 - 27 July 2008 ) was an Egyptian film director . He was active in the Egyptian film industry from 1950 until his death . A winner of the Cannes 50th Anniversary Award ( for lifetime achievement ) , Chahine was credited with launching the career of actor Omar Sharif . A well regarded director with critics , he was often present at film festivals during the earlier decades of his work , Chahine gained his largest international audiences as one of the co-directors of 11'901 September 11 ( 2002 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Michel Piccoli , Patrice Chéreau , Christian Patey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Piccoli', 'summary': "Jacques Daniel Michel Piccoli ( born 27 December 1925 ) is a French actor , producer and film director . He has one of the longest careers in French cinema , and is regarded worldwide as a symbol of France 's film history , more specifically of the 1960s and 70s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Patrice_Chéreau', 'summary': "Patrice Chéreau ( French : [ pa.tʁis ʃe.ʁo ] ; 2 November 1944 - 7 October 2013 ) was a French opera and theatre director , filmmaker , actor and producer . In France he is best known for his work for the theatre , internationally for his films La Reine Margot and Intimacy , and for his staging of the Jahrhundertring , the centenary Ring Cycle at the Bayreuth Festival in 1976 . Winner of almost twenty movie awards , including the Cannes Jury Prize and the Golden Berlin Bear , Chéreau served as president of the jury at the 2003 Cannes festival . From 1966 , he was artistic director of the Public-Theatre in the Parisian suburb of Sartrouville , where in his team were stage designer Richard Peduzzi , costume designer Jacques Schmidt and lighting designer André Diot , with whom he collaborated in many later productions . From 1982 , he was director of his own stage at the Théâtre Nanterre-Amandiers at Nanterre where he staged plays by Jean Racine , Marivaux and Shakespeare as well as works by Jean Genet , Heiner Müller and Bernard-Marie Koltès . He accepted selected opera productions , such as : the first performance of the three-act version of Alban Berg 's Lulu , completed by Friedrich Cerha , at the Paris Opera in 1979 ; Berg 's Wozzeck at the Staatsoper Berlin in 1994 ; Wagner 's Tristan und Isolde at La Scala in 2007 ; Janáček 's From the House of the Dead , shown at several festivals and the Metropolitan Opera ; and , as his last staging , Elektra by Richard Strauss , first performed at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in July 2013 . He was awarded the Europe Theatre Prize in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Historical film', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A.K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.K._(film)', 'summary': "A.K . is a 1985 French documentary film directed by Chris Marker about the Japanese director Akira Kurosawa . Though it was filmed while Kurosawa was working on Ran , the film focuses more on Kurosawa 's remote but polite personality than on the making of the film . The film is sometimes seen as being reflective of Marker 's fascination with Japanese culture , which he also drew on for one of his best-known films , Sans Soleil . The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Marker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Marker', 'summary': 'Chris Marker ( French : [ maʁkɛʁ ] ; 29 July 1921 - 29 July 2012 ) was a French writer , photographer , documentary film director , multimedia artist and film essayist . His best known films are La Jetée ( 1962 ) , A Grin Without a Cat ( 1977 ) and Sans Soleil ( 1983 ) . Marker is usually associated with the Left Bank subset of the French New Wave , that occurred in the late 1950s and 1960s , and included such other filmmakers as Alain Resnais , Agnès Varda and Jacques Demy . His friend and sometime collaborator Alain Resnais called him the prototype of the twenty-first-century man . Film theorist Roy Armes has said of him : Marker is unclassifiable because he is unique.The French Cinema has its dramatists and its poets , its technicians , and its autobiographers , but only has one true essayist : Chris Marker .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Kramer , Akira Kurosawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Kramer', 'summary': 'Robert Kramer ( June 22 , 1939 - November 10 , 1999 ) was a left-leaning American film director , screenwriter and actor . He directed 19 films between 1965 and 1999 , most of them political cinema made from a left-wing point of view . His film À toute allure was entered into the 1982 Cannes Film Festival . He died of complications from meningitis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa', 'summary': "Akira Kurosawa ( Japanese : 黒澤明 or 黒沢明 or 黑澤明 Kurosawa Akira ; March 23 , 1910 - September 6 , 1998 ) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter , who directed 30 films in a career spanning 57 years . He is regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema . Kurosawa entered the Japanese film industry in 1936 , following a brief stint as a painter . After years of working on numerous films as an assistant director and scriptwriter , he made his debut as a director during World War II with the popular action film Sanshiro Sugata ( a.k.a . Judo Saga ) . After the war , the critically acclaimed Drunken Angel ( 1948 ) , in which Kurosawa cast then-unknown actor Toshiro Mifune in a starring role , cemented the director 's reputation as one of the most important young filmmakers in Japan . The two men would go on to collaborate on another 15 films . Rashomon , which premiered in Tokyo , became the surprise winner of the Golden Lion at the 1951 Venice Film Festival . The commercial and critical success of that film opened up Western film markets for the first time to the products of the Japanese film industry , which in turn led to international recognition for other Japanese filmmakers . Kurosawa directed approximately one film per year throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , including a number of highly regarded ( and often adapted ) films , such as Ikiru ( 1952 ) , Seven Samurai ( 1954 ) and Yojimbo ( 1961 ) . After the 1960s he became much less prolific ; even so , his later work - including his final two epics , Kagemusha ( 1980 ) and Ran ( 1985 ) - continued to win awards , though more often abroad than in Japan . In 1990 , he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement ."}]}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asterix Versus Caesar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asterix_Versus_Caesar', 'summary': "Asterix Versus Caesar ( also known in France as Astérix et la surprise de César ) is a 1985 animated film that was written by René Goscinny , Albert Uderzo and Pierre Tchernia , and directed by Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi , and is the fourth film adaptation of the Asterix comic book series . The story , an adaptation that combines the plots of Asterix the Legionary and Asterix the Gladiator , sees Asterix and his friend Obelix set off to rescue two lovers from their village that had been kidnapped by the Romans . The film 's theme song , Astérix est là , was composed and performed by Plastic Bertrand . A book of the film was released containing the story and stills from the film . It was later re-printed when Orion Publishing re-released the entire series ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaëtan Brizzi , Paul Brizzi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaëtan_Brizzi', 'summary': 'Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi ( born December 24 , 1951 in Paris , France ) are twin French artists , painters , illustrators , animators , and film directors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Brizzi', 'summary': 'Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi ( born December 24 , 1951 in Paris , France ) are twin French artists , painters , illustrators , animators , and film directors .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Animated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicken with Vinegar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicken_with_Vinegar', 'summary': 'Cop au Vin ( French : Poulet au vinaigre ) is a 1985 French crime film directed by Claude Chabrol . It was entered into the 1985 Cannes Film Festival . The original French title is a pun : it literally means vinegar chicken , but poulet is also French slang for cop . Chabrol made a sequel in 1986 titled Inspecteur Lavardin .'}]}, {'value': 'Claude Chabrol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_Chabrol', 'summary': "Claude Henri Jean Chabrol ( French : [ klod ʃabʁɔl ] ; 24 June 1930 - 12 September 2010 ) was a French film director and a member of the French New Wave ( nouvelle vague ) group of filmmakers who first came to prominence at the end of the 1950s . Like his colleagues and contemporaries Jean-Luc Godard , François Truffaut , Éric Rohmer and Jacques Rivette , Chabrol was a critic for the influential film magazine Cahiers du cinéma before beginning his career as a film maker . Chabrol 's career began with Le Beau Serge ( 1958 ) , inspired by Hitchcock 's Shadow of a Doubt ( 1943 ) . Thrillers became something of a trademark for Chabrol , with an approach characterized by a distanced objectivity . This is especially apparent in Les Biches ( 1968 ) , La Femme infidèle ( 1969 ) , and Le Boucher ( 1970 ) - all featuring Stéphane Audran , who was his wife at the time . Sometimes characterized as a mainstream New Wave director , Chabrol remained prolific and popular throughout his half-century career . In 1978 , he cast Isabelle Huppert as the lead in Violette Nozière . On the strength of that effort , the pair went on to others including the successful Madame Bovary ( 1991 ) and La Cérémonie ( 1996 ) . Film critic John Russell Taylor has stated that there are few directors whose films are more difficult to explain or evoke on paper , if only because so much of the overall effect turns on Chabrol 's sheer hedonistic relish for the medium.Some of his films become almost private jokes , made to amuse himself . James Monaco has called Chabrol the craftsman par excellence of the New Wave , and his variations upon a theme give us an understanding of the explicitness and precision of the language of the film that we do n't get from the more varied experiments in genre of Truffaut or Godard ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean Poiret , Stéphane Audran , Michel Bouquet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Poiret', 'summary': 'Jean Poiret , born Jean Poiré , ( 17 August 1926 - 14 March 1992 ) was a French actor , director , and screenwriter . He is primarily known as the author of the original play La Cage aux Folles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stéphane_Audran', 'summary': "Stéphane Audran ( born Colette Suzanne Dacheville ; 8 November 1932 - 27 March 2018 ) was a French film and television actress , known for her performances in award-winning movies such as The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie ( 1972 ) and Babette 's Feast ( 1987 ) and in critically acclaimed films like The Big Red One ( 1980 ) and Violette Nozière ( 1978 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michel_Bouquet', 'summary': 'Michel Bouquet ( born 6 November 1925 ) is a French stage and film actor . He has appeared in more than 100 films since 1947 . He won the Best Actor European Film Award for Toto the Hero in 1991 and two Best Actor Césars for How I Killed My Father ( 2001 ) and The Last Mitterrand ( 2005 ) . He also received the Molière Award for Best Actor for Les côtelettes in 1998 , then again for Exit the King in 2005 . In 2014 , he was awarded the Honorary Molière for the sum of his career . He received the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mystery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dawn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dawn_(1985_film)', 'summary': "Dawn ( French : L'Aube , Hungarian : A hajnal ) is a 1985 French-Hungarian drama film directed by Miklós Jancsó . It was entered into the 36th Berlin International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Miklós Jancsó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miklós_Jancsó', 'summary': "Miklós Jancsó ( Hungarian : [ ˈmikloːʃ ˈjɒnt͡ʃoː ] ; 27 September 1921 - 31 January 2014 ) was a Hungarian film director and screenwriter . Jancsó achieved international prominence from the mid-1960s onwards , with works including The Round-Up ( Szegénylegények , 1965 ) , The Red and the White ( Csillagosok , katonák , 1967 ) , and Red Psalm ( Még kér a nép , 1971 ) . Jancsó 's films are characterized by visual stylization , elegantly choreographed shots , long takes , historical periods , rural settings , and a lack of psychoanalyzing . A frequent theme of his films is the abuse of power . His works are often allegorical commentaries on Hungary under Communism and the Soviet occupation , although some critics prefer to stress the universal dimensions of Jancsó 's explorations . Towards the end of the 1960s and especially into the 1970s , Jancsó 's work became increasingly stylized and overtly symbolic ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Death in a French Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_in_a_French_Garden', 'summary': 'Death in a French Garden ( French : Péril en la demeure ) is a 1985 French drama film directed by Michel Deville . It was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Michel Deville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Deville', 'summary': "Michel Deville ( born 13 April 1931 ) is a French film director and screenwriter . Deville started his filmmaking career in the late 1950s , paralleling the emergence of the French New Wave directors . He never achieved the level of critical and international recognition of some of his contemporaries such as François Truffaut , Jean-Luc Godard and Claude Chabrol , possibly because of his more conventional filmmaking style . Nevertheless , his films , especially his comedies from the 1970s and 1980s , were popular in his native France . [ citation needed ] One of Deville 's comedies , La Lectrice ( The Reader ) was probably his biggest success with international audiences . La Lectrice is about a woman ( played by Miou-Miou ) , who finds work reading novels for the blind but gradually finds herself unwittingly attracting a clientele of fetishists who enjoyed being read to . At one time his films were difficult to find in North America but presently ( 2007 ) seven of his films are available in DVD in the U.S. His 1980 film Le Voyage en douce was entered into the 30th Berlin International Film Festival . Five years later , his film Death in a French Garden was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival . A clip from his 1968 film Benjamin is included in Robert Bressons Une Femme Douce ( 1969 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Christophe Malavoy , Nicole Garcia , Michel Piccoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christophe_Malavoy', 'summary': 'Christophe Malavoy , born 21 March 1952 in Reutlingen , Germany , is a French actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nicole_Garcia', 'summary': "Nicole Garcia ( born 22 April 1946 ) is a French actress , film director and screenwriter . Her film Charlie Says was entered into the 2006 Cannes Film Festival . Her film Going Away was screened in the Special Presentation section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . She was the President of the Jury for the Caméra d'Or section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival . Her eldest son , Frédéric Bélier-Garcia , is a theatre director and writer . From her relationship with Jean Rochefort , she has a second son , the actor Pierre Rochefort ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michel_Piccoli', 'summary': "Jacques Daniel Michel Piccoli ( born 27 December 1925 ) is a French actor , producer and film director . He has one of the longest careers in French cinema , and is regarded worldwide as a symbol of France 's film history , more specifically of the 1960s and 70s ."}]}, {'value': 'Thriller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Détective', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Détective', 'summary': 'Détective is a 1985 French crime film directed by Jean-Luc Godard . It was entered into the 1985 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Luc Godard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard', 'summary': "Jean-Luc Godard ( UK : /ˈɡɒdɑːr/ GOD-ar , US : /ɡoʊˈdɑːr/ goh-DAR , French : [ ʒɑ̃ lyk ɡɔdaʁ ] ; born 3 December 1930 ) is a French-Swiss film director , screenwriter and film critic . He rose to prominence as a pioneer of the 1960s French New Wave film movement . During his early career as a film critic , Godard criticized mainstream French cinema 's Tradition of Quality , which emphasized established convention over innovation and experimentation . In response , he and like-minded critics began to make their own films . Many of Godard 's films challenge the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema . In 1964 , Godard described his and his colleagues ' impact : We barged into the cinema like cavemen into the Versailles of Louis XV . He is often considered the most radical French filmmaker of the 1960s and 1970s ; his approach in film conventions , politics and philosophies made him arguably the most influential director of the French New Wave . Along with showing knowledge of film history through homages and references , several of his films expressed his political views ; he was an avid reader of existential and Marxist philosophy . Since the New Wave , his politics have been much less radical and his recent films are about representation and human conflict from a humanist , and a Marxist perspective . In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll , Godard ranked third in the critics ' top ten directors of all time ( which was put together by assembling the directors of the individual films for which the critics voted ) . He is said to have created one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century . He and his work have been central to narrative theory and have challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticism 's vocabulary ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwen , or the Book of Sand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwen,_or_the_Book_of_Sand', 'summary': 'Gwen , or the Book of Sand ( French : Gwen , ou le livre de sable ) is a 1985 French animated science fiction film written and directed by Jean-François Laguionie , using gouache . It is alternatively known as Gwen , Gwen and the Book of Sand , Gwen , the Book of Sand and similar variations .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean-François Laguionie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-François_Laguionie', 'summary': 'Jean-François Laguionie ( born October 10 , 1939 in Besançon ) is a French animator , film director and producer of animation .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Animation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hail Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hail_Mary_(film)', 'summary': "Hail Mary ( French : Je vous salue , Marie ) is a 1985 French erotic drama film written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard . The film is a modern retelling of the story of a virgin birth . It was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival . All screenings in its initial theatrical distribution were accompanied by the short film The Book of Mary ( French : Le livre de Marie ) by Godard 's longtime companion and collaborator Anne-Marie Miéville ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Luc Godard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard', 'summary': "Jean-Luc Godard ( UK : /ˈɡɒdɑːr/ GOD-ar , US : /ɡoʊˈdɑːr/ goh-DAR , French : [ ʒɑ̃ lyk ɡɔdaʁ ] ; born 3 December 1930 ) is a French-Swiss film director , screenwriter and film critic . He rose to prominence as a pioneer of the 1960s French New Wave film movement . During his early career as a film critic , Godard criticized mainstream French cinema 's Tradition of Quality , which emphasized established convention over innovation and experimentation . In response , he and like-minded critics began to make their own films . Many of Godard 's films challenge the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema . In 1964 , Godard described his and his colleagues ' impact : We barged into the cinema like cavemen into the Versailles of Louis XV . He is often considered the most radical French filmmaker of the 1960s and 1970s ; his approach in film conventions , politics and philosophies made him arguably the most influential director of the French New Wave . Along with showing knowledge of film history through homages and references , several of his films expressed his political views ; he was an avid reader of existential and Marxist philosophy . Since the New Wave , his politics have been much less radical and his recent films are about representation and human conflict from a humanist , and a Marxist perspective . In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll , Godard ranked third in the critics ' top ten directors of all time ( which was put together by assembling the directors of the individual films for which the critics voted ) . He is said to have created one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century . He and his work have been central to narrative theory and have challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticism 's vocabulary ."}]}, {'value': 'Myriem Roussel , Thierry Rode , Philippe Lacoste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myriem_Roussel', 'summary': "Myriem Roussel is a French actress born in Rabat ( Morocco ) on 26 December 1961 . She is most noted for her role as Marie in Jean-Luc Godard 's 1985 film Je Vous Salue Marie/Hail Mary which was controversial at the time . She had come to Godard 's attention when she appeared as an extra in Passion . Other film appearances include The Patriots ( 1994 ) , Dark at Noon ( 1993 ) , the 1985 adaptation of Yasunari Kawabata 's 1964 novel Beauty and Sadness , and First Name : Carmen ( 1983 )"}]}, {'value': 'Avant-garde , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harem_(film)', 'summary': 'Harem is a 1985 French romantic drama directed by Arthur Joffé . It was filmed in Morocco , particularly El Jadida .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Joffe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Joffe', 'summary': "Arthur Joffé ( born 20 September 1953 ) is a French film director , the son of the director and screenwriter Alex Joffé . He was awarded the Palme d'Or du court métrage at the 1982 Cannes film festival for his short film Merlin ou le cours de l'or . He was also the recipient of the Youth Prize in Cannes for his film Casting . [ citation needed ] Arthur Joffé was born on 20 September 1953 in Paris . His first full-length feature film was Harem , starring Ben Kingsley and Nastassja Kinski ."}]}, {'value': 'Nastassja Kinski , Ben Kingsley , Dennis Goldson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nastassja_Kinski', 'summary': 'Nastassja Aglaia Kinski ( née Nakszynski ; born 24 January 1961 ) is a German actress and former model who has appeared in more than 60 films in Europe and the United States . Her worldwide breakthrough was with Stay as You Are ( 1978 ) . She then came to global prominence with her Golden Globe Award-winning performance as the title character in the Roman Polanski-directed film Tess ( 1979 ) . Other notable films in which she acted include the erotic horror film Cat People ( 1982 ) , the Wim Wenders dramas Paris , Texas ( 1984 ) and Faraway , So Close ! ( 1993 ) , and the biographical drama film , An American Rhapsody ( 2001 ) . Kinski is fluent in four languages : German , English , French and Italian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_Kingsley', 'summary': "Sir Ben Kingsley ( born Krishna Pandit Bhanji ; 31 December 1943 ) is an English actor with a career spanning over 50 years . He has garnered numerous awards and nominations , including a Grammy Award , two Golden Globe Awards , a Screen Actors Guild Award , a BAFTA Award , and four Academy Award nominations , winning one for Best Actor at the 55th Academy Awards . Kingsley is best known for his starring role as Mohandas Gandhi in the 1982 film Gandhi , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor . He also appeared in Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Twelfth Night ( 1996 ) , Sexy Beast ( 2000 ) , House of Sand and Fog ( 2003 ) , Lucky Number Slevin ( 2006 ) , Shutter Island ( 2010 ) , Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) , Hugo ( 2011 ) , The Dictator ( 2012 ) and Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) . He has also voiced Snatcher in The Boxtrolls ( 2014 ) , and Bagherra in the live action adaptation of Disney 's The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) . Kingsley was appointed Knight Bachelor in 2002 for services to the British film industry . In 2010 , he was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2013 , he received the Britannia Award for Worldwide Contribution to Filmed Entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hell Train', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hell_Train_(film)', 'summary': "Hell Train ( French : Train d'enfer ) is a 1985 French crime film directed by Roger Hanin . It was entered into the 14th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Prize ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Hanin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Hanin', 'summary': 'Roger Hanin ( born Roger Levy , 20 October 1925 - 11 February 2015 ) was a French actor and film director , best known for playing the title role in the 1989-2006 TV police drama , Navarro .'}]}, {'value': 'Roger Hanin , Gerard Klein , Christine Pascal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Hanin', 'summary': 'Roger Hanin ( born Roger Levy , 20 October 1925 - 11 February 2015 ) was a French actor and film director , best known for playing the title role in the 1989-2006 TV police drama , Navarro .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gerard_Klein', 'summary': "Gérard Klein ( born 1937 ) , known also as Gilles , is a French science fiction writer with sociological entrenamiento . He is the editor of the prestigious science fiction series Ailleurs et Demain published by Robert Laffont and of the Le Livre de poche science-fiction imprint . In his novella Les virus ne parlent pas ( The viruses do not speak ) , he imagines that viruses have created all living beings in the same fashion that human beings have created computers , and for the same reason : to improve their efficiency . Gérard Klein used the pseudonym Gilles d'Argyre for his novels published by Editions Fleuve Noir for their series Anticipation . Several of his novels were published in translation by DAW Books in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christine_Pascal', 'summary': 'Christine Pascal ( 29 November 1953 - 30 August 1996 ) was a French actress , writer and director .'}]}, {'value': 'Crime', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hold-Up', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hold-Up_(1985_film)', 'summary': 'Hold-Up is a Franco-Canadian crime comedy from 1985 , starring Jean-Paul Belmondo and directed by Alexandre Arcady . The screenplay by Arcady , Daniel Saint-Hamont and Francis Veber is based on the novel Quick Change by Jay Cronley . The novel was filmed again , as Quick Change ( 1990 ) , with Bill Murray starring and co-directing .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexandre Arcady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandre_Arcady', 'summary': 'Alexandre Arcady ( born March 17 , 1947 ) is a French actor , film director , producer and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Paul Belmondo , Kim Cattrall , Guy Marchand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Paul_Belmondo', 'summary': 'Jean-Paul Belmondo ( French : [ ʒɑ̃pɔl bɛlmɔ̃do ] ; born 9 April 1933 ) is a French actor initially associated with the New Wave of the 1960s and one of the biggest French film stars of the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s . His best known credits include Breathless ( 1960 ) and That Man from Rio ( 1964 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kim_Cattrall', 'summary': "Kim Victoria Cattrall ( /kəˈtræl/ ; born 21 August 1956 ) is a British-Canadian actress . She is best known for her role as Samantha Jones on HBO 's Sex and the City ( 1998-2004 ) , for which she received five Emmy Award nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations , winning the 2002 Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress . She reprised the role in the films Sex and the City ( 2008 ) and Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) . Cattrall made her film debut in Rosebud ( 1975 ) and went on to appear in various television roles . She came to prominence in the 1980s with films such as Ticket to Heaven ( 1981 ) , Police Academy ( 1984 ) , City Limits ( 1985 ) , Big Trouble in Little China ( 1986 ) , Mannequin ( 1987 ) , Masquerade ( 1988 ) , Midnight Crossing ( 1988 ) , and The Return of the Musketeers ( 1989 ) . She worked on several occasions with director Bob Clark , appearing in four of his films : Tribute ( 1980 ) , Porky 's ( 1981 ) , Turk 182 ( 1985 ) , and Baby Geniuses ( 1999 ) . Her other film credits include The Bonfire of the Vanities ( 1990 ) , Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) , Split Second ( 1992 ) , Above Suspicion ( 1995 ) , 15 Minutes ( 2001 ) , Crossroads ( 2002 ) , Ice Princess ( 2005 ) , My Boy Jack ( 2007 ) , The Ghost Writer ( 2010 ) , and Meet Monica Velour ( 2010 ) . On stage , Cattrall appeared in the 1986 Broadway production of Michael Frayn 's Wild Honey . Her other stage credits include August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( McCarter Theatre Center , 1993 ) , Shakespeare 's Antony and Cleopatra ( Liverpool Playhouse , 2010 ) , Noël Coward 's Private Lives ( Broadway , 2011 ) , and Tennessee Williams ' Sweet Bird of Youth ( The Old Vic , 2013 ) . From 2014 to 2016 , Cattrall starred and served as executive producer on the HBO Canada series Sensitive Skin , for which she received a nomination for the Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series . She currently stars on the web television series Tell Me a Story ( 2018-present ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guy_Marchand', 'summary': 'Guy Marchand ( born 22 May 1937 ) is a French actor , musician and singer . He is best known for his role as the main character in the French police procedural series Nestor Burma .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy , crime', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honeymoon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honeymoon_(1985_film)', 'summary': 'Honeymoon ( French : Lune de miel ) is a 1985 Franco-Canadian thriller , directed by Patrick Jamain and starring Nathalie Baye .'}]}, {'value': 'Patrick Jamain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathalie Baye , John Shea , Richard Berry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathalie_Baye', 'summary': 'Nathalie Marie Andrée Baye ( born 6 July 1948 ) is a French film , television and stage actress . She began her career in 1970 and has appeared in more than 80 films . A ten-time César Award nominee , her four wins were for Every Man for Himself ( 1980 ) , Strange Affair ( 1981 ) , La Balance ( 1982 ) , and The Young Lieutenant ( 2005 ) . In 2009 , she was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour . Her other films include Day for Night ( 1973 ) , Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , Tell No One ( 2006 ) and The Assistant ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Shea', 'summary': "John Victor Shea III ( /ʃeɪ/ SHAY ; born April 14 , 1949 ) is an American actor , and producer . His career began on Broadway where he starred in Yentl , subsequently winning his first major award , the 1975 Theatre World Award . Shortly after his Off-Broadway career began , Lee Strasberg invited Shea to join the Actors Studio where he spent several years studying method acting . He made his television film debut in The Nativity ( 1978 ) , alongside Madeleine Stowe . Billed alongside Helen Mirren , he starred in the noir film Hussy ( 1980 ) , and the Academy Award-winning drama , Missing ( 1982 ) . In 1988 , Shea won his first Emmy for his performance as William Stern in Baby M. Shea 's subsequent films include the comedy thriller Coast to Coast ( 1987 ) , the drama Windy City ( 1984 ) , the dark crime feature Small Sacrifices ( 1989 ) , the political thriller The Insurgents ( 2006 ) , the Tamil language thriller Achchamundu ! Achchamundu ! ( 2009 ) , the drama An Invisible Sign ( 2010 ) , and the foreign film The Italian Key ( 2011 ) . His breakthrough came when he was cast as Lex Luthor in the 1990s TV series Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman subsequently being cast as Adam Kane in the 2000s Mutant X series . Shea 's public profile increased in 2012 after his five-year role as Harold Waldorf , Blair Waldorf 's father on Gossip Girl . Shea has been also noted for his political involvement in social equity which in 1984 led him to organize the largest peace rally in the history of the United States garnering praise by various non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International . In 2014 , Shea announced his directorial debut with Grey Lady released in mid-2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Berry_(actor)', 'summary': 'Richard Berry ( born Richard Élie Benguigui , 31 July 1950 ) is a French actor , film director and screenwriter . He has appeared in more than 100 films since 1972 . He starred in The Violin Player , which was entered into the 1994 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Thriller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurlevent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurlevent', 'summary': "Hurlevent ( Howling wind ) is a 1985 French drama film directed by Jacques Rivette . It is an adaptation of Emily Brontë 's 1847 novel Wuthering Heights . Based on the first part of the novel and set in 1930s southern France , it starred three unknown actors : Fabienne Babe as Catherine , Lucas Belvaux as Roch ( Heathcliff ) , and Oliver Cruveiller as Catherine 's brother ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacques Rivette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Rivette', 'summary': "Jacques Rivette ( French : [ ʒak ʁivɛt ] ; 1 March 1928 - 29 January 2016 ) was a French film director and film critic most commonly associated with the French New Wave and the film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma . He made twenty-nine films , including L'amour fou ( 1969 ) , Out 1 ( 1971 ) , Celine and Julie Go Boating ( 1974 ) , and La Belle Noiseuse ( 1991 ) . His work is noted for its improvisation , loose narratives , and lengthy running times . Inspired by Jean Cocteau to become a filmmaker , Rivette shot his first short film at age twenty . He moved to Paris to pursue his career , frequenting Henri Langlois ' Cinémathèque Française and other ciné-clubs ; there , he met François Truffaut , Jean-Luc Godard , Éric Rohmer , Claude Chabrol and other future members of the New Wave . Rivette began writing film criticism , and was hired by André Bazin for Cahiers du Cinéma in 1953 . In his criticism , he expressed an admiration for American films - especially those of genre directors such as John Ford , Alfred Hitchcock and Nicholas Ray - and was deeply critical of mainstream French cinema . Rivette 's articles , admired by his peers , were considered the magazine 's best and most aggressive writings , particularly his 1961 article On Abjection and his influential series of interviews with film directors co-written with Truffaut . He continued making short films , including Le Coup de Berger , which is often cited as the first New Wave film . Truffaut later credited Rivette with developing the movement . Although he was the first New Wave director to begin work on a feature film , Paris Belongs to Us was not released until 1961 , by which time Chabrol , Truffaut and Godard released their own first features and popularised the movement worldwide . Rivette became editor of Cahiers du Cinéma during the early 1960s and publicly fought French censorship of his second feature film , The Nun ( 1966 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fabienne Babe , Lucas Belvaux , Olivier Cruveiller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucas_Belvaux', 'summary': 'Lucas Belvaux ( born 14 November 1961 ) is a Belgian actor and film director . His directing credits include the Trilogie , consisting of three films with interlocking stories and characters , each of which was filmed in a different genre . The three films are Cavale , a thriller ; Un couple épatant , a comedy ; and Après la vie , a melodrama . The Trilogie received the André Cavens Award . His film La Raison du plus faible was entered into the 2006 Cannes Film Festival . His film One Night ( 38 témoins ) was nominated for seven Magritte Awards , winning Best Screenplay . He also appeared as an actor in the film Merry Christmas ( 2005 ) . He is the brother of Rémy Belvaux and Bruno Belvaux .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An Impudent Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/An_Impudent_Girl', 'summary': "An Impudent Girl ( French : L'Effrontée ) is a 1985 French film directed by Claude Miller . It stars Charlotte Gainsbourg , who won the César Award for Most Promising Actress , and Bernadette Lafont , who won the César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . It is a free adaptation of the novel Frankie Addams ( French title of Carson McCullers 's The Member of the Wedding ) . The film won the Louis Delluc Prize , and received César nominations for Best Film , Best Director , Most Promising Actor , Best Writing , Best Costume Design and Best Sound ."}]}, {'value': 'Claude Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_Miller', 'summary': 'Claude Miller ( 20 February 1942 - 4 April 2012 ) was a French film director , producer and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte Gainsbourg , Bernadette Lafont , Jean-Claude Brialy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Gainsbourg', 'summary': 'Charlotte Lucy Gainsbourg ( French pronunciation : [ ʃaʁlɔt ɡɛ̃sbuʁ ] ( listen ) ; born 21 July 1971 ) is an English-French actress and singer . She is the daughter of English actress Jane Birkin and French singer and songwriter Serge Gainsbourg . After making her musical debut with her father on the song Lemon Incest at the age of 12 , she released an album with her father at the age of 15 . More than 20 years passed before she released the first of four albums as an adult ( 5:55 , IRM , Stage Whisper and Rest ) to commercial and critical success . Gainsbourg has also appeared in many films , including several directed by Lars von Trier , and has received both a César Award and the Cannes Film Festival Best Actress Award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bernadette_Lafont', 'summary': 'Bernadette Lafont ( 28 October 1938 - 25 July 2013 ) was a French actress who appeared in more than 120 feature films . She has been considered the face of French New Wave . In 1999 she told The New York Times her work was the motor of my existence .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean-Claude_Brialy', 'summary': 'Jean-Claude Brialy ( 30 March 1933 - 30 May 2007 ) was a French actor and director .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy-drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "L'amour braque", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'amour_braque", 'summary': "L'Amour braque ( Mad love ) is a 1985 French romantic drama film directed by Andrzej Zulawski and starring Sophie Marceau , Francis Huster , and Tchéky Karyo . The film is about a bank robber on his way to Paris who meets a neurotic dreamer whom he considers to be an idiot . The dreamer follows him everywhere and soon falls in love with his girlfriend , resulting in a tragic ending . The film is loosely inspired by Dostoevsky 's novel The Idiot . The film received a Fantasporto International Fantasy Film Award Nomination for Best Film in 1986 ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrzej Zulawski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrzej_Zulawski', 'summary': 'Andrzej Żuławski ( Polish : [ ˈandʐɛj ʐuˈwafskʲi ] ; 22 November 1940 - 17 February 2016 ) was a Polish film director and writer . He was born in Lwów ( Lviv ) , Ukrainian SSR ( now Ukraine ) . Żuławski often went against mainstream commercialism in his films , and enjoyed success mostly with European art-house audiences . In the late 1950s , he studied cinema in France . His second feature , The Devil ( 1972 ) , was banned in Poland , and Żuławski went to France . After the success of That Most Important Thing : Love in 1975 , he returned to Poland where he spent two years making On the Silver Globe ( 1988 ) . The work on this film was interrupted by the Polish authorities . After that , Żuławski moved to France where he became known for controversial and violent art-house films . Żuławski is also known for his work with actresses including Romy Schneider , Isabelle Adjani and Sophie Marceau . His films have received awards at various international film festivals . Żuławski had also written several novels , for example : Il était Un Verger , Lity Bór ( a.k.a . La Forêt Forteresse ) , W Oczach Tygrysa , and Ogród Miłości .'}]}, {'value': 'Francis Huster , Sophie Marceau , Tchéky Karyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Huster', 'summary': 'Francis Huster ( born 8 December 1947 ) is a French stage , film and television actor , director and scriptwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sophie_Marceau', 'summary': "Sophie Marceau ( French : [ sɔfi maʁso ] ; born Sophie Danièle Sylvie Maupu , 17 November 1966 ) is a French actress , director , screenwriter , and author . As a teenager , Marceau achieved popularity with her debut films La Boum ( 1980 ) and La Boum 2 ( 1982 ) , receiving a César Award for Most Promising Actress . She became a film star in Europe with a string of successful films , including L'Étudiante ( 1988 ) , Pacific Palisades ( 1990 ) , Fanfan ( 1993 ) , and Revenge of the Musketeers ( 1994 ) . Marceau became an international film star with her performances in Braveheart ( 1995 ) , Firelight ( 1997 ) , and the 19th James Bond film The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tchéky_Karyo', 'summary': 'Tchéky Karyo ( French : [ tʃeki kɑʁjo ] ; born 4 October 1953 ) is a Turkish-born French actor and musician who is known for playing leading French police investigator Julien Baptiste in the British drama The Missing ( 2014 ) and its spin-off series Baptiste ( 2019 ) . Beginning his career as an actor on stage in classical and contemporary works , he began to work as a character actor in films in the 1980s . He has acted in numerous films by Hollywood and French directors , including Luc Besson .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Cage aux Folles 3 : The Wedding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_3:_The_Wedding', 'summary': "La Cage aux Folles 3 : The Wedding ( French : La cage aux folles 3 - 'Elles ' se marient ) is a 1985 comedy film and the third and final installment in the La Cage aux Folles series . Unlike the first two films , which were directed by Édouard Molinaro , this third installment is directed by Georges Lautner ."}]}, {'value': 'Georges Lautner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georges_Lautner', 'summary': "Georges Lautner ( French : [ lotnɛʁ ] ; 24 January 1926 - 22 November 2013 ) was a French film director and screenwriter , known primarily for his comedies created in collaboration with screenwriter Michel Audiard . Lautner 's ventures into other genres were less successful though the thriller Le Professionnel starring Jean-Paul Belmondo was a big commercial hit in France in 1981 . He was born in Nice , the son of actress Renée Saint-Cyr ."}]}, {'value': 'Michel Serrault , Ugo Tognazzi , Antonella Interlenghi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Serrault', 'summary': 'Michel Serrault ( 24 January 1928 - 29 July 2007 ) was a French stage and film actor who appeared from 1954 until 2007 in more than 130 films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ugo_Tognazzi', 'summary': 'Ugo Tognazzi ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈuːɡo toɲˈɲattsi ] ; 23 March 1922 - 27 October 1990 ) was an Italian film , TV , and theatre actor , director , and screenwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Antonella_Interlenghi', 'summary': 'Antonella Interlenghi ( born 6 August 1960 ) is an Italian stage , film and television actress . She is also known as Antonellina Interlenghi .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Vie de Famille', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Vie_de_Famille_(film)', 'summary': 'Family Life ( French : La Vie de Famille ) is a 1985 French film by Jacques Doillon .'}]}, {'value': 'Jacques Doillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Doillon', 'summary': "Jacques Doillon ( French : [ dwajɔ̃ ] ; born 15 March 1944 ) is a French film director . He has a habit of giving lead roles to inexperienced young actresses in his films on family life and women . [ citation needed ] Some actresses to break through are Fanny Bastien , Sandrine Bonnaire , Judith Godrèche , Marianne Denicourt , Charlotte Gainsbourg and Juliette Binoche . Doillon was born in Paris . He has two daughters : Lola Doillon ( born 1975 ) , whose mother is film editor Noëlle Boisson , and Lou Doillon ( born 1982 ) , from his relationship with actress Jane Birkin in the 1980s . His 1989 film The 15 Year Old Girl was entered into the 16th Moscow International Film Festival . His 1990 film La vengeance d'une femme was entered into the 40th Berlin International Film Festival . The following year , his film Le Petit Criminel won an Honourable Mention at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival . In 1993 , his film Le Jeune Werther won the Blue Angel Award at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . In 1998 , his film Trop ( peu ) d'amour was entered into the 48th Berlin International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Sami Frey , Mara Goyet , Juliet Berto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sami_Frey', 'summary': "Sami Frey ( born Samuel Frei ; 13 October 1937 ) is a French actor of Polish Jewish descent . Among the films he starred in are En compagnie d'Antonin Artaud ( 1993 ) , in which he portrays French poet and playwright Antonin Artaud , and Bande à part ( 1964 ) by Jean-Luc Godard ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juliet_Berto', 'summary': "Juliet Berto ( 16 January 1947 - 10 January 1990 ) , born Annie Jamet , was a French actress , director and screenwriter . A member of the same loose group of student radicals as Anne Wiazemsky , she first appeared in Jean-Luc Godard 's Two or Three Things I Know About Her , and would go on to appear in many of Godard 's subsequent films , including La Chinoise , Week End , Le Gai Savoir , and Vladimir et Rosa . She later became a muse for the French New Wave director Jacques Rivette , starring in Out 1 and Celine and Julie Go Boating . In the 1980s she also became a screenwriter and film director . Her film Cap Canaille ( 1983 ) was entered into the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival . In 1987 , she was a member of the jury at the 37th Berlin International Film Festival . She died of breast cancer at age 42 ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy-drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Rois du gag', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claude Zidi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_Zidi', 'summary': 'Claude Zidi ( born 25 July 1934 ) is a French film director and screenwriter who is noted for his mainstream burlesque comedies . Born in Paris , he started as a cameraman and then cinematographer , and made his directorial and screenwriting debut in 1971 . He won the César Award for Best Director for My New Partner , for which he was also nominated for Best Writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Macha Meril , Didier Kaminka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macha_Meril', 'summary': 'Macha Méril ( born Princess Maria-Magdalena Vladimirovna Gagarina on 3 September 1940 ) is a French actress and writer .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Cinema ofFrance 1892–1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 19141915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 19241925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019 vte A list of films produced in France in 1985 .', 'uid': 'List_of_French_films_of_1985_0', 'intro': 'A list of films produced in France in 1985.'}
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Which film 's director rose to prominence as a pioneer of the 1960s French New Wave film movement ?
Détective
08cc70106f55e9e9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1999 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Nemov ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexei_Nemov', 'summary': 'Alexei Yurievich Nemov ( Russian : Алексей Юрьевич Немов ; born 28 May 1976 in Barashevo , Mordovia ) is a former artistic gymnast from Russia and one of the most celebrated gymnasts of all time . During his career , he won five world championships , three European championships and twelve Olympic medals .'}]}, {'value': '9.775', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marius Urzica ( ROU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marius_Urzica', 'summary': 'Marius Daniel Urzică ( born September 30 , 1975 , in Topliţa , Romania ) is a Romanian gymnast . Urzică is an Olympic champion , a three-time world champion and a three-time European champion on pommel horse . He competed at three Olympic games , medaling each time on pommel horse ( gold Sydney 2000 , silver Atlanta 1996 and silver Athena 2004 ) and contributed to the team bronze in Athens 2004 . His unique technique and style of performance have won him the recognition as one of the greatest masters on this piece of apparatus ever , together with Miroslav Cerar and Zoltán Magyar . Known as The King of the Pommels in 2001 he achieved the maximum score of 10.00 on this piece of apparatus at the Glasgow Grand Prix . Two elements in artistic gymnastics , one on pommel horse and one on parallel bars are named after him . He was the founder of Romanian Golden Team'}]}, {'value': '9.762', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikolai Kryukov ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikolai_Kryukov_(gymnast)', 'summary': 'Nikolai Vyacheslavovich Kryukov ( Russian : Николай Вячеславович Крюков ; born November 11 , 1978 in Voronezh ) is a Russian artistic gymnast . A three-time Olympian , he was also the World Artistic Gymnastics All-Around Champion at the 1999 World Gymnastics Championships in Tianjin , China .'}]}, {'value': '9.750', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Beresch ( UKR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Beresch', 'summary': "Oleksandr Beresch ( Ukrainian : Олександр Береш ) ( October 12 , 1977 , Pervomaisk - February 29 , 2004 , Kiev ) , was a gymnast from Ukraine and Olympic medallist at the 2000 Sydney Games . Coached by former Soviet World Champion Igor Korobchinsky , Beresch began competing internationally for Ukraine in 1997 , winning a bronze medal on the high bar at his first World Championships . Over the next several years he became the preeminent male gymnast on the Ukrainian team , medalling at the World Cup several times . Beresch 's breakout year was 2000 ; in this year he was the European all-around and high bar champion , as well as the bronze all-around medalist at the 2000 Olympics . His contributions to the Ukrainian team helped them win their first team medal , a silver , in Sydney . He continued to turn in strong performances after the Olympics , winning three medals at the 2001 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships and winning the high bar gold at the 2000 World finals in Paris ."}]}, {'value': '9.725', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Wecker ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Wecker', 'summary': 'Andreas Wecker ( born 2 January 1970 in Staßfurt ) is a former German gymnast who had a long and successful career . He was European , World and Olympic champion . His greatest achievement was the gold medal on high bar at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . There , he beat gymnasts of such quality as Vitaly Scherbo and Alexei Nemov . In 1989 Wecker was named the last East German Sportsman of the Year . He competed for the SC Dynamo Berlin / Sportvereinigung ( SV ) Dynamo . Wecker qualified for the German team for the Sydney Olympics in 2000 . Just days before his events , he suffered a serious shoulder injury where he tore a bicep muscle in his shoulder , ending his career . Today , Wecker is the chairman and founder of Andreas Seed Oils , headquartered in Bend , Oregon and distributed through his office in Germany .'}]}, {'value': '9.712', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valeri Belenki ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valeri_Belenki', 'summary': 'Valery Vladimirovich Belenky ( Russian : Валерий Владимирович Беленький , German : Valeri Belenki ; born 5 September 1969 ) is a retired Azerbaijani-German artistic gymnast who competed in the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '9.700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xing Aowei ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xing_Aowei', 'summary': 'Xing Aowei ( simplified Chinese : 邢傲伟 ; traditional Chinese : 邢傲偉 ; pinyin : Xíng Àowěi ; born February 15 , 1982 in Yantai , Shandong ) is a Male Chinese gymnast . Xing was part of the Chinese team that won the gold medal in the team event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . He was also a part of the 2004 Olympic team in Athens , but placed fifth after his mistake on floor plus two falls ( and another major mistake ) from his teammate Teng Haibin .'}]}, {'value': '9.662', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Joo-Hyung ( KOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Joo-Hyung', 'summary': 'Lee Joo-hyung ( born 5 March 1973 ) is a Korean former gymnast who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics , in the 1996 Summer Olympics , and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . His brother Lee Jang-hyung is also an artistic gymnast .'}]}, {'value': '9.650', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Men -- Pommel Horse', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1999_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_2', 'intro': 'The 34th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held at Tianjin Arena in Tianjin, China in 1999.'}
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How many European championships were won by the gymnast that achieved a score of 9.775 at the 1999 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships ?
three
08cd0605afd1ed4b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_improvisational_theatre_companies', 'title': 'List of improvisational theatre companies', 'header': ['Name', 'Group Level', 'Improv Type', 'Location', 'Date Established'], 'data': [{'value': 'ACME Comedy Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ACME_Comedy_Theatre', 'summary': "The ACME Comedy Theatre is a sketch comedy and improvisational theater located near Hollywood , Los Angeles , California , on La Brea near Wilshire 's Miracle Mile . ACME was started by M.D . Sweeney as The Two Roads Theater in Studio City in 1989 with Cynthia Szigeti . The players known as the Two Roads Players and later the Tujunga Group . Sweeney changed the name to Acme a few years later , a reference to Warner Brothers cartoons ( Sweeney assisted with some Tiny Toons scripts to help his writer girlfriend out ) around the same time he moved the theater to North Hollywood . Eventually , he brought it to La Brea Boulevard near Los Angeles 's Miracle Mile , where it quickly rose to prominence in the world of sketch comedy . Sweeney was inspired by the Groundlings , and throughout the 1990s , a rivalry developed between ACME and the famous Groundlings , with both theaters vying for the best sketch comedians in Los Angeles . ( Sweeney 's girlfriend - the mother of his children , Sherri Stoner - is a former Groundling . The name Acme was selected after Stoner 's career in animation writing at Warner Brothers had started to take off . ) In 2004 , Sweeney decided to retire from directing and sold ACME to Travis Oates , then a member of ACME 's main sketch company . Oates embarked on a renovation of the theater that made ACME the most technically advanced 99-seat theater in Los Angeles . In the first quarter of 2007 ACME underwent a second major renovation , which saw the installation of broadcast equipment and effectively turned ACME into a television soundstage ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theatresports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theatresports', 'summary': "Theatresports is a form of improvisational theatre , which uses the format of a competition for dramatic effect . Opposing teams can perform scenes based on audience suggestions , with ratings by the audience or by a panel of judges . Developed by director Keith Johnstone in Calgary , Alberta , in 1977 , the concept of Theatresports originated in Johnstone 's observations of techniques used in professional wrestling to generate heat , or audience reaction . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Annoyance Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annoyance_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Annoyance Theatre , or Annoyance Productions as it is sometimes called , is a theatre and associated ensemble based in Chicago , Illinois , that deals mainly in absurd and outrageous humor . Many people who have performed with the ensemble have gone on to become successful stage and screen actors . Popular productions have included Co-Ed Prison Sluts and That Darned Antichrist . Annoyance Productions currently runs classes in improvisation , writing , musical improvisation , acting , and solo work .'}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Improvisational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BATS Improv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BATS_Improv', 'summary': "BATS Improv ( formerly known as Bay Area Theatresports ) is a non-profit improvisational theatre company in San Francisco . Founded in 1986 , their unique style of acting-based improvisational theatre is well known in improv circles around the world . BATS is the largest improvisational theatre company and school in Northern California . BATS takes its inspiration from the work of Theatresports creator Keith Johnstone and from San Francisco 's own tradition of experimental improvisation . BATS is known for the quality , depth , scope and variety of its improvisational theatre programming . Since 1986 , BATS helped create and define a unique San Francisco style of long-form improvisation - a single-story 2-hour show , complete with intermission - which is distinct from improv seen in much of the rest of the country . BATS is in residence at the 200-seat Bayfront Theater at historic Fort Mason Center in San Francisco and performs and offers classes year round . In addition , BATS runs a successful corporate training program , performs improv in schools as a popular participant in the Bay Area 's Young Audiences program , and provides free improv workshops through its Laughing Stock program to people living with HIV , AIDS , hepatitis C , cancer , and other chronic , life-threatening illness . Notable BATS performers and alumni include :"}]}, {'value': 'Major Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theatresports , Long-form , Musicals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Musical_theatre', 'summary': 'Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs , spoken dialogue , acting and dance . The story and emotional content of a musical - humor , pathos , love , anger - are communicated through words , music , movement and technical aspects of the entertainment as an integrated whole . Although musical theatre overlaps with other theatrical forms like opera and dance , it may be distinguished by the equal importance given to the music as compared with the dialogue , movement and other elements . Since the early 20th century , musical theatre stage works have generally been called , simply , musicals . Although music has been a part of dramatic presentations since ancient times , modern Western musical theatre emerged during the 19th century , with many structural elements established by the works of Gilbert and Sullivan in Britain and those of Harrigan and Hart in America . These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the musical theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan at the turn of the 20th century . The Princess Theatre musicals ( 1915-1918 ) and other smart shows like Of Thee I Sing ( 1931 ) were artistic steps forward beyond revues and other frothy entertainments of the early 20th century and led to such groundbreaking works as Show Boat ( 1927 ) and Oklahoma ! ( 1943 ) . Some of the most famous musicals through the decades that followed include West Side Story ( 1957 ) , The Fantasticks ( 1960 ) , Hair ( 1967 ) , A Chorus Line ( 1975 ) , Les Misérables ( 1985 ) , The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) , Rent ( 1996 ) , The Producers ( 2001 ) , Wicked ( 2003 ) and Hamilton ( 2015 ) . Musicals are performed around the world . They may be presented in large venues , such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London . Alternatively , musicals may be staged in smaller venues , such as fringe theatre , Off-Broadway , Off-Off-Broadway , regional theatre , or community theatre productions , or on tour .'}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Bent Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bent_Theatre', 'summary': "The Bent Theatre , formerly known as Whole World Theater Charlottesville , is an improvisational comedy troupe based in Charlottesville , Virginia . It was founded by Jenn Horne , ( formerly of The Whole World Theatre in Atlanta , Georgia ) in 2004 . The group began with weekly classes , then accumulated enough actors to perform monthly shows at various venues on Charlottesville 's Downtown Mall . As of 2010 , its home base is Play On Theater ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlottesville , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia', 'summary': "Charlottesville , colloquially known as C'ville and officially named the City of Charlottesville , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the county seat of Albemarle County , which surrounds the city , though the two are separate legal entities . It is named after the British Queen consort ( and Electress of Hanover ) Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , who as the wife of George III was Virginia 's last Queen . In 2018 , an estimated 48,117 people lived within the city limits . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with Albemarle County for statistical purposes , bringing its population to approximately 150,000 . Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area , which includes Albemarle , Buckingham , Fluvanna , Greene , and Nelson counties . Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents , Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe . During their terms as Governor of Virginia , they lived in Charlottesville , and traveled to and from Richmond , along the 71-mile ( 114 km ) historic Three Notch 'd Road . Orange , located 26 miles ( 42 km ) northeast of the city , was the hometown of President James Madison . The University of Virginia , founded by Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies , straddles the city 's southwestern border . Monticello , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) southeast of the city , is , along with the University of Virginia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists every year ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackout Improv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackout_Improv', 'summary': 'Blackout Improv is an improvisational comedy theatre troupe in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Founded in 2015 , the cast is completely black . Topics of monthly comedy performances include standard improv audience suggestions as well as a special focus on civil rights issues like police brutality , white privilege , and cultural appropriation . Blackout Improv responded to the shooting of Jamar Clark as well as the acquittal of police officer Jeronimo Yanez after the shooting of Philando Castile . Blackout Improv , along with efforts like the Black and Funny Improv Festival , are bringing more people of color to Twin Cities improv theater . Blackout Improv performs at the Mixed Blood Theatre in Cedar-Riverside , Minneapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minneapolis , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Minneapolis ( /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Hennepin County and the larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States . As of 2018 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 425,403 . The Twin Cities metropolitan area consists of Minneapolis , its neighbor Saint Paul and suburbs which altogether contain about 3.63 million people , and is the third-largest economic and population center in the Midwest . Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with 13 lakes , wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls ; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle . Minneapolis is home to five Fortune 500 companies , and the Twin Cities are the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States . Minneapolis has one of the highest percentages of LGBT populations in the U.S . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub . Reflecting the region 's status as an epicenter of folk , funk , and alternative rock music , the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century 's most influential musicians , including Bob Dylan and Prince . Minneapolis has also become noted for its underground and independent hip-hop and rap scenes , producing artists such as Lizzo , Brother Ali , Atmosphere , and Dessa ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bovine Metropolis Theater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bovine_Metropolis_Theater', 'summary': "Bovine Metropolis Theater was the first dedicated improvisational performance and improvisational comedy theater in the Denver Metro Area . It is located at 1527 Champa Street , Denver , Colorado . The Bovine Metropolis Theater houses the Bovine School of Improv , a five level program that teaches improvisational theatre and comedy . There are approximately 500 graduates of the Bovine School of Improv . In 2001 Westword named Bovine Metropolis Theater the Best Improv and Comedy Space for that year . The company is owned by Denise Maes and Eric Farone along with the Bovine 's sister company , Apixii Applied Improvisation . Apixii uses applied improvisation to conduct business training for companies on a contract basis ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Brave New Workshop Comedy Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brave_New_Workshop', 'summary': 'The Brave New Workshop Comedy Theater ( BNW ) , is a sketch and improvisational comedy theater based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The artists of the BNW have been writing , performing and producing live sketch comedy and improvisation performances for 61 years - longer than any other theater in the nation .'}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minneapolis , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Minneapolis ( /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Hennepin County and the larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States . As of 2018 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 425,403 . The Twin Cities metropolitan area consists of Minneapolis , its neighbor Saint Paul and suburbs which altogether contain about 3.63 million people , and is the third-largest economic and population center in the Midwest . Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with 13 lakes , wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls ; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle . Minneapolis is home to five Fortune 500 companies , and the Twin Cities are the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States . Minneapolis has one of the highest percentages of LGBT populations in the U.S . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub . Reflecting the region 's status as an epicenter of folk , funk , and alternative rock music , the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century 's most influential musicians , including Bob Dylan and Prince . Minneapolis has also become noted for its underground and independent hip-hop and rap scenes , producing artists such as Lizzo , Brother Ali , Atmosphere , and Dessa ."}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago City Limits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_City_Limits', 'summary': 'Chicago City Limits ( CCL ) , is the longest running improvisational theatre company in New York City , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Major Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shortform', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York City , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commedus Interruptus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commedus_Interruptus', 'summary': 'Commedus Interruptus is an American theater troupe operating from the US state of California .'}]}, {'value': 'Collegiate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ComedySportz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ComedySportz', 'summary': 'ComedySportz ( CSz ) is an improvisational comedy organization started in 1984 in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , by a group of local comedians including Dick Chudnow , Bob Orvis , Brian Green , and others .'}]}, {'value': 'Major Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shortform', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milwaukee , Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Milwaukee ( /mɪlˈwɔːki/ , locally /mɪˈ-/ ) is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States . The seat of the eponymous county , it is on Lake Michigan 's western shore . Ranked by its estimated 2018 population , Milwaukee was the 31st largest city in the United States . The city 's estimated population in 2018 was 594,511 . Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee metropolitan area which had a population of 2,043,904 in the 2014 census estimate . It is the third-most densely populated metropolitan area in The Midwest , surpassed only by Chicago and Detroit , respectively . Milwaukee is considered a Gamma global city as categorized by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network with a regional GDP of over $ 105 billion . The first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic Jesuit missionaries , who were ministering to Native Americans , and fur traders . In 1818 , the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area , and in 1846 , Juneau 's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the city of Milwaukee . Large numbers of German immigrants arrived during the late 1840s , after the German revolutions , with Poles and other eastern European immigrants arriving in the following decades . Milwaukee is known for its brewing traditions , begun with the German immigrants . Beginning in the early 21st century , the city has been undergoing its largest construction boom since the 1960s ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compass Players', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compass_Players', 'summary': 'The Compass Players ( or Compass Theater ) was an improvisational cabaret revue active from 1955 to 1958 in Chicago and St. Louis . Several members went on to form The Second City Theater in 1959 .'}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cabaret', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '1955*', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dad 's Garage Theatre Company", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Dad's_Garage_Theatre_Company", 'summary': "Dad 's Garage Theatre Company , located at 569 Ezzard St in the Old 4th Ward in Atlanta , Georgia , was founded in 1995 by Chris Blair , Marc Cram , Sean Daniels , John Gregorio , David Keeton , Joseph Limbaugh , Matt Stanton , and Matt Young . The small theater company has since achieved international recognition for original stage productions and Improvisational comedy . The current Artistic Director , Kevin Gillese , is a former director at Rapid Fire Theatre . Lara Smith is the current Managing Director ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Diggers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diggers_(theater)', 'summary': "The Diggers were a radical community-action group of activists and Street Theatre actors operating from 1966 to 1968 , based in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco . Their politics have been categorized as left-wing ; more accurately , they were community anarchists who blended a desire for freedom with a consciousness of the community in which they lived . The Diggers ' central tenet was to be authentic , seeking to create a society free from the dictates of money and capitalism . The Diggers were closely associated and shared a number of members with the guerrilla theater group San Francisco Mime Troupe . They were formed out of after-hours Mime Troupe discussions between Emmett Grogan , Peter Coyote , Peter Berg , and Billy Landout . They fostered and inspired later groups like the Yippies ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guerrilla', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': '1966*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erasable Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Collegiate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Improvisational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'College Park , Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Park,_Maryland', 'summary': "The City of College Park is in Prince George 's County , Maryland , United States , and is approximately four miles ( 6.4 km ) from the northeast border of Washington . The population was 30,413 at the 2010 United States Census . It is best known as the home of the University of Maryland , College Park , and since 1994 the city has also been home to the National Archives at College Park , a facility of the U.S. National Archives , as well as to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Center for Weather and Climate Prediction ( NCWCP ) ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Face Off Unlimited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Face_Off_Unlimited', 'summary': "Face Off Unlimited is an improvisational comedy production company based in New York City . In 2003 , Jay Painter and Eric Robinson founded Friday Night Face Off , a weekly improvised comedy show in Port Jefferson , New York featuring two teams of comedic improvisers engaged in a mock competition , a concept originated by TheatreSports . Friday Night Face Off ( often abbreviated as FNFO ) has since become the longest continuously running improv comedy shows in Long Island history . In 2009 , Painter and Robinson formed Face Off Unlimited , A Limited Liability Company , and brought on former FNFO creative director Joe Tex as Partner and Chief Operating Director . Face Off Unlimited produces various comedy stage shows , has a writing division who specializes in creating content for robots , video games , and iOS applications , including French robotics company , Aldebaran Robotics and it 's NAO and Pepper humanoid robots . Face Off offers multi-level improv and writing classes and workshops that utilize techniques of improvisation and creative ensemble . In 2010 Face Off Unlimited opened Face Off University at The Secret Theatre in Long Island City , New York , offering classes on improvisation and their approach to the art form . Since 2014 , they have moved their school to Face Off Unlimited Headquarters in Astoria , Queens . On January 10 , 2011 , Face Off debuted their live Japanese game-show comedy in New York City 's East Village called Face Off Unlimited presents BATSU ! Translated from the Japanese word for penalty game , BATSU ! was named one of the Best Things To Do In NYC by CBS New York and was made a Time Out New York 2011 Critics ' Pick and an official Village Voice , Voice Choice . BATSU !"}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York City , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Focus Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Focus_Group', 'summary': "The Focus Group is a project of experimental electronic musician and graphic designer Julian House . The Focus Group 's sound is a blend of influences ranging from old library music sounds produced in the 1970s , 1960s-inspired pastiches , public information films , and soundtracks to 1970s films and programmes , as well as the sound collage of musique concrète . The Focus Group have released five studio albums on House 's own label , Ghost Box : Sketches and Spells ( 2004 ) , Hey Let Loose Your Love ( 2005 ) , We Are All Pan 's People ( 2007 ) , The Elektrik Karousel ( 2013 ) and Stop-Motion Happening with the Focus Groop ( 2017 ) . Hey Let Loose Your Love was featured in The Wire 's top 50 albums of 2005 . Additionally , House collaborated with indie electronic band Broadcast , resulting in the 2009 album Broadcast and the Focus Group Investigate Witch Cults of the Radio Age ( issued by Warp ) and the 2010 7 EP Familiar Shapes and Noises ( released on Ghost Box ) . Investigate Witch Cults of the Radio Age was named The Wire 's top album of 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long-form', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangor , Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangor,_Maine', 'summary': "Bangor ( /ˈbæŋɡɔːr/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Maine , and the county seat of Penobscot County . The city proper has a population of 33,039 , making it the state 's 3rd largest settlement behind Portland ( 66,882 ) and Lewiston ( 36,221 ) . Modern Bangor was established in the mid-19th century with the lumber and shipbuilding industries . Lying on the Penobscot River , logs could be floated downstream from the Maine North Woods and processed at the city 's water-powered sawmills , then shipped from Bangor 's port to the Atlantic Ocean 30 miles ( 48 km ) downstream , and from there to any port in the world . Evidence of this is still visible in the lumber barons ' elaborate Greek Revival and Victorian mansions and the 31-foot-high ( 9.4 m ) statue of Paul Bunyan . Bangor is often credited for being the most successful music producing city . Today , Bangor 's economy is based on services and retail , healthcare , and education . Bangor has a port of entry at Bangor International Airport , also home to the Bangor Air National Guard Base . Historically Bangor was an important stopover on the great circle route air route between the U.S. East Coast and Europe . Bangor has a humid continental climate , with cold , snowy winters , and warm summers ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friday Night Improvs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friday_Night_Improvs', 'summary': "Friday Nite Improvs , or Friday Night Improvs ( FNI ) , was a long-running weekly improvisational comedy show staged on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The show functioned as an improv jam , performed by improv actors who do n't normally work together . FNI was unique in that , in addition to the audience 's providing improv suggestions , the performers are all pulled from volunteers in the audience . FNI ended in 2014 . A student improv group , Ruckus , has succeeded FNI as a resident improve group on the University of Pittsburgh 's campus . Friday Nite Improvs was the longest-running theatrical/comedic production in the city of Pittsburgh . The show regularly featured actors from every improv group in Pittsburgh , and alumni have gone on to act , write , and produce for television and film . Readers of the Pittsburgh City Paper ranked Friday Nite Improvs as the 3rd best place to see comedy in Pittsburgh in the 2004 Best of Pittsburgh survey behind the professional stand-up clubs The Improv and The Funnybone . College Prowler ranked Friday Nite Improvs as the ninth best thing about Pitt ."}]}, {'value': 'Collegiate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Improv Jam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Groundlings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Groundlings', 'summary': "The Groundlings are an improvisational and sketch comedy troupe and school based in Los Angeles , California . The troupe was formed by Gary Austin in 1974 and uses an improv format influenced by Viola Spolin , whose improvisational theater techniques were used by Del Close and other members of the Second City , located in Chicago and later St. Louis . They used these techniques to produce sketches and improvised scenes . Its name is taken from Shakespeare 's Hamlet , Act III , Scene II : .to split the ears of the groundlings , who for the most part are capable of nothing but inexplicable dumbshows and noise . In 1975 the troupe purchased and moved into its current location on Melrose Avenue . The Groundlings School holds new sessions every six weeks with over 300 students per session , with more than 2,000 students per year going through the program . The competitive program , with admission by audition , consists of five levels ( Basic , Intermediate , Advanced Improv , Writing Lab , and Advanced Lab ) . Participants must satisfy instructors in order to advance . The program takes years to complete , as 18-month to two-year wait-lists between upper levels are common . Students may be asked to repeat Basic and Intermediate classes multiple times . By the late 2000s , students had one chance to complete classes in Improv and Writing . Failure to pass either of these classes means a student can not complete the program , nor be invited into the Sunday Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Major Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semi-improvisational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HUGE Theater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HUGE_Theater', 'summary': "HUGE Improv Theater is a Minneapolis theater founded in 2005 dedicated to long form improvisational theater . The non-profit theater acquired its own building in 2010 , where it runs scheduled nightly improv performances and hosts several annual improv festivals . HUGE announced plans to move into a new space by 2020 following a controversy over its landlord 's support of David Duke 's 2016 campaign for a U.S. Senate seat in Louisiana ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long-form', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minneapolis , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Minneapolis ( /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Hennepin County and the larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States . As of 2018 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 425,403 . The Twin Cities metropolitan area consists of Minneapolis , its neighbor Saint Paul and suburbs which altogether contain about 3.63 million people , and is the third-largest economic and population center in the Midwest . Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with 13 lakes , wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls ; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle . Minneapolis is home to five Fortune 500 companies , and the Twin Cities are the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States . Minneapolis has one of the highest percentages of LGBT populations in the U.S . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub . Reflecting the region 's status as an epicenter of folk , funk , and alternative rock music , the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century 's most influential musicians , including Bob Dylan and Prince . Minneapolis has also become noted for its underground and independent hip-hop and rap scenes , producing artists such as Lizzo , Brother Ali , Atmosphere , and Dessa ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Immediate Gratification Players', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Immediate_Gratification_Players', 'summary': 'The Immediate Gratification Players ( IGP ) are a collegiate improvisational comedy troupe based out of Harvard College . They specialize in long form , free-form improvisation and are recognized as one of the top college troupes in the nation .'}]}, {'value': 'Collegiate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long-form', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Improvisational theatre companies in the United States', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_improvisational_theatre_companies_1', 'intro': "Improvisational theatre companies, also known as improv troupes or improv groups, are the primary practitioners of improvisational theater. Modern companies exist around the world and at a range of skill levels. Most groups make little or no money, while a few, well-established groups are profitable. Although improvisational theater has existed in some form or another since the 16th century, modern improv began with the teachings of Viola Spolin in Chicago, Illinois, USA and Keith Johnstone during the 1940-50s in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Spolin's teachings led to the creation of The Compass Players, the first modern improvisational theater company, in 1955. The presence of The Compass Players, The Second City, and ImprovOlympic in Chicago created a strength in the form within the city that continues to this day. New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Toronto are other major hubs of improvisational theater in the North America. Many companies host improvisational theatre festivals or give improvisational theatre classes. Professional groups often perform a regular stage show acted by the most senior members. Along with this, they host house improv teams made up of improv students or graduates from their classes. In the past decade, professional improvisational theater groups have gradually started working more with corporate clients, using improvisational games to improve productivity and communication in the workplace. Major Professional companies have branches in more than one city, have touring groups, and/or host large-scale improvisational comedy schools."}
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What is the climate of the city containing ACME Comedy Theatre ?
Mediterranean
08cf00d9698e995e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World', 'title': 'Miss World', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Represented', 'Placement at Miss World'], 'data': [{'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2003', 'summary': "Miss World 2003 , the 53rd edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 6 December 2003 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya , China . The pageant was presented by Phil Keoghan , Amanda Byram , and Angela Chow . The contestants also paid a visit to Hong Kong , Xi'an , Shanghai , and Beijing . Azra Akın of Turkey crowned her successor Rosanna Davison of Ireland , the daughter of popular musician Chris de Burgh , claiming Ireland 's first major beauty pageant title . 106 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown , marking at that time , the biggest edition in the pageant history . This was the first time China hosted the pageant . Ticket pricing for the event ranged from $ 110 to $ 2,730 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosanna Davison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosanna_Davison', 'summary': 'Rosanna Diane Davison ( born 17 April 1984 ) is an Irish actress , singer , writer , model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss World 2003 . She is the daughter of musician Chris de Burgh , and the song For Rosanna was written by her father for his 1986 album , Into the Light in her honour .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Miss World 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2004', 'summary': "Miss World 2004 , the 54th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 4 December 2004 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya , China . The 2004 pageant marks the second straight year that Sanya played host of the pageant . Rosanna Davison of Ireland crowned her successor María Julia Mantilla of Peru . 107 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown marking at that time , the biggest turnout in the pageant 's 54-year history . That record was held until Miss World 2008 where 109 nations sent representatives ."}]}, {'value': 'Nancy Randall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Randall', 'summary': 'Nancy Randall ( born c. 1982 ) is a Brazilian-American beauty queen who represented the United States at Miss World 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2nd Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2005', 'summary': 'Miss World 2005 , the 55th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 10 December 2005 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya , China . María Julia Mantilla of Peru crowned her successor Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir of Iceland . 102 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown . All contestants competed in three fast track events , Beach Beauty , Miss Talent , and Beauty With a Purpose contests . The winner of each competition immediately became one of the fifteen pageant semi-finalists .'}]}, {'value': 'Yulia Ivanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yulia_Ivanova_(model)', 'summary': 'Yulia Ivanova ( Russian : Юлия Иванова ) ( born 1983 , Novosibirsk ) is a Russian beauty queen and a model . She was crowned Krasa Rossii in 2005 and later represented Russia at Miss World 2005 . She made the top 15 by winning the Beach Beauty competition . Before competing in beauty pageants Yulia was a contestant in Ty - supermodel cycle 2 TV show & participated in Krasa Rossii 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Top 15 semifinalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2006', 'summary': 'Miss World 2006 , the 56th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 30 September 2006 at the Sala Kongresowa , the main 2,897-seat auditorium of the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw , Poland . It was the first time ever that the pageant was held in the Continental Europe and a European city other than London , United Kingdom , having previously been held there in 2002 after the Nigeria Controversy . The pageant officially concluded after Taťána Kuchařová from the Czech Republic was crowned Miss World 2006 by outgoing titleholder Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir of Iceland . A total of 104 countries competed in the pageant , the 12th largest number behind 2013 ( 127 ) 2014 ( 121 ) , 2012 ( 116 ) , 2010 ( 115 ) , 2015 ( 114 ) , 2011 ( 113 ) , 2009 ( 112 ) , 2008 ( 109 ) , 2004 ( 107 ) , and 2007 and 2003 ( both 106 ) . All contestants were divided in six regional groups : Africa , Americas , Asia Pacific , Caribbean , Northern Europe and Southern Europe . Gdynia was the host of the Beach Beauty contest , Giżycko hosted the Miss Sports contest and Wrocław hosted the Miss Talent competition . The fourth event was Beauty with a Purpose . This is the first time the Czech Republic won the title of Miss World .'}]}, {'value': 'Federica Guzmán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federica_Guzmán', 'summary': 'Alexandra Federica Guzmán Diamante , ( born May 23 , 1981 ) is a Venezuelan TV Host , model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Venezuela World 2006 . Guzmán competed as Miss Miranda in Miss Venezuela 2001 ( and the preceding Miss World Venezuela 2001 ) without success . However , the altered schedule of the Miss World 2006 pageant forced the Miss Venezuela Organization to prepare an emergency pageant to select a candidate , wherein several former contestants from previous editions of the national contest participated . Guzmán was the undisputed favorite for the national title , causing the usual controversy , She classified to the semifinals , after winning the Beach Beauty Once in the pageant , Federica was fast-tracked into the semi-finals after winning the Beach Beauty preliminary competition . She proceeded to compete for the title of Miss World 2006 on the night of September 30 , 2006 , in the Americas group but failed to make the final cut . The winner of Miss World Americas 2006 title was Miss Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venezuela', 'summary': "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ."}]}, {'value': 'Top 17 semifinalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2007', 'summary': 'Miss World 2007 , the 57th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 1 December 2007 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya , China . It was hosted by Fernando Allende and Angela Chow . Zhang Zilin of China won the crown and succeeded Taťána Kuchařová of the Czech Republic . The 106 contestants recorded the official torch relay anthem Light the Passion , Share the Dream for the 2008 Olympic Games as a major co-operation between the Beijing Olympic Committee and Miss World Limited . The song had its first broadcast to a global audience at the 57th Miss World final on 1 December . In addition , to coincide with World AIDS Day , the pageant presented a special tribute to the fight against AIDS , with a televised speech from former South African President Nelson Mandela and the presence of his daughter and grandson , along with traditional dancers from South Africa who joined the contestants in a special song .'}]}, {'value': 'Ada De La Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ada_de_la_Cruz', 'summary': 'Ada Aimée de la Cruz Ramírez ( born June 15 , 1986 , in Villa Mella ) is a Dominican model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Dominican Republic 2009 and placed 1st Runner-Up at Miss Universe 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'Top 16 semifinalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2008', 'summary': 'Miss World 2008 , the 58th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 13 December 2008 at the Sandton Convention Centre in Johannesburg , South Africa . Originally , the pageant was going to take place in Kiev , Ukraine , but because of the ongoing 2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis in neighbouring South Ossetia , the Miss World Organization decided to move the pageant away from Eastern Europe . 109 contestants from all over the world compete for the crown , the second highest turnout in the 59 years of the pageant . Zhang Zilin of China crowned Ksenia Sukhinova of Russia as the brand new Miss World .'}]}, {'value': 'Anagabriela Espinoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anagabriela_Espinoza', 'summary': "Anagabriela Espinoza Marroquín ( born April 18 , 1988 ) is a Mexican model and beauty queen who won Miss International 2009 on November 28 , 2009 , in Chengdu , Sichuan , China . At the age of nineteen , Anagabriela Espinoza competed against thirty-three other contestants in the 2007 national Nuestra Belleza México contest held in Manzanillo , Colima on October 5 , 2007 . She obtained Nuestra Belleza Mexico Mundo and the right to compete in the 58th international Miss World pageant held in Johannesburg , South Africa . Espinoza won the Miss World Beach Beauty fast track event and award , which automatically gave her a semifinal spot in the 2008 Miss World competition , held December 13 , 2008 . A year later , Anagabriela Espinoza was chosen to represent Mexico in Miss International 2009 . She became the second Mexican delegate to win that title , just two years after Priscila Perales ' victory in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Top 15 semifinalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2009', 'summary': "Miss World 2009 , the 59th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 12 December 2009 at the Gallagher Convention Centre in Johannesburg , South Africa . 112 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown , marking the biggest turnout in the pageant 's history . Ksenia Sukhinova of Russia crowned her successor Kaiane Aldorino of Gibraltar at the end of event . It is the first time that someone from Gibraltar won Miss World . In the past , people from mainland Britain have won ."}]}, {'value': 'Kaiane Aldorino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaiane_Aldorino', 'summary': 'Kaiane Loise Aldorino Lopez , GMH ( née Aldorino ; born 8 July 1986 ) is a Gibraltarian politician and former Mayor of Gibraltar , as well as Miss World 2009 . From 2017 to 2019 , she held the ceremonial position of Mayor of Gibraltar , after previously serving as Deputy Mayor since 2014 . Aldorino previously was a beauty pageant titleholder , being crowned Miss Gibraltar 2009 , and later winning Miss World 2009 in Johannesburg , South Africa . She was the first Gibraltarian woman ever to reach the semifinals of a major international pageant , and is the only to ever win one , as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Gibraltar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gibraltar', 'summary': "Gibraltar ( /dʒɪˈbrɔːltər/ jih-BRAWL-tər , Spanish : [ xiβɾalˈtaɾ ] ) is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula . It has an area of 6.7 km2 ( 2.6 sq mi ) and is bordered to the north by Spain . The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar at the foot of which is a densely populated town area , home to over 32,000 people , primarily Gibraltarians . In 1704 , Anglo-Dutch forces captured Gibraltar from Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession on behalf of the Habsburg claim to the Spanish throne . The territory was ceded to Great Britain in perpetuity under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 . During World War II it was an important base for the Royal Navy as it controlled the entrance and exit to the Mediterranean Sea , the Strait of Gibraltar , which is only 14.3 km ( 8.9 mi ) wide at this naval choke point . It remains strategically important , with half the world 's seaborne trade passing through the strait . Today Gibraltar 's economy is based largely on tourism , online gambling , financial services and cargo ship refuelling . The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations because Spain asserts a claim to the territory . Gibraltarians rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum and , in a 2002 referendum , the idea of shared sovereignty was also rejected ."}]}, {'value': 'Miss World 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2010', 'summary': 'Miss World 2010 , the 60th anniversary of the Miss World pageant , was held on 30 October 2010 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya , China after Vietnam backed out of the hosting contract . 115 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown . Kaiane Aldorino of Gibraltar crowned her successor Alexandria Mills of the United States at end of the event .'}]}, {'value': 'Yara Lasanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yara_Lasanta', 'summary': 'Yara Liz Lasanta Santiago ( born April 3 , 1986 in Barranquitas , Puerto Rico ) is a Puerto Rican meteorologist and beauty pageant titleholder who participated and finished top 25 in Miss World 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': 'Top 20 semifinalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2011', 'summary': 'Miss World 2011 , the 61st edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 6 November 2011 at the Earls Court Two in London , United Kingdom . As part of the events , the contestants also travelled to Edinburgh , Scotland between 23 and 27 October . Alexandria Mills of the United States crowned her successor Ivian Sarcos of Venezuela at the end of the event , she is the sixth Venezuelan women to win Miss World . Although over 120 delegates were expected to compete , problems regarding the timely acquisition of visas prevented several candidates from participating , thus reducing the final number to 113 . Miss World 2011 was viewed by over 1 billion people worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Alize Lily Mounter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alize_Lily_Mounter', 'summary': 'Alize Lily Mounter ( born 29 September 1988 ) is a Welsh actress , journalist , model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss England in 2011 . She represented England at the 61st Miss World in London , where she made the Top 7 and was ranked 4th place overall . She received the titles of Miss World Europe , Miss United Kingdom and Miss World Beach Beauty . Later she represented the United Kingdom at Miss International on 21 October 2012 in Okinawa , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Top 7 finalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2012', 'summary': 'Miss World 2012 , the 62nd edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 18 August 2012 at Dongsheng Fitness Center Stadium in Ordos , Inner Mongolia , China . 116 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown . Ivian Sarcos of Venezuela crowned her successor Yu Wenxia of China at the end of the event . This is the second time China has won the title of Miss World .'}]}, {'value': 'Sophie Moulds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '1st Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2013', 'summary': "Miss World 2013 , the 63rd edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 28 September 2013 at Bali Nusa Dua International Convention Center , South Kuta , Bali , Indonesia . Contestants from 127 countries and territories competed in this year 's Miss World pageant , marking the biggest turnout for any major international beauty pageant as of 2020 . Yu Wenxia of China crowned her successor Megan Young of the Philippines at the end of the event . This is , to date , the only time that the Philippines won the title of Miss World , making it the third country ever to win at least once in all of the Big Four international beauty pageants . The show was hosted by singer and supermodel Myleene Klass , theatre Producer Kamal Ibrahim and Actor Daniel Mananta , while television personality Amanda Zevannya and Steve Douglas provided commentary and analysis throughout the event . Britain 's singer-songwriter Matt Cardle and Britain 's Eurovision winner Blue performed during the competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Sancler Frantz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Top 6 finalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2014', 'summary': 'Miss World 2014 , the 64th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 14 December 2014 at the ExCeL London in London , United Kingdom . 121 contestants competed for the crown . Megan Young of the Philippines crowned her successor Rolene Strauss of South Africa at the end of the event . This is the second time that South Africa has won the title outright and the third time they have held the title .'}]}, {'value': 'Olivia Asplund', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Top 25 semifinalist', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Fast track events -- Miss World Beach Beauty', 'section_text': 'Miss World Beach Beauty was a swimsuit or fast track competition in the Miss World pageant . [ 67 ] The Beach Beauty event first started in 2003 , when the Miss World Organization decided to have preliminary or fast track events to automatically give a semifinal spot to some of the delegates . This event allowed the Miss World delegates ( over 100 ) to have a chance of being in the semifinals . The winner goes on to make the semifinals automatically . The Beach Beauty event showcased different swimsuits designed by Miss World 1975 , Wilnelia Merced . In 2014 , the organisation eliminated the swimsuit competition from the pageant . [ 68 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Miss_World_Continental_Queen_of_Beauty_winners_1', 'intro': "Miss World is the oldest running international beauty pageant. It was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley in 1951. Since his death in 2000, Morley's widow, Julia Morley, has co-chaired the pageant. Along with Miss Universe, Miss International and Miss Earth, this pageant is one of the Big Four international beauty pageants - the most coveted beauty titles when it comes to international pageant competitions. The current Miss World is Toni-Ann Singh of Jamaica who was crowned on 14 December 2019 in London, England. She is the fourth Jamaican to win Miss World."}
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What is the year of the winner whose country 's economy is based largely on tourism , online gambling , financial services and cargo ship refueling ?
2009
08cf134a9f102d4e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Windows_games_(X)', 'title': 'Index of Windows games (X)', 'header': ['Title', 'Released', 'Developer', 'Publisher'], 'data': [{'value': 'X Motor Racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X_Motor_Racing', 'summary': 'X-Motor Racing ( XMR ) is an indie racing simulator developed by Russian studio Exotypos . The game features high precision physics simulation , online multiplayer and open architecture . Featured is a fully customizable physics model - the tire model , suspension , or motor are available to tune in the game , including an advanced tire model with adjustable parameters , such as temperature and tire grip . X-Motor Racing has an advanced graphics engine , supporting True HDR rendering and FSAA . XMR SDK allows exporting all in-game physics data to build a motion platform , telemetry system or external controlling of the vehicles . Open physics model and tools for creating cars and track allows using X-Motor Racing as professional software for driver training as well as entertainment . The game is used in education , real motor sport and automotive industry for R & D by some teams , for example , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , McGill University , ItalDesign or Red Bull Racing . [ citation needed ] The developer releases new versions , updates and additional content very frequently . X-Motor Racing is a digital delivery product developed independently from scratch .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exotypos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exotypos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'X-Change', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-Change_(visual_novel)', 'summary': 'X-Change is a Japanese eroge developed by Crowd and later published in English by Peach Princess . A remake of the game titled X-Change R was later released . It features new text by Soara Kisai and was never localized , unlike the original .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crowd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peach Princess', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'X-Change 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-Change_2', 'summary': 'X-Change 2 is a Japanese erotic game produced by Crowd and distributed in English by Peach Princess . A remake of the game , X-Change 2 R was later produced by Crowd , but Peach Princess has stated they do not intend to market this game [ citation needed ] .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crowd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peach Princess', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'X-Change 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-Change_3', 'summary': 'X-Change 3 is a Japanese erotic game produced by Crowd and distributed in English by Peach Princess . This game is the first in the series to be released on DVD-ROM , and the first to have the English release censored . It is the final chapter in the trilogy . The game was ported to DVD Game published by Blueberry Soft .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crowd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peach Princess', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'X-COM : Apocalypse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-COM:_Apocalypse', 'summary': 'X-COM : Apocalypse is the third game in the X-COM video game series . It was developed by Mythos Games ( the creators of the original X-COM game ) , and published by MicroProse in 1997 for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mythos Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mythos_Games', 'summary': 'Mythos Games was a British video game developer company founded by Julian Gollop with his brother Nick in 1988 as Target Games . It is best known for its 1994 strategy game UFO : Enemy Unknown . Following the closing of Mythos Games in 2001 , Gollop founded Codo Technologies .'}]}, {'value': 'Microprose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microprose', 'summary': "MicroProse Software Inc. was an American video game publisher and developer founded by Bill Stealey and Sid Meier in 1982 . It developed and published numerous games , many of which are regarded as groundbreaking , classics and cult titles , including starting the Civilization and X-COM series . Most of their internally developed titles were vehicle simulation and strategy games . In 1993 , the company lost most of their UK-based personnel and became a subsidiary of Spectrum HoloByte . Subsequent cuts and corporate policies led to Sid Meier , Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds leaving and forming Firaxis Games in 1996 , as MicroProse closed its ex-Simtex development studio in Austin , Texas . In 1998 , following an unsuccessful buyout attempt by GT Interactive Software , the struggling MicroProse ( Spectrum HoloByte ) became a wholly owned subsidiary of Hasbro Interactive and its development studios in Alameda , California and Chapel Hill , North Carolina were closed the following year . In 2001 , MicroProse ceased to exist as an entity and Hasbro Interactive sold the MicroProse intellectual properties to Infogrames Entertainment , SA . MicroProse UK 's former main office in Chipping Sodbury was closed in 2002 , followed by the company 's former headquarters in Hunt Valley , Maryland in 2003 . The brand was revived in 2007 when Interactive Game Group acquired it from Atari Interactive , formerly Infogrames . The MicroProse brand was licensed to the Legacy Engineering Group for consumer electronics . Cybergun owned the MicroProse brand from 2010 to 2018 , which was then acquired by David Lagettie working with Stealey ."}]}, {'value': 'XCOM : Enemy Unknown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/XCOM:_Enemy_Unknown', 'summary': "XCOM : Enemy Unknown is a 2012 turn-based tactical video game developed by Firaxis Games and published by 2K Games . The game is a reimagined remake of the 1994 cult classic strategy game UFO : Enemy Unknown ( also known as X-COM : UFO Defense ) and a reboot of MicroProse 's 1990s X-COM series . XCOM : Enemy Unknown was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 in North America on October 9 , 2012 , and in Europe and Australia on October 12 , 2012 . An Elite Edition , containing all previously released downloadable content , was released as a Mac OS X exclusive by Feral Interactive in April 2013 . A port for iOS was released in June 2013 and an Android conversion was released in May 2014 . An expansion pack , titled XCOM : Enemy Within , was released in November 2013 . In June 2014 , Feral released both XCOM : Enemy Unknown and its expansion pack XCOM : Enemy Within for Linux . A bundle containing both Enemy Unknown and Enemy Within was launched on the PlayStation Store for PlayStation Vita in March 2016 under the title XCOM : Enemy Unknown Plus . Set in an alternative version of year 2015 , during an alien invasion of Earth , the game puts the player in control of an elite multinational paramilitary organization called XCOM and is tasked with defending the Earth . The player commands troops in the field in a series of turn-based tactical missions ; between missions , the player directs the research and development of new technologies from recovered alien technology and captured prisoners , expands XCOM 's base of operations , manages XCOM 's finances , and monitors and responds to alien activity . XCOM : Enemy Unknown was critically acclaimed , with several reviewers commenting on the game 's difficulty , replayability , and addictiveness . A number of publications , including GameSpy , GameTrailers and Giant Bomb , named it Game of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Firaxis Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Firaxis_Games', 'summary': "Firaxis Games , Inc. is an American video game developer based in Sparks , Maryland . The company was founded in May 1996 by Sid Meier , Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds following their departure from MicroProse , Meier 's earlier venture . They were acquired by Take-Two Interactive in August 2005 , and subsequently became part of the publisher 's 2K label . Firaxis Games is best known for developing the Civilization and XCOM series , as well as many other games bearing Meier 's name ."}]}, {'value': 'Take-Two Interactive Software', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Take-Two_Interactive_Software', 'summary': "Take-Two Interactive Software , Inc. is an American video game holding company based in New York City . The company owns two major publishing labels , Rockstar Games and 2K , which operate internal game development studios . Take-Two 's portfolio includes numerous successful video game series across personal computer and video game consoles , including BioShock , Borderlands , Civilization , Grand Theft Auto , NBA 2K , Red Dead , and XCOM . As of March 2018 , it is the third-largest publicly traded game company in the Americas and Europe after Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts , with an estimated market cap of US $ 13 billion . Take-Two was founded by Ryan Brant in September 1993 , looking to become a major publisher in the video game area . The company went public in April 1997 , and later acquired the publisher and developer behind Grand Theft Auto , through which it formed Rockstar Games and Rockstar North , respectively , and also leading to their long-standing label structure . From 2003 to 2005 , the company fell under investigation by the Security and Exchange Commission related to corporate and personal financial fraud after going public that led to Brant resigning by 2006 alongside the departures of other former executives and board members . As a result of this mismanagement , the company 's majority shareholders led a takeover of Take-Two in March 2007 , replacing them with Strauss Zelnick as the new Chairman and CEO . Take-Two subsequently rejected a US $ 1.9 billion buyout from Electronic Arts in 2008 . Since then , the company has continued to grow through acquisitions and creation of new studios . More recently , Take-Two created the label Private Division to support publishing from independent developers , and acquired the developer Social Point to establish itself in the mobile game market . The company also owns 50% of professional esports organization NBA 2K League ."}]}, {'value': 'X-COM : Email games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-COM_(Email_games)', 'summary': 'X-COM ( also X-COM : First Alien Invasion ) was part of a budget range video game series released in 1999 by Hasbro Interactive for Windows that relied solely on the Play by mail concept .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hasbro Interactive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hasbro_Interactive', 'summary': "Hasbro Interactive was an American video game production and publishing subsidiary of Hasbro , the large game and toy company . Several of its studios were closed in early 2000 and most of its properties were sold to Infogrames which completed its studio 's closures at the end of 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hasbro Interactive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'X-COM : Enforcer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-COM:_Enforcer', 'summary': "X-COM : Enforcer is the fifth game in the X-COM series , but takes place in a time line separate to that established by the first four games of the series . Enforcer is as a purely action third-person shooter , not containing elements of strategy game unlike the previous games . It was the last game released in the series until Firaxis Games ' 2012 reboot ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Infogrames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infogrames', 'summary': 'Atari SA ( formerly Infogrames Entertainment SA ) is a French video game holding company headquartered in Paris . Its subsidiaries include Atari Interactive and Atari , Inc. Because of continuing pressures upon the company , and difficulty finding investors , it sought bankruptcy protection under French law in January 2013 ; its subsidiaries in the United States have sought Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection as well . All three subsidiaries have since exited bankruptcy , and are all going through a vigorous turnaround campaign .'}]}, {'value': 'Infogrames', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'X-COM : Interceptor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-COM:_Interceptor', 'summary': "X-COM : Interceptor is the fourth main game in the X-COM series , developed and published by MicroProse in 1998 . The game is a combination of many genres , including space flight simulation , business simulation game and strategy game elements . More specifically , the player 's role includes managing a number of X-COM space stations , piloting starfighters during hostile encounters whilst co-ordinating wingmen , and managing resources and research . X-COM Interceptor , although released as the fourth game , is actually set before X-COM : Apocalypse , thus making it the third game in the chronological order . The game was re-released in 2008 for Steam and GamersGate , and again in 2016 on GOG.com ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Microprose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microprose', 'summary': "MicroProse Software Inc. was an American video game publisher and developer founded by Bill Stealey and Sid Meier in 1982 . It developed and published numerous games , many of which are regarded as groundbreaking , classics and cult titles , including starting the Civilization and X-COM series . Most of their internally developed titles were vehicle simulation and strategy games . In 1993 , the company lost most of their UK-based personnel and became a subsidiary of Spectrum HoloByte . Subsequent cuts and corporate policies led to Sid Meier , Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds leaving and forming Firaxis Games in 1996 , as MicroProse closed its ex-Simtex development studio in Austin , Texas . In 1998 , following an unsuccessful buyout attempt by GT Interactive Software , the struggling MicroProse ( Spectrum HoloByte ) became a wholly owned subsidiary of Hasbro Interactive and its development studios in Alameda , California and Chapel Hill , North Carolina were closed the following year . In 2001 , MicroProse ceased to exist as an entity and Hasbro Interactive sold the MicroProse intellectual properties to Infogrames Entertainment , SA . MicroProse UK 's former main office in Chipping Sodbury was closed in 2002 , followed by the company 's former headquarters in Hunt Valley , Maryland in 2003 . The brand was revived in 2007 when Interactive Game Group acquired it from Atari Interactive , formerly Infogrames . The MicroProse brand was licensed to the Legacy Engineering Group for consumer electronics . Cybergun owned the MicroProse brand from 2010 to 2018 , which was then acquired by David Lagettie working with Stealey ."}]}, {'value': 'Microprose', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'X-COM : Terror from the Deep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-COM:_Terror_from_the_Deep', 'summary': "X-COM : Terror from the Deep is a strategy video game developed and published by MicroProse for the PC in 1995 and for the PlayStation in 1996 . It is a sequel to UFO : Enemy Unknown ( X-COM : UFO Defense ) and the second game of the X-COM series , this time taking the war against a renewed alien invasion into the Earth 's oceans ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MicroProse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MicroProse', 'summary': "MicroProse Software Inc. was an American video game publisher and developer founded by Bill Stealey and Sid Meier in 1982 . It developed and published numerous games , many of which are regarded as groundbreaking , classics and cult titles , including starting the Civilization and X-COM series . Most of their internally developed titles were vehicle simulation and strategy games . In 1993 , the company lost most of their UK-based personnel and became a subsidiary of Spectrum HoloByte . Subsequent cuts and corporate policies led to Sid Meier , Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds leaving and forming Firaxis Games in 1996 , as MicroProse closed its ex-Simtex development studio in Austin , Texas . In 1998 , following an unsuccessful buyout attempt by GT Interactive Software , the struggling MicroProse ( Spectrum HoloByte ) became a wholly owned subsidiary of Hasbro Interactive and its development studios in Alameda , California and Chapel Hill , North Carolina were closed the following year . In 2001 , MicroProse ceased to exist as an entity and Hasbro Interactive sold the MicroProse intellectual properties to Infogrames Entertainment , SA . MicroProse UK 's former main office in Chipping Sodbury was closed in 2002 , followed by the company 's former headquarters in Hunt Valley , Maryland in 2003 . The brand was revived in 2007 when Interactive Game Group acquired it from Atari Interactive , formerly Infogrames . The MicroProse brand was licensed to the Legacy Engineering Group for consumer electronics . Cybergun owned the MicroProse brand from 2010 to 2018 , which was then acquired by David Lagettie working with Stealey ."}]}, {'value': '2K Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2K_Games', 'summary': "2K is an American video game publisher based in Novato , California . 2K was founded under Take-Two Interactive in January 2005 through the 2K Games and 2K Sports labels , following Take-Two Interactive 's acquisition of Visual Concepts that same month . Originally based in New York City , it moved to Novato in 2007 . A third label , 2K Play , was added in September 2007 . 2K is governed by David Ismailer as president and Phil Dixon as COO . A motion capture studio for 2K is based in Petaluma , California ."}]}, {'value': 'Xenon Racer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xenon_Racer', 'summary': 'Xenon Racer is a racing video game developed by Italian developer 3DClouds and published by Soedesco for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Nintendo Switch , and Xbox One . It was released on 26 March 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3DClouds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soedesco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soedesco', 'summary': 'Soedesco is a Dutch video game publisher and video game developer based in the Hoogvliet borough of Rotterdam . The company was established in 2002 by Soedesh Jack Chauthi , and is led by Hans van Brakel as executive manager . Originally focused on creating accessory and game bundles , in 2014 the company expanded its business to include retail game publishing for indie game titles for the European and North American markets . Most of the games published by Soedesco are developed by independent European-based developer studios . In July 1 , 2019 they opened another game development studio , their second and first outside of Nederland , the Soedesco game studio in Pilsen , Czech Republic . With those two , Soedesco Studios continues to focus on creating its own games for multiple platformers .'}]}, {'value': 'The X-Files Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_X-Files_Game', 'summary': 'The X-Files Game is an interactive movie point-and-click adventure video game developed by HyperBole Studios and published by Fox Interactive . The game was released for Microsoft Windows , Mac OS and PlayStation in 1998 , and is based on the television series The X-Files .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HyperBole Studios', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox Interactive , Activision', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Interactive', 'summary': "FoxNext , LLC is a video game , virtual reality and theme park unit of 20th Century Fox , now known as 20th Century Studios . It was established in 2017 prior to Disney 's acquisition of Fox , and operates under 20th Century Studios and the Fox Networks Group . It handles the development and publishing of video games , virtual reality and augmented reality titles , as well as the development of 20th Century Studios 's theme and amusement parks . The division 's president is Salil Mehta , a former executive from NBCUniversal and The Walt Disney Company , who has been with Fox since 2013 who later returned to Disney after Disney acquired Fox in 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Activision', 'summary': "Activision Publishing , Inc. is an American video game publisher based in Santa Monica , California . It currently serves as the publishing business for its parent company , Activision Blizzard , and consists of several subsidiary studios . Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top United States publisher in 2016 . The company was founded as Activision , Inc. in October 1979 in Sunnyvale , California , by former Atari game developers , upset at how they were treated at Atari , to develop their own games for the popular Atari 2600 home video game console . Activision was the first independent , third-party , console video game developer . The 1983 video game crash , in part created by too many new companies trying to follow in Activision 's footsteps without the expertise of Activision 's founders , hurt Activision 's position in console games , forcing them to diversify into games for home computers , including the acquisition of Infocom . After a management shift , with CEO Jim Levy replaced by Bruce Davis , the company renamed itself as Mediagenic and branched out into business software applications . Mediagenic quickly fell into debt , and the company was bought for around US $ 500,000 by Bobby Kotick and a small group of investors around 1991 . Kotick instituted a full rework of the company to cover its debts : dismissing most of its staff , moving the company to Los Angeles , and reverting to the Activision name . Building on existing assets , the Kotick-led Activision pursued more publishing opportunities and , after recovering from the former debt , started acquiring numerous studios and intellectual properties over the 1990s and 2000s , among these being the Call of Duty and Guitar Hero series . A holding company was formed as Activision 's parent company to manage the internal and acquired studios . In 2008 , this holding merged with Vivendi Games ( the parent company of Blizzard Entertainment ) and formed Activision Blizzard , with Kotick as its CEO ."}]}, {'value': 'X-Files : Unrestricted Access', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_X-Files:_Unrestricted_Access', 'summary': "The X-Files : Unrestricted Access is a video game developed by Fox Interactive and written by Richard Dowdy . It is a tie-in with the television series The X-Files . Unrestricted Access is an interactive database program , compiling information from the television series ' first four seasons . Released in 1998 , the game was met with mostly positive reviews , with its attention to detail and aesthetics being seen as highlights ; however its reliance on Internet Explorer 4 was seen a detraction ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FOX Interactive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FOX Interactive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'X-Men Cartoon Maker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-Men_Cartoon_Maker', 'summary': "X-Men : The Animated Series ( or simply known as X-Men ) , is an American animated television series which debuted on October 31 , 1992 , in the United States on the Fox Kids Network . X-Men was Marvel Comics ' second attempt at an animated X-Men TV series after the pilot , X-Men : Pryde of the X-Men , was not picked up ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Instinct Corporation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knowledge Adventure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knowledge_Adventure', 'summary': 'JumpStart Games , Inc. ( formerly Knowledge Adventure , Inc. ) is an American edutainment game developer based in Torrance , California . Founded in 1991 , it owns the Neopets virtual pet website , and it itself owned by Chinese holding company NetDragon Websoft .'}]}, {'value': 'X-Men : The Official Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-Men:_The_Official_Game', 'summary': "X-Men : The Official Game ( also known as X3 : The Official Game ) is the name of Activision 's three tie-in video games to the 2006 film X-Men : The Last Stand . The game covers the events between the films X2 and X-Men : The Last Stand , specifically following the characters of Wolverine , Iceman , and Nightcrawler . It also bridges the gap between the two films , explaining why Nightcrawler is not present for The Last Stand , and also introduces new foes to the X-Men film canon , such as HYDRA . X-Men : The Official Game uses several voice actors from the X-Men film franchise . From the films , returning are Hugh Jackman , Alan Cumming , Shawn Ashmore , Patrick Stewart , Tyler Mane , and Eric Dane . X-Men : The Official Game , along with most other games published by Activision that had used the Marvel licence , was de-listed and removed from all digital storefronts on January 1 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z-Axis , Beenox , Amaze Entertainment , WayForward Technologies , Hypnos Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Z-Axis', 'summary': 'Underground Development , Ltd. ( formerly Z-Axis , Ltd. ) was an American video game developer based in Foster City , California . The company was founded in 1994 by David Luntz and sold to Activision in May 2002 . Following a rebranding to Underground Development in February 2008 , the company was closed in February 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beenox', 'summary': 'Beenox is a video game developer established in 2000 in Quebec City , Canada . The studio became a wholly owned subsidiary of Activision on May 25 , 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amaze_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Foundation 9 Entertainment , Inc. was an American video game company based in Irvine , California . The company was formed in March 2005 through the merger of video game developers Backbone Entertainment and The Collective .'}, {'url': '/wiki/WayForward', 'summary': "WayForward Technologies , Inc. is an American independent video game developer and publisher based in Valencia , California . Founded in 1990 by technology entrepreneur Voldi Way , WayForward started by developing games for consoles such as the Super NES and Genesis , as well as TV games and PC educational software . In 1997 , they relaunched their video games arm , placing the company as a contractor for publishers and working on a variety of licensed assets . The company has created a variety of original game properties such as their flagship Shantae series , including the first title in the series which appeared on the Game Boy Color and was published by Capcom . WayForward Technologies has since worked on games for the Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS , Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita handheld consoles , WiiWare games for Nintendo 's Wii and Wii U , and Nintendo Switch consoles , games for personal computer , mobile phones , and other licensed titles for PlayStation Network , Xbox Live Arcade , and Apple Arcade ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hypnos_Entertainment', 'summary': "Hypnos Entertainment is a video game developer , founded in 1991 . The company 's products include Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2006 and The Lord of the Rings : Return of the King . The studios is most known for porting and co-developing Electronic Arts games ."}]}, {'value': 'Activision', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Activision', 'summary': "Activision Publishing , Inc. is an American video game publisher based in Santa Monica , California . It currently serves as the publishing business for its parent company , Activision Blizzard , and consists of several subsidiary studios . Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top United States publisher in 2016 . The company was founded as Activision , Inc. in October 1979 in Sunnyvale , California , by former Atari game developers , upset at how they were treated at Atari , to develop their own games for the popular Atari 2600 home video game console . Activision was the first independent , third-party , console video game developer . The 1983 video game crash , in part created by too many new companies trying to follow in Activision 's footsteps without the expertise of Activision 's founders , hurt Activision 's position in console games , forcing them to diversify into games for home computers , including the acquisition of Infocom . After a management shift , with CEO Jim Levy replaced by Bruce Davis , the company renamed itself as Mediagenic and branched out into business software applications . Mediagenic quickly fell into debt , and the company was bought for around US $ 500,000 by Bobby Kotick and a small group of investors around 1991 . Kotick instituted a full rework of the company to cover its debts : dismissing most of its staff , moving the company to Los Angeles , and reverting to the Activision name . Building on existing assets , the Kotick-led Activision pursued more publishing opportunities and , after recovering from the former debt , started acquiring numerous studios and intellectual properties over the 1990s and 2000s , among these being the Call of Duty and Guitar Hero series . A holding company was formed as Activision 's parent company to manage the internal and acquired studios . In 2008 , this holding merged with Vivendi Games ( the parent company of Blizzard Entertainment ) and formed Activision Blizzard , with Kotick as its CEO ."}]}, {'value': 'X-Men Legends II : Rise of Apocalypse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-Men_Legends_II:_Rise_of_Apocalypse', 'summary': "X-Men Legends II : Rise of Apocalypse is an action role-playing game developed primarily by Raven Software and published by Activision . It is the follow up to 2004 's X-Men Legends . It was released in September 2005 for the GameCube , Microsoft Windows , N-Gage , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable and Xbox . It is set after the events of X-Men Legends and features the mutant supervillain Apocalypse as the primary antagonist . The developers intended the game to have a greater sense of scale than its predecessor , and writers created a story where the villains known as the Brotherhood of Mutants would need to ally themselves with the heroic X-Men to defeat a greater threat . High quality cinematics were created by Blur Studio . Online multiplayer was also added . The game was well received by gaming critics on all platforms . Critics felt that the inclusion of online play , additional mutant powers , and a larger cast made the game an improvement over its predecessor . Some reviewers were critical of the game 's voice acting and felt that the gameplay was repetitive . It sold enough copies to be added to the budget line known as PlayStation 2 's Greatest Hits ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raven Software , Vicarious Visions , Beenox , Barking Lizards Technologies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raven_Software', 'summary': "Raven Software is an American video game developer based in Wisconsin and founded in 1988 . In 1997 , Raven made an exclusive publishing deal with Activision and was subsequently acquired by them . After the acquisition , many of the studio 's original developers , largely responsible for creating the Heretic and Hexen : Beyond Heretic games , left to form Human Head Studios ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vicarious_Visions', 'summary': 'Vicarious Visions , Inc. is an American video game developer , based in Albany , New York .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beenox', 'summary': 'Beenox is a video game developer established in 2000 in Quebec City , Canada . The studio became a wholly owned subsidiary of Activision on May 25 , 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barking_Lizards_Technologies', 'summary': 'Barking Lizards Technologies is an American video game developer that develops for mobile phones , PlayStation 2 , Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS , PlayStation Portable , Wii and personal computer . Founded in 2001 , Barking Lizards Technologies is based in Richardson , Texas . Their titles were published through several major video game publishers , namely THQ , and Activision , and have recently published a title of their own , Osiris Legends for iOS . Prior to their expansion into games development in 2006 , they specialized in providing support and project outsourcing services to existing games companies . In 2006 , Barking Lizards created the subsidiary Wild Hare Entertainment to publish games from external sources . The company focused entirely on PC titles for a short time before shutting down .'}]}, {'value': 'Activision', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Activision', 'summary': "Activision Publishing , Inc. is an American video game publisher based in Santa Monica , California . It currently serves as the publishing business for its parent company , Activision Blizzard , and consists of several subsidiary studios . Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top United States publisher in 2016 . The company was founded as Activision , Inc. in October 1979 in Sunnyvale , California , by former Atari game developers , upset at how they were treated at Atari , to develop their own games for the popular Atari 2600 home video game console . Activision was the first independent , third-party , console video game developer . The 1983 video game crash , in part created by too many new companies trying to follow in Activision 's footsteps without the expertise of Activision 's founders , hurt Activision 's position in console games , forcing them to diversify into games for home computers , including the acquisition of Infocom . After a management shift , with CEO Jim Levy replaced by Bruce Davis , the company renamed itself as Mediagenic and branched out into business software applications . Mediagenic quickly fell into debt , and the company was bought for around US $ 500,000 by Bobby Kotick and a small group of investors around 1991 . Kotick instituted a full rework of the company to cover its debts : dismissing most of its staff , moving the company to Los Angeles , and reverting to the Activision name . Building on existing assets , the Kotick-led Activision pursued more publishing opportunities and , after recovering from the former debt , started acquiring numerous studios and intellectual properties over the 1990s and 2000s , among these being the Call of Duty and Guitar Hero series . A holding company was formed as Activision 's parent company to manage the internal and acquired studios . In 2008 , this holding merged with Vivendi Games ( the parent company of Blizzard Entertainment ) and formed Activision Blizzard , with Kotick as its CEO ."}]}, {'value': 'X-Men Origins : Wolverine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-Men_Origins:_Wolverine_(video_game)', 'summary': 'X-Men Origins : Wolverine is a hack and slash action-adventure game loosely based on the film of the same name . The game release coincided with the release of the film on May 1 , 2009 for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Windows , Wii , PlayStation 2 , Nintendo DS , and PlayStation Portable . The game was developed primarily by Raven Software through the use of Unreal Engine technology . X-Men Origins , along with most other games published by Activision that had used the Marvel licence , was de-listed and removed from all digital storefronts on January 1 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raven Software', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raven_Software', 'summary': "Raven Software is an American video game developer based in Wisconsin and founded in 1988 . In 1997 , Raven made an exclusive publishing deal with Activision and was subsequently acquired by them . After the acquisition , many of the studio 's original developers , largely responsible for creating the Heretic and Hexen : Beyond Heretic games , left to form Human Head Studios ."}]}, {'value': 'Activision', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Activision', 'summary': "Activision Publishing , Inc. is an American video game publisher based in Santa Monica , California . It currently serves as the publishing business for its parent company , Activision Blizzard , and consists of several subsidiary studios . Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top United States publisher in 2016 . The company was founded as Activision , Inc. in October 1979 in Sunnyvale , California , by former Atari game developers , upset at how they were treated at Atari , to develop their own games for the popular Atari 2600 home video game console . Activision was the first independent , third-party , console video game developer . The 1983 video game crash , in part created by too many new companies trying to follow in Activision 's footsteps without the expertise of Activision 's founders , hurt Activision 's position in console games , forcing them to diversify into games for home computers , including the acquisition of Infocom . After a management shift , with CEO Jim Levy replaced by Bruce Davis , the company renamed itself as Mediagenic and branched out into business software applications . Mediagenic quickly fell into debt , and the company was bought for around US $ 500,000 by Bobby Kotick and a small group of investors around 1991 . Kotick instituted a full rework of the company to cover its debts : dismissing most of its staff , moving the company to Los Angeles , and reverting to the Activision name . Building on existing assets , the Kotick-led Activision pursued more publishing opportunities and , after recovering from the former debt , started acquiring numerous studios and intellectual properties over the 1990s and 2000s , among these being the Call of Duty and Guitar Hero series . A holding company was formed as Activision 's parent company to manage the internal and acquired studios . In 2008 , this holding merged with Vivendi Games ( the parent company of Blizzard Entertainment ) and formed Activision Blizzard , with Kotick as its CEO ."}]}, {'value': 'X : Beyond the Frontier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X:_Beyond_the_Frontier', 'summary': "X : Beyond the Frontier is a video game created by Egosoft for Windows . The first of the X series , it is a space trading and combat simulator game , mostly set in the fictional X-Universe . Upon release , it was frequently compared to the older Elite . An expansion , X-Tension , was released in 2000 . Four full sequels have since followed : X2 : The Threat in 2003 , X3 : Reunion in 2005 , X3 : Terran Conflict in 2008 and X4 : Foundations in 2018 . X : Beyond the Frontier and X-Tension were released in together as X-Gold in 2000 . A novel , Farnham 's Legend , is based on the plot of X : Beyond the Frontier ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egosoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egosoft', 'summary': 'Egosoft GmbH ( formerly Ego Software ) is a German video game developer based in Würselen , Germany . The company was founded by Bernd Lehahn in 1988 . Egosoft is best known for its X series of video games , a series of space simulator games noted for combining open-ended gameplay , dynamic market-driven economy and compelling storyline . The series began in 1999 with X : Beyond the Frontier . Since then , the series has expanded with three sequels and three standalone expansions ; the latest being X4 : Foundations , released November 30 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'THQ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/THQ', 'summary': "THQ Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher based in Agoura Hills , California . It was founded in April 1990 by Jack Friedman , originally in Calabasas , and became a public company the following year through a reverse merger takeover . Initially working in the toy business , it expanded into the video game business through several acquisitions before shift its focus away from toys entirely . THQ continued its trend of acquiring companies through the 2000s . The company published both internally created and externally licensed content in its product portfolio . THQ 's internally created games included Darksiders , De Blob , Destroy All Humans ! , MX vs. ATV , Red Faction , and Saints Row , series among others . The company also held exclusive , long-term licensing agreements with sports and entertainment content creators , such as Disney , DreamWorks Animation , Nickelodeon , Pixar , and WWE . After years of financial struggles , stock value drop , and debt , THQ filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in December 2012 and commenced liquidation of its assets the following month . Several properties were auctioned to other companies , while the remaining staff was laid off . The THQ trademark was eventually acquired by developer Nordic Games ( which had also acquired some of THQ 's auctioned-off properties ) in 2014 and assumed the name THQ Nordic in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'X-Tension', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-Tension', 'summary': "X : Beyond the Frontier is a video game created by Egosoft for Windows . The first of the X series , it is a space trading and combat simulator game , mostly set in the fictional X-Universe . Upon release , it was frequently compared to the older Elite . An expansion , X-Tension , was released in 2000 . Four full sequels have since followed : X2 : The Threat in 2003 , X3 : Reunion in 2005 , X3 : Terran Conflict in 2008 and X4 : Foundations in 2018 . X : Beyond the Frontier and X-Tension were released in together as X-Gold in 2000 . A novel , Farnham 's Legend , is based on the plot of X : Beyond the Frontier ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egosoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egosoft', 'summary': 'Egosoft GmbH ( formerly Ego Software ) is a German video game developer based in Würselen , Germany . The company was founded by Bernd Lehahn in 1988 . Egosoft is best known for its X series of video games , a series of space simulator games noted for combining open-ended gameplay , dynamic market-driven economy and compelling storyline . The series began in 1999 with X : Beyond the Frontier . Since then , the series has expanded with three sequels and three standalone expansions ; the latest being X4 : Foundations , released November 30 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'THQ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/THQ', 'summary': "THQ Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher based in Agoura Hills , California . It was founded in April 1990 by Jack Friedman , originally in Calabasas , and became a public company the following year through a reverse merger takeover . Initially working in the toy business , it expanded into the video game business through several acquisitions before shift its focus away from toys entirely . THQ continued its trend of acquiring companies through the 2000s . The company published both internally created and externally licensed content in its product portfolio . THQ 's internally created games included Darksiders , De Blob , Destroy All Humans ! , MX vs. ATV , Red Faction , and Saints Row , series among others . The company also held exclusive , long-term licensing agreements with sports and entertainment content creators , such as Disney , DreamWorks Animation , Nickelodeon , Pixar , and WWE . After years of financial struggles , stock value drop , and debt , THQ filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in December 2012 and commenced liquidation of its assets the following month . Several properties were auctioned to other companies , while the remaining staff was laid off . The THQ trademark was eventually acquired by developer Nordic Games ( which had also acquired some of THQ 's auctioned-off properties ) in 2014 and assumed the name THQ Nordic in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'X-Gold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-Gold', 'summary': "X is a science fiction space trading and combat simulator series created by German developer Egosoft . The series is set in the X-Universe where several races populate a number of worlds connected by jumpgates . The games feature free roaming gameplay with trading , combat , empire building , and missions ; leading to the series ' phrase : Trade , Fight , Build , Think . The series , which was launched in 1999 on the Windows platform , consists of five base games : X : Beyond the Frontier , X2 : The Threat , X3 : Reunion , X Rebirth , and X4 : Foundations . X Rebirth introduced a new rendering engine as well as a new plot , one which X4 : Foundations now extends the storyline beyond ten years after the events in X Rebirth ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egosoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egosoft', 'summary': 'Egosoft GmbH ( formerly Ego Software ) is a German video game developer based in Würselen , Germany . The company was founded by Bernd Lehahn in 1988 . Egosoft is best known for its X series of video games , a series of space simulator games noted for combining open-ended gameplay , dynamic market-driven economy and compelling storyline . The series began in 1999 with X : Beyond the Frontier . Since then , the series has expanded with three sequels and three standalone expansions ; the latest being X4 : Foundations , released November 30 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'THQ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/THQ', 'summary': "THQ Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher based in Agoura Hills , California . It was founded in April 1990 by Jack Friedman , originally in Calabasas , and became a public company the following year through a reverse merger takeover . Initially working in the toy business , it expanded into the video game business through several acquisitions before shift its focus away from toys entirely . THQ continued its trend of acquiring companies through the 2000s . The company published both internally created and externally licensed content in its product portfolio . THQ 's internally created games included Darksiders , De Blob , Destroy All Humans ! , MX vs. ATV , Red Faction , and Saints Row , series among others . The company also held exclusive , long-term licensing agreements with sports and entertainment content creators , such as Disney , DreamWorks Animation , Nickelodeon , Pixar , and WWE . After years of financial struggles , stock value drop , and debt , THQ filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in December 2012 and commenced liquidation of its assets the following month . Several properties were auctioned to other companies , while the remaining staff was laid off . The THQ trademark was eventually acquired by developer Nordic Games ( which had also acquired some of THQ 's auctioned-off properties ) in 2014 and assumed the name THQ Nordic in 2016 ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Index_of_Windows_games_(X)_0', 'intro': 'This is an index of Microsoft Windows games. This list has been split into multiple pages. Please use the Table of Contents to browse it.'}
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Who published the game that features high precision physics simulation , online multiplayer and open architecture ?
Exotypos
08cfb450f31202e7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1958 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Country', 'Team', 'Points'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanley Eldon Frank Sando Alan Perkins Fred Norris Basil Heatley Alan Cocking', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stan_Eldon', 'summary': 'Stanley Edward Eldon ( born 1 May 1936 in Windsor , Berkshire ) is a retired British cross country runner . Eldon is most notable for winning the International Cross Country Championships held in Cardiff in 1958 . Eldon was inspired to become a runner after viewing a film of the 1948 Olympics and joined Eton Athletics Club . In 1956 he ran a junior World Best of 14 minutes 19 seconds over 3 miles . As an adult he came to note as an aggressive front runner . In 1958 he won the International Cross Country Championships in a time of 46 minutes 29 seconds beating Alain Mimoun and Frank Sando into second and third respectively . That same year Eldon won the inaugural Nos Galan road race , and was the mystery runner in the race in 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Frank_Sando', 'summary': 'Frank Dennis Sando ( 14 March 1931 - 13 October 2012 ) was a British long-distance runner . A two-time winner at the International Cross Country Championships ( 1955 , 1957 ) , Sando represented Great Britain in two consecutive Summer Olympic Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Norris_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Frederick Fred Norris ( 4 September 1921 - 13 December 2006 ) was a British long-distance runner .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Basil_Heatley', 'summary': "Benjamin Basil Heatley ( 25 December 1933 - 3 August 2019 ) was a British competitive long-distance runner , who was an Olympic marathon silver medallist and former world marathon record-holder . Although he favoured cross country running , he was also a skilled marathon runner and , despite running shoe technology being in its infancy , he was able to adapt easily to the change of conditions underfoot . Heatley was a three-time winner of the English National Cross Country title ( 1960 , 1961 , 1963 ) . He competed in the International Cross Country Championships seven times between 1957 and 1964 , winning the world title in 1961 . In the early 1960s , he set a British record and a world record for the 10-mile run , then on 13 June 1964 he broke the record for the world 's fastest marathon . Four months later , he won a silver medal for Great Britain at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics when he finished second in the Olympic marathon ( defending champion Abebe Bikila broke Heatley 's world record on winning his second gold medal ) . The 1964 Olympics marked the end of Heatley 's international career ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Alain Mimoun Michel Bernard Maurice Chiclet Francis Duleau Rhadi Ben Abdesselam Salah Beddiaf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Mimoun', 'summary': 'Alain Mimoun ( 1 January 1921 - 27 June 2013 ) was an Algerian-born French long-distance runner who competed in track events , cross-country running and the marathon . He was the 1956 Olympic champion in the marathon . He is the most bemedalled French athletics sportsperson in history . In 1999 , readers of the French athletics magazine Athlétisme Magazine voted him as the French Athlete of the 20th Century . On the track Mimoun won three Olympic silver medals , finishing second behind Emil Zátopek in the 10,000 metres final in 1948 and again second behind him in both the 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres finals in 1952 . He was also the silver medallist in both events behind Zátopek at the 1950 European Athletics Championships . From 1949 to 1958 , he won four individual gold medals and two individual silver medals at the International Cross Country Championships . He was a four-time gold medallist at the Mediterranean Games , completing the 5,000 m/10,000 m double in both 1951 and 1955 . Born in Algeria , Mimoun fought military battles for France and the Western Allies during World War II . He settled in metropolitan France shortly after leaving the French army . Overall , he represented France in four consecutive Olympic Games from 1948 to 1960 . He competed internationally for France on 86 occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michel_Bernard_(runner)', 'summary': "Michel Bernard ( 31 December 1931 - 14 February 2019 ) was a French middle- and long-distance runner . He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics in the 1500 m and 5000 m and finished in seventh place in all events . During his career he won nine national titles , in the 1500 m ( 1955 and 1959 ) , 5000 m ( 1958-1960 and 1962 ) and 10000 m ( 1961 , 1964 and 1965 ) . Between 1985 and 1987 he was president of the Fédération française d'athlétisme ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rhadi_Ben_Abdesselam', 'summary': "Rhadi Ben Abdesselam ( Arabic : راضي بن عبد السلام ; 28 February 1929 - 4 October 2000 ) was a Moroccan long-distance runner . He competed at the 1960 Olympics in the marathon and 10,000 meters events . He also ran in the International Cross Country Championships in 1958-1963 . In March 1960 , he and Belgium 's Gaston Roelants quickly broke away from the field , and he became the first African athlete to win the individual gold medal in that event , defeating Roelants by 40 yards . On September 8 , 1960 , he finished in 14th place in the finals-only 10,000 meters , in 29:32.0 , almost a minute behind the winner , the Soviet Union 's Pyotr Bolotnikov , who broke the Olympic record for the event . Just two days later , the blazing pace through the first 20 kilometers in the marathon helped result in an eventual world record for the barefoot winner , Ethiopia 's Abebe Bikila . After they dispatched the rest of the field by 25 kilometers , the leading pair stayed stride-for-stride until the final 500 meters , with Ben Abdesselam finishing a close second in 2:15:41.6 , 25.4 seconds behind Abebe 's new world record . Abebe 's mark trimmed 8/10ths of a second off Sergei Popov 's world record of 2:15:17.0 , set in 1958 . Ironically , Abebe had been advised to watch out for Ben Abdesselam , but the latter wore his 10,000 meter competition number , so Abebe was unaware of the identity of his pursuer . Popov finished 5th in Rome , two minutes behind New Zealand 's Barry Magee , who took the bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': '64', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcel Vandewattyne Frans Herman Frans van der Hoeven Willy Putzeys Aurèle Vandendriessche Frans Scheers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcel_Vandewattyne', 'summary': 'Marcel Vandewattyne ( 7 July 1924 - 18 September 2009 ) was a Belgian long-distance runner who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aurèle_Vandendriessche', 'summary': 'Aurèle Vandendriessche ( born 4 July 1932 ) is a retired Belgian marathon runner , who won silver medals at the 1962 and 1966 European Championships . He competed at the 1956 , 1960 and 1964 Olympics with the best result of seventh place in 1964 . Twice winner of the Boston Marathon ( 1963 and 1964 ) , he recorded his best time there , 2:17:44 in 1965 , while finishing fourth . At the 1960 Olympics , Abebe Bikila , followed barefoot at the rear of the lead pack , which was moving at a scorching pace and included Arthur Keily , Bakir Benaïssa , Rhadi Ben Abdesselam who was the reigning world cross-country champion , Bertie Messitt , the marathon world record holder Sergey Popov , and Vandendriessche . Bikila won , setting a world record at 2:15:16.2 . After they dispatched the rest of the field by 25 kilometers , Abdesselam stayed with Bikila until the final 500 meters , finishing second at in 2:15:41.6 . Vandendriessche abandoned the race . He placed seventh at the 1964 Olympics , where Bikila won again with a new worlds record .'}]}, {'value': '166', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': 'Hélio Duarte Manuel Faria António Ventura Joaquim Santos Joaquim Ferreira Armando Aldegalega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armando_Aldegalega', 'summary': 'Armando Aldegalega ( born 23 November 1937 ) is a Portuguese long-distance runner . He competed in the marathon at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1972 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '204', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'John Merriman David Richards Jun . Norman Horrell Harry Wilson Rhys Davies J.I . Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Merriman_(athlete)', 'summary': "John Linden Merriman ( 27 June 1936 - 30 September 1999 ) was a British long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 10,000 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '228', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'John Russell Joe Connolly Pat Moy Harry Fenion Adrian Jackson Andrew Fleming', 'urls': []}, {'value': '234', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Willie Dunne Bertie Messitt Tommy Dunne Jim Douglas Adam Brown Davy Harrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bertie_Messitt', 'summary': "Bertie Messitt ( 28 September 1930 - 18 February 2012 ) was an Irish long-distance runner . He was educated in Saint Cronan 's Boys ' National School in Bray . A bus conductor , he won his fourth Irish cross country title in 1961 . By the time he had ended his competitive career in 1966 , he had recorded 16 Irish records , nine in 1958 alone : 13:44 for three miles , 14:14.8 for 5,000m , 49:33 for 10 miles . He finished 13th in the European Marathon Championships in Belgrade in 1962 . His best marathon time , 2:25.39 , was set in 1963 . He won the Irish marathon championship in 1960 , running 2:28:40 , qualifying him for the Irish team in the marathon at the 1960 Summer Olympics . For 12 miles , Bertie led the Olympic 's lead pack at a blistering pace . It included Ethiopia 's Abebe Bikila , running barefoot , who became the world record-breaking winner , Moroccans Rhadi Ben Abdesselam , the eventual runner up , and Bakir Benaïssa ( 8th place ) , as well as Belgium 's Aurèle Vandendriessche , the Soviet Union 's Sergey Popov , who lost his world record while finishing fifth , and Great Britain 's Arthur Keily , who faded to 25th . Messitt , spent from his gallant effort , dropped out at 20 miles ."}]}, {'value': '241', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis García Antonio Amoros Mariano Martin José Fernández Jose Castro Ruibal Miguel Navarro', 'urls': []}, {'value': '256', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tunisia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunisia', 'summary': "Tunisia [ a ] , officially the Republic of Tunisia [ b ] , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa , covering 163,610 square kilometres ( 63,170 square miles ) . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is also the northernmost point on the African continent . Tunisia is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was 11.5 million in 2017 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis ( Berber native name : Tunest ) , which is located on its northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains , and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 kilometres ( 810 miles ) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , feature the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only fully democratic sovereign state in the Arab world . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Ahmed Messafta Abdelmalek El Ouni Labidi Ayachi Amor Manai Rachid Ben Naceur Abdessalem Dargouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Labidi_Ayachi', 'summary': 'Labidi Djaouadi Ayachi ( born 15 March 1938 ) is a Tunisian middle-distance runner . He competed in the 3000 metres steeplechase at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '285', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Team Results -- Men 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1958_International_Cross_Country_Championships_1', 'intro': 'The 1958 International Cross Country Championships was held in Cardiff, Wales, at the Pontcanna Fields on 22 March 1958. Tunisia entered a team for the first time after gaining independence. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results, medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published.'}
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When did the Industrial Revolution happen in the nation that finished with more points than France at the 1958 International Cross Country Championships ?
18th-century
08d028805cb9b2fa
hybridqa
{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_East_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'title': "America East Conference Men's Basketball Tournament", 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Score', 'Opponent', 'Reggie Lewis Most Outstanding Player', 'Tournament Venue'], 'data': [{'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1980_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1980 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . It was the inaugural tournament ever held for the America East Conference . The final was held at The Hart Center on the campus at the College of Holy Cross . Holy Cross gained their first and only America East Conference Championship in the first ever tournament as well as an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Boston University . Holy Cross was given the 11th seed in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Maryland 84-78 . Boston University gained a bid to the NIT and lost in the first round to Boston College 95-74 ."}]}, {'value': 'Holy Cross', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Holy Cross Crusaders men 's basketball team represents the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts , in NCAA Division I competition . The team competes in the Patriot League and plays their home games in the Hart Center . The program boasts such notable alumni as Boston Celtics legends Bob Cousy and Tom Heinsohn , and longtime Providence College basketball coach Joe Mullaney ."}]}, {'value': '81-75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': 'Ron Perry , Holy Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Perry_(basketball,_born_1958)', 'summary': "Ronald K. Perry ( born March 20 , 1958 ) is an American former basketball and baseball player . He is known particularly for his standout college career at Holy Cross . Perry , the son of former Holy Cross athletic director Ron S. Perry , was a high school star at Catholic Memorial in West Roxbury , Massachusetts . While there , Perry set a Massachusetts state scoring record with 2,481 points in his career , averaging 35 points per game as a senior . He followed in his father 's footsteps , playing both basketball and baseball at Holy Cross . As a freshman shooting guard for the Crusaders , Perry led all freshmen nationally in scoring , netting 23 points per game . Over the course of his four-year career , Perry set the school scoring record with 2,524 points ( 23.2 per game ) . He was named ECAC North co-Player of the Year with Maine 's Rufus Harris as a senior and earned All-American recognition in all four of his varsity seasons . In addition to his basketball career , Perry also excelled as a baseball player for the Crusaders at shortstop . In 1978 and 1979 he played collegiate summer baseball for the Hyannis Mets of the Cape Cod Baseball League ( CCBL ) . At Hyannis , Perry was a two-time all-star , batting .357 and .401 in his two seasons . In the 1979 season he led the Mets to the league championship while being named the league MVP ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Holy Cross Crusaders men 's basketball team represents the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts , in NCAA Division I competition . The team competes in the Patriot League and plays their home games in the Hart Center . The program boasts such notable alumni as Boston Celtics legends Bob Cousy and Tom Heinsohn , and longtime Providence College basketball coach Joe Mullaney ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Hart Center ( Worcester , MA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hart_Center', 'summary': "Hart Center at the Luth Athletic Complex is the main athletic center at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts . It was built in 1975 and is home to the Holy Cross Crusaders athletic teams . It is named for the Rev . Francis J. Hart , S.J. , the guiding force behind intramurals at Holy Cross for more than 40 years , as well as John E. Luth '74 and Joanne Chouinard-Luth , who donated $ 32.5 million to the College in 2015 towards renovating and expanding the athletics complex . John E. Luth is the founding partner , chairman and chief executive officer of Seabury Group LLC , the preeminent global aviation advisory firm . Dr. Joanne Chouinard-Luth practiced dental medicine in Chicago for 30 years . The Hart Center arena seats 3,536 , and is the home for the Holy Cross men 's and women 's basketball teams as well as the college 's volleyball team . It has hosted the Patriot League men 's basketball tournament numerous times . The hockey rink seats 1,600 and hosts the Division I men 's hockey team and the Division I women 's hockey team , which was formed in 1998 . The rink also was the site of the 1999 and 2002 MAAC hockey championships . The whole complex also contains a 64,000-square-foot ( 5,900 m2 ) practice facility with 100 yards of turf , an auxiliary gym for basketball and volleyball practice , a swimming pool , rowing tanks , racquetball & squash courts , a fully equipped varsity strength and conditioning gym , and state-of-the-art locker rooms and offices for all programs . In late 2015 , Holy Cross announced that it had raised the necessary two-thirds of the estimated construction costs for the expansion and renovation of the Hart Center ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Worcester,_MA', 'summary': "Worcester ( /ˈwʊstər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . Named after Worcester , England , as of the 2010 Census the city 's population was 181,045 , making it the second-most populous city in New England after Boston . Worcester is approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Boston , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Springfield and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Providence . Due to its location in Central Massachusetts , Worcester is known as the Heart of the Commonwealth , thus , a heart is the official symbol of the city . However , the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the Valentine 's Day card , although not invented in the city , was first mass-produced and popularized by Worcester resident Esther Howland . Worcester was considered its own distinct region apart from Boston until the 1970s . Since then , Boston 's suburbs have been moving out further westward , especially after the construction of Interstate 495 and Interstate 290 . The Worcester region now marks the western periphery of the Boston-Worcester-Providence ( MA-RI-NH ) U.S. Census Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , or Greater Boston . The city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1981_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1981 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . Canisius , New Hampshire , Niagara and Rhode Island did not qualify for the 1981 tournament . The final was held at The Cabot Center on the campus of the Northeastern University . Northeastern gained its first overall America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Holy Cross . Northeastern was given the 11th seed in the West Regional of the NCAA Tournament and won in the first round against Fresno 55-53 , but lost in the second round to Utah 94-69 . Holy Cross and Rhode Island both gained bids to the NIT and lost within the first two rounds to Syracuse and Purdue respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': '81-79 OT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders', 'summary': "The Holy Cross Crusaders are the athletic teams representing the College of the Holy Cross . They primarily compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Patriot League . In ice hockey , a sport not sponsored by the Patriot League for either sex , the Crusaders are members of two other leagues , with men competing in the Atlantic Hockey Association and women in Hockey East . The men 's rowing team is part of the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges . Of its 25 varsity teams , Holy Cross supports 12 men 's and 13 women 's sports , giving Holy Cross the largest ratio of teams-per-enrollment in the country . Holy Cross 's athletic teams for both men and women are known as the Crusaders . Holy Cross is a founding member of the Patriot League , and boasts that one-quarter of its student body participates in its varsity athletic programs . Principal facilities include Fitton Field for football ( capacity : 23,500 ) and baseball ( 3,000 ) , the Hart Center at the Luth Athletic Complex for basketball ( 3,600 ) and ice hockey ( 1,400 ) , the Linda Johnson Smith Soccer Stadium ( 1,320 ) , and the Smith Wellness Center , located inside the Luth Athletic Complex . The College is one of nine schools to have won an NCAA championship in both baseball ( 1952 ) and basketball ( 1947 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Perry Moss , Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perry_Moss_(basketball)', 'summary': "Perry Victor Moss ( born November 11 , 1958 ) is a former National Basketball Association ( NBA ) basketball player . Moss played basketball at Northeastern University under coach Jim Calhoun , where he averaged 15.2 points per game and 3.7 rebounds per game in four seasons there . In his senior season , Moss was named the America East Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year . Moss graduated as the schools second-leading career scorer with 1722 points and a 15.2 average in 113 games . He was considered the most explosive guard in New England and one of the most athletic players in the nation . In 1982 he went head to head with future NBA All-Star Dominique Wilkins and the Georgia Bulldogs in the first round of the Gotten State Classic . Despite a big game from Moss , the Huskies lost , but Lakers GM Jerry West , who was in the audience , noted that Moss was the best guard he had seen that year . On his home court , Moss would dazzle the fans with his acrobatic dunks created by his 41-inch vertical leap . As a junior in 1981 , Moss teamed with guard Pete Harris to lead the Huskies to their first of seven conference titles . His career included a number of clutch shots , including Moss 's halfcourt bomb that sent the championship game versus Holy Cross into overtime , which NU eventually won 76-69 . He also hit a last second shot in the opening round of the NCAA tournament when NU knocked off 20th ranked Fresno State before bowing out to Utah . Moss and the Huskies repeated the feat a year later , as Moss averaged 23.7 points per game ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Cabot Center ( Boston , MA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cabot_Center', 'summary': "The Cabot Center is the home of several indoor athletic teams of Northeastern University Huskies in Boston , Massachusetts . Built in 1954 and named in 1957 for patron Godfrey Lowell Cabot , the building houses a variety of facilities for the various teams . The arena is built on the site of the old Huntington Avenue Grounds , where the first-ever World Series baseball game was held in 1903 , and is barely over a quarter-mile ( 402 m ) away to the southwest from the Matthews Arena , the original home of the NHL 's Boston Bruins ice hockey team in 1924 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston,_MA', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1982_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1982 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . Colgate , Maine and Vermont did not qualify for the 1982 tournament . The final was held at Matthews Arena on the campus of the Northeastern University . Northeastern gained its second consecutive and second overall America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Niagara . Northeastern was given the 11th seed in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament and won in the first round against Saint Joseph 's 63-62 , but lost in the second round to Villanova 76-72 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': '82-59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Niagara_Purple_Eagles_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Niagara Purple Eagles men 's basketball team is the college basketball team that represents Niagara University in Lewiston , New York , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference . The team formerly played at the now-defunct Niagara Falls Convention and Civic Center from 1973 to 1982 and from 1988 to 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Perry Moss , Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perry_Moss_(basketball)', 'summary': "Perry Victor Moss ( born November 11 , 1958 ) is a former National Basketball Association ( NBA ) basketball player . Moss played basketball at Northeastern University under coach Jim Calhoun , where he averaged 15.2 points per game and 3.7 rebounds per game in four seasons there . In his senior season , Moss was named the America East Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year . Moss graduated as the schools second-leading career scorer with 1722 points and a 15.2 average in 113 games . He was considered the most explosive guard in New England and one of the most athletic players in the nation . In 1982 he went head to head with future NBA All-Star Dominique Wilkins and the Georgia Bulldogs in the first round of the Gotten State Classic . Despite a big game from Moss , the Huskies lost , but Lakers GM Jerry West , who was in the audience , noted that Moss was the best guard he had seen that year . On his home court , Moss would dazzle the fans with his acrobatic dunks created by his 41-inch vertical leap . As a junior in 1981 , Moss teamed with guard Pete Harris to lead the Huskies to their first of seven conference titles . His career included a number of clutch shots , including Moss 's halfcourt bomb that sent the championship game versus Holy Cross into overtime , which NU eventually won 76-69 . He also hit a last second shot in the opening round of the NCAA tournament when NU knocked off 20th ranked Fresno State before bowing out to Utah . Moss and the Huskies repeated the feat a year later , as Moss averaged 23.7 points per game ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Matthews Arena ( Boston , MA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthews_Arena', 'summary': "Matthews Arena ( formerly Boston Arena ) is a multi-purpose arena in Boston , Massachusetts . It is both the oldest arena still in use for ice hockey and the oldest multi-purpose athletic building still in use in the world . It opened in 1910 on what is now the east end of Northeastern University 's campus , and is currently owned by the university . It is the original home of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) Boston Bruins - the only team of the NHL 's Original Six whose original home arena still exists for the sport of ice hockey at any level of competition - and the WHA New England Whalers ( now the NHL Carolina Hurricanes ) , as well as the secondary home of the NBA Boston Celtics . Today , Matthews Arena is home to the Northeastern Huskies men 's and women 's ice hockey teams , and men 's basketball team as well as various high school ice hockey programs in the city of Boston . Matthews Arena also hosts a variety of Northeastern on-campus events , including the annual Springfest concert , as well as graduation ceremonies for the university . The closest MBTA station is the Massachusetts Ave Orange Line subway station ; the Green Line E Branch 's underground Symphony station is two blocks northwest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston,_MA', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1983_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1983 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . The final was held at Case Gym on the campus of the Boston University . Boston University gained its first overall America East Conference Championship with its win over Holy Cross . This was the only year the America East Tournament winner was not awarded with an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': '63-62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders', 'summary': "The Holy Cross Crusaders are the athletic teams representing the College of the Holy Cross . They primarily compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Patriot League . In ice hockey , a sport not sponsored by the Patriot League for either sex , the Crusaders are members of two other leagues , with men competing in the Atlantic Hockey Association and women in Hockey East . The men 's rowing team is part of the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges . Of its 25 varsity teams , Holy Cross supports 12 men 's and 13 women 's sports , giving Holy Cross the largest ratio of teams-per-enrollment in the country . Holy Cross 's athletic teams for both men and women are known as the Crusaders . Holy Cross is a founding member of the Patriot League , and boasts that one-quarter of its student body participates in its varsity athletic programs . Principal facilities include Fitton Field for football ( capacity : 23,500 ) and baseball ( 3,000 ) , the Hart Center at the Luth Athletic Complex for basketball ( 3,600 ) and ice hockey ( 1,400 ) , the Linda Johnson Smith Soccer Stadium ( 1,320 ) , and the Smith Wellness Center , located inside the Luth Athletic Complex . The College is one of nine schools to have won an NCAA championship in both baseball ( 1952 ) and basketball ( 1947 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Alexander , Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Case Gym ( Boston , MA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Case_Gym', 'summary': "Case Gym is a 1,800-seat multi-purpose arena at Boston University in Boston , Massachusetts . It opened in 1972 as part of the Harold Case Physical Education Center , which is named after the university 's fifth president , Harold C. Case . The gym is referred to as The Roof because it is located on the top level of the building , above Walter Brown Arena . It is home to the Boston University Terriers men 's and women 's basketball teams , as well as the men 's wrestling team . Basketball games are also played in Agganis Arena , and on occasion Walter Brown Arena . When Boston University left the America East Conference for the Patriot League in July 2013 , they announced that all home men 's basketball conference games would be played at Agganis Arena , with the non-conference games to be played at Case . Case Gym hosted the championship games of the 1997 and 2002 America East Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament as well as the championship game of the 2011 America East Conference Women 's Basketball Tournament . It has also hosted Ring Of Honor Wrestling Shows through wrestling promoter and Boston University alumnus Mike Mongoose Coughlin . The center , whose recreational use has declined since the opening of the Fitness and Recreation Center adjacent to Agganis Arena , is approximately located where the left field pavilion seats at Braves Field were before the Boston Braves , a Major League Baseball club , were relocated to Milwaukee in 1953 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston,_MA', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1984_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1984 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . The final was held at Matthews Arena on the campus of the Northeastern University . Northeastern gained its third overall America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Canisius College . Northeastern was given the 11th seed in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round against Virginia Commonwealth 70-69 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': '85-75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canisius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canisius_Golden_Griffins', 'summary': "The Canisius College Golden Griffins are composed of 16 teams representing Canisius College in intercollegiate athletics . These teams include men 's and women 's basketball , cross country , track , lacrosse , soccer , and swimming and diving . Men 's sports include baseball , ice hockey , and golf . Women 's sports include volleyball , soccer , and softball . The Golden Griffins compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) for most sports , excluding men 's ice hockey which competes in Atlantic Hockey ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Halsel , Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Halsel', 'summary': "Mark Halsel ( born November 8 , 1962 ) is a member of the Northeastern University athletics Hall of Fame . Halsel was elected for his exploits in basketball . Halsel played for the Huskies from 1981 to 1984 and when his career was over he had the most rebounds in school history ( 1,115 ) , and is the only NU player to top both 1,000 points ( 1,651 ) and 1,000 rebounds . Halsel also holds the distinction for being on the first ever NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament team in the 1981 season . Halsel was a two time All-New England selection , along with being All-East , All-District , and Honorable Mention All-American . Bobby Knight invited Halsel to the 1984 Olympic Trials where he was beat out by Michael Jordan and Chris Mullin for a spot on the squad . Halsel played professional basketball around the world for seven seasons after leaving Northeastern and was a 1984 NBA Draft pick of the Chicago Bulls in the 4th round . Halsel also appeared on the game show Deal or No Deal , winning $ 168,000 . Halsey originally had case # 22 , yet instantly swapped for case # 13 . Halsel took the deal at $ 168,000 with 4 cases remaining , $ .01 , $ 300 , $ 250,000 , and $ 500,000 . The case Halsel had , # 13 actually held $ .01 , while his original case , # 22 held the $ 500,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Matthews Arena ( Boston , MA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthews_Arena', 'summary': "Matthews Arena ( formerly Boston Arena ) is a multi-purpose arena in Boston , Massachusetts . It is both the oldest arena still in use for ice hockey and the oldest multi-purpose athletic building still in use in the world . It opened in 1910 on what is now the east end of Northeastern University 's campus , and is currently owned by the university . It is the original home of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) Boston Bruins - the only team of the NHL 's Original Six whose original home arena still exists for the sport of ice hockey at any level of competition - and the WHA New England Whalers ( now the NHL Carolina Hurricanes ) , as well as the secondary home of the NBA Boston Celtics . Today , Matthews Arena is home to the Northeastern Huskies men 's and women 's ice hockey teams , and men 's basketball team as well as various high school ice hockey programs in the city of Boston . Matthews Arena also hosts a variety of Northeastern on-campus events , including the annual Springfest concert , as well as graduation ceremonies for the university . The closest MBTA station is the Massachusetts Ave Orange Line subway station ; the Green Line E Branch 's underground Symphony station is two blocks northwest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston,_MA', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1985_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1985 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . The final was held at Matthews Arena on the campus of the Northeastern University . Northeastern gained its second consecutive and fourth overall America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Boston University . Northeastern was given the 14th seed in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Illinois 76-57 . Canisius College gained a bid to the NIT and lost in the first round to Nebraska 79-66 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': '68-67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': 'Reggie Lewis , Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reggie_Lewis', 'summary': "Reggie Lewis ( November 21 , 1965 - July 27 , 1993 ) was an American professional basketball player for the National Basketball Association 's Boston Celtics from 1987 to 1993 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Matthews Arena ( Boston , MA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthews_Arena', 'summary': "Matthews Arena ( formerly Boston Arena ) is a multi-purpose arena in Boston , Massachusetts . It is both the oldest arena still in use for ice hockey and the oldest multi-purpose athletic building still in use in the world . It opened in 1910 on what is now the east end of Northeastern University 's campus , and is currently owned by the university . It is the original home of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) Boston Bruins - the only team of the NHL 's Original Six whose original home arena still exists for the sport of ice hockey at any level of competition - and the WHA New England Whalers ( now the NHL Carolina Hurricanes ) , as well as the secondary home of the NBA Boston Celtics . Today , Matthews Arena is home to the Northeastern Huskies men 's and women 's ice hockey teams , and men 's basketball team as well as various high school ice hockey programs in the city of Boston . Matthews Arena also hosts a variety of Northeastern on-campus events , including the annual Springfest concert , as well as graduation ceremonies for the university . The closest MBTA station is the Massachusetts Ave Orange Line subway station ; the Green Line E Branch 's underground Symphony station is two blocks northwest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston,_MA', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1986_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1986 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . The final was held at Matthews Arena on the campus of the Northeastern University . Only the top-8 schools made it to the 1986 tournament , therefore excluding both Colgate and Hartford . Northeastern gained its third consecutive and fifth overall America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Boston University . Northeastern was given the 13th seed in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Oklahoma 80-74 . Boston University gained a bid to the NIT and lost in the first round to Providence 72-69 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': '63-54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': 'Wess Fuller , Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Matthews Arena ( Boston , MA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthews_Arena', 'summary': "Matthews Arena ( formerly Boston Arena ) is a multi-purpose arena in Boston , Massachusetts . It is both the oldest arena still in use for ice hockey and the oldest multi-purpose athletic building still in use in the world . It opened in 1910 on what is now the east end of Northeastern University 's campus , and is currently owned by the university . It is the original home of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) Boston Bruins - the only team of the NHL 's Original Six whose original home arena still exists for the sport of ice hockey at any level of competition - and the WHA New England Whalers ( now the NHL Carolina Hurricanes ) , as well as the secondary home of the NBA Boston Celtics . Today , Matthews Arena is home to the Northeastern Huskies men 's and women 's ice hockey teams , and men 's basketball team as well as various high school ice hockey programs in the city of Boston . Matthews Arena also hosts a variety of Northeastern on-campus events , including the annual Springfest concert , as well as graduation ceremonies for the university . The closest MBTA station is the Massachusetts Ave Orange Line subway station ; the Green Line E Branch 's underground Symphony station is two blocks northwest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston,_MA', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1987_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1987 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . The final was held at Matthews Arena on the campus of the Northeastern University . Only the top-8 schools made it to the 1987 tournament , therefore excluding both Colgate and Hartford . Northeastern gained its fourth consecutive and sixth overall America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Boston University . Northeastern was given the 14th seed in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Purdue 104-95 . Niagara University gained a bid to the NIT and lost in the second round to La Salle 89-81 , after beating Seton Hall 74-65 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': '71-68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': 'Reggie Lewis , Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reggie_Lewis', 'summary': "Reggie Lewis ( November 21 , 1965 - July 27 , 1993 ) was an American professional basketball player for the National Basketball Association 's Boston Celtics from 1987 to 1993 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Matthews Arena ( Boston , MA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthews_Arena', 'summary': "Matthews Arena ( formerly Boston Arena ) is a multi-purpose arena in Boston , Massachusetts . It is both the oldest arena still in use for ice hockey and the oldest multi-purpose athletic building still in use in the world . It opened in 1910 on what is now the east end of Northeastern University 's campus , and is currently owned by the university . It is the original home of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) Boston Bruins - the only team of the NHL 's Original Six whose original home arena still exists for the sport of ice hockey at any level of competition - and the WHA New England Whalers ( now the NHL Carolina Hurricanes ) , as well as the secondary home of the NBA Boston Celtics . Today , Matthews Arena is home to the Northeastern Huskies men 's and women 's ice hockey teams , and men 's basketball team as well as various high school ice hockey programs in the city of Boston . Matthews Arena also hosts a variety of Northeastern on-campus events , including the annual Springfest concert , as well as graduation ceremonies for the university . The closest MBTA station is the Massachusetts Ave Orange Line subway station ; the Green Line E Branch 's underground Symphony station is two blocks northwest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston,_MA', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1988_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': '79-68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Purple_Eagles', 'summary': "The Niagara Purple Eagles are athletics teams that represent Niagara University in college sports . Part of the NCAA 's Division I , the Purple Eagles field 18 varsity level teams . The Purple Eagles are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference and Atlantic Hockey . Between 1946 and 1958 , Niagara was a member of the Western New York Little Three Conference . In 2012 , the women 's ice hockey program was replaced by women 's track and field ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Timberlake , Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': 'Hartford Civic Center ( Hartford , CT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartford_Civic_Center', 'summary': "The XL Center ( originally known as the Hartford Civic Center ) is a multi-purpose arena and convention center located in downtown Hartford , Connecticut . It is owned by the City of Hartford and operated by Spectra . In December 2007 , the Center was renamed when the arena 's naming rights were sold to XL Group insurance company in a 6-year agreement . The arena is ranked the 28th largest among college basketball arenas . Opened in 1974 as the Hartford Civic Center and originally located adjacent to Civic Center Mall , which was demolished in 2004 . It consists of two facilities : the Veterans Memorial Coliseum and the Exhibition Center . On March 21 , 2007 , the Capital Region Development Authority ( CRDA ) selected the Northland/Anschutz Entertainment Group proposal . It was revealed that Northland will assume total responsibility for the building paying for any and all losses , and will keep any profits . In 2012 , the CRDA , put the contract out to bid with hopes of combining the operations with Rentschler Field . In February 2013 , Global Spectrum of Philadelphia , was chosen to take over both the XL Center and Rentschler Field with Ovations Food Services taking over all food and beverage operations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hartford,_CT', 'summary': "Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut . It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960 . It is the core city in the Greater Hartford metropolitan area . Census estimates since the 2010 United States Census have indicated that Hartford is the fourth-largest city in Connecticut , behind the coastal cities of Bridgeport , New Haven , and Stamford . Hartford was founded in 1635 and is among the oldest cities in the United States . It is home to the country 's oldest public art museum ( Wadsworth Atheneum ) , the oldest publicly funded park ( Bushnell Park ) , the oldest continuously published newspaper ( the Hartford Courant ) , and the second-oldest secondary school ( Hartford Public High School ) . It is also home to the Mark Twain House , where the author wrote his most famous works and raised his family , among other historically significant sites . Mark Twain wrote in 1868 , Of all the beautiful towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief . Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades following the American Civil War . Today , it is one of the poorest cities in the U.S. , with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty threshold . In sharp contrast , the Greater Hartford metropolitan statistical area was ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production and 8th out of 280 metropolitan statistical areas in per capita income in 2015 . Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World , it hosts many insurance company headquarters and is the region 's major industry ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1989_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Siena', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Siena_Saints_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Siena Saints men 's basketball team ( formerly the Siena Indians ) represents Siena College in Loudonville , New York , United States . The NCAA Division I program competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference and the annual Franciscan Cup . The Saints are currently coached by Carmen Maciariello . He was named the program 's 18th head coach in school history on March 25 , 2019 . Siena plays its home games at the 14,500 all-seater Times Union Center in downtown Albany . Since 1988 , the team has appeared in six NCAA Tournaments ( 1989 , 1999 , 2002 , 2008 , 2009 and 2010 ) and five NIT Tournaments ( 1988 , 1991 , 1994 , 2000 , and 2003 ) . Siena has advanced to the Round of 32 three times in program history . In 1989 they defeated Stanford 80-78 . In 2008 Siena beat Vanderbilt 83-62 and the following year they edged Ohio State 74-72 in double overtime . In 2014 Siena competed in their first College Basketball Invitational tournament and won the championship defeating Stony Brook , Penn State , Illinois State and Fresno State two games to one in the best-of-three championship series . Siena 's cumulative record in postseason play is 18-13 ( 4-6 NCAA , 9-5 NIT , 5-2 CBI ) ."}]}, {'value': '68-67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': 'Marc Brown , Siena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Brown_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Marc Brown ( born July 5 , 1969 ) is an American basketball coach and retired professional player . He is currently head basketball coach at New Jersey City University . He played professionally for 15 years following an All-American college career at Siena College .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Siena_Saints_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Siena Saints men 's basketball team ( formerly the Siena Indians ) represents Siena College in Loudonville , New York , United States . The NCAA Division I program competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference and the annual Franciscan Cup . The Saints are currently coached by Carmen Maciariello . He was named the program 's 18th head coach in school history on March 25 , 2019 . Siena plays its home games at the 14,500 all-seater Times Union Center in downtown Albany . Since 1988 , the team has appeared in six NCAA Tournaments ( 1989 , 1999 , 2002 , 2008 , 2009 and 2010 ) and five NIT Tournaments ( 1988 , 1991 , 1994 , 2000 , and 2003 ) . Siena has advanced to the Round of 32 three times in program history . In 1989 they defeated Stanford 80-78 . In 2008 Siena beat Vanderbilt 83-62 and the following year they edged Ohio State 74-72 in double overtime . In 2014 Siena competed in their first College Basketball Invitational tournament and won the championship defeating Stony Brook , Penn State , Illinois State and Fresno State two games to one in the best-of-three championship series . Siena 's cumulative record in postseason play is 18-13 ( 4-6 NCAA , 9-5 NIT , 5-2 CBI ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hartford Civic Center ( Hartford , CT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartford_Civic_Center', 'summary': "The XL Center ( originally known as the Hartford Civic Center ) is a multi-purpose arena and convention center located in downtown Hartford , Connecticut . It is owned by the City of Hartford and operated by Spectra . In December 2007 , the Center was renamed when the arena 's naming rights were sold to XL Group insurance company in a 6-year agreement . The arena is ranked the 28th largest among college basketball arenas . Opened in 1974 as the Hartford Civic Center and originally located adjacent to Civic Center Mall , which was demolished in 2004 . It consists of two facilities : the Veterans Memorial Coliseum and the Exhibition Center . On March 21 , 2007 , the Capital Region Development Authority ( CRDA ) selected the Northland/Anschutz Entertainment Group proposal . It was revealed that Northland will assume total responsibility for the building paying for any and all losses , and will keep any profits . In 2012 , the CRDA , put the contract out to bid with hopes of combining the operations with Rentschler Field . In February 2013 , Global Spectrum of Philadelphia , was chosen to take over both the XL Center and Rentschler Field with Ovations Food Services taking over all food and beverage operations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hartford,_CT', 'summary': "Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut . It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960 . It is the core city in the Greater Hartford metropolitan area . Census estimates since the 2010 United States Census have indicated that Hartford is the fourth-largest city in Connecticut , behind the coastal cities of Bridgeport , New Haven , and Stamford . Hartford was founded in 1635 and is among the oldest cities in the United States . It is home to the country 's oldest public art museum ( Wadsworth Atheneum ) , the oldest publicly funded park ( Bushnell Park ) , the oldest continuously published newspaper ( the Hartford Courant ) , and the second-oldest secondary school ( Hartford Public High School ) . It is also home to the Mark Twain House , where the author wrote his most famous works and raised his family , among other historically significant sites . Mark Twain wrote in 1868 , Of all the beautiful towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief . Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades following the American Civil War . Today , it is one of the poorest cities in the U.S. , with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty threshold . In sharp contrast , the Greater Hartford metropolitan statistical area was ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production and 8th out of 280 metropolitan statistical areas in per capita income in 2015 . Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World , it hosts many insurance company headquarters and is the region 's major industry ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1990_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': '75-57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vermont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vermont_Catamounts', 'summary': "The Vermont Catamounts are the varsity intercollegiate athletic programs of the University of Vermont , based in Burlington , Vermont , United States . The school sponsors 18 athletic programs ( 8 men 's , 10 women 's ) , most of which compete in the NCAA Division I America East Conference ( AEC ) , of which the school has been a member since 1979 . The men 's and women 's ice hockey programs compete in Hockey East . The men 's and women 's alpine and nordic skiing teams compete in the Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association ( EISA ) . The school 's athletic director is Robert Corran . The Catamounts have won six national championships , all in skiing . The program 's mascot is Rally and colors are green and gold ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Brigham , Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': 'Hartford Civic Center ( Hartford , CT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartford_Civic_Center', 'summary': "The XL Center ( originally known as the Hartford Civic Center ) is a multi-purpose arena and convention center located in downtown Hartford , Connecticut . It is owned by the City of Hartford and operated by Spectra . In December 2007 , the Center was renamed when the arena 's naming rights were sold to XL Group insurance company in a 6-year agreement . The arena is ranked the 28th largest among college basketball arenas . Opened in 1974 as the Hartford Civic Center and originally located adjacent to Civic Center Mall , which was demolished in 2004 . It consists of two facilities : the Veterans Memorial Coliseum and the Exhibition Center . On March 21 , 2007 , the Capital Region Development Authority ( CRDA ) selected the Northland/Anschutz Entertainment Group proposal . It was revealed that Northland will assume total responsibility for the building paying for any and all losses , and will keep any profits . In 2012 , the CRDA , put the contract out to bid with hopes of combining the operations with Rentschler Field . In February 2013 , Global Spectrum of Philadelphia , was chosen to take over both the XL Center and Rentschler Field with Ovations Food Services taking over all food and beverage operations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hartford,_CT', 'summary': "Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut . It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960 . It is the core city in the Greater Hartford metropolitan area . Census estimates since the 2010 United States Census have indicated that Hartford is the fourth-largest city in Connecticut , behind the coastal cities of Bridgeport , New Haven , and Stamford . Hartford was founded in 1635 and is among the oldest cities in the United States . It is home to the country 's oldest public art museum ( Wadsworth Atheneum ) , the oldest publicly funded park ( Bushnell Park ) , the oldest continuously published newspaper ( the Hartford Courant ) , and the second-oldest secondary school ( Hartford Public High School ) . It is also home to the Mark Twain House , where the author wrote his most famous works and raised his family , among other historically significant sites . Mark Twain wrote in 1868 , Of all the beautiful towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief . Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades following the American Civil War . Today , it is one of the poorest cities in the U.S. , with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty threshold . In sharp contrast , the Greater Hartford metropolitan statistical area was ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production and 8th out of 280 metropolitan statistical areas in per capita income in 2015 . Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World , it hosts many insurance company headquarters and is the region 's major industry ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1991_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1991 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . The final was held at Matthews Arena on the campus of the Northeastern University . Northeastern gained its seventh and final America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Maine . Northeastern was given the 16th seed in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to North Carolina 101-66 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': '57-46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears', 'summary': "The Maine Black Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of Maine . A member of the America East Conference , the University of Maine sponsors teams in eight men 's and nine women 's NCAA sanctioned sports . The men 's and women 's ice hockey teams are members of Hockey East , and the football team is an associate member of the Colonial Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Ron Lacey , Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Matthews Arena ( Boston , MA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthews_Arena', 'summary': "Matthews Arena ( formerly Boston Arena ) is a multi-purpose arena in Boston , Massachusetts . It is both the oldest arena still in use for ice hockey and the oldest multi-purpose athletic building still in use in the world . It opened in 1910 on what is now the east end of Northeastern University 's campus , and is currently owned by the university . It is the original home of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) Boston Bruins - the only team of the NHL 's Original Six whose original home arena still exists for the sport of ice hockey at any level of competition - and the WHA New England Whalers ( now the NHL Carolina Hurricanes ) , as well as the secondary home of the NBA Boston Celtics . Today , Matthews Arena is home to the Northeastern Huskies men 's and women 's ice hockey teams , and men 's basketball team as well as various high school ice hockey programs in the city of Boston . Matthews Arena also hosts a variety of Northeastern on-campus events , including the annual Springfest concert , as well as graduation ceremonies for the university . The closest MBTA station is the Massachusetts Ave Orange Line subway station ; the Green Line E Branch 's underground Symphony station is two blocks northwest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston,_MA', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1992_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1992 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . The final was held at Delaware Field House on the campus of the University of Delaware . Delaware gained its first overall America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Drexel . Delaware was given the 13th seed in the Midwest Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Cincinnati 85-47 ."}]}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Delaware_Fightin'_Blue_Hens", 'summary': "The Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens are the athletic teams of the University of Delaware of Newark , Delaware , in the United States . The Blue Hens compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Colonial Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': '92-68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drexel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drexel_Dragons', 'summary': "The Drexel Dragons are the athletic teams of Drexel University . The school 's athletic program includes eighteen NCAA Division I sports including nine men 's and nine women 's teams , with most sports teams competing in the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . Drexel 's athletic department was ranked first in gender equity by U.S. News . The university has demonstrated a high level of student-athlete academic performance , with a 10-year NCAA graduation rate of 91% compared to a national average of 85% ."}]}, {'value': 'Alex Coles , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Delaware_Fightin'_Blue_Hens", 'summary': "The Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens are the athletic teams of the University of Delaware of Newark , Delaware , in the United States . The Blue Hens compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Colonial Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Bob Carpenter Center ( Newark , DE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Carpenter_Center', 'summary': "Bob Carpenter Center is a 5,100-seat multi-purpose arena , in Newark , Delaware , named in honor of benefactor and trustee , R. R. M. Carpenter Jr. ( 1915-1990 ) . Students at the University of Delaware have nicknamed it The Bob . The arena opened in 1992 and was designed by HOK Sport ( now known as Populous ) , who have been involved in more than 150 sports and recreation projects . The construction of the building cost $ 20.5 million . In late 2010 , the University constructed an addition , which includes two full-size basketball courts , new offices and locker rooms for the basketball and volleyball programs , and a new entrance plaza . The arena section of the building is named in honor of Frank E. Acierno , a local businessman and developer , who donated $ 1 million to the Bob Carpenter Center , the largest gift from a single donor . It is home to the University of Delaware Blue Hens basketball teams ( men and women ) , and from 2013 to 2018 , the Delaware 87ers ( now the Delaware Blue Coats ) of the NBA G League . It also hosted a preseason game for the Philadelphia 76ers vs. the Boston Celtics . Since 2014 , it has hosted one annual WNBA preseason game , except in 2017 . Each of the WNBA games has featured UD product Elena Delle Donne , who was with the Chicago Sky from 2013 to 2016 and has been with the Washington Mystics since 2017 . It hosted a campaign rally for Vice President Al Gore in 1996 and all or part of the 1997-2001 America East Conference men 's basketball tournaments . It also hosts other events , such as the WWE , music and comedy concerts , and craft fairs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newark,_DE', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1993_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1993 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . The final was held at Daskalakis Athletic Center on the campus of Drexel University . Delaware gained its second consecutive and second overall America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Drexel . Delaware was given the 13th seed in the Midwest Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Louisville 76-70 ."}]}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Delaware_Fightin'_Blue_Hens", 'summary': "The Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens are the athletic teams of the University of Delaware of Newark , Delaware , in the United States . The Blue Hens compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Colonial Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': '67-64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drexel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drexel_Dragons', 'summary': "The Drexel Dragons are the athletic teams of Drexel University . The school 's athletic program includes eighteen NCAA Division I sports including nine men 's and nine women 's teams , with most sports teams competing in the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . Drexel 's athletic department was ranked first in gender equity by U.S. News . The university has demonstrated a high level of student-athlete academic performance , with a 10-year NCAA graduation rate of 91% compared to a national average of 85% ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Blackhurst , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware_Blue_Hens', 'summary': "The Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens are the athletic teams of the University of Delaware of Newark , Delaware , in the United States . The Blue Hens compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Colonial Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Daskalakis Athletic Center ( Philadelphia , PA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daskalakis_Athletic_Center', 'summary': "Daskalakis Athletic Center ( DAC ) is a 300,000 square-foot athletic and recreational facility in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The facility is best known for its 2,509-seat multi-purpose arena that is home to multiple Drexel University Dragons sports teams including basketball and wrestling . While the entire recreation center , including the multi-purpose arena , gym , natatorium , rock climbling wall , and squash canter are located in the athletic center , the DAC generally refers solely to the multi-purpose arena . In January 2005 , the basketball court was named Cozen Court after being dedicated to former Drexel men 's basketball head coach Sam Cozen . At the 2006 convocation Drexel University president Constantine Papadakis announced a 60,000-square-foot ( 5,600 m2 ) , three-story addition to the existing Daskalakis Athletic Center . The project , which expanded to an 84,000-square-foot ( 7,800 m2 ) addition , broke ground in June 2008 . Construction finished in December 2009 and parts of the building opened to students in January 2010 . The Drexel Recreational Center officially opened in February 2010 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia,_PA', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1994_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1994 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . The final was held at Daskalakis Athletic Center on the campus of Drexel University . Drexel gained its first overall America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Maine . Drexel was given the 14th seed in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Temple 61-39 ."}]}, {'value': 'Drexel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drexel_Dragons', 'summary': "The Drexel Dragons are the athletic teams of Drexel University . The school 's athletic program includes eighteen NCAA Division I sports including nine men 's and nine women 's teams , with most sports teams competing in the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . Drexel 's athletic department was ranked first in gender equity by U.S. News . The university has demonstrated a high level of student-athlete academic performance , with a 10-year NCAA graduation rate of 91% compared to a national average of 85% ."}]}, {'value': '86-78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears', 'summary': "The Maine Black Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of Maine . A member of the America East Conference , the University of Maine sponsors teams in eight men 's and nine women 's NCAA sanctioned sports . The men 's and women 's ice hockey teams are members of Hockey East , and the football team is an associate member of the Colonial Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Malik Rose , Drexel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malik_Rose', 'summary': 'Malik Jabari Rose ( born November 23 , 1974 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Rose played 13 seasons in the National Basketball Association , winning NBA championships with the San Antonio Spurs in 1999 and 2003 . In 2018 , Rose became an assistant general manager for the Detroit Pistons in the National Basketball Association . Previously , Rose served as general manager of the Erie BayHawks and manager of basketball operations for the Atlanta Hawks . He is a former broadcaster for the Philadelphia 76ers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Drexel_Dragons', 'summary': "The Drexel Dragons are the athletic teams of Drexel University . The school 's athletic program includes eighteen NCAA Division I sports including nine men 's and nine women 's teams , with most sports teams competing in the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . Drexel 's athletic department was ranked first in gender equity by U.S. News . The university has demonstrated a high level of student-athlete academic performance , with a 10-year NCAA graduation rate of 91% compared to a national average of 85% ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Daskalakis Athletic Center ( Philadelphia , PA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daskalakis_Athletic_Center', 'summary': "Daskalakis Athletic Center ( DAC ) is a 300,000 square-foot athletic and recreational facility in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The facility is best known for its 2,509-seat multi-purpose arena that is home to multiple Drexel University Dragons sports teams including basketball and wrestling . While the entire recreation center , including the multi-purpose arena , gym , natatorium , rock climbling wall , and squash canter are located in the athletic center , the DAC generally refers solely to the multi-purpose arena . In January 2005 , the basketball court was named Cozen Court after being dedicated to former Drexel men 's basketball head coach Sam Cozen . At the 2006 convocation Drexel University president Constantine Papadakis announced a 60,000-square-foot ( 5,600 m2 ) , three-story addition to the existing Daskalakis Athletic Center . The project , which expanded to an 84,000-square-foot ( 7,800 m2 ) addition , broke ground in June 2008 . Construction finished in December 2009 and parts of the building opened to students in January 2010 . The Drexel Recreational Center officially opened in February 2010 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia,_PA', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1995_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1995 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups . The final was held at Daskalakis Athletic Center on the campus of Drexel University . Drexel gained its second consecutive America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Boston University . Drexel was given the 13th seed in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Oklahoma State 73-49 ."}]}, {'value': 'Drexel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drexel_Dragons', 'summary': "The Drexel Dragons are the athletic teams of Drexel University . The school 's athletic program includes eighteen NCAA Division I sports including nine men 's and nine women 's teams , with most sports teams competing in the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . Drexel 's athletic department was ranked first in gender equity by U.S. News . The university has demonstrated a high level of student-athlete academic performance , with a 10-year NCAA graduation rate of 91% compared to a national average of 85% ."}]}, {'value': '72-52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies', 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies are the athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in thirteen varsity team sports : men 's and women 's hockey ( in Hockey East ) ; men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , women 's field hockey and volleyball , swimming , and men 's and women 's soccer ( in the Colonial Athletic Association ) , and men 's and women 's rowing , track and cross-country . The NU mascot is Paws . The school colors are red and black with white trim . The fight song , All Hail , Northeastern , was composed by Charles A. Pethybridge , Class of 1932 . While Northeastern has won numerous conference championships there has only been one man ever crowned NCAA Champion . Boris Djerassi won the 1975 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw . Principal athletic facilities include Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest indoor ice hockey arena ( capacity : 4,666 for hockey , 5,250 for basketball ) , Parsons Field ( 3,000 for baseball ) , Cabot Center ( 1,800 for basketball and volleyball ) , Barletta Natatorium ( 500 ) , the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center ( 3,500 ) and the Henderson Boathouse ."}]}, {'value': 'Malik Rose , Drexel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malik_Rose', 'summary': 'Malik Jabari Rose ( born November 23 , 1974 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Rose played 13 seasons in the National Basketball Association , winning NBA championships with the San Antonio Spurs in 1999 and 2003 . In 2018 , Rose became an assistant general manager for the Detroit Pistons in the National Basketball Association . Previously , Rose served as general manager of the Erie BayHawks and manager of basketball operations for the Atlanta Hawks . He is a former broadcaster for the Philadelphia 76ers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Drexel_Dragons', 'summary': "The Drexel Dragons are the athletic teams of Drexel University . The school 's athletic program includes eighteen NCAA Division I sports including nine men 's and nine women 's teams , with most sports teams competing in the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . Drexel 's athletic department was ranked first in gender equity by U.S. News . The university has demonstrated a high level of student-athlete academic performance , with a 10-year NCAA graduation rate of 91% compared to a national average of 85% ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Campus Sites Final at Daskalakis Athletic Center ( Philadelphia , PA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daskalakis_Athletic_Center', 'summary': "Daskalakis Athletic Center ( DAC ) is a 300,000 square-foot athletic and recreational facility in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The facility is best known for its 2,509-seat multi-purpose arena that is home to multiple Drexel University Dragons sports teams including basketball and wrestling . While the entire recreation center , including the multi-purpose arena , gym , natatorium , rock climbling wall , and squash canter are located in the athletic center , the DAC generally refers solely to the multi-purpose arena . In January 2005 , the basketball court was named Cozen Court after being dedicated to former Drexel men 's basketball head coach Sam Cozen . At the 2006 convocation Drexel University president Constantine Papadakis announced a 60,000-square-foot ( 5,600 m2 ) , three-story addition to the existing Daskalakis Athletic Center . The project , which expanded to an 84,000-square-foot ( 7,800 m2 ) addition , broke ground in June 2008 . Construction finished in December 2009 and parts of the building opened to students in January 2010 . The Drexel Recreational Center officially opened in February 2010 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia,_PA', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1996_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1996 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the Delaware Blue Hens at Bob Carpenter Center . The final was held at Daskalakis Athletic Center on the campus of Drexel University . Drexel gained its third consecutive America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Boston University . Drexel was given the 12th seed in the West Regional of the NCAA Tournament , defeated Memphis in the first round 75-63 , and lost in the second round to Syracuse 69-58 ."}]}, {'value': 'Drexel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drexel_Dragons', 'summary': "The Drexel Dragons are the athletic teams of Drexel University . The school 's athletic program includes eighteen NCAA Division I sports including nine men 's and nine women 's teams , with most sports teams competing in the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . Drexel 's athletic department was ranked first in gender equity by U.S. News . The university has demonstrated a high level of student-athlete academic performance , with a 10-year NCAA graduation rate of 91% compared to a national average of 85% ."}]}, {'value': '76-67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': 'Malik Rose , Drexel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malik_Rose', 'summary': 'Malik Jabari Rose ( born November 23 , 1974 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Rose played 13 seasons in the National Basketball Association , winning NBA championships with the San Antonio Spurs in 1999 and 2003 . In 2018 , Rose became an assistant general manager for the Detroit Pistons in the National Basketball Association . Previously , Rose served as general manager of the Erie BayHawks and manager of basketball operations for the Atlanta Hawks . He is a former broadcaster for the Philadelphia 76ers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Drexel_Dragons', 'summary': "The Drexel Dragons are the athletic teams of Drexel University . The school 's athletic program includes eighteen NCAA Division I sports including nine men 's and nine women 's teams , with most sports teams competing in the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . Drexel 's athletic department was ranked first in gender equity by U.S. News . The university has demonstrated a high level of student-athlete academic performance , with a 10-year NCAA graduation rate of 91% compared to a national average of 85% ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Bob Carpenter Center ( Newark , DE ) Final at Daskalakis Athletic Center ( Philadelphia , PA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Carpenter_Center', 'summary': "Bob Carpenter Center is a 5,100-seat multi-purpose arena , in Newark , Delaware , named in honor of benefactor and trustee , R. R. M. Carpenter Jr. ( 1915-1990 ) . Students at the University of Delaware have nicknamed it The Bob . The arena opened in 1992 and was designed by HOK Sport ( now known as Populous ) , who have been involved in more than 150 sports and recreation projects . The construction of the building cost $ 20.5 million . In late 2010 , the University constructed an addition , which includes two full-size basketball courts , new offices and locker rooms for the basketball and volleyball programs , and a new entrance plaza . The arena section of the building is named in honor of Frank E. Acierno , a local businessman and developer , who donated $ 1 million to the Bob Carpenter Center , the largest gift from a single donor . It is home to the University of Delaware Blue Hens basketball teams ( men and women ) , and from 2013 to 2018 , the Delaware 87ers ( now the Delaware Blue Coats ) of the NBA G League . It also hosted a preseason game for the Philadelphia 76ers vs. the Boston Celtics . Since 2014 , it has hosted one annual WNBA preseason game , except in 2017 . Each of the WNBA games has featured UD product Elena Delle Donne , who was with the Chicago Sky from 2013 to 2016 and has been with the Washington Mystics since 2017 . It hosted a campaign rally for Vice President Al Gore in 1996 and all or part of the 1997-2001 America East Conference men 's basketball tournaments . It also hosts other events , such as the WWE , music and comedy concerts , and craft fairs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newark,_DE', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daskalakis_Athletic_Center', 'summary': "Daskalakis Athletic Center ( DAC ) is a 300,000 square-foot athletic and recreational facility in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The facility is best known for its 2,509-seat multi-purpose arena that is home to multiple Drexel University Dragons sports teams including basketball and wrestling . While the entire recreation center , including the multi-purpose arena , gym , natatorium , rock climbling wall , and squash canter are located in the athletic center , the DAC generally refers solely to the multi-purpose arena . In January 2005 , the basketball court was named Cozen Court after being dedicated to former Drexel men 's basketball head coach Sam Cozen . At the 2006 convocation Drexel University president Constantine Papadakis announced a 60,000-square-foot ( 5,600 m2 ) , three-story addition to the existing Daskalakis Athletic Center . The project , which expanded to an 84,000-square-foot ( 7,800 m2 ) addition , broke ground in June 2008 . Construction finished in December 2009 and parts of the building opened to students in January 2010 . The Drexel Recreational Center officially opened in February 2010 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia,_PA', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1997_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1997 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the Delaware Blue Hens at Bob Carpenter Center . The final was held at Case Gym on the campus of Boston University . Boston gained its fourth overall America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Drexel . Boston University was given the 12th seed in the Midwest Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Tulsa 81-52 . Drexel University gained a bid to the NIT and lost in the first round to Bradley 66-53 ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': '68-61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drexel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drexel_Dragons', 'summary': "The Drexel Dragons are the athletic teams of Drexel University . The school 's athletic program includes eighteen NCAA Division I sports including nine men 's and nine women 's teams , with most sports teams competing in the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . Drexel 's athletic department was ranked first in gender equity by U.S. News . The university has demonstrated a high level of student-athlete academic performance , with a 10-year NCAA graduation rate of 91% compared to a national average of 85% ."}]}, {'value': 'Tunji Awojobi , Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunji_Awojobi', 'summary': 'Tunji Femi Awojobi ( born July 30 , 1973 ) is a retired Nigerian professional basketball player . A former boxer , Awojobi graduated from Boston University in 1997 . Following graduation , he played in several European countries , most notably in Israel . Awojobi was also a member of the Nigerian national team , and he participated in the 1998 and 2006 FIBA World Championship . His best achievement in European basketball was winning the ULEB cup as the starting Center for Hapoel Jerusalem from Israel . In the finals Jerusalem beat Real Madrid 83:72 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': 'Preliminary Rounds at Bob Carpenter Center ( Newark , DE ) Final at Case Gym ( Boston , MA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Carpenter_Center', 'summary': "Bob Carpenter Center is a 5,100-seat multi-purpose arena , in Newark , Delaware , named in honor of benefactor and trustee , R. R. M. Carpenter Jr. ( 1915-1990 ) . Students at the University of Delaware have nicknamed it The Bob . The arena opened in 1992 and was designed by HOK Sport ( now known as Populous ) , who have been involved in more than 150 sports and recreation projects . The construction of the building cost $ 20.5 million . In late 2010 , the University constructed an addition , which includes two full-size basketball courts , new offices and locker rooms for the basketball and volleyball programs , and a new entrance plaza . The arena section of the building is named in honor of Frank E. Acierno , a local businessman and developer , who donated $ 1 million to the Bob Carpenter Center , the largest gift from a single donor . It is home to the University of Delaware Blue Hens basketball teams ( men and women ) , and from 2013 to 2018 , the Delaware 87ers ( now the Delaware Blue Coats ) of the NBA G League . It also hosted a preseason game for the Philadelphia 76ers vs. the Boston Celtics . Since 2014 , it has hosted one annual WNBA preseason game , except in 2017 . Each of the WNBA games has featured UD product Elena Delle Donne , who was with the Chicago Sky from 2013 to 2016 and has been with the Washington Mystics since 2017 . It hosted a campaign rally for Vice President Al Gore in 1996 and all or part of the 1997-2001 America East Conference men 's basketball tournaments . It also hosts other events , such as the WWE , music and comedy concerts , and craft fairs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newark,_DE', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Case_Gym', 'summary': "Case Gym is a 1,800-seat multi-purpose arena at Boston University in Boston , Massachusetts . It opened in 1972 as part of the Harold Case Physical Education Center , which is named after the university 's fifth president , Harold C. Case . The gym is referred to as The Roof because it is located on the top level of the building , above Walter Brown Arena . It is home to the Boston University Terriers men 's and women 's basketball teams , as well as the men 's wrestling team . Basketball games are also played in Agganis Arena , and on occasion Walter Brown Arena . When Boston University left the America East Conference for the Patriot League in July 2013 , they announced that all home men 's basketball conference games would be played at Agganis Arena , with the non-conference games to be played at Case . Case Gym hosted the championship games of the 1997 and 2002 America East Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament as well as the championship game of the 2011 America East Conference Women 's Basketball Tournament . It has also hosted Ring Of Honor Wrestling Shows through wrestling promoter and Boston University alumnus Mike Mongoose Coughlin . The center , whose recreational use has declined since the opening of the Fitness and Recreation Center adjacent to Agganis Arena , is approximately located where the left field pavilion seats at Braves Field were before the Boston Braves , a Major League Baseball club , were relocated to Milwaukee in 1953 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston,_MA', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1998_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1998 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the Delaware Blue Hens at Bob Carpenter Center . The final was also held at Bob Carpenter Center . Delaware gained its third overall America East Conference Championships and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Boston University . Delaware was given the 15th seed in the Midwest Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Purdue 95-56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Delaware_Fightin'_Blue_Hens", 'summary': "The Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens are the athletic teams of the University of Delaware of Newark , Delaware , in the United States . The Blue Hens compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Colonial Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': '66-58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers', 'summary': "The Boston University Terriers are the ten men 's and fourteen women 's varsity athletic teams representing Boston University in NCAA Division I competition . Boston University 's team nickname is the Terriers , and the official mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The school colors are Scarlet and White . The mascot is named Rhett after Rhett Butler from Gone With the Wind , because no one loves Scarlet more than Rhett . The majority of BU 's teams compete as members of the Patriot League , with the ice hockey teams competing in Hockey East and rowing competing in the EARC ."}]}, {'value': 'Darryl Presley , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Delaware', 'summary': "The University of Delaware ( colloquially UD or Delaware ) is a public research university located in Newark , Delaware . The University of Delaware is the largest university in Delaware . UD offers three associate 's programs , 148 bachelor 's programs , 121 master 's programs ( with 13 joint degrees ) and 55 doctoral programs across its eight colleges . The main campus is in Newark , with satellite campuses in Dover , Wilmington , Lewes , and Georgetown . It is considered a large institution with approximately 18,500 undergraduate and 4,500 graduate students . UD is a privately governed university which receives public funding for being a land-grant , sea-grant and space-grant state-supported research institution . UD is classified as a Doctoral University-Very High Research Activity ( R1 ) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . UD is one of the top 100 public institutions for federal obligations [ clarification needed ] in science and engineering and interdisciplinary initiatives in energy science and policy , the environment , and in human health . UD is recognized with the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . It is one of only four schools in North America with a major in art conservation . In 1923 , UD was the first American university to offer a study-abroad program . The school from which the university grew was founded in 1743 , making it one of the oldest in the nation ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Carpenter Center ( Newark , DE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Carpenter_Center', 'summary': "Bob Carpenter Center is a 5,100-seat multi-purpose arena , in Newark , Delaware , named in honor of benefactor and trustee , R. R. M. Carpenter Jr. ( 1915-1990 ) . Students at the University of Delaware have nicknamed it The Bob . The arena opened in 1992 and was designed by HOK Sport ( now known as Populous ) , who have been involved in more than 150 sports and recreation projects . The construction of the building cost $ 20.5 million . In late 2010 , the University constructed an addition , which includes two full-size basketball courts , new offices and locker rooms for the basketball and volleyball programs , and a new entrance plaza . The arena section of the building is named in honor of Frank E. Acierno , a local businessman and developer , who donated $ 1 million to the Bob Carpenter Center , the largest gift from a single donor . It is home to the University of Delaware Blue Hens basketball teams ( men and women ) , and from 2013 to 2018 , the Delaware 87ers ( now the Delaware Blue Coats ) of the NBA G League . It also hosted a preseason game for the Philadelphia 76ers vs. the Boston Celtics . Since 2014 , it has hosted one annual WNBA preseason game , except in 2017 . Each of the WNBA games has featured UD product Elena Delle Donne , who was with the Chicago Sky from 2013 to 2016 and has been with the Washington Mystics since 2017 . It hosted a campaign rally for Vice President Al Gore in 1996 and all or part of the 1997-2001 America East Conference men 's basketball tournaments . It also hosts other events , such as the WWE , music and comedy concerts , and craft fairs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newark,_DE', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1999_America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1999 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the Delaware Blue Hens at Bob Carpenter Center . The final was also held at Bob Carpenter Center . Delaware gained its second consecutive America East Conference Championships and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Drexel . Delaware was given the 13th seed in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Tennessee 62-52 . Hofstra University gained a bid to the NIT and lost in the first round to Rutgers 58-45 ."}]}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Delaware_Fightin'_Blue_Hens", 'summary': "The Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens are the athletic teams of the University of Delaware of Newark , Delaware , in the United States . The Blue Hens compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Colonial Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': '86-67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drexel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drexel_Dragons', 'summary': "The Drexel Dragons are the athletic teams of Drexel University . The school 's athletic program includes eighteen NCAA Division I sports including nine men 's and nine women 's teams , with most sports teams competing in the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . Drexel 's athletic department was ranked first in gender equity by U.S. News . The university has demonstrated a high level of student-athlete academic performance , with a 10-year NCAA graduation rate of 91% compared to a national average of 85% ."}]}, {'value': 'John Gordon , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Delaware_Fightin'_Blue_Hens", 'summary': "The Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens are the athletic teams of the University of Delaware of Newark , Delaware , in the United States . The Blue Hens compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Colonial Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Carpenter Center ( Newark , DE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Carpenter_Center', 'summary': "Bob Carpenter Center is a 5,100-seat multi-purpose arena , in Newark , Delaware , named in honor of benefactor and trustee , R. R. M. Carpenter Jr. ( 1915-1990 ) . Students at the University of Delaware have nicknamed it The Bob . The arena opened in 1992 and was designed by HOK Sport ( now known as Populous ) , who have been involved in more than 150 sports and recreation projects . The construction of the building cost $ 20.5 million . In late 2010 , the University constructed an addition , which includes two full-size basketball courts , new offices and locker rooms for the basketball and volleyball programs , and a new entrance plaza . The arena section of the building is named in honor of Frank E. Acierno , a local businessman and developer , who donated $ 1 million to the Bob Carpenter Center , the largest gift from a single donor . It is home to the University of Delaware Blue Hens basketball teams ( men and women ) , and from 2013 to 2018 , the Delaware 87ers ( now the Delaware Blue Coats ) of the NBA G League . It also hosted a preseason game for the Philadelphia 76ers vs. the Boston Celtics . Since 2014 , it has hosted one annual WNBA preseason game , except in 2017 . Each of the WNBA games has featured UD product Elena Delle Donne , who was with the Chicago Sky from 2013 to 2016 and has been with the Washington Mystics since 2017 . It hosted a campaign rally for Vice President Al Gore in 1996 and all or part of the 1997-2001 America East Conference men 's basketball tournaments . It also hosts other events , such as the WWE , music and comedy concerts , and craft fairs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newark,_DE', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}]}], 'section_title': 'History of the Tournament Finals', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "America_East_Men's_Basketball_Tournament_0", 'intro': "The America East Men's Basketball Tournament is the annual concluding tournament for the NCAA college basketball in the America East Conference. The winner of the annual tournament gains an automatic bid to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship."}
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null
The America East Men 's Basketball Tournament in which the winning team clinched the title against a team it had lost to in the tournament just three years prior took place in an arena that seats how many ?
1,800
08d094a72c5fd5f2
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan_Pro_League', 'title': 'Uzbekistan Pro League', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Stadium'], 'data': [{'value': 'Andijon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Andijon', 'summary': 'FC Andijon ( Uzbek : Андижон профессионал футбол клуби or Andijon professional futbol klubi , English : professional football club Andijan ) is an Uzbekistani football club based in Andijan . the club plays in Uzbek League .'}]}, {'value': 'Andijan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andijan', 'summary': "Andijan ( sometimes spelled Andijon or Andizhan in English ) ( Uzbek : Andijon / Андижон / ئەندىجان ; Persian : اندیجان , Andijân/Andīǰān ; Russian : Андижан , Andižan ) is a city in Uzbekistan . It is the administrative , economic , and cultural center of Andijan Region . Andijan is located in the south-eastern edge of the Fergana Valley near Uzbekistan 's border with Kyrgyzstan . Andijan is one of the oldest cities in the Fergana Valley . In some parts of the city , archeologists have found items dating back to the 7th and 8th centuries . Historically , Andijan was an important city on the Silk Road . The city is perhaps best known as the birthplace of Babur who , following a series of setbacks , finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor . Andijan also gained notoriety in 2005 when government forces opened fire on protestors , killing hundreds in what came to be known as the Andijan Massacre . Andijan was developed into an important industrial city during the Soviet era . Manufactured goods produced in the city include chemicals , domestic appliances , electronics , foodstuffs , furniture , plows , pumps , shoes , spare parts for farming machines , various engineering tools , and wheelchairs ."}]}, {'value': 'Soghlom Avlod Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soghlom_Avlod_Stadium', 'summary': 'Soghlom Avlod Stadium also known as Navruz Stadium is the official home of FK Andijan Coordinates : 40°48′49″N 72°19′46″E / 40.813663°N 72.329307°E / 40.813663 ; 72.329307'}]}, {'value': 'Dinamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Samarqand', 'summary': 'FC Dinamo Samarqand ( Uzbek : Динамо Самарқанд Футбол Клуби , Tajik : Dastai Futboli Dinamo Samarqand , Russian : футбольный клуб Динамо Самарканд ) is an Uzbek football club , based in city of Samarkand , Uzbekistan . Currently it plays in Uzbek League .'}]}, {'value': 'Samarkand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samarkand', 'summary': "Samarkand ( /ˈsæmərkænd/ ; Uzbek : Samarqand ; Persian : سمرقند ; Russian : Самарканд ) , alternatively Samarqand , is a city in south-eastern Uzbekistan and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia . There is evidence of human activity in the area of the city from the late Paleolithic era , though there is no direct evidence of when Samarkand was founded ; some theories propose that it was founded between the 8th and 7th centuries B.C . Prospering from its location on the Silk Road between China and the Mediterranean , at times Samarkand was one of the greatest cities of Central Asia . By the time of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia , it was the capital of the Sogdian satrapy . The city was taken by Alexander the Great in 329 BC , when it was known by its Greek name of Marakanda ( Μαράκανδα ) . The city was ruled by a succession of Iranian and Turkic rulers until the Mongols under Genghis Khan conquered Samarkand in 1220 . Today , Samarkand is the capital of Samarqand Region and one of the largest cities of Uzbekistan . The city is noted for being an Islamic center for scholarly study . In the 14th century it became the capital of the empire of Timur ( Tamerlane ) and is the site of his mausoleum ( the Gur-e Amir ) . The Bibi-Khanym Mosque , rebuilt during the Soviet era , remains one of the city 's most notable landmarks . Samarkand 's Registan square was the ancient centre of the city , and is bound by three monumental religious buildings . The city has carefully preserved the traditions of ancient crafts : embroidery , gold embroidery , silk weaving , engraving on copper , ceramics , carving and painting on wood ."}]}, {'value': 'Dinamo Samarkand Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dinamo_Samarkand_Stadium', 'summary': 'Dinamo Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Samarkand , Uzbekistan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Dynamo Samarkand .'}]}, {'value': 'Istiqlol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Istiqlol_Fergana', 'summary': 'Istiqlol futbol klubi is an Uzbekistani football club based in Fergana . The club plays in Uzbekistan Pro League .'}]}, {'value': 'Fergana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fergana', 'summary': 'Fergana ( Uzbek : Fargʻona/Фарғона , فەرغانە ; Tajik : Фарғона , Farğona/Farƣona ; Persian : فرغانه Farġāna/Farqâna ; Russian : Фергана́ ) , or Ferghana , is the capital of Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan . Fergana is about 420 km east of Tashkent , about 75 km west of Andijan , and less than 20 km from the Kyrgyzstan border . While the area has been populated for thousands of years , the modern city was founded in 1876 .'}]}, {'value': 'Markaziy Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khorazm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xorazm_FK_Urganch', 'summary': 'Xorazm FK Urganch is a Uzbekistani football club based in Urganch . They play in the second level in Uzbekistani football .'}]}, {'value': 'Urgench', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urgench', 'summary': 'Urgench ( Uzbek : Urganch , Ургeнч , ئۇرگەنج ; Persian : گرگانج , Gorgånch/Gorgānč/Gorgânc ) is a city in western Uzbekistan . The population of Urgench on April 24 , 2014 was approximately 150,110 , an increase from 139,100 in 1999 . It is the capital of the Khorezm Region , on the Amu Darya River and the Shavat canal . The city is situated 450 km ( 280 mi ) west of Bukhara across the Kyzylkum Desert . The history of the city goes back to the second half of the 19th century . The city should not be confused with the similarly-named city of Konye-Urgench ( also known as Old Urgench or Gurgench ) in Turkmenistan . The city of Old Urgench was left after the Amu Darya river changed its course in the 16th century , leaving the old town high and dry and without water . New Urgench was founded by Russians in the second half of the 19th century at the site of a little trade station of the Khanate of Khiva . Modern Urgench is a Soviet-style city with cotton motifs adorning many objects , from street lights to apartment houses . Of note is a monument to the twenty Komsomol members killed by Tekke basmachi on the banks of the Syr Darya in 1922 , and a large statue to Muhammad al-Khwarizmi , the 9th century local mathematician who revolutionised algebra , outside the Hotel Urgench . A flat , drab place , Urgench is the main gateway for tourists to Khiva 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) to the southeast , whose old city , known as Itchan Kala , is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The singer Anna German was born in Urgench in 1936 .'}]}, {'value': 'Xorazm Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xorazm_Stadium', 'summary': 'Xorazm Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Urgench , Uzbekistan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Xorazm FK Urganch . The stadium holds 25,000 people . Coordinates : 41°33′58″N 60°36′18″E / 41.566122°N 60.604958°E / 41.566122 ; 60.604958'}]}, {'value': "Mash'al", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/FK_Mash'al_Mubarek", 'summary': 'FC Mashʼal Mubarek ( Uzbek : Машъал Муборак профессионал футбол клуби , Russian : Футбольный клуб Машъал Мубарек ) is an Uzbek is an Uzbekistan football club based in Mubarek , Uzbekistan .'}]}, {'value': 'Muborak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muborak', 'summary': 'Muborak ( sometimes spelled Mubarek in English ) ( Uzbek : Muborak/Муборак ; Tajik : Муборак ; Russian : Мубарек ) is a small city located in Qashqadaryo Region of Uzbekistan . The city is the administrative center of Muborak District . Muborak originally arose in connection with an oil refinery . It received the status of a city in 1974 . The word muborak means gracious in Uzbek . Muborak is currently an important oil and gas city in independent Uzbekistan . It is home to the Muborak Gas Processing Plant , one of the largest of its type in the country . The city is also known for its football team Mashʼal .'}]}, {'value': 'Bahrom Vafoev Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahrom_Vafoev_Stadium', 'summary': "Bahrom Vafoev Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Mubarek , Uzbekistan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as the home for Mash'al Mubarek , an Uzbeki football club . The stadium holds 11,000 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Norin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khakkulabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khakkulabad', 'summary': 'Khakkulabad ( Uzbek : Xaqqulobod/Хаққулобод , Russian : Хаккулабад ) is a town in Namangan Region , Uzbekistan . It is the administrative center of Naryn District , Uzbekistan . The town population in 1989 year was 19926 people .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Orol_Nukus', 'summary': 'FC Orol Nukus ( Uzbek : Орол Нукус футбол клуби ) is Uzbekistani football club based in Nukus . Currently it plays in Uzbekistan First League .'}]}, {'value': 'Nukus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nukus', 'summary': 'Nukus ( Uzbek : Nukus , Нукус ; Karakalpak : Nókis , Нөкис ; Kazakh : Núkis ; Russian : Нукус ) is the sixth-largest city in Uzbekistan , and the capital of the Republic of Karakalpakstan . The population of Nukus as of January 1 , 2018 was approximately 312,100 . The Amu Darya river passes west of the town . The city is best known for its world-class Nukus Museum of Art .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shurtan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Shurtan_Guzar', 'summary': "FC Shurtan Guzar ( Uzbek : Sho'rtan G'uzor professional futbol klubi or Шўртан Ғузор футбол клуби , Russian : Футбольный клуб Шуртан Гузар ) is an Uzbek football club based in Guzor , Uzbekistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Guzor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G‘uzor', 'summary': 'Guzor also spelled as Guzar ( Uzbek : Guzor / Ғузoр ; Russian : Гузар ; Tajik : Гузор ; Persian : گذار ) is a town in Qashqadaryo Region of Uzbekistan . It serves as the administrative center of Guzar District . The town population in 1989 year was 17,253 people . Polish War Cemetery in Guzar .'}]}, {'value': "G'uzor Stadium", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/G'uzor_Stadium", 'summary': "G'uzor Stadium is the main stadium of the hometown club FC Shurtan Guzar . It has been recently renovated. [ when ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Surkhon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Termez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Termez', 'summary': 'Termez ( Uzbek : Termiz/Термиз ; Russian : Термез ; Tajik : Тирмиз ; Persian : ترمذ Termez , Tirmiz ; Arabic : ترمذ Tirmidh ; Ancient Greek Tàrmita , Thàrmis , Θέρμις ) is a city in the southernmost part of Uzbekistan near the Hairatan border crossing of Afghanistan . It is the hottest point of Uzbekistan . It has a population of 140,404 ( 1 January 2005 ) , and is the capital of Surxondaryo Region .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Group A', 'uid': 'Uzbekistan_First_League_0', 'intro': "Uzbekistan Pro League (Uzbek: O'zbekiston Pro ligasi or Ўзбекистон Про лигаси) - football League in Uzbekistan, the second level of importance after the Uzbekistan Super League in the national championship."}
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How many residents are in the city home to the Uzbekistani club Norin ?
19926
08d113b8b2194bdd
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista_1958', 'title': 'VG-lista 1958', 'header': ['Position', 'Artist', 'Song title', 'Highest position', 'Points'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connie Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connie_Francis', 'summary': 'Connie Francis ( born Concetta Rosa Maria Franconero ) is an American pop singer , former actress , and top-charting female vocalist of the late 1950s and early 1960s . Although her chart success waned in the second half of the 1960s , Francis remained a top concert draw . Despite several severe interruptions in her career , she is still active as a recording and performing artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Carolina Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carolina_Moon_(song)', 'summary': "Carolina Moon is a popular song , written by Joe Burke and Benny Davis . Written in 1924 , the song was first recorded in 1928 by American crooner Gene Austin whose version charted for 14 weeks , seven of them at # 1 . A version of Carolina Moon was recorded by Connie Francis in June 1958 : as with her breakthrough hit Who 's Sorry Now ? , Carolina Moon was recommended to Francis by her father . The B-side of Francis 's international hit Stupid Cupid Carolina Moon became a double A-side hit with Stupid Cupid which began a six-week tenure at # 1 on the UK Singles Chart dated September 27 1958 . Benny Davis would later write several songs for Connie Francis including the 1962 # 1 hit Do n't Break the Heart That Loves You ( Joe Burke had died in 1950 ) . Maureen McGovern recorded Carolina Moon for her 1979 self-titled album release with the track serving as the B-side of her Top 20 single Different Worlds - this version erroneously credits the song as being of Traditional composition . The song has also been recorded by the Chordettes , Perry Como , Annette Hanshaw , Dean Martin , Jim Reeves , Ben Selvin , Kate Smith , Slim Whitman , and Thelonious Monk in a jazz instrumental version ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '350', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Prima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Prima', 'summary': "Louis Leo Prima ( December 7 , 1910 - August 24 , 1978 ) was an American singer , actor , songwriter , bandleader , and trumpeter . While rooted in New Orleans jazz , swing music , and jump blues , Prima touched on various genres throughout his career : he formed a seven-piece New Orleans-style jazz band in the late 1920s , fronted a swing combo in the 1930s and a big band group in the 1940s , helped to popularize jump blues in the late 1940s and early to mid 1950s , and performed frequently as a Vegas lounge act beginning in the 1950s . From the 1940s through the 1960s , his music further encompassed early R & B and rock ' n'roll , boogie-woogie , and even Italian folk music , such as the tarantella . Prima made prominent use of Italian music and language in his songs , blending elements of his Italian identity with jazz and swing music . At a time when ethnic musicians were often discouraged from openly stressing their ethnicity , Prima 's conspicuous embrace of his Sicilian ethnicity opened the doors for other Italian-American and ethnic American musicians to display their ethnic roots ."}]}, {'value': 'Buona sera', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '314', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elvis Presley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elvis_Presley', 'summary': "Elvis Aaron Presley [ a ] ( January 8 , 1935 - August 16 , 1977 ) , also known simply as Elvis , was an American singer and actor . Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century , he is often referred to as the King of Rock and Roll or simply The King . Presley was born in Tupelo , Mississippi , and relocated to Memphis , Tennessee , with his family when he was 13 years old . His music career began there in 1954 , recording at Sun Records with producer Sam Phillips , who wanted to bring the sound of African-American music to a wider audience . Presley , on rhythm acoustic guitar , and accompanied by lead guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black , was a pioneer of rockabilly , an uptempo , backbeat-driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues . In 1955 , drummer D. J. Fontana joined to complete the lineup of Presley 's classic quartet and RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker , who would manage him for more than two decades . Presley 's first RCA single , Heartbreak Hotel , was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States . With a series of successful network television appearances and chart-topping records , he became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll . His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style , combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations , made him enormously popular - and controversial . In November 1956 , Presley made his film debut in Love Me Tender . Drafted into military service in 1958 , Presley relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work . He held few concerts however , and guided by Parker , proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and soundtrack albums , most of them critically derided ."}]}, {'value': 'King Creole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Creole_(song)', 'summary': 'King Creole is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller . The song was performed by Elvis Presley and recorded in 1958 , and laid foundations to a musical drama film , King Creole . The song is based on King Creole , a Cajun guitar player from New Orleans who is proficient in all different styles of rock and roll . The song was released as a single in the UK in 1958 . It reached No . 2 in the UK Singles Chart . In 2007 the single was re-released and spent one week in the chart at No . 15 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '310', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elvis Presley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elvis_Presley', 'summary': "Elvis Aaron Presley [ a ] ( January 8 , 1935 - August 16 , 1977 ) , also known simply as Elvis , was an American singer and actor . Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century , he is often referred to as the King of Rock and Roll or simply The King . Presley was born in Tupelo , Mississippi , and relocated to Memphis , Tennessee , with his family when he was 13 years old . His music career began there in 1954 , recording at Sun Records with producer Sam Phillips , who wanted to bring the sound of African-American music to a wider audience . Presley , on rhythm acoustic guitar , and accompanied by lead guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black , was a pioneer of rockabilly , an uptempo , backbeat-driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues . In 1955 , drummer D. J. Fontana joined to complete the lineup of Presley 's classic quartet and RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker , who would manage him for more than two decades . Presley 's first RCA single , Heartbreak Hotel , was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States . With a series of successful network television appearances and chart-topping records , he became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll . His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style , combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations , made him enormously popular - and controversial . In November 1956 , Presley made his film debut in Love Me Tender . Drafted into military service in 1958 , Presley relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work . He held few concerts however , and guided by Parker , proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and soundtrack albums , most of them critically derided ."}]}, {'value': 'I Got Stung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Got_Stung', 'summary': "I Got Stung is a 1958 song recorded by Elvis Presley and released as a single written by Aaron Schroeder and David Hill and published by Elvis Presley 's company Gladys Music , Inc . It was number one in the UK in 1959 and 2005 as a double A side single ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '246', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marino Marini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marino_Marini_(musician)', 'summary': 'Marino Marini ( 11 May 1924 - 20 March 1997 ) was an Italian musician who achieved international success in the 1950s and 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Come prima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Come_prima', 'summary': "Come prima ( English : As Before ) is an Italian song , with lyrics by Mario Panzeri and music by Vincenzo Di Paola and Sandro Taccani . The first and most popular version in Italy was by Tony Dallara ( Antonio Lardera ) in 1957 . A recording by the Marino Marini Quartet made the United Kingdom charts in 1958 . That same year , the song was also recorded by Domenico Modugno , Nicola Arigliano and Armando Trovajoli 's orchestra with singer Miranda Martino . Come prima was Tony Dallara 's first and breakthrough single . Although it was rejected for admission to the Sanremo Festival , it was an instant success and sold 300,000 copies , becoming the biggest selling single in Italy up to that point . The melody was used for a French language song entitled Tu me donnes , a hit for Dalida in 1959 . It was also used for an English language song , More Than Ever ( lyrics by Mary Bond ) , recorded in the United Kingdom by Malcolm Vaughan with the Michael Sammes Singers ( HMV catalogue number POP 538 ) ( 14 weeks on the UK chart , peaking at # 5 ) , Robert Earl ( 4 weeks on the UK chart , peaking at # 26 ) , Eve Boswell , and others . Another English language lyric by Buck Ram , under the title For the First Time , was recorded in the United States by Polly Bergen in 1958 ( Columbia Records catalog number 41275 ) . This version was also performed by Mario Lanza in his last film , For the First Time ( 1959 ) . Other performers were The Platters ( 1958 ) , Willy Alberti ( 1958 ) , Dean Martin , Muslim Magomayev ( 1961 ) , Tony Reno & the Sherwoods ( 1965 ) , and Golpes Bajos ( 1985 ) . Cliff Richard sang it in Italian on his album When In Rome ( 1965 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '226', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bjørg og Per Gunnar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Så kom våren til Tarina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '223', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Domenico Modugno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Domenico_Modugno', 'summary': 'Domenico Modugno ( Italian pronunciation : [ doˈmeːniko moˈduɲɲo ] ; 9 January 1928 - 6 August 1994 ) was an Italian singer , songwriter , actor , guitarist , and later in life , a member of the Italian Parliament . He is known for his 1958 international hit song Nel blu dipinto di blu , for which he received Grammy Awards for Record and Song of the Year . He is considered the first Italian cantautore .'}]}, {'value': 'Volare ( Nel blu dipinto di blu )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volare_(song)', 'summary': "Nel blu , dipinto di blu ( Italian pronunciation : [ nel ˈblu diˈpinto di ˈblu ] ; In the blue [ sky ] [ as I was ] painted blue or In the blue-painted blue [ sky ] ) , popularly known as Volare ( pronounced [ voˈlaːre ] ; To fly ) , is a song recorded by Italian singer-songwriter Domenico Modugno . Written by Franco Migliacci and Domenico Modugno , it was released as a single on 1 February 1958 . Winning the eighth Sanremo Music Festival , the song was chosen as the Italian entry to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1958 , where it won third place out of ten songs in total . The combined sales of all the versions of the song exceed 22 million copies worldwide , making it one of the most popular Eurovision songs of all time and the most successful Sanremo Music Festival song ever . It spent five non-consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 in August and September 1958 and was Billboard 's number-one single for the year . Modugno 's recording subsequently became the first Grammy winner for Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959 . The song was later translated into several languages and it was recorded by a wide range of performers ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '206', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricky Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Nelson', 'summary': "Eric Hilliard Nelson ( May 8 , 1940 - December 31 , 1985 ) , known professionally as Ricky Nelson , was an American pop star , musician , and singer-songwriter . From age eight he starred alongside his family in the radio and television series The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet . In 1957 he began a long and successful career as a popular recording artist . As one of the top teen idols of the 1950s his fame led to a motion picture role co-starring alongside John Wayne and Dean Martin in Howard Hawks 's western feature film Rio Bravo ( 1959 ) . He placed 53 songs on the Billboard Hot 100 , and its predecessors , between 1957 and 1973 , including Poor Little Fool in 1958 , which was the first # 1 song on Billboard magazine 's then-newly created Hot 100 chart . He recorded 19 additional Top 10 hits and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on January 21 , 1987 . In 1996 Nelson was ranked # 49 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time . Nelson began his entertainment career in 1949 playing himself in the radio sitcom series The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet . In 1952 , he appeared in his first feature film , Here Come the Nelsons . In 1957 , he recorded his first single , debuted as a singer on the television version of the sitcom , and released the # 1 album titled Ricky . In 1958 , Nelson released his first # 1 single , Poor Little Fool , and in 1959 received a Golden Globe nomination for Most Promising Male Newcomer after starring in Rio Bravo . A few films followed , and when the television series was cancelled in 1966 , Nelson made occasional appearances as a guest star on various television programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Poor Little Fool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poor_Little_Fool', 'summary': "Poor Little Fool is a rock and roll song written by Sharon Sheeley and first recorded by Ricky Nelson in 1958 . Sheeley wrote the song when she was fifteen years old . She had met Elvis Presley , and he encouraged her to write . It was based on her disappointment following a short-lived relationship with a member of a popular singing duo . Sheeley sought Ricky Nelson to record the tune . She drove to his house , and claimed her car had broken down . He came to her aid , and she sprang the song on him . Her version was at a much faster tempo than his recording . The song was recorded by Ricky Nelson on April 17 , 1958 , and released on Imperial Records through its catalog number : 5528 . On 4 August 1958 it became the first number-one song on Billboard magazine 's then-new Hot 100 chart , replacing the magazine 's Jockeys and Top 100 charts . It spent two weeks at the number-one spot . It also reached the top ten on the Billboard Country and Rhythm and Blues charts ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '174', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billy Vaughn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Vaughn', 'summary': 'William Richard Vaughn ( April 12 , 1919 - September 26 , 1991 ) was an American singer , multi-instrumentalist , orchestra leader , and A & R man for Dot Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Sail Along Silvery Moon', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sail_Along,_Silv'ry_Moon", 'summary': "Sail Along , Silv'ry Moon is a song written by Harry Tobias and Percy Wenrich in 1937 and performed by Bing Crosby . It reached # 4 on the U.S. pop chart in 1937 . Outside of the US , the song peaked at # 1 in Canada , Germany and Norway ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '133', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalin Twins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalin_Twins', 'summary': 'The Kalin Twins ( born February 16 , 1934 ) were a pop music recording and songwriting duo , comprising twin brothers Harold Kalin and Herbert Kalin ( died August 24 , 2005 and July 21 , 2006 , respectively ) . The Kalin Twins , who were known affectionately as Hal and Herbie , are best known for their 1958 hit When .'}]}, {'value': 'When', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/When_(1958_song)', 'summary': 'When is a popular song written by Jack Reardon and Paul Evans and published in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '130', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Pony-Tails', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Pony-Tails', 'summary': 'The Poni-Tails were an American girl group from Lyndhurst , Ohio , United States . Their major hit was Born Too Late in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Born Too Late', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Born_Too_Late', 'summary': 'Born Too Late is the third studio album by the American doom metal band Saint Vitus , which was released in 1986 . This was the first Saint Vitus album featuring former The Obsessed singer Scott Wino Weinrich . It is generally cited as their greatest effort . All the songs from this album ( except The War Starter ) are featured on the compilation album Heavier Than Thou . On April 11 , 2009 , Dying Inside was performed by the band with Phil Anselmo as a guest in New Orleans .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '87', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Mathis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Mathis', 'summary': 'John Royce Mathis ( born September 30 , 1935 ) is an American singer-songwriter of popular music . Starting his career with singles of standard music , he became highly popular as an album artist , with several dozen of his albums achieving gold or platinum status and 73 making the Billboard charts to date . Mathis has received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for three separate recordings . Although he is frequently described as a romantic singer , his discography includes traditional pop , Brazilian and Spanish music , soul , rhythm and blues , show tunes , Tin Pan Alley , soft rock , blues , country music , and even a few disco songs for his album Mathis Magic in 1979 . Mathis has also recorded six albums of Christmas music . In a 1968 interview , Mathis cited Lena Horne , Nat King Cole , and Bing Crosby among his musical influences .'}]}, {'value': 'A Certain Smile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Certain_Smile', 'summary': "A Certain Smile ( known in French as Un certain sourire ) , written in a two-month period then published in 1956 , is Françoise Sagan 's second book . It tells of a student 's love affair with a middle-aged man ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '85', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Martin', 'summary': "Dean Paul Martin , born Dino Paul Crocetti , ( June 7 , 1917 - December 25 , 1995 ) was an American actor , singer and comedian . One of the most popular and enduring American entertainers of the mid-20th century , Martin was nicknamed The King of Cool for his seemingly effortless charisma and self-assurance . Martin gained his career breakthrough together with fellow comedian Jerry Lewis , billed as Martin & Lewis , in 1946 . They performed in nightclubs and later had numerous appearances on radio , television and in films . Following an acrimonious ending of the partnership in 1956 , Martin pursued a solo career as a performer and actor . Martin established himself as a notable singer , recording numerous contemporary songs as well as standards from the Great American Songbook . He became one of the most popular acts in Las Vegas and was known for his friendship with fellow artists Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. , who together formed the Rat Pack . Starting in 1964 , Martin was the host of the television variety program The Dean Martin Show , which centred on Martin 's singing talents and was characterized by his relaxed , easy-going demeanour . From 1974 to 1984 he was roastmaster on the popular Dean Martin Celebrity Roast , which drew notable celebrities , comedians and politicians . Throughout his career , Martin performed in concert stages , nightclubs , audio recordings and appeared in 85 film and television productions . His relaxed , warbling , crooning voice earned him dozens of hit singles , including his signature songs Memories Are Made of This , That 's Amore , Everybody Loves Somebody , You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You , Sway , Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? and Volare ."}]}, {'value': 'Return To Me ( Ritorna a me )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Return_to_Me_(song)', 'summary': "Return to Me is a song released in 1958 by Dean Martin . The song spent 22 weeks on the United Kingdom 's New Musical Express chart , peaking at No . 2 , while reaching No . 1 in the Netherlands , No . 5 on Canada 's CHUM Hit Parade , No . 7 in Flanders , and No . 8 on Norway 's VG-lista . In the United States , the song reached No . 4 on Billboard 's Top 100 Sides , No . 4 on Billboard 's chart of Best Selling Pop Singles in Stores , and No . 4 on Billboard 's chart of Most Played by Jockeys . Martin recorded the song again in 1961 for his album Dino : Italian Love Songs ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Martin', 'summary': "Dean Paul Martin , born Dino Paul Crocetti , ( June 7 , 1917 - December 25 , 1995 ) was an American actor , singer and comedian . One of the most popular and enduring American entertainers of the mid-20th century , Martin was nicknamed The King of Cool for his seemingly effortless charisma and self-assurance . Martin gained his career breakthrough together with fellow comedian Jerry Lewis , billed as Martin & Lewis , in 1946 . They performed in nightclubs and later had numerous appearances on radio , television and in films . Following an acrimonious ending of the partnership in 1956 , Martin pursued a solo career as a performer and actor . Martin established himself as a notable singer , recording numerous contemporary songs as well as standards from the Great American Songbook . He became one of the most popular acts in Las Vegas and was known for his friendship with fellow artists Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. , who together formed the Rat Pack . Starting in 1964 , Martin was the host of the television variety program The Dean Martin Show , which centred on Martin 's singing talents and was characterized by his relaxed , easy-going demeanour . From 1974 to 1984 he was roastmaster on the popular Dean Martin Celebrity Roast , which drew notable celebrities , comedians and politicians . Throughout his career , Martin performed in concert stages , nightclubs , audio recordings and appeared in 85 film and television productions . His relaxed , warbling , crooning voice earned him dozens of hit singles , including his signature songs Memories Are Made of This , That 's Amore , Everybody Loves Somebody , You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You , Sway , Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? and Volare ."}]}, {'value': 'Volare ( Nel blu dipinto di blu )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volare_(song)', 'summary': "Nel blu , dipinto di blu ( Italian pronunciation : [ nel ˈblu diˈpinto di ˈblu ] ; In the blue [ sky ] [ as I was ] painted blue or In the blue-painted blue [ sky ] ) , popularly known as Volare ( pronounced [ voˈlaːre ] ; To fly ) , is a song recorded by Italian singer-songwriter Domenico Modugno . Written by Franco Migliacci and Domenico Modugno , it was released as a single on 1 February 1958 . Winning the eighth Sanremo Music Festival , the song was chosen as the Italian entry to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1958 , where it won third place out of ten songs in total . The combined sales of all the versions of the song exceed 22 million copies worldwide , making it one of the most popular Eurovision songs of all time and the most successful Sanremo Music Festival song ever . It spent five non-consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 in August and September 1958 and was Billboard 's number-one single for the year . Modugno 's recording subsequently became the first Grammy winner for Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959 . The song was later translated into several languages and it was recorded by a wide range of performers ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bjørg og Mikkel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'På Billy Bryants kafé', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gunnar Engedahl & Erling Stordahl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gunnar_Engedahl', 'summary': "Gunnar Engedahl ( 10 December 1919 - 23 March 1969 ) was a Norwegian singer . Best known for the around 120 songs he recorded throughout 17 years from 1951 together with Erling Stordahl ( 1923-94 ) . They met at Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted and made their first hit as a duo in 1951 , produced by Odeon . Erling Stordahl wrote many of the songs , but Gunnar Engedahl 's voice is the more noted of the pair ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Erling_Stordahl', 'summary': "Erling Stordahl ( 1 August 1923 - 31 October 1994 ) was a Norwegian farmer and singer . He is best known for the around 120 songs he recorded throughout 17 years from 1951 together with Gunnar Engedahl . They met at the Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted , and made their first hit as a duo in 1951 , produced by Odeon . Erling Stordahl claimed the family line of Norway 's King Magnus the Blind . His cultural leadership continued after his recording career . He raised the money to found the Beitostølen Health Sports Center , for the handicapped children and adults of Europe , in one evening telethon , a part of the Norwegian Red Feather campaign . He also founded the Stordahl Center for Art and Culture , and presided as chair of the United Nations ' International Year for the Handicapped . The yearly Ridderrennet at Beitostølen in Norway was also established by Erling Stordahl . When Ridderrennet traveled to Minneapolis , Minnesota , Stordahl inspired the blind cross country skier Diane Ziegler , who founded the Association for Blind Living and Education ( ABLE ) , Out of Sight Clubs , and celebrity fashion shows for the blind and sighted . Stordahl 's approach to recreation for the handicapped was also a model for the Sons of Norway Ski for Light program brought to the United States by Olav Pedersen ."}]}, {'value': 'Liselotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liselotte', 'summary': 'Liselotte is a feminine given name which may refer to :'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitch Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitch_Miller', 'summary': 'Mitchell William Miller ( July 4 , 1911 - July 31 , 2010 ) was an American oboist , conductor , record producer and record industry executive . He was involved in almost all aspects of the industry , particularly as a conductor , and artist and repertoire ( A & R ) man . Miller was one of the most influential people in American popular music during the 1950s and early 1960s , both as the head of A & R at Columbia Records and as a best-selling recording artist with an NBC television series , Sing Along with Mitch . A graduate of the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester in the early 1930s , Miller began his musical career as a player of the oboe and English horn , making numerous highly regarded classical and popular recordings . He was a choral conductor on television and a recordings executive .'}]}, {'value': 'The River Kwai March', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_River_Kwai_March', 'summary': 'The River Kwai March is a march composed by Malcolm Arnold in 1957 . It was written as an orchestral counter-march to the Colonel Bogey March , which is whistled by the soldiers entering the prisoner camp in the film The Bridge on the River Kwai and again near the end of the film when the bridge is formally dedicated . The Arnold march re-appears ( without the Colonel Bogey March ) several times in the film and is repeated at the finale . The two marches have been recorded together by Mitch Miller as March from the River Kwai - Colonel Bogey . Due to this , the Colonel Bogey March is often mis-credited as River Kwai March . The Arnold march was published by Shapiro , Bernstein & Co. in a piano arrangement by Robert C. Haring . It also forms part of the orchestral concert suite made of the Arnold film score by Christopher Palmer published by Novello & Co .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bjørg og Mikkel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Det blå hav', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The McGuire Sisters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_McGuire_Sisters', 'summary': 'The McGuire Sisters were a singing trio in American popular music . The group was composed of three sisters :'}]}, {'value': 'Volare ( Nel blu dipinto di blu )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volare_(song)', 'summary': "Nel blu , dipinto di blu ( Italian pronunciation : [ nel ˈblu diˈpinto di ˈblu ] ; In the blue [ sky ] [ as I was ] painted blue or In the blue-painted blue [ sky ] ) , popularly known as Volare ( pronounced [ voˈlaːre ] ; To fly ) , is a song recorded by Italian singer-songwriter Domenico Modugno . Written by Franco Migliacci and Domenico Modugno , it was released as a single on 1 February 1958 . Winning the eighth Sanremo Music Festival , the song was chosen as the Italian entry to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1958 , where it won third place out of ten songs in total . The combined sales of all the versions of the song exceed 22 million copies worldwide , making it one of the most popular Eurovision songs of all time and the most successful Sanremo Music Festival song ever . It spent five non-consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 in August and September 1958 and was Billboard 's number-one single for the year . Modugno 's recording subsequently became the first Grammy winner for Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959 . The song was later translated into several languages and it was recorded by a wide range of performers ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top singles of 1958', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'VG-lista_1958_0', 'intro': 'This is a complete list of all the singles that entered the VG-lista - the official Norwegian hit-chart - in 1958, which was the first year of the list. 19 singles entered the VG-lista in 1958 altogether and these are all listed below according to how well they have charted over time.'}
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Which drum player started working with in 1955 the musician with the single I Got Stung ?
D. J. Fontana
08d183bef28c6169
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Maryland', 'title': 'Sports in Maryland', 'header': ['Team name', 'Years present', 'League', 'Current status'], 'data': [{'value': 'ACF Torino USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's Premier Soccer League", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_Premier_Soccer_League", 'summary': "The Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) is a national women 's soccer league in the United States , Canada , and Puerto Rico , and is on the second level of women 's soccer in the United States soccer pyramid , below National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) and roughly equal with United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) . The WPSL is the largest women 's soccer league in the world ( in terms of number of clubs ) . The WPSL started as the Western Division of the W-League , before breaking away to form its own league in 1997 . The league is sanctioned by the United States Adult Soccer Association , an affiliate of the United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) . When Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) suspended play in 2012 , WPSL moved forward with its ambitions toward professionalism and created the WPSL Elite League . The Elite League was a pro-am league , with at least four fully professional teams , including three former WPS teams . The Elite league operated for just the 2012 season , disbanding in 2013 with the formation of the NWSL , which the three former WPS teams joined ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ASA Charge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ASA_Charge', 'summary': "ASA Charge was an American soccer club based in Gambrills , Maryland that has played in the National Premier Soccer League ( NPSL ) , the fourth tier of the American soccer pyramid , from 2014-16 in the Mid-Atlantic Conference of the South Region . The club is affiliated with the women 's squad ASA Chesapeake Charge of Women 's Premier Soccer League Elite ( WPSL Elite ) . The club plays its home games out of Arundel High School stadium and its colors are blue , white and red ."}]}, {'value': '2010 - 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Premier Soccer League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League', 'summary': "The National Premier Soccer League ( NPSL ) is an American soccer league commonly recognized as being a fourth-tier league , although it has been given no official designation by U.S. Soccer . Although the league is officially affiliated to the United States Adult Soccer Association ( USASA ) and qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup through USASA channels , it is generally considered to be the level of competition behind Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the USL Championship , USL League One , and roughly equal with USL League Two . It is the successor of the Men 's Premier Soccer League , a regional league originally based in the Western United States , which has now expanded nationwide to encompass teams from 29 states . The league 's motto is A National League with a Regional Focus ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ASA Chesapeake Charge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ASA_Chesapeake_Charge', 'summary': "ASA Chesapeake Charge is an amateur , American women 's soccer club that played in the Women 's Premier Soccer League , the second level of women 's soccer in the United States founded in 2010 . It also participated in the Women 's Premier Soccer League Elite in 2012 , the league 's lone season . It played its home games in various stadiums , mostly on high-school and college grounds , in Chesapeake Bay area , and in the state of Maryland ."}]}, {'value': '2010 - 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's Premier Soccer League", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_Premier_Soccer_League", 'summary': "The Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) is a national women 's soccer league in the United States , Canada , and Puerto Rico , and is on the second level of women 's soccer in the United States soccer pyramid , below National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) and roughly equal with United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) . The WPSL is the largest women 's soccer league in the world ( in terms of number of clubs ) . The WPSL started as the Western Division of the W-League , before breaking away to form its own league in 1997 . The league is sanctioned by the United States Adult Soccer Association , an affiliate of the United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) . When Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) suspended play in 2012 , WPSL moved forward with its ambitions toward professionalism and created the WPSL Elite League . The Elite League was a pro-am league , with at least four fully professional teams , including three former WPS teams . The Elite league operated for just the 2012 season , disbanding in 2013 with the formation of the NWSL , which the three former WPS teams joined ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Americans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Americans', 'summary': 'The Baltimore German was an American soccer club based in Baltimore , Maryland that was a member of the American Soccer League . After their first season , the club was renamed the Baltimore Americans . [ note 1 ] The Americans won the Lewis Cup in 1947 . The league purchased the franchise three games into the 1948/49 .'}]}, {'value': '1934-1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Soccer League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Soccer_League_(1933–83)', 'summary': 'The American Soccer League has been a name used by four different professional soccer sports leagues in the United States . The second American Soccer League was established in summer 1933 following the collapse of the original American Soccer League , which lasted from 1921 until spring 1933 . The new league was created on a smaller scale and with smaller budgets . This league existed until over-expansion and financial limitations led to its collapse in 1983 . A successor league with the same name operated between 2014 and 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Bays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Bays', 'summary': "The first Baltimore Bays were a professional soccer team based in Baltimore , Maryland . It was one of ten charter members of the National Professional Soccer League ( NPSL ) in 1967 . The team would become a part of the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) , which was the result of a merger between the NPSL and the rival United Soccer Association ( USA ) . The owner was Jerold Hoffberger , who also held the same capacity with the National Brewing Company and Major League Baseball 's Baltimore Orioles . The Bays played its home matches at Memorial Stadium during its first two seasons and Kirk Field , a high school football stadium in Baltimore , in 1969 . The team wore National Brewing 's colors of red and gold . Following the 1968 NASL season , the league was in trouble with ten franchises having folded . The 1969 season was split into two halves . The first half was called the International Cup , a double round robin tournament in which the remaining NASL clubs were represented by teams imported from the United Kingdom . The Bays were represented by West Ham United F.C . They were runners-up for the Cup with a 5-2-1 record . For the second half of the 1969 season , the teams returned to their normal rosters and played a 16-game schedule with no playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '1967-1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Professional Soccer League ( 1967 ) North American Soccer League ( 1968-1969 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Professional_Soccer_League_(1967)', 'summary': "The National Professional Soccer League ( NPSL ) was a North American professional soccer league that existed for only the 1967 season before merging with the United Soccer Association ( USA ) to form the North American Soccer League . It had ten charter members , nine from the United States and one from Canada . To encourage attacking play , the NPSL introduced a new standings points system that was later used by the NASL - 6 points for a win , 3 for a draw , 0 for a loss and 1 bonus point for each of the first three goals scored . The circuit 's commissioner was Ken Macker , an American publisher of three Philippines-based newspapers . The name National Professional Soccer League was revived in 1990 and used by a United States professional indoor soccer league ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968–84)', 'summary': "The North American Soccer League ( NASL ) was the top-level major professional soccer league in the United States and Canada that operated from 1968 to 1984 . It was the first soccer league to be successful on a national scale in the United States . The league final was called the Soccer Bowl from 1975 to 1983 and the Soccer Bowl Series in its final year , 1984 . The league was headed by Commissioner Phil Woosnam from 1969 to 1983 . The league 's popularity peaked in the late 1970s . The league averaged over 13,000 fans per game in each season from 1977 to 1983 , and the league 's matches were broadcast on network television from 1975 to 1980 . The league 's most prominent team was the New York Cosmos . During the mid-to-late 1970s , the Cosmos signed a number of the world 's best players - Pelé , Franz Beckenbauer , Carlos Alberto - and the Cosmos averaged over 28,000 fans for each season from 1977 to 1982 while having three seasons of the average attendance topping 40,000 spectators per game . Other internationally well-known players in the league included Giorgio Chinaglia , Johan Cruyff , Johan Neeskens , Gerd Müller , George Best , and Rodney Marsh . The league additionally sanctioned indoor soccer in various tournament forms in 1971 , 1975 , 1976 , 1978 , 1979 and 1983 , and in a season format in 1979-80 , 1980-81 , 1981-82 and 1983-84 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Bays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Bays_(ASL)', 'summary': 'The second Baltimore Bays were a soccer team based in Baltimore , Maryland that played in the American Soccer League . They were called the Baltimore Stars in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': '1972-1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Soccer League', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Bays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Bays_(USISL)', 'summary': 'The third Baltimore Bays were a soccer team based in Baltimore , Maryland that played in the USISL . They became the Eastern Shore Sharks in 1998 when they moved to Salisbury , Maryland .'}]}, {'value': '1993-1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USL Second Division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USL_Second_Division', 'summary': "The United Soccer Leagues Second Division ( commonly referred to as USL-2 ) was a professional men 's soccer league in the United States , part of the United Soccer Leagues ( USL ) league pyramid . It was at the third tier of soccer in the United States , behind Major League Soccer ( top tier ) and the USL First Division ( second tier ) , and one step up from the USL Premier Development League and other leagues in the fourth tier ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Blast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Blast_(1980–92)', 'summary': "The Baltimore Blast were a longtime member of the Major Indoor Soccer League . From 1978 to 1980 , the team played as the Houston Summit , but moved prior to the 1980-81 season . The team won the league 's championship in the 1983-84 season . The team folded when the MISL ceased operation in the summer of 1992 ."}]}, {'value': '1980-1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major Indoor Soccer League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_Indoor_Soccer_League_(1978–1992)', 'summary': 'The Major Indoor Soccer League , known in its final two seasons as the Major Soccer League , was an indoor soccer league in the United States that played matches from fall 1978 to spring 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Bohemians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Bohemians', 'summary': 'Baltimore Bohemians were an American soccer club based in Baltimore . They competed in the USL Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid , between 2012 and 2016 . The club went on hiatus for the 2017 season .'}]}, {'value': '2012 - 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier Development League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_Development_League', 'summary': 'USL League Two ( USL2 ) , formerly the Premier Development League ( PDL ) , is a development soccer league sponsored by United Soccer Leagues in the United States and Canada , forming part of the United States soccer league system . The league featured 72 teams in 2019 , split into eleven regional divisions within four conferences . Unofficially , it is considered to be the fourth tier of competition , behind Major League Soccer , USL Championship , and USL League One . USL League Two is headquartered in Tampa , Florida . Flint City Bucks are the current champions having defeated Reading United AC 1-0 in extra time in the 2019 USL League Two Championship game on August 3 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'on hiatus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Comets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Comets', 'summary': 'The Baltimore Comets were a soccer team based out of Baltimore , Maryland that played in the North American Soccer League . They played from 1974 to 1975 . Their home field was Memorial Stadium . Early in the 1975 season the team was evicted from Memorial Stadium due to non-payment of rent and had to move to Towson University and Burdick Field . After the 1975 season , the franchise moved to San Diego to become the San Diego Jaws .'}]}, {'value': '1974-1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North American Soccer League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968–84)', 'summary': "The North American Soccer League ( NASL ) was the top-level major professional soccer league in the United States and Canada that operated from 1968 to 1984 . It was the first soccer league to be successful on a national scale in the United States . The league final was called the Soccer Bowl from 1975 to 1983 and the Soccer Bowl Series in its final year , 1984 . The league was headed by Commissioner Phil Woosnam from 1969 to 1983 . The league 's popularity peaked in the late 1970s . The league averaged over 13,000 fans per game in each season from 1977 to 1983 , and the league 's matches were broadcast on network television from 1975 to 1980 . The league 's most prominent team was the New York Cosmos . During the mid-to-late 1970s , the Cosmos signed a number of the world 's best players - Pelé , Franz Beckenbauer , Carlos Alberto - and the Cosmos averaged over 28,000 fans for each season from 1977 to 1982 while having three seasons of the average attendance topping 40,000 spectators per game . Other internationally well-known players in the league included Giorgio Chinaglia , Johan Cruyff , Johan Neeskens , Gerd Müller , George Best , and Rodney Marsh . The league additionally sanctioned indoor soccer in various tournament forms in 1971 , 1975 , 1976 , 1978 , 1979 and 1983 , and in a season format in 1979-80 , 1980-81 , 1981-82 and 1983-84 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore St. Gerards/Baltimore Flyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Flyers', 'summary': 'The Baltimore St. Gerards were an American soccer club based in Baltimore , Maryland that was a member of the American Soccer League . Before the 1967/68 season the team was renamed the Baltimore Flyers .'}]}, {'value': '1966-1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Soccer League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Soccer_League_(1933–83)', 'summary': 'The American Soccer League has been a name used by four different professional soccer sports leagues in the United States . The second American Soccer League was established in summer 1933 following the collapse of the original American Soccer League , which lasted from 1921 until spring 1933 . The new league was created on a smaller scale and with smaller budgets . This league existed until over-expansion and financial limitations led to its collapse in 1983 . A successor league with the same name operated between 2014 and 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Orioles F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles_F.C.', 'summary': 'Baltimore Orioles F.C . were a soccer club based in Baltimore , Maryland . The club was formed in 1893 and in 1895 the club folded . They were sponsored by the early professional baseball circuit , the National League with their 19th Century Baltimore Orioles baseball club , who were then famous for winning three League championships in a row : 1894 , 1895 , and 1896 . The Orioles soccer/football club played in the short-lived league of the American League of Professional Football .'}]}, {'value': '1893-1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American League of Professional Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_League_of_Professional_Football', 'summary': 'American League of Professional Football was the first professional soccer league in the United States , existing for one season in 1894 . It was also one of the earliest professional leagues in the world . It was created by the owners of the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs , partly to fill their dormant stadiums in the winter months and partly for publicity reasons to keep their baseball seasons visible to the public during the off-season .'}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Rockets/Baltimore Pompei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Pompei', 'summary': 'The Baltimore Rockets were an American soccer club based in Baltimore , Maryland that was a member of the American Soccer League . Before the 1957/58 season the team was renamed Baltimore Pompeii . The club folded after playing six games in the 1960/61 season .'}]}, {'value': '1953-1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Soccer League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Soccer_League_(1933–83)', 'summary': 'The American Soccer League has been a name used by four different professional soccer sports leagues in the United States . The second American Soccer League was established in summer 1933 following the collapse of the original American Soccer League , which lasted from 1921 until spring 1933 . The new league was created on a smaller scale and with smaller budgets . This league existed until over-expansion and financial limitations led to its collapse in 1983 . A successor league with the same name operated between 2014 and 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore S.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_S.C.', 'summary': "Baltimore S.C. is the name of two soccer clubs based in Baltimore , Maryland . One is a premier youth club formed in 2002 and the other was a member of the American Soccer League ( ASL ) . The original team began in 1917 under the name of the True American Club . They were the first uniformed boys ' team in the state and won the junior state title in the 1920-21 season . A year later they changed their affiliation to Canton S.C. Before the 1936/37 season , the club became known as Baltimore S.C. After the 1941/42 season , the club was granted a one-year exemption from American League play . The club rejoined the league before the 1943/44 season . After the 1947/48 season , the franchise was purchased and moved to Trenton , New Jersey to become the Trenton Americans . The current club has premier youth teams for children aging 9-18 . Results of the former Baltimore SC :"}]}, {'value': '1943-1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Soccer League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Soccer_League_(1933–83)', 'summary': 'The American Soccer League has been a name used by four different professional soccer sports leagues in the United States . The second American Soccer League was established in summer 1933 following the collapse of the original American Soccer League , which lasted from 1921 until spring 1933 . The new league was created on a smaller scale and with smaller budgets . This league existed until over-expansion and financial limitations led to its collapse in 1983 . A successor league with the same name operated between 2014 and 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charm City FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charm_City_FC', 'summary': "Charm City FC was an American soccer team based in Gambrills , Maryland , United States and was founded in 2007 . The team plays its home games in the athletic stadium on the campus of Arundel High School , where they have played since 2009 . The team 's colors are orange , silver and white . The team formerly played at the Harford Community College 's venue in Bel Air , when they were known as Maryland United FC ."}]}, {'value': '2008-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Premier Soccer League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League', 'summary': "The National Premier Soccer League ( NPSL ) is an American soccer league commonly recognized as being a fourth-tier league , although it has been given no official designation by U.S. Soccer . Although the league is officially affiliated to the United States Adult Soccer Association ( USASA ) and qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup through USASA channels , it is generally considered to be the level of competition behind Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the USL Championship , USL League One , and roughly equal with USL League Two . It is the successor of the Men 's Premier Soccer League , a regional league originally based in the Western United States , which has now expanded nationwide to encompass teams from 29 states . The league 's motto is A National League with a Regional Focus ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chesapeake Dragons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chesapeake_Dragons', 'summary': "Chesapeake Dragons were an American soccer team , founded in 2001 . The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League ( PDL ) , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid , until 2004 , when the team left the league and the franchise was terminated . The Dragons played their home games at the Maryland SoccerPlex in the city of Germantown , Maryland , 31 miles northwest of downtown Washington , DC . The team 's colors were blue , silver and black ."}]}, {'value': '2001-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier Development League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_Development_League', 'summary': 'USL League Two ( USL2 ) , formerly the Premier Development League ( PDL ) , is a development soccer league sponsored by United Soccer Leagues in the United States and Canada , forming part of the United States soccer league system . The league featured 72 teams in 2019 , split into eleven regional divisions within four conferences . Unofficially , it is considered to be the fourth tier of competition , behind Major League Soccer , USL Championship , and USL League One . USL League Two is headquartered in Tampa , Florida . Flint City Bucks are the current champions having defeated Reading United AC 1-0 in extra time in the 2019 USL League Two Championship game on August 3 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crystal Palace Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Baltimore', 'summary': 'Crystal Palace Baltimore was an American professional soccer team based in Baltimore , Maryland , US . Founded in 2006 , the club was originally named Crystal Palace USA and was affiliated with English side Crystal Palace . The club was a member of the old USL Second Division and the temporary USSF Division 2 Professional League . Following its 2010 season , the club severed ties with the London-based Crystal Palace and announced plans to take a one-year hiatus in order to execute a reorganization involving a complete rebranding and the possibility of a new soccer-specific stadium in downtown Baltimore . On December 3 , 2010 the franchise stated it intended to relaunch for the start of the 2012 North American Soccer League campaign . However no further announcements were forthcoming from the club .'}]}, {'value': '2007-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USL Second Division USSF Division 2 Professional League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USL_Second_Division', 'summary': "The United Soccer Leagues Second Division ( commonly referred to as USL-2 ) was a professional men 's soccer league in the United States , part of the United Soccer Leagues ( USL ) league pyramid . It was at the third tier of soccer in the United States , behind Major League Soccer ( top tier ) and the USL First Division ( second tier ) , and one step up from the USL Premier Development League and other leagues in the fourth tier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSF_Division_2_Professional_League', 'summary': 'USSF Division 2 Professional League ( D2 Pro League ) was a temporary professional soccer league created by the United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) in 2010 to last just one season . The twelve-team league was formed as a compromise between the feuding United Soccer Leagues ( USL ) and the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) . The D2 Pro League was the second tier of the American and Canadian soccer pyramids below Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'On Hiatus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United_Women', 'summary': "D.C. United Women was an American soccer club based in Washington , D.C. that competed in the USL W-League , the second tier of women 's soccer in the United States . The team was an affiliate of Major League Soccer club , D.C. United but operated independently by Washington Soccer Properties , LLC . To participate in the new National Women 's Soccer League for the 2013 season , the team re-branded as the Washington Spirit in December 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '2011-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W-League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USL_W-League', 'summary': "The USL W-League was a North American women 's soccer developmental organization . The W-League was also an open league , giving college players the opportunity to play alongside established international players while maintaining their collegiate eligibility . The league was administered by the United Soccer Leagues system ( the USL ) , which also oversees the men 's United Soccer League and Premier Development League . The W-League announced on November 6 , 2015 that the league will cease operation ahead of 2016 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Became Washington Spirit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Spirit', 'summary': "The Washington Spirit is an American professional soccer club based in Washington metropolitan area that participates in the National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) . It is a continuation of the D.C. United Women of the W-League and continues to field both an amateur WPSL team and a youth team , both under the Spirit name . The Spirit is coached by Richie Burke ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Shore Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Shore_Sharks', 'summary': 'The third Baltimore Bays were a soccer team based in Baltimore , Maryland that played in the USISL . They became the Eastern Shore Sharks in 1998 when they moved to Salisbury , Maryland .'}]}, {'value': '1998-1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USL Second Division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USL_Second_Division', 'summary': "The United Soccer Leagues Second Division ( commonly referred to as USL-2 ) was a professional men 's soccer league in the United States , part of the United Soccer Leagues ( USL ) league pyramid . It was at the third tier of soccer in the United States , behind Major League Soccer ( top tier ) and the USL First Division ( second tier ) , and one step up from the USL Premier Development League and other leagues in the fourth tier ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IFK Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IFK_Maryland', 'summary': 'IFK Maryland is a professional soccer team in Baltimore , Maryland founded in 2015 . The club played in the American Soccer League . The club plays their home matches at Latrobe Park in Baltimore . IFK has a partnership signed with three Swedish Clubs Umeå FC and IFK Holmsund and Robertsfors IK .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Soccer League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Soccer_League_(2014)', 'summary': "The American Soccer League ( ASL ) was an American soccer league that held three seasons of play between August 2014 and 2017 . It is the fourth league in U.S. history to use that name . The league footprint was in the northeastern United States . ASL players were paid , making it different from the NPSL or PDL models in which college-eligible players can compete . American Professional Soccer ( APS ) is the parent company of American Soccer League ( ASL ) . The league 's goal was to eventually achieve U.S. Soccer Division 3 status . This did not materialize . Initially , the league was sanctioned by the United States Adult Soccer Association ( USASA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Former professional and semi-pro teams -- Soccer', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sports_in_Maryland_13', 'intro': "Maryland has a number of major and minor professional sports franchises. Two National Football League teams play in Maryland, the Baltimore Ravens in Baltimore and the Washington Redskins in Prince George's County. The Baltimore Orioles compete as Major League Baseball franchise in Baltimore. Other professional sports franchises in the state include five affiliated minor league baseball teams, one independent league baseball team, the Baltimore Blast indoor soccer team, two indoor football teams, two low-level Basketball teams, three low-level outdoor soccer teams and the Chesapeake Bayhawks of Major League Lacrosse. The Congressional Country Club and Aronimink Golf Club have hosted several professional golf tournaments, including the U.S. Open, PGA Championship, U.S. Senior Open, Senior PGA Championship, Kemper Open and Quicken Loans National. Maryland has had famous athletes including baseball's Cal Ripken Jr. and Babe Ruth, and Olympic swimming medalists Michael Phelps and Katie Hoff. Since 1962, the official state sport of Maryland is jousting. Lacrosse was named the official team sport in 2004, and Sports Illustrated wrote the sport has always been the showcase for the flower of Maryland manhood. In 2008, intending to promote physical fitness for all ages, Maryland declared walking the official state exercise and became the first state with an official state exercise."}
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What team formed in the 70 's played their home games at Memorial Stadium ?
Baltimore Comets
08d23ffa9b0dfa33
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greenwood_County,_South_Carolina', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Greenwood County, South Carolina', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barratt House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barratt_House', 'summary': "Barratt House is a historic home located near Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was built about 1853-1856 , and is a two-story , Gothic Revival style stuccoed brick house with a standing seam metal roof . Wings were constructed in 1957 and 1969 . It features elaborate woodcarvings and painted murals , which were executed by Dr. John Perkins Barratt , an amateur sculptor and artist . Also on the property are a hewn log structure believed to have been constructed as a schoolhouse for Barratt 's children in 1830 , a gear house , corn crib , granary , and smokehouse . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 12 , 1985 ( # 85002382 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina Highway 67 and Bryan Dorn Rd . 34°06′37″N 82°07′39″W / 34.110278°N 82.1275°W / 34.110278 ; -82.1275 ( Barratt House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_67', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 67 ( SC 67 ) is a 15.5-mile-long ( 24.9 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The highway travels through rural areas of Edgefield , McCormick , and Greenwood counties , as well as part of Sumter National Forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Wesley Brooks House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Wesley_Brooks_House', 'summary': 'J. Wesley Brooks House ( also known as the Scotch Cross House ) is a historic house located two miles south of Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'March 30 , 1973 ( # 73001712 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 miles south of Greenwood on U.S. Route 25 34°08′18″N 82°07′48″W / 34.138333°N 82.13°W / 34.138333 ; -82.13 ( J. Wesley Brooks House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_25_in_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 25 ( US 25 ) is a U.S. Highway that travels from Brunswick , Georgia to the Kentucky-Ohio state line , where Covington , Kentucky meets Cincinnati , Ohio at the Ohio River . In the U.S. state of South Carolina , it begins as a 140.4-mile-long ( 226.0 km ) highway that travels south to north in the western part of the state , serving the northern part of the Augusta metropolitan area , Greenwood , and Greenville on its path from North Augusta to North Carolina in the Saluda Mountains , near Travelers Rest .'}]}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenville Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenville_Presbyterian_Church_(South_Carolina)', 'summary': 'Greenville Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located near Donalds , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was built in 1852 and is a meeting house form , Greek Revival style brick church . Also on the property are a small brick Session House , a large historic cemetery containing about 1,200 identifiable graves , and a natural spring . The earliest graves in the church cemetery date from 1777 and numerous markers indicate service in the American Revolution and American Civil War . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 20 , 1998 ( # 98000561 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenville Church Rd . 34°20′50″N 82°18′14″W / 34.347222°N 82.303889°W / 34.347222 ; -82.303889 ( Greenville Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donalds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donalds,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Donalds is a town in Abbeville County , South Carolina , United States . As per the 2010 United States Census , its population was 348 .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kinard House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kinard_House', 'summary': 'Kinard House is a historic home located at Ninety Six , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was built about 1885 , and is a two-story , five bay , gable-front-and-wing Folk Victorian dwelling . It is clad in weatherboard and sits on a stone pier foundation . The house was extensively altered about 1920 . It was the home of Henry Jefferson Kinard and his son Drayton Tucker Kinard II , prominent businessmen and public servants who represented Ninety Six and Greenwood County in the South Carolina House of Representatives in the late 19th and early-20th centuries . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 7 , 2007 ( # 07000119 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '227 W. Main St. 34°10′27″N 82°01′42″W / 34.174167°N 82.028333°W / 34.174167 ; -82.028333 ( Kinard House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninety Six', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninety_Six,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Ninety Six is a town in Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 1,998 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lander College Old Main Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lander_College_Old_Main_Building', 'summary': 'Lander College Old Main Building is a historic academic building located on the campus of Lander University at Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It is a large masonry building , composed of three distinct sections with a blending of elements of the Romanesque Revival and Georgian Revival styles . Two of the sections , Greenwood Hall and Laura Lander Hall , were built in 1903-04 ; Willson Hall was added in 1911 . It is the earliest Lander College building . The tower serves as a focal point for the building and defines its character as a school building . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 2 , 1984 ( # 84002046 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanley Ave. and Lander St. 34°11′54″N 82°09′52″W / 34.198333°N 82.164444°W / 34.198333 ; -82.164444 ( Lander College Old Main Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia_Cemetery_(Greenwood,_South_Carolina)', 'summary': 'Magnolia Cemetery is a historic cemetery located at Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was established in 1871 , and is laid out in a regular grid plan . It contains approximately 1,600 to 1,800 graves . Grave markers are primarily granite or marble tablets , obelisks , square , or stepped monuments capped with urns . There also are several Confederate grave markers , some of which still feature cast iron Maltese crosses . A Gothic-influenced granite shelter was added in 1922 . The cemetery was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 9 , 2004 ( # 04000590 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '416 Magnolia Ave. 34°11′27″N 82°09′16″W / 34.190833°N 82.154444°W / 34.190833 ; -82.154444 ( Magnolia Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moore-Kinard House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moore-Kinard_House', 'summary': 'Moore-Kinard House , also known as the J.M.C . Kinard House , is a historic home located near Ninety Six , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was built about 1835 , and is a two-story , frame , antebellum central-hall farmhouse , or I-house . Additions were made to the rear and one side of the house about 1900 . Also on the property are the following contributing late-19th or early-20th century outbuildings : a smokehouse , cotton house , tool shed , ironing house , and well . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 4 , 1983 ( # 83002198 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Route 178 and S-24-44 34°05′18″N 82°02′34″W / 34.088333°N 82.042778°W / 34.088333 ; -82.042778 ( Moore-Kinard House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_178', 'summary': 'U.S. Highway 178 is a spur of U.S. Highway 78 . It currently runs for 240.49 miles ( 387.03 km ) from Dorchester , South Carolina , at U.S. Highway 78 to Rosman , North Carolina , at U.S. Highway 64 . It passes through the states of South Carolina and North Carolina . It goes through the cities of Pickens , Anderson , North , Orangeburg , Harleyville , South Carolina and Bowman , South Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'Ninety Six', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninety_Six,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Ninety Six is a town in Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 1,998 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Pisgah A.M.E. Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mt._Pisgah_A.M.E._Church', 'summary': 'Mt . Pisgah A. M.E . Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal church located at Hackett Avenue and James Street in Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was built in 1908 , and is a brick Gothic Revival-style church . It features a steep , cross-gabled roof with stepped end gables , asymmetrical massing , and pointed stained glass windows . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 16 , 1979 ( # 79002384 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hackett Ave. and James St. 34°11′29″N 82°09′12″W / 34.191389°N 82.153333°W / 34.191389 ; -82.153333 ( Mt . Pisgah A.M.E. Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninety Six National Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninety_Six_National_Historic_Site', 'summary': 'Ninety Six National Historic Site , also known as Old Ninety Six and Star Fort , is a United States National Historic Site located about 60 miles ( 96 kilometers ) south of Greenville , South Carolina . The historic site was listed on the National Register in 1969 , declared to be a National Historic Landmark in 1973 , and established as a National Historic Site in 1976 to preserve the original site of Ninety Six , South Carolina , a small town established in the early 18th century . It encompasses 1,022 acres of property .'}]}, {'value': 'December 3 , 1969 ( # 69000169 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 miles south of Ninety Six between South Carolina Highways 27 and 248 34°09′19″N 82°00′46″W / 34.155278°N 82.012778°W / 34.155278 ; -82.012778 ( Ninety Six National Historic Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_27', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 27 ( SC 27 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It serves to connect the town of Ridgeville with nearby highways .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_248', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 248 ( SC 248 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It serves as main access to the Ninety Six National Historic Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Ninety Six', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninety_Six,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Ninety Six is a town in Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 1,998 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Oaks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Oaks_(Coronaca,_South_Carolina)', 'summary': 'The Oaks , also known as Downs Calhoun House , Calhoun-Henderson House , and Lumley Farmstead is a historic home and farm complex located near Coronaca , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It consists of a two-story wood-frame I-house , built about 1825 , with significant additions and alterations about 1845 , 1855 , 1880 , and 1920 . Also on the property are the contributing small storage building ( c. 1850 ) , two large cow/livestock barns ( c. 1920 ) , a farm workshop ( ca . 1920 ) , a dairy barn ( c. 1950 ) , an early-20th century livestock watering trough , and an early-to-mid-20th century gasoline pump . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 17 , 2010 ( # 10001040 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "114 Old Puckett 's Ferry Rd . 34°15′25″N 82°05′05″W / 34.256944°N 82.084722°W / 34.256944 ; -82.084722 ( The Oaks )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coronaca vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coronaca,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Coronaca is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 191 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Cokesbury and Masonic Female College and Conference School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Cokesbury_and_Masonic_Female_College_and_Conference_School', 'summary': 'The Masonic Female College and Cokesbury Conference School is a historic building in Cokesbury , South Carolina , that was the home of several different educational institutions in the century from 1854 to 1954 . Together with the adjacent village of Old Cokesbury , it is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places as an historic district . When built in 1854 , the school building was the home of the Masonic Female College of South Carolina , which was established in 1853 and operated until 1874 under the sponsorship of Bascomb Lodge No . 80 of Freemasons . The school was unusual for its time in providing an education for young women . From 1876 to 1918 , the building was the site of the Cokesbury Conference School , a school for boys from 1876 to 1882 , and co-educational thereafter . In 1918 , it became a public school , and operated as such until 1954 . In 1954 the property reverted to the South Carolina Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church . The three-story Greek Revival style building has a bell tower and four square columns that extend from the ground level to the pediment . The first floor contained four student recitation rooms and four music rooms , there was a chapel on the second floor , and the third floor housed a Masonic Lodge headquarters . The school building and Old Cokesbury were listed together on the National Register on August 25 , 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 25 , 1970 ( # 70000589 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Greenwood at the junction of South Carolina Highways 246 and 254 34°16′29″N 82°13′03″W / 34.274722°N 82.2175°W / 34.274722 ; -82.2175 ( Old Cokesbury and Masonic Female College and Conference School )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_246', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 246 ( SC 246 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It connects the communities and towns in eastern Greenwood County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_254', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 254 ( SC 254 ) is a 8.2-mile-long ( 13.2 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The highway connects Greenwood and Cokesbury .'}]}, {'value': 'Cokesbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cokesbury,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Cokesbury is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 215 at the 2010 census , down from 279 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Greenwood Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Greenwood_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Old Greenwood Cemetery is a historic cemetery located at Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina . Established around the year 1860 , the Old Greenwood Cemetery is a historic burial place in the said city . It is significant because of being the oldest cemetery in the area . This being said , it has also become the resting place for many prominent figures in the locale . The Old Greenwood Cemetery was built as a graveyard for the old Main Street Methodist Church . It was laid out in the original site of the said church with an acre and a half of land area . It contains about 350 graves of pioneers and locals . The descendants of the people buried on the Old Greenwood Cemetery mostly take responsibility in caring for the site . They work hard to keep vandals away and maintain the site the best that they can . The cemetery was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 1 , 2002 ( # 02000115 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '503 E. Cambridge Ave. 34°11′50″N 82°09′12″W / 34.197222°N 82.153333°W / 34.197222 ; -82.153333 ( Old Greenwood Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Greenwood High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Greenwood_High_School', 'summary': 'Old Greenwood High School is a historic high school building located at Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was designed by the firm of Wilson , Berryman & Kennedy and built in 1925-1926 . It is a complex of three brick buildings - the main building , the auditorium , and the gymnasium - each of which is in the Georgian Revival style and form a Palladian configuration . Each of the three buildings features a portico supported by six Tuscan order columns . The complex was completed with construction of the gymnasium building in 1929-1930 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 10 , 1985 ( # 85003120 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '857 S. Main St. 34°11′08″N 82°09′29″W / 34.185556°N 82.158056°W / 34.185556 ; -82.158056 ( Old Greenwood High School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James C. Self House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_C._Self_House', 'summary': 'James C. Self House is a historic home located at Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was built in 1917-1918 , and is a two-story , brick veneer Neoclassical style dwelling with a green Spanish tile hipped roof . It sits on a brick foundation faced with rock and an Ionic order portico that projects from the three central bays . Also on the property are a smokehouse/wellhouse and garage . It was built for textile magnate and philanthropist James C. Self . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 20 , 1987 ( # 87002064 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '595 N. Mathis St. 34°11′38″N 82°10′54″W / 34.193889°N 82.181667°W / 34.193889 ; -82.181667 ( James C. Self House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Railway Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Railway_Depot_(Ninety_Six,_South_Carolina)', 'summary': "Southern Railway Depot , also known as Ninety Six Depot , is a historic train station located at Ninety Six , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was built in 1915 by the Southern Railway , and is a combination passenger and freight depot . It is a one-story , rectangular brick building with a flared hipped roof , bay window , station master 's room , and segregated waiting rooms . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 6 , 2011 ( # 11000731 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99 South Carolina Highway 34 34°10′29″N 82°01′27″W / 34.174722°N 82.024167°W / 34.174722 ; -82.024167 ( Southern Railway Depot )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_34', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 34 ( SC 34 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . As one of the longer state highways , it traverses the state east-west from Greenwood to Dillon , connecting the cities of Newberry , Winnsboro , Camden , Bishopville and Darlington .'}]}, {'value': 'Ninety Six', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninety_Six,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Ninety Six is a town in Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 1,998 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stony Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stony_Point_(Greenwood,_South_Carolina)', 'summary': 'Stony Point is a historic home located near Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was built between 1818 and 1829 , and is a two-story , five bay , brick dwelling . It has a jerkinhead roof and twin exterior end chimneys . It was the home of Joel Smith , who was an influential planter , merchant , banker , and supporter of industries and railroads . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 20 , 1975 ( # 75001700 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Greenwood at the junction of South Carolina Highways 39 and 246 34°16′44″N 82°07′33″W / 34.278889°N 82.125833°W / 34.278889 ; -82.125833 ( Stony Point )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_39', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 39 ( SC 39 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The highway connects various rural communities and towns from the southwest to the northwest sections of the state .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_246', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 246 ( SC 246 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It connects the communities and towns in eastern Greenwood County .'}]}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunnyside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunnyside_(Greenwood,_South_Carolina)', 'summary': 'Sunnyside is a historic home located at Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was built in 1851 , and is a 1 1/2-half story house modeled after Sunnyside , the home of Washington Irving . It has flush board siding covering the front façade and weatherboard siding covering the remainder of the house . It is basically Gothic Revival in style , featuring a gabled roof and dormers with scalloped bargeboard . It features a Greek Revival style portico . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 14 , 1978 ( # 78002515 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105 Dargan Ave. 34°11′07″N 82°09′08″W / 34.185278°N 82.152222°W / 34.185278 ; -82.152222 ( Sunnyside )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tabernacle Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tabernacle_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Tabernacle Cemetery is a historic cemetery located near Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was established in 1812 , and includes the graves of many prominent citizens of Abbeville and Edgefield Districts and later Greenwood County as well , from the early-19th through the 20th centuries . It is the only cemetery in South Carolina where two Confederate Generals , namely brothers-in-law Nathan George Evans and Martin Witherspoon Gary , are buried . Most graves date from about 1812 to about 1950 . The cemetery contains approximately 132 marked graves . The cemetery was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 1 , 2008 ( # 08000736 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tabernacle Cemetery Rd. , just east of South Carolina Highway 254 34°16′00″N 82°11′02″W / 34.266667°N 82.183889°W / 34.266667 ; -82.183889 ( Tabernacle Cemetery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_254', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 254 ( SC 254 ) is a 8.2-mile-long ( 13.2 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The highway connects Greenwood and Cokesbury .'}]}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trapp and Chandler Pottery Site ( 38GN169 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trapp_and_Chandler_Pottery_Site_(38GN169)', 'summary': 'Trapp and Chandler Pottery Site ( 38GN169 ) is a historic archaeological site located near Kirksey , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It is the last known intact site of a production center of Edgefield decorated stoneware . The Trapp and Chandler Stoneware pottery was an antebellum pottery factory and began production of Alkaline glazed utilitarian stoneware around 1834 . It continued production until the later part of the 19th century . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 6 , 1986 ( # 86000043 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirksey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vance-Maxwell House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vance-Maxwell_House', 'summary': "Vance-Maxwell House , also known as the Maxwell-Nicholson-Murphy House , is a historic home located at Greenwood , Greenwood County , South Carolina . It was built around 1850 , and remodeled between 1898 and 1904 in the Second Empire style . During the remodeling , a full second story and a mansard roof were added to the original 1 1/2-story central hall farmhouse . The house is associated with Dr. John C. Maxwell , a locally prominent physician , military surgeon during the American Civil War , politician , and philanthropist . In 1891 Dr. Maxwell and his wife helped establish the Connie Maxwell Orphanage in Greenwood named for the only child of the Maxwell 's to survive infancy . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . The home last sold in September 2017 . The new owners are now restoring the home to its Second Empire Victorian glamour , to regain the legacy of the Maxwell family . Although it has been claimed by past owners , there are no negative spiritual forces at work in the home ."}]}, {'value': 'March 5 , 1982 ( # 82003866 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '158 E. Cambridge St. 34°11′42″N 82°09′33″W / 34.195°N 82.159167°W / 34.195 ; -82.159167 ( Vance-Maxwell House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 23,222 at the 2010 census . The city is home to Lander University .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greenwood_County,_South_Carolina_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Greenwood County, South Carolina. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Greenwood County, South Carolina, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 21 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark. Another property was once listed but has been removed.'}
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Of the dates listed that are less than # 09999999 what is the population of the city with the least population ?
1,998
08d40f905292e87d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_North_America', 'title': 'Commuter rail in North America', 'header': ['System', 'Country', 'Metropolitan area', 'Province / State', 'Number of lines', 'Avg . Weekday ridership ( Q4 2018 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'A-train', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A-train_(Denton_County_Transportation_Authority)', 'summary': 'The A-train is a 21-mile ( 34 km ) commuter rail line in Denton County , Texas , United States . It is the third-busiest commuter rail line in Texas and twenty-eighth in the United States . It runs parallel to Interstate 35E between Denton and Carrollton and acts as an extension with the Dallas Area Rapid Transit Green Line at Trinity Mills Station in Carrollton . It is operated by the Denton County Transportation Authority ( DCTA ) and serves Denton County . It opened on June 20 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Denton County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas', 'summary': "Denton County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas . As of the 2010 census , its population was 662,614 , making it the ninth-most populous county in Texas . The county seat is Denton . The 2018 Census Bureau estimate for Denton County 's population is 859,064 . The county , which was named for John B. Denton , was established in 1846 . Denton County is included in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington , TX Metropolitan Statistical Area . In 2007 , it was one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altamont Corridor Express ( ACE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Altamont_Corridor_Express', 'summary': 'The Altamont Corridor Express ( also known as ACE , formerly Altamont Commuter Express ) is a commuter rail service in California , connecting Stockton and San Jose during peak hours only . ACE is named for the Altamont Pass , through which it runs . Service is managed by the San Joaquin Regional Rail Commission , and operations are contracted to Herzog Transit Services , using AAR assigned reporting mark ACEX . The 86-mile ( 138 km ) route includes ten stops , with travel time about 2 hours and 12 minutes end-to-end . The tracks are owned by Union Pacific Railroad . ACE uses Bombardier BiLevel Coaches and MPI F40PH-3C locomotives . Service began on October 19 , 1998 , with two weekday round trips . A third round trip was added in May 2001 , followed by a fourth round trip in October 2012 . Saturday service commenced in September 2019 . As of 2018 [ update ] , average weekday ridership is 5,900 . Under the ACEforward program , a number of improvements to the service are being considered . These include a rerouted line through Tracy , an extension to Modesto and Merced , and connections to BART at Union City and Tri-Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'San Jose - Tri-Valley - Stockton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tri-Valley', 'summary': 'The Tri-Valley area is a triangle-shaped region of the eastern San Francisco Bay Area , 18 miles southeast of Oakland and 33 miles from San Francisco . It encompasses the cities of Dublin , Livermore , Pleasanton and San Ramon , the town of Danville and the CDPs of Alamo , Blackhawk and Diablo . The three valleys from which it takes its name are Amador Valley , Livermore Valley and San Ramon Valley . The region is well known for its Mediterranean climate , wineries , historic downtown areas , high cost of living and fine dining . It is a primarily affluent suburban area with a population of about 361,000 . It offers more affordable living accommodations than the cities of San Francisco and San Jose .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stockton,_California', 'summary': "Stockton is the county seat of San Joaquin County in the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California . Stockton was founded by Captain Charles Maria Weber in 1849 after he acquired Rancho Campo de los Franceses . The city is named after Robert F. Stockton , and it was the first community in California to have a name not of Spanish or Native American origin . The city is located on the San Joaquin River in the northern San Joaquin Valley and had an estimated population of 311,178 by the California Department of Finance for 2018 . Stockton is the 13th largest city in California and the 63rd largest city in the United States . It was named an All-America City in 1999 , 2004 , 2015 and again in 2017 . Built during the California Gold Rush , Stockton 's seaport serves as a gateway to the Central Valley and beyond . It provided easy access for trade and transportation to the southern gold mines . The University of the Pacific ( UOP ) , chartered in 1851 , is the oldest university in California , and has been located in Stockton since 1923 . In 2012 Stockton filed for what was then the largest municipal bankruptcy in US history , which had multiple causes including financial mismanagement in the 1990s , generous fringe benefits to unionized city employees , and the 2008 financial crisis . Stockton successfully exited bankruptcy in February 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '1 ( 1 under construction )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caltrain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caltrain', 'summary': 'Caltrain ( reporting mark JPBX ) is a California commuter rail line on the San Francisco Peninsula and in the Santa Clara Valley ( Silicon Valley ) . The northern terminus of the line is in San Francisco at 4th and King Streets ; its southern terminus is in San Jose at Diridon Station with select trains running as far as Gilroy . Trains leave San Francisco and San Jose hourly during weekdays , and every 90 minutes during weekends , with limited stop service during rush hour running every 20 minutes , and Baby Bullet express service running every 30 minutes . Extra trains are often run for special events held in Oracle Park in San Francisco , Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto , and SAP Center in San Jose . Caltrain operates 92 weekday trains , six of which extend to Gilroy . Weekday ridership in February 2018 averaged 65,095 . Caltrain is governed by the Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board ( PCJPB ) which consists of agencies from the three counties served by Caltrain : San Francisco , San Mateo and Santa Clara . Each member agency has three representatives on a nine-member Board of Directors . The member agencies are the City and County of San Francisco , SamTrans and the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority . Caltrain has 28 regular stops , one limited-service weekday-only stop ( College Park ) , one football-only stop ( Stanford ) , and two weekend-only stops ( Broadway and Atherton ) . As of July 2018 Caltrain runs 92 weekday trains ( 22 Baby Bullet ) , 36 Saturday ( 4 Baby Bullet ) , and 32 Sunday ( 4 Baby Bullet ) .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco - San Jose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital MetroRail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_MetroRail', 'summary': "Capital MetroRail is a commuter rail system that serves the Greater Austin area in Texas , and which is owned by the Capital Metro . The Red Line , Capital Metro 's first and only rail line , connects Downtown Austin with Austin 's northern suburbs . The line operates on 32 miles ( 51 kilometers ) of existing freight tracks , and serves nine stations . After a series of delays , Capital MetroRail was inaugurated in March 2010 . Daily ridership during the first nine months was approximately 800 riders per weekday , although it had doubled to 1,600 by its first anniversary . Capital Metro added additional runs during midday beginning in mid-January 2011 . Capital Metro added Friday evening and Saturday afternoon and evening regularly scheduled service on March 23 , 2012 . As of 2014 , MetroRail has an average weekday ridership of approximately 2,900 passengers per day and is the twenty-second most-ridden commuter rail system in the country out of thirty one operational commuter rail systems ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin,_Texas', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capitol Corridor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capitol_Corridor', 'summary': 'The Capitol Corridor is a 168-mile ( 270 km ) passenger train route operated by Amtrak between San Jose and Auburn , California . Most trains operate between San Jose and Sacramento , roughly parallel to Interstate 880 and Interstate 80 . One round trip per day runs from Oakland through the eastern Sacramento suburbs to Auburn , in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , while a single weekend round trip runs all the way from San Jose to Auburn . Capitol Corridor trains started in 1991 . Like all regional trains in California , the Capitol Corridor is operated by a joint powers authority . The Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority ( CCJPA ) is governed by a board that includes two elected representatives from each of eight counties the train travels through . The CCJPA contracts with the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District to provide day-to-day management , and Amtrak to operate and maintain the rolling stock ( locomotives and passenger cars ) . The California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) provides the funding and also owns the rolling stock .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sacramento - San Francisco Bay Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento_metropolitan_area', 'summary': "The Greater Sacramento area , or officially Sacramento-Roseville , CA Combined Statistical Area , is a combined statistical area consisting of several metropolitan statistical areas and seven counties in Northern California , namely Sacramento , Yolo , El Dorado , Placer , Sutter , Yuba , and Nevada counties . The metropolitan area experienced a growth of nearly 20% in the last decade . In the 2000 census , the Sacramento MSA had a population of 1,930,857 ( though a July 1 , 2016 estimate placed the population at 2,296,418 ) . It lies in the Central Valley and Sierra Nevada regions of California . Greater Sacramento is anchored by Sacramento , the political center of California , the nation 's most populous state with the largest number of representatives in the U.S. government , home of the California State Capitol and the secondary location of Supreme Court of California and was the original terminus for the First Transcontinental Railroad . Greater Sacramento also contains sites of natural beauty including Lake Tahoe , the largest alpine lake in North America and numerous ski and nature resorts . It is also located in one of the world 's most important agricultural areas . The region 's eastern counties are located in Gold Country , site of the California Gold Rush . Recently it has been one of the fastest-growing regions in the United States as Sacramento continues to emerge as a distinct metropolitan center in the United States as well as having cheaper housing for commuters from and to the nearby , more expensive , San Francisco Bay Area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area', 'summary': "The San Francisco Bay Area , popularly referred to as the Bay Area or simply the Bay , is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco , San Pablo , and Suisun Bay estuaries in Northern California . Although the exact boundaries of the region vary depending on the source , the Bay Area is defined by the Association of Bay Area Governments to include the nine counties that border the aforementioned estuaries : Alameda , Contra Costa , Marin , Napa , San Mateo , Santa Clara , Solano , Sonoma , and San Francisco . Other sources may exclude parts of or even entire counties , or expand the definition to include neighboring counties that do not border the bay such as San Benito , San Joaquin , and Santa Cruz . Home to approximately 7.75 million people , Northern California 's nine-county Bay Area contains many cities , towns , airports , and associated regional , state , and national parks , connected by a complex multimodal transportation network . The larger combined statistical area of the region , which includes fourteen counties , is the second-largest in California ( after the Greater Los Angeles area ) , the fifth-largest in the United States , and the 41st-largest urban area in the world with 9.67 million people . The Bay Area 's population is ethnically diverse : for example , roughly half of the region 's residents are Hispanic , Asian , African American , or Pacific Islander , all of whom have a significant presence throughout the region . The earliest archaeological evidence of human settlements in the Bay Area dates back to 8000-10,000 BC ( from shell mounds in the Coyote Hills ) . In 1769 , the Bay Area was inhabited by the Ohlone people when a Spanish exploration party led by Gaspar de Portolà entered the Bay - the first documented European visit to the Bay Area . After Mexico established independence from Spain in 1821 , the region was briefly controlled by the Mexican government until the United States purchased the territory in 1846 during the Mexican-American War . Soon after , discovery of gold in California attracted a flood of treasure seekers , many using ports in the Bay Area as an entry point . During the early years of California 's statehood , state legislative business rotated between three locations in the Bay Area before a permanent state capital was established in Sacramento . A major earthquake leveled the city of San Francisco and environs in 1906 , but the region quickly rebuilt in time to host the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City Rail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Honduras', 'summary': 'Railroads in Honduras were built in late 19th and early 20th centuries by two competing U.S. corporations - United Fruit ( Tela Railroad Company ) and Standard Fruit ( later nationalized ) . All were in the Caribbean coastal area and never reached the capital . In 1993 , the combined network had 785 km . At present ( 2006 ) , only three separate segments remain in operation under the management of FNH - Ferrocarril Nacional de Honduras :'}]}, {'value': 'HON', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honduras', 'summary': "Honduras ( /hɒnˈdjʊərəs , -ˈdʊər-/ ( listen ) , /-æs/ ; Spanish : [ onˈduɾas ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Honduras ( Spanish : República de Honduras ) , is a country in Central America . The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala , to the southwest by El Salvador , to the southeast by Nicaragua , to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca , and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras , a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea . Honduras was home to several important Mesoamerican cultures , most notably the Maya , before the Spanish Colonization in the sixteenth century . The Spanish introduced Roman Catholicism and the now predominant Spanish language , along with numerous customs that have blended with the indigenous culture . Honduras became independent in 1821 and has since been a republic , although it has consistently endured much social strife and political instability , and remains one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere . In 1960 , the northern part of what was the Mosquito Coast was transferred from Nicaragua to Honduras by the International Court of Justice . The nation 's economy is primarily agricultural , making it especially vulnerable to natural disasters such as Hurricane Mitch in 1998 . The lower class is primarily agriculturally based while wealth is concentrated in the country 's urban centers . Honduras has a Human Development Index of 0.625 , classifying it as a nation with medium development . When the Index is adjusted for income inequality , its Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index is 0.443 . Honduran society is predominantly Mestizo ; however , American Indian , black and white individuals also live in Honduras ( 2017 ) . The nation had a relatively high political stability until its 2009 coup and again with the 2017 presidential election ."}]}, {'value': 'La Ceiba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Ceiba', 'summary': 'La Ceiba ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la ˈseiβa ] ) is a port city on the northern coast of Honduras in Central America . It is located on the southern edge of the Caribbean , forming part of the south eastern boundary of the Gulf of Honduras . With an estimated population of over 200,000 living in approximately 170 residential areas ( called colonias or barrios ) , it is the third-largest city in the country and the capital of the Honduran department of Atlántida . La Ceiba was officially founded on 23 August 1877 . The city was named after a giant ceiba tree that grew near the old dock . The city has been officially proclaimed the Eco-Tourism Capital of Honduras , as well as the Entertainment Capital of Honduras . Every year , on the third or fourth Saturday of May , the city holds its famous carnival to commemorate Isidore the Laborer ( Spanish San Isidro Labrador ) . During this time , the city is host to approximately 500,000 tourists .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlántida Department', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlántida_Department', 'summary': 'Atlántida ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aˈtlantiða ] ) is a department located on the north Caribbean shore of Honduras , Central America . The capital is the port city of La Ceiba . In the past few decades , tourism has become the most important legitimate economic source for the coastal area . In 2005 it had an estimated population of about 372,532 people . The department covers a total surface area of 4,251 km² .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coaster_(commuter_rail)', 'summary': 'Coaster ( stylized as COASTER ) ( reporting mark NCTC ) is a commuter rail service that operates in the central and northern coastal regions of San Diego County , California , United States . The service is currently operated by Bombardier Transportation on contract with North County Transit District ( NCTD ) . The service has eight stops and operates primarily during weekday peak periods , with additional weekend and holiday service .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego - Oceanside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oceanside,_California', 'summary': "Oceanside is a coastal city located on California 's South Coast . It is the third-largest city in San Diego County , California . The city had a population of 167,086 at the 2010 census . Together with Carlsbad and Vista , it forms a tri-city area . Oceanside is located just south of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Downeaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Downeaster_(train)', 'summary': 'The Downeaster is a 145-mile ( 233 km ) regional passenger train service , managed by the Northern New England Passenger Rail Authority ( NNEPRA ) , an agency of the state of Maine , and operated by Amtrak . Named for the Down East region of Maine , the train runs from North Station in Boston , Massachusetts to Brunswick , Maine , with 10 intermediate stops . The train operates five daily round trips between Boston and Brunswick . In 2018 , the Downeaster carried 551,038 passengers and earned ticket revenue of $ 10.2 million .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Brunswick - Portland - Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunswick,_Maine', 'summary': 'Brunswick is a town in Cumberland County , Maine , United States . The population was 20,278 at the 2010 United States Census . Part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan area , Brunswick is home to Bowdoin College , the Bowdoin International Music Festival , the Bowdoin College Museum of Art , the Peary-MacMillan Arctic Museum , and the Maine State Music Theatre . It was formerly home to the U.S . Naval Air Station Brunswick , which was permanently closed on May 31 , 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Maine', 'summary': "Portland is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maine and the seat of Cumberland County . Portland 's population was 66,417 as of 2018 . The Greater Portland metropolitan area is home to over half a million people , more than one-third of Maine 's total population , making it the most populous metropolitan area in northern New England ( an area comprising the states of Maine , New Hampshire , and Vermont ) and the 106th-largest in the United States . Portland 's economy relies mostly on the service sector and tourism . The Old Port district is known for its 19th-century architecture and nightlife . Marine industry still plays an important role in the city 's economy , with an active waterfront that supports fishing and commercial shipping . The Port of Portland is the largest tonnage seaport in New England . The city seal depicts a phoenix rising from ashes , which is a reference to the recoveries from four devastating fires . Portland was named after the English Isle of Portland , Dorset . In turn , the city of Portland , Oregon was named after Portland , Maine . Portland itself comes from the Old English word Portlanda , which literally means land surrounding a harbor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Maine / New Hampshire / Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine', 'summary': "Maine ( /meɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the northernmost state in the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . Located in New England , it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Québec to the northeast and northwest , respectively . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state , is the easternmost among the contiguous United States , and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes . Maine is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state , including coastal areas . Maine 's most populous city is Portland and its capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Hampshire', 'summary': "New Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ ) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south , Vermont to the west , Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by area and the 10th least populous U.S. state . Concord is the state capital , while Manchester is the largest city . New Hampshire has no general sales tax , nor income tax other than on interest and dividends . The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle . Its license plates carry the state motto , Live Free or Die . The state 's nickname , The Granite State , refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries . In January 1776 , it became the first of the British North American colonies to establish a government independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain 's authority , and it was the first to establish its own state constitution . Six months later , it became one of the original 13 colonies that signed the United States Declaration of Independence , and in June 1788 it was the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution , bringing that document into effect . Historically , New Hampshire was a major center for textile manufacturing , shoemaking , and papermaking , with Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester at one time being the largest cotton textile plant in the world . Numerous mills were located along various rivers in the state , especially the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exo_(public_transit)', 'summary': "Exo , officially known as Réseau de transport métropolitain ( RTM ; English : Metropolitan Transportation Network ) , is a public transit system in Greater Montreal , including the Island of Montreal , Laval ( Île Jésus ) , and communities along both the North Shore of the Mille Îles River and the South Shore of the St. Lawrence River . It was created on June 1 , 2017 , taking over from the Agence métropolitaine de transport . The RTM operates Montreal 's commuter rail and metropolitan bus services , and is the second busiest such system in Canada after Toronto 's GO Transit . In May 2018 , the erstwhile Réseau de transport métropolitain ( RTM ) rechristened itself as Exo . Exo 's territory is concurrent with Montreal Metropolitan Community limits , with the addition of the Kahnawake First Nations reserve and the city of Saint-Jérôme . It serves a population of approximately 4.1 million people who make more than 750,000 trips daily in the 4,258.97 km2 ( 1,644.40 sq mi ) area radiating from Montreal . Exo 's mandate includes the operation of Montreal 's commuter rail service , which links the downtown core with communities as far west as Hudson , as far east as Mont-Saint-Hilaire , and as far north as Saint-Jérôme and commuter buses formerly operated by local operators ."}]}, {'value': 'CAN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FrontRunner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FrontRunner', 'summary': 'FrontRunner is a commuter rail train operated by the Utah Transit Authority that operates along the Wasatch Front in north-central Utah with service from Ogden in central Weber County through Davis County , Salt Lake City , and Salt Lake County to Provo in central Utah County .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Ogden - Salt Lake City - Provo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ogden,_Utah', 'summary': "Ogden /ˈɒɡdən/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County , Utah , United States , approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Salt Lake City . The population was 87,325 in 2018 , according to the US Census Bureau , making it Utah 's 7th largest city . The city served as a major railway hub through much of its history , and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce . Ogden is also known for its many historic buildings , proximity to the Wasatch Mountains , and as the location of Weber State University . Ogden is a principal city of the Ogden-Clearfield , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , which includes all of Weber , Morgan , Davis , and Box Elder counties . The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159 . In 2010 , Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family . Ogden has had a sister city relationship to Hof ( Germany ) since 1954 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Salt_Lake_City', 'summary': "Salt Lake City ( often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah , as well as the seat of Salt Lake County , the most populous county in Utah . With an estimated population of 200,591 in 2018 , the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , which has a population of 1,222,540 ( 2018 estimate ) . Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area , a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along a 120-mile ( 190 km ) segment of the Wasatch Front , comprising a population of 2,606,548 ( as of 2018 estimates ) . It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin . The world headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) is located in Salt Lake City . The city was founded in 1847 by followers of the church , led by Brigham Young , who were seeking to escape persecution that they had experienced while living farther east . The Mormon pioneers , as they would come to be known , entered an arid valley and immediately began building , planning , and extending an extensive irrigation network which could feed the population and foster future growth . Salt Lake City 's street grid system is based on a standard compass grid plan , with the Salt Lake Temple at the origin . Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake , the city was named Great Salt Lake City . In 1868 , the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature dropped the word Great from the city 's name . Immigration of international members of the church , mining booms , and the construction of the first transcontinental railroad initially brought economic growth , and the city was nicknamed the Crossroads of the West . It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway , the first transcontinental highway , in 1913 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Provo,_Utah', 'summary': "Provo /ˈproʊvoʊ/ is the third-largest city in Utah , United States . It is 43 miles ( 69 km ) south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front . Provo is the largest city and county seat of Utah County . It is home to Brigham Young University , and Sundance Resort is located just northeast of the city . While Father Silvestre Vélez de Escalante , a Spanish Franciscan missionary-explorer , is considered the first European visitor to the area that would become Provo , the first permanent settlement was established in 1849 as Fort Utah . The name was changed to Provo in 1850 , in honor of Étienne Provost , an early French-Canadian trapper . Provo 's climate lies in the transition zone between a humid subtropical climate and humid continental climate , with temperatures averaging between about 94 °F or 34.4 °C in the summer and 40 °F or 4.4 °C in the winter . Average annual precipitation ( rain and snow ) is just under 20 inches ( 51 cm ) . The population of Provo has grown from 2030 in 1860 to an estimated 116,702 in 2018 . The 2010 census showed slightly more females than males , with over 55% of the population living as couples , and almost 35% of households having children under the age of 18 . The population is over 90% Christian , with almost 89% being Latter Day Saints . The economy in Provo is powered by many different businesses and organizations , including over 100 restaurants , two shopping malls , multiple universities and colleges , a number of small companies , and several large international businesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GO Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GO_Transit', 'summary': "GO Transit is a regional public transit system serving the Greater Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario , Canada . With its hub at Union Station in Toronto , GO Transit 's distinctive green and white commuter rail trains and coach-style buses serve a population of more than seven million across an area over 11,000 square kilometres ( 4,200 sq mi ) stretching from Brantford and Kitchener in the west to Newcastle and Peterborough in the east , and from Barrie in the north to Niagara Falls in the south . GO Transit carried 68.5 million passengers in 2017 , and its ridership continues to grow . GO Transit operates diesel-powered double-decker trains and coach buses , on routes that connect with all local transit systems in its service area , as well as Via Rail , Canada 's national rail system . Canada 's first regional public transit system , GO Transit began regular passenger service on May 23 , 1967 as a part of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation . Since then , it has grown from a single train line to seven , and expanded to include complementary bus service . GO Transit has been constituted in a variety of public-sector configurations , today existing as an operating division of Metrolinx , a provincial Crown agency with overall responsibility for integrative transportation planning within the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ."}]}, {'value': 'CAN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto - Niagara - Hamilton - Kitchener - Guelph - Barrie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara', 'summary': "The Regional Municipality of Niagara , also colloquially known as the Niagara Region , is a regional municipality comprising twelve municipalities of Southern Ontario , Canada . The regional seat is in Thorold . It is the southern end of the Golden Horseshoe , the largest megalopolis in Canada . The region occupies most of the Niagara Peninsula . Its eastern boundary is the Niagara River , which is also the border with the United States . It is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario and on the south by Lake Erie . Unique natural landscapes make the Niagara Region an important centre for agriculture and tourism in Canada . The most important agricultural enterprise in Niagara is viticulture , or winemaking . The Niagara Wine Route , which connects visitors to dozens of wineries , is a growing tourism draw while the internationally renowned Niagara Falls is one of Canada 's major tourist attractions . Along with Shaw Festival , held annually in Niagara-on-the-Lake , and the Welland Canal , the Regional Municipality of Niagara receives up to 12 million visitors each year"}, {'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario . An industrialized city in the Golden Horseshoe at the west end of Lake Ontario , Hamilton has a population of 536,917 , and its census metropolitan area , which includes Burlington and Grimsby , has a population of 747,545 . The city is 58 kilometres ( 36 mi ) southwest of Toronto , with which the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) is formed . On January 1 , 2001 , the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the amalgamation of the original city with other municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth . Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians . Since 1981 , the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario . Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens , the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum , the Bruce Trail , McMaster University , Redeemer University College and Mohawk College . McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 77th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2018-19 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Kitchener is a city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo , Ontario . Located approximately 100 km ( 62 mi ) west of Toronto , Kitchener is the regional seat . Kitchener was called Berlin until 1916 , designated the Town of Berlin from 1854 until 1912 and the City of Berlin from 1912 until 1916 . The City of Kitchener covers an area of 136.86 square kilometres and had a population of 233,222 at the time of the 2016 Census . The Kitchener metropolitan area , which includes the smaller , neighbouring cities of Waterloo to the north and Cambridge to the south , has 523,894 people , making it the tenth largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Canada and the fourth largest CMA in Ontario . Kitchener and Waterloo are considered twin cities which are often referred to jointly as Kitchener-Waterloo ( K-W ) , although they have separate municipal governments . Including Cambridge , the three cities are known as the Tri-Cities . All are part of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo , which was created in 1973 , when it replaced Waterloo County , which had been created in 1853 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guelph', 'summary': "Guelph ( /ɡwɛlf/ ( listen ) ; 2016 Canadian Census population 131,794 ) is a city in Southwestern Ontario , Canada . Known as The Royal City , Guelph is roughly 28 km ( 17 mi ) east of Kitchener and 100 km ( 62 mi ) west of Downtown Toronto , at the intersection of Highway 6 , Highway 7 and Wellington County Road 124 . It is the seat of Wellington County , but is politically independent of it . The city is built on the traditional territory of the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation . Guelph began as a settlement in the 1820s , established by Scotsman John Galt , who was in Upper Canada as the first Superintendent of the Canada Company . He based the headquarters , and his home , in the community . The area - much of which became Wellington County - had been part of the Halton Block , a Crown Reserve for the Six Nations Iroquois . Galt would later be considered as the founder of Guelph . Because of its relatively low crime rates , clean environment and generally high standard of living , Guelph is consistently rated as one of Canada 's best places to live . For many years , Guelph ranked at or near the bottom of Canada 's crime severity list . However , the 2017 Crime Severity Index showed a 15% increase from 2016 . Guelph has been noted as having one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country throughout the Great Recession ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barrie', 'summary': "Barrie is a city , and manifesting regional centre in Central Ontario , Canada , positioned on the shores of Kempenfelt Bay , the western arm of Lake Simcoe . The city is located geographically within Simcoe County , however , it is a politically independent single-tier municipality . It is part of the historically significant Huronia region of Central Ontario and is within the northern part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe , a densely populated and industrialized region of Ontario . As of the 2016 census , the city 's population was 141,434 making it the 34th largest in Canada in terms of population proper . The Barrie census metropolitan area ( CMA ) as of the same census had a population of 197,059 residents , making the city the 21st largest CMA in Canada . The city itself has seen significant growth in recent decades due to its emergence as a bedroom community , and its relatively close proximity to the city of Toronto . Barrie is situated approximately 86.6 kilometres ( 53.8 mi ) from the Toronto Pearson International Airport and 109 kilometres ( 68 mi ) from Downtown Toronto , representing the city 's highly centralized and historically strategic geographical orientation and its ease of access to major centres and airports across the region . The Barrie area was first settled during the War of 1812 as a key supply depot for British forces . It would be named twenty years later for Sir Robert Barrie , who consistently commanded forces through the region . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Barrie 's emergence as a bedroom community for the city of Toronto grew in prominence , and its economy would be wrapped around the education , healthcare , information technology and service sectors . Being located in the climatically deterrent snowbelt region of southern Ontario , Barrie is notorious for its deluging snow squalls in the winter . In the summer , its position within a convergence of breezes originating from the surrounding Great Lakes can provoke intense thunderstorms ."}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '217,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hartford Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartford_Line', 'summary': 'The Hartford Line is a commuter rail service between New Haven , Connecticut , and Springfield , Massachusetts , using the Amtrak-owned New Haven-Springfield Line . The project is a joint venture between the states of Connecticut and Massachusetts , with support from the federal government as well . CTrail-branded trains provide service along the corridor , and riders can use Hartford Line tickets to travel on board most Amtrak trains along the corridor at the same prices . The service launched on June 16 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'New Haven - Hartford - Springfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut', 'summary': "New Haven is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , and is part of the New York metropolitan area . With a population of 129,779 as determined by the 2010 United States Census , it is the second-largest city in Connecticut after Bridgeport . New Haven is the principal municipality of Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010 . New Haven was the first planned city in America . A year after its founding by English Puritans in 1638 , eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid , creating what is commonly known as the Nine Square Plan . The central common block is the New Haven Green , a 16-acre ( 6 ha ) square at the center of Downtown New Haven . The Green is now a National Historic Landmark , and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark . New Haven is the home of Yale University . As New Haven 's biggest taxpayer and employer , Yale serves as an integral part of the city 's economy . Health care ( hospitals and biotechnology ) , professional services ( legal , architectural , marketing , and engineering ) , financial services , and retail trade also contribute to the city 's economic activity . The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873 , when sole governance was transferred to the more centrally located city of Hartford ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut . It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960 . It is the core city in the Greater Hartford metropolitan area . Census estimates since the 2010 United States Census have indicated that Hartford is the fourth-largest city in Connecticut , behind the coastal cities of Bridgeport , New Haven , and Stamford . Hartford was founded in 1635 and is among the oldest cities in the United States . It is home to the country 's oldest public art museum ( Wadsworth Atheneum ) , the oldest publicly funded park ( Bushnell Park ) , the oldest continuously published newspaper ( the Hartford Courant ) , and the second-oldest secondary school ( Hartford Public High School ) . It is also home to the Mark Twain House , where the author wrote his most famous works and raised his family , among other historically significant sites . Mark Twain wrote in 1868 , Of all the beautiful towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief . Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades following the American Civil War . Today , it is one of the poorest cities in the U.S. , with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty threshold . In sharp contrast , the Greater Hartford metropolitan statistical area was ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production and 8th out of 280 metropolitan statistical areas in per capita income in 2015 . Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World , it hosts many insurance company headquarters and is the region 's major industry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Springfield is a city in the state of Massachusetts , United States , and the seat of Hampden County . Springfield sits on the eastern bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers : the western Westfield River , the eastern Chicopee River , and the eastern Mill River . As of the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 153,060 . As of 2018 , the estimated population was 155,032 , making it the third-largest city in Massachusetts , the fourth-most populous city in New England after Boston , Worcester , and Providence , and the 12th-most populous in the Northeastern United States . Metropolitan Springfield , as one of two metropolitan areas [ b ] in Massachusetts ( the other being Greater Boston ) , had a population of 692,942 as of 2010 . Founded in 1636 as the first Springfield in the New World , during the American Revolution , George Washington designated it as the site of the Springfield Armory for its central location , subsequently the site of Shays ' Rebellion . The city would also play a pivotal role in the Civil War , as a stop on the Underground Railroad and home of abolitionist John Brown , widely known for his raid on Harpers Ferry , and for the Armory 's manufacture of the famed Springfield rifles used ubiquitously by Union troops . Closing during the Johnson administration , today the national park site features the largest collection of historic American firearms in the world . Today the city is the largest in western New England , and the urban , economic , and media capital of Massachusetts ' section of the Connecticut River Valley , colloquially known as the Pioneer Valley . Springfield has several nicknames - The City of Firsts , due to the many innovations developed there , such as the first American dictionary , the first American gas-powered automobile , and the first machining lathe for interchangeable parts ; The City of Homes , due to its Victorian residential architecture ; and Hoop City , as basketball - one of the world 's most popular sports - was invented in Springfield in 1891 by James Naismith . Hartford , the capital of Connecticut , lies 24 miles ( 39 km ) south of Springfield , on the western bank of the Connecticut River . The Hartford-Springfield region is known as the Knowledge Corridor because it hosts over 160,000 university students and over 32 universities and liberal arts colleges - the second-highest concentration of higher-learning institutions in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Connecticut / Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Havana Suburban Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Havana_Suburban_Railway', 'summary': 'The Havana Suburban Railway ( Spanish : Red del ferrocarril suburbano de La Habana ) is a passenger rail network serving the city of Havana , capital of Cuba , and its suburbs . Owned by the national company Ferrocarriles de Cuba , it represents the only suburban rail system of the Caribbean island .'}]}, {'value': 'CUB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'Havana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Havana', 'summary': "Havana ( /həˈvænə/ ; Spanish : La Habana [ la aˈβana ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city , largest city , province , major port , and leading commercial center of Cuba . The city has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants , and it spans a total of 781.58 km2 ( 301.77 sq mi ) - making it the largest city by area , the most populous city , and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region . The city of Havana was founded by the Spanish in the 16th century and due to its strategic location it served as a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the Americas , becoming a stopping point for treasure-laden Spanish galleons returning to Spain . The King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592 . Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city . The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana 's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish-American War . The city is the center of the Cuban government , and home to various ministries , headquarters of businesses and over 90 diplomatic offices . The current governor is Reinaldo García Zapata of the Communist Party of Cuba ( PCC ) . In 2009 , the city/province had the third highest income in the country . Contemporary Havana can essentially be described as three cities in one : Old Havana , Vedado and the newer suburban districts . The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay , which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbors : Mari melena , Guanabacoa and Antares . The sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north , entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay ."}]}, {'value': 'La Habana / Artemisa / Mayabeque / Matanzas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Havana', 'summary': "Havana ( /həˈvænə/ ; Spanish : La Habana [ la aˈβana ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city , largest city , province , major port , and leading commercial center of Cuba . The city has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants , and it spans a total of 781.58 km2 ( 301.77 sq mi ) - making it the largest city by area , the most populous city , and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region . The city of Havana was founded by the Spanish in the 16th century and due to its strategic location it served as a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the Americas , becoming a stopping point for treasure-laden Spanish galleons returning to Spain . The King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592 . Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city . The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana 's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish-American War . The city is the center of the Cuban government , and home to various ministries , headquarters of businesses and over 90 diplomatic offices . The current governor is Reinaldo García Zapata of the Communist Party of Cuba ( PCC ) . In 2009 , the city/province had the third highest income in the country . Contemporary Havana can essentially be described as three cities in one : Old Havana , Vedado and the newer suburban districts . The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay , which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbors : Mari melena , Guanabacoa and Antares . The sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north , entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Artemisa_Province', 'summary': 'Artemisa Province is one of the two new provinces created from the former La Habana Province , whose creation was approved by the Cuban National Assembly on August 1 , 2010 , the other being Mayabeque Province . The new provinces were enforced on January 1 , 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mayabeque_Province', 'summary': 'Mayabeque Province is one of two new provinces created from the former La Habana Province , whose creation was approved by the Cuban National Assembly on August 1 , 2010 , the other being Artemisa Province . The new provinces were enforced on January 1 , 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matanzas_Province', 'summary': 'Matanzas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maˈtansas ] ) is one of the provinces of Cuba . Major towns in the province include Cárdenas , Colón , Jovellanos and the capital of the same name , Matanzas . The resort town of Varadero is also located in this province . Among Cuban provinces , Matanzas is one of the most industrialised , with petroleum wells , refineries , supertanker facilities , and 21 sugar mills to process the harvests of the fields of sugarcane in the province .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keystone Service', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keystone_Service', 'summary': "Amtrak 's 195-mile ( 314 km ) Keystone Service provides frequent regional passenger train service between the Harrisburg Transportation Center in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania and 30th Street Station in Philadelphia , running along the Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line ( Keystone Corridor ) . Most trains continue along the Northeast Corridor ( NEC ) to Pennsylvania Station in New York . Travel time between Harrisburg and New York is approximately 3 hours and 30 minutes , including 1 hour and 45 minutes to travel between Harrisburg and Philadelphia . There are also several express trains which cut both journey times by approximately 15 minutes . A few portions of the route consist of high-speed rail , where it reaches its max speed of 125 mph ( 201 km/h ) , making it one of the three high-speed rail services operated by Amtrak , and one of the four high-speed rail services in the United States . It is Amtrak 's fifth-busiest route , and the railroad 's third-busiest in the NEC . In fiscal year 2016 , the service carried 1.47 million passengers , an increase of 7.9% over FY2015 . Total revenue in FY2016 was $ 41,123,787 , an increase of 7.5% over FY2015 . The route is primarily funded by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation ( PennDOT ) ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Harrisburg - Philadelphia - New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Harrisburg ( /ˈhærɪsbɜːrɡ/ HARR-iss-burg ; Pennsylvania German : Harrisbarrig ) [ citation needed ] is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States , and the county seat of Dauphin County . With a population of 49,229 , it is the 15th largest city in the Commonwealth . It lies on the east bank of the Susquehanna River , 107 miles ( 172 km ) west of Philadelphia . Harrisburg is the anchor of the Susquehanna Valley metropolitan area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 574,659 , making it the fourth most populous in Pennsylvania and 96th most populous in the United States . Harrisburg played a notable role in American history during the Westward Migration , the American Civil War , and the Industrial Revolution . During part of the 19th century , the building of the Pennsylvania Canal and later the Pennsylvania Railroad allowed Harrisburg to become one of the most industrialized cities in the Northeastern United States . The U.S. Navy ship USS Harrisburg , which served from 1918 to 1919 at the end of World War I , was named in honor of the city . In the mid-to-late 20th century , the city 's economic fortunes fluctuated with its major industries consisting of government , heavy manufacturing , agriculture , and food services ( nearby Hershey is home of the chocolate maker , located just 10 miles ( 16 km ) east ) . The Pennsylvania Farm Show , the largest free indoor agriculture exposition in the United States , was first held in Harrisburg in 1917 and has been held there every early-to-mid January since then . Harrisburg also hosts an annual outdoor sports show , the largest of its kind in North America , an auto show , which features a large static display of new as well as classic cars and is renowned nationwide , and Motorama , a two-day event consisting of a car show , motocross racing , remote control car racing , and more . Harrisburg is also known for the Three Mile Island accident , which occurred on March 28 , 1979 , near Middletown . In 2010 Forbes rated Harrisburg as the second best place in the U.S. to raise a family ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania / New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Island Rail Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road', 'summary': "The Long Island Rail Road ( reporting mark LI ) , often abbreviated as the LIRR , is a commuter rail system in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of New York , stretching from Manhattan to the eastern tip of Suffolk County on Long Island . With an average weekday ridership of 354,800 passengers in 2016 , it is the busiest commuter railroad in North America . It is also one of the world 's few commuter systems that runs 24 hours a day , seven days a week , year-round . It is publicly owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority , which refers to it as MTA Long Island Rail Road . The LIRR logo combines the circular MTA logo with the text Long Island Rail Road , and appears on the sides of trains . The LIRR is one of two commuter rail systems owned by the MTA , the other being the Metro-North Railroad in the northern suburbs of the New York area . Established in 1834 and having operated continuously since then , it is one of the oldest railroads in the United States still operating under its original name and charter . There are 124 stations and more than 700 miles ( 1,100 km ) of track on its two lines to the two forks of the island and eight major branches , with the passenger railroad system totaling 319 miles ( 513 km ) of route . As of 2018 [ update ] , the LIRR 's budgetary burden for expenditures was $ 1.6 billion , which it supports through the collection of taxes and fees ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City - Long Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Long_Island', 'summary': "Long Island ( locally : /lɔːŋˈɡaɪˌlənd/ ) is a densely populated island in the southeast part of the U.S. state of New York , in the northeastern United States , beginning at New York Harbor approximately 0.35 miles ( 0.56 km ) from Manhattan Island and extending eastward into the Atlantic Ocean . The island comprises four counties ; Kings and Queens Counties ( the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens , respectively ) and Nassau County share the western third of the island , while Suffolk County occupies the eastern two-thirds . More than half of New York City 's residents now live on Long Island , in Brooklyn , and in Queens . However , many people in the New York metropolitan area ( even in Brooklyn and Queens ) colloquially use the term Long Island ( or the Island ) to refer exclusively to Nassau and Suffolk Counties , and conversely , employ the term the City to mean Manhattan alone . Broadly speaking , Long Island may refer both to the main island and the surrounding outer barrier islands . North of the island is Long Island Sound , across which lie Westchester County , New York , and the state of Connecticut . Across the Block Island Sound to the northeast is the state of Rhode Island . To the west , Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River . To the extreme southwest , it is separated from Staten Island and the state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay , the Narrows , and Lower New York Bay . To the east lie Block Island - which belongs to the State of Rhode Island - and numerous smaller islands . Both the longest and the largest island in the contiguous United States , Long Island extends 118 miles ( 190 km ) eastward from New York Harbor to Montauk Point , with a maximum north-to-south distance of 23 miles ( 37 km ) between Long Island Sound and the Atlantic coast . With a land area of 1,401 square miles ( 3,630 km2 ) , Long Island is the 11th-largest island in the United States and the 149th-largest island in the world - larger than the 1,214 square miles ( 3,140 km2 ) of the smallest U.S. state , Rhode Island ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': '11 ( 15 former )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '360,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MARC Train', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MARC_Train', 'summary': 'MARC ( Maryland Area Regional Commuter ) Train Service ( reporting mark MARC ) , previously known as Maryland Rail Commuter , is a commuter rail system comprising three lines in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area . MARC is administered by the Maryland Transit Administration ( MTA ) , a Maryland Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) agency , and is operated under contract by Bombardier Transportation Services USA Corporation ( BTS ) and Amtrak over tracks owned by CSX Transportation ( CSXT ) and Amtrak . With some equipment capable of reaching speeds of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) , MARC is purported to be the fastest commuter railroad in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore - Washington , D.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland / West Virginia / District of Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia', 'summary': 'West Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States , and is also considered to be a part of the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Region . It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north , Maryland to the east and northeast , Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , and Ohio to the northwest . West Virginia is the 41st largest state by area , and is ranked 38th in population . The capital and largest city is Charleston . West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions of 1861 , at the start of the American Civil War . Delegates from the Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia decided to break away from Virginia , which also included secessionist counties in the new state . West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20 , 1863 , and was a key border state during the war . It was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state , the first to separate from any state since Maine separated from Massachusetts , and was one of two states admitted to the Union during the American Civil War ( the other being Nevada ) . While a portion of its residents held slaves , most of the residents were yeoman farmers , and the delegates provided for gradual abolition of slavery in the new state Constitution . The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States . However , the Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies the state as a part of the Mid-Atlantic region . The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio , with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area , while Bluefield is less than 70 miles ( 110 km ) from North Carolina .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBTA Commuter Rail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MBTA_Commuter_Rail', 'summary': "The MBTA Commuter Rail system serves as the commuter rail arm of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority 's transportation coverage of Greater Boston in the United States . Trains run over 398 miles of track to 141 different stations , with 58 stations on the north side with the remaining 83 stations on the south . It is operated under contract by Keolis , which took over operations on July 1 , 2014 from the Massachusetts Bay Commuter Railroad Company ( MBCR ) . As of the third quarter of 2019 , average weekday ridership of the system was 119,800 , making it the sixth-busiest commuter rail system in the U.S. , behind the three New York-area systems , the Chicago-area system , and the Philadelphia-area system . The line 's characteristic purple-trimmed coaches operate as far south as North Kingstown , Rhode Island , and as far north as Newburyport and as far west as Fitchburg , both in Massachusetts . Trains originate at two major terminals in Boston - South Station and North Station - with both transportation hubs offering connections to Amtrak , local bus , intercity bus via South Station Bus Terminal , and subway lines . Currently no passenger rail infrastructure directly connects them , other than existing MBTA subway lines , however , MassDOT is studying the proposed North-South Rail Link , which would provide a solution to the problem ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston / Worcester / Providence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Boston', 'summary': "Greater Boston is the metropolitan region of New England encompassing the municipality of Boston , the capital of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England , as well as its surrounding areas . The region forms the northern arc of the US northeast megalopolis and as such , Greater Boston can be described either as a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , or as a broader combined statistical area ( CSA ) . The MSA consists of most of the eastern third of Massachusetts , excluding the South Coast region and Cape Cod ; while the CSA additionally includes the municipalities of Manchester ( the largest city in the U.S. state of New Hampshire ) , Worcester , Massachusetts ( the second largest city in New England ) , as well as the South Coast region and Cape Cod in Massachusetts . While the small footprint of the city of Boston itself only contains an estimated 685,094 , the urbanization has extended well into surrounding areas ; the CSA is one of two in Massachusetts , the only other being Greater Springfield . Greater Boston is the only CSA-form statistical area in New England which crosses into three states ( Massachusetts , New Hampshire and Rhode Island ) . Some of Greater Boston 's most well-known contributions involve the region 's higher education and medical institutions . Greater Boston has been influential upon American history and industry . The region and the state of Massachusetts are global leaders in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Over 80% of Massachusetts ' population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan region . Greater Boston is ranked tenth in population among US metropolitan statistical areas , home to 4,875,390 people as of the 2018 US Census estimate , and sixth among combined statistical areas , with a population of 8,285,407 . The area has hosted many people and sites significant to American culture and history , particularly American literature , politics , and the American Revolution . Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England , founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Worcester ( /ˈwʊstər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . Named after Worcester , England , as of the 2010 Census the city 's population was 181,045 , making it the second-most populous city in New England after Boston . Worcester is approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Boston , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Springfield and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Providence . Due to its location in Central Massachusetts , Worcester is known as the Heart of the Commonwealth , thus , a heart is the official symbol of the city . However , the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the Valentine 's Day card , although not invented in the city , was first mass-produced and popularized by Worcester resident Esther Howland . Worcester was considered its own distinct region apart from Boston until the 1970s . Since then , Boston 's suburbs have been moving out further westward , especially after the construction of Interstate 495 and Interstate 290 . The Worcester region now marks the western periphery of the Boston-Worcester-Providence ( MA-RI-NH ) U.S. Census Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , or Greater Boston . The city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Providence is the capital and most populous city of the state of Rhode Island and is one of the oldest cities in the United States . It was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams , a Reformed Baptist theologian and religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of God 's merciful Providence which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay . Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool , jewelry , and silverware industries . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains some manufacturing activity . The city is the third most populous city in New England after Boston and Worcester , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts / Rhode Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Rhode Island ( /ˌroʊd -/ ( listen ) , like road ) , officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , is a state in the New England region of the United States . It is the smallest U.S. state by area and the seventh least populous , but it is also the second most densely populated . Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west , Massachusetts to the north and east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound . It also shares a small maritime border with New York . Providence is the state capital and most populous city in Rhode Island . On May 4 , 1776 , the Colony of Rhode Island was the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown , and it was the fourth among the newly independent states to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 9 , 1778 . The state boycotted the 1787 convention which drew up the United States Constitution and initially refused to ratify it ; it was the last of the original 13 states to do so on May 29 , 1790 . Rhode Island 's official nickname is The Ocean State , a reference to the large bays and inlets that amount to about 14 percent of its total area ."}]}, {'value': '14 ( 1 under construction )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '121,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metra', 'summary': "Metra ( reporting mark METX ) is a commuter rail system in the Chicago metropolitan area . The system operates 242 stations on 11 different rail lines . It is the fourth busiest commuter rail system in the United States by ridership and the largest and busiest commuter rail system outside the New York City metropolitan area . There were 83.4 million passenger rides in 2014 , up 1.3% from the previous year . The estimated busiest day for Metra ridership occurred on November 4 , 2016 - the day of the Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series victory rally . Using Chicago 's rail infrastructure , much of which dates to the 1850s , the Illinois General Assembly established the parent Regional Transportation Authority ( RTA ) to consolidate all public transit operations in the Chicago area , including commuter rail . The RTA 's creation was a result of the anticipated failure of commuter service operated and owned by various private railroad companies in the 1970s . In 1984 , RTA formed a commuter rail division to focus on rail operations , which branded itself as Metra in 1985 . Freight rail companies still operate four of Metra 's routes under contracted service agreements . Metra owns all rolling stock and is responsible for all stations along with the respective municipalities . Since its inception , Metra has directed more than $ 5 billion into the commuter rail system of the Chicago metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'Illinois / Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '277,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metrolink', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metrolink_(California)', 'summary': "Metrolink ( reporting mark SCAX ) is a commuter rail system in Southern California consisting of seven lines and 62 stations operating on 534 miles ( 859 km ) of rail network . The system operates in Los Angeles , Orange , Riverside , San Bernardino , and Ventura counties , as well as to Oceanside in San Diego County . It connects with the Los Angeles County Metro Rail and Metro Busway system , the San Diego Coaster commuter rail and Sprinter light rail services , and with Amtrak 's Pacific Surfliner , Coast Starlight , Southwest Chief , Sunset Limited , and Texas Eagle intercity rail services . Metrolink owns several hundred miles of rail ; however , it also shares some track with freight trains . The system , founded in 1991 as the Southern California Regional Rail Authority ( SCRRA ) and adopting Metrolink as its moniker , started operation in 1992 . Average weekday ridership was 42,928 as of 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles - Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Southern_California', 'summary': "Southern California ( colloquially known as SoCal ; Spanish : Sur de California ) is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises the southernmost counties of California , and is the second most populous urban agglomeration in the United States . The region contains ten counties : Imperial , Kern , Los Angeles , Orange , Riverside , San Bernardino , San Diego , Santa Barbara , San Luis Obispo and Ventura counties . The Colorado Desert and the Colorado River are located on southern California 's eastern border with Arizona , and the Mojave Desert is located north on California 's Nevada border . Southern California 's southern border is part of the Mexico-United States border ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metro-North Railroad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad', 'summary': "The Metro-North Commuter Railroad ( reporting mark MNCW ) , trading as MTA Metro-North Railroad or simply Metro-North , is a suburban commuter rail service run by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) , a public authority of the U.S. state of New York and under contract with the Connecticut Department of Transportation . Metro-North runs service between New York City and its northern suburbs in New York and Connecticut , including Port Jervis , Spring Valley , Poughkeepsie , Yonkers , New Rochelle , Scarsdale , Hartsdale , White Plains , and Wassaic in New York and Stamford , New Canaan , Danbury , Waterbury , and New Haven in Connecticut . Metro-North also provides local rail service within the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx . Metro-North is the descendant of commuter rail services dating back as early as 1832 . By 1969 , they had all been acquired by Penn Central . MTA acquired all three lines by 1972 , but Penn Central continued to operate them under contract . Service was transferred to Conrail in 1976 , when it absorbed most of Penn Central 's railroad functions after Penn Central 's bankruptcy . The system took its current form in 1983 , when MTA took over Conrail 's commuter operations in the northern portion of the New York metropolitan area and merged them into Metro-North . There are 124 stations on Metro-North Railroad 's five active lines ( plus the Meadowlands Rail Line ) , which operate on more than 787 miles ( 1,267 km ) of track , with the passenger railroad system totaling 385 miles ( 620 km ) of route . With an average weekday ridership of 298,300 in 2017 , it is the third busiest commuter railroad in North America in terms of annual ridership , behind the Long Island Rail Road and NJ Transit . As of 2018 [ update ] , Metro-North 's budgetary burden for expenditures was $ 1.3 billion , which it supports through the collection of taxes and fees . The MTA has jurisdiction , through Metro-North , over railroad lines on the western and eastern portions of the Hudson River in New York ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City / New Haven / Poughkeepsie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut', 'summary': "New Haven is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , and is part of the New York metropolitan area . With a population of 129,779 as determined by the 2010 United States Census , it is the second-largest city in Connecticut after Bridgeport . New Haven is the principal municipality of Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010 . New Haven was the first planned city in America . A year after its founding by English Puritans in 1638 , eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid , creating what is commonly known as the Nine Square Plan . The central common block is the New Haven Green , a 16-acre ( 6 ha ) square at the center of Downtown New Haven . The Green is now a National Historic Landmark , and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark . New Haven is the home of Yale University . As New Haven 's biggest taxpayer and employer , Yale serves as an integral part of the city 's economy . Health care ( hospitals and biotechnology ) , professional services ( legal , architectural , marketing , and engineering ) , financial services , and retail trade also contribute to the city 's economic activity . The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873 , when sole governance was transferred to the more centrally located city of Hartford ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York', 'summary': "Poughkeepsie ( /pəˈkɪpsi/ pə-KIP-see ) , officially the City of Poughkeepsie , separate from the Town of Poughkeepsie , is a city in the U.S. state of New York . Poughkeepsie is the county seat of Dutchess County . With a 2018 census-estimated population of 30,356 , Poughkeepsie is in the Hudson River Valley region , midway between the core of the New York megacity and the state capital of Albany . It is a principal city of the Poughkeepsie - Newburgh - Middletown metropolitan statistical area , which belongs to the New York - New Jersey - Connecticut CSA . Poughkeepsie is served by the nearby Hudson Valley Regional Airport , and New York Stewart International Airport in Orange County . Poughkeepsie has been called The Queen City of the Hudson . It was settled in the 17th century by the Dutch and became New York State 's second capital shortly after the American Revolution . It was chartered as a city in 1854 . Major bridges in the city include the Walkway over the Hudson , a former railroad bridge ( originally called the Poughkeepsie Bridge ) which re-opened as a public walkway on October 3 , 2009 ; and the Mid-Hudson Bridge , a major thoroughfare built in 1930 that carries U.S. Route 44 ( concurrent with State Route 55 ) over the Hudson . The city of Poughkeepsie lies in New York 's 18th congressional district . Situated between the Lower Hudson and the Capital District regions , Poughkeepsie 's economy is stimulated by several major Northeastern U.S. corporations including ShopRite , Stop & Shop , Barnes & Noble , Rite Aid , Dunkin ' , Marshalls , Verizon Communications , M & T Bank , Chase Bank and Charter Communications . Other major businesses include Best Buy , Big Lots , Metro by T-Mobile , Cricket Wireless , and Boost Mobile ."}]}, {'value': 'New York / Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '315,700', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of North American commuter rail operators', 'section_text': 'See also : List of United States commuter rail systems by ridership', 'uid': 'Commuter_rail_in_North_America_0', 'intro': 'Commuter rail services in the United States, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, and Costa Rica provide common carrier passenger transportation along railway tracks, with scheduled service on fixed routes on a non-reservation basis, primarily for short-distance (local) travel between a central business district and adjacent suburbs and regional travel between cities of a conurbation. It does not include rapid transit or light rail service.'}
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Which system has the lowest amount of avg . Week day ridership ? Was it the system which was descended from commuter rail services which date back as early as 1832 , or one that is a California commuter rail line on the San Francisco Peninsula ?
Caltrain
08d42fca0a9c7fce
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships', 'title': '2010 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Country', 'Team', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilson Kiprop Sammy Kitwara Silas Kipruto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilson_Kiprop', 'summary': 'Wilson Kiprop ( born 14 April 1987 in Soi , Uasin Gishu District ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner , who specialises in the 10,000 metres and half marathon . He was the world champion at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 2010 and was the 10,000 m gold medalist at the 2010 African Championships in Athletics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sammy_Kitwara', 'summary': 'Sammy Kirop Kitwara ( born 26 November 1986 in Sagat , Marakwet District ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specialises in road running events . He is coached by Moses Kiptanui . As of January 2020 he is the 12th fastest half marathon runner in history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Silas_Kipruto', 'summary': "Silas Kipruto ( born 26 September 1984 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specializes in the half marathon and 10K run events , with personal bests of 59:39 minutes and 27:28 minutes respectively . He finished seventh at the 2008 World Athletics Final and eighth at the 2009 World Athletics Final , and also fifth in the 3000 metres at the 2009 World Athletics Final . His personal best times are 7:32.25 minutes in the 3000 metres , achieved in September 2009 in Rieti ; 13:02.86 minutes in the 5000 metres , achieved in June 2008 in Berlin ; and 27:26.31 minutes in the 10,000 metres , achieved in May 2008 in Hengelo . Kipruto took second place at the 2010 Stramilano Half Marathon , running a sub-60 minute time of 59:39 to finish just behind Moses Mosop . He again broke the 60-minute mark later that year , finishing third at the Lille Half Marathon in 59:52 . He was fourth at the Delhi Half Marathon in November , although he was some way off Geoffrey Mutai who won the race . At the start of 2011 he was fifth at the Giro Media Blenio . Kipruto was second at that year 's Nice Half Marathon with a season 's best run of 1:01:11 hours . He began 2012 with a runner-up performance behind Ayele Abshero at the Yangzhou Jianzhen International Half Marathon . He was third at that year 's Delhi Half Marathon and placed fifth at both the Falmouth Road Race and the BOClassic . Kipruto was runner-up at the Berlin Half Marathon , but came fourth in Yangzhou . Over 10K that year , he won in Tripoli and Jakarta , then came in second place on behind Micah Kogo in the Beach to Beacon 10K race in Cape Elizabeth , Maine with a season 's best of 28:09 minutes ."}]}, {'value': '3:01:32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eritrea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eritrea', 'summary': 'Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD .'}]}, {'value': 'Zersenay Tadese Samuel Tsegay Tewelde Estifanos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zersenay_Tadese', 'summary': "Zersenay Tadese [ nb ] ( Tigrinya : ዘርእሰናይ ታደሰ ; born 8 February 1982 ) is an Eritrean long-distance track and road running athlete . He held the men 's half marathon world record from 2010 to 2018 . His bronze medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2004 Athens Olympics made him the first ever Eritrean Olympic medallist , and his 20-km title at the 2006 IAAF World Road Running Championships also made him the country 's first athlete to win at a world championship event . He does not use a sprint finish to win races ; his strategy relies on a combination of efficient running and fast pace setting . Zersenay ( Tadese is his father 's name ) has found most of his success in the half marathon , with four consecutive victories in the World Half Marathon Championships from 2006 to 2009 ( with a 2006 20km edition ) , a silver medal in 2010 and a fifth title in 2012 . His 5 titles are a record . He set a world record at the Lisbon Half Marathon in 2010 . He has also excelled in cross country running , winning a gold , a silver , and two bronze medals in the long distance race over five IAAF World Cross Country Championships . He is a four-time Olympian ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) . In 2009 , Zersenay became only the second man ( after Paul Tergat ) to win three World Championship medals over three different surfaces in the same year , winning World Cross Country bronze , 10,000 metres World Championship silver on the track , and gold in road running at the World Half Marathon Championships . He is a popular public figure in his home country ; 2500 guests attended his wedding to Merhawit Solomon , which was broadcast live on Eritrean television . His brother , Kidane Tadese , is also a professional distance runner ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Tsegay', 'summary': "Samuel Tsegay Tesfamriam ( born 24 October 1988 ) is an Eritrean long-distance runner running for the Swedish track club Hälle IF , who specializes in the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres . He was born in Eritrea . As a junior , he competed in the junior races at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships , finishing seventeenth in 2005 , eighth in 2006 and eighth in 2007 . He finished fourth in the 10,000 metres at the 2006 World Junior Championships . At the 2009 World Cross Country Championships he finished sixteenth in the senior race . The Eritrean team took bronze medals in the team competition . He finished fifth at the 2009 World Half Marathon Championships , and competed in the 5000 metres at the 2009 World Championships . A fifth place at the 2010 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships gained him a team silver medal alongside Zersenay Tadese . He took third at the Cross Valle de Llodio in November behind compatriot Teklemariam Medhin . He ran at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships but was ultimately disqualified as he and Ethiopia 's Abera Kuma began fighting on the final stretch . Reflecting the history of antipathy between the nations , Tsegay accused the Ethiopian of deliberately elbowing him and standing on his heels from behind , thus he reacted by grabbing Abera 's leg and threw a punch before dashing to the finish . The IAAF disqualified both athletes for their conduct ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tewelde_Estifanos', 'summary': "Tewelde Estifanos ( born 2 November 1981 ) is an Eritrean long distance runner who specialises in the marathon . He competed in the men 's marathon event at the 2016 Summer Olympics where he finished in 60th place with a time of 2:19:12 ."}]}, {'value': '3:03:04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Lelisa Desisa Birhanu Bekele Asefa Mengstu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lelisa_Desisa', 'summary': 'Lelisa Desisa Benti ( born 14 January 1990 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in road running competitions . He gained his first international medal at the 2009 African Junior Athletics Championships , where he took the 10,000 metres gold medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Asefa_Mengstu', 'summary': 'Asefa Mengstu is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in road running competitions .'}]}, {'value': '3:05:26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Tomoya Onishi Tsuyoshi Ugachi Masato Imai', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:06:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Lungisa Mdedelwa Samuel Segoaba Moorosi Soke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:09:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sean Quigley Antonio Vega Andrew Carlson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:12:38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ruben Iindongo Djamel Bachiri Driss El-Himer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:13:07', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Cusi Jaime Caldua Constantino León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constantino_León', 'summary': "Constantino León López ( born April 12 , 1974 in Pampas , Huancavelica ) is a Peruvian marathon runner . He set a personal best time of 2:17:03 , by finishing eleventh at the 2010 Chosunilbo Chunchon International Marathon in Chuncheon , South Korea . Leon represented Peru at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where he competed for the men 's marathon . He successfully finished the race in sixty-first place by ten seconds ahead of Montenegro 's Goran Stojiljković , with a time of 2:28:04 ."}]}, {'value': '3:15:12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Rachid Nadij José Ríos Pedro Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Ríos', 'summary': 'José Ríos Ortega ( born 15 March 1974 in Premià de Dalt , Barcelona ) is a Spanish runner . He specializes in the 10,000 metres and marathon . He won the Lake Biwa Marathon in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '3:16:04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Yang Dinghong Li Fei Gao Laiyuan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:20:58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botswana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botswana', 'summary': "Botswana ( /bɒtˈswɑːnə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /bʊt- , bʊˈtʃw-/ ) , officially the Republic of Botswana ( Setswana : Lefatshe la Botswana ) , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa . Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland , Botswana adopted its name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966 . Since then , it has been a representative republic , with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and the lowest perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998 . It is currently Africa 's oldest continuous democracy. , Botswana is topographically flat , with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert . It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast , Namibia to the west and north , and Zimbabwe to the northeast . Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but is , at most , a few hundred metres long . A mid-sized country of just over 2.3 million people , Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world . Around 10 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city , Gaborone . Formerly one of the poorest countries in the world - with a GDP per capita of about US $ 70 per year in the late 1960s - Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the world 's fastest-growing economies . The economy is dominated by mining , cattle , and tourism . Botswana boasts a GDP ( purchasing power parity ) per capita of about $ 18,825 per year as of 2015 [ update ] , which is one of the highest in Africa . Its high gross national income ( by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa ) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and one of the highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Boiphemelo Selagaboy Kelebonye Simbowa Ndabili Bashingili', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ndabili_Bashingili', 'summary': "Ndabili Bashingili ( born December 28 , 1979 in Semitwe ) is a Botswana marathon runner . Bashingili made his official debut for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , where he placed twenty-fifth out of a hundred runners in the men 's marathon , with a time of 2:18:09 . Four years after competing in his last Olympics , Bashingili qualified for the second time , as a 29-year-old , in the men 's marathon at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . He successfully finished the race in fifty-ninth place by eight seconds behind Tanzania 's Samson Ramadhani , with a time of 2:25:11 ."}]}, {'value': '3:21:59', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Men 's race -- Men 's results", 'section_text': 'The Nanning International Convention and Exhibition Center was one of the landmarks along the race route', 'uid': '2010_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_1', 'intro': "The 2010 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held in Nanning, China on 16 October 2010. The competition took place on the city streets, beginning and ending at Wuxiang Square, with a total prize purse of US$245,000 at stake. The Kenyan athletes emerged with both the individual and team titles in the men's and women's races. Despite limited experience in top level half marathon races, Wilson Kiprop and Florence Kiplagat won their respective races. Kiprop broke Zersenay Tadese's winning streak which dated back to 2006, out-sprinting the defending champion in the final stages. Sammy Kitwara won the men's bronze medal and helped Kenya to the men's team title. Led by Zersenay, the Eritrean men beat Ethiopia to the team silver medal spot. Kiplagat, who was ever present at the front of the women's race, outdid Ethiopian Dire Tune in the last kilometre to win her second gold medal on the global stage. Mirroring Kitwara, Kenya's women's bronze medallist Peninah Jerop Arusei secured the team's victory over Ethiopia. Representing the hosts, Zhu Xiaolin was the only non-African to reach the top eight at the championships. The joint effort of the Japanese women aided them to a sixth consecutive team bronze medal - making them the only medalling country outside the typically strong African triumvirate of Kenya, Ethiopia and Eritrea. A total of 30 countries were represented at the 19th edition of the competition and 123 runners altogether were entered into the men's and women's races."}
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What is the official name of the country which came in 10th place ?
People 's Republic of China
08d511c284d38bbd
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Stadium', 'title': 'Docklands Stadium', 'header': ['Date', 'Performer ( s )', 'Attendance', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '15 & 17 March 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbra Streisand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbra_Streisand', 'summary': 'Barbara Joan Barbra Streisand ( /ˈstraɪsænd/ ; born April 24 , 1942 ) is an American singer , actress , and filmmaker . In a career spanning six decades , she has achieved success in multiple fields of entertainment and has been recognized with two Academy Awards , ten Grammy Awards including the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and the Grammy Legend Award , five Emmy Awards including one Daytime Emmy , a Special Tony Award , an American Film Institute award , a Kennedy Center Honors prize , four Peabody Awards , the Presidential Medal of Freedom , and nine Golden Globes . She is among a small group of entertainers who have been honored with an Emmy , Grammy , Oscar , and Tony Award - though only three were competitive awards - and is one of only two artists in that group who have also won a Peabody . After beginning a successful recording career in the 1960s , Streisand ventured into film by the end of that decade . She starred in the critically acclaimed Funny Girl , for which she won the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress . Her other films include The Owl and the Pussycat , The Way We Were , and A Star Is Born , for which she received her second Academy Award , composing music for the love theme Evergreen , the first woman to be honored as a composer . With the release of Yentl in 1983 , Streisand became the first woman to write , produce , direct , and star in a major studio film . The film won an Oscar for Best Score and a Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture Musical . Streisand also received the Golden Globe Award for Best Director , becoming the first ( and to date only ) woman to win that award . Streisand is one of the best-selling recording artists of all time , with more than 68.5 million albums in the U.S. and with a total of 150 million records sold worldwide making her the best-selling female artist among top-selling artists recognized by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The RIAA and Billboard recognize Streisand as holding the record for the most top 10 albums of any female recording artist : a total of 34 since 1963 . According to Billboard , she holds the record for the female with the most number one albums ( 11 ) .'}]}, {'value': '70,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Timeless Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timeless_(Barbra_Streisand)', 'summary': 'Timeless was a concert tour by entertainer Barbra Streisand . Following her hotly anticipated Millennium Concert 1999/2000 ( which is cited as being part of this tour ) Barbra decided to take this concert on the road for an 8-day tour of Australia , Los Angeles & New York . The tour grossed a record breaking $ 70 million and drew audiences of 200,000 for only 10 dates .'}]}, {'value': '1 December 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Hot Chili Peppers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers', 'summary': "Red Hot Chili Peppers ( commonly abbreviated as RHCP ) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983 . Their music incorporates elements of alternative rock , funk , punk rock and psychedelic rock . The band comprises vocalist Anthony Kiedis , bassist Flea , drummer Chad Smith , and guitarist John Frusciante . With over 80 million records sold worldwide , Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best-selling bands of all time . They are the most successful band in the history of alternative rock radio , with the records for most number-one singles ( 13 ) , most cumulative weeks at number one ( 85 ) and most top-ten songs ( 25 ) on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . They have won six Grammy Awards , and in 2012 were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis , Flea , guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons . Because of commitments to other bands , Slovak and Irons did not play on the band 's 1984 self-titled debut album ; instead , the album featured Jack Sherman on guitar and Cliff Martinez on drums . Slovak rejoined shortly after its release and performed on the albums Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) , the latter of which saw a reunion of the original lineup . Slovak died of a drug overdose on June 25 , 1988 ; devastated , Irons left the band . With new recruits Frusciante and Smith , Red Hot Chili Peppers recorded two albums , Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) and their first major commercial success , Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) . Frusciante was uncomfortable with the newfound popularity and left abruptly during the 1992 Blood Sugar Sex Magik tour ."}]}, {'value': '21,729', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the By The Way Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/By_The_Way_Tour', 'summary': "The By the Way World Tour was a worldwide concert tour by American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers to support the band 's eighth studio album , By the Way . The band was at a commercial peak at the time , having only been off the road for a short amount of time after touring in support of their 1999 , best-selling Californication . The band began writing their next album in early 2001 , and released By the Way over a year later , on July 9 , 2002 . A DVD documenting a show from the tour , titled Live at Slane Castle , was released in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '28 February 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KISS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiss_(band)', 'summary': "Kiss ( often stylized as KIϟϟ ) is an American rock band formed in New York City in January 1973 by Paul Stanley , Gene Simmons , Peter Criss , and Ace Frehley . Well known for its members ' face paint and stage outfits , the group rose to prominence in the mid-to-late 1970s with their elaborate live performances , which featured fire breathing , blood-spitting , smoking guitars , shooting rockets , levitating drum kits , and pyrotechnics . The band has gone through several lineup changes , with Stanley and Simmons being the only members to feature in every lineup . The original and best-known lineup consisted of Stanley ( vocals and rhythm guitar ) , Simmons ( vocals and bass ) , Frehley ( lead guitar and vocals ) , and Criss ( drums and vocals ) . With their make-up and costumes , they took on the personae of comic book-style characters : the Starchild ( Stanley ) , the Demon ( Simmons ) , the Spaceman or Space Ace ( Frehley ) , and the Catman ( Criss ) . Due to creative differences , both Criss and Frehley had departed the group by 1982 . In 1983 , Kiss began performing without makeup and costumes , thus marking the beginning of the band 's unmasked era that would last for over a decade . They accordingly experienced a commercial resurgence , with the platinum certified album Lick It Up successfully introducing them to a new generation of fans , and their music videos received regular airplay on MTV . Eric Carr , who had replaced Criss in 1980 , died in 1991 of heart cancer and was replaced by Eric Singer . In response to a wave of Kiss nostalgia in the mid-1990s , the original lineup re-united in 1996 , which also saw the return of their makeup and stage costumes . The resulting Alive/Worldwide Tour was highly successful , grossing $ 143.7 million , making it their most successful tour to date . Criss and Frehley have both since left the band again and have been replaced by Singer and Tommy Thayer ."}]}, {'value': '59,958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Recording of Kiss Symphony : Alive IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiss_Symphony:_Alive_IV', 'summary': "Symphony : Alive IV is a 2003 live album from the American rock band Kiss , performing with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ( MSO ) . The arrangements were made by David Campbell , who also conducted the MSO . It is the group 's fourth album in the Alive series and first release under Kiss Records and Sanctuary Records ."}]}, {'value': '20 March 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen', 'summary': "Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen ( born September 23 , 1949 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and musician who is both a solo artist and the leader of the E Street Band . He received critical acclaim for his early 1970s albums and attained worldwide fame upon the release of Born to Run in 1975 . During a career that has spanned five decades , Springsteen has become known for his poetic and socially conscious lyrics and lengthy , energetic stage performances , earning the nickname The Boss . He has recorded both rock albums and folk-oriented works , and his lyrics often address the experiences and struggles of working-class Americans . Born in the U.S.A. ( 1984 ) is Springsteen 's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful album , proving him to be one of the most successful rock figures of the 1980s . It was certified 15x Platinum in the US and has sold 30 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling albums of all time . Seven of its singles reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 including the title track , which was a bitter commentary on the treatment of Vietnam veterans - some of whom were Springsteen 's friends . Advocating for the rights of the common working-class man , the song made a huge political impact . Springsteen 's other best-known songs include Born to Run ( 1975 ) , Thunder Road ( 1975 ) , Badlands ( 1978 ) , Hungry Heart ( 1980 ) , Dancing in the Dark ( 1984 ) , Glory Days ( 1985 ) , Brilliant Disguise ( 1987 ) , Human Touch ( 1992 ) , Streets of Philadelphia ( 1994 ) , and The Rising ( 2002 ) . Springsteen has sold more than 135 million records worldwide and more than 64 million records in the United States , making him one of the world 's best-selling music artists . He has earned numerous awards for his work , including 20 Grammy Awards , two Golden Globes , an Academy Award , and a Tony Award ( for Springsteen on Broadway ) . Springsteen was inducted into both the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1999 , received the Kennedy Center Honors in 2009 , was named MusiCares person of the year in 2013 , and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of The Rising Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Rising_Tour', 'summary': 'The Rising Tour was a lengthy , worldwide , top-grossing concert tour featuring Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band that took place in arenas and stadiums over 2002 and 2003 . It followed the release of their 2002 album The Rising .'}]}, {'value': '10 December 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robbie Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robbie_Williams', 'summary': 'Robert Peter Williams ( born 13 February 1974 ) is an English singer-songwriter and entertainer . He found fame as a member of the pop group Take That from 1989 to 1995 , but achieved greater commercial success with his solo career , beginning in 1997 . Williams has released seven UK number one singles and eleven out of his twelve studio albums have reached number one in the UK . He is the best-selling British solo artist in the United Kingdom and the best selling non-Latino artist in Latin America . Six of his albums are among the top 100 biggest-selling albums in the United Kingdom-four albums in the top 60-and in 2006 he entered the Guinness Book of World Records for selling 1.6 million tickets of his Close Encounters Tour in a single day . Williams has received a record eighteen Brit Awards - winning Best British Male Artist four times , two awards for Outstanding Contribution to Music and the 2017 Brits Icon for his lasting impact on British culture , and three MTV European Music Awards . In 2004 , he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame after being voted the Greatest Artist of the 1990s . According to the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , Williams has been certified for 19.9 million albums and 7.2 million singles in the UK as a solo artist . He is also one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold 75 million records worldwide . Williams also topped the 2000-2010 UK airplay chart . His three concerts at Knebworth in 2003 drew over 375,000 people , the UKs biggest music event to that point . In 2014 , he was awarded the freedom of his home town of Stoke-on-Trent , as well as having a tourist trail created and streets named in his honour .'}]}, {'value': '57,027', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of The 2003 Tour', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 December 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Day', 'summary': "Green Day is an American rock band formed in the East Bay of California in 1987 by lead vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong and bassist and backing vocalist Mike Dirnt . For much of the band 's career , they have been a trio with drummer Tré Cool , who replaced John Kiffmeyer in 1990 prior to the recording of the band 's second studio album , Kerplunk ( 1991 ) . Touring guitarist Jason White became a full-time member in 2012 , but returned to his role as a touring member in 2016 . Green Day was originally part of the late 80s-early 90s punk scene at the DIY 924 Gilman Street club in Berkeley , California . The band 's early releases were with the independent record label Lookout ! Records . In 1994 , their major label debut Dookie , released through Reprise Records , became a breakout success and eventually shipped over 10 million copies in the U.S. Green Day is credited alongside fellow California punk bands NOFX , Sublime , Bad Religion , the Offspring , and Rancid with popularizing mainstream interest in punk rock in the U.S . Though the albums Insomniac ( 1995 ) , Nimrod ( 1997 ) , and Warning ( 2000 ) did not match the success of Dookie , they were still successful with the former two reaching triple platinum status while the latter achieved gold . Green Day 's seventh album , a rock opera called American Idiot ( 2004 ) , found popularity with a younger generation , selling six million copies in the U.S. Their next album , 21st Century Breakdown , was released in 2009 and achieved the band 's best chart performance . It was followed by a trilogy of albums , ¡Uno ! , ¡Dos ! , and ¡Tré ! , released in September , November , and December 2012 respectively . The trilogy did not perform as well as expected commercially in comparison to their previous albums largely due to lack of promotion and lead singer and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong going into rehab . Their twelfth studio album , Revolution Radio , was released in October 2016 and became their third to debut at No ."}]}, {'value': '8,439', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the American Idiot World Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Idiot_World_Tour', 'summary': "The American Idiot World Tour was a concert tour by American punk band Green Day in support of the group 's seventh studio album , American Idiot , which was released in September 2004 . The tour began in Los Angeles at the Grand Olympic Auditorium on July 29 , and the last show was in Australia at the Telstra Dome . During the tour , the band played at the 2004 Reading Festival in England . During the tour , Green Day recorded a live album , Bullet in a Bible , which was released in 2005 , as a CD/DVD set . The concert at which the album was recorded was in England , at the Milton Keynes National Bowl , and was attended by more than 130,000 people . The DVD sold more than 1,500,000 copies and went Platinum in the UK and in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '18-19 November 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}]}, {'value': '127,275', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Vertigo Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vertigo_Tour', 'summary': "The Vertigo Tour was a worldwide concert tour by the Irish rock band U2 . Staged in support of the group 's 2004 album How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb , the tour visited arenas and stadiums from 2005 through 2006 . The Vertigo Tour consisted of five legs that alternated between indoor arena shows in North America and outdoor stadium shows internationally . Much like the previous Elevation Tour , the indoor portion of the Vertigo Tour featured a stripped-down , intimate stage design . Protruding from the main stage was an ellipse-shaped catwalk that encapsulated a small number of fans . The tour grossed US $ 260 million in 110 sold-out concerts in 2005 , making it the top-grossing tour of the year . In North America alone , the tour grossed $ 138.9 million from 1.4 million tickets sold . The Vertigo Tour won the 2005 Billboard Roadwork Touring Awards for Top Tour , Top Draw , and Top Single Event , and U2 's management company Principle Management won for Top Manager . By the time it finished , the Vertigo Tour had sold 4,619,021 tickets from 131 shows , and became the second-highest-grossing concert tour with $ 389 million earned . The tour was depicted in three concert films : Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago , Vertigo : Live from Milan , and U2 3D ."}]}, {'value': '17-18 December 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robbie Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robbie_Williams', 'summary': 'Robert Peter Williams ( born 13 February 1974 ) is an English singer-songwriter and entertainer . He found fame as a member of the pop group Take That from 1989 to 1995 , but achieved greater commercial success with his solo career , beginning in 1997 . Williams has released seven UK number one singles and eleven out of his twelve studio albums have reached number one in the UK . He is the best-selling British solo artist in the United Kingdom and the best selling non-Latino artist in Latin America . Six of his albums are among the top 100 biggest-selling albums in the United Kingdom-four albums in the top 60-and in 2006 he entered the Guinness Book of World Records for selling 1.6 million tickets of his Close Encounters Tour in a single day . Williams has received a record eighteen Brit Awards - winning Best British Male Artist four times , two awards for Outstanding Contribution to Music and the 2017 Brits Icon for his lasting impact on British culture , and three MTV European Music Awards . In 2004 , he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame after being voted the Greatest Artist of the 1990s . According to the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , Williams has been certified for 19.9 million albums and 7.2 million singles in the UK as a solo artist . He is also one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold 75 million records worldwide . Williams also topped the 2000-2010 UK airplay chart . His three concerts at Knebworth in 2003 drew over 375,000 people , the UKs biggest music event to that point . In 2014 , he was awarded the freedom of his home town of Stoke-on-Trent , as well as having a tourist trail created and streets named in his honour .'}]}, {'value': '125,274', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Close Encounters Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Close_Encounters_Tour', 'summary': "The Close Encounters Tour was a concert tour by British recording artist , Robbie Williams . Running from April to December 2006 , the tour supported Williams ' sixth studio album , Intensive Care . To date , it was the singer 's largest tour , playing over 50 shows in Africa , Asia , Europe , the Americas , and Australia . It is believed to have played to over 3 million spectators and earned over $ 60 million [ citation needed ] . The name is derived from the 1977 film , Close Encounters of the Third Kind ."}]}, {'value': '13-15 November 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Rieu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Rieu', 'summary': 'André Léon Marie Nicolas Rieu ( born 1 October 1949 ) is a Dutch violinist and conductor best known for creating the waltz-playing Johann Strauss Orchestra . He and his orchestra have turned classical and waltz music into a worldwide concert touring act , as successful as some of the biggest global pop and rock music acts . He resides in his native Maastricht .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the stadium tour with the Johann Strauss Orchestra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Strauss_Orchestra', 'summary': "The Johann Strauss Orchestra was founded by André Rieu in 1987 . At the time of its first concert on January 1 , 1988 , the orchestra consisted of 12 musicians . By 2008 the orchestra had expanded to 43 members and has performed regularly with guest musicians and singers such as Carla Maffioletti , Mirusia Louwerse , Carmen Monarcha and the Platin Tenors . The orchestra is well known for performing classical works with a distinctly unorthodox frivolity , joking with the audience and performing all sorts of antics . The Orchestra now performs with between 50 and 60 musicians on very large stages . At the time the Orchestra first toured Europe , there emerged a renewed interest in waltz music . The revival began in the Netherlands and was ignited by their recording of the Second Waltz from Shostakovich 's Suite for Variety Orchestra . As a result , Rieu became known as the modern Waltz King , a title originally bestowed upon Johann Strauss II . Rieu and his orchestra have performed throughout Europe , in North America , Japan , and Australia . Winning a number of awards including two World Music Awards , their recordings have gone gold and platinum in many countries , including 8-times Platinum in the Netherlands . Rieu records both DVD and CD repertoire at his own studios in Maastricht in a wide range of classical music as well as popular and folk music plus music from well-known soundtracks and musical theatre . His lively orchestral presentations , in tandem with effective marketing , have attracted worldwide audiences to this subgenre of classical music ."}]}, {'value': '20 November 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pearl Jam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pearl_Jam', 'summary': "Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in 1990 in Seattle , Washington . As of 2020 [ update ] , the band 's lineup consists of founding members Eddie Vedder ( lead vocals , guitar ) , Mike McCready ( lead guitar ) , Stone Gossard ( rhythm guitar ) and Jeff Ament ( bass ) as well as drummer Matt Cameron , who joined in 1998 . Keyboardist Boom Gaspar has also been a session/touring member with the band since 2002 . Drummers Jack Irons , Dave Krusen , Matt Chamberlain and Dave Abbruzzese are former members of the band . Formed after the demise of Gossard and Ament 's previous band , Mother Love Bone , Pearl Jam broke into the mainstream with its debut album , Ten , in 1991 . One of the key bands in the grunge movement of the early 1990s , its members often shunned popular music industry practices such as making music videos or giving interviews . The band also sued Ticketmaster , claiming it had monopolized the concert-ticket market . In 2006 , Rolling Stone described the band as having spent much of the past decade deliberately tearing apart their own fame . The band had sold nearly 32 million albums in the United States by 2012 , and by 2018 , they had sold more than 85 million albums worldwide . Pearl Jam outsold many of its contemporary alternative rock bands from the early 1990s , and is considered one of the most influential bands of the decade . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine referred to Pearl Jam as the most popular American rock & roll band of the '90s . Pearl Jam was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7 , 2017 , in its first year of eligibility ."}]}, {'value': '45,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Backspacer Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Backspacer_Tour', 'summary': 'The Backspacer Tour was a concert tour by the American rock band Pearl Jam to support its ninth album , Backspacer . Fifty-six shows were played , across North America , Europe and Oceania .'}]}, {'value': '3 March 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Michael', 'summary': "George Michael ( born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou ; 25 June 1963 - 25 December 2016 ) was an English singer , songwriter , record producer , and philanthropist who rose to fame as a member of the music duo Wham ! and later embarked on a solo career . Michael sold over 80 million records worldwide making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . He achieved seven number one songs on the UK Singles Chart and eight number one songs on the US Billboard Hot 100 . He was widely known for his success in the 1980s and 1990s , including Wham ! singles such as Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go and Last Christmas and solo singles such as Careless Whisper and Faith . Michael formed the duo Wham ! with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981 . The band 's first two albums , Fantastic ( 1983 ) and Make It Big ( 1984 ) , reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 . Michael 's first solo single Careless Whisper reached number one in over 20 countries , including the UK and US . Michael 's debut solo album , Faith , was released in 1987 , topping the UK Albums Chart and staying at number one on the Billboard 200 for 12 weeks . Four singles from the album -- Faith , Father Figure , One More Try , and Monkey -- reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': '47,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the George Michael Live in Australia tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Michael_Live_in_Australia', 'summary': 'George Michael Live in Australia was a concert tour by English singer-songwriter George Michael . For the first time since his Faith Tour in 1988 , Michael returned to Australia in 2010 to perform his LIVE concert .'}]}, {'value': '11,13 & 15 February 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AC/DC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AC/DC', 'summary': "AC/DC are an Australian rock band formed in Sydney in 1973 by Scottish-born brothers Malcolm and Angus Young . Their music has been variously described as hard rock , blues rock , and heavy metal ; however , the band themselves describe their music as simply rock and roll . AC/DC underwent several line-up changes before releasing their first album , High Voltage , in 1975 . Membership subsequently stabilised around the Young brothers , singer Bon Scott , drummer Phil Rudd , and bass player Mark Evans . Evans was replaced by Cliff Williams in 1977 for the album Powerage . In February 1980 , a few months after recording the album Highway to Hell , lead singer and co-songwriter Bon Scott died of acute alcohol poisoning . The group considered disbanding but stayed together , bringing in Brian Johnson as replacement for Scott . Later that year , the band released their first album with Johnson , Back in Black , which they dedicated to Scott 's memory . The album launched them to new heights of success and became one of the best selling albums of all time . The band 's next album , For Those About to Rock We Salute You , was their first album to reach number one in the United States . The band fired Phil Rudd as drummer in 1983 , and Simon Wright filled his place until quitting in 1989 , being in turn replaced by Chris Slade . The band experienced a commercial resurgence in the early 1990s with the release of The Razors Edge ."}]}, {'value': '181,495', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Black Ice World Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Ice_World_Tour', 'summary': 'Black Ice World Tour was a 2008-2010 concert tour by Australian rock band AC/DC , in support of their fifteenth studio album Black Ice ( 2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1 & 3 December 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}]}, {'value': '105,312', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the U2 360° Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U2_360°_Tour', 'summary': "The U2 360° Tour was a worldwide concert tour by rock band U2 . Staged in support of the group 's 2009 album No Line on the Horizon , the tour visited stadiums from 2009 through 2011 . The concerts featured the band playing in the round on a circular stage , allowing the audience to surround them on all sides . To accommodate the stage configuration , a large four-legged structure nicknamed The Claw was built above the stage , with the sound system and a cylindrical , expanding video screen on top of it . At 164 feet ( 50 m ) tall , it was the largest stage ever constructed . U2 claimed that the tour would be the first time a band has toured in stadiums with such a unique and original structure . In an era of declining music sales , analysts expected U2 360° to be a major source of income for the band . Every date of the tour sold out , many within minutes of tickets going on sale . To accommodate the time required to assemble and transport The Claw between tour dates , three separate stage structures were required on tour . The 360-degree production increased the capacity of venues by up to 25% , leading to attendance records at over 60 venues . Various themes were incorporated into the shows ; portions of the concerts featured outer space themes , due to The Claw 's resemblance to a spaceship . Pre-recorded messages from the International Space Station were displayed during the shows , as were sociopolitical statements from Desmond Tutu and Aung San Suu Kyi ."}]}, {'value': '11 December 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bon Jovi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bon_Jovi', 'summary': "Bon Jovi is an American rock band formed in 1983 in Sayreville , New Jersey . It consists of singer Jon Bon Jovi , keyboardist David Bryan , drummer Tico Torres , guitarist Phil X , and bassist Hugh McDonald . Previous bassist Alec John Such was dismissed in 1994 , and longtime guitarist and co-songwriter Richie Sambora left in 2013 . In 1984 and 1985 , Bon Jovi released their first two albums and their debut single Runaway managed to crack the Top 40 . In 1986 , the band achieved widespread success and global recognition with their third album , Slippery When Wet , which sold over 20 million copies and included three Top 10 singles , two of which reached No . 1 ( You Give Love a Bad Name and Livin ' on a Prayer ) Their fourth album , New Jersey ( 1988 ) , was also very successful , selling over 10 million copies and featuring five Top 10 singles ( a record for a hard rock album ) , two of which reached No . 1 ( Bad Medicine and I 'll Be There for You ) . After the band toured and recorded extensively during the late 1980s , culminating in the 1988-90 New Jersey Tour , Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora released successful solo albums in 1990 and 1991 , respectively . In 1992 , the band returned with the double-platinum Keep the Faith . This was followed by their biggest-selling and longest-charting single Always ( 1994 ) and the album These Days ( 1995 ) , which proved to be a bigger hit in Europe than in the United States , producing four Top Ten singles in the United Kingdom . Following a second hiatus , their 2000 album Crush , particularly the lead single , It 's My Life , successfully introduced the band to a younger audience . The band followed up with Bounce in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '54,414', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of The Circle Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Circle_Tour', 'summary': "The Circle Tour is a worldwide concert tour by American rock band Bon Jovi . The tour was supporting the band 's 11th studio album The Circle ( 2009 ) . Starting in North America in early 2010 , the tour progressed to Europe , South America , Asia and Australia before the years end . It included a historic 12 night run at the O2 Arena in London and four nights in East Rutherford , New Jersey to celebrate the grand opening of the Meadowlands Stadium . The tour was the # 1 top-grossing concert tour for 2010 in the United States . Bon Jovi also played a special free performance for fans and former season ticket holders of the Jon Bon Jovi-owned arena football team The Philadelphia Soul on March 24 at 5:00pm a few hours before the band 's show at Philadelphia 's Wachovia Center . The band ended the first year of the tour in Australasia , playing two shows in New Zealand and eight shows in Australia including a VIP-ONLY gig on December 15 at Star City Casino ."}]}, {'value': '31 December 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armin van Buuren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren', 'summary': 'Armin Jozef Jacobus Daniël van Buuren OON ( /væn ˈbjʊərən/ van BEWR-ən , Dutch : [ ˈɑrmɪn ˈjoːzəf jɑˈkoːbʏs ˈdaːniˌjɛl vɑn ˈbyːrə ( n ) ] ; born 25 December 1976 ) is a Dutch DJ , record producer and remixer from Leiden , South Holland . Since 2001 , he has hosted A State of Trance , a weekly radio show , which is broadcast to nearly 40 million listeners in 84 countries on over 100 FM radio stations . According to Djs And Festivals , the radio show propelled him to stardom and helped cultivate an interest in trance music around the world . Van Buuren has won a number of accolades . He has been ranked the number one DJ by DJ Mag a record of five times , four years in a row . He was ranked fourth on the DJ Mag Top 100 DJs list in 2015 , 2016 , and 2019 , and third in 2017 . In 2014 , he was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording for his single This Is What It Feels Like featuring Trevor Guthrie , which makes him the fourth trance artist ever to receive a Grammy Award nomination . In the United States , he holds the record for most entries , twenty-one , on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Part of 'Armin Only Mirage ' event", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 December 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eminem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eminem', 'summary': "Marshall Bruce Mathers III ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Eminem ( /ˌɛmɪˈnɛm/ ; often stylized as EMINƎM ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , record executive and actor . He is one of the most successful musical artists of the 21st century . In addition to his solo career , Eminem was a member of the hip hop group D12 . He is also known for collaborations with fellow Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 ; the two are collectively known as Bad Meets Evil . After his debut album Infinite ( 1996 ) and the extended play Slim Shady EP ( 1997 ) , Eminem signed with Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment and subsequently achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP and its lead single My Name Is . His next two releases The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) and The Eminem Show ( 2002 ) were worldwide successes and were both nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . As a result of being a leading figure in a form of black music , Eminem was subject to comparisons to Elvis Presley at the time . After the release of Encore in 2004 , which faced heavy criticism by fans and critics for its lackluster quality , Eminem went on hiatus in 2005 partly due to a prescription drug addiction . He released Relapse in 2009 and Recovery the following year , which both won Grammy Awards for Best Rap Album . Recovery was the best-selling album of 2010 worldwide , making it his second album , after The Eminem Show in 2002 , to be the best-selling album worldwide . In the following years , he released the US number one albums The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , Revival , Kamikaze and Music to Be Murdered By . Eminem starred in the drama film 8 Mile ( 2002 ) playing a fictionalized version of himself , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Lose Yourself , making him the first hip hop artist to ever win the award ."}]}, {'value': '61,405', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of The Recovery Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Recovery_Tour', 'summary': 'The Recovery Tour was a series of European concerts by American rapper Eminem , in support of his 2010 album Recovery as well as his 2009 album Relapse . Instead of widely touring the album , Eminem took the tour to three European festivals , performing to over 200,000 people over three nights . In November 2010 , Eminem headlined the F1 Rocks 2010 in São Paulo . In the following year , another eight shows on festivals in North America and Europe were announced . The tour was also extended to 3 stadium shows in Australia that took place in December 2011 . They were his first Australian shows since 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '13 November 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coldplay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coldplay', 'summary': "Coldplay are a British rock band formed in London in 1996 . Vocalist and pianist Chris Martin , guitarist Jonny Buckland , bassist Guy Berryman , and drummer Will Champion met at University College London and began playing music together from 1996 to 1998 , first calling themselves Pectoralz and then Starfish before finally changing their name to Coldplay . Creative director and former manager Phil Harvey is often referred to as the fifth member by the band . After changing their name to Coldplay , they recorded and released two EPs : Safety in 1998 and The Blue Room in 1999 . The latter was their first release on a major record label , after signing to Parlophone . Coldplay achieved worldwide fame with the release of the song Yellow in 2000 , followed in the same year by their debut album Parachutes , which was nominated for the Mercury Prize . The band 's second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 ) , was released to critical acclaim and won many awards , including NME 's Album of the Year . Their next release , X & Y , the best-selling album worldwide in 2005 , received mostly positive reviews , though some critics felt it was inferior to its predecessor . Their fourth studio album , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ( 2008 ) , the best-selling album worldwide of 2008 , was produced by Brian Eno and released to largely positive reviews , earning three Grammy Awards . In October 2011 , Coldplay released their fifth studio album , Mylo Xyloto , which topped the charts in over 34 countries , was the UK 's best-selling rock album of 2011 , and received moderately positive reviews . Their sixth album , Ghost Stories , released in 2014 , received mixed reviews and topped several national album charts . The following year the band released their seventh album , A Head Full of Dreams , which reached the top two in most major markets , but received generally mixed reviews ."}]}, {'value': '63,378', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Mylo Xyloto Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mylo_Xyloto_Tour', 'summary': 'The Mylo Xyloto Tour was the fifth concert tour by British band Coldplay . Launched in support of their fifth studio album Mylo Xyloto ( 2011 ) , the tour began in the spring of 2011 with a series of one-off concerts in Europe and festivals including Rock in Rio in Brazil . A full-production show began in December 2011 in the United Kingdom . It continued into 2012 with shows in North America , Europe and Oceania .'}]}, {'value': '5 January 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mariah Carey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariah_Carey', 'summary': "Mariah Carey ( born March 27 , 1969 or 1970 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , actress and entrepreneur . Referred to as the Songbird Supreme by the Guinness World Records , she is noted for her five-octave vocal range , melismatic singing style , signature use of the whistle register , and songwriting prowess . She rose to fame in 1990 after signing to Columbia Records and releasing her eponymous debut album , which topped the U.S . Billboard 200 for eleven consecutive weeks . Soon after , Carey became the only artist ever to have their first five singles reach number one on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 chart , from Vision of Love to Emotions . Carey achieved worldwide success with follow-up R & B and pop albums Music Box ( 1993 ) , Merry Christmas ( 1994 ) , and Daydream ( 1995 ) . These albums spawned some of Carey 's most successful singles , including Hero , Without You , All I Want for Christmas Is You , Fantasy , Always Be My Baby , as well as One Sweet Day , which later became Billboard 's Song Of The Decade ( 1990s ) . After separating from Mottola , Carey adopted a new image and incorporated more elements of hip hop into her music with the release of Butterfly ( 1997 ) . Billboard named her the country 's most successful artist of the 1990s , while the World Music Awards honored her as the world 's best-selling recording artist of the 1990s , and the best-selling female artist of the millennium . After eleven consecutive years charting a U.S. number-one single , Carey parted ways with Columbia in 2000 and signed a $ 100 million recording contract with Virgin Records . However , following her highly publicized physical and emotional breakdown , as well as the critical and commercial failure of her film Glitter ( 2001 ) and its accompanying soundtrack , her contract was bought out for $ 50 million by Virgin and she signed with Island Records the next year ."}]}, {'value': '46,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the one-off Australian tour', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5-6 March 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KISS / Mötley Crüe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiss_(band)', 'summary': "Kiss ( often stylized as KIϟϟ ) is an American rock band formed in New York City in January 1973 by Paul Stanley , Gene Simmons , Peter Criss , and Ace Frehley . Well known for its members ' face paint and stage outfits , the group rose to prominence in the mid-to-late 1970s with their elaborate live performances , which featured fire breathing , blood-spitting , smoking guitars , shooting rockets , levitating drum kits , and pyrotechnics . The band has gone through several lineup changes , with Stanley and Simmons being the only members to feature in every lineup . The original and best-known lineup consisted of Stanley ( vocals and rhythm guitar ) , Simmons ( vocals and bass ) , Frehley ( lead guitar and vocals ) , and Criss ( drums and vocals ) . With their make-up and costumes , they took on the personae of comic book-style characters : the Starchild ( Stanley ) , the Demon ( Simmons ) , the Spaceman or Space Ace ( Frehley ) , and the Catman ( Criss ) . Due to creative differences , both Criss and Frehley had departed the group by 1982 . In 1983 , Kiss began performing without makeup and costumes , thus marking the beginning of the band 's unmasked era that would last for over a decade . They accordingly experienced a commercial resurgence , with the platinum certified album Lick It Up successfully introducing them to a new generation of fans , and their music videos received regular airplay on MTV . Eric Carr , who had replaced Criss in 1980 , died in 1991 of heart cancer and was replaced by Eric Singer . In response to a wave of Kiss nostalgia in the mid-1990s , the original lineup re-united in 1996 , which also saw the return of their makeup and stage costumes . The resulting Alive/Worldwide Tour was highly successful , grossing $ 143.7 million , making it their most successful tour to date . Criss and Frehley have both since left the band again and have been replaced by Singer and Tommy Thayer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mötley_Crüe', 'summary': "Mötley Crüe is an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles , California , in 1981 . The group was founded by bassist Nikki Sixx , drummer Tommy Lee , lead guitarist Mick Mars and lead singer Vince Neil . Mötley Crüe has sold over 100 million albums worldwide . They have also achieved seven platinum or multi-platinum certifications , nine Top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 chart ( including 1989 's Dr. Feelgood , which is Mötley Crüe 's only album to reach number one ) , twenty-two Top 40 mainstream rock hits , and six Top 20 pop singles . The band experienced several short-term lineup changes in the 1990s and 2000s ; these included the introduction of vocalist John Corabi ( who was Neil 's replacement from 1992 to 1996 ) and drummers Randy Castillo and Samantha Maloney , both of whom filled in for Lee during his absence from the band from 1999 to 2004 . The members of Mötley Crüe have often been noted for their hedonistic lifestyles and the androgynous personae they maintained . Following the hard rock and heavy metal origins on the band 's first two albums , Too Fast for Love ( 1981 ) and Shout at the Devil ( 1983 ) , the release of its third album Theatre of Pain ( 1985 ) saw Mötley Crüe joining the first wave of glam metal . The band has also been known for their elaborate live performances , which features flame thrower guitars , roller coaster drum kits , and heavy use of pyrotechnics . Mötley Crüe 's most recent studio album , Saints of Los Angeles , was released on June 24 , 2008 . What was planned to be the band 's final show took place on New Year 's Eve , December 31 , 2015 . The concert was filmed for a theatrical and Blu-ray release in 2016 . After two-and-a-half years of inactivity , Neil announced in September 2018 that Mötley Crüe had reunited and was working on new material ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Monster Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monster_Tour_(Kiss)', 'summary': 'The Monster World Tour was a concert tour by the American hard rock group Kiss in support of their 20th studio album , Monster . Fresh off the heels of the recent success of The Tour with Mötley Crüe and the second annual KISS Kruise , the tour officially began on November 7 , 2012 in Buenos Aires , Argentina . Kiss played shows in Australia for the first time since 2008 , and Europe , including a few festivals in June . They played their longest Canadian tour to date in July through early August with a few US concerts following after , including a show at ArenaBowl XXVI in Orlando , Florida . They played in Japan for the first time since 2006 in October 2013 . The new stage show , first used in the European leg , involved a giant robotic spider that moved across the stage and all four members were lifted into the air . The spider shot pyro from its legs and had eyes that glowed .'}]}, {'value': '7 & 8 December 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bon Jovi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bon_Jovi', 'summary': "Bon Jovi is an American rock band formed in 1983 in Sayreville , New Jersey . It consists of singer Jon Bon Jovi , keyboardist David Bryan , drummer Tico Torres , guitarist Phil X , and bassist Hugh McDonald . Previous bassist Alec John Such was dismissed in 1994 , and longtime guitarist and co-songwriter Richie Sambora left in 2013 . In 1984 and 1985 , Bon Jovi released their first two albums and their debut single Runaway managed to crack the Top 40 . In 1986 , the band achieved widespread success and global recognition with their third album , Slippery When Wet , which sold over 20 million copies and included three Top 10 singles , two of which reached No . 1 ( You Give Love a Bad Name and Livin ' on a Prayer ) Their fourth album , New Jersey ( 1988 ) , was also very successful , selling over 10 million copies and featuring five Top 10 singles ( a record for a hard rock album ) , two of which reached No . 1 ( Bad Medicine and I 'll Be There for You ) . After the band toured and recorded extensively during the late 1980s , culminating in the 1988-90 New Jersey Tour , Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora released successful solo albums in 1990 and 1991 , respectively . In 1992 , the band returned with the double-platinum Keep the Faith . This was followed by their biggest-selling and longest-charting single Always ( 1994 ) and the album These Days ( 1995 ) , which proved to be a bigger hit in Europe than in the United States , producing four Top Ten singles in the United Kingdom . Following a second hiatus , their 2000 album Crush , particularly the lead single , It 's My Life , successfully introduced the band to a younger audience . The band followed up with Bounce in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '91,505', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Because We Can : The Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Because_We_Can:_The_Tour', 'summary': "Because We Can was a concert tour by American rock band , Bon Jovi . The tour was in support of the band 's twelfth studio album What About Now . The tour was named after the lead single from What About Now . All five major continents were visited during the 2013 tour . The tour saw the band travel to Wales for the first time in 12 years since their 2001 One Wild Night Tour and was also the first time in 18 years since their 1995 These Days Tour that the band returned to Africa for two dates in South Africa . Furthermore , the tour also saw the band travel to Cologne performing in the RheinEnergieStadion also for the first time in 12 years since their 2001 tour , this tour was the first time in the band 's 30-year history that they visited Bulgaria and Poland . The tour ranked 1st on Pollstar 's annual Top 100 Mid Year Worldwide Tours . It earned $ 142.1 million from 60 shows . At the end of 2013 , the tour placed 1st on Pollstar 's Top 100 Worldwide Tours , grossing $ 259.5 million from 102 shows . This is the band 's last tour to feature guitarist Richie Sambora , as he left the band during the initial leg and first show in Canada , informing the band via management just hours before the show took place . He would not return for the remainder of the dates . The J. Geils Band played opening act for some shows in the summer dates ."}]}], 'section_title': 'In popular culture -- One-off events', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Docklands_Stadium_1', 'intro': "Docklands Stadium, also known by naming rights sponsorship as Marvel Stadium, is a multi-purpose sports and entertainment stadium in the Docklands area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Construction started in October 1997, under the working name Victoria Stadium, and was completed in 2000 at a cost of A$460 million. Originally built as a replacement for Waverley Park, the stadium is primarily used for Australian rules football and is the headquarters of the Australian Football League (AFL) which, since 7 October 2016, has had exclusive ownership of the venue. Also headquartered in the stadium precinct is Seven Network's digital broadcast centre. The stadium also hosts a number of other sporting events, including some domestic Twenty20 cricket matches, Melbourne Victory soccer home matches, one-off rugby league and rugby union matches as well as number of special events and concerts."}
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What is the name of the tour for the band that first called themselves Pectoralz and then Starfish ?
Mylo Xyloto Tour
08d66243f7a29fd1
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MTR_stations', 'title': 'List of MTR stations', 'header': ['Name', 'District', 'Opened', 'Code'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lo Wu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lo_Wu_station', 'summary': "Lo Wu ( Chinese : 羅湖 ; Cantonese Yale : Lòwù ; pronounced : [ lɔ̏ːwȕː ] ) is the northern terminus of the East Rail Line ( Kowloon-Canton Railway ) of Hong Kong , located in Lo Wu within the Closed Area on Hong Kong 's northern frontier . The station serves as a primary checkpoint for rail passengers between Hong Kong and mainland China and vice versa , rather than serving a specific area . It is also the northernmost railway station in Hong Kong ."}]}, {'value': 'North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_District,_Hong_Kong', 'summary': 'North District ( Chinese : 北區 ; Cantonese Yale : Bāk Kēui ) is the northernmost district of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . It is located in the northeastern part of the New Territories . The new town of Fanling-Sheung Shui is within this district . It had a population of 298,657 in 2001 . The district has the second lowest population density . It borders with Shenzhen city with the Sham Chun River . Most major access points to Mainland China from Hong Kong lies in this district . The North District is about 168 km2 ( 65 sq mi ) in area .'}]}, {'value': '14 October 1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LOW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lok Ma Chau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lok_Ma_Chau_station', 'summary': "Lok Ma Chau ( Chinese : 落馬洲 ; Cantonese Yale : Lohk máh jāu ; pronounced : [ lɔ̀ːk̚.ma̬ː.tsɐ́u ] ) is the northwestern terminus in Lok Ma Chau on the Lok Ma Chau Spur Line , a branch line of the East Rail Line of Hong Kong 's MTR network , which was built to alleviate the immigration checkpoint between Hong Kong and mainland China 's Shenzhen at Lo Wu Station . The MTR Corporation is promoting the Lok Ma Chau Spur Line as a direct connection with Line 4 of the Shenzhen Metro which is also operated by the MTR Corporation ."}]}, {'value': 'Yuen Long', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuen_Long_District', 'summary': 'Yuen Long District ( Chinese : 元朗區 ; Cantonese Yale : Yùhn lóhng kēui , formerly romanised as Un Long ) is one of the districts of Hong Kong . Located in the northwest of the New Territories , it had a population of 449,070 in 2001 . The district has the youngest population of Hong Kong .'}]}, {'value': '15 August 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LMC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheung Shui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheung_Shui_station', 'summary': 'Sheung Shui ( Chinese : 上水 ; Cantonese Yale : Seuhngséui ; pronounced : [ sœ̀ːŋ.sɵ̌y ] ) is the penultimate northbound station on the East Rail Line in Hong Kong . This station serves as the terminus of northbound trains after the Lo Wu and Lok Ma Chau boundary crossings have closed for the day . Passengers wishing not to enter the Boundary Area illegally by proceeding to Lo Wu or Lok Ma Chau without a Closed Area Permit , Mainland Travel Permit , valid passport and visa ( or without the intention of crossing over to Shenzhen ) must disembark here . This station is located in the North District , New Territories , Hong Kong , serving the Sheung Shui area and its vicinity .'}]}, {'value': 'North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_District,_Hong_Kong', 'summary': 'North District ( Chinese : 北區 ; Cantonese Yale : Bāk Kēui ) is the northernmost district of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . It is located in the northeastern part of the New Territories . The new town of Fanling-Sheung Shui is within this district . It had a population of 298,657 in 2001 . The district has the second lowest population density . It borders with Shenzhen city with the Sham Chun River . Most major access points to Mainland China from Hong Kong lies in this district . The North District is about 168 km2 ( 65 sq mi ) in area .'}]}, {'value': '16 May 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SHS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fanling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fanling_station', 'summary': 'Fanling ( Chinese : 粉嶺 ; Cantonese Yale : Fánléhng ) is a station on the East Rail Line of the Hong Kong MTR . It is next to Fanling Town Centre , and is only a short walk away from Fung Ying Seen Koon , a well-known Taoist temple . The Fanling Highway was built from 1983 to 1987 directly adjacent to the station . The station is located on Fanling Station Road within the Fanling area in North District , New Territories , Hong Kong .'}]}, {'value': 'North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_District,_Hong_Kong', 'summary': 'North District ( Chinese : 北區 ; Cantonese Yale : Bāk Kēui ) is the northernmost district of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . It is located in the northeastern part of the New Territories . The new town of Fanling-Sheung Shui is within this district . It had a population of 298,657 in 2001 . The district has the second lowest population density . It borders with Shenzhen city with the Sham Chun River . Most major access points to Mainland China from Hong Kong lies in this district . The North District is about 168 km2 ( 65 sq mi ) in area .'}]}, {'value': '1 October 1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FAN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tai Wo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tai_Wo_station', 'summary': 'Tai Wo ( Chinese : 太和 ; Cantonese Yale : Taaiwò ; pronounced : [ tʰāːiwɔ̏ː ] ) is a MTR station in the western part of Tai Po New Town , in New Territories , Hong Kong . The station is located on the East Rail Line , between Fanling and Tai Po Market stations .'}]}, {'value': 'Tai Po', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tai_Po_District', 'summary': 'Tai Po District ( Chinese : 大埔區 ; Cantonese Yale : Daaihbou Kēui ) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . It covers the areas of Tai Po New Town ( including area such as Tai Po Market , Tai Po Old Market , Tai Po Tau , Tai Po Kau , Hong Lok Yuen , Ting Kok and Plover Cove ) , Lam Tsuen Valley and other surrounding area , and its exclave in the northern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula . The Tai Po proper and North Sai Kung , was divided by the Tolo Channel and Tolo Harbour ( Tai Po Hoi ) . The District is located in the Eastern New Territories . The de facto administrative centre of the district is Tai Po New Town Like Yuen Long , the area of Tai Po used to be a traditional market town . Tai Po New Town , developed around the area of Tai Po and on reclaimed land on the estuaries of Lam Tsuen and Tai Po rivers . It had a population of 310,879 in 2001 . The district has the third lowest population density in Hong Kong .'}]}, {'value': '9 May 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TWO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tai Po Market', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tai_Po_Market_station', 'summary': 'Tai Po Market ( Chinese : 大埔墟 ; Cantonese Yale : Daaihbouhēui ; pronounced : [ tàːipōu.hɵ́y ] ) is a station on the East Rail line in the New Territories , Hong Kong . Located near Uptown Plaza , in Tai Po , the station has three tracks and four platforms . Platform 1 is for northbound trains to border crossing stations at Lo Wu and Lok Ma Chau and platform 4 is for southbound trains to Hung Hom , Kowloon while platforms 2 and 3 use the same track and is reserved for peak hour traffic .'}]}, {'value': 'Tai Po', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tai_Po_District', 'summary': 'Tai Po District ( Chinese : 大埔區 ; Cantonese Yale : Daaihbou Kēui ) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . It covers the areas of Tai Po New Town ( including area such as Tai Po Market , Tai Po Old Market , Tai Po Tau , Tai Po Kau , Hong Lok Yuen , Ting Kok and Plover Cove ) , Lam Tsuen Valley and other surrounding area , and its exclave in the northern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula . The Tai Po proper and North Sai Kung , was divided by the Tolo Channel and Tolo Harbour ( Tai Po Hoi ) . The District is located in the Eastern New Territories . The de facto administrative centre of the district is Tai Po New Town Like Yuen Long , the area of Tai Po used to be a traditional market town . Tai Po New Town , developed around the area of Tai Po and on reclaimed land on the estuaries of Lam Tsuen and Tai Po rivers . It had a population of 310,879 in 2001 . The district has the third lowest population density in Hong Kong .'}]}, {'value': '7 April 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TAP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University formerly Ma Liu Shui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_station_(MTR)', 'summary': 'University ( Chinese : 大學 ; Cantonese Yale : Daaih hohk ; pronounced : [ tàːi.hɔ̀ːk̚ ] ) , formerly Ma Liu Shui Station , is an MTR station located near the Chinese University of Hong Kong in Ma Liu Shui . It is between Tai Po Market and Fo Tan/Racecourse stations on the East Rail Line . This station was the first post-war station to open on the line , and has the most curved track of any MTR station .'}]}, {'value': 'Sha Tin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sha_Tin_District', 'summary': "Sha Tin District ( Chinese : 沙田區 ; Cantonese Yale : Sātìhn kēui ) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . As one of the 9 districts located in the New Territories , it covers the areas of Sha Tin , Tai Wai , Ma On Shan , Fo Tan , Siu Lek Yuen and Ma Liu Shui . The district is the most populous district in Hong Kong , with a population of 659,794 as per 2016 by-census , having a larger population than many countries or dependencies including Iceland , Malta , Montenegro and Brunei . The Sha Tin District covers approximately 69.4 km² ( 26.8 sq . mi ) , including Sha Tin New Town and several country parks . Built mostly on reclaimed land in Sha Tin Hoi , the well-developed Sha Tin New Town comprises mainly residential areas along the banks of the Shing Mun River Channel . In the early 1970s it was a rural township of about 30,000 people . After Sha Tin 's first public housing estate , Lek Yuen Estate , was completed in 1976 , the settlement began to expand . Today , about 65% of the district 's population live in public rental housing , housing under Hong Kong 's Tenants Purchase Scheme , or Home Ownership Scheme ."}]}, {'value': '24 September 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racecourse_station_(MTR)', 'summary': "Racecourse ( Chinese : 馬場 ; Cantonese Yale : Máhchèung ) is a station on the East Rail Line of Hong Kong . It was opened in 1985 and is only used on race days and special days held in the Sha Tin Racecourse . There are single journey tickets to the station available separately . It is located between Sha Tin and University stations along the East Rail Line 's Racecourse branch , and is situated parallel to Fo Tan along the mainline ."}]}, {'value': 'Sha Tin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sha_Tin_District', 'summary': "Sha Tin District ( Chinese : 沙田區 ; Cantonese Yale : Sātìhn kēui ) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . As one of the 9 districts located in the New Territories , it covers the areas of Sha Tin , Tai Wai , Ma On Shan , Fo Tan , Siu Lek Yuen and Ma Liu Shui . The district is the most populous district in Hong Kong , with a population of 659,794 as per 2016 by-census , having a larger population than many countries or dependencies including Iceland , Malta , Montenegro and Brunei . The Sha Tin District covers approximately 69.4 km² ( 26.8 sq . mi ) , including Sha Tin New Town and several country parks . Built mostly on reclaimed land in Sha Tin Hoi , the well-developed Sha Tin New Town comprises mainly residential areas along the banks of the Shing Mun River Channel . In the early 1970s it was a rural township of about 30,000 people . After Sha Tin 's first public housing estate , Lek Yuen Estate , was completed in 1976 , the settlement began to expand . Today , about 65% of the district 's population live in public rental housing , housing under Hong Kong 's Tenants Purchase Scheme , or Home Ownership Scheme ."}]}, {'value': '7 October 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fo Tan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fo_Tan_station', 'summary': "Fo Tan ( Chinese : 火炭 ; Cantonese Yale : Fó taan ) is a station on the East Rail Line of the Mass Transit Railway ( MTR ) system in Hong Kong . It is located in the Fo Tan area of Sha Tin District , between Sha Tin and University stations on the East Rail Line 's main branch . The Racecourse station is located parallel to Fo Tan , on the line 's Racecourse branch . The passenger station serves some apartment buildings , villages , and a medium-sized industrial zone , as well as the Fo Tan Railway House [ zh ] of the MTRC . During rush hour , some northbound trains terminate at this station before departing southwards . Some trains do not run through this station on race days , and are instead diverted to stop at Racecourse ."}]}, {'value': 'Sha Tin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sha_Tin_District', 'summary': "Sha Tin District ( Chinese : 沙田區 ; Cantonese Yale : Sātìhn kēui ) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . As one of the 9 districts located in the New Territories , it covers the areas of Sha Tin , Tai Wai , Ma On Shan , Fo Tan , Siu Lek Yuen and Ma Liu Shui . The district is the most populous district in Hong Kong , with a population of 659,794 as per 2016 by-census , having a larger population than many countries or dependencies including Iceland , Malta , Montenegro and Brunei . The Sha Tin District covers approximately 69.4 km² ( 26.8 sq . mi ) , including Sha Tin New Town and several country parks . Built mostly on reclaimed land in Sha Tin Hoi , the well-developed Sha Tin New Town comprises mainly residential areas along the banks of the Shing Mun River Channel . In the early 1970s it was a rural township of about 30,000 people . After Sha Tin 's first public housing estate , Lek Yuen Estate , was completed in 1976 , the settlement began to expand . Today , about 65% of the district 's population live in public rental housing , housing under Hong Kong 's Tenants Purchase Scheme , or Home Ownership Scheme ."}]}, {'value': '15 February 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FOT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sha Tin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sha_Tin_station', 'summary': "Sha Tin ( Chinese : 沙田 ; Cantonese Yale : Sātìn ) , formerly known as Sha Tin Railway Station ( Chinese : 沙田火車站 or Chinese : 沙田鐵路站 ) is a station on the East Rail Line of Hong Kong 's Mass Transit Railway ( MTR ) system . The station is located in the town centre of Sha Tin . The station was formerly on the main line of the Kowloon-Canton Railway ( KCR ) , but since KCR 's merger with the MTR , it belongs to the East Rail Line of the MTR . Citylink Plaza , which has a footbridge link to New Town Plaza , is built on top of the station . The station serves two large bus termini with buses going to many places around Hong Kong ( such as Sai Kung or Tung Chung ) . One is on an elevated surface , adjacent to the concourse level . The other is at ground level in New Town Plaza ."}]}, {'value': 'Sha Tin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sha_Tin_District', 'summary': "Sha Tin District ( Chinese : 沙田區 ; Cantonese Yale : Sātìhn kēui ) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . As one of the 9 districts located in the New Territories , it covers the areas of Sha Tin , Tai Wai , Ma On Shan , Fo Tan , Siu Lek Yuen and Ma Liu Shui . The district is the most populous district in Hong Kong , with a population of 659,794 as per 2016 by-census , having a larger population than many countries or dependencies including Iceland , Malta , Montenegro and Brunei . The Sha Tin District covers approximately 69.4 km² ( 26.8 sq . mi ) , including Sha Tin New Town and several country parks . Built mostly on reclaimed land in Sha Tin Hoi , the well-developed Sha Tin New Town comprises mainly residential areas along the banks of the Shing Mun River Channel . In the early 1970s it was a rural township of about 30,000 people . After Sha Tin 's first public housing estate , Lek Yuen Estate , was completed in 1976 , the settlement began to expand . Today , about 65% of the district 's population live in public rental housing , housing under Hong Kong 's Tenants Purchase Scheme , or Home Ownership Scheme ."}]}, {'value': '1 October 1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SHT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tai Wai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tai_Wai_station', 'summary': 'Tai Wai ( Chinese : 大圍 ; Cantonese Yale : Daaih wài ) is an interchange station on the East Rail Line and the Tuen Ma Line of the Mass Transit Railway ( MTR ) system in Hong Kong . The station is located in Tai Wai , Sha Tin District .'}]}, {'value': 'Sha Tin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sha_Tin_District', 'summary': "Sha Tin District ( Chinese : 沙田區 ; Cantonese Yale : Sātìhn kēui ) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . As one of the 9 districts located in the New Territories , it covers the areas of Sha Tin , Tai Wai , Ma On Shan , Fo Tan , Siu Lek Yuen and Ma Liu Shui . The district is the most populous district in Hong Kong , with a population of 659,794 as per 2016 by-census , having a larger population than many countries or dependencies including Iceland , Malta , Montenegro and Brunei . The Sha Tin District covers approximately 69.4 km² ( 26.8 sq . mi ) , including Sha Tin New Town and several country parks . Built mostly on reclaimed land in Sha Tin Hoi , the well-developed Sha Tin New Town comprises mainly residential areas along the banks of the Shing Mun River Channel . In the early 1970s it was a rural township of about 30,000 people . After Sha Tin 's first public housing estate , Lek Yuen Estate , was completed in 1976 , the settlement began to expand . Today , about 65% of the district 's population live in public rental housing , housing under Hong Kong 's Tenants Purchase Scheme , or Home Ownership Scheme ."}]}, {'value': '15 August 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TAW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kowloon Tong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kowloon_Tong_station', 'summary': "Kowloon Tong ( Chinese : 九龍塘 ; Cantonese Yale : Gáulùngtòng ) is a station on MTR 's Kwun Tong Line and East Rail Line in New Kowloon , Hong Kong . The station serves Kowloon Tong and its vicinity , including Yau Yat Tsuen , the Festival Walk shopping centre , City University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Baptist University . It is in both Kowloon City District and Sham Shui Po District . This station serves as one of the two interchange stations for the East Rail Line , leading up to the New Territories and entry point to mainland China . Therefore , it is one of the busiest stations in the system ( the other interchange Tsim Sha Tsui/East Tsim Sha Tsui is less convenient ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sham Shui Po / Kowloon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sham_Shui_Po_District', 'summary': "Sham Shui Po District ( Chinese : 深水埗區 ; Cantonese Yale : Sāmséuibóu kēui ) is one of 18 districts of Hong Kong . It is the poorest district in Hong Kong , with a predominantly working-class population of 405,869 in 2016 and the lowest median household income of all districts . Sham Shui Po has long been home to poorer new immigrants from mainland China . It also saw the birth of public housing in Hong Kong , as the government sought to resettle those displaced by a devastating fire in its slums . Sham Shui Po also hosted a Vietnamese refugee camp during the influx of migration in the aftermath of the Vietnam War . The district covers the Shek Kip Mei , Sham Shui Po , Cheung Sha Wan , Lai Chi Kok and Yau Yat Chuen areas of New Kowloon , and Stonecutter 's Island of Kowloon ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kowloon_City_District', 'summary': 'Kowloon City District ( Chinese : 九龍城區 ; Cantonese Yale : Gáulùhng sìhng kēui ) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . It is located in the city of Kowloon . It had a population of 381,352 in 2001 , and increased to 418,732 in 2016 . The district has the third most educated residents while its residents enjoy the highest income in Kowloon . Kowloon City district covers approximately area of 1,000 hectares , and is mainly a residential area with the majority of its population living in private sector housing , including old tenement buildings , private residential developments and low-rise villas , while the rest of them mainly live in public rental housing and the Home Ownership Scheme estates . It is the only district that incorporated into the land of Hong Kong in different stages ( Convention of Peking , Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory and the demolition of the Kowloon Walled City ) Kowloon City District is a relatively low density residential area . Areas include : Ho Man Tin , Hung Hom , Kai Tak Airport , Kowloon Tong , Ma Tau Wai , To Kwa Wan , and Whampoa Garden , and the proper Kowloon City .'}]}, {'value': '4 May 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KOT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mong Kok East formerly Mong Kok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mong_Kok_East_station', 'summary': "Mong Kok East ( Chinese : 旺角東 ; Cantonese Yale : Wohng gok dūng ) - formerly Yaumati ( 油麻地 ) [ citation needed ] and Mong Kok railway station ( 旺角 ) - is a station on Hong Kong 's East Rail Line . Only out-of-system interchange is available with Kwun Tong Line and Tsuen Wan Line at Mong Kok Station via a footbridge . The station is connected to Grand Century Place , a large shopping mall . Although the station is in the same region and quite close [ according to whom ? ] to Mong Kok Station , the fares are quite different from each other . [ according to whom ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Yau Tsim Mong / Kowloon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yau_Tsim_Mong_District', 'summary': 'Yau Tsim Mong District ( Chinese : 油尖旺區 ; Cantonese Yale : Yàuhjīmwohng kēui ) is one of 18 districts of Hong Kong , located on the western part of Kowloon Peninsula . It is the core urban area of Kowloon . The district has the second highest population density of all districts , at 49,115/km² . The 2016 By-Census recorded the total population of Yau Tsim Mong District at 342,970 . Formerly two districts , the Yau Tsim District and Mong Kok District , it was combined in 1994 as an acronym of three of its major areas : Yau Ma Tei , Tsim Sha Tsui , and Mong Kok .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kowloon_City_District', 'summary': 'Kowloon City District ( Chinese : 九龍城區 ; Cantonese Yale : Gáulùhng sìhng kēui ) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . It is located in the city of Kowloon . It had a population of 381,352 in 2001 , and increased to 418,732 in 2016 . The district has the third most educated residents while its residents enjoy the highest income in Kowloon . Kowloon City district covers approximately area of 1,000 hectares , and is mainly a residential area with the majority of its population living in private sector housing , including old tenement buildings , private residential developments and low-rise villas , while the rest of them mainly live in public rental housing and the Home Ownership Scheme estates . It is the only district that incorporated into the land of Hong Kong in different stages ( Convention of Peking , Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory and the demolition of the Kowloon Walled City ) Kowloon City District is a relatively low density residential area . Areas include : Ho Man Tin , Hung Hom , Kai Tak Airport , Kowloon Tong , Ma Tau Wai , To Kwa Wan , and Whampoa Garden , and the proper Kowloon City .'}]}, {'value': '1 October 1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MKK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hung Hom formerly Kowloon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hung_Hom_station', 'summary': "Hung Hom ( Chinese : 紅磡 ; Cantonese Yale : Hùngham ) , referred to by China Railway as Hong Kong Hung Hom ( Chinese : 香港紅磡 ; pinyin : Xiānggǎng Hóngkàn ) since 1 April 2019 , is an interchange station of the East Rail Line and West Rail Line in Hong Kong . It is Hong Kong 's first station serving cross-border trains to Mainland China ( The other station being West Kowloon Station , serving Guangzhou South , Beijing West and many other destinations in Mainland China ) . Cross-border services to Beijing West ( Beijing-Kowloon line ) , Shanghai ( Shanghai-Kowloon line ) , and Guangzhou East ( Guangzhou-Kowloon line ) terminate here . The station is located in Yau Tsim Mong District , Kowloon , next to the Cross-Harbour Tunnel 's northern entrance . Hung Hom is one of the three Hong Kong ports of entry on the MTR network ; the others are Lo Wu and Lok Ma Chau . It is in Yau Tsim Mong District ."}]}, {'value': 'Yau Tsim Mong / Kowloon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yau_Tsim_Mong_District', 'summary': 'Yau Tsim Mong District ( Chinese : 油尖旺區 ; Cantonese Yale : Yàuhjīmwohng kēui ) is one of 18 districts of Hong Kong , located on the western part of Kowloon Peninsula . It is the core urban area of Kowloon . The district has the second highest population density of all districts , at 49,115/km² . The 2016 By-Census recorded the total population of Yau Tsim Mong District at 342,970 . Formerly two districts , the Yau Tsim District and Mong Kok District , it was combined in 1994 as an acronym of three of its major areas : Yau Ma Tei , Tsim Sha Tsui , and Mong Kok .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kowloon_City_District', 'summary': 'Kowloon City District ( Chinese : 九龍城區 ; Cantonese Yale : Gáulùhng sìhng kēui ) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . It is located in the city of Kowloon . It had a population of 381,352 in 2001 , and increased to 418,732 in 2016 . The district has the third most educated residents while its residents enjoy the highest income in Kowloon . Kowloon City district covers approximately area of 1,000 hectares , and is mainly a residential area with the majority of its population living in private sector housing , including old tenement buildings , private residential developments and low-rise villas , while the rest of them mainly live in public rental housing and the Home Ownership Scheme estates . It is the only district that incorporated into the land of Hong Kong in different stages ( Convention of Peking , Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory and the demolition of the Kowloon Walled City ) Kowloon City District is a relatively low density residential area . Areas include : Ho Man Tin , Hung Hom , Kai Tak Airport , Kowloon Tong , Ma Tau Wai , To Kwa Wan , and Whampoa Garden , and the proper Kowloon City .'}]}, {'value': '30 November 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HUH', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'East Rail Line', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_MTR_stations_0', 'intro': 'The MTR, the rapid transit system of Hong Kong, encompasses 11 heavy rail lines and 98 stations as of 2020[update]. The following list sorts the stations according to their service line. The current system was formed after the merger with the Kowloon-Canton Railway on 2 December 2007, when the operations of the East Rail Line, the West Rail Line, the Ma On Shan Line and the Light Rail system were transferred to the MTR Corporation. Serving exclusively the northwestern New Territories, the light rail network comprises 12 routes, serving 68 stops. The network is being expanded and several new lines are being proposed or under construction.'}
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What is the opening date of the station that is the penultimate northbound station on the East Rail Line in Hong Kong ?
16 May 1930
08d72e2f6b0ab450
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_First_League', 'title': 'Montenegrin First League', 'header': ['Year', 'Directly relegated', 'Directly promoted'], 'data': [{'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Berane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Berane', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Berane ( Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Беране ) is a Montenegrin football club based in Berane . Established at 1920 , the club plays in the Second League of Montenegro .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Lovćen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Lovćen', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Lovćen Cetinje is a football club based in Old Royal Capital Cetinje , Montenegro . It was founded on 20 June 1913 . It was named after Mount Lovćen near Cetinje . Lovćen is the oldest football club in Montenegro and one of the oldest in Southeastern Europe . As one of the most successful Montenegrin teams , Lovćen won the Montenegrin Cup 2014 . Today , Lovćen is a member of Montenegrin First League . FK Lovćen is a part of Lovćen Cetinje sports society .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OFK Titograd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Mladost_Podgorica', 'summary': 'OFK Titograd ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : ОФК Титоград ) is a professional football club based in Podgorica , Montenegro . Founded in 1951 , they play in the First League of Montenegro . The team has one league trophy and two Montenegrin Cup trophies . OFK Titograd is a member of the European Club Association .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Jezero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Jezero', 'summary': 'FK Jezero is a Montenegrin football club based in the town of Plav . Established at 1948 , the club plays in the Second League of Montenegro .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Jedinstvo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Jedinstvo_Bijelo_Polje', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Jedinstvo ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Јединство ) is football club from Bijelo Polje , Montenegro , currently competing in the Montenegrin Second League . The club was established in 1922 .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Berane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Berane', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Berane ( Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Беране ) is a Montenegrin football club based in Berane . Established at 1920 , the club plays in the Second League of Montenegro .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Kom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Kom', 'summary': 'FK Kom is a Montenegrin football club based in Zlatica , a suburb of Podgorica . Founded in 1958 , they currently compete in Montenegrin First League . The team is known as a first youth club of famous Montenegrin player Predrag Mijatović .'}]}, {'value': 'OFK Titograd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Mladost_Podgorica', 'summary': 'OFK Titograd ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : ОФК Титоград ) is a professional football club based in Podgorica , Montenegro . Founded in 1951 , they play in the First League of Montenegro . The team has one league trophy and two Montenegrin Cup trophies . OFK Titograd is a member of the European Club Association .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OFK Bar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OFK_Bar', 'summary': 'Omladinski fudbalski klub Bar was a Montenegrin football club based in the town of Bar . Club existed from 2001 to 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Bokelj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Bokelj', 'summary': 'FK Bokelj is a Montenegrin football club based in the coastal town of Kotor . They currently compete in Montenegrin Second League .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Bokelj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Bokelj', 'summary': 'FK Bokelj is a Montenegrin football club based in the coastal town of Kotor . They currently compete in Montenegrin Second League .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Čelik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Čelik_Nikšić', 'summary': 'Fudbalski Klub Čelik Nikšić ( Montenegrin : Фудбалски клуб Челик Никшић/Fudbalski klub Čelik Nikšić ) is a football club based in Nikšić , Montenegro . Founded in 1957 , they currently compete in Montenegrin Second League . The team once won Montenegrin Cup trophy .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Jedinstvo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Jedinstvo_Bijelo_Polje', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Jedinstvo ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Јединство ) is football club from Bijelo Polje , Montenegro , currently competing in the Montenegrin Second League . The club was established in 1922 .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Dečić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Dečić', 'summary': 'FK Dečić ( Cyrillic : ФК Дечић , Albanian : KF Deçiqi ) is a Montenegrin football club from Tuzi . Currently , the club is member of Montenegrin Second League . It is a part of Dečić sport society .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Dečić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Dečić', 'summary': 'FK Dečić ( Cyrillic : ФК Дечић , Albanian : KF Deçiqi ) is a Montenegrin football club from Tuzi . Currently , the club is member of Montenegrin Second League . It is a part of Dečić sport society .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Bokelj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Bokelj', 'summary': 'FK Bokelj is a Montenegrin football club based in the coastal town of Kotor . They currently compete in Montenegrin Second League .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Berane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Berane', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Berane ( Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Беране ) is a Montenegrin football club based in Berane . Established at 1920 , the club plays in the Second League of Montenegro .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Iskra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Iskra_Danilovgrad', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Iskra ( English : Football Club Iskra ) is a Montenegrin football club based in Danilovgrad . They currently compete in Montenegrin First League .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Mornar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Mornar', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Mornar is a Montenegrin football club , based in the coastal town of Bar . They currently compete in the Montenegrin First League .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Jedinstvo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Jedinstvo_Bijelo_Polje', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Jedinstvo ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Јединство ) is football club from Bijelo Polje , Montenegro , currently competing in the Montenegrin Second League . The club was established in 1922 .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Jedinstvo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Jedinstvo_Bijelo_Polje', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Jedinstvo ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Јединство ) is football club from Bijelo Polje , Montenegro , currently competing in the Montenegrin Second League . The club was established in 1922 .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Kom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Kom', 'summary': 'FK Kom is a Montenegrin football club based in Zlatica , a suburb of Podgorica . Founded in 1958 , they currently compete in Montenegrin First League . The team is known as a first youth club of famous Montenegrin player Predrag Mijatović .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Dečić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Dečić', 'summary': 'FK Dečić ( Cyrillic : ФК Дечић , Albanian : KF Deçiqi ) is a Montenegrin football club from Tuzi . Currently , the club is member of Montenegrin Second League . It is a part of Dečić sport society .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Mornar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Mornar', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Mornar is a Montenegrin football club , based in the coastal town of Bar . They currently compete in the Montenegrin First League .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Mornar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Mornar', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Mornar is a Montenegrin football club , based in the coastal town of Bar . They currently compete in the Montenegrin First League .'}]}, {'value': 'FK Podgorica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OFK_Mladost_1970', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Podgorica , formerly known as OFK Mladost 1970 , is a football club from the southwestern part of Podgorica , Montenegro . Founded in 1970 , the club was reactivated during the 2014 . In the summer 2019 club renamed to FK Podgorica .'}]}], 'section_title': 'All time tables -- Relegation and promotion', 'section_text': 'See also : Montenegrin Second League Winners Below is the list of directly promoted and relegated teams by every single season . Relegated were last-placed teams in First League , while directly promoted teams were the champions of Montenegrin Second League .', 'uid': 'Montenegrin_First_League_8', 'intro': 'The First League of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Prva crnogorska fudbalska liga - Prva CFL - 1. CFL; pronounced [pr̂ːvaː t͡srnǒɡorskaː fûdbaːlskaː lǐːɡa]) is the top football league in Montenegro. Founded in 2006, competition is headed by the Football Association of Montenegro. 10 teams participate in this league. The winner of the Montenegrin First League starts the qualifications for the UEFA Champions League from the second round. The second and third placed team and Montenegrin Cup winner play in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Europa League. The last placed team is directly relegated to the Montenegrin Second League, and the two others are playing in Montenegrin First League playoffs.'}
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Which of the 2007 clubs was established first ?
FK Lovćen
08d7e755da0ce612
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia', 'title': 'List of diplomatic missions in Russia', 'header': ['Delegation', 'Mission type', 'Year established', 'District', 'Website'], 'data': [{'value': 'Armenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenia', 'summary': 'The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk ) ; however , it is currently rarely used . The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan ) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan ( place ) . [ citation needed ] . However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos , Faustus of Byzantium , Ghazar Parpetsi , Koryun , and Sebeos . The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ) , the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah , who , according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene ( Movsis Khorenatsi ) , defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region . The further origin of the name is uncertain . It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated , Hittite vassal states - the Ḫayaša-Azzi ( 1600-1200 BC ) . The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription ( 515 BC ) as Armina ( ) . The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía ) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi , Armenians ) are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus ( c. 550 BC - c. 476 BC ) . Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC . Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani ( Armanum , Armi ) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme ( Shupria ) . These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms .'}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiralteysky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Admiralteysky_District', 'summary': 'Admiralteysky District ( Russian : Адмиралте́йский райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population : was 157,897 ; down from 187,837 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan', 'summary': 'Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program .'}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Branch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Belgium_in_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "This is a list of diplomatic missions in Russia . As the world 's largest country , a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , regional power in Europe and Asia and the principal successor state to the Soviet Union , the Russian Federation hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Moscow . Moscow hosts 148 embassies , with numerous countries maintaining consulates general and consulates throughout the country ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiralteysky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Admiralteysky_District', 'summary': 'Admiralteysky District ( Russian : Адмиралте́йский райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population : was 157,897 ; down from 187,837 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic', 'summary': "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Denmark_in_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "The Consulate-General of Denmark in Saint Petersburg is the diplomatic mission of Denmark in Saint Petersburg , Russian Federation . It is located at 13 Bolshaya Alleya ( Russian : Большая аллея , 13 ) on Kamenny Island in Saint Petersburg . On 6 October 1903 , the land on which the consulate-general is situated was leased for 90 years to the Swiss tailor Edward Follenweider , who was the couturier to the Imperial Russian court and its royal guard . The house was designed in 1904 by the architect Roman Meltzer , who was one of the interior designers of the Winter and Alexander Palaces in Saint Petersburg , and was built in 1906 at a cost of 212,000 roubles . After the October Revolution in 1917 , Kamenny Island was renamed Workers ' Island ( Russian : остров Трудящихся ) and the dachas were used by decree of Vladimir Lenin as rest homes , sanitoriums and housing for the homeless . Follenweider 's Mansion , also known to locals as the Gingerbread House or Fairytale House , was handed over to the Leningrad Administration of Trade Unions and was transformed into a sanitorium for the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract . In November 1992 the house was granted to the Royal Danish Government to house their consulate-general in Saint Petersburg ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petrogradsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petrogradsky_District', 'summary': "Petrogradsky District ( Russian : Петрогра́дский райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . It borders the Bolshaya Nevka River in the north and in the east , the Neva River in the south , and areas around the Malaya Neva River in the west . District 's population : 130,455 ( 2010 Census ) ; 134,607 ( 2002 Census ) . Petrogradsky District comprises the following municipal okrugs :"}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petrogradsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petrogradsky_District', 'summary': "Petrogradsky District ( Russian : Петрогра́дский райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . It borders the Bolshaya Nevka River in the north and in the east , the Neva River in the south , and areas around the Malaya Neva River in the west . District 's population : 130,455 ( 2010 Census ) ; 134,607 ( 2002 Census ) . Petrogradsky District comprises the following municipal okrugs :"}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Finland_in_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'The Consulate-General of Finland in Saint Petersburg is the consulate-general of the Republic of Finland in Saint Petersburg , Russian Federation . It is located at 4 Preobrazhenskaya Square ( Russian : Преображенская пл . 4 ) in the Tsentralny district of Saint Petersburg .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consulate-General_of_France_in_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'The Consulate-General of France in Saint Petersburg is the diplomatic mission of France in Saint Petersburg , Russian Federation . It is located at 15 Moika River Embankment ( Russian : Набережная реки Мойки , дом 15 ) in the Tsentralny District in Saint Petersburg .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiralteysky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Admiralteysky_District', 'summary': 'Admiralteysky District ( Russian : Адмиралте́йский райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population : was 157,897 ; down from 187,837 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Japan_in_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'The Consulate-General of Japan in Saint Petersburg is the consulate of Japan in Saint Petersburg , Russia . It is located at 29 Nabereznaya Reki Moiki ( Russian : Набережная реки Мойки,29 ) in the Tsentralny district of Saint Petersburg . The building was constructed in 1851 for Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky , with reconstructions and extensions in 1868 and 1875 . The decision to open a consulate-general in Leningrad , as it was then named , was taken by the Japanese cabinet following a bill passed in the Diet . This happened on 30 March , 1971 with effect from April 1 . This was part of a consular agreement in which consulates were also opened in Osaka , Sapporo and Nakhodka .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsentralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': 'Tsentralny District ( Russian : Центра́льный райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiralteysky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Admiralteysky_District', 'summary': 'Admiralteysky District ( Russian : Адмиралте́йский райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population : was 157,897 ; down from 187,837 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latvia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latvia', 'summary': "Latvia ( /ˈlɑːtviə/ or /ˈlætviə/ ( listen ) ; Latvian : Latvija [ ˈlatvija ] , Livonian : Lețmō ) , officially known as the Republic of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Republika , Livonian : Lețmō Vabāmō ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe . Since its independence , Latvia has been referred to as one of the Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , Belarus to the southeast , and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 ( 24,938 sq mi ) . The country has a temperate seasonal climate . The Baltic Sea moderates climate , although it has four distinct seasons and snowy winters . After centuries of Swedish , Polish and Russian rule , a rule mainly executed by the Baltic German aristocracy , the Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I . However , by the 1930s the country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 establishing an authoritarian regime under Kārlis Ulmanis . The country 's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II , beginning with Latvia 's forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union , followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944 ( Courland Pocket in 1945 ) to form the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation from Soviet rule and condemning the Communist regime 's illegal takeover . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 . Latvia is a democratic sovereign state , parliamentary republic and a very highly developed country according to the United Nations Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vasileostrovsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vasileostrovsky_District', 'summary': 'Vasileostrovsky District ( Russian : Василеостро́вский райо́н ) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , its population : was 214,625 ; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Diplomatic missions in Russia -- Consulates in Saint Petersburg', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia_1', 'intro': "This is a list of diplomatic missions in Russia. As the world's largest country, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, regional power in Europe and Asia and the principal successor state to the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Moscow. Moscow hosts 148 embassies, with numerous countries maintaining consulates general and consulates throughout the country."}
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Which sea is this country , which has a diplomatic office located in this district of 214,625 residents , bounded by ?
Caspian Sea
08d7f6bb21442e30
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Icelandic_films', 'title': 'List of Icelandic films', 'header': ['Year', 'Original title', 'English title', 'Director'], 'data': [{'value': '1990*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Juniper Tree', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Juniper Tree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Juniper_Tree_(film)', 'summary': 'The Juniper Tree is a 1990 Icelandic black-and-white medieval fantasy drama film directed and written by Nietzchka Keene . Based on the fairy tale The Juniper Tree collected by the Brothers Grimm , it stars a small cast of five actors : Björk , Bryndis Petra Bragadóttir , Guðrún Gísladóttir , Valdimar Örn Flygenring and Geirlaug Sunna Þormar . The film was selected to compete for the Grand Jury Prize - Dramatic at the 1990 Sundance Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Nietzchka Keene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nietzchka_Keene', 'summary': 'Professor Nietzchka Keene ( June 26 , 1952 - October 20 , 2004 ) was an American film director and writer best known for The Juniper Tree , a feature film shot in Iceland , and starring the Icelandic singer Björk in her first film role . She was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the spring of 2004 and died , aged 52 , on October 20 , 2004 . She taught film making and editing in the University of Wisconsin-Madison until her death . She was born in 1952 and raised near Boston , Massachusetts . She received her BA in 1975 in Germanic linguistics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , and her Master of Fine Arts in film production from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1979 . While at UCLA she served as a research assistant in Old Icelandic language and linguistics under Dr. Jesse Byock . Keene worked in various capacities in the film industry in Los Angeles while attending graduate school , including positions as a recordist for a sound studio , a dialogue editor in a post-production house , a projectionist , and a re-recording mixer at UCLA . She produced three short films as a graduate student - Friends ( 1977 ) , Still ( 1978 ) and Hinterland ( 1983 ) . In 1986 after returning from her Fulbright year she wrote the script for The Juniper Tree and returned to shoot the film in 1987 on location in Iceland . It was the first film to star the well-known singer and actress Björk , in the role of a young child in a story based on a fairy tale from the Brothers Grimm . She won a Verna Fields Memorial Scholarship from UCLA in 1987 for editing The Juniper Tree , completing it in 1989 . It has been screened in more than 23 festivals and invitational events around the world , including the Sundance Film Festival , the Harvard Film Archive , and the Art Institute of Chicago .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1990 in film involved many significant events as shown below . Universal Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1990 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pappírspési', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pappírspési', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pappírspési_(film)', 'summary': 'The Adventures of Paper Peter ( Icelandic : Ævintýri Pappírs Pésa ) is a 1990 Icelandic drama film directed by Ari Kristinsson . The film was selected as the Icelandic entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 63rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Ari Kristinsson ( is )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryð', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryð', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lárus Ýmir Óskarsson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1991 in film involved some significant events .'}]}, {'value': 'Börn náttúrunnar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Children of Nature', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Children_of_Nature', 'summary': 'Children of Nature ( Icelandic : Börn náttúrunnar ) is a 1991 Icelandic film directed by Friðrik Þór Friðriksson . It was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar at the 64th Academy Awards , the only Icelandic film to have ever been nominated .'}]}, {'value': 'Friðrik Þór Friðriksson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friðrik_Þór_Friðriksson', 'summary': 'Friðrik Þór Friðriksson ( born 12 May 1954 ; pronounced [ ˈfrɪðrɪk ˈθouːr ˈfrɪðrɪxsɔn ] ) , sometimes credited as Fridrik Thor Fridriksson , is an Icelandic film director and producer .'}]}, {'value': '1991*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hvíti víkingurinn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The White Viking', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_White_Viking', 'summary': "The White Viking ( alternative title Embla , Icelandic : Hvíti víkingurinn , Norwegian : Den hvite viking ) is a 1991 film set in Norway and Iceland during the reign of Olaf I of Norway . The film loosely follows actual events . Embla is the director 's cut of the White Viking and released on DVD in 2007 . It was premiered at the Reykjavik International Film Festival on October 6 , 2007 . It is the directors cut of the original film as the director imagined it . Gunnlaugsson chose to call the film Embla so that it is not confused with the White Viking , compiled by the producers of the film in 1992 . Embla is the third film of the legendary Raven Trilogy ( also known as the Viking Trilogy ) that consists of three 'Viking ' films :"}]}, {'value': 'Hrafn Gunnlaugsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hrafn_Gunnlaugsson', 'summary': 'Hrafn Gunnlaugsson ( born 17 June 1948 ) is an Icelandic film director . He is the brother of mathematician Þorvaldur Gunnlaugsson and the lawyer Snædís Gunnlaugsdóttir and the actress Tinna Gunnlaugsdóttir . He is mostly known for his series of Viking films , sometimes called Cod Westerns . He was married to Edda Kristjánsdóttir and they have four children : Kristján born 1968 who is a poet and playwright , Tinna who is an actress , Sól who is an art designer and Örk who is an artist and was born in 1993 . He won the award for Best Director at the 20th Guldbagge Awards for When the Raven Flies .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1992 in film involved many significant film releases .'}]}, {'value': 'Ingaló', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingaló', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingaló_(film)', 'summary': 'The following is a list of notable films produced in Iceland by Icelanders . Star marked films are films in coproduction with Iceland . Although Arne Mattsson is Swedish , his film is included because it is based on a book by the Icelandic Nobel Prize-winning author Halldór Laxness .'}]}, {'value': 'Ásdís Thoroddsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ásdís_Thoroddsen', 'summary': 'Ásdís Thoroddsen ( born February 26 , 1959 ) is an Icelandic director , producer , screenwriter , and actress .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karlakórinn Hekla', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Men 's Choir", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guðný Halldórsdóttir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guðný_Halldórsdóttir', 'summary': 'Guðný Halldórsdóttir ( born 23 January 1954 ) is an Icelandic film director and screenwriter . She has directed eight films since 1984 . Her 2007 film The Quiet Storm was entered into the 30th Moscow International Film Festival . Her father was writer and 1955 Nobel prize winner Halldór Laxness , while her mother was writer and textile designer Auður Laxness .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sódóma Reykjavík', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Remote Control', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Remote_Control_(1992_film)', 'summary': 'Remote Control ( Icelandic : Sódóma Reykjavík ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a 1992 Icelandic film directed by Óskar Jónasson . The plot is a farce , revolving around the young car mechanic Axel and his adventure in the Reykjavík underworld which starts when his mother insists that he must recover the remote control to her TV . It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival . The film stars Björn Jörundur Friðbjörnsson as Axel , and features the Icelandic metal band HAM .'}]}, {'value': 'Óskar Jónasson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óskar_Jónasson', 'summary': 'Óskar Jónasson ( born 30 June 1963 ) is an Icelandic film director and screenwriter . His film Remote Control was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival . His most recent film Reykjavík-Rotterdam won four Edda Awards including Director of the Year and Best Screenplay .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Svo á jörðu sem á himni', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'As in Heaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/As_in_Heaven', 'summary': 'As in Heaven ( Icelandic : Svo á jörðu sem á himni ) is a 1992 Icelandic drama film directed by Kristín Jóhannesdóttir . It was screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the Icelandic entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 65th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Kristín Jóhannesdóttir', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veggfóður', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wallpaper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Júlíus Kemp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Júlíus_Kemp', 'summary': 'Júlíus Kemp ( born December 2 , 1967 in Reykjavík ) is an Icelandic film director .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ævintýri á Norðurslóðum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ævintýri á Norðurslóðum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marius Olsen Katrin Ottarsdóttir Kristín Pálsdóttir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marius_Olsen', 'summary': 'Marius Olsen is a Greenlandic politician and member of the Siumut party . He has served as a member of the municipal council and Deputy Mayor for the former Sisimiut Municipality .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katrin_Ottarsdóttir', 'summary': 'Katrin Ottarsdóttir ( born 1957 ) is a Faroese movie director and poet .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1993 in film involved many significant films , including the blockbuster hits Jurassic Park , The Fugitive and The Firm . ( For more about films in foreign languages , check sources in those languages . ) Walt Disney Studios celebrated its 70th anniversary in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hin helgu vé', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sacred Mound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sacred_Mound_(film)', 'summary': 'The Sacred Mound ( Icelandic : Hin helgu vé ) is a 1993 Icelandic drama film directed by Hrafn Gunnlaugsson . The film was selected as the Icelandic entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 66th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Hrafn Gunnlaugsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hrafn_Gunnlaugsson', 'summary': 'Hrafn Gunnlaugsson ( born 17 June 1948 ) is an Icelandic film director . He is the brother of mathematician Þorvaldur Gunnlaugsson and the lawyer Snædís Gunnlaugsdóttir and the actress Tinna Gunnlaugsdóttir . He is mostly known for his series of Viking films , sometimes called Cod Westerns . He was married to Edda Kristjánsdóttir and they have four children : Kristján born 1968 who is a poet and playwright , Tinna who is an actress , Sól who is an art designer and Örk who is an artist and was born in 1993 . He won the award for Best Director at the 20th Guldbagge Awards for When the Raven Flies .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stuttur Frakki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Behind Schedule', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gísli Snær Erlingsson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_in_film', 'summary': 'This is a list of films released in 1994 . The top worldwide grosser was The Lion King , becoming the highest-grossing Walt Disney Feature Animation film of all-time , although it was slightly overtaken at the North American domestic box office by Forrest Gump , which won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated its 70th Anniversary in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bíódagar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Movie Days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friðrik Þór Friðriksson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friðrik_Þór_Friðriksson', 'summary': 'Friðrik Þór Friðriksson ( born 12 May 1954 ; pronounced [ ˈfrɪðrɪk ˈθouːr ˈfrɪðrɪxsɔn ] ) , sometimes credited as Fridrik Thor Fridriksson , is an Icelandic film director and producer .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skýjahöllin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sky Palace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Þorsteinn Jónsson ( is )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_in_film', 'summary': "This is a list of films released in 1995 . The highly anticipated sequel Die Hard with a Vengeance was the year 's biggest box-office hit , and Braveheart won the Academy Award for Best Picture ."}]}, {'value': 'Cold Fever', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cold Fever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cold_Fever_(film)', 'summary': "Cold Fever ( Icelandic : Á köldum klaka ) is a 1995 Icelandic film directed by Friðrik Þór Friðriksson . It is a road movie set in Iceland and was the first of Friðrik 's films to be made in the English language . The movie depicts the travels of a Japanese man across Iceland . It was jokingly promoted as the best Icelandic-Japanese road movie of 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Friðrik Þór Friðriksson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friðrik_Þór_Friðriksson', 'summary': 'Friðrik Þór Friðriksson ( born 12 May 1954 ; pronounced [ ˈfrɪðrɪk ˈθouːr ˈfrɪðrɪxsɔn ] ) , sometimes credited as Fridrik Thor Fridriksson , is an Icelandic film director and producer .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agnes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agnes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egill Eðvarðsson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ein stór fjölskylda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Family', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jóhann Sigmarsson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Einkalíf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Einkalíf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Þráinn Bertelsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Þráinn_Bertelsson', 'summary': "Þráinn Bertelsson ( born 30 November 1944 ) is an Icelandic film director , writer , politician , journalist and newspaper editor . He moved into politics in the wake of the financial crisis in 2008 , and was elected a member of the Althing in 2009 , initially for the Citizens ' Movement . He later left the party to become an independent MP , before joining the Left-Green Movement , which he currently represents ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nei er ekkert svar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No Is No Answer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jón Tryggvason', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '1990s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Icelandic_films_2', 'intro': 'The following is a list of notable films produced in Iceland by Icelanders. Star marked films are films in coproduction with Iceland. Although Arne Mattsson is Swedish, his film is included because it is based on a book by the Icelandic Nobel Prize-winning author Halldór Laxness.'}
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What was the setting of the 1991 film directed by Hrafn Gunnlaugsson ?
Norway and Iceland
08d7fcc6f6dcd09b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Montreal_area', 'title': 'List of airports in the Montreal area', 'header': ['Airport name', 'ICAO / TC LID / IATA', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Montréal ( Bell ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CSW5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Montréal East ( AIM ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CSH9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Montréal/Heliport Senneville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CHS5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Montréal/Kruger Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CSN2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Montréal/Laval ( Artopex Plus ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CLP2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Montréal/Les Cèdres Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CSH6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Cèdres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Cèdres,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Les Cèdres is a municipality located north of the Saint Lawrence River in the Montérégie of Quebec , Canada , near Vaudreuil-Dorion . The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 6,079 . The name means The Cedars in French . There is an extensive rapid on the St. Lawrence River at this location . During the American Revolution , the Battle of the Cedars was fought in the vicinity . In 1959-1960 Swedish writer , Stig Claesson , lived in the village at a place called Point Charlie and later wrote a book about it called My friend Charlie .'}]}, {'value': 'Montréal/Longueuil ( Centre Hospitalier Pierre-Boucher ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hôpital_Pierre_Boucher', 'summary': 'Pierre Boucher Hospital ( French : Hôpital Pierre-Boucher ) is a Canadian hospital located on Jacques Cartier Boulevard in Longueuil , Quebec . Inaugurated in 1982 , the hospital is the regional health centre for 245,000 people located in the borough of Le Vieux-Longueuil , as well as the cities and towns of Boucherville , Varennes , Verchères , Sainte-Julie , Saint-Amable , Calixa-Lavallée and Contrecœur . The hospital provides general , specialized and ultraspecialized health care , and is also the location of 3,400 births per year . The hospital is home to 329 beds , and its emergency department is overcrowded at 55,000 visits per year . In 2003 , the Government of Quebec invested $ 60 million into the hospital , which was expanded and renovated . The hospital also transfers patients to the nearby , larger , Hôpital Charles-LeMoyne .'}]}, {'value': 'CCH5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hôpital Pierre Boucher , Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Montréal/Mirabel Hélico Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CMH4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Montréal/Passport Hélico Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CPP8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Montréal/Point Zero Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CPZ6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Montréal/Saint-Hubert Heli-Inter Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CTG2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint-Hubert , Longueuil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Hubert,_Quebec', 'summary': "Saint-Hubert ( /- ˈhjuːbərt/ -\u2060 HEW-bərt , French : [ sɛ̃t‿ybɛʁ ] , locally [ sẽɪ̯̃t͡s‿ybaɛ̯ʁ ] ) is a borough in the city of Longueuil , located in the Montérégie region of Quebec , Canada . It had been a separate city prior to January 1 , 2002 , when it along with several other neighbouring south shore municipalities were merged into Longueuil . According to the Quebec Statistics Institute , Saint-Hubert had 78,336 in 2006 . The area of the borough is 65.98 km2 ( 25.48 sq mi ) . Longueuil 's city hall is now located in Saint-Hubert . Saint-Hubert is located about 14 kilometres ( 8.7 mi ) from downtown Montreal . The borough has a wide array of commercial , industrial and agricultural enterprises . The aerospace industry is arguably the most important of these enterprises . Pratt & Whitney Canada designs and manufactures jet engines at a plant near Saint-Hubert Airport . The Canadian Space Agency has its head office in the borough . The École nationale d'aérotechnique , a school that teaches aeronautics is located in the borough and operated by Collège Édouard-Montpetit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Longueuil', 'summary': "Longueuil ( /lɒŋˈɡeɪl/ ; French : [ lɔ̃ɡœj ] ) is a city in the province of Quebec , Canada . It is the seat of the Montérégie administrative region and the central city of the urban agglomeration of Longueuil . It sits on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River directly across from Montreal . The population as of the Canada 2016 Census totalled 239,700 , making it Montreal 's second largest suburb , the fifth most populous city in Quebec and twentieth largest in Canada . Charles Le Moyne founded Longueuil as a seigneurie in 1657 . It would become a parish in 1845 , a village in 1848 , a town in 1874 and a city in 1920 . Between 1961 and 2002 , Longueuil 's borders grew three times , as it was amalgamated with surrounding municipalities ; there was a strong de-amalgamation in 2006 ( see 2000-2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec ) . Longueuil is a residential , commercial and industrial city . It incorporates some urban features , but is essentially a suburb . Longueuil can be classified as a commuter town as a large portion of its residents commute to work in Montreal . Most buildings are single-family homes constructed in the post-war period . The city consists of three boroughs : Le Vieux-Longueuil , Saint-Hubert and Greenfield Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Montréal ( Sacre-Coeur ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hôpital_du_Sacré-Cœur_de_Montréal', 'summary': 'The Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal is a hospital in the Cartierville neighbourhood of Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It is one of the largest teaching hospitals affiliated with the Université de Montréal , and one of the largest hospitals in Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'CSZ8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal , Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hôpital_du_Sacré-Cœur_de_Montréal', 'summary': 'The Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal is a hospital in the Cartierville neighbourhood of Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It is one of the largest teaching hospitals affiliated with the Université de Montréal , and one of the largest hospitals in Quebec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Valleyfield ( Ciment Deval Inc ) Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CSY5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salaberry-de-Valleyfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salaberry-de-Valleyfield', 'summary': "Salaberry-de-Valleyfield is a city in southwestern Quebec , Canada , in the Regional County Municipality of Beauharnois-Salaberry . The population as of 2019 was 42,410 . Situated on Grande-Île , an island in the Saint Lawrence River , it is bordered at its western end by Lake Saint Francis , with the Saint Lawrence to the north and the Beauharnois Canal to its south . The Port of Valleyfield is on the canal . The historic downtown is a major touristic center for the area . Due to the presence of Lake St. Francis ( St. Lawrence River ) , St. Francis Bay in downtown , and of numerous rivers and canals all over the town , the city is nicknamed `` The Venice of Quebec '' ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Heliports', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_airports_in_the_Montreal_area_3', 'intro': "The following active airports serve the area around Montreal, Quebec, Canada, lying underneath or immediately adjacent to Montreal's terminal control area:"}
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What is the ICAO , TC , LID , IATA of the airport whose location had a population of 1,704,694 in 2016 ?
CSW5
08d9154e11097e74
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Citrus_County,_Florida', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Citrus County, Florida', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crystal River Indian Mounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park', 'summary': 'Crystal River State Archaeological Site is a 61-acre ( 250,000 m2 ) Florida State Park located on the Crystal River and within the Crystal River Preserve State Park . The park is located two miles ( 3 km ) northwest of the city of Crystal River , on Museum Point off U.S. 19/98 . Under the title of Crystal River Indian Mounds , it is also a U.S. National Historic Landmark ( designated as such on September 29 , 1970 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'September 29 , 1970 ( # 70000178 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 miles northwest of Crystal River on U.S . Routes 19 / 98 28°55′01″N 82°36′33″W / 28.916944°N 82.609167°W / 28.916944 ; -82.609167 ( Crystal River Indian Mounds )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Florida', 'summary': "U.S. Route 19 ( US 19 ) runs 264 miles ( 425 km ) along Florida 's west coast from an interchange with U.S. Route 41 in Memphis , Florida , south of Tampa , and continues to the Georgia border north of Monticello , Florida . As is the case with all Florida roads with federal designations , the entirety of US 19 has a hidden Florida Department of Transportation designation :"}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_98_in_Florida', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 98 ( US 98 ) is an east-west United States highway that runs 671 miles ( 1,080 km ) from the Alabama-Florida state line to southern Florida . It is the longest US road in Florida . It was established in 1933 as a route between Pensacola and Apalachicola , and has since been extended eastward across the Florida Peninsula and westward into Mississippi . [ citation needed ] It runs along much of the Gulf Coast between Mobile , Alabama and Crystal River , Florida , including extensive sections closely following the coast eastward from the Alabama-Florida state line to St. Marks . At a length of 671 miles , US 98 is the longest numbered route in the state of Florida . Within Florida , US 98 is marked as an east-west road from the Alabama-Florida border to Perry . Throughout most of the Florida Peninsula , the road is marked as a north-south road , but directions return to east-west on the northeast shore of Lake Okeechobee . As is the case with all Florida roads with federal designations , the entirety of US 98 has a hidden Florida Department of Transportation designation :'}]}, {'value': 'Crystal River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River,_Florida', 'summary': "Crystal River is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 3,108 in the 2010 census . According to the U.S Census estimates of 2018 , the city had a population of 3,162 . The city was incorporated in 1903 and is the self professed Home of the Manatee . Crystal River Preserve State Park is located nearby , and Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located in the city 's northwest side . Crystal River is at the heart of the Nature Coast of Florida . The city is situated around Kings Bay , which is spring-fed and so keeps a constant 72 °F ( 22 °C ) temperature year round . A cluster of 50 springs designated as a first-magnitude system feeds Kings Bay . A first-magnitude system discharges 100 cubic feet or more of water per second , which equals about 64 million gallons of water per day . Because of this discharge amount , the Crystal River Springs group is the second largest springs group in Florida , the first being Wakulla Springs in Wakulla County near Tallahassee . Kings Bay can be home to over 400 manatees during the winter when the water temperature in the Gulf of Mexico cools , and is the only place in the United States where people can legally interact with them in their natural conditions without that interaction being viewed as harassment by law enforcement agencies . Tourism based on watching and swimming with manatee is the fastest growing contribution to the local economy ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crystal River Old City Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River_Old_City_Hall', 'summary': 'The Crystal River Old City Hall is a historic building in Crystal River , Florida , in the United States . It is located at 532 North Citrus Avenue , off U.S. 19/98 . On May 29 , 1998 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places . The building now houses the Coastal Heritage Museum , operated by the Citrus County Historical Society . Exhibits focus on the early history of the west side of Citrus County , Florida and include a 1929 diorama of downtown Citrus Avenue , a fish house facade , and an original jail cell . Admission is free .'}]}, {'value': 'May 29 , 1998 ( # 98000588 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '532 North Citrus Avenue 28°53′55″N 82°35′36″W / 28.898611°N 82.593333°W / 28.898611 ; -82.593333 ( Crystal River Old City Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crystal River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River,_Florida', 'summary': "Crystal River is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 3,108 in the 2010 census . According to the U.S Census estimates of 2018 , the city had a population of 3,162 . The city was incorporated in 1903 and is the self professed Home of the Manatee . Crystal River Preserve State Park is located nearby , and Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located in the city 's northwest side . Crystal River is at the heart of the Nature Coast of Florida . The city is situated around Kings Bay , which is spring-fed and so keeps a constant 72 °F ( 22 °C ) temperature year round . A cluster of 50 springs designated as a first-magnitude system feeds Kings Bay . A first-magnitude system discharges 100 cubic feet or more of water per second , which equals about 64 million gallons of water per day . Because of this discharge amount , the Crystal River Springs group is the second largest springs group in Florida , the first being Wakulla Springs in Wakulla County near Tallahassee . Kings Bay can be home to over 400 manatees during the winter when the water temperature in the Gulf of Mexico cools , and is the only place in the United States where people can legally interact with them in their natural conditions without that interaction being viewed as harassment by law enforcement agencies . Tourism based on watching and swimming with manatee is the fastest growing contribution to the local economy ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Etna Turpentine Camp Archeological Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Etna_Turpentine_Camp_Archeological_Site', 'summary': 'The Etna Turpentine Camp Archeological Site is an abandoned turpentine camp near Inverness , Florida . Records indicate it was built in the early 1900s . It was discovered by accident when the Florida Gas Transmission Company was exploring a route for a possible pipeline . The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 10 , 2009 . The site is within territory held by the Citrus Tract of the Withlacoochee State Forest . In mid-2018 , construction of an extension of the Suncoast Parkway which was to go through this site was stopped abruptly due to lawsuits filed . The injunction halting construction was lifted less than a month later , allowing construction to proceed .'}]}, {'value': 'December 10 , 2009 ( # 09001055 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inverness vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverness,_Florida', 'summary': 'Inverness is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 7,210 . It is the county seat of Citrus County and is home to the Citrus County Courthouse and near the 10,950-acre ( 4,430 ha ) Flying Eagle Preserve .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Floral City Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floral_City_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Floral City Historic District is a U.S . Historic District ( designated as such on December 1 , 1993 ) located in Floral City , Florida . The district runs roughly along Orange Avenue from South Old Floral City Road to South Annie Terrace and South Aroostook Way from Orange to Tsala Apopka Lake . It contains 26 historic buildings and 2 structures .'}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 1993 ( # 93001357 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly Orange Avenue from South Old Floral City Road to South Annie Terrace and South Aroostook Way from Orange to Lake Tsala Apopka 28°45′02″N 82°17′27″W / 28.750556°N 82.290833°W / 28.750556 ; -82.290833 ( Floral City Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Floral City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floral_City,_Florida', 'summary': 'Floral City is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 5,216 at the 2010 census . The community is home to the Floral City Heritage Hall Museum and hosts the Floral City Heritage Days the first weekend in December . The area has a history of phosphate mining and includes historic homes .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Cooper_State_Park', 'summary': 'Fort Cooper State Park is a 710-acre historic site in Inverness , Florida , United States . It is located two miles ( 3 km ) south of Inverness , off of U.S. Hwy . 41 on South Old Floral City Road . On June 13 , 1972 , it was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places . It is also a Florida State Park .'}]}, {'value': 'June 13 , 1972 ( # 72000304 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted 28°48′36″N 82°18′19″W / 28.81°N 82.305278°W / 28.81 ; -82.305278 ( Fort Cooper )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inverness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverness,_Florida', 'summary': 'Inverness is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 7,210 . It is the county seat of Citrus County and is home to the Citrus County Courthouse and near the 10,950-acre ( 4,430 ha ) Flying Eagle Preserve .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masonic Temple of Citrus Lodge No . 18 , F. and A.M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masonic_Temple_of_Citrus_Lodge_No._18,_F._and_A.M.', 'summary': "The Masonic Temple of Citrus Lodge No . 118 , F. and A.M. refers to a historic 3-story building designed by prominent Florida architect Wilbur B. Talley and built in 1910 at the corner of West Main Street ( now Old Main Street ) and South Pine Avenue in Inverness , Citrus County , Florida . It is also known as Inverness Masonic Temple . As was common with American Masonic buildings of the time , the first floor was used for retail stores , while the second floor was used for professional offices and the third floor was used for the lodge hall and other Masonic uses . Over the years , the second floor also housed the city hall and a movie theater . After repairing the fire damage from a lightning strike in 1963 , Citrus Lodge decided to build a new building at 301 Hendrix Avenue and vacated the premises in 1965 . The building was then sold to a series of private owners . In 1990 the Board of County Commissioners rented the third floor for a few years . Recent uses include the building management office on the ground floor , bookkeepers , attorneys , insurance agents , therapists , tutor services and an AA Intergroup office on the other floors . In 1989 , the Masonic Temple was listed in A Guide to Florida 's Historic Architecture , published by the University of Florida Press . On October 20 , 2000 , the City of Inverness placed a commemorative plaque on the building . The building was purchased by the Drywell Group , LLC in 2006 and they proceeded to renovate and restore the interior and exterior ."}]}, {'value': 'June 23 , 2010 ( # 10000387 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '111 West Main St 28°50′09″N 82°19′53″W / 28.835833°N 82.331389°W / 28.835833 ; -82.331389 ( Masonic Temple of Citrus Lodge No . 18 , F. and A.M . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inverness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverness,_Florida', 'summary': 'Inverness is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 7,210 . It is the county seat of Citrus County and is home to the Citrus County Courthouse and near the 10,950-acre ( 4,430 ha ) Flying Eagle Preserve .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mullet Key', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mullet_Key', 'summary': 'Mullet Key is a historic island near Crystal River , Florida . It is located 3 miles south of the main mouth of the Crystal River , and was inhabited by Native Americans in pre-Columbian times . The island was occupied from roughly 500 to 1500 and was inhabited by the Deptford and Safety Harbor cultures . Oyster shell middens have been found at the site . On July 3 , 1986 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1986 ( # 86001409 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In Crystal Bay , within Crystal River Preserve State Park 28°52′52″N 82°41′32″W / 28.8811°N 82.6922°W / 28.8811 ; -82.6922 ( Mullet Key )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River_Preserve_State_Park', 'summary': 'Crystal River Preserve State Park is a Florida State Park , originally known as the Crystal River Buffer Preserve . The Preserve comprises 27,500 acres of salt marsh , tidal creeks , mangrove islands , hardwood forests , coastal scrub and pine flat woods . The Crystal River Preserve is a remnant of the Florida coastline that has changed little since Europeans more than 500 years ago . It is located in a transitional area from a temperate and sub-tropical climate zone and contains plants and animals from both regions . The preserve follows 20 miles ( 30 km ) of coastline along the Gulf of Mexico from Crystal River though Ozello to Homosassa . The Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located within the park boundary and managed by the Crystal River Preserve State Park . The primary recreational opportunities at the Preserve are hiking , biking , birding , kayaking , fishing and nature observation . Crystal River , which provides refuge to wintering manatees , [ citation needed ] is located 3 miles southeast of the main park entrance .'}]}, {'value': 'Crystal River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_River,_Florida', 'summary': "Crystal River is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 3,108 in the 2010 census . According to the U.S Census estimates of 2018 , the city had a population of 3,162 . The city was incorporated in 1903 and is the self professed Home of the Manatee . Crystal River Preserve State Park is located nearby , and Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located in the city 's northwest side . Crystal River is at the heart of the Nature Coast of Florida . The city is situated around Kings Bay , which is spring-fed and so keeps a constant 72 °F ( 22 °C ) temperature year round . A cluster of 50 springs designated as a first-magnitude system feeds Kings Bay . A first-magnitude system discharges 100 cubic feet or more of water per second , which equals about 64 million gallons of water per day . Because of this discharge amount , the Crystal River Springs group is the second largest springs group in Florida , the first being Wakulla Springs in Wakulla County near Tallahassee . Kings Bay can be home to over 400 manatees during the winter when the water temperature in the Gulf of Mexico cools , and is the only place in the United States where people can legally interact with them in their natural conditions without that interaction being viewed as harassment by law enforcement agencies . Tourism based on watching and swimming with manatee is the fastest growing contribution to the local economy ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Citrus County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Citrus_County_Courthouse', 'summary': 'The Old Citrus County Courthouse ( constructed in 1912 ) is a historic site in Inverness , Florida located at 1 Courthouse Square . On April 17 , 1992 it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . The building was designed by J. R. MacEachron and Willis R. Biggers . The Old Courthouse Heritage Museum opened in the building in 2000 , and is operated by the Citrus County Historical Society . Exhibits focus on local county history . The second floor of the courthouse was restored to its original appearance in 2000 . In 1961 , scenes from the movie Follow That Dream , starring Elvis Presley , were filmed in the courtroom .'}]}, {'value': 'April 17 , 1992 ( # 92000340 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Courthouse Square 28°50′08″N 82°19′49″W / 28.835556°N 82.330278°W / 28.835556 ; -82.330278 ( Old Citrus County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inverness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverness,_Florida', 'summary': 'Inverness is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 7,210 . It is the county seat of Citrus County and is home to the Citrus County Courthouse and near the 10,950-acre ( 4,430 ha ) Flying Eagle Preserve .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Hernando Elementary School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Hernando_Elementary_School', 'summary': 'The Old Hernando Elementary School ( also known as the Lakeview School ) is a historic site in Hernando , Florida , United States . It is located at 2435 North Florida Avenue . On May 4 , 2001 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'May 4 , 2001 ( # 00001129 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2435 North Florida Avenue 28°53′53″N 82°22′22″W / 28.898056°N 82.372778°W / 28.898056 ; -82.372778 ( Old Hernando Elementary School )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Florida', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 41 ( US 41 ) in the U.S. state of Florida is a north-south United States Highway . It runs 479 miles ( 771 km ) from Miami in South Florida northwest to the Georgia border north of the Lake City area . Within the state , US 41 is paralleled by Interstate 75 ( I-75 ) all the way from Miami to Georgia ( on the northern border ) , and I-75 has largely supplanted US 41 as a major highway . Like all AASHTO designated highways in Florida , US 41 always carries a FDOT designated hidden state road number :'}]}, {'value': 'Hernando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hernando,_Florida', 'summary': 'Hernando is a census-designated place in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 9,054 at the 2010 census . At one time it was a city but it was disincorporated in the 1970s .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yulee_Sugar_Mill_Ruins_State_Historic_Site', 'summary': "Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins Historic State Park is a Florida State Park located in Homosassa , off U.S. 19 . It contains the ruins of a sugar plantation owned by David Levy Yulee . Yulee was a delegate of the Florida Territorial Legislative Council . After Florida became a state , he was elected by the legislature in 1845 to the United States Senate , becoming the first American of Jewish heritage to serve there . After Florida seceded from the Union , Yulee served in the Confederate Congress . He is credited with having developed a network of railroads that tremendously boosted the state 's economy . At Homosassa , Yulee established a sugarcane plantation , which was destroyed during the American Civil War . The original plantation covered more than 5,000 acres ( 2,000 ha ) , and was worked by approximately 1,000 enslaved African Americans . They raised sugarcane , citrus , and cotton . The large mill ( which was steam-driven ) ran from 1851 to 1864 . It produced sugar , syrup and molasses , the latter used in making rum . At the park , the stonework ( foundation , well and 40-foot chimney ) of the mill , iron gears , a cane press , and some of the other machinery remain ."}]}, {'value': 'August 12 , 1970 ( # 70000179 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Road 490 west of U.S. Route 19 28°47′01″N 82°36′28″W / 28.783611°N 82.607778°W / 28.783611 ; -82.607778 ( Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Road_490_(Citrus_County,_Florida)', 'summary': 'The following is a list of county roads in Citrus County , Florida . All county roads are maintained by the county in which they reside .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Florida', 'summary': "U.S. Route 19 ( US 19 ) runs 264 miles ( 425 km ) along Florida 's west coast from an interchange with U.S. Route 41 in Memphis , Florida , south of Tampa , and continues to the Georgia border north of Monticello , Florida . As is the case with all Florida roads with federal designations , the entirety of US 19 has a hidden Florida Department of Transportation designation :"}]}, {'value': 'Homosassa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homosassa,_Florida', 'summary': 'Homosassa is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Citrus County , Florida , United States . The population was 2,578 at the 2010 census .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Citrus_County,_Florida_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Citrus County, Florida. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Citrus County, Florida, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 10 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.'}
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When was the owner of the place in Homoasassa elected to the state legislature ?
1845
08da9196b311c0d2
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Superleague_Formula_football_clubs', 'title': 'List of Superleague Formula football clubs', 'header': ['No', 'Football Club', 'Continent', 'Associated Football Club', 'Seasons', 'Racing Drivers'], 'data': [{'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting CP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': 'Sporting Clube de Portugal Superleague Formula team is the racing team of Sporting Clube de Portugal , a football team that competes in Portugal in the Portuguese Liga . The Sporting Clube de Portugal racing team competed in the Superleague Formula . It made its debut in the 2009 season and was operated by motorsport team Zakspeed , who have also participated in Formula One .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Clube de Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal', 'summary': "Sporting Clube de Portugal ComC MHIH OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈspɔɾtĩɡ ( ɨ ) ˈkluβ ( ɨ ) ðɨ puɾtuˈɣaɫ ] ) ( Euronext : SCP ) , otherwise known as Sporting , Sporting CP , and referred to colloquially as Sporting Lisbon , is a football club based in Lisbon , Portugal . Founded on 1 July 1906 , Sporting is one of the Três Grandes ( Big Three ) clubs in Portugal , along with rivals S.L . Benfica and FC Porto , that have never been relegated from the top flight of Portuguese football , Primeira Liga , since 1934 . Sporting are nicknamed Leões ( Lions ) and Verde e Brancos ( Green and Whites ) . The club 's anthem , A Marcha do Sporting ( Sporting 's March ) , was written in 1955 . In March 2019 , Sporting reported having more than 80,500 paying members , with the rest of them , 98,400 , without their fees paid in full . Sporting are the third most decorated Portuguese football team , with a total of 50 trophies , including one international title , the 1963-64 European Cup Winners ' Cup . Domestically , they have won 18 Primeira Liga titles , 17 Portuguese Cups ( Taça de Portugal ) , 4 Championship of Portugal ( a record tied with Porto ) , 2 Taça da Liga and 8 Portuguese Super Cup trophies . Internationally , Sporting are currently ranked 31st in UEFA club rankings ."}]}, {'value': '2009 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pedro Petiz Borja García , Andy Soucek , Máximo Cortés , Adrián Vallés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Petiz', 'summary': 'Pedro Petiz ( born 29 October 1986 in Porto , Portugal ) is a Portuguese racing driver . He was the 2007 champion of the Renault Eurocup . Since 2009 he has raced in the Superleague Formula and has raced for Sporting CP in the 2009 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Borja_García', 'summary': 'Borja García ( born 15 December 1982 in Valencia ) is a Spanish racing driver . He last competed in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , having last driven for Alex Caffi Motorsport in a part-time effort in 2018 . He was the 2004 Spanish Formula Three champion , and raced in the inaugural GP2 Series season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andy_Soucek', 'summary': 'Andy Christian Soucek , a.k.a . Souček ( born 14 June 1985 ) is a professional racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Máximo_Cortés', 'summary': 'Máximo Cortés ( born ( 1988-04-13 ) 13 April 1988 in Móstoles , Madrid ) is a Spanish racing driver who competes in single seater formulae .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adrián_Vallés', 'summary': 'Adrián Vallés Escortell ( born 3 June 1986 in Teulada , Alicante ) is a Spanish race car driver .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A.C. Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': 'A.C. Milan Superleague Formula team was a racing team representing Italian football club A.C. Milan in Superleague Formula .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A.C. Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': '2008 2009 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Doornbos Giorgio Pantano Yelmer Buurman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Doornbos', 'summary': "Robert Michael Doornbos ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈroːbərt ˈmɑikəl ˈdoːrnbɔs ] ( listen ) ; born 23 September 1981 ) is a Dutch racing driver who also competed with a Monégasque licence . He has been test and third driver for the Jordan and Red Bull Racing Formula One teams , as well as driving for Minardi and Red Bull Racing in 2005 and 2006 . Doornbos then drove for Minardi Team USA in the 2007 and final season of the Champ Car World Series . He competed in the Superleague Formula racing series in 2008 , and drove for the Netherlands team in A1 Grand Prix 's 2008-2009 season . In 2009 , Doornbos competed in the IndyCar Series . He began the season with Newman/Haas/Lanigan Racing , but switched to HVM Racing after the race in Kentucky Speedway ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Giorgio_Pantano', 'summary': 'Giorgio Pantano ( born 4 February 1979 ) is an Italian professional racing driver who drove for the Jordan Formula One team for much of the 2004 season before being replaced by Timo Glock . He was also successful in Formula 3000 . He raced in the GP2 Series from its inaugural year in 2005 until his championship campaign in 2008 , holding the record for most races competed and most races won in the series . As of 2011 , these records have been taken over by Luca Filippi ( 86 starts ) and Pastor Maldonado ( 10 wins ) respectively .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yelmer_Buurman', 'summary': 'Yelmer Evert Frans Buurman ( born 19 February 1987 ) is a Dutch professional racing driver . He was 3rd in the Blancpain Endurance Series in 2013 , and second in the FIA GT1 Championship in 2012 . Besides achieving victories in those categories , also won several races in the Superleague Formula , and was second in the 2013 24 Hours of Nürburgring .'}]}, {'value': '4 10 ( in 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galatasaray S.K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': 'Galatasaray S.K . Superleague Formula team is the Superleague Formula racing team of Galatasaray SK , a multisports club , famous for its football section that competes in Turkey in the Süper Lig . The team competes in the Superleague Formula . It was operated in 2008 by Scuderia Playteam but in 2009 Ultimate Motorsport will run the team . Galatasaray belongs to French Barazi-Epsilon race team in 2010 season and the race driver will be Tristan Gommendy from France .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galatasaray S.K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K.', 'summary': "Galatasaray Spor Kulübü ( Turkish pronunciation : [ ɡaɫatasaˈɾaj ˈspoɾ kulyˈby ] , Galatasaray Sports Club ) is a Turkish sports club based on the European side of the city of Istanbul in Turkey . Most notable for its association football department , the club also consists of various other departments including basketball , wheelchair basketball , volleyball , water polo , handball , athletics , swimming , rowing , sailing , judo , bridge , motorsport , equestrian , and chess . Galatasaray S.K . is among the key members of the Galatasaray Community Cooperation Committee together with Galatasaray University and the prestigious Lycée de Galatasaray . The football team of the club is the only European cup winner team in Turkey , holding the most Turkish League Cups , Turkish Super Cups as well as Turkish Cups . Galatasaray won the UEFA Cup against Arsenal F.C . and the UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid C.F . both in 2000 . The club 's wheelchair basketball team won the Champions Cup in 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 and 2014 . They also won the Kitakyushu Champions Cup and became world champions in 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , and 2012 . Galatasaray women 's basketball team won the 2013-14 EuroLeague Women and FIBA Eurocup in 2009 and 2018 . Galatasaray men 's basketball team claimed their first EuroCup championship after defeating Strasbourg in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '2008 2009 2010 2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Superleague Formula season was the fourth Superleague Formula championship . The series reverted to being known simply as Superleague Formula , with 2009 's two-year sponsorship deal with Sonangol also having expired . The first race of the season was held on 5 June at Assen and was due to finish at a venue in New Zealand after 8 race weekends . After three seasons in which the cars were run in club team colours , the 2011 season saw drivers competing in the colours of their nation , with countries adorning team names as had been set out by Team China in 2010 , thus beginning a severing of the strong links the series had attempted to make by linking each team entry with a football club . As many as eight of the announced fourteen entries no longer had links with football teams . The season ended after just two of the scheduled rounds after a number of complications , which saw tracks not being ready in time for the series , and disagreements with race organisers ."}]}, {'value': 'Alessandro Pier Guidi Duncan Tappy , Scott Mansell , Ho-Pin Tung Tristan Gommendy , Andy Soucek , Giacomo Ricci , Chris van der Drift Andy Soucek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alessandro_Pier_Guidi', 'summary': 'Alessandro Pier Guidi ( born December 18 , 1983 ) is a racing driver from Italy . He drove two races for the Italian A1 Team . Ferrari factory driver since 2017 , he won LMGTE-PRO 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship and 2019 24 Hours of Le Mans Pier Guidi drove a Ferrari 430 GT in the Spanish GT Championship and Italian GT Championship in 2005 and 2006 , for the Scuderia Playteam . He won the 2005 Italian title , but missed out on the Spanish crown due to missing one race alongside team owner Giambasttista Giannocaro . In 2007 he moved to the FIA GT Championship , driving a Maserati MC12 . He has also driven in the Italian Formula 3000 Championship . In 2008 he drove the Galatasaray SK car in the Superleague Formula , scoring three podium finishes and taking the team to eighth overall in the final standings . In 2014 , driving a Level 5 Motorsport Ferrari F458 Italia , he won the GT Daytona ( GTD ) class at the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona , one of the premier motor races in the American Tudor United SportsCar Championship . In 2017 , Ferrari reached a technical and racing agreement with Alessandro Pier Guidi . The Italian driver competed in the 2017 season of the FIA World Endurance Championship ( WEC ) pairing up with James Calado in the 488 GTE no . 51 managed on the track by the AF Corse team . Currently competing in the FIA World Endurance Championship for AF Corse , he is the current World Champion , alongside his fellow James Calado , in LMGTE Pro class , after winning the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duncan_Tappy', 'summary': 'Duncan Tappy ( born 26 June 1984 in West Ewell , Surrey ) is a professional racing driver from the United Kingdom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_Mansell', 'summary': "Scott Mansell ( born 1 October 1985 in Birmingham , England ) is a British racing driver . An alumnus of Bishop Vesey 's Grammar School in Sutton Coldfield , Mansell was the 2004 EuroBOSS champion . He has not competed a full series championship since . Scott was a 2004 McLaren Autosport BRDC Award nominee , losing out to eventual winner Paul di Resta . He is not related to the 1992 Formula One world champion , Nigel Mansell . In 2009 he was the replacement for Duncan Tappy in the Superleague Formula for Galatasaray . This was his first race since the 2006 United States Grand Prix-supporting round of the Indy Pro Series ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ho-Pin_Tung', 'summary': 'Ho-Pin Tung ( Chinese : 董荷斌 ; pinyin : Dǒng Hébīn ; born December 4 , 1982 ) is a Chinese-Dutch auto-racing driver who races with a Chinese license .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tristan_Gommendy', 'summary': 'Tristan Gommendy ( born 4 January 1979 ) is a French professional racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andy_Soucek', 'summary': 'Andy Christian Soucek , a.k.a . Souček ( born 14 June 1985 ) is a professional racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Giacomo_Ricci', 'summary': 'Giacomo Ricci ( born 30 March 1985 in Baveno ) is an Italian racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_van_der_Drift', 'summary': 'Christopher Jason van der Drift ( born 8 March 1986 ) is a New Zealand racing driver of Dutch descent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andy_Soucek', 'summary': 'Andy Christian Soucek , a.k.a . Souček ( born 14 June 1985 ) is a professional racing driver .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AC Sparta Prague', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AC Sparta Prague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AC_Sparta_Prague', 'summary': "Athletic Club Sparta Praha ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈaː ˈt͡sɛː ˈsparta ˈpraɦa ] ) , commonly known as Sparta Prague , is a Czech football club based in Prague . It is the most successful club in the Czech Republic and one of the most successful in central Europe , winning the central European Cup ( also known as the Mitropa Cup ) three times as well as having reached the semi-finals of the European Cup ( now the UEFA Champions League ) in 1992 and the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1973 . Sparta have also been successful on the international stage , winning the Small Club World Cup , the predecessor to the FIFA Club World Cup , in 1969 . Sparta have won 36 domestic league titles , the Czech Cup ( formerly Czechoslovak Cup ) 27 times , also a record , and the Czech Supercup twice . Sparta was long the main source for the Czech Republic national football team , however lately this has ceased to be the case , as the best Czech players almost exclusively play in foreign leagues . Sparta play at Prague 's Generali Česká pojišťovna Arena , also known as Letná Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Superleague Formula season was the fourth Superleague Formula championship . The series reverted to being known simply as Superleague Formula , with 2009 's two-year sponsorship deal with Sonangol also having expired . The first race of the season was held on 5 June at Assen and was due to finish at a venue in New Zealand after 8 race weekends . After three seasons in which the cars were run in club team colours , the 2011 season saw drivers competing in the colours of their nation , with countries adorning team names as had been set out by Team China in 2010 , thus beginning a severing of the strong links the series had attempted to make by linking each team entry with a football club . As many as eight of the announced fourteen entries no longer had links with football teams . The season ended after just two of the scheduled rounds after a number of complications , which saw tracks not being ready in time for the series , and disagreements with race organisers ."}]}, {'value': 'Filip Salaquarda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Filip_Salaquarda', 'summary': 'Filip Salaquarda ( born January 11 , 1984 in Prague ) is a professional racing driver from the Czech Republic .'}]}, {'value': '5 2 ( in 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PSV Eindhoven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': 'PSV Eindhoven Superleague Formula team is the racing team of PSV Eindhoven , a football team that competes in the Netherlands in the Eredivisie . The PSV Eindhoven racing team competes in the Superleague Formula . It has been operated by Azerti Motorsport for all seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PSV Eindhoven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven', 'summary': "The Philips Sport Vereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈfilɪps ˌspɔrt fəˈreːnəɣɪŋ ] ; [ nb 1 ] English : Philips Sports Union ) , abbreviated as PSV and internationally known as PSV Eindhoven [ ˌpeːjɛsˈfeː ˈɛintɦoːvə ( n ) ] , [ nb 2 ] is a sports club from Eindhoven , Netherlands , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . It is best known for its professional football department , which plays in the Eredivisie since its inception in 1956 . Along with Ajax and Feyenoord , PSV is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated the Eredivisie . The club was founded in 1913 as a team for Philips employees . PSV 's history contains two golden eras revolving around the UEFA Cup victory in 1978 and the 1987-88 European Cup victory as part of the seasonal treble in 1988 . The team has won the Eredivisie 24 times , the KNVB Cup nine times and the Johan Cruyff Shield ten times . Currently ( as of Nov 2018 ) , PSV is 39th on the UEFA club coefficients ranking . Throughout the years , PSV established itself as a stepping stone for future world class players like Ruud Gullit , Ronald Koeman , Romário , Ronaldo , Phillip Cocu , Jaap Stam , Park Ji-Sung , Ruud van Nistelrooy , and Arjen Robben . Since its foundation , it has played in the Philips Stadion and has upheld its club colours ( red and white ) . Its elaborate connection with Philips can be witnessed in its sponsoring , shared technology and board member ties . Fans have named themselves 'boeren ' ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈbuːrə ( n ) ] , Dutch for either peasants or farmers ) , taking pride in Eindhoven 's status of being a provincial city and their Brabantian heritage ."}]}, {'value': '2008 2009 2010 2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Superleague Formula season was the fourth Superleague Formula championship . The series reverted to being known simply as Superleague Formula , with 2009 's two-year sponsorship deal with Sonangol also having expired . The first race of the season was held on 5 June at Assen and was due to finish at a venue in New Zealand after 8 race weekends . After three seasons in which the cars were run in club team colours , the 2011 season saw drivers competing in the colours of their nation , with countries adorning team names as had been set out by Team China in 2010 , thus beginning a severing of the strong links the series had attempted to make by linking each team entry with a football club . As many as eight of the announced fourteen entries no longer had links with football teams . The season ended after just two of the scheduled rounds after a number of complications , which saw tracks not being ready in time for the series , and disagreements with race organisers ."}]}, {'value': 'Yelmer Buurman Dominick Muermans , Carlo van Dam Narain Karthikeyan , Hywel Lloyd , Adderly Fong , Earl Bamber , Esteban Guerrieri Yelmer Buurman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yelmer_Buurman', 'summary': 'Yelmer Evert Frans Buurman ( born 19 February 1987 ) is a Dutch professional racing driver . He was 3rd in the Blancpain Endurance Series in 2013 , and second in the FIA GT1 Championship in 2012 . Besides achieving victories in those categories , also won several races in the Superleague Formula , and was second in the 2013 24 Hours of Nürburgring .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dominick_Muermans', 'summary': 'Dominick Muermans ( born 17 July 1984 in Geleen , Netherlands ) is a Dutch racing driver . Dominick raced full-time in the Atlantic Championship in the 2008 season . Since 2008 , he has raced in the Superleague Formula , in the 2008 season he raced for Al Ain in the Italian round and in the 2009 season he was driver for PSV Eindhoven in the first half of the season before being replaced by Carlo van Dam .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carlo_van_Dam', 'summary': 'Carlo van Dam ( born 27 February 1986 in Vlaardingen ) is a Dutch racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Narain_Karthikeyan', 'summary': "Kumar Ram Narain Karthikeyan ( born 14 January 1977 ) is a racing driver who was the first Formula One driver from India . He has previously competed in A1GP , and the Le Mans Series . He has won multiple races in A1GP , British F3 , World series by Nissan , AutoGP , Formula Asia , British Formula Ford & Opel series in his single-seater career . He won the British Formula Ford Winter Series in 1994 & Formula Asia Championship in 1996 . He also finished fourth overall in British F3 in 2000 & the World Nissan series in 2003 . He made his Formula One debut in 2005 with the Jordan team , and was a Williams F1 test driver in 2006 and 2007 . Like several other former F1 drivers , Karthikeyan moved to stock car racing and drove the No . 60 Safe Auto Insurance Company Toyota Tundra for Wyler Racing in the 2010 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series . In 2011 he returned to F1 with the HRT team , continued with the team in 2012 and was expected to drive for them in the 2013 season as well . However , HRT was not included in the FIA 's 2013 entry list , and thus Karthikeyan was left without a drive . From 2014-2018 , Karthikeyan raced in Japanese Super Formula series . In 2019 he ended his single-seater career by joining SuperGT series in Japan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hywel_Lloyd', 'summary': 'Hywel Lloyd ( born 14 March 1985 in Corwen , Wales ) is a racing driver , currently driving in the British Formula 3 Championship for his family-run CF Racing team . Lloyd won the 2007 BARC Formula Renault Championship , before moving to the main championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adderly_Fong', 'summary': 'Adderly Fong Cheun-yue ( Traditional Chinese : 方駿宇 ; Pinyin : Fāng Jùnyǔ ; born March 2 , 1990 ) , is a Hong Kong racing driver . His career started in 2004 . He is currently competing in the Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia racing series . He also completed the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans with OAK Racing Team Asia , finishing 11th overall and 7th in the LMP2 class . In 2015 , he was appointed as a test driver at Lotus F1 Team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Earl_Bamber', 'summary': 'Earl Anderson Bamber ( born 9 July 1990 ) is a professional racing driver from New Zealand , currently competing as a factory driver for Porsche Motorsport in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship GTLM class . He is the 2014 Porsche Supercup and double Porsche Carrera Cup Asia champion , . He is a double Le Mans 24 Hours winner , having won the 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans with Nico Hülkenberg and Nick Tandy and the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans with Timo Bernhard and Brendon Hartley . The trio was also joint winner of the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship for Drivers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Esteban_Guerrieri', 'summary': 'Esteban Guerrieri ( born 19 January 1985 in Buenos Aires ) is an Argentine racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yelmer_Buurman', 'summary': 'Yelmer Evert Frans Buurman ( born 19 February 1987 ) is a Dutch professional racing driver . He was 3rd in the Blancpain Endurance Series in 2013 , and second in the FIA GT1 Championship in 2012 . Besides achieving victories in those categories , also won several races in the Superleague Formula , and was second in the 2013 24 Hours of Nürburgring .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Luxembourg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Superleague Formula season was the fourth Superleague Formula championship . The series reverted to being known simply as Superleague Formula , with 2009 's two-year sponsorship deal with Sonangol also having expired . The first race of the season was held on 5 June at Assen and was due to finish at a venue in New Zealand after 8 race weekends . After three seasons in which the cars were run in club team colours , the 2011 season saw drivers competing in the colours of their nation , with countries adorning team names as had been set out by Team China in 2010 , thus beginning a severing of the strong links the series had attempted to make by linking each team entry with a football club . As many as eight of the announced fourteen entries no longer had links with football teams . The season ended after just two of the scheduled rounds after a number of complications , which saw tracks not being ready in time for the series , and disagreements with race organisers ."}]}, {'value': 'Frédéric Vervisch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frédéric_Vervisch', 'summary': 'Frédéric Vervisch ( born 10 August 1986 in Kortrijk ) is a Belgian racing driver who currently races in the Blancpain GT Series .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Ain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Ain_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': "Al Ain Superleague Formula team were a motor racing team representing the UAE 's Al Ain Club in the Superleague Formula championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Asia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Ain Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Ain_Club', 'summary': "Al-Ain Football Club ( Arabic : نادي العين لكرة القدم ; transliterated : Nady al-'Ayn ) or Al-Ain FC or simply Al-Ain is a professional football club , based in the city of Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . It is one of many sport sections of the multi-sports club Al Ain Sports and Cultural Club ( Arabic : نادي العين الرياضي الثقافي ) Al Ain SCC for short . The club was founded in 1968 by players from Al Ain , members of a Bahraini group of exchange students and the Sudanese community working in the United Arab Emirates . The team quickly gained popularity and recognition throughout the country , being the team with the most trophies ( 34 in total ) . Al Ain is by far the most successful club in the UAE . Al Ain has won a record 13 UAE Pro-League , 6 President 's Cups , 3 Federation Cups , 1 Arabian Gulf Cup , a record 5 Super Cups , two Abu Dhabi Championship Cups , one Joint League Cup , Emirati-Moroccan Super Cup , Gulf Club Champions Cup and AFC Champions League . The club is the first and only UAE side so far to win the AFC Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '2008 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Andreas Zuber , Bertrand Baguette , Paul Meijer , Dominick Muermans Miguel Molina , Esteban Guerrieri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Zuber', 'summary': 'Andreas Andi Zuber ( born 9 October 1983 in Judenburg , Austria ) is a motor racing driver . An Austrian by birth , he once raced under a licence issued by the United Arab Emirates .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bertrand_Baguette', 'summary': 'Bertrand Baguette ( born 23 February 1986 ) is a Belgian professional racing driver . Since 2000 , he has competed in various motorsport formulae . He currently competes in Super GT for Honda on the n°17 Honda NSX-GT from Keihin Real Racing . In 2013 he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in the LMP2 class and the 2013 FIA WEC World Champion LMP2 class for drivers and teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Meijer', 'summary': 'Paul Ronald Johan Meijer ( born 27 March 1985 in Utrecht ) is a Dutch racing driver . He is a former Benelux Formula Renault champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dominick_Muermans', 'summary': 'Dominick Muermans ( born 17 July 1984 in Geleen , Netherlands ) is a Dutch racing driver . Dominick raced full-time in the Atlantic Championship in the 2008 season . Since 2008 , he has raced in the Superleague Formula , in the 2008 season he raced for Al Ain in the Italian round and in the 2009 season he was driver for PSV Eindhoven in the first half of the season before being replaced by Carlo van Dam .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Molina_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'Miguel Molina González ( born 17 February 1989 ) is a professional racing driver from Spain . He was a member of the Circuit de Catalunya Young Drivers Programme .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Esteban_Guerrieri', 'summary': 'Esteban Guerrieri ( born 19 January 1985 in Buenos Aires ) is an Argentine racing driver .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oceania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Superleague Formula season was the fourth Superleague Formula championship . The series reverted to being known simply as Superleague Formula , with 2009 's two-year sponsorship deal with Sonangol also having expired . The first race of the season was held on 5 June at Assen and was due to finish at a venue in New Zealand after 8 race weekends . After three seasons in which the cars were run in club team colours , the 2011 season saw drivers competing in the colours of their nation , with countries adorning team names as had been set out by Team China in 2010 , thus beginning a severing of the strong links the series had attempted to make by linking each team entry with a football club . As many as eight of the announced fourteen entries no longer had links with football teams . The season ended after just two of the scheduled rounds after a number of complications , which saw tracks not being ready in time for the series , and disagreements with race organisers ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl Bamber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_Bamber', 'summary': 'Earl Anderson Bamber ( born 9 July 1990 ) is a professional racing driver from New Zealand , currently competing as a factory driver for Porsche Motorsport in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship GTLM class . He is the 2014 Porsche Supercup and double Porsche Carrera Cup Asia champion , . He is a double Le Mans 24 Hours winner , having won the 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans with Nico Hülkenberg and Nick Tandy and the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans with Timo Bernhard and Brendon Hartley . The trio was also joint winner of the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship for Drivers .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR Flamengo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': 'Clube de Regatas do Flamengo Superleague Formula team is the racing team of Clube de Regatas do Flamengo , a football team that competes in Brazil in the Série A . The Flamengo racing team competes in the Superleague Formula . It was operated by Team Astromega during the first season .'}]}, {'value': 'S America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clube de Regatas do Flamengo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo', 'summary': "Clube de Regatas do Flamengo ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi dʒi ʁeˈɡataʒ du flaˈmẽɡu ] ; English : Flamengo Rowing Club ) , commonly referred to as Flamengo , is a Brazilian sports club based in Rio de Janeiro best known for their professional football team . The club was first established in 1895 as a rowing club and played their first official match in 1912 . Flamengo 's traditional uniform features red and black striped shirts with white shorts , and red and black striped socks . Flamengo has typically played their home matches in the Maracanã , the national stadium of Brazil , since its completion in 1950 , with some exceptions in recent years . Since 1969 , the vulture ( Portuguese : urubu ) has been the most recognized mascot of Flamengo . Flamengo established themselves as one of Brazil 's most successful sports clubs in the 20th century during of the era of state leagues in Brazil when they captured several Campeonato Carioca ( Rio de Janeiro state league ) titles prior to the establishment of the first Brazilian national football league in 1959 . Since then , they have remained successful in Brazilian football , having won 7 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , 3 Copa do Brasil , and a record 35 Campeonato Carioca . They are one of three clubs to have never been relegated from the Brasileirão . In South American and worldwide competitions , the club 's highest achievements are their conquests of the 1981 and 2019 Copa Libertadores , and 1981 Intercontinental Cup against Liverpool , led by the club 's most iconic player Zico . Flamengo 's fiercest and longest-standing rivalries are with the other Big Four of Rio de Janeiro : Fluminense , Botafogo and Vasco da Gama . Flamengo is the most popular club in Brazil , with over 30 million supporters as of 2018 . As of 2017 , it is also Brazil 's richest football club with an annual revenue of R $ 648.0 million ( €163.04 million ) and a valuation of over R $ 1.69 billion ( €425.21 million ) ."}]}, {'value': '2008 2009 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tuka Rocha Enrique Bernoldi , Jonathan Kennard Duncan Tappy , Franck Perera , Andy Soucek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuka_Rocha', 'summary': "Christiano Tuka Chiaradia Alcoba Rocha ( December 13 , 1982 - November 17 , 2019 ) was a Brazilian race car driver . He won numerous karting championships in Brazil from 1996 to 2000 . Then moved up to South American Formula 3 Lights . In 2002 he moved to Europe to compete in the World Series by Nissan where he was Ricardo Zonta 's teammate . In 2004 he competed in Superfund Euro 3000 . In 2005 he was a test driver for A1 Team Brazil in the A1 Grand Prix Series and was named one of the team 's race drivers for the 2006-2007 season . In 2008 Tuka was chosen to drive the Flamengo 's car in Formula Superleague . Rocha died on November 17 , 2019 , three days after being involved in a small airplane crash near Bahia , Brazil . On a private flight from Jundiaí Airport to Maraú-Barra Grande Airport near Maraú the aircraft crashed on landing . The Cessna Citation II burst into flames fatally injuring Tuka Rocha and two others ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Bernoldi', 'summary': 'Enrique Antônio Langue e Silvério de Bernoldi ( born 19 October 1978 in Curitiba ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver who raced for the Arrows Formula One team in 2001 and 2002 , and was the test driver for BAR Honda between 2004 and 2006 . He entered IndyCar racing in 2008 , and competed in the FIA GT World Championship between 2009 and 2011 , in addition to entering multiple other competitions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Kennard', 'summary': 'Jonathan Kennard ( born 26 June 1985 in Tunbridge Wells , England ) is a British racing driver . He has won 2 series titles , Formula Palmer Audi in 2004 and the FPA Winter Trophy the previous year in 2003 . He has also completed several tests for the WilliamsF1 team . He is race winner in both the National class ( 2005 ) and Championship class ( 2007 ) of British Formula Three . He also ran at the Zolder F3 Masters in 2007 and the Macau Grand Prix in 2007 . In 2009 he raced in the Superleague Formula for A.S. Roma in the 2009 season . He returned to the series driving for CR Flamengo at the Monza round of the series while Enrique Bernoldi was on FIA GT duty . In 2010 he raced in the Le Mans Series for the Kruse Schiller Motorsport Team in the LMP2 Class using a Lola Judd . He also finished the Le Mans 24hrs on his first attempt with the same team . He is also the FIA Formula Two Test Driver'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duncan_Tappy', 'summary': 'Duncan Tappy ( born 26 June 1984 in West Ewell , Surrey ) is a professional racing driver from the United Kingdom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Franck_Perera', 'summary': 'Franck Perera ( born 21 March 1984 in Montpellier , France ) is a race car driver who has competed in a number of international open-wheel racing championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andy_Soucek', 'summary': 'Andy Christian Soucek , a.k.a . Souček ( born 14 June 1985 ) is a professional racing driver .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Superleague Formula season was the fourth Superleague Formula championship . The series reverted to being known simply as Superleague Formula , with 2009 's two-year sponsorship deal with Sonangol also having expired . The first race of the season was held on 5 June at Assen and was due to finish at a venue in New Zealand after 8 race weekends . After three seasons in which the cars were run in club team colours , the 2011 season saw drivers competing in the colours of their nation , with countries adorning team names as had been set out by Team China in 2010 , thus beginning a severing of the strong links the series had attempted to make by linking each team entry with a football club . As many as eight of the announced fourteen entries no longer had links with football teams . The season ended after just two of the scheduled rounds after a number of complications , which saw tracks not being ready in time for the series , and disagreements with race organisers ."}]}, {'value': 'Duncan Tappy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duncan_Tappy', 'summary': 'Duncan Tappy ( born 26 June 1984 in West Ewell , Surrey ) is a professional racing driver from the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '8 1 ( in 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R.S.C . Anderlecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': 'R.S.C . Anderlecht Superleague Formula team is the racing team of R.S.C . Anderlecht , a football team that competes in Belgium in the Belgian First Division . The R.S.C . Anderlecht racing team competes in the Superleague Formula . It was operated in 2008 by Team Astromega and will be operated by former Formula One team Zakspeed during the 2009 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R.S.C . Anderlecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht', 'summary': 'Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht , usually known as Anderlecht ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɑndərlɛxt ] , French : [ ɑ̃dəʁlɛkt ] , German : [ ˈandɐlɛçt ] ) or RSCA ( Dutch : [ ˌɛrɛseːˈjaː , -seːˈʔaː ] , French : [ ɛʁɛsse.ɑ ] , German : [ ˌɛɐ̯ʔɛs.tseːˈʔaː ] ) , is a Belgian professional football club based in Anderlecht , Brussels Capital-Region . Anderlecht plays in the Belgian First Division A and is the most successful Belgian football team in European competitions , with five trophies , as well as in the Belgian domestic league , with 34 championship wins . They have also won nine Belgian Cups and hold the record for most consecutive Belgian championship titles , winning five between the 1963-64 and 1967-68 seasons . Founded in 1908 , the club first reached the highest level in Belgian football in 1921-22 and have been playing in the first division continuously since 1935-36 and in Europe since 1964-65 . They won their first major trophy after World War II with a championship win in 1946-47 . Since then , they have never finished outside the top six of the Belgian first division . They are ranked 14th amongst all-time UEFA club competition winners , tenth in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics continental Clubs of the 20th Century European ranking and were 41st in the 2012 UEFA team rankings . In 1986 , they achieved their best UEFA ranking with a joint first place with Juventus . Anderlecht have been playing their matches in the Astrid Park in the municipality of Anderlecht since 1917 . Their current stadium , Constant Vanden Stock Stadium , was first opened in 1983 , and replaced the former Emile Versé Stadium . They play in purple and white outfits . They have long-standing rivalries with Club Brugge and Standard Liège .'}]}, {'value': '2008 2009 2010 2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Superleague Formula season was the fourth Superleague Formula championship . The series reverted to being known simply as Superleague Formula , with 2009 's two-year sponsorship deal with Sonangol also having expired . The first race of the season was held on 5 June at Assen and was due to finish at a venue in New Zealand after 8 race weekends . After three seasons in which the cars were run in club team colours , the 2011 season saw drivers competing in the colours of their nation , with countries adorning team names as had been set out by Team China in 2010 , thus beginning a severing of the strong links the series had attempted to make by linking each team entry with a football club . As many as eight of the announced fourteen entries no longer had links with football teams . The season ended after just two of the scheduled rounds after a number of complications , which saw tracks not being ready in time for the series , and disagreements with race organisers ."}]}, {'value': 'Craig Dolby Yelmer Buurman Davide Rigon Neel Jani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Dolby', 'summary': 'Craig Dolby ( born 31 March 1988 in Melton Mowbray , Leicestershire , England ) is a British racing driver . He has raced in Formula Renault series around the world for most of his career , winning the Formula Renault 1.6 Belgium championship in 2006 . Since 2008 he has raced in the Superleague Formula and has raced for R.S.C . Anderlecht in the 2008 season and Tottenham Hotspur in the 2009 season . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yelmer_Buurman', 'summary': 'Yelmer Evert Frans Buurman ( born 19 February 1987 ) is a Dutch professional racing driver . He was 3rd in the Blancpain Endurance Series in 2013 , and second in the FIA GT1 Championship in 2012 . Besides achieving victories in those categories , also won several races in the Superleague Formula , and was second in the 2013 24 Hours of Nürburgring .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Davide_Rigon', 'summary': 'Davide Rigon ( born 26 August 1986 ) is an Italian professional racing driver . Rigon is currently part of the Scuderia Ferrari Formula One test driver team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Neel_Jani', 'summary': "Neel Jani ( born 8 December 1983 ) is a Swiss professional racing driver . His father is from India and his mother is German-speaking Swiss . He achieved his greatest success winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2016 after first joining Porsche 's LMP1 programme for the 2014 season driving in the WEC . Previously , Jani drove for A1 Team Switzerland in A1 Grand Prix , helping them win the 2007-2008 title and finishing runner-up in 2005-06 and 2008-09 . He raced for PKV Racing in the North American Champ Car series in 2007 . He is also a GP2 Series race-winner and former Formula One test driver . He joined Formula E 's Faraday Future Dragon Racing squad for the 2017/2018 season but left the team after one weekend . For the 2019-20 Formula E season , he returned with his home brand Porsche with teammate Andre Lotterer ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Superleague Formula season was the fourth Superleague Formula championship . The series reverted to being known simply as Superleague Formula , with 2009 's two-year sponsorship deal with Sonangol also having expired . The first race of the season was held on 5 June at Assen and was due to finish at a venue in New Zealand after 8 race weekends . After three seasons in which the cars were run in club team colours , the 2011 season saw drivers competing in the colours of their nation , with countries adorning team names as had been set out by Team China in 2010 , thus beginning a severing of the strong links the series had attempted to make by linking each team entry with a football club . As many as eight of the announced fourteen entries no longer had links with football teams . The season ended after just two of the scheduled rounds after a number of complications , which saw tracks not being ready in time for the series , and disagreements with race organisers ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Doornbos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Doornbos', 'summary': "Robert Michael Doornbos ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈroːbərt ˈmɑikəl ˈdoːrnbɔs ] ( listen ) ; born 23 September 1981 ) is a Dutch racing driver who also competed with a Monégasque licence . He has been test and third driver for the Jordan and Red Bull Racing Formula One teams , as well as driving for Minardi and Red Bull Racing in 2005 and 2006 . Doornbos then drove for Minardi Team USA in the 2007 and final season of the Champ Car World Series . He competed in the Superleague Formula racing series in 2008 , and drove for the Netherlands team in A1 Grand Prix 's 2008-2009 season . In 2009 , Doornbos competed in the IndyCar Series . He began the season with Newman/Haas/Lanigan Racing , but switched to HVM Racing after the race in Kentucky Speedway ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympiacos CFP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympiacos_CFP_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': 'Olympiacos CFP Superleague Formula team is the racing team of Olympiacos CFP , a major Greek multi-sport club , based in Piraeus , Athens . The Olympiacos CFP racing team competes in the Superleague Formula . It has been operated by GU-Racing International in both seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympiacos F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C.', 'summary': "Olympiacos Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Ολυμπιακός Σ.Φ.Π . Greek pronunciation : [ olimbiaˈkos ] ) , also known simply as Olympiacos , Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos C.F.P . ( Oλυμπιακός Σύνδεσμος Φιλάθλων Πειραιώς Olympiakós Sýndesmos Filáthlon Peiraiós , Olympic Club of Fans of Piraeus ) , is a Greek professional football club based in Piraeus , Athens . Part of the major multi-sport club Olympiacos CFP , their name was inspired from the ancient Olympic Games and along with the club 's emblem , the laurel-crowned Olympic athlete , symbolize the Olympic ideals of ancient Greece . Their home ground is the Karaiskakis Stadium , a 32,115-capacity stadium in Piraeus . Founded on 10 March 1925 , Olympiacos is the most successful club in Greek football history , having won 44 League titles , 27 Cups ( 17 Doubles ) and 4 Super Cups , all records . Τotalling 75 national trophies , Olympiacos is 9th in the world in total titles won by a football club . The club 's dominating success can be further evidenced by the fact that all other Greek clubs have won a combined total of 39 League titles , while Olympiacos also holds the record for the most consecutive Greek League titles won , with seven in a row in two occasions ( 1997-2003 and 2011-2017 ) , breaking their own previous record of six consecutive wins in the 1950s ( 1954-1959 ) , when Olympiacos was unequivocally nicknamed Thrylos ( Greek : Θρύλος , The Legend ) . Having won the 2014-15 league title , Olympiacos became the only football club in the world to have won a series of five or more consecutive championships for five times in their history , a record that was praised by FIFA with a congratulatory letter of its president , Sepp Blatter . They are also the only Greek club to have won five consecutive national Cups ( 1957-1961 ) , as well as six League titles undefeated ( 1937 , 1938 , 1948 , 1951 , 1954 , 1955 ) . Olympiacos are one of only three clubs to have never been relegated from the top flight of Greek football , and by winning the 2012-13 title , their 40th in total , they added a fourth star above their crest , each one representing 10 League titles . In European competitions , Olympiacos best performances are their presence in the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals in 1998-99 , losing the semi-final spot in the last minutes of their second leg match against Juventus , as well as in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup quarter-finals in 1992-93 ."}]}, {'value': '2008 2009 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kasper Andersen , Stamatis Katsimis Davide Rigon , Esteban Guerrieri Chris van der Drift , Ben Hanley , Neel Jani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stamatis_Katsimis', 'summary': 'Stamatis Katsimis ( born May 30 , 1982 in Greece ) is a Greek racing driver . He has raced in junior motorsport category for most of his racing career , before driving in the 2008 Superleague Formula season for Olympiacos CFP in the final rounds .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Davide_Rigon', 'summary': 'Davide Rigon ( born 26 August 1986 ) is an Italian professional racing driver . Rigon is currently part of the Scuderia Ferrari Formula One test driver team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Esteban_Guerrieri', 'summary': 'Esteban Guerrieri ( born 19 January 1985 in Buenos Aires ) is an Argentine racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_van_der_Drift', 'summary': 'Christopher Jason van der Drift ( born 8 March 1986 ) is a New Zealand racing driver of Dutch descent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_Hanley', 'summary': "Ben Hanley is a British racing driver who competed in the first part of the 2008 GP2 Series season . He was a member of the Renault F1 team 's young driver program until 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Neel_Jani', 'summary': "Neel Jani ( born 8 December 1983 ) is a Swiss professional racing driver . His father is from India and his mother is German-speaking Swiss . He achieved his greatest success winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2016 after first joining Porsche 's LMP1 programme for the 2014 season driving in the WEC . Previously , Jani drove for A1 Team Switzerland in A1 Grand Prix , helping them win the 2007-2008 title and finishing runner-up in 2005-06 and 2008-09 . He raced for PKV Racing in the North American Champ Car series in 2007 . He is also a GP2 Series race-winner and former Formula One test driver . He joined Formula E 's Faraday Future Dragon Racing squad for the 2017/2018 season but left the team after one weekend . For the 2019-20 Formula E season , he returned with his home brand Porsche with teammate Andre Lotterer ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Basel 1893', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Basel_1893_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': "FC Basel 1893 Superleague Formula team was a motor racing team representing Switzerland 's FC Basel in the Superleague Formula championship . They finished 15th in the inaugural championship with young German driver Max Wissel . It returned in 2009 with Wissel behind the wheel once again , finishing 3rd in the standings . He finished 3rd again in 2010 . The team did not return for the 2011 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Basel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Basel', 'summary': 'FC Basel 1893 ( Fussball Club Basel 1893 ) , widely known as FC Basel , FCB , or just Basel , is a Swiss football club based in Basel , in the Canton of Basel-Stadt . Formed in 1893 , the club has been Swiss national champions 20 times , Swiss Cup winners 12 times , and Swiss League Cup winners once . Basel have competed in European competitions every season since 1999-2000 . They have qualified for the Group stages of the Champions League more times than any other Swiss club - a total of seven times - and are the only Swiss club to have ever qualified to the Group stages directly . Since 2001 the club has played its home games at St. Jakob-Park , built on the site of their previous home , St. Jakob Stadium . Their home colours are red and blue , leading to a nickname of RotBlau .'}]}, {'value': '2008 2009 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Max Wissel Max Wissel Max Wissel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Wissel', 'summary': 'Maximilian Max Wissel ( born 24 November 1989 in Germany ) is a German racing driver . Since 2008 he has raced in the Superleague Formula and has raced for FC Basel 1893 in the 2008 season and 2009 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Max_Wissel', 'summary': 'Maximilian Max Wissel ( born 24 November 1989 in Germany ) is a German racing driver . Since 2008 he has raced in the Superleague Formula and has raced for FC Basel 1893 in the 2008 season and 2009 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Max_Wissel', 'summary': 'Maximilian Max Wissel ( born 24 November 1989 in Germany ) is a German racing driver . Since 2008 he has raced in the Superleague Formula and has raced for FC Basel 1893 in the 2008 season and 2009 season .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borussia Dortmund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': 'Borussia Dortmund Superleague Formula team was the racing team of Borussia Dortmund , a football team that competes in Germany in the Fußball-Bundesliga . The Borussia Dortmund racing team competed in the Superleague Formula . They were operated by former Formula One team Zakspeed . They did not return for the 2009 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borussia Dortmund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund', 'summary': "Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e.V . Dortmund , commonly known as Borussia Dortmund [ boˈʁʊsi̯aː ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt ] , BVB , or simply Dortmund , is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia . It is best known for its men 's professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . The club have won eight league championships , four DFB-Pokals , one UEFA Champions League , one Intercontinental Cup , and one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund , the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members , making Borussia Dortmund the second largest sports club by membership in Germany . Since 1974 , Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion ; the stadium is the largest in Germany , and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world . Borussia Dortmund 's colours are black and yellow , giving the club its nickname die Schwarzgelben . The club has active departments in other sports , namely in women 's handball , and hold a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Schalke 04 , known as the Revierderby . They also compete in Der Klassiker with fellow German club , Bayern Munich . In terms of Deloitte 's annual Football Money League , Dortmund was ranked as the second richest sports club in Germany , and the 12th richest football team in the world . Moreover , under the directorship of Michael Zorc in the 2010s , Dortmund have cultivated a reputation for spotting and developing young talent , and have remained focused on developing a youth system . They have also received plaudits for generally adhering to an attacking footballing philosophy ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Nelson Philippe , Paul Meijer , Enrico Toccacelo , James Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Philippe', 'summary': 'Nelson Philippe ( born July 23 , 1986 in Valence , Drôme ) is a French race car driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Meijer', 'summary': 'Paul Ronald Johan Meijer ( born 27 March 1985 in Utrecht ) is a Dutch racing driver . He is a former Benelux Formula Renault champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Enrico_Toccacelo', 'summary': 'Enrico Toccacelo ( born 14 December 1978 in Rome ) is an Italian auto racer with karting , GT and Formula 3000 experience . He won three F3000 events and briefly led Vitantonio Liuzzi in the 2004 championship before Liuzzi went on to win the next three races . He finished runner-up , but , unable to land a Formula One seat , raced in the World Series by Renault series in 2005 . From the 2005 Turkish Grand Prix he was the third driver with Minardi , appearing in Friday practice sessions for three Grand Prix weekends . He raced in the inaugural season of A1 Grand Prix with A1 Team Italy , also appearing as a guest driver for A1 Team Pakistan after they were unable to find a driver at the South African round at Durban . In the second season of A1GP , Toccacelo was replaced by Alessandro Pier Guidi for the first two rounds , before appearing at the Beijing race , where he won the Feature race . He is also racing in the World Series by Renault . He was the driver of the A.S. Roma car in Superleague Formula for 2008 in rounds 1 to 3 and driver of rounds 4 to 5 for Borussia Dortmund .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Walker_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'James Walker ( born 25 August 1983 in Jersey ) is a professional racing driver from Great Britain .'}]}, {'value': '12 24 ( in 2010 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing Guoan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing_Guoan_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': 'Beijing Guoan Superleague Formula team is the racing team of Beijing Guoan , a football team that competes in China in the Chinese Super League . The Beijing Guoan racing team competes in the Superleague Formula . They are operated by Alan Docking Racing . They would not return until 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Asia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing Guoan F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing_Guoan_F.C.', 'summary': "Beijing Sinobo Guoan F.C . ( Chinese : 北京中赫国安 ; pinyin : Běijīng Zhōnghè Guó'ān ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in the Chaoyang District in Beijing and their home stadium is the Workers ' Stadium with a seating capacity of 66,161 . Their shareholders are the real estate company Sinobo Group ( 64% ) and CITIC Limited ( 36% ) of CITIC Group , a state-owned enterprise of China . Beijing Guoan F.C . was founded as a professional team by CITIC Guoan Group , which was a subsidiary of CITIC Group until 2014 . The club is one of the four teams to never have been relegated from the league since its debut in 2004 . The club 's predecessor was called Beijing Football Club and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On December 29 , 1992 the club was recognized to become a completely professional football club making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever professional league title in the 2009 league season as well as the 1996 , 1997 , 2003 and 2018 Chinese FA Cup . According to Forbes , Guoan was the second most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 167 million , and an estimated revenue of US $ 30 million in 2015 . According to the disclosure of CITIC Pacific , the club revenue was CN¥244 million in 2013 season ."}]}, {'value': '2008 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Davide Rigon John Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davide_Rigon', 'summary': 'Davide Rigon ( born 26 August 1986 ) is an Italian professional racing driver . Rigon is currently part of the Scuderia Ferrari Formula One test driver team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Martin_(Australian_racing_driver)', 'summary': 'John Martin is an Australian professional racing driver . Martin has had wide experience racing in European based open-wheel series since 2006 . In that time Martin has had a wide experience of open-wheel racing having driven in various national and international series driving Formula Ford , Formula 3 , A1 Grand Prix and Formula Renault 3.5 . For the past two season Martin has raced for several teams in the football inspired series Superleague Formula . Martin has long been associated with the British Alan Docking Racing team having raced with them in a variety of formulae for four of the five years he has been racing in Europe . In 2012 Martin will again race with ADR , racing an Oreca 03 sports car in the LMP2 class of the FIA World Endurance Championship .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SC Corinthians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': 'Sport Club Corinthians Paulista Superleague Formula team is the racing team of Sport Club Corinthians Paulista , a football team that competes in Brazil in the Série A . The Corinthians racing team competes in the Superleague Formula . It was operated by EuroInternational during the first season , and it will be operated by Alan Docking Racing during the second season .'}]}, {'value': 'S America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sport Club Corinthians Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista', 'summary': "Sport Club Corinthians Paulista ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ isˈpɔʁtʃi ˈklubi kʊˈɾĩtʃɐ̃s pawˈɫistɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club based in the city of São Paulo . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Corinthians is mostly known for its professional association football team . The football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the top tier of the Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1 , [ nb 2 ] the first division of the traditional in-state competition . Founded in 1910 by five railway workers , Corinthians was inspired by the London-based club Corinthian Football Club . Since 1910 , Corinthians has become one of the most successful Brazilian clubs , having won the national title seven times , in addition to three Copa do Brasil trophies . Corinthians has a record 30 state championships . In 2000 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup 's first edition as the host team and in 2012 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup for the second time after winning the Copa Libertadores de América for the first time . The club was listed by Forbes as the most valuable football club in the Americas , worth $ 576.9 million . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world and the second most in Brazil , with over 30 million fans . Since 2014 , Corinthians has played its home matches at the Arena Corinthians , one of the venues in the 2014 FIFA World Cup , having hosted six matches during the tournament , including the opener on 12 June 2014 . The club 's home kit traditionally features white shirts and black shorts , accompanied by white socks , since 1920 . Their traditional crest was introduced in 1939 , by modernist painter Francisco Rebolo featuring the São Paulo state flag in a shield , two oars , and an anchor ( representing the club 's early success in nautical sports ) ."}]}, {'value': '2008 2009 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Andy Soucek , Antônio Pizzonia Antônio Pizzonia Robert Doornbos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Soucek', 'summary': 'Andy Christian Soucek , a.k.a . Souček ( born 14 June 1985 ) is a professional racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Antônio_Pizzonia', 'summary': 'Antônio Reginaldo Pizzonia Júnior ( born 11 September 1980 ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver who has raced in Formula One and the Champ Car World Series . As of 2013 , he is competing in the FIA World Endurance Championship ( driving for Delta-ADR ) and the Grand-Am Rolex Series ( driving for Michael Shank Racing ) . Born in Manaus , Pizzonia started his car racing career in the Formula Vauxhall Junior series in 1997 , and then progressed through various junior formulae , winning the Formula Vauxhall Junior Winter Festival in 1997 , the Formula Vauxhall Junior and Formula Renault Winter Festival in 1998 , the Formula Renault 2.0 UK in 1999 , and the British Formula 3 Championship in 2000 . For 2001 and 2002 , he entered the Formula 3000 , with his best championship finish being sixth in 2001 . In 2003 , he was signed by the Jaguar Formula One team , but following poor results , was released during the season . In 2004 , he replaced the injured Ralf Schumacher at Williams in several events , securing his first Formula One points in the process . In 2005 , he replaced Nick Heidfeld at Williams , but was released from his contract at the end of the season . Since then , he has competed in multiple series , such as the Champ Car World Series , the Superleague Formula , Stock Car Brasil , and the FIA GT1 World Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Antônio_Pizzonia', 'summary': 'Antônio Reginaldo Pizzonia Júnior ( born 11 September 1980 ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver who has raced in Formula One and the Champ Car World Series . As of 2013 , he is competing in the FIA World Endurance Championship ( driving for Delta-ADR ) and the Grand-Am Rolex Series ( driving for Michael Shank Racing ) . Born in Manaus , Pizzonia started his car racing career in the Formula Vauxhall Junior series in 1997 , and then progressed through various junior formulae , winning the Formula Vauxhall Junior Winter Festival in 1997 , the Formula Vauxhall Junior and Formula Renault Winter Festival in 1998 , the Formula Renault 2.0 UK in 1999 , and the British Formula 3 Championship in 2000 . For 2001 and 2002 , he entered the Formula 3000 , with his best championship finish being sixth in 2001 . In 2003 , he was signed by the Jaguar Formula One team , but following poor results , was released during the season . In 2004 , he replaced the injured Ralf Schumacher at Williams in several events , securing his first Formula One points in the process . In 2005 , he replaced Nick Heidfeld at Williams , but was released from his contract at the end of the season . Since then , he has competed in multiple series , such as the Champ Car World Series , the Superleague Formula , Stock Car Brasil , and the FIA GT1 World Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Doornbos', 'summary': "Robert Michael Doornbos ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈroːbərt ˈmɑikəl ˈdoːrnbɔs ] ( listen ) ; born 23 September 1981 ) is a Dutch racing driver who also competed with a Monégasque licence . He has been test and third driver for the Jordan and Red Bull Racing Formula One teams , as well as driving for Minardi and Red Bull Racing in 2005 and 2006 . Doornbos then drove for Minardi Team USA in the 2007 and final season of the Champ Car World Series . He competed in the Superleague Formula racing series in 2008 , and drove for the Netherlands team in A1 Grand Prix 's 2008-2009 season . In 2009 , Doornbos competed in the IndyCar Series . He began the season with Newman/Haas/Lanigan Racing , but switched to HVM Racing after the race in Kentucky Speedway ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Superleague Formula season was the fourth Superleague Formula championship . The series reverted to being known simply as Superleague Formula , with 2009 's two-year sponsorship deal with Sonangol also having expired . The first race of the season was held on 5 June at Assen and was due to finish at a venue in New Zealand after 8 race weekends . After three seasons in which the cars were run in club team colours , the 2011 season saw drivers competing in the colours of their nation , with countries adorning team names as had been set out by Team China in 2010 , thus beginning a severing of the strong links the series had attempted to make by linking each team entry with a football club . As many as eight of the announced fourteen entries no longer had links with football teams . The season ended after just two of the scheduled rounds after a number of complications , which saw tracks not being ready in time for the series , and disagreements with race organisers ."}]}, {'value': 'Antônio Pizzonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antônio_Pizzonia', 'summary': 'Antônio Reginaldo Pizzonia Júnior ( born 11 September 1980 ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver who has raced in Formula One and the Champ Car World Series . As of 2013 , he is competing in the FIA World Endurance Championship ( driving for Delta-ADR ) and the Grand-Am Rolex Series ( driving for Michael Shank Racing ) . Born in Manaus , Pizzonia started his car racing career in the Formula Vauxhall Junior series in 1997 , and then progressed through various junior formulae , winning the Formula Vauxhall Junior Winter Festival in 1997 , the Formula Vauxhall Junior and Formula Renault Winter Festival in 1998 , the Formula Renault 2.0 UK in 1999 , and the British Formula 3 Championship in 2000 . For 2001 and 2002 , he entered the Formula 3000 , with his best championship finish being sixth in 2001 . In 2003 , he was signed by the Jaguar Formula One team , but following poor results , was released during the season . In 2004 , he replaced the injured Ralf Schumacher at Williams in several events , securing his first Formula One points in the process . In 2005 , he replaced Nick Heidfeld at Williams , but was released from his contract at the end of the season . Since then , he has competed in multiple series , such as the Champ Car World Series , the Superleague Formula , Stock Car Brasil , and the FIA GT1 World Championship .'}]}, {'value': '15 9 ( in 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_de_Madrid_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': "Atlético de Madrid Superleague Formula team was a motor racing team representing Spain 's Atlético Madrid in the Superleague Formula championship . They finished 18th and last in the inaugural championship with driver Andy Soucek , having missed the first round of the season at Donington Park . They participated in the 2009 season with the Dutch-Chinese driver Ho-Pin Tung for the first 3 races . María de Villota replaced him for the last races of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Madrid', 'summary': "Club Atlético de Madrid ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ðe maˈðɾið ] ; meaning Athletic Club of Madrid ) , commonly referred to as Atlético de Madrid or simply as Atlético or Atleti , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid , that play in La Liga . The club play their home games at the Metropolitano Stadium , which has a capacity of 68,456 . In terms of league titles won , Atlético Madrid are the third most successful club in Spanish football - behind Real Madrid and Barcelona . Atlético have won La Liga on 10 occasions , including a league and cup double in 1996 ; the Copa del Rey on 10 occasions ; two Supercopas de España and one Copa Eva Duarte ; in Europe , they won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1962 , were runners-up in 1963 and 1986 , were Champions League runners-up in 1974 , 2014 and 2016 , won the Europa League in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 , and won the UEFA Super Cup in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 as well as the 1974 Intercontinental Cup . Atlético 's home kit is red and white vertical striped shirts , with blue shorts , and blue and red socks . This combination has been used since 1911 . Throughout their history the club has been known by a number of nicknames , including Los Colchoneros ( The Mattress Makers ) , due to their first team stripes being the same colours as traditional mattresses . During the 1970s , they became known as Los Indios , which some attribute to the club 's signing several South American players after the restrictions on signing foreign players were lifted . However , there are a number of alternative theories which claim they were named so because their stadium is camped on the river bank , or because Los Indios ( The Indians ) were the traditional enemy of Los Blancos ( The Whites ) , which is the nickname of the club 's city rivals , Real Madrid . Felipe VI , the king of Spain , has been the honorary president of the club since 2003 . The club co-owned the Indian Super League franchise in Kolkata , formerly named Atlético de Kolkata , which won the competition twice , but in 2017 Atlético decided to end its franchise partnership with the ISL club due to broken commitments . Atlético also co-owns Liga MX club Atlético San Luis , and the Canadian Premier League side Atlético Ottawa ."}]}, {'value': '2008 2009 2010 2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Superleague Formula season was the fourth Superleague Formula championship . The series reverted to being known simply as Superleague Formula , with 2009 's two-year sponsorship deal with Sonangol also having expired . The first race of the season was held on 5 June at Assen and was due to finish at a venue in New Zealand after 8 race weekends . After three seasons in which the cars were run in club team colours , the 2011 season saw drivers competing in the colours of their nation , with countries adorning team names as had been set out by Team China in 2010 , thus beginning a severing of the strong links the series had attempted to make by linking each team entry with a football club . As many as eight of the announced fourteen entries no longer had links with football teams . The season ended after just two of the scheduled rounds after a number of complications , which saw tracks not being ready in time for the series , and disagreements with race organisers ."}]}, {'value': 'Andy Soucek Ho-Pin Tung , María de Villota John Martin , María de Villota , Bruno Méndez , Paul Meijer María de Villota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Soucek', 'summary': 'Andy Christian Soucek , a.k.a . Souček ( born 14 June 1985 ) is a professional racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ho-Pin_Tung', 'summary': 'Ho-Pin Tung ( Chinese : 董荷斌 ; pinyin : Dǒng Hébīn ; born December 4 , 1982 ) is a Chinese-Dutch auto-racing driver who races with a Chinese license .'}, {'url': '/wiki/María_de_Villota', 'summary': 'María de Villota Comba ( 13 January 1980 - 11 October 2013 ) was a Spanish racing driver . She was the daughter of former Formula One driver Emilio de Villota , and sister of Emilio de Villota Jr. , who similarly competed in Formula Palmer Audi . Prior to her death , De Villota was recovering from serious head and facial injuries , sustained during an accident in straight-line testing as the Marussia Formula One team test driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Martin_(Australian_racing_driver)', 'summary': 'John Martin is an Australian professional racing driver . Martin has had wide experience racing in European based open-wheel series since 2006 . In that time Martin has had a wide experience of open-wheel racing having driven in various national and international series driving Formula Ford , Formula 3 , A1 Grand Prix and Formula Renault 3.5 . For the past two season Martin has raced for several teams in the football inspired series Superleague Formula . Martin has long been associated with the British Alan Docking Racing team having raced with them in a variety of formulae for four of the five years he has been racing in Europe . In 2012 Martin will again race with ADR , racing an Oreca 03 sports car in the LMP2 class of the FIA World Endurance Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/María_de_Villota', 'summary': 'María de Villota Comba ( 13 January 1980 - 11 October 2013 ) was a Spanish racing driver . She was the daughter of former Formula One driver Emilio de Villota , and sister of Emilio de Villota Jr. , who similarly competed in Formula Palmer Audi . Prior to her death , De Villota was recovering from serious head and facial injuries , sustained during an accident in straight-line testing as the Marussia Formula One team test driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Méndez', 'summary': 'Bruno Méndez López ( born 16 April 1990 in La Roda , Asturias ) is a Spanish racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Meijer', 'summary': 'Paul Ronald Johan Meijer ( born 27 March 1985 in Utrecht ) is a Dutch racing driver . He is a former Benelux Formula Renault champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/María_de_Villota', 'summary': 'María de Villota Comba ( 13 January 1980 - 11 October 2013 ) was a Spanish racing driver . She was the daughter of former Formula One driver Emilio de Villota , and sister of Emilio de Villota Jr. , who similarly competed in Formula Palmer Audi . Prior to her death , De Villota was recovering from serious head and facial injuries , sustained during an accident in straight-line testing as the Marussia Formula One team test driver .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F.C . Porto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Porto_(Superleague_Formula_team)', 'summary': 'F.C . Porto Superleague Formula team was the racing team of F.C . Porto , a football team that competes in Portugal in the Portuguese Liga . F.C . Porto racing team competed in the Superleague Formula . They were operated by Alan Docking Racing in the 2008 season , by Hitech Junior Team in the 2009 season and by Atech GP/Reid Motorsport in the 2010 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F.C . Porto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Porto', 'summary': "Futebol Clube do Porto , MHIH , OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ futɨˈβɔl ˈkluβ ( ɨ ) ðu ˈpoɾtu ] ) , commonly known as FC Porto or simply Porto , is a Portuguese professional sports club based in Porto . It is best known for the professional football team playing in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , Founded on 28 September 1893 , Porto is one of the Big Three ( Portuguese : Os Três Grandes ) teams in Portugal - together with Lisbon-based rivals Benfica and Sporting CP - that have appeared in every season of the Primeira Liga since its establishment in 1934 . They are nicknamed Dragões ( Dragons ) , for the mythical creature atop the club 's crest , and Azuis e brancos ( Blue-and-whites ) , for the shirt colours . The club supporters are called Portistas . Since 2003 , Porto have played their home matches at the Estádio do Dragão , which replaced the previous 103-year-old ground , the Estádio das Antas . Porto is the second most decorated team in Portugal , with 76 major trophies , of which 69 were achieved in domestic competitions . These comprise 28 Primeira Liga titles ( five of which were won consecutively between 1994-95 and 1998-99 , a Portuguese football record ) , 16 Taça de Portugal , 4 Campeonato de Portugal , and a record 21 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . Porto is the second team in Portuguese league history to have won two titles without any defeat , namely in the 2010-11 and 2012-13 seasons . In the former , Porto achieved the largest-ever difference of points between champion and runner-up in a three-points-per-win system ( 21 points ) , on their way to a second quadruple . In international competitions , Porto is the most decorated Portuguese team , with seven trophies . They won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League in 1987 and 2004 , the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 2003 and 2011 , the UEFA Super Cup in 1987 , and the Intercontinental Cup in 1987 and 2004 . In addition , they were runners-up in the 1983-84 European Cup Winners ' Cup and in the 2003 , 2004 and 2011 editions of the UEFA Super Cup ."}]}, {'value': '2008 2009 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Superleague Formula season was the inaugural Superleague Formula championship . The season started very late in 2008 with the first round being on August 31 at Donington Park . There were six rounds ( twelve races ) in total with the successful season finale at Circuito Permanente de Jerez on 23 November . In the 18 cars on the grid were established A1GP and GP2 drivers as well as two ex-Formula One race starters , Robert Doornbos and Antônio Pizzonia . Beijing Guoan , run under former Formula One team Zakspeed with driver Davide Rigon , were eventually crowned the first ever champions at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Superleague Formula season was the second Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded the Superleague Formula by Sonangol for this season and also 2010 with the Angolan oil company becoming the title sponsor . It began on June 28 at Magny-Cours and finished on November 8 at Jarama . The field remained at 18 clubs for the 2009 season but Beijing Guoan did not return to try to retain the title which they won with Davide Rigon in 2008 , however Rigon did return in the car of Olympiacos CFP despite GP2 commitments . In Estoril , María de Villota became the first woman to race in the series and Sébastien Bourdais became the most successful racing driver to enter the series having been dropped by Scuderia Toro Rosso just weeks earlier . Bourdais described Superleague as the best alternative to F1 . Liverpool F.C. , run under Hitech Junior Team with driver Adrián Vallés , were crowned series champions for the first time at the last event of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Superleague_Formula_season', 'summary': "The 2010 Superleague Formula season was the third Superleague Formula championship . The series was rebranded Superleague Formula by Sonangol , due to a two-year deal that began in the previous season . The first race of the season was on 4 April at Silverstone and it finished on 24 October at Navarra after a series record of 12 race weekends in all . The series ' prize fund was increased to €5 million , with the championship-winning team winning €1 million . Superleague Formula teamed up with The NewsMarket to distribute video content to 25,000 global media outlets in over 190 countries throughout the season . Ex-Formula One and WTCC driver Tiago Monteiro praised Superleague Formula by saying he was pretty impressed with what they 've done so far . R.S.C . Anderlecht , run under Azerti Motorsport with driver Davide Rigon , were made champions , but only after the last Super Final of the last event of the season . It was R.S.C . Anderlecht 's first series title but the second for Rigon , who won the title with Beijing Guoan in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tristan Gommendy Tristan Gommendy , Álvaro Parente Álvaro Parente , Earl Bamber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tristan_Gommendy', 'summary': 'Tristan Gommendy ( born 4 January 1979 ) is a French professional racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tristan_Gommendy', 'summary': 'Tristan Gommendy ( born 4 January 1979 ) is a French professional racing driver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Álvaro_Parente', 'summary': 'Álvaro Parente ( born 4 October 1984 ) is a Portuguese professional racing driver . He is currently under contract with McLaren racing their GT cars for several customer teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Álvaro_Parente', 'summary': 'Álvaro Parente ( born 4 October 1984 ) is a Portuguese professional racing driver . He is currently under contract with McLaren racing their GT cars for several customer teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Earl_Bamber', 'summary': 'Earl Anderson Bamber ( born 9 July 1990 ) is a professional racing driver from New Zealand , currently competing as a factory driver for Porsche Motorsport in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship GTLM class . He is the 2014 Porsche Supercup and double Porsche Carrera Cup Asia champion , . He is a double Le Mans 24 Hours winner , having won the 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans with Nico Hülkenberg and Nick Tandy and the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans with Timo Bernhard and Brendon Hartley . The trio was also joint winner of the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship for Drivers .'}]}], 'section_title': "Football clubs ' summary", 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Superleague_Formula_football_clubs_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of Superleague Formula football clubs. Twenty-three cars sporting liveries of famous football clubs mainly from Europe but also from Asia and South America have started at least one race in Superleague Formula. A further eight cars with liveries in the colours of nations have also competed. This list is accurate up to and including the final round of the 2010 championship at Navarra.'}
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Which season did a driver born in West Ewell participated in ?
2011
08dbf844ace40474
hybridqa
{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_President's_Cup", 'title': "UAE President's Cup", 'header': ['Club', 'Champion', 'Runners-up'], 'data': [{'value': 'Shabab Al Ahli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shabab_Al-Ahli_Dubai_FC', 'summary': "Shabab Al Ahli Club ( Arabic : نادي الأهلي ) is a United Arab Emirates professional association football club based in Dubai , that currently plays in the UAE Arabian Gulf League . Al Ahli is one of the most successful clubs in the UAE . Al Ahli Club was established in 1958 in Dubai . Is an Emirati club . and its president is Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , and Vice President Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , and the chairman of the club is Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , and deputy chairman is Sheikh Mansoor bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum . And Sheikh Mansoor bin Mohammed is also the head of Shabab Al Ahli Football Company . Al Ahli FC has won 7 league titles , a record of 9 UAE 's President Cup titles , 4 UAE super Cup titles , 4 UAE League Cup titles and 1 Emirati-Moroccan Super Cup , earning a total of 25 titles , making them the second most successful team in UAE . In the latest ranking by IFFHS , Shabab Al Ahli is the 7th best Asian club and ranked 110 in the world and 4th in Asia . In 2017 , the Dubai CSC and Al Shabab merged with Al Ahli FC making Shabab Al Ahli FC ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharjah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharjah_FC', 'summary': 'Sharjah Football Club is a United Arab Emirates football club that plays in the UAE Arabian Gulf League . It is based in Sharjah city . The home stadium is Sharjah Stadium . In 2017 Al-Shaab CSC merged with Sharjah to form the modern day club of Sharjah FC . Sharjah FC was established in 1966 , is an Emirati club based in Sharjah , the club has been the most successful team in the Emirate of Sharjah winning 6 pro league titles , 8 presidents cups and 2 super cups , the club is also the first official UAE league champion since its establishment in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Ain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Ain_FC', 'summary': "Al-Ain Football Club ( Arabic : نادي العين لكرة القدم ; transliterated : Nady al-'Ayn ) or Al-Ain FC or simply Al-Ain is a professional football club , based in the city of Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . It is one of many sport sections of the multi-sports club Al Ain Sports and Cultural Club ( Arabic : نادي العين الرياضي الثقافي ) Al Ain SCC for short . The club was founded in 1968 by players from Al Ain , members of a Bahraini group of exchange students and the Sudanese community working in the United Arab Emirates . The team quickly gained popularity and recognition throughout the country , being the team with the most trophies ( 34 in total ) . Al Ain is by far the most successful club in the UAE . Al Ain has won a record 13 UAE Pro-League , 6 President 's Cups , 3 Federation Cups , 1 Arabian Gulf Cup , a record 5 Super Cups , two Abu Dhabi Championship Cups , one Joint League Cup , Emirati-Moroccan Super Cup , Gulf Club Champions Cup and AFC Champions League . The club is the first and only UAE side so far to win the AFC Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Nasr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Nasr_SC_(Dubai)', 'summary': 'Al-Nasr Sports Club ( Arabic : نادي النصر الرياضي ) is a professional association football club located in Dubai and plays in the UAE Arabian Gulf League . Al-Nasr , literally translating to victory in Arabic , was founded in 1945 and is considered as the first and oldest club in the United Arab Emirates . They play at Al Maktoum Stadium , which can hold 15,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Jazira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Jazira_Club', 'summary': 'Al-Jazira FC is a football club from the capital of the United Arab Emirates , Abu Dhabi . They play in the UAE Arabian Gulf League .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Wasl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Wasl_FC', 'summary': "Al Wasl Football Club ( Arabic : نادي الوصل لكرة القدم ) is a United Arab Emirates Football League club based in Dubai . It is a part of the multi-sports club Al Wasl Sports Club . Former Argentina national football team player and manager Diego Maradona was the manager of the club in 2011 to 2012 . The club has a supporters ' group , the Ultras Junoon ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Wahda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Wahda_Club_(Abu_Dhabi)', 'summary': "Al Wahda Football Club ( Arabic : نادي الوحدة لكرة القدم ) is a football club based in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates that plays in the UAE Pro League . The club was founded in 1974 and plays its home games at the Al-Nahyan Stadium . The club 's colours are maroon , grey and white . Al Wahda has won the League , with the most recent title coming in the 2009-10 UAE Pro-League season ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baniyas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baniyas_SC', 'summary': 'Baniyas Sports and Cultural Club is an Emirati Sports Club , based in Al Shamkha , in the Baniyas area of Abu Dhabi . They play in the UAE Pro-League .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ajman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ajman_Club', 'summary': 'Ajman Club ( Arabic : نادي عجمان ) is a United Arab Emirati football club based in Ajman , UAE . In 2011 , Ajman was relegated to the second division , but the following year they were promoted back to the top flight .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emirates_Club', 'summary': 'Emirates Club ( Arabic : نادي الامارات ) is a professional football club based in the city of RAK City in the United Arab Emirates .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Dhafra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Dhafra_FC', 'summary': "Al Dhafra FC is an Emirati football club from Madinat Zayed . As of the 2019-20 season they play in the UAE Arabian Gulf League . The club is classified as a semi-professional club according to the UAE Pro League committee and does not have licenses to compete in the AFC competitions but the team has appealed for a license since qualifying for the UAE President 's Cup for the first time in 2019 . Their futsal club participated in AFC Futsal Club Championship ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khor Fakkan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Khaleej_Club', 'summary': 'Khor Fakkan Club ( formally known as Al Khaleej ) , usually known simply as Khor Fakkan , is an Emirati football club from Khor Fakkan . Founded in 1981 , the club won a UAE Federation Cup in the 1993-94 season . In June 2017 the club was rebranded with a new name and logo now it is known as Khor Fakkan club .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top-performing clubs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "UAE_President's_Cup_0", 'intro': "The UAE President's Cup is a professional football tournament that takes place in the United Arab Emirates. Founded in 1974, the inaugural champion was Al-Ahli, although Al-Sharjah has taken the trophy the most times of any club, prevailing 8 times."}
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What year was the club that won UAE 's President cup 2 times and was runner up 5 times formed ?
1974
08dc5df7a2a1ab7f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Austrian_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1997 Austrian Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Time', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve', 'summary': "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:10.304', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Häkkinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Häkkinen', 'summary': "Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( Finnish : [ ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen ] ( listen ) ; born 28 September 1968 ) , nicknamed The Flying Finn , is a Finnish former racing driver . He was the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion , driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls . Häkkinen currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies . Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships . He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom . After success in the series , Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992 . The following year , he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti . After four years which yielded minor success for Häkkinen , he scored his first Formula One victory in 1997 . He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the season ending Japanese Grand Prix ; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors ' Championship . Häkkinen repeated his World Championship success in 1999 , taking five victories . He finished as runner-up in the Drivers ' Championship in 2000 , behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport , which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 . For 2005 , he moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) series , where he secured his first victory that year ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:10.398', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.094', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarno Trulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarno_Trulli', 'summary': "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen_Motorsports', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:10.511', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.207', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz-Harald Frentzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz-Harald_Frentzen', 'summary': "Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( born 18 May 1967 ) , nicknamed HHF , is a German former racing driver . He finished runner-up in the 1997 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:10.670', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.366', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rubens Barrichello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello', 'summary': "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ."}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:10.700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.396', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Magnussen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Magnussen', 'summary': 'Jan Ellegaard Magnussen ( born 4 July 1973 ) is a Danish professional racing driver and a factory driver for General Motors . He has competed in Championship Auto Racing Teams ( CART ) , NASCAR , the FIA Formula One World Championship and the 24 Hours of Le Mans .'}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:10.893', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.589', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damon Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damon_Hill', 'summary': "Damon Graham Devereux Hill , OBE ( born 17 September 1960 ) is a British former racing driver . He is the son of Graham Hill , and , along with Nico Rosberg , one of only two sons of a Formula One world champion to also win the title . He started racing on motorbikes in 1981 , and after minor success moved on to single-seater racing cars . Despite progressing steadily up the ranks to the International Formula 3000 championship by 1989 , and often being competitive , he never won a race at that level . Hill became a test driver for the Formula One title-winning Williams team in 1992 . He was promoted to the Williams race team the following year after Riccardo Patrese 's departure and took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix . During the mid-1990s , Hill was Michael Schumacher 's main rival for the Formula One Drivers ' Championship , which saw the two clash several times on and off the track . Their collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix gave Schumacher his first title by a single point . Hill became champion in 1996 with eight wins , but was dropped by Williams for the following season . He went on to drive for the less competitive Arrows and Jordan teams , and in 1998 gave Jordan their first win . Hill retired from racing after the 1999 season . He has since launched several businesses and has made appearances playing the guitar with celebrity bands ."}]}, {'value': 'Arrows - Yamaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Yamaha Motor Company Limited ( ヤマハ発動機株式会社 , Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles , marine products such as boats and outboard motors , and other motorized products . The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation ( however Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92% , as of 2019 ) , and is headquartered in Iwata , Shizuoka , Japan . The company conducts development , production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012 . Led by Genichi Kawakami , the companys founder and first president , Yamaha Motor began production of its first product , the YA-1 , in 1955 . The 125cc motorcycle won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class . The company 's products includes motorcycles , scooters , motorized bicycles , boats , sail boats , personal water craft , swimming pools , utility boats , fishing boats , outboard motors , 4-wheel ATVs , recreational off-road vehicles , go-kart engines , golf carts , multi-purpose engines , electrical generators , water pumps , snowmobiles , small snow throwers , automobile engines , surface mounters , intelligent machinery , industrial-use unmanned helicopters , electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets . The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products , development of tourist businesses and management of leisure , recreational facilities and related services . Yamahas motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world outboard motor and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales ."}]}, {'value': '1:11.025', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.721', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Irvine', 'summary': "Edmund Irvine Jr. ( born 10 November 1965 ) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland . He competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2002 , and finished runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Scuderia Ferrari . He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship , achieving early success , before progressing to the Formula Three and Formula 3000 Championships . He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix , where he achieved early notoriety for his involvement in incidents on and off the track . He scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan , before moving to Ferrari in 1996 . His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and challenged McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen for the World Championship . He moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000 , scoring the team 's first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002 . Irvine retired from competitive motorsport at the end of the 2002 season . Since retiring , Irvine became a media personality in Great Britain . He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005 , but talks came to nothing . Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market , having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:11.051', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.747', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Schumacher', 'summary': "Michael Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; German : [ ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix , Benetton and Ferrari , where he spent most of his career , as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever , and regarded by some as the greatest of all time , Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships , five of which he won consecutively . The most successful driver in the history of the sport , Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles ( 7 ) , the most Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , the most fastest laps ( 77 ) and the most races won in a single season ( 13 ) , and according to the official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) , Schumacher was statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen at the time of his retirement from the sport . After success in karting as a child , Schumacher won titles in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton for the rest of that season . He finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , before becoming the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill , albeit in controversial circumstances . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . In 1996 Schumacher moved to Ferrari , who had last won the Drivers ' Championship in 1979 , and helped them transform into the most successful team in Formula One history , as he came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 , including an unprecedented sixth and seventh title . In 2002 Schumacher won the title with a record six races remaining and finished on the podium in every race . In 2004 Schumacher won twelve out of the first thirteen races and went on to win a record 13 times as he won his final title . Schumacher retired from Formula One in 2006 , after finishing runner-up to Renault 's Fernando Alonso ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:11.056', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.752', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Coulthard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Coulthard', 'summary': "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:11.076', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.772', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralf Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher', 'summary': "Ralf Schumacher ( born 30 June 1975 ) is a German former racing driver . He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races . Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series . He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season . Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999 , finishing sixth in the Drivers ' Championship that year . He won his first Grand Prix in 2001 , en route to fourth place in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years . Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005 . However , his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One , as a result of internal pressure . After leaving Formula One , Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008 , achieving minor success , and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM , mentoring young drivers ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:11.186', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.882', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Herbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Herbert', 'summary': 'John Paul Johnny Herbert ( born 25 June 1964 ) is a retired British racing driver and television announcer . He raced in Formula One from 1989 to 2000 , for 7 different teams , winning three races and placed 4th in the 1995 championship . He also raced sports cars winning the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1991 driving a Mazda 787B . He enjoyed much success in lower-level motor racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:11.210', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.906', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gianni Morbidelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gianni_Morbidelli', 'summary': 'Gianni Morbidelli ( born 13 January 1968 ) is an Italian racing driver . He participated in 70 Formula One Grands Prix , debuting on 11 March 1990 . He achieved one podium , and scored a total of 8.5 championship points . He currently competes in the TCR International Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:11.261', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Fisichella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella', 'summary': "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:11.299', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Alesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Alesi', 'summary': "Jean Alesi ( born Giovanni Alesi ; 11 June 1964 ) is a French racing driver of Italian origin . His father , Franco , was a mechanic from Alcamo , Sicily , and his mother was from Riesi . After successes in the minor categories , notably winning the 1989 Formula 3000 Championship , his Formula One career included spells at Tyrrell , Benetton , Sauber , Prost , Jordan and Ferrari , where he proved very popular among the tifosi . During his spell at Ferrari from 1991 to 1995 , his aggressive driving style , combined with the use of the number 27 on his car , led some journalists , and the tifosi , to compare him to Gilles Villeneuve and he won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix , but this proved to be the only win of his Formula One career . During his time in Formula One , Alesi was particularly good in the wet , and was a mercurial and passionate racer , whose emotions sometimes got the better of him . After leaving Formula One , from 2002 to 2006 Alesi raced in the DTM championship , winning some races , and his best result was a fifth place in the drivers ' championship . He raced in the Speedcar Series in 2008 and 2009 , and raced at Le Mans in 2010 . He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 and became the oldest professional driver to perform the rookie test for admission to the competition . For several years he was also a commentator for the Italian TV show Pole Position . In 2006 Alesi was awarded Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:11.382', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.078', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shinji Nakano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinji_Nakano', 'summary': 'Shinji Nakano ( 中野 信治 , born 1 April 1971 ) is a Japanese professional racing driver . His father , Tsuneharu , was also a racing driver . He competed in the All-Japan Formula Three Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen_Motorsports', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:11.596', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.292', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Diniz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Diniz', 'summary': "Pedro Paulo Falleiros dos Santos Diniz ( born 22 May 1970 ) is a Brazilian businessman and former racing driver . Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen and achieved minor success , before progressing to car racing in the Brazilian Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Forti for the 1995 season . The following year he switched to Ligier and moved to Arrows for 1997 . In 1998 , he finished 14th in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently moved to Sauber for 1999 . He left Sauber after the 2000 season and bought a share in the Prost team , which folded a year later . Since leaving motorsport , Diniz founded the Formula Renault 2.0 Brazil Championship which he ran from 2002 and 2006 , later becoming a partner in Pão de Açúcar and operates an organic produce and dairy farm alongside his wife Tatiana Diniz . He is a Board Member of Food Tank , a non-profit organization that spotlights environmentally , socially , and economically sustainable ways of alleviating hunger , obesity , and poverty and works to create networks of people , organizations , and content to push for food system change . Diniz was considered a pay driver during his career due to his family backing , but he scored ten points during his Formula One career while most pay drivers did not score any ."}]}, {'value': 'Arrows - Yamaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Yamaha Motor Company Limited ( ヤマハ発動機株式会社 , Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles , marine products such as boats and outboard motors , and other motorized products . The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation ( however Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92% , as of 2019 ) , and is headquartered in Iwata , Shizuoka , Japan . The company conducts development , production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012 . Led by Genichi Kawakami , the companys founder and first president , Yamaha Motor began production of its first product , the YA-1 , in 1955 . The 125cc motorcycle won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class . The company 's products includes motorcycles , scooters , motorized bicycles , boats , sail boats , personal water craft , swimming pools , utility boats , fishing boats , outboard motors , 4-wheel ATVs , recreational off-road vehicles , go-kart engines , golf carts , multi-purpose engines , electrical generators , water pumps , snowmobiles , small snow throwers , automobile engines , surface mounters , intelligent machinery , industrial-use unmanned helicopters , electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets . The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products , development of tourist businesses and management of leisure , recreational facilities and related services . Yamahas motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world outboard motor and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales ."}]}, {'value': '1:11.615', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.311', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerhard Berger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerhard_Berger', 'summary': "Gerhard Berger ( born 27 August 1959 ) is an Austrian former Formula One racing driver . He competed in Formula One for 14 seasons , twice finishing 3rd overall in the championship ( 1988 and 1994 ) , both times driving for Ferrari . He won ten Grands Prix , achieved 48 podiums , 12 poles and 21 fastest laps . With 210 starts he is amongst the most experienced Formula One drivers of all time . He led 33 of the 210 races he competed in and retired from 95 of them . His first and last victories were also the first and last victories for the Benetton team , with eleven years separating them . He was also a race winner with Ferrari and with McLaren . When at McLaren , Berger drove alongside Ayrton Senna , contributing to the team 's 1990 and 1991 constructors titles . Between 2006 and 2008 Berger owned 50% of the Scuderia Toro Rosso Formula One team . In 2008 Red Bull became the 100% owner of Toro Rosso having bought back the 50% stake it sold to Berger two years before ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:11.620', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.316', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukyo Katayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukyo_Katayama', 'summary': "Ukyo Katayama ( 片山 右京 , Katayama Ukyō , born 29 May 1963 ) is a Japanese former racing driver and team manager , most notable for competing for six years in Formula One . He participated in 97 Grands Prix , debuting on 1 March 1992 . He scored a total of five championship points , all of them for the Tyrrell team in 1994 . He also competed in the 1999 24 Hours of Le Mans , finishing 2nd overall and 1st in the GTP class . He currently serves as the team manager for Goodsmile Racing in Super GT 's GT300 class . Born in Tokyo , Katayama first raced in Europe in 1986 in France before returning home to win the Japanese F3000 series in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Minardi - Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minardi', 'summary': "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hart_Racing_Engines', 'summary': "Brian Hart Ltd. , also known as Hart and Hart Racing Engines , was a motor racing engine manufacturer that participated in 157 Formula One Grands Prix , powering a total of 368 entries . Founded in 1969 by British engineer Brian Hart , Hart initially concentrated on servicing and tuning engines from other manufacturers for various independent British teams at all levels of motorsport . Hart found particular success with developments of Ford 's FVA engine , eventually leading the large multinational company to approach the small independent to develop the Ford BDA 1.6 L engine for the 2.0L class . The European Formula Two title was won in both 1971 and 1972 with Hart-built Ford engines , and the 2.0 L BDA engine powered the majority of Ford 's 1970s rallying successes . With Ford 's withdrawal from F2 in the mid-1970s , Hart began to concentrate on building their own designs . The first engine to bear the Hart name alone was the twin-cam , four-cylinder Hart 420R F2 unit , which appeared in 1976 and powered race-winning cars until the end of the decade . In 1978 , the Toleman team agreed to a partnership program , with Toleman providing finance to develop further Hart engine designs . The fruits of this collaboration resulted in Toleman taking a one-two finish in the 1980 European F2 Championship ."}]}, {'value': '1:12.036', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.732', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jos Verstappen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jos_Verstappen', 'summary': 'Johannes Franciscus Jos Verstappen ( born 4 March 1972 ) is a Dutch former racing driver . After his F1 career Jos Verstappen has won races in A1 Grand Prix and Le Mans Series LMP2 races ( winning the 24 hours of Le Mans LMP2 class in 2008 ) . Prior to his F1 debut in 1994 , he was also the German Formula Three champion and Masters of Formula Three winner in 1993 . Jos was considered the most successful Dutch F1 racing driver before he retired and began mentoring his son Max in Formula 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyrrell - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyrrell_Racing', 'summary': "The Tyrrell Racing Organisation was an auto racing team and Formula One constructor founded by Ken Tyrrell which started racing in 1958 and started building its own cars in 1970 . The team experienced its greatest success in the early 1970s , when it won three Drivers ' Championships and one Constructors ' Championship with Jackie Stewart . The team never reached such heights again , although it continued to win races through the 1970s and into the early 1980s , taking the final win for the Ford Cosworth DFV engine at Detroit in 1983 . The team was bought by British American Tobacco in 1997 and completed its final season as Tyrrell in 1998 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:12.230', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.926', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1997_Austrian_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "The 1997 Austrian Grand Prix (formally the XXI Großer Preis von Österreich) was a Formula One motor race held at the A1-Ring on 21 September 1997. The race, contested over 71 laps, was the fourteenth race of the 1997 Formula One season, and the first Austrian Grand Prix since 1987. Jacques Villeneuve, driving a Williams-Renault, won from pole position, with David Coulthard second in a McLaren-Mercedes, and Villeneuve's teammate Heinz-Harald Frentzen third. Villeneuve's rival for the Drivers' Championship, Michael Schumacher, could only manage sixth in his Ferrari."}
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What was the name of the team from 1991 to 1996 who was the constructor for the driver who started racing on motorbikes in 1981 ?
Footwork
08dca78585901d13
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II', 'title': 'List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II', 'header': ['Name', 'Service', 'Rank', 'Place of action', 'Date of action', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kenneth D. Bailey †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_D._Bailey', 'summary': 'Kenneth Dillon Bailey ( October 21 , 1910 - September 26 , 1942 ) was a United States Marine Corps officer who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for heroic conduct during action during the Battle of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands . He also earned the Silver Star Medal during the initial landing on Tulagi in the Solomon Islands and the Purple Heart .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'Henderson Field , Guadalcanal , Solomon Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 12 , 1942 - September 13 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For repelling enemy offensive maneuvers , holding the main line and upholding friendly morale while sustaining fire from superior enemy forces despite a severe head wound', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Addison E. Baker †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Addison_Baker', 'summary': "Lieutenant Colonel Addison Earl Baker ( January 1 , 1907 - August 1 , 1943 ) was commander of the 93rd Bombardment Group ( Heavy ) in the U.S. Army Air Forces who led the group on the low-altitude Allied bombing mission of oil refineries at Ploieşti , Romania , Operation Tidal Wave . For his actions during World War II he received the United States of America 's highest military decoration , the Medal of Honor . Baker joined the Army Air Corps from Akron , Ohio in 1929 , and earned his wings and a commission in 1931 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Air Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Lieutenant Colonel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force , lieutenant colonel is a field-grade military officer rank , just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5 . In the United States armed forces , the insignia for the rank are a silver oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the version of the Army and the Air Force and that of the Navy and the Marine Corps . Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act ( DOPMA ) of 1980 , for officers in the Active Component , and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act ( ROPMA ) , for officers in the Reserve Component ( e.g. , Reserve and National Guard ) . DOPMA guidelines suggest that 70 percent of majors be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving at least three years at their present rank and after 15-17 years of cumulative commissioned service .'}]}, {'value': 'over Ploiești , Romania ( Operation Tidal Wave )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ploiești', 'summary': 'Ploiești ( UK : /plɔɪˈɛʃti/ , US : /plɔːˈjɛʃt ( i ) / , Romanian : [ ploˈjeʃtʲ ] ) , formerly spelled Ploești , is a city and county seat in Prahova County , Romania . Part of the historical region of Muntenia , it is located 56 km ( 35 mi ) north of Bucharest . The area of the city is around 60 km2 . It borders the Blejoi village in the north , Bărcănești and Brazi villages in the south , Târgșoru Vechi in the west and Bucov village in the east . Ploiești has direct access to the Prahova Valley , one of the most important alpine tourism areas in Romania . Ploiești is an important transport hub , linking Bucharest with Transylvania and Moldavia . According to the 2011 Romanian census , there were 201,226 people living within the city of Ploiești , making it the 9th most populous in the country .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tidal_Wave_(1943)', 'summary': 'Operation Tidal Wave was an air attack by bombers of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) based in Libya and Southern Italy on nine oil refineries around Ploiești , Romania on 1 August 1943 , during World War II . It was a strategic bombing mission and part of the oil campaign to deny petroleum-based fuel to the Axis . The mission resulted in no curtailment of overall product output . This mission was one of the costliest for the USAAF in the European Theater , with 53 aircraft and 660 air crewmen lost . It was proportionally the most costly major Allied air raid of the war and its date was later referred to as Black Sunday . Five Medals of Honor and 56 Distinguished Service Crosses along with numerous others awards were awarded to Operation Tidal Wave crew members .'}]}, {'value': 'August 1 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy on August 1 , 1943 . On this date he led his command , the 93d Heavy Bombardment Group , on a daring low-level attack against enemy oil refineries and installations at Ploiești , Romania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas A. Baker †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Baker_(soldier)', 'summary': "Thomas Alexander Baker ( June 25 , 1916 - July 7 , 1944 ) was a United States Army soldier who posthumously received the U.S. military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions in World War II during the Battle of Saipan . Baker was born in 1916 in Troy , New York and joined the U.S. Army after graduating from high school . After Army basic training he was sent to fight in World War II . While serving as a member of the 27th Infantry Division he was injured and refused to be evacuated . He was later found dead with an empty pistol and the bodies of eight Japanese soldiers around him ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Saipan , Mariana Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 19 , 1944 - July 7 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': "On Saipan in the Marianas Islands , he advanced ahead of his unit with a bazooka and destroyed a Japanese emplacement which was firing on his company . Several days later , he single-handedly attacked and killed two groups of Japanese soldiers . On July 7 , Baker 's position came under attack by a large Japanese force . Although seriously wounded early in the attack , he refused to be evacuated and continued to fight in the close-range battle until running out of ammunition . When a comrade was wounded while trying to carry him to safety , Baker insisted that he be left behind . At his request , his comrades left him propped against a tree and gave him a pistol , which had eight bullets remaining . When American forces retook the position , they found the pistol , now empty , and eight dead Japanese soldiers around Baker 's body", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vernon J. Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vernon_Baker', 'summary': "Vernon Joseph Baker ( December 17 , 1919 - July 13 , 2010 ) was a United States Army first lieutenant who was an infantry company platoon leader during World War II and a paratrooper during the Korean War . In 1997 , he was awarded the Medal of Honor , the nation 's highest military decoration for valor , for his actions on April 5 - 6 , 1945 , near Viareggio , Italy . Baker and six other Black Americans who served in World War II were awarded the Medal of Honor on January 12 , 1997 . The Medal of Honor was presented to Baker by President Bill Clinton on January 13 , 1997 during a Medals of Honor ceremony for the seven recipients at the White House in Washington , D.C . The seven recipients are the first and only Black Americans to be awarded the Medal of Honor for World War II . Baker was the only living recipient of the medal . Baker died in 2010 at the age of 90 ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Second Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_lieutenant', 'summary': 'Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces , comparable to NATO OF-1a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'near Viareggio , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'April 5 , 1945 - April 6 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Demonstrated outstanding courage and leadership in destroying enemy installations , personnel and equipment during his company 's attack against a strongly entrenched enemy in mountainous terrain . One of seven African American soldiers who received their medals belatedly , after a 1993 study revealed discrimination that caused them to be overlooked at the time", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medal_of_Honor', 'summary': "The Medal of Honor is the United States of America 's highest and most prestigious personal military decoration that may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service members who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor . The medal is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress . Because the medal is presented in the name of Congress , it is often referred erroneously as the Congressional Medal of Honor . However , the official name of the current award is Medal of Honor . Within the United States Code the medal is referred to as the Medal of Honor , and less frequently as Congressional Medal of Honor . U.S. awards , including the Medal of Honor , do not have post-nominal titles , and while there is no official abbreviation , the most common abbreviations are MOH and MH . There are three versions of the medal , one each for the Army , Navy and Air Force . Personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy version while members of the Space Force receive the Air Force version . The Medal of Honor was introduced for the Navy in 1861 , soon followed by an Army version in 1862 . The Medal of Honor is the oldest continuously issued combat decoration of the United States ' armed forces . The President typically presents the Medal at a formal ceremony intended to represent the gratitude of the U.S. people , with posthumous presentations made to the primary next of kin . According to the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States , there have been 3,525 Medals of Honor awarded to 3,506 individuals since the decoration 's creation , with over 40% awarded for actions during the American Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Van T. Barfoot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Van_T._Barfoot', 'summary': "Van Thomas Barfoot ( born Van Thurman Barfoot ; June 15 , 1919 - March 2 , 2012 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Technical Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Technical_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Technical sergeant is the name of one current and two former enlisted ranks in the United States Armed Forces . [ citation needed ] Outside the United States , it is used only by the Philippine Army , Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'near Carano , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlton W. Barrett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_W._Barrett', 'summary': 'Carlton William Barrett ( November 24 , 1919 - May 3 , 1986 ) , a native of Fulton , New York was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor for heroism near Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer , France on June 6 , 1944 during the Normandy landings ( World War II ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'near St. Laurent-sur-Mer , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'June 6 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joined the United States Army in Albany , New York , he was a member of , 18th Infantry , 1st Infantry Division . Barrett was one of four Medal of Honor recipients on D-Day , June 6 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Basilone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Basilone', 'summary': 'John Basilone ( November 4 , 1916 - February 19 , 1945 ) was a United States Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant who was killed in action during World War II . He received the Medal of Honor for heroism above and beyond the call of duty during the Battle for Henderson Field in the Guadalcanal Campaign , and the Navy Cross posthumously for extraordinary heroism during the Battle of Iwo Jima . He was the only enlisted Marine to receive both of these decorations in World War II . He enlisted in the Marine Corps on June 3 , 1940 , after serving three years in the United States Army with duty in the Philippines . He was deployed to Guantánamo Bay , Cuba , and in August 1942 , he took part in the invasion of Guadalcanal . In October , he and two other Marines used machine guns to hold off an attack by a far numerically superior Japanese force . In February 1945 , he was killed in action on the first day of the invasion of Iwo Jima , after he single-handedly destroyed an enemy blockhouse and led a Marine tank under fire safely through a minefield . He has received many honors including being the namesake for streets , military locations , and two United States Navy destroyers .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Lunga area , Guadalcanal , Solomon Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 24 , 1942 - October 25 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On the night of October 24-25 , 1942 his unit engaged the Japanese in the Lunga area when their position came under attack by a regiment of approximately 3,000 soldiers . The Japanese forces began a frontal attack using machine guns , grenades and mortars against the American heavy machine guns . Basilone commanded two sections of machine guns that fought for the next 48 hours until only Basilone and two other men were still able to continue fighting . Basilone moved an extra gun into position and maintained continual fire against the incoming Japanese forces . He repaired another machine-gun and personally manned it , holding the defensive line until replacements arrived . With the continuous fighting , ammunition became critically low and supply lines were cut off . Basilone fought through hostile lines and returned with urgently needed ammunition for his gunners . He was killed on Iwo Jima on February 19 , 1945 . He was the first Enlisted Marine to receive The Medal of Honor , Purple Heart , and The Navy Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purple_Heart', 'summary': 'The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those wounded or killed while serving , on or after April 5 , 1917 , with the U.S. military . With its forerunner , the Badge of Military Merit , which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth , the Purple Heart is the oldest military award still given to U.S. military members - the only earlier award being the obsolete Fidelity Medallion . The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor , New York .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Navy Cross is the United States military 's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat . The Navy Cross is awarded primarily to a member of the United States Navy , Marine Corps , and the Coast Guard ( when operating under the Department of the Navy ) for extraordinary heroism . The medal is equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Cross , the Air Force Cross , and the Coast Guard Cross . The Navy Cross is bestowed by the Secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services , and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services . The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress ( Public Law 65-253 ) and approved on February 4 , 1919 ."}]}, {'value': 'Harold W. Bauer †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_W._Bauer', 'summary': 'Lieutenant Colonel Harold William Joe Bauer ( November 20 , 1908 - November 14 , 1942 ) was a United States Marine Corps air group commander , fighter pilot and flying ace credited with destroying 11 Japanese aircraft during World War II . He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions as a fighter squadron commander during the crucial struggle for the control of the Solomon Islands at the Battle of Guadalcanal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Lieutenant Colonel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force , lieutenant colonel is a field-grade military officer rank , just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5 . In the United States armed forces , the insignia for the rank are a silver oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the version of the Army and the Air Force and that of the Navy and the Marine Corps . Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act ( DOPMA ) of 1980 , for officers in the Active Component , and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act ( ROPMA ) , for officers in the Reserve Component ( e.g. , Reserve and National Guard ) . DOPMA guidelines suggest that 70 percent of majors be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving at least three years at their present rank and after 15-17 years of cumulative commissioned service .'}]}, {'value': 'South Pacific area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 10 , 1942 - November 14 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For extraordinary heroism and conspicuous courage as Squadron Commander of Marine Fighting Squadron TWO TWELVE in the South Pacific Area during the period May 10 to November 14 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis K. Bausell †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_K._Bausell', 'summary': "Corporal Lewis Kenneth Bausell ( April 17 , 1924 - September 18 , 1944 ) was a United States Marine and posthumous recipient of the United States ' highest military honor - the Medal of Honor - for his sacrifice of life , above and beyond the call of duty , during World War II . During combat at Peleliu , he covered an exploding Japanese hand grenade in order to protect his comrades , and died of his wounds three days later . Bausell was the only enlisted Marine from the Nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. to be awarded the Medal of Honor for actions during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Corporal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal', 'summary': "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ."}]}, {'value': 'Peleliu Island , Palau Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 15 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': "During combat at Peleliu , he covered an exploding Japanese hand grenade in order to protect his comrades , and died of his wounds three days later . Bausell was the only enlisted Marine from the Nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. to be awarded the Medal of Honor for actions during World War II", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raymond O. Beaudoin †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_O._Beaudoin', 'summary': "Raymond Ovila Beaudoin ( July 15 , 1918 - April 6 , 1945 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamelin , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 6 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'By his intrepidity , great fighting skill , and supreme devotion to his responsibility for the well-being of his platoon , 1st Lt. Beaudoin single-handedly accomplished a mission that enabled a messenger to secure help which saved the stricken unit and made possible the decisive defeat of the German forces', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernard P. Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernard_P._Bell', 'summary': "Bernard Pious Bell ( December 29 , 1911 - January 8 , 1971 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Technical Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Technical_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Technical sergeant is the name of one current and two former enlisted ranks in the United States Armed Forces . [ citation needed ] Outside the United States , it is used only by the Philippine Army , Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'Mittelwihr , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'December 18 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'By his intrepidity and bold , aggressive leadership , T/Sgt . Bell enabled his 8-man squad to drive back approximately 150 of the enemy , killing at least 87 and capturing 42 . Personally , he killed more than 20 and captured 33 prisoners', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanley Bender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanley_Bender', 'summary': "Stanley Bender ( October 31 , 1909 - June 22 , 1994 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Staff Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staff_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services .'}]}, {'value': 'near La Lande , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'August 17 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'He had sparked and led the assault company in an attack which overwhelmed the enemy , destroying a roadblock , taking a town , seizing intact 3 bridges over the Maravenne River , and capturing commanding terrain which dominated the area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Benjamin , Jr. †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Benjamin,_Jr.', 'summary': "George Benjamin Jr. ( April 24 , 1919 - December 22 , 1944 ) was a United States Army soldier and a posthumous recipient of the U.S. military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions during the Philippines campaign of World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Leyte , Philippines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 21 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'He was severely wounded while leading an assault against a strongly defended Japanese position on the island of Leyte . After being evacuated to an aid station , he conveyed valuable information regarding the disposition of the Japanese emplacement to his superiors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward A. Bennett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_A._Bennett', 'summary': "Edward Andrew Bennett , Jr. ( February 11 , 1920 - May 2 , 1983 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Corporal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal', 'summary': "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ."}]}, {'value': 'Heckhuscheid , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 1 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The fearless initiative , stalwart combat ability , and outstanding gallantry of Cpl . Bennett eliminated the enemy fire which was decimating his company 's ranks and made it possible for the Americans to sweep all resistance from the town", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mervyn S. Bennion †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mervyn_S._Bennion', 'summary': 'Mervyn Sharp Bennion ( May 5 , 1887 - December 7 , 1941 ) was a captain in the United States Navy who died during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . While mortally wounded , he remained in command of his ship . For conspicuous devotion to duty , extraordinary courage , and complete disregard of his own life , he posthumously received the Medal of Honor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)', 'summary': 'In the United States Navy , United States Coast Guard , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps ( USPHS ) , and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps ( NOAA Corps ) , captain is the senior-most commissioned officer rank below that of flag officer ( i.e. , admirals ) . The equivalent rank is colonel in the United States Army , Air Force , and Marine Corps . Reflecting its nautical heritage , the term captain is sometimes used as a military title by more junior officers who command a commissioned vessel of the Navy , Coast Guard , or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ship of patrol boat size or greater . Officers below O-6 who command aviation squadrons ( typically O-5 commanders ) usually use the less formal title skipper .'}]}, {'value': 'West Virginia , Pearl Harbor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)', 'summary': 'USS West Virginia ( BB-48 ) was the fourth dreadnought battleship of the Colorado class , though because Washington was cancelled , she was the third and final member of the class to be completed . The Colorado class proved to be the culmination of the standard-type battleship series built for the United States Navy in the 1910s and 1920s ; the ships were essentially repeats of the earlier Tennessee design , but with a significantly more powerful main battery of eight 16-inch ( 406 mm ) guns in twin-gun turrets . West Virginia was built between her keel laying in 1920 and her commissioning into the Navy in 1923 . The ship spent the 1920s and 1930s conducting routine training exercises , including the typically-annual Fleet Problems , which provided invaluable experience for the coming war in the Pacific . West Virginia was moored in Battleship Row on the morning of 7 December 1941 when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor , bringing the United States into World War II . Badly damaged by torpedoes , the ship sank in the shallow water but was later refloated and extensively rebuilt over the course of 1943 and into mid-1944 . She returned to service in time for the Philippines Campaign , where she led the American line of battle at the Battle of Surigao Strait on the night of 24-25 October . There , she was one of the few American battleships to use her radar to acquire a target in the darkness , allowing her to engage a Japanese squadron in what was the final action between battleships in naval history . After Surigao Strait , the ship remained in the Philippines to support troops fighting during the Battle of Leyte in 1944 and then supported the invasion of Lingayen Gulf in early 1945 . The ship also took part in the Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa later that year , providing extensive fire support to the ground forces invading those islands . During the latter operation , she was hit by a kamikaze that did little damage . Following the surrender of Japan , West Virginia took part in the initial occupation and thereafter participated in Operation Magic Carpet , carrying soldiers and sailors from Hawaii to the mainland United States before being deactivated in 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 7 , 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'While mortally wounded , he remained in command of his ship . For conspicuous devotion to duty , extraordinary courage , and complete disregard of his own life , he was awarded the Medal of Honor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles J. Berry †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_J._Berry', 'summary': 'Charles Joseph Berry ( July 10 , 1923 - March 3 , 1945 ) was a Corporal in the Marine Corps who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions during World War II . After graduating high school Berry enlisted in the Marine Corps and upon graduating recruit training in South Carolina was stationed in Quantico Virginia and then North Carolina before being sent with 1st Parachute Battalion to fight in the Solomon Islands . After leaving North Carolina he went on to fight at Bougainville and then went to Guadalcanal for a short time before being sent to San Diego , California . While stationed at Camp Elliott in San Diego he was attached to the 5th Marine Division before being sent to the Hawaiian Islands and receiving the rank of corporal . He landed on Iwo Jima on D-Day , February 19 , 1945 , and was killed in action on March 3 , 1945 , during the action which earned him the Medal of Honor . Initially buried in the 5th Marine Division Cemetery on Iwo Jima , he was re-interred in Elmwood Cemetery , Lorain , Ohio , in 1948 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Corporal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal', 'summary': "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ."}]}, {'value': 'Iwo Jima , Volcano Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 3 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'He landed on Iwo Jima on D-Day , February 19 , 1945 , and was killed in action on March 3 , 1945 , during the action which earned him the Medal of Honor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vito R. Bertoldo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vito_R._Bertoldo', 'summary': "Vito R. Bertoldo ( December 1 , 1916 - July 23 , 1966 ) was a United States Army soldier . A veteran of World War II , he was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions near Hatten , France in January 1945 . Bertoldo was born and raised in Decatur , Illinois , and worked as a coal miner and truck driver . Though he was exempt from the World War II draft because of poor eyesight , he enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1942 , and was approved for limited duty in the United States as a military policeman . He then obtained approval to undergo training as an infantryman , and deployed to France with the 42nd Infantry Division . During Germany 's Operation Nordwind offensive of December 1944-January 1945 , Bertoldo was one of the soldiers assigned to guard the command post ( CP ) for 1st Battalion , 242nd Infantry Regiment . When the battalion staff moved to an alternate location while expecting a German attack , Bertoldo volunteered to cover them and defend the CP . On January 9 and 10 , 1945 , he single-handedly fought off German assaults on the command post , and then continued the fight by taking part in the defense of the battalion 's alternate CP . After the war , he received the Medal of Honor for his heroism during this action . Following his military service , Bertoldo moved to California and worked as a contact representative for the U.S. Veterans Administration before becoming the owner and operator of a successful landscaping business . He was diagnosed with cancer in 1966 and died at the VA hospital in Martinez , California . Bertoldo was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno , California"}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Master Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_Sergeant', 'summary': 'A master sergeant is the military rank for a senior non-commissioned officer in the armed forces of some countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Hatten , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'January 9 , 1945 - January 10 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In Hatten , France , he manned a machine gun in defense of a command post being attacked by a numerically superior German force . When evacuation became necessary , he voluntarily stayed behind to cover the withdrawal . The next morning he moved to another command post , and again defended it against a continued assault by strong German forces and voluntarily covered the withdrawal of friendly forces when the post was abandoned . For these actions , he was awarded the Medal of Honor one year later , on January 10 , 1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur O. Beyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_O._Beyer', 'summary': "Arthur Otto Beyer ( May 20 , 1909- February 16 , 1965 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Corporal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal', 'summary': "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ."}]}, {'value': 'near Arloncourt , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'January 15 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Near Arloncourt , Belgium , he used hand grenades and his carbine to single-handedly destroy two German machine gun positions before working his way through a honey-combed series of enemy foxholes - killing and capturing German soldiers as he went . For these actions , he was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Harry Truman seven months later , on August 30 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willibald C. Bianchi †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willibald_C._Bianchi', 'summary': "Willibald Charles Bianchi ( March 12 , 1915 - January 9 , 1945 ) was an officer in the Philippine Scouts who received the Medal of Honor for actions in Bataan , Philippines during that country 's capitulation to Japanese forces during World War II . After the action near Bagac in the Bataan Province , Bianchi was among the troops captured by the Japanese at the fall of Bataan , on April 9 , 1942 . He was part of the Bataan Death March , and was imprisoned in several Japanese prisoner of war camps , enduring horrible conditions . He was known for his compassion and efforts to better the lot of his fellow prisoners by bartering with their captors for extra food and medicine . On January 9 , 1945 , while imprisoned in an unmarked Japanese prison ship , Bianchi was killed instantly when an American plane , unaware that the ship contained American prisoners , dropped a 1,000-pound bomb in the cargo hold . Bianchi is one of three members of the Philippine Scouts who were awarded the Medal of Honor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'near Bagac , Bataan Province , Philippines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 3 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'After the action near Bagac in the Bataan Province , Bianchi was among the troops captured by the Japanese at the fall of Bataan , on April 9 , 1942 . He was part of the Bataan Death March , and was imprisoned in several Japanese prisoner of war camps , enduring horrible conditions . He was known for his compassion and efforts to better the lot of his fellow prisoners by bartering with their captors for extra food and medicine . On January 9 , 1945 , while imprisoned in an unmarked Japanese prison ship , Bianchi was killed instantly when an American plane , unaware that the ship contained American prisoners , dropped a 1,000-pound bomb in the cargo hold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melvin E. Biddle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melvin_E._Biddle', 'summary': "Melvin Earl Bud Biddle ( November 28 , 1923 - December 16 , 2010 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'near Soy , Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 23 , 1944 - December 24 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': "When presenting the medal to Biddle , Truman whispered People do n't believe me when I tell them that I 'd rather have one of these than be President . Biddle was decorated with 17 other soldiers that served in the Eastern Theater of Operations", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'B', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II_1', 'intro': "This is a list of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II. The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States or an opposing foreign force. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously. World War II, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict, the joining of what had initially been two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German and Soviet invasion of Poland. This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. The United States was drawn into World War II on December 8, 1941, a day after the Axis-member Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu that killed almost 2,500 people in what was considered the biggest peacetime loss on American soil inflicted by foreign people at that time. For actions during World War II, 472 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor. Seventeen of these were Japanese-Americans fighting in both Europe and the Pacific, many of which were upgraded from Distinguished Service Crosses during the Clinton administration. Additionally, Douglas Albert Munro was the only serviceman from the United States Coast Guard in United States military history to receive the Medal for his actions during the war. The earliest action for which a U.S. serviceman earned a World War II Medal of Honor was the attack on Pearl Harbor, for which 17 U.S. servicemen were awarded a Medal, although they did so while engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force rather than enemy since the United States was neutral during the events of December 7, 1941."}
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What is the location of John Basilone 's notes ' hall ?
New Windsor , New York
08dd12579049906a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Sweden at the 2010 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte Kalla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Kalla', 'summary': "Marina Charlotte Kalla ( born 22 July 1987 ) is a Swedish cross-country skier who has been competing at international level since the 2003-04 season . Kalla is a three-time Olympian , winning her first Olympic gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics in the 10 km freestyle event in Vancouver . At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi Kalla ran the final leg in the 4 × 5 km women 's relay race and started third with a 25.7 seconds lag behind the first place but reduced the gap , overtaking her competitors in the final straight , earning Sweden the first gold medal in the women 's relay event since 1968 . At the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang Kalla won Olympic gold medal in the skiathlon event . On 6 January 2008 , Kalla won the second edition of Tour de Ski in her debut in the event . Kalla won a gold medal at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 10 km freestyle event in Falun . In total Kalla has twelve World Championship medals , five of them individual . Kalla is of Tornedalian Finnish descent ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10 km freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_10_kilometre_freestyle", 'summary': "The women 's 10 kilometre freestyle cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on February 15 at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia at 10:00 PST . Each skier starts at 30-second intervals , skiing the entire 10 kilometre course . Estonia 's Kristina Šmigun-Vähi was the defending Olympic champion in this event though it was held in the classical style . Aino-Kaisa Saarinen on Finland was the defending world champion though that event was also held in the classical style . The final World Cup event in women 's 10 km freestyle prior to the 2010 Games took place on February 5 at Canmore , Alberta and was won by Sweden 's Charlotte Kalla . Šmigun-Vähi won silver in this event , Saarinen would finish 15th , and Kalla would win gold . Kalla is the Sweden 's first female individual gold medalist in cross-country skiing since Toini Gustafsson 's 5 km win at Grenoble in 1968 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Björn Ferry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Björn_Ferry', 'summary': 'Björn Ferry ( born 1 August 1978 in Stensele , Västerbotten County ) is a former Swedish biathlete and medal winning Olympian . He began competing internationally in World Cup competitions in 2001 , but did not win his first international race until the 2007-2008 season . In 2007 , he won gold in the mixed relay event at the Biathlon World Championships . The next year , at his third Winter Olympics appearance , he won the gold medal in the pursuit event . He started the event in 8th place as determined by the previous sprint event , but managed to overtake the race leader on the final lap .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_pursuit", 'summary': "The men 's pursuit competition in biathlon at the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on February 16 , 2010 . It was won by Swedish athlete Björn Ferry , after both Ferry and second place finisher Christoph Sumann of Austria successfully pursued and overtook the leader at the start of the race , France 's Vincent Jay ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcus Hellner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcus_Hellner', 'summary': 'Carl Marcus Joakim Hellner ( born 25 November 1985 ) is a Swedish former cross-country skier who competed between 2003 and 2018 . He retired at the end of the 2017-18 FIS World Cup season .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 30 km pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_30_kilometre_pursuit", 'summary': "The men 's 15 kilometre + 15 kilometre double Pursuit cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada , was held on 20 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia , at 13:30 PST ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcus Hellner Johan Olsson Daniel Rickardsson Anders Södergren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcus_Hellner', 'summary': 'Carl Marcus Joakim Hellner ( born 25 November 1985 ) is a Swedish former cross-country skier who competed between 2003 and 2018 . He retired at the end of the 2017-18 FIS World Cup season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johan_Olsson_(skier)', 'summary': 'Johan Arne Olsson ( born 19 March 1980 ) is a Swedish cross-country skiing coach and former skier . He is a two-time Olympic champion who raced from 1998 to 2017 . Olsson won five individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup victories and 2 additional podium finishes during his career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Rickardsson', 'summary': 'Jan Olof Daniel Rickardsson ( born 15 March 1982 ) is a Swedish cross-country skier who has competed since 2002 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anders_Södergren', 'summary': 'Hans Anders Södergren ( born 17 May 1977 in Söderhamn , Hälsingland ) is a Swedish cross-country skier who has competed since 1999 . He earned a bronze medal in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin and also finished 5th in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit event at those same Olympics . In the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver he won a gold medal with the Swedish team in the 4 × 10 km relay . Södergren won four medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two silvers ( 15 km + 15 km double pursuit : 2009 , 50 km : 2003 ) and two bronzes in the 4 × 10 km relay ( 2003 , 2007 ) . He has eight FIS Race victories and is a ten-time national champion at distances between 15 km and 50 km as of the 2005-06 season . Södergren won the 50 km event at both the 2006 and the 2008 Holmenkollen ski festival , making him the only skier to have won an international 50 km elite race with individual start in free technique since 2004 . Södergren has a twin brother , Per , who was forced to abandon his cross-country skiing career following a back injury . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 x 10 km relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_4_×_10_kilometre_relay", 'summary': "The men 's 4 x 10 kilometre relay cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada , was held on 24 February at Whistler Olympic Park at 11:15 PST . Italy was the defending Olympic champion with the team of Fulvio Valbusa , Giorgio Di Centa , Pietro Piller Cottrer and Cristian Zorzi . Valbusa retired following the 2006 Winter Olympics . The defending world champions were the Norwegian team of Eldar Rønning , Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset , Tore Ruud Hofstad and Petter Northug . The last World Cup competition for this event prior to the 2010 Games took place 22 November 2009 in Beitostoelen , Norway , and was won by the Norwegian team of Rønning , Martin Johnsrud Sundby , Ronny Hafsås and Northug . Each team used four skiers , who competed over one 3.3 km circuit in classical and a second 3.3 km circuit in freestyle . The first two raced in the classical technique , and the final pair of skiers raced freestyle technique ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kajsa Bergström Anna Le Moine Cathrine Lindahl Eva Lund Anette Norberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kajsa_Bergström', 'summary': "Kajsa Magdalena Bergström ( born January 3 , 1981 ) is a Swedish curler . The younger sister of curler Anna Le Moine , she has skipped for the club Sveg CK for the past two years . Bergström played on the Swedish team in the 2009 Mount Titlis World Women 's Curling Championship and was selected as the alternate for the Swedish women 's curling team at the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Le_Moine', 'summary': 'Anna Maria Le Moine ( born 30 October 1973 in Sveg as Anna Bergström ; also formerly known as Anna Svärd ) , is a Swedish curler . At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , she was the lead for the Swedish team who won the gold-medal after a thrilling final game . She lives in Stockholm , and plays for Härnösands CK , Härnösand . Le Moine starred , as well as her teammates , in the videoclip Hearts on Fire by the Swedish metal band HammerFall . In 2004 she was inducted into the Swedish Curling Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cathrine_Lindahl', 'summary': 'Cathrine Lindahl ( born 26 February 1970 in Härnösand as Cathrine Norberg ) is a Swedish curler from Östersund .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eva_Lund', 'summary': "Eva Lund ( born 1 May 1971 in Upplands Väsby ) is a Swedish curler . 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) , 146 lb ( 10 st 6 lb , 66 kg ) . Born in Stockholm , Sweden , as Eva Eriksson , she lives in Upplands Väsby , Stockholm , with her husband and Swedish national curling coach Stefan Lund and her son Adam and daughter Anna . Eva Lund trains with the Härnösands CK club , and when not curling is a regulatory affairs project manager . Eva Lund played third for Anette Norberg 's team , and has won many international titles , including two golds in the Olympic Winter Games 2006 in Turin and 2010 in Vancouver . In the world championships she has a gold from 2005 and 2006 , a silver from 2001 and a bronze from 2003 . She has won gold in the European championships in 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2007 . She also has a gold from 1993 as a reserve . And in the Elite series she has won gold in 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , with bronze from 1993 , 1998 , and 1999 . She recently retired . In 2003 she was inducted into the Swedish Curling Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anette_Norberg', 'summary': "Anette Norberg ( born 12 November 1966 ) is a retired Swedish curler from Härnösand . She and her team were the Olympic women 's curling champions in 2006 and 2010 . After winning the 2006 Women 's Curling tournament in Turin over Mirjam Ott 's Swiss team , she led her team to victory for gold over Cheryl Bernard 's Canadian team in the 2010 Women 's Curling tournament in Vancouver ; becoming the first skip in the history of curling to successfully defend an Olympic title . Her team that retired after the 2010 Olympics ( although she herself continued until 2013 ) is regarded as one of the best women 's curling teams in history , and she is often regarded as one of the best female skips in history , particularly after adding yet another world title in 2011 with a new younger team ."}]}, {'value': 'Curling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The curling competition of the 2010 Olympics was held at Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Centre in Vancouver . It is the fifth time that curling was on the Olympic program , after having been staged in 1924 , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 . The competition followed the same format that was used during the 2006 Turin Winter Olympics , with 10 teams playing a round robin tournament , from which the top four teams advance to the semi-finals . The women 's competition concluded on Friday , February 26 , 2010 . In the bronze medal match , the Chinese team made history by becoming the first team from Asia to win an Olympic curling medal . The gold medal match was one of the closest medal games in Olympic competition . Team Canada won the silver medal , their best performance since the 1998 Nagano Olympic Games when Sandra Schmirler skipped the Canadians to gold . Team Sweden won the gold medal . Anette Norberg , Eva Lund , Cathrine Lindahl , and Anna Le Moine ( née Anna Bergström [ Anna Svärd in Torino ] ) became the first curlers to win two gold medals at the Olympic Games . The men 's competition concluded on Saturday , February 27 , 2010 . In the bronze medal match , Markus Eggler of Switzerland became the first male curler to win two Olympic medals . The gold medal final was a rematch between Canada and Norway of the 2002 Olympics men 's final ( although only one athlete from each team participated in both finals ) ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Curling_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_tournament", 'summary': "The women 's curling tournament took place at the Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Centre . The draws took place between 16 and 25 February 2010 and the final took place on 26 February 2010 . All start times are in Pacific Standard Time ( UTC-8 ) . The preliminary round was a round-robin tournament between all 10 teams ; the top four qualified for the medal round ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Haag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Haag', 'summary': "Anna Margret Jönsson Haag ( born 1 June 1986 as Anna Hansson ) is a Swedish retired cross-country skier who competed between 2003 and 2018 . At the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics Haag won gold in the 4 × 5 km relay , earning Sweden the first gold medal in the women 's relay event since 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 15 km pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_15_kilometre_pursuit", 'summary': "The women 's 7.5 kilometre + 7.5 kilometre double pursuit cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 19 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia at 13:00 PST . The 15 km double pursuit format has been competed at the world championship level since 2005 and at the Winter Olympic level since 2006 . Estonia 's Kristina Šmigun-Vähi was the defending Olympic champion . Poland 's Justyna Kowalczyk was the defending world champion . Kowalczyk also won the test event that took place at the Olympic venue on 17 January 2009 . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 Games in this format took place on 23 January 2010 in Rybinsk , Russia and was won by Kowalczyk . The pursuit consisted of a 7.5 kilometre section raced in the classical style , followed by a 7.5 kilometre portion raced freestyle . In between the sections , each skier takes time ( approximately 30 seconds ) to change skis and poles in a pit stop ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Haag Charlotte Kalla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Haag', 'summary': "Anna Margret Jönsson Haag ( born 1 June 1986 as Anna Hansson ) is a Swedish retired cross-country skier who competed between 2003 and 2018 . At the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics Haag won gold in the 4 × 5 km relay , earning Sweden the first gold medal in the women 's relay event since 1960 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Kalla', 'summary': "Marina Charlotte Kalla ( born 22 July 1987 ) is a Swedish cross-country skier who has been competing at international level since the 2003-04 season . Kalla is a three-time Olympian , winning her first Olympic gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics in the 10 km freestyle event in Vancouver . At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi Kalla ran the final leg in the 4 × 5 km women 's relay race and started third with a 25.7 seconds lag behind the first place but reduced the gap , overtaking her competitors in the final straight , earning Sweden the first gold medal in the women 's relay event since 1968 . At the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang Kalla won Olympic gold medal in the skiathlon event . On 6 January 2008 , Kalla won the second edition of Tour de Ski in her debut in the event . Kalla won a gold medal at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 10 km freestyle event in Falun . In total Kalla has twelve World Championship medals , five of them individual . Kalla is of Tornedalian Finnish descent ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's team sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_team_sprint", 'summary': "The women 's team sprint cross-country skiing competition in the freestyle technique at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 22 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The Swedish team of Lina Andersson and Anna Dahlberg ( Olsson since 2008 ) were the defending Olympic champions when the technique was classical . The defending world champions were the Finnish duo of Virpi Kuitunen and Aino-Kaisa Saarinen , the defending Olympic bronze medalists , when the technique was also classical . Italy 's team of Magda Genuin and Arianna Follis won the test event that took place at the Olympic venue on 18 January 2009 . The last World Cup event in this format prior to the 2010 Games took place in Rybinsk , Russia on 24 January 2010 and was won by the German team of Stefanie Böhler and Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anja Pärson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anja_Pärson', 'summary': 'Anja Sofia Tess Pärson ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈânːja ˈpæ̌ːʂɔn ] ; born 25 April 1981 ) is a Swedish former alpine skier . She is an Olympic gold medalist , seven-time gold medalist at the World Championships , and two-time overall Alpine Skiing World Cup champion . She has won a total of 42 World Cup races .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's combined", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_combined", 'summary': "The women 's super combined competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , on February 18 , 2010 . The competition was originally scheduled to be held on February 14 , 2010 , but was postponed due to bad weather , which delayed previous events . One major change in this event for the 2010 Olympics was the switch from a traditional dedicated combined ( K ) , taking place over one or two days and involving a downhill run and two slalom runs ( as the combined had been since its reintroduction to the Olympics in 1988 ) , to a one-day super combined ( SC ) , consisting of a downhill run in the morning and one slalom run in the afternoon ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johan Olsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johan_Olsson_(skier)', 'summary': 'Johan Arne Olsson ( born 19 March 1980 ) is a Swedish cross-country skiing coach and former skier . He is a two-time Olympic champion who raced from 1998 to 2017 . Olsson won five individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup victories and 2 additional podium finishes during his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 30 km pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_30_kilometre_pursuit", 'summary': "The men 's 15 kilometre + 15 kilometre double Pursuit cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada , was held on 20 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia , at 13:30 PST ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Myhrer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Myhrer', 'summary': 'André Myhrer ( born 11 January 1983 ) is a Swedish World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist . Born at Bergsjö in Gävleborg County , Myhrer competes in the technical events and specialises in slalom .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_slalom", 'summary': "The men 's slalom competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , on February 27 , 2010 . Giuliano Razzoli of Italy won the gold and Ivica Kostelić of Croatia picked up his second silver medal of these Olympics ; André Myhrer of Sweden took the bronze . The last alpine event of the 2010 Olympics was held in challenging weather conditions , which included rain . The start was lowered 66 vertical feet ( 20 m ) , the same start as the women 's race . More than 40 racers failed to complete the first run , including ten of the first thirty ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johan Olsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johan_Olsson_(skier)', 'summary': 'Johan Arne Olsson ( born 19 March 1980 ) is a Swedish cross-country skiing coach and former skier . He is a two-time Olympic champion who raced from 1998 to 2017 . Olsson won five individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup victories and 2 additional podium finishes during his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 km classical", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_50_kilometre_classical", 'summary': "The men 's 50 kilometre classical cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 28 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia at 09:30 PST . on the final day of the Games . The 50 kilometre has been skated as a mass start event at the World Championships since 2005 and since the 2006 Winter Olympics . Italy 's Giorgio Di Centa was the defending Olympic champion though that event was held in the freestyle technique . Norway 's Petter Northug was the reigning world champion though that was also in the freestyle technique . The last World Cup event in the 50 km classical took place in Trondheim , Norway on 14 March 2009 and was won by Sami Jauhojärvi of Finland . All three medalists of the shorter 30 kilometre event were scheduled to participate in the 50 km race ; in that race , Marcus Hellner of Sweden came first , Petter Northug was 11th , Giorgio Di Centa was 12th , and Sami Jauhojärvi failed to finish ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': 'The following Swedish athletes won medals at the games :', 'uid': 'Sweden_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Sweden participated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 106 competitors competed in nine of the fifteen disciplines.'}
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How many World Cup races did the female bronze medal winning Alpine skier win ?
42
08dd5b79cb715d1a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltistan', 'title': 'Baltistan', 'header': ['Name', 'Height', 'Date climbed', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'K2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K2', 'summary': "K2 , at 8,611 metres ( 28,251 ft ) above sea level , is the second highest mountain in the world , after Mount Everest at 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) . It is located on the China-Pakistan border between Baltistan in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of northern Pakistan , and the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County of Xinjiang , China . K2 is the highest point of the Karakoram range and the highest point in both Pakistan and Xinjiang . K2 is known as the Savage Mountain after George Bell , a climber on the 1953 American Expedition , told reporters It 's a savage mountain that tries to kill you . Of the five highest mountains in the world , K2 is the deadliest where approximately one person dies on the mountain for every four who reach the summit . Also occasionally known as Chhogori , or Mount Godwin-Austen , other nicknames for K2 are The King of Mountains and The Mountaineers ' Mountain , as well as The Mountain of Mountains after climber Reinhold Messner titled his book about K2 the same . K2 is the only eight-thousand metre peak that has never been climbed during winter or from its East Face . Ascents have almost always been made in July and August , the warmest times of year ; K2 's more northern location makes it more susceptible to inclement and colder weather . The peak has now been climbed by almost all of its ridges . Although the summit of Everest is at a higher altitude , K2 is a more difficult and dangerous climb , due in part to its more inclement weather and comparatively greater height from base to peak . As of June 2018 [ update ] , only 367 people have completed the ascent . 86 people have died attempting the climb according to the list maintained on the List of deaths on eight-thousanders ."}]}, {'value': '8,610 m ( 28,250 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 July 1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shigar District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shigar_Valley', 'summary': 'The Shigar Valley ( Urdu : وادی شگر ) is a valley in Gilgit Baltistan in northern Pakistan that is watered by the Shigar River , and centred on the town of Shigar . The valley stretches about 170 km from Skardu to Askole and is the gateway to the high mountains of the Karakoram . The town of Shigar is the largest settlement in valley . Even though the Shigar Valley is a remote and largely inaccessible place , there are several villages in the valley . Askole is the last settlement in the Shigar Valley , which is still far from the high mountains . Shigar was an administrative sub-division of Skardu District that is now a district in its own right . This Valley is a stream of the Indus River , which is near to the town of Skardu . It is a popular destination for hiking , trekking and mountaineering , despite the tough conditions there . Also , the valley is an attraction for the tourists as it is a gateway to Karakoram Hills , one of the worlds highest peaks is K2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gasherbrum I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gasherbrum_I', 'summary': 'Gasherbrum I ( Urdu : گاشر برم -1 ; simplified Chinese : 加舒尔布鲁木I峰 ; traditional Chinese : 加舒爾布魯木I峰 ; pinyin : Jiāshūěrbùlǔmù I Fēng ) , surveyed as K5 and also known as Hidden Peak , is the 11th highest mountain in the world at 8,080 metres ( 26,510 ft ) above sea level . It is located in Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan . Gasherbrum I is part of the Gasherbrum massif , located in the Karakoram region of the Himalaya . Gasherbrum is often claimed to mean Shining Wall , presumably a reference to the highly visible face of the neighboring peak Gasherbrum IV ; but in fact it comes from rgasha ( beautiful ) + brum ( mountain ) in Balti , hence it actually means beautiful mountain . Gasherbrum I was designated K5 ( meaning the 5th peak of the Karakoram ) by T.G . Montgomerie in 1856 when he first spotted the peaks of the Karakoram from more than 200 km away during the Great Trigonometric Survey of India . In 1892 , William Martin Conway provided the alternate name , Hidden Peak , in reference to its extreme remoteness . Gasherbrum I was first climbed on July 5 , 1958 by Pete Schoening and Andy Kauffman of an eight-man American expedition led by Nicholas B. Clinch , Richard K. Irvin , Tom Nevison , Tom McCormack , Bob Swift and Gil Roberts were also members of the team . :210-212'}]}, {'value': '8,030 m ( 26,360 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 July 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghanche District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghanche_District', 'summary': 'Ghanche District ( Urdu : ضلع گانچھے ) ( Balti : གངས་ཅེ ) is the easternmost district of Gilgit-Baltistan , Pakistan . With its administrative headquarters in the historic city of Khaplu , Ghanche is famous as a tourist destination for its outstanding scenery and high altitude landscapes .'}]}, {'value': 'Broad Peak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broad_Peak', 'summary': 'Broad Peak ( Urdu : بروڈ پیک ) is a Himalayan mountain on the border of Pakistan and China , the 12th highest mountain in the world at 8,047 metres ( 26,401 ft ) above sea level . It was first ascended in June 1957 by Fritz Wintersteller , Marcus Schmuck , Kurt Diemberger , and Hermann Buhl of an Austrian expedition .'}]}, {'value': '8,090 m ( 26,550 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 June 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghanche District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muztagh Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muztagh_Tower', 'summary': 'Muztagh Tower ( Urdu : موز تاغ ٹاور ) , also : Mustagh Tower ; Muztagh : ice tower ) , is a mountain in the Baltoro Muztagh , part of the Karakoram range in Baltistan on the border of the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China . It stands between the basins of the Baltoro and Sarpo Laggo glaciers .'}]}, {'value': '7,300 m ( 23,800 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 August 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghanche District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gasherbrum II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gasherbrum_II', 'summary': 'Gasherbrum II ( Urdu : گاشر برم -2 ) ; surveyed as K4 , is the 13th highest mountain in the world at 8,035 metres ( 26,362 ft ) above sea level . It is the third-highest peak of the Gasherbrum massif , and is located in the Karakoram , on the border between Gilgit-Baltistan , Pakistan , and Xinjiang , China . The mountain was first climbed on July 7 , 1956 , by an Austrian expedition which included Fritz Moravec , Josef Larch , and Hans Willenpart .'}]}, {'value': '7,960 m ( 26,120 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 July 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghanche District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hidden Peak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hidden_Peak', 'summary': 'Gasherbrum I ( Urdu : گاشر برم -1 ; simplified Chinese : 加舒尔布鲁木I峰 ; traditional Chinese : 加舒爾布魯木I峰 ; pinyin : Jiāshūěrbùlǔmù I Fēng ) , surveyed as K5 and also known as Hidden Peak , is the 11th highest mountain in the world at 8,080 metres ( 26,510 ft ) above sea level . It is located in Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan . Gasherbrum I is part of the Gasherbrum massif , located in the Karakoram region of the Himalaya . Gasherbrum is often claimed to mean Shining Wall , presumably a reference to the highly visible face of the neighboring peak Gasherbrum IV ; but in fact it comes from rgasha ( beautiful ) + brum ( mountain ) in Balti , hence it actually means beautiful mountain . Gasherbrum I was designated K5 ( meaning the 5th peak of the Karakoram ) by T.G . Montgomerie in 1856 when he first spotted the peaks of the Karakoram from more than 200 km away during the Great Trigonometric Survey of India . In 1892 , William Martin Conway provided the alternate name , Hidden Peak , in reference to its extreme remoteness . Gasherbrum I was first climbed on July 5 , 1958 by Pete Schoening and Andy Kauffman of an eight-man American expedition led by Nicholas B. Clinch , Richard K. Irvin , Tom Nevison , Tom McCormack , Bob Swift and Gil Roberts were also members of the team . :210-212'}]}, {'value': '8,070 m ( 26,470 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 July 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghanche District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khunyang Chhish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khunyang_Chhish', 'summary': 'Khunyang Chhish or Kunyang Chhish ( Urdu : کنیانگ چش ) is the second-highest mountain in the Hispar Muztagh , a subrange of the Karakoram mountains of disputed territory controlled by Pakistan and claimed by India . Alternate variations of the name include Kunyang Kish and Khiangyang Kish , among others . Its height , also sometimes given as 7,823 metres ( 25,666 ft ) , is ranked 21st in the world and 8th in Pakistan ( in a disputed territory ) .'}]}, {'value': '7,852 m ( 25,761 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 July 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skardu District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skardu_District', 'summary': 'Skardu District ( Urdu : ضلع سکردو ) is a district of Pakistan administered region of Gilgit-Baltistan . It is bounded on the southeast by Kargil district in the Jammu and Kashmir , on the east by Kharmang District , on the northeast by Ghanche district , on the south by Baramulla and Kargil District , on the west by district Astore and on the north by Shigar District . Skardu town is the capital of the district and of Skardu District .'}]}, {'value': 'Masherbrum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masherbrum', 'summary': 'Masherbrum ( Urdu : ما شربرم ; formerly known as K1 ) is located in the Ghanche District , Gilgit Baltistan , Pakistan . At 7,821 metres ( 25,659 ft ) it is the 22nd highest mountain in the world and the 9th highest in Pakistan . It was the first mapped peak in the Karakoram mountain range , hence the designation K1 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '7,821 m ( 25,659 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 August 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghanche District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saltoro Kangri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saltoro_Kangri', 'summary': 'Saltoro Kangri is the highest peak of the Saltoro Mountains , also known as the Saltoro Range , which is a part of the Karakoram . It is the 31st highest mountain in the world , but it is in a very remote location deep in the Karakoram . It is located on the Actual Ground Position Line between Indian controlled territory in the Siachen region and Pakistani controlled territory west of the Saltoro Range .'}]}, {'value': '7,700 m ( 25,400 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 June 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghanche District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chogolisa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chogolisa', 'summary': "Chogolisa ( Urdu : چوگولیزا from Chogo Ling Sa ; literally : Great Hunt ) is a trapezoidal mountain in the Karakoram range in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan . It lies near the Baltoro Glacier in the Concordia region which is home to some of the highest peaks of the world . Chogolisa has several peaks , the highest on the SW face ( Chogolisa I ) rises to 7,668 metres ( 25,157 ft ) . The second highest at 7,654 metres on the NE side ( Chogolisa II ) is the one named Bride Peak by Martin Conway in 1892 . In 1909 , a party led by Duke of the Abruzzi reached 7,498 m ( 24,600 ft ) from a base camp located on the northern side and a high camp on the Chogolisa saddle at 6,335m . Bad weather stopped the party from ascending further , but their climb established a world altitude record . Hermann Buhl and Kurt Diemberger attempted Chogolisa in 1957 after they had successfully summitted Broad Peak behind Marcus Schmuck and Fritz Wintersteller a few weeks earlier . On June 25 they left camp I and camped in a saddle at 6,706m on the SE ridge . On June 27 a sudden snow storm forced them to retreat and on the descent , Buhl broke off a big cornice and fell into the mountain 's near vertical north face . His body has never been found . In 1958 , a Japanese expedition from Kyoto University led by Takeo Kuwabara ( 桑原武夫 ) made the first ascent of Chogolisa II , placing M. Fujihira and K. Hirai on top . The first ascent of Chogolisa I was made on August 2 , 1975 by Fred Pressl and Gustav Ammerer of an Austrian expedition led by Eduard Koblmueller ."}]}, {'value': '7,665 m ( 25,148 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 August 1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghanche District', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Tourism -- Mountaineering', 'section_text': 'Laila Peak , in the Hushe Valley Baltistan is home to more than 20 peaks of over 6,100 metres ( 20,000 ft ) , including K2 ( the second-highest mountain on earth . [ 27 ] Other well-known peaks include Masherbrum ( also known as K1 ) , Broad Peak , Hidden Peak , Gasherbrum II , Gasherbrum IV and Chogolisa ( in the Khaplu Valley ) . The following peaks have been scaled :', 'uid': 'Baltistan_0', 'intro': 'The 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica characterises Baltistan as the western extremity of Tibet, whose natural limits are the Indus river from its abrupt southward bend around the map point 35°52′N 74°43′E / 35.86°N 74.72°E / 35.86; 74.72 (Bend in the Indus course) and the mountains to the north and west. These features separate a comparatively peaceful Tibetan population from the fiercer Indo-Aryan tribes to the west. Muslim writers around the 16th century speak of Baltistan as the Little Tibet, and of Ladakh as the Great Tibet, emphasising their ethnological similarity. According to Ahmad Hassan Dani, Baltistan spreads upwards from the Indus river and is separated from Ladakh by the Siachen glacier. It includes the Indus valley and the lower valley of the Shyok river. Baltistan is a rocky mass of lofty mountains, the prevailing formation being gneiss. In the north is the Baltoro Glacier, the largest out of the arctic regions, 56 kilometres (35 mi) long, contained between two ridges whose highest peaks to the south are 7,600 m (25,000 ft) and to the north 8,615 m (28,265 ft). The Indus river runs in a narrow gorge, widening after receiving the Shyok river at 35°14′N 75°55′E / 35.23°N 75.92°E / 35.23; 75.92 (Shyok joins Indus). It then forms a 32-kilometre (20 mi) crescent-shaped plain varying between 2 and 8 kilometres (1 and 5 mi) wide. The main inhabitable valleys of Kharmang Khaplu, Skardu and Roundu are along the routes of these rivers.'}
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What is the location of the mountain that stands between the basins of the Baltoro and Sarpo Laggo glaciers ?
Ghanche District
08df0f9ce2e8618b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_film', 'title': 'Middle Ages in film', 'header': ['Date', 'Era', 'Title', 'IMDB', 'Country', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1431', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Passion of Joan of Arc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Passion_of_Joan_of_Arc', 'summary': "The Passion of Joan of Arc ( French : La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc ) is a 1928 silent French historical film based on the actual record of the trial of Joan of Arc . The film was directed by Carl Theodor Dreyer and stars Renée Jeanne Falconetti as Joan . It is widely regarded as a landmark of cinema , especially for its production , Dreyer 's direction and Falconetti 's performance , which is often listed as one of the finest in cinema history . The film summarizes the time that Joan of Arc was a captive of England , depicting her trial and execution . Danish film director Dreyer was invited to make a film in France by the Société Générale des Films and chose to make a film about Joan of Arc due to her renewed popularity in France . Dreyer spent over a year researching Joan of Arc and the transcripts of her trial before writing the script . Dreyer cast stage actress Falconetti as Joan in her only major film role . Falconetti 's performance and devotion to the role during filming have become legendary among film scholars . The film was shot on one huge concrete set modeled on medieval architecture in order to realistically portray the Rouen prison . The film is known for its cinematography and use of close-ups . Dreyer also did n't allow the actors to wear make-up and used lighting designs that made the actors look more grotesque . Prior to its release , the film was controversial due to French nationalists ' skepticism about whether a Danish person could direct a film that centered on one of France 's most revered historical icons ."}]}, {'value': '[ 1 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan of Arc . The film was so powerful that it was initially banned in Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_in_art', 'summary': ". Joan of Arc ( Jeanne d'Arc in French ) has inspired artistic and cultural works for nearly six centuries . The following lists cover various media to include items of historic interest , enduring works of high art , and recent representations in popular culture . The entries represent portrayals that a reader has a reasonable chance of encountering rather than a complete catalog . Lesser known works , particularly from early periods , are not included . In this article , many of the excluded items are derivative of better known representations . For instance , Schiller 's play inspired at least 82 different dramatic works during the nineteenth century , and Verdi 's and Tchaikovsky 's operatic adaptations are still recorded and performed . Most of the others survive only in research libraries . As another example , in 1894 , Émile Huet listed over 400 plays and musical works about Joan of Arc . Despite a great deal of scholarly interest in Joan of Arc no complete list of artistic works about her exists , although a 1989 doctoral dissertation did identify all relevant films including ones for which no copy survives . Portrayals of Joan of Arc are numerous . For example , in 1979 the Bibliothèque Municipale in Rouen , France displayed a gallery containing over 500 images and other items related to Joan of Arc ."}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Adventures of Robin Hood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood_(film)', 'summary': "The Adventures of Robin Hood is a 1938 American Technicolor swashbuckler film directed by Michael Curtiz and William Keighley and starring Errol Flynn , Olivia de Havilland , Basil Rathbone , and Claude Rains . It was distributed by Warner Bros. and produced by Hal B. Wallis and Henry Blanke . Written by Norman Reilly Raine and Seton I. Miller , the film depicts the legendary Robin Hood as a Saxon knight who , in King Richard 's absence in the Holy Land during the Crusades , fights back as the outlaw leader of a rebel guerrilla band against Prince John and the Norman lords oppressing the Saxon commoners . The Adventures of Robin Hood has been acclaimed by critics since its release . In 1995 , the film was deemed culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation by the National Film Registry . Alan Hale Sr. , who plays Little John , had played the same character in the 1922 version of the film and went on to play him again in Rogues of Sherwood Forest , released by Columbia in 1950 ."}]}, {'value': '[ 2 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Prince John and the Norman Lords begin oppressing the Saxon masses in King Richard 's absence , a Saxon lord fights back as the outlaw leader of a rebel guerrilla army", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_of_England', 'summary': "John ( 24 December 1166 - 19 October 1216 ) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216 . He was the third king of the House of Plantagenet . He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France , resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the French Capetian dynasty during the 13th century . The baronial revolt at the end of John 's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta , a document sometimes considered an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom . John was the youngest of the four surviving sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine . He was nicknamed John Lackland because he was not expected to inherit significant lands . He became Henry 's favourite child following the failed revolt of 1173-74 by his brothers Henry the Young King , Richard , and Geoffrey against the King . John was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent . The war between Henry II and his eldest sons ended with the deaths of Henry the Young King and Geoffrey . John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against the royal administrators of his brother , King Richard , whilst Richard was participating in the Third Crusade , but he was proclaimed king after Richard died in 1199 . He came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John 's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200 . When war with France broke out again in 1202 , John achieved early victories , but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman , Breton , and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Norman_Conquest', 'summary': "The Norman conquest of England ( in Britain , often called the Norman Conquest or the Conquest ) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman , Breton , Flemish , and French soldiers led by the Duke of Normandy , later styled William the Conqueror . William 's claim to the English throne derived from his familial relationship with the childless Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Confessor , who may have encouraged William 's hopes for the throne . Edward died in January 1066 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson . The Norwegian king Harald Hardrada invaded northern England in September 1066 and was victorious at the Battle of Fulford , but Godwinson 's army defeated and killed Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September . Within days , William landed in southern England . Harold marched south to oppose him , leaving a significant portion of his army in the north . Harold 's army confronted William 's invaders on 14 October at the Battle of Hastings ; William 's force defeated Harold , who was killed in the engagement . Although William 's main rivals were gone , he still faced rebellions over the following years and was not secure on his throne until after 1072 . The lands of the resisting English elite were confiscated ; some of the elite fled into exile . To control his new kingdom , William granted lands to his followers and built castles commanding military strongpoints throughout the land with the Domesday Book , a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales being completed by 1086 . Other effects of the conquest included the court and government , the introduction of the Norman language as the language of the elites , and changes in the composition of the upper classes , as William enfeoffed lands to be held directly from the king . More gradual changes affected the agricultural classes and village life : the main change appears to have been the formal elimination of slavery , which may or may not have been linked to the invasion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anglo-Saxons', 'summary': "The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century . They comprise people from Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe , their descendants , and indigenous British groups who adopted many aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language ; the cultural foundations laid by the Anglo-Saxons are the foundation of the modern English legal system and of many aspects of English society ; the modern English language owes over half its words - including the most common words of everyday speech - to the language of the Anglo-Saxons . Historically , the Anglo-Saxon period denotes the period in Britain between about 450 and 1066 , after their initial settlement and up until the Norman conquest . The early Anglo-Saxon period includes the creation of an English nation , with many of the aspects that survive today , including regional government of shires and hundreds . During this period , Christianity was established and there was a flowering of literature and language . Charters and law were also established . The term Anglo-Saxon is popularly used for the language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons in England and eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century . In scholarly use , it is more commonly called Old English . The history of the Anglo-Saxons is the history of a cultural identity . It developed from divergent groups in association with the people 's adoption of Christianity , and was integral to the establishment of various kingdoms . Threatened by extended Danish invasions and military occupation of eastern England , this identity was re-established ; it dominated until after the Norman Conquest . The visible Anglo-Saxon culture can be seen in the material culture of buildings , dress styles , illuminated texts and grave goods ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_I_of_England', 'summary': 'Richard I ( 8 September 1157 - 6 April 1199 ) was King of England from 1189 until his death . He was the second king of the House of Plantagenet . He also ruled as Duke of Normandy , Aquitaine and Gascony , Lord of Cyprus , Count of Poitiers , Anjou , Maine , and Nantes , and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period . He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king , but all of his brothers except the youngest , John , predeceased their father . Richard was known as Richard Cœur de Lion or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior . He was also known in Occitan as : Oc e No ( English : Yes and No ) , because of his reputation for terseness . By the age of 16 , Richard had taken command of his own army , putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father . Richard was a central Christian commander during the Third Crusade , leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France and achieving considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart , Saladin , although he did not retake Jerusalem from Saladin . Richard spoke both French and Occitan . He was born in England , where he spent his childhood ; before becoming king , however , he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine , in the southwest of France . Following his accession , he spent very little time , perhaps as little as six months , in England . Most of his life as king was spent on Crusade , in captivity , or actively defending his lands in France .'}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Nevsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_(film)', 'summary': "Alexander Nevsky ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Не́вский ) is a 1938 historical drama film directed by Sergei Eisenstein . It depicts the attempted invasion of Novgorod in the 13th century by the Teutonic Knights of the Holy Roman Empire and their defeat by Prince Alexander , known popularly as Alexander Nevsky ( 1220-1263 ) . Eisenstein made the film in association with Dmitri Vasilyev and with a script co-written with Pyotr Pavlenko ; they were assigned to ensure that Eisenstein did not stray into formalism and to facilitate shooting on a reasonable timetable . It was produced by Goskino via the Mosfilm production unit , with Nikolai Cherkasov in the title role and a musical score by Sergei Prokofiev . Alexander Nevsky was the first and most popular of Eisenstein 's three sound films . Eisenstein , Pavlenko , Cherkasov and Abrikosov were awarded the Stalin Prize in 1941 for the film . In 1978 , the film was included in the world 's 100 best motion pictures according to an opinion poll conducted by the Italian publishing house Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . Russia Beyond considers the film one of the 10 best Russian war films ."}]}, {'value': '[ 3 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USSR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russians defend against invading German Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades of the 13th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teutonic_Knights', 'summary': 'The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem ( official names : Latin : Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum , German : Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem ) , commonly the Teutonic Order ( Deutscher Orden , Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden ) , is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1192 in Acre , Kingdom of Jerusalem . The Teutonic Order was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals . Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights , having a small voluntary and mercenary military membership , serving as a crusading military order for protection of Christians in the Holy Land and the Baltics during the Middle Ages . Purely religious since 1929 , the Teutonic Order still confers limited honorary knighthoods . The Bailiwick of Utrecht of the Teutonic Order , a Protestant chivalric order , is descended from the same medieval military order and also continues to award knighthoods and perform charitable work .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Northern_Crusades', 'summary': 'The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were religious wars undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms , primarily against the pagan Baltic , Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea , and to a lesser extent also against Orthodox Christian Slavs ( East Slavs ) . The most notable campaigns were the Livonian and Prussian crusades . Some of these wars were called crusades during the Middle Ages , but others , including most of the Swedish ones , were first dubbed crusades by 19th-century romantic nationalist historians . However , crusades against northern pagans were authorized by Pope Alexander III in the bull Non parum animus noster , in 1171 or 1172 .'}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13th / 14th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Seventh Seal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Seventh_Seal', 'summary': 'The Seventh Seal ( Swedish : Det sjunde inseglet ) is a 1957 Swedish historical fantasy film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman . Set in Sweden during the Black Death , it tells of the journey of a medieval knight ( Max von Sydow ) and a game of chess he plays with the personification of Death ( Bengt Ekerot ) , who has come to take his life . Bergman developed the film from his own play Wood Painting . The title refers to a passage from the Book of Revelation , used both at the very start of the film , and again towards the end , beginning with the words And when the Lamb had opened the seventh seal , there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour. [ Rev . 8:1 ] Here , the motif of silence refers to the silence of God , which is a major theme of the film . The Seventh Seal is considered a classic of world cinema , as well as one of the greatest movies of all time . It established Bergman as a world-renowned director , containing scenes which have become iconic through homages , critical analysis , and parodies .'}]}, {'value': '[ 4 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'About a knight returning from a crusade who plays a chess game with Death during the Black Plague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crusade', 'summary': 'The crusades were a series of religious wars in Europe and western Asia initiated , supported and sometimes directed by the Catholic Church between the 11th and the 17th centuries . The crusades differed from other religious conflicts in that participants considered them a penitential exercise that brought absolution . Historians contest the definition of the term crusade with some restricting it to armed pilgrimages to Jerusalem ; others including all Catholic military campaigns with a promise of spiritual benefits ; all Catholic holy wars ; or those with characteristic religious fervour . The most well known are those fought against the Muslims of the eastern Mediterranean for the Holy Land between 1096 and 1271 . Crusades were also fought from the 12th century against the Iberian Moors , the Ottoman Empire and in several other regions . The reasons for thesse included fighting pagans , the suppression of heresy and conflict between Catholic groups . In 1095 Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont . He encouraged military support for the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I against the Seljuk Turks and an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem . There was an enthusiastic response in western European across all social strata . Historians debate the combination of motivations of the volunteers who took a public vow to join the crusade - the prospect of mass ascension into Heaven at Jerusalem , satisfying feudal obligations , opportunities for renown , economic and political advantage are all considered . Four Crusader states were established in the Near East : the County of Edessa ; the Principality of Antioch ; the Kingdom of Jerusalem ; and the County of Tripoli . A crusader presence remained in the region in some form until Acre , the last mainland outpost , fell in 1291 , after which there were no further crusades to recover the Holy Land .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_Plague', 'summary': "The Black Death , also known as the Pestilence ( Pest for short ) , the Great Plague or the Plague , or less commonly the Black Plague , was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history , resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia , peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351 . The bacterium Yersinia pestis , which results in several forms of plague ( septicemic , pneumonic and , the most common , bubonic ) is believed to have been the cause . The Black Death was the first major European outbreak of plague and the second plague pandemic . The plague created a number of religious , social and economic upheavals , with profound effects on the course of European history . The Black Death is thought to have originated in the dry plains of Central Asia or East Asia , where it travelled along the Silk Road , reaching Crimea by 1343 . From there , it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that traveled on all merchant ships , spreading throughout the Mediterranean Basin and Europe . The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe 's population . In total , the plague may have reduced the world population from an estimated 475 million to 350-375 million in the 14th century . It took 200 years for the world population to recover to its previous level . The plague recurred as outbreaks in Europe until the 19th century ."}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Virgin Spring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Virgin_Spring', 'summary': "The Virgin Spring ( Swedish : Jungfrukällan ) is a 1960 Swedish rape and revenge film directed by Ingmar Bergman . Set in medieval Sweden , it is a tale about a father 's merciless response to the rape and murder of his young daughter . The story was adapted by screenwriter Ulla Isaksson from a 13th-century Swedish ballad , Töres döttrar i Wänge ( Töre 's daughters in Vänge ) . Bergman researched the legend of Per Töre with an eye to an adaptation , considering an opera before deciding on a film version . Given criticism of the historical accuracy of his 1957 film The Seventh Seal , he also invited Isaksson to write the screenplay . Other influences included the 1950 Japanese film Rashomon . Max von Sydow played Töre . Isaksson and Bergman explored a number of themes in The Virgin Spring , questioning morals , vengeance , and religious beliefs . The rape scene was also subject to censorship in screenings in the United States . The film won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 1961 Academy Awards and other honours . It was also the basis for the 1972 exploitation horror film The Last House on the Left ."}]}, {'value': '[ 5 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Story of Christian medieval Swedish family whose daughter is raped by vagabonds . Directed by Ingmar Bergman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman', 'summary': "Ernst Ingmar Bergman [ a ] ( 14 July 1918 - 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish director , writer , and producer who worked in film , television , theatre and radio . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergman 's films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist in extended television versions . Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet and Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin and Max von Sydow . Most of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö . Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented ; If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I do n't see how you could n't be influenced by Bergman .It 's impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people ."}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Cid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Cid_(film)', 'summary': 'El Cid is a 1961 epic historical drama film that romanticizes the life of the Christian Castilian knight Don Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar , called El Cid ( from the Arabic as-sidi , meaning The Lord ) , who , in the 11th century , fought the North African Almoravides and ultimately contributed to the unification of Spain . The film stars Charlton Heston in the title role and Sophia Loren as Doña Ximena . Made by Samuel Bronston Productions in association with Dear Film Produzione and released in the United States by Allied Artists , the film was directed by Anthony Mann and produced by Samuel Bronston , with Jaime Prades and Michał Waszyński as associate producers . The screenplay was by Philip Yordan , Ben Barzman , and Fredric M. Frank from a story by Frank . The music score was by Miklós Rózsa , the cinematography by Robert Krasker and the editing by Robert Lawrence . The film had its World Premiere at the Metropole Theatre , Victoria , London on December 6 , 1961 .'}]}, {'value': '[ 6 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epic film of the legendary Spanish hero', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Becket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Becket_(1964_film)', 'summary': "Becket is a 1964 Anglo-American film about the historic , tumultuous relationship between Henry II of England and his friend-turned-bishop Thomas Becket . It is a dramatic film adaptation of the play Becket or the Honour of God by Jean Anouilh made by Hal Wallis Productions and released by Paramount Pictures . It was directed by Peter Glenville and produced by Hal B. Wallis with Joseph H. Hazen as executive producer . The screenplay was written by Edward Anhalt based on Anouilh 's play . The music score was by Laurence Rosenthal , the cinematography by Geoffrey Unsworth and the editing by Anne V. Coates . The film stars Richard Burton as Thomas Becket and Peter O'Toole as King Henry II , with John Gielgud as King Louis VII , Donald Wolfit as Gilbert Foliot , Paolo Stoppa as Pope Alexander III , Martita Hunt as Empress Matilda , Pamela Brown as Queen Eleanor , Siân Phillips , Felix Aylmer , Gino Cervi , David Weston and Wilfrid Lawson . Restored prints of Becket were re-released in 30 cinemas in the US in early 2007 , following an extensive restoration from the film 's YCM separation protection masters . The film was released on DVD by MPI Home Video in May 2007 and on Blu-ray Disc in November 2008 . The new film prints carry a Dolby Digital soundtrack , although the soundtrack of the original film , which originally opened as a roadshow theatrical release , was also in stereo . Becket won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and was nominated for eleven other awards , including for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Supporting Actor , and twice for Best Actor ."}]}, {'value': '[ 7 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Based on Jean Anouilh 's play about Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas à Becket and King Henry II of England", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Anouilh', 'summary': "Jean Marie Lucien Pierre Anouilh ( French : [ ʒɑ̃ anuj ] ; 23 June 1910 - 3 October 1987 ) was a French dramatist whose career spanned five decades . Though his work ranged from high drama to absurdist farce , Anouilh is best known for his 1944 play Antigone , an adaptation of Sophocles ' classical drama , that was seen as an attack on Marshal Pétain 's Vichy government . One of France 's most prolific writers after World War II , much of Anouilh 's work deals with themes of maintaining integrity in a world of moral compromise ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury', 'summary': 'The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England , the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury . The current archbishop is Justin Welby , who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013 . Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury , the Apostle to the English , sent from Rome in the year 597 . Welby succeeded Rowan Williams . From the time of Augustine until the 16th century , the archbishops of Canterbury were in full communion with the See of Rome and usually received the pallium from the Pope . During the English Reformation , the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope . Thomas Cranmer became the first holder of the office following the English Reformation in 1533 , while Reginald Pole was the last Roman Catholic in the position , serving from 1556 to 1558 during the Counter-Reformation . In the Middle Ages there was considerable variation in the methods of nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury and other bishops . At various times the choice was made by the canons of Canterbury Cathedral , the Pope , or the King of England . Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has been more explicitly a state church and the choice is legally that of the Crown ; today it is made by the reigning monarch on the advice of the British prime minister , who in turn receives a shortlist of two names from an ad hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_à_Becket', 'summary': 'Thomas Becket ( /ˈbɛkɪt/ ) , also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury , Thomas of London and later Thomas à Becket [ note 1 ] ( 21 December c. 1119 ( or 1120 ) - 29 December 1170 ) , was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170 . He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion . He engaged in conflict with Henry II , King of England , over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral . Soon after his death , he was canonised by Pope Alexander III .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_II_of_England', 'summary': "Henry II ( 5 March 1133 - 6 July 1189 ) , also known as Henry Curtmantle ( French : Court-manteau ) , Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet , was King of England from 1154 to his death . He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet . King Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150 . Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father , Geoffrey of Anjou , in 1151 . His marriage in 1152 to Eleanor , Duchess of Aquitaine , whose marriage to Louis VII had recently been annulled , made him Duke of Aquitaine . He became Count of Nantes by treaty in 1185 . At various times , Henry also partially controlled Scotland , Wales and the Duchy of Brittany . Before he was 40 he controlled England , large parts of Wales , the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France - an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire . Henry became actively involved by the age of 14 in the efforts of his mother Matilda , daughter of Henry I of England , to claim the throne of England , then occupied by Stephen of Blois . Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry 's military expedition to England in 1153 , and Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen 's death a year later . Henry was an energetic and sometimes ruthless ruler , driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his grandfather Henry I . During the early years of his reign the younger Henry restored the royal administration in England , re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou , Maine and Touraine ."}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The War Lord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_War_Lord', 'summary': 'The War Lord is a 1965 American film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner and starring Charlton Heston . The film , which concerns Medieval warfare and culture in 11th century Normandy , is an adaptation of the play The Lovers by Leslie Stevens . The film also features Richard Boone , Rosemary Forsyth , Guy Stockwell , Maurice Evans , Niall MacGinnis , Henry Wilcoxon and James Farentino , with Jon Alderson , Allen Jaffe , Sammy Ross , and Woodrow Parfrey .'}]}, {'value': '[ 8 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Based on Leslie Stevens ' The Lovers . Charlton Heston is a knight invoking the right to sleep with another man 's bride on their wedding night", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leslie_Stevens', 'summary': 'Leslie Clark Stevens IV ( February 3 , 1924 - April 24 , 1998 ) was an American producer , writer , and director . He created two television series for the ABC network , The Outer Limits ( 1963-1965 ) and Stoney Burke ( 1962-63 ) , and Search ( 1972-73 ) for NBC . Stevens was the director of the horror film Incubus ( 1966 ) , which stars William Shatner , and was the second film to use the Esperanto language . He wrote an early work of New Age philosophy , est : The Steersman Handbook ( 1970 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlton_Heston', 'summary': "Charlton Heston ( born John Charles Carter ; October 4 , 1923 - April 5 , 2008 ) was an American actor and political activist . As a Hollywood star , he appeared in almost 100 films over the course of 60 years . He played Moses in the epic film The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) , for which he received his first nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama . He also starred in Touch of Evil ( 1958 ) with Orson Welles , Ben-Hur ( 1959 ) , for which he won the Oscar for Best Actor , El Cid ( 1961 ) , Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) , The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) , Secret of the Incas ( 1954 ) , The Big Country ( 1958 ) , and The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) . A supporter of Democratic politicians and civil rights in the 1960s , Heston later became a Republican , founding a conservative political action committee and supporting Ronald Reagan . Heston was the five-term president of the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) , from 1998 to 2003 . After announcing he had Alzheimer 's disease in 2002 , he retired from both acting and the NRA presidency ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrei Rublev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrei_Rublev_(film)', 'summary': "Andrei Rublev ( Russian : Андрей Рублёв , originally pronounced Rublyov ) is a 1969 Soviet biographical historical drama film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky and co-written with Andrei Konchalovsky . The film was remade and re-edited from the 1966 film titled The Passion According to Andrei by Tarkovsky which was censored during the first decade of the Brezhnev era in the Soviet Union . The film is loosely based on the life of Andrei Rublev , the 15th-century Russian icon painter . The film features Anatoly Solonitsyn , Nikolai Grinko , Ivan Lapikov , Nikolai Sergeyev , Nikolai Burlyayev and Tarkovsky 's wife Irma Raush . Savva Yamshchikov , a famous Russian restorer and art historian , was a scientific consultant of the film . Andrei Rublev is set against the background of 15th-century Russia . Although the film is only loosely based on the life of Andrei Rublev , it seeks to depict a realistic portrait of medieval Russia . Tarkovsky sought to create a film that shows the artist as a world-historic figure and Christianity as an axiom of Russia 's historical identity during a turbulent period of Russian history that ultimately resulted in the Tsardom of Russia . The film 's themes include artistic freedom , religion , political ambiguity , autodidacticism , and the making of art under a repressive regime . Because of this , it was not released domestically in the officially atheist Soviet Union for years after it was completed , except for a single 1966 screening in Moscow . A version of the film was shown at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival , where it won the FIPRESCI prize . In 1971 , a censored version of the film was released in the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': '[ 9 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USSR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Life of Andrei Rublev the great 15th-century Russian icon painter ( Andrey Tarkovsky )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrei_Rublev', 'summary': 'Andrei Rublev ( Russian : Андре́й Рублёв , IPA : [ ɐnˈdrʲej rʊˈblʲɵf ] , also transliterated as Andrey Rublyov ) ; Born in the 1360s , he died between 1427 and 1430 in Moscow and is considered to be one of the greatest medieval Russian painters of Orthodox icons and frescos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrey_Tarkovsky', 'summary': "Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky ( Russian : Андре́й Арсе́ньевич Тарко́вский , IPA : [ ɐnˈdrʲej ɐrˈsʲenʲjɪvʲɪtɕ tɐrˈkofskʲɪj ] ; 4 April 1932 - 29 December 1986 ) was a Russian filmmaker , writer , and film theorist . He is widely considered one of the greatest directors in the history of cinema , and one of Russia 's most influential filmmakers . His films explored spiritual and metaphysical themes , and are noted for their slow pacing and long takes , dreamlike visual imagery , and preoccupation with nature and memory . Tarkovsky studied film at Moscow 's State Institute of Cinematography under filmmaker Mikhail Romm , and subsequently directed his first five feature films in the Soviet Union : Ivan 's Childhood ( 1962 ) , Andrei Rublev ( 1966 ) , Solaris ( 1972 ) , Mirror ( 1975 ) , and Stalker ( 1979 ) . After years of creative conflict with state film authorities , Tarkovsky left the country in 1979 and made his final two films abroad ; Nostalghia ( 1983 ) and The Sacrifice ( 1986 ) were produced in Italy and Sweden respectively . In 1986 , he also published a book about cinema and art entitled Sculpting in Time . He died of cancer later that year . Tarkovsky was the recipient of several awards at the Cannes Film Festival throughout his career ( including the FIPRESCI prize , the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury , and the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury ) and winner of the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival for his debut film Ivan 's Childhood . In 1990 , he was posthumously awarded the Soviet Union 's prestigious Lenin Prize . Three of his films - Andrei Rublev , Mirror , and Stalker - featured in Sight & Sound 's 2012 poll of the 50 greatest films of all time ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lion in Winter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lion_in_Winter_(1968_film)', 'summary': "The Lion in Winter is a 1968 historical drama film set around the Christmas of 1183 , about political and personal turmoil among the royal family of Henry II of England , his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine , their children , and their guests . It is based on the Broadway play of the same name by James Goldman . The film was directed by Anthony Harvey , written by James Goldman , and produced by Joseph E. Levine , Jane C. Nusbaum and Martin Poll from Goldman 's adaptation of his own play , The Lion in Winter . The film stars Peter O'Toole , Katharine Hepburn , John Castle , Anthony Hopkins ( in his film debut in a major role ) , Jane Merrow , Timothy Dalton ( in his film debut ) and Nigel Terry . The film was a commercial success ( the 12th highest-grossing film of 1968 ) and won three Academy Awards , including one for Hepburn as Best Actress ( tied with Barbra Streisand ) . There was a television remake in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '[ 10 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': "King Henry II 's three sons all want to inherit the throne . His sons and wife Eleanor of Aquitaine variously plot . Based ten years after the events of the Revolt of 1173-1174", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_II_of_England', 'summary': "Henry II ( 5 March 1133 - 6 July 1189 ) , also known as Henry Curtmantle ( French : Court-manteau ) , Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet , was King of England from 1154 to his death . He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet . King Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150 . Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father , Geoffrey of Anjou , in 1151 . His marriage in 1152 to Eleanor , Duchess of Aquitaine , whose marriage to Louis VII had recently been annulled , made him Duke of Aquitaine . He became Count of Nantes by treaty in 1185 . At various times , Henry also partially controlled Scotland , Wales and the Duchy of Brittany . Before he was 40 he controlled England , large parts of Wales , the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France - an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire . Henry became actively involved by the age of 14 in the efforts of his mother Matilda , daughter of Henry I of England , to claim the throne of England , then occupied by Stephen of Blois . Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry 's military expedition to England in 1153 , and Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen 's death a year later . Henry was an energetic and sometimes ruthless ruler , driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his grandfather Henry I . During the early years of his reign the younger Henry restored the royal administration in England , re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou , Maine and Touraine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine', 'summary': "Eleanor of Aquitaine ( 1122 - 1 April 1204 ) was queen consort of France ( 1137-1152 ) and England ( 1154-1189 ) and duchess of Aquitaine in her own right ( 1137-1204 ) . As a member of the Ramnulfids ( House of Poitiers ) rulers in southwestern France , she was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe during the High Middle Ages . She was patron of literary figures such as Wace , Benoît de Sainte-Maure , and Bernart de Ventadorn . She led armies several times in her life and was a leader of the Second Crusade . As the duchess of Aquitaine , Eleanor was the most eligible bride in Europe . Three months after becoming duchess upon the death of her father , William X , she married King Louis VII of France , son of her guardian , King Louis VI . As queen of France , she participated in the unsuccessful Second Crusade . Soon afterwards , Eleanor sought an annulment of her marriage , but her request was rejected by Pope Eugene III . However , after the birth of her second daughter Alix , Louis agreed to an annulment , as 15 years of marriage had not produced a son . The marriage was annulled on 21 March 1152 on the grounds of consanguinity within the fourth degree . Their daughters were declared legitimate , custody was awarded to Louis , and Eleanor 's lands were restored to her . As soon as the annulment was granted , Eleanor became engaged to the Duke of Normandy , who became King Henry II of England in 1154 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Revolt_of_1173-1174', 'summary': "The Revolt of 1173-74 was a rebellion against King Henry II of England by three of his sons , his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine , and their rebel supporters . The revolt ended in failure after eighteen months ; Henry 's rebellious family members had to resign themselves to his continuing rule and were reconciled to him ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammad , Messenger of God', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammad,_Messenger_of_God', 'summary': 'The Message ( Arabic : الرسالة Ar-Risālah ; originally known as Mohammad , Messenger of God ) is a 1976 epic historical drama film directed and produced by Moustapha Akkad , chronicling the life and times of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through the perspective of his uncle Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib and adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah . Released in both separately-filmed Arabic and English-language versions , The Message serves as an introduction to early Islamic history . The international ensemble cast includes Anthony Quinn , Irene Papas , Michael Ansara , Johnny Sekka , Michael Forest , André Morell , Garrick Hagon , Damien Thomas , and Martin Benson . It was an international co-production between Lebanon , Kuwait , Libya , Morocco , Saudi Arabia , and the United Kingdom . The film was nominated for Best Original Score in the 50th Academy Awards , composed by Maurice Jarre , but lost the award to Star Wars ( composed by John Williams ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 11 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK/Lebanon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also known as The Message . Tagline : The Story of Islam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammad,_Messenger_of_God', 'summary': 'The Message ( Arabic : الرسالة Ar-Risālah ; originally known as Mohammad , Messenger of God ) is a 1976 epic historical drama film directed and produced by Moustapha Akkad , chronicling the life and times of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through the perspective of his uncle Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib and adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah . Released in both separately-filmed Arabic and English-language versions , The Message serves as an introduction to early Islamic history . The international ensemble cast includes Anthony Quinn , Irene Papas , Michael Ansara , Johnny Sekka , Michael Forest , André Morell , Garrick Hagon , Damien Thomas , and Martin Benson . It was an international co-production between Lebanon , Kuwait , Libya , Morocco , Saudi Arabia , and the United Kingdom . The film was nominated for Best Original Score in the 50th Academy Awards , composed by Maurice Jarre , but lost the award to Star Wars ( composed by John Williams ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Islam', 'summary': "Islam ( /ˈɪslɑːm/ ; [ note 1 ] Arabic : اَلْإِسْلَامُ , romanized : al-Islām [ alʔɪsˈlaːm ] ( listen ) ) is an Abrahamic , monotheistic religion whose adherents believe that Muhammad is a messenger of God . It is the world 's second-largest religion with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the world 's population , commonly known as Muslims . Muslims make up a majority of the population in 49 countries . Islam teaches that God is merciful , all-powerful , and unique , and has guided mankind through prophets , revealed scriptures and natural signs . The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran , believed to be the verbatim word of God , and the teachings and normative examples ( called the sunnah , composed of accounts called hadith ) of Muhammad ( c. 570 - 8 June 632 CE ) . Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam , Abraham , Moses and Jesus . Muslims consider the Quran in its Arabic to be the unaltered and final revelation of God . Like other Abrahamic religions , Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded in paradise and unrighteous punished in hell . Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam , which are obligatory acts of worship , and following Islamic law ( sharia ) , which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society , from banking and welfare to women and the environment . The cities of Mecca , Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam . Aside from the theological narrative , Islam is historically believed to have originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca , and by the 8th century the Umayyad Caliphate extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east . The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century , during the Abbasid Caliphate , when much of the historically Muslim world was experiencing a scientific , economic and cultural flourishing ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Name of the Rose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose_(film)', 'summary': 'The Name of the Rose is a 1986 Italian-French-German mystery historical drama film directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud , based on the novel of the same name by Umberto Eco . Sean Connery stars as the Franciscan friar [ Note 1 ] William of Baskerville , called upon to solve a deadly mystery in a medieval abbey , and Christian Slater is his apprentice Adso of Melk .'}]}, {'value': '[ 12 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France/Italy/Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Based on the novel by Umberto Eco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umberto_Eco', 'summary': "Umberto Eco [ a ] OMRI ( 5 January 1932 - 19 February 2016 ) was an Italian novelist , literary critic , philosopher , semiotician , and university professor . He is widely known for his 1980 novel Il nome della rosa ( The Name of the Rose ) , a historical mystery combining semiotics in fiction with biblical analysis , medieval studies , and literary theory . He later wrote other novels , including Il pendolo di Foucault ( Foucault 's Pendulum ) and L'isola del giorno prima ( The Island of the Day Before ) . His novel Il cimitero di Praga ( The Prague Cemetery ) , released in 2010 , topped the bestseller charts in Italy . Eco also wrote academic texts , children 's books , and essays , and edited and translated into Italian books from French , such as Raymond Queneaus Exercises in Style ( 1983 ) . He was the founder of the Department of Media Studies at the University of the Republic of San Marino , president of the Graduate School for the Study of the Humanities at the University of Bologna , member of the Accademia dei Lincei , and an honorary fellow of Kellogg College , Oxford . Eco was honoured with the Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement in 2005 along with Roger Angell ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Navigator : A Medieval Odyssey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Navigator:_A_Medieval_Odyssey', 'summary': 'The Navigator : A Medieval Odyssey is a 1988 feature film , an official Australian-New Zealand co-production , directed by Vincent Ward . It won numerous New Zealand and Australian awards , including the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Film , and several awards at European fantasy film festivals .'}]}, {'value': '[ 13 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Seeking relief from the Black Death , guided by a boy 's vision , people dig a tunnel from 14th-century England to 20th-century New Zealand", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Select films', 'section_text': 'At over 900 films listed by Harty in 1999 , it is beyond the scope of this article to create a complete list . Listed here are some of the best and most significant films in both quality and historical accuracy as determined by a consensus poll of medieval students and teachers . [ 5 ]', 'uid': 'Middle_Ages_in_film_0', 'intro': 'Medieval films imagine and portray the Middle Ages through the visual, audio and thematic forms of cinema.'}
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Who does Sean Connery play in the 1986 film based on book by Umberto Eco ?
William of Baskerville
08df1b6229acfd2b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington_College', 'title': 'Newington College', 'header': ['Headmaster', 'Education', 'Previous positions held'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rev . James Egan Moulton 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingswood School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founding Headmaster , Tupou College , Tonga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Metcalfe 1867 - 1869', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Metcalfe', 'summary': 'George Metcalfe ( 29 April 1837 - 29 May 1927 ) was a London-born Australian educationalist , school proprietor and writer . As proprietor and Headmaster of the High School , Goulburn , he was responsible for the pre-university education of two Premiers of New South Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Melbourne University of Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Melbourne', 'summary': "The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne , Australia . Founded in 1853 , it is Australia 's second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria . Its main campus is located in Parkville , an inner suburb north of the Melbourne central business district , with several other campuses located across Victoria . Melbourne is a sandstone university and a member of the Group of Eight , Universitas 21 , Washington University 's McDonnell International Scholars Academy , and the Association of Pacific Rim Universities . Since 1872 various residential colleges have become affiliated with the university . There are 10 colleges located on the main campus and in nearby suburbs offering academic , sporting and cultural programs alongside accommodation for Melbourne students and faculty . Melbourne comprises 10 separate academic units and is associated with numerous institutes and research centres , including the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research and the Grattan Institute . Amongst Melbourne 's 15 graduate schools the Melbourne Business School , the Melbourne Law School and the Melbourne Medical School are particularly well regarded . Times Higher Education ranked Melbourne 32nd globally in 2017-2018 , while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 38th in the world ( both first in Australia ) , and in the QS World University Rankings 2019 Melbourne ranks 39th globally and ranked sixth in the world according to the 2019 QS Graduate Employability Rankings . Four Australian prime ministers and five governors-general have graduated from the University of Melbourne . Ten Nobel laureates have been students or faculty , the most of any Australian university . The university 's coat of arms is a blue shield on which a depiction of Victory in white colour holds her laurel wreath over the stars of the Southern Cross ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Sydney', 'summary': "The University of Sydney ( USYD , or informally Sydney Uni ) is an Australian public research university in Sydney , Australia . Founded in 1850 , it is Australia 's first university and is regarded as one of the world 's leading universities . The university is known as one of Australia 's 6 sandstone universities . Its campus is ranked in the top 10 of the world 's most beautiful universities by the British Daily Telegraph and The Huffington Post , spreading across the inner-city suburbs of Camperdown and Darlington . The university comprises nine faculties and university schools , through which it offers bachelor , master and doctoral degrees . In 2018-19 , the QS World University Rankings ranked Sydney as one of the world 's top 25 most reputable universities , and its graduates as the top 5 most employable in the world and first in Australia . Five Nobel and two Crafoord laureates have been affiliated with the university as graduates and faculty . The university has educated seven Australian prime ministers , two governors-general of Australia , nine state governors and territory administrators , and 24 justices of the High Court of Australia , including four chief justices . Sydney has produced 110 Rhodes Scholars and 19 Gates Scholars . The University of Sydney is a member of the Group of Eight , CEMS , the Association of Pacific Rim Universities ( APRU ) , the Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Worldwide Universities Network ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietor and Headmaster , High School , Goulburn Founding Headmaster , Druitt Town Public School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_School,_Goulburn', 'summary': 'The High School , Goulburn was an independent single-sex day and boarding school for boys , in Goulburn , a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales , Australia . The school operated between 1869 and 1874 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Strathfield_South_Public_School', 'summary': 'Strathfield South is a suburb , in the Inner West of Sydney , Australia in the state of New South Wales , 13 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district , in the Strathfield local government area . North Strathfield and Strathfield are separate suburbs , to the north . Strathfield South is located between Liverpool Road ( Hume Highway ) and the Cooks River , bordered on the east by Coronation Parade and to the west by the Enfield Marshalling Yards .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Howe 1868 - 1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinity College , Dublin University of Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin', 'summary': "Trinity College ( Irish : Coláiste na Tríonóide ) , officially the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin , is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin , a research university located in Dublin , Ireland . The college was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I as the mother of a university that was modeled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge , but unlike these institutions , only one college was ever established ; as such , the designations Trinity College and University of Dublin are usually synonymous for practical purposes . The college is legally incorporated by the Provost , Fellows , Foundation Scholars and other members of the Board as outlined by its founding charter . It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland , as well as Ireland 's oldest surviving university . Trinity College is widely considered the most prestigious university in Ireland , in part due to its extensive history . It is consistently ranked as one of the top universities in Europe , and is particularly acclaimed in the fields of Law , Literature and Humanities . In accordance with the formula of ad eundem gradum , a form of recognition that exists among the three universities , a graduate of Oxford , Cambridge , or Dublin can be conferred with the equivalent degree at either of the other two universities without further examination . Trinity College , Dublin is a sister college to St John 's College , Cambridge and Oriel College , Oxford . Originally Trinity was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the outlawed Catholic Augustinian Priory of All Hallows . Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland , and as a result was the university of the Protestant Ascendancy for much of its history . While Catholics were admitted from 1793 , certain restrictions on membership of the college remained , as professorships , fellowships and scholarships were reserved for Protestants . These restrictions were lifted by Act of Parliament in 1873 ."}]}, {'value': 'Founding Headmaster , Galt Grammar School Headmaster , Jarvis Collegiate Institute , Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galt_Collegiate_Institute_and_Vocational_School', 'summary': 'Galt Collegiate Institute and Vocational School ( GCI ) is one of sixteen secondary schools in the Waterloo Region District School Board , located in Cambridge , Ontario , Canada . Founded in 1852 , GCI is one of the oldest continually operating secondary schools in Ontario , and has been recognized as a historical landmark by Heritage Cambridge and by the Ontario Archaeological and Historic Sites Board . In 2002 , GCI celebrated its 150th anniversary . GCI offers a complete academic and extra-curricular experience to a student body of about 1000 in a wide range of academic and vocational programs . GCI is also home to the French Immersion and ESL programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jarvis_Collegiate_Institute', 'summary': 'Jarvis Collegiate Institute is a high school in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It is named after Jarvis Street where it is located . It is a part of the Toronto District School Board ( TDSB ) . Prior to 1998 , it was within the Toronto Board of Education ( TBE ) . Founded in 1807 , it is the second oldest high school in Ontario after the Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute ( c. 1792 ) , and the oldest high school in Toronto .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Coates 1877 - 1883', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Coates', 'summary': 'Joseph Coates ( 13 November 1844 - 9 September 1896 ) was an English-born Australian schoolmaster and cricketer .'}]}, {'value': 'Huddersfield College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huddersfield_New_College', 'summary': "Huddersfield New College is a former grammar school and current sixth form college located in Salendine Nook on the outskirts of Huddersfield , in the county of West Yorkshire , England . The current Principal is Angela Williams . On 17 May 2016 the college was assessed as 'Outstanding ' in all 6 inspection domains following an OFSTED review . They are the first Sixth Form College to receive such an accolade under the new ( September 2016 ) inspection framework ."}]}, {'value': "Founding Headmaster , Sydney Boys ' High School", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sydney_Boys'_High_School", 'summary': "Sydney Boys High School ( SBHS ) and colloquially called Sydney Boys or High , is a government-funded single-sex academically selective secondary day school for boys , located at Moore Park , New South Wales , a suburb within the City of Sydney , in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1883 and operated by the New South Wales Department of Education , as a school within the Port Jackson Education Area of the Sydney Region , the school has approximately 1,200 students from Year 7 to Year 12 - a number greater than most , if not all , other selective state schools - and is situated adjacent to its sister school , Sydney Girls ' High School . The school is a member of the Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales ( AAGPS ) . The school regularly ranks highly among schools in New South Wales in terms of academic achievement , ranking 5th in the state in the 2017 Higher School Certificate , and has produced numerous notable alumni , or Old Boys ."}]}, {'value': 'William Williams 1884 - 1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Henry_Williams', 'summary': 'William Henry Williams ( 7 November 1852 - 12 September 1941 ) was an English-born Australian Headmaster and Professor .'}]}, {'value': 'Newark Grammar School Trinity College , Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge', 'summary': "Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England . With around 600 undergraduates , 300 graduates , and over 180 fellows , it is the largest college in either of the Oxbridge universities by number of undergraduates . In terms of total student numbers , it is second only to Homerton College , Cambridge . Members of Trinity have won 34 Nobel Prizes out of the 116 won by members of Cambridge University , the highest number of any college at either Oxford or Cambridge . Five Fields Medals in mathematics were won by members of the college ( of the seven awarded to members of British universities ) and one Abel Prize was won . Trinity alumni include six British prime ministers ( all Tory or Whig/Liberal ) , physicists Isaac Newton , James Clerk Maxwell , Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr , mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan , Michael Atiyah , the poet Lord Byron , historians Lord Macaulay , G. M. Trevelyan and E.H. Carr , philosophers Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell ( whom it expelled before reaccepting ) , and Soviet spies Kim Philby , Guy Burgess , and Anthony Blunt . Two members of the British royal family have studied at Trinity and been awarded degrees as a result : Prince William of Gloucester and Edinburgh , who gained an MA in 1790 , and Prince Charles , who was awarded a lower second class BA in 1970 . Other royal family members have studied there without obtaining degrees , including King Edward VII , King George VI , and Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester . Trinity has many college societies , including the Trinity Mathematical Society , which is the oldest mathematical university society in the United Kingdom , and the First and Third Trinity Boat Club , its rowing club , which gives its name to the college 's May Ball . Along with Christ 's , Jesus , King 's and St John 's colleges , it has also provided several of the well known members of the Apostles , an intellectual secret society . In 1848 , Trinity hosted the meeting at which Cambridge undergraduates representing private schools such as Westminster drew up an early codification of the rules of football , known as the Cambridge Rules . Trinity 's sister college in Oxford is Christ Church ."}]}, {'value': 'Professor of Classics & English Literature , University of Tasmania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tasmania', 'summary': "The University of Tasmania ( UTAS ) is a public research university primarily located in Tasmania , Australia . Founded in 1890 , it is Australia 's fourth oldest university . Christ College , one of the university 's residential colleges , was founded in 1846 and is the oldest tertiary institution in the country . The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning . The university offers various undergraduate and graduate programs in a range of disciplines , and has links with 20 specialist research institutes and cooperative research centres . The university 's Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies have strongly contributed to the university 's multiple 5 rating scores ( well above world standard ) for excellence in research awarded by the Australian Research Council . The University also delivers tertiary education at the Australian Maritime College , the national centre for maritime education , training and research . The university was ranked in the top 10 research universities in Australia and in the top two per cent of universities worldwide in the Academic Ranking of World Universities ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Lucas 1893 - 1898', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Henry_Shakespeare_Lucas', 'summary': 'Arthur Henry Shakespeare Lucas ( 7 May 1853 - 10 June 1936 ) was an English-born schoolmaster , scientist and publisher who lived in Australia for over fifty years , and became the most renowned writer on Algae after William Henry Harvey'}]}, {'value': 'Kingswood School Balliol College , Oxford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}]}, {'value': 'Headmaster , Sydney Grammar School Professor of Mathematics , University of Tasmania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Grammar_School', 'summary': "Sydney Grammar School ( SGS , colloquially as Grammar ) is an independent , fee-paying , non-denominational , day school for boys , located in Darlinghurst , Edgecliff and St Ives , which are all suburbs of Sydney , Australia . Incorporated in 1854 by Act of Parliament and opened in 1857 , the school claims to offer a classical or grammar school education thought of as liberal , humane , pre-vocational pedagogy . As of 2006 , Sydney Grammar School had an enrolment of approximately 1,841 students from kindergarten to Year 12 , over three campuses . The two preparatory schools ( K to 6 ) , are located at Edgecliff in Sydney 's Eastern Suburbs , and St Ives , on the Upper North Shore . The historic College Street campus caters for students from Forms I to VI ( Years 7-12 ) , and is in Darlinghurst , close to the Sydney central business district . The school is affiliated with the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia ( AHISA ) , the Junior School Heads Association of Australia ( JSHAA ) , the Headmasters ' and Headmistresses ' Conference , and is a founding member of the Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales ( AAGPS ) . Sydney Grammar School is regarded as 'Australia 's best private school ' for its academic results , co-curricular activities , and alumni . Of all Australian schools , Sydney Grammar School has educated the highest number of Australian Prime Ministers , [ circular reference ] Rhodes Scholars , and Justices of the High Court ( Australia 's highest court ) . [ circular reference ] The school is also highly regarded for its 'liberal , humane , pre-vocational pedagogy ' . As of 2019 , it ranked the 3rd most expensive school in Australia with an average annual school fee of $ 36,615 per student ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tasmania', 'summary': "The University of Tasmania ( UTAS ) is a public research university primarily located in Tasmania , Australia . Founded in 1890 , it is Australia 's fourth oldest university . Christ College , one of the university 's residential colleges , was founded in 1846 and is the oldest tertiary institution in the country . The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning . The university offers various undergraduate and graduate programs in a range of disciplines , and has links with 20 specialist research institutes and cooperative research centres . The university 's Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies have strongly contributed to the university 's multiple 5 rating scores ( well above world standard ) for excellence in research awarded by the Australian Research Council . The University also delivers tertiary education at the Australian Maritime College , the national centre for maritime education , training and research . The university was ranked in the top 10 research universities in Australia and in the top two per cent of universities worldwide in the Academic Ranking of World Universities ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward William Cornwall 1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keble College , Oxford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keble_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "Keble College ( /ˈkiːbəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . Its main buildings are on Parks Road , opposite the University Museum and the University Parks . The college is bordered to the north by Keble Road , to the south by Museum Road , and to the west by Blackhall Road . Keble was established in 1870 , having been built as a monument to John Keble , who had been a leading member of the Oxford Movement which sought to stress the Catholic nature of the Church of England . Consequently , the college 's original teaching focus was primarily theological , although the college now offers a broad range of subjects , reflecting the diversity of degrees offered across the wider university . In the period after the Second World War the trends were towards scientific courses ( proximity to the university science area east of the University Museum influenced this ) . As originally constituted , it was for men only and the fellows were mostly bachelors resident in the college . Like many of Oxford 's men 's colleges , Keble admitted its first mixed-sex cohort in 1979 . It remains distinctive for its still-controversial neo-gothic red-brick buildings designed by William Butterfield . The buildings are also notable for breaking from Oxbridge tradition by arranging rooms along corridors rather than around staircases , in order that the scouts could supervise the comings and goings of visitors . ( Girton College , Cambridge , similarly breaks this tradition . ) Keble is one of the larger colleges of the University of Oxford , with 433 undergraduates and 245 graduate students in 2011/12 ."}]}, {'value': 'Acting Headmaster , Ipswich Grammar School Lecturer Classics and Languages , University of Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ipswich_Grammar_School', 'summary': "Ipswich Grammar School is an independent , non-denominational , day and boarding school for boys , located in Ipswich , a city situated on the Bremer River in South East Queensland , Australia . The school is sited on the eponymous Grammar School Hill , with its original buildings occupying the crown of the hill . Some of the Ipswich Grammar School Buildings are listed on the Queensland Heritage Register . Founded in 1863 , Ipswich Grammar was the first secondary school established in the colony of Queensland under the Grammar Schools Act 1860 , but other schools ( such as All Hallows ' School ) were already offering secondary education in Queensland . Today the school operates a P to 12 educational model , offering preparatory , primary and secondary education to approximately 1,080 students , including 105 boarders . Ipswich Grammar School is affiliated with the Australian Boarding Schools Association ( ABSA ) , the Junior School Heads Association of Australia ( JSHAA ) , Independent Schools Queensland ( AISQ ) , the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia ( AHISA ) , and is a founding member of the Great Public Schools Association of Queensland Inc. ( GPS ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Rev . Charles Prescott 1900 - 1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingswood School Worcester College , Oxford', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Founding Headmaster , Wesleyan Ladies ' College , Sydney", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philip Le Couteur 1931 - 1948', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Le_Couteur', 'summary': 'Philip Ridgeway Pip Le Couteur ( 26 June 1885 - 30 June 1958 ) was an Australian academic , philosopher and headmaster .'}]}, {'value': "Queen 's College , Melbourne University College , Oxford University of Bonn , Germany", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Queen's_College_(University_of_Melbourne)", 'summary': "Queen 's College is a residential college affiliated with the University of Melbourne providing accommodation to around 220 students who attend the University of Melbourne , the Victorian College of the Arts , RMIT University and Monash University Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences . In addition to the students ( commonly referred to as Queener 's ) , Queen 's College ( usually known simply as Queen 's ) also houses a number of fellows , resident tutors , scholars and professionals ( collectively known as the Senior Common Room ) , staff and academic guests . The resident tutors conduct weekly tutorials for the students on subjects that are involved in their expertise ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_College,_Oxford', 'summary': 'University College ( in full The College of the Great Hall of the University of Oxford , colloquially referred to as Univ ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England . It has a claim to being the oldest college of the university , having been founded in 1249 by William of Durham . As of 2018 , the college had an estimated financial endowment of £132.7m . The college is associated with a number of influential people . Notable alumni include Clement Attlee , Harold Wilson , Bill Clinton , Neil Gorsuch , Stephen Hawking , C. S. Lewis , V. S. Naipaul and Percy Bysshe Shelley .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Bonn', 'summary': 'The University of Bonn ( German : Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn ) is a public research university located in Bonn , Germany . It was founded in its present form as the Rhein-Universität ( English : Rhine University ) on 18 October 1818 by Frederick William III , as the linear successor of the Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn ( English : Academy of the Prince-elector of Cologne ) which was founded in 1777 . The University of Bonn offers many undergraduate and graduate programs in a range of subjects and has 544 professors and 32,500 students . Its library holds more than five million volumes . As of August 2018 , among its notable alumni , faculty and researchers are 10 Nobel Laureates , 4 Fields Medalists , twelve Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners as well as August Kekulé , Friedrich Nietzsche , Karl Marx , Heinrich Heine , Prince Albert , Pope Benedict XVI , Frederick III , Max Ernst , Konrad Adenauer , and Joseph Schumpeter [ citation needed ] .'}]}, {'value': "Headmaster , Methodist Ladies ' College , Melbourne Headmaster , Hale School , Perth", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Methodist_Ladies'_College,_Melbourne", 'summary': "Methodist Ladies ' College ( commonly referred to as MLC ) is an independent , non-selective , day and boarding school for girls , located in Kew , an eastern suburb of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The school has two additional outdoor education campuses known as Marshmead and Banksia . Established in 1882 on its current campus by the Methodist Church of Australasia , MLC caters for approximately 2200 students from the Early Learning Centre ( MLC Kindle ) to year 12 , including more than 100 boarders . The college is a member of Girls Sport Victoria , the Australian Boarding Schools ' Association , the Junior School Heads Association of Australia ( JSHAA ) , the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia ( AHISA ) , and the Alliance of Girls ' Schools Australasia . MLC offers students both the Victorian Certificate of Education and the International Baccalaureate . Fees are up to $ 36,000 per student per year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hale_School', 'summary': "Hale School is a selective independent , Anglican day and boarding school for boys , located in Wembley Downs , a coastal suburb of Perth , Western Australia . Founded by Bishop Mathew Blagden Hale in 1858 , Hale School is the oldest private boys ' school in Western Australia . The school was originally situated at the Cloisters on St Georges Terrace in Perth , relocated to the Pensioner Guard Barracks at the top of St George 's Terrace around 1880 , and then to new Havelock Street premises in 1914 in West Perth . In 1961 the School moved to its current premises in Wembley Downs . The campus now consists of a junior school for Years 1 to 6 , a middle school for Years 7 & 8 and a senior school for Year 9 to 12 . The school also consists of sporting grounds , and boarding facilities for regional and international students . The school is a member of the Public Schools Association and the Junior School Heads Association of Australia . Hale 's sister school is St Mary 's Anglican Girls ' School located in Karrinyup , a nearby suburb . In 2008 , Hale School celebrated its sesquicentennial ( 150th ) anniversary ."}]}, {'value': 'Mervyn Austin 1950 - 1951', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mervyn_Austin', 'summary': 'Mervyn Neville Austin ( 1 August 1913 - 1991 ) was an Australian headmaster and professor .'}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne Grammar School University of Melbourne Christ Church , Oxford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Grammar_School', 'summary': "Melbourne Grammar School is an independent , Anglican , day and boarding school for boys , located in the suburb of South Yarra in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The three campuses are Grimwade ( Prep to Year 6 ) in Caulfield , Wadhurst ( Years 7 to 8 ) and Senior School ( Years 9 to 12 ) , both in the suburb of South Yarra . Founded on 7 April 1858 as the Melbourne Church of England Grammar School , the school currently caters for approximately 1,800 students from Prep to Year 12 , including 120 boarders from Years 7 to 12 . Melbourne Grammar is affiliated with the Headmasters ' and Headmistresses ' Conference , the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia ( AHISA ) , the Independent Primary School Heads of Australia ( IPSHA ) , the Australian Boarding Schools ' Association ( ABSA ) , the Association of Independent Schools of Victoria ( AISV ) , and is a founding member of the historic Associated Public Schools of Victoria ( APS ) . The School is also a member of the G20 Schools Group , and officially a partner school with Waseda University and its affiliates in Japan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford', 'summary': "Christ Church ( Latin : Ædes Christi , the temple or house , ædēs , of Christ , and thus sometimes known as The House ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England . Christ Church is a joint foundation of the college and the cathedral of the Oxford diocese ( Christ Church Cathedral and its cathedral school ) , which serves as the college chapel and whose dean is ex officio the college head . Founded in 1546 by King Henry VIII , it is one of the larger colleges of the University of Oxford with 629 students in 2016 . It is also the second wealthiest college ( after St John 's ) with an endowment of £550.3m as of 2018 [ update ] . Christ Church has a number of architecturally significant buildings including Tom Tower ( designed by Sir Christopher Wren ) , Tom Quad ( the largest quadrangle in Oxford ) , and the Great Dining Hall which was also the seat of the parliament assembled by King Charles I during the English Civil War . The buildings have inspired replicas throughout the world in addition to being featured in films such as Harry Potter and The Golden Compass . This has helped Christ Church become the most popular Oxford college for tourists with almost half a million visitors annually . Christ Church has many notable alumni including thirteen British prime ministers ( more than any other Oxbridge college ) , King Edward VII , King William II of the Netherlands , seventeen Archbishops , writers Lewis Carroll ( Alice in Wonderland ) and W. H. Auden , philosopher John Locke , and scientist Robert Hooke . Christ Church is also partly responsible for the creation of University College Reading , which later gained its own Royal Charter and became the University of Reading . The first female undergraduates matriculated at Christ Church in 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'Professor of Classics and Ancient History , University of Western Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia', 'summary': "The University of Western Australia ( UWA ) is a public research university in the Australian state of Western Australia . The university 's main campus is in Perth , the state capital , with a secondary campus in Albany and various other facilities elsewhere . UWA was established in 1911 by an act of the Parliament of Western Australia and began teaching students two years later . It is the sixth-oldest university in Australia and was Western Australia 's only university until the establishment of Murdoch University in 1973 . Because of its age and reputation , UWA is classed one of the sandstone universities , an informal designation given to the oldest university in each state . The university also belongs to several more formal groupings , including the Group of Eight and the Matariki Network of Universities . In recent years , UWA has generally been ranked either in the bottom half or just outside the world 's top 100 universities , depending on the system used . Alumni of UWA include one Prime Minister of Australia ( Bob Hawke ) , five Justices of the High Court of Australia ( including one Chief Justice , Robert French , now Chancellor ) , one Governor of the Reserve Bank ( H. C. Coombs ) , various federal cabinet ministers , and seven of Western Australia 's eight most recent premiers . In 2018 alumnus mathematician Akshay Venkatesh was a recipient of the Fields Medal . In 2014 , the university produced its 100th Rhodes Scholar . Two members of the UWA faculty , Barry Marshall and Robin Warren won Nobel Prizes as a result of research at the university ."}]}, {'value': 'Lawrence Pyke 1952 - 1960', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence_Pyke', 'summary': 'Lawrence Richard Dimond Pyke ( 1 November 1912 - July 1987 ) was an Australian headmaster and university dean . Referred to in print as LRD Pyke , this led to his nickname of Lardy .'}]}, {'value': 'Wesley College , Melbourne University of Melbourne University of Oxford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wesley_College,_Melbourne', 'summary': "Wesley College is an independent , co-educational , open-entry school in Melbourne , Australia . Established in 1866 , the College is the only school in Victoria to offer the International Baccalaureate ( IB ) from early childhood to Year 12 . The College consists of three main metropolitan campuses in Melbourne ( Elsternwick : 3 years old - Year 9 ; Glen Waverley : 3 years old - Year 12 and St Kilda Road : 3 years old - Year 12 ) , residential/boarding facilities ( Glen Waverley ) , and three outdoor education campuses ( Paynesville , Healesville and Portland , Victoria ) . Wesley is a founding member of the Associated Public Schools of Victoria and is affiliated with the Independent Primary School Heads of Australia , the Association of Independent Schools of Victoria , the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia and the Headmasters ' and Headmistresses ' Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oxford', 'summary': "The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford , England . There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096 , making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world 's second-oldest university in continuous operation . It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris . After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209 , some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge . The two ancient universities are frequently jointly called Oxbridge . The history and influence of the University of Oxford has made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The university is made up of 39 constituent colleges , and a range of academic departments , which are organised into four divisions . All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university , each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities . It does not have a main campus , and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre . Undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the colleges and halls , supported by classes , lectures , seminars , and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments ; some postgraduate teaching includes tutorials organised by faculties and departments . It operates the world 's oldest university museum , as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system nationwide . In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2018 , the university had a total income of £2.2 billion , of which £579 million was from research grants and contracts ."}]}, {'value': 'Dean of Graduate Studies , University of Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Melbourne', 'summary': "The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne , Australia . Founded in 1853 , it is Australia 's second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria . Its main campus is located in Parkville , an inner suburb north of the Melbourne central business district , with several other campuses located across Victoria . Melbourne is a sandstone university and a member of the Group of Eight , Universitas 21 , Washington University 's McDonnell International Scholars Academy , and the Association of Pacific Rim Universities . Since 1872 various residential colleges have become affiliated with the university . There are 10 colleges located on the main campus and in nearby suburbs offering academic , sporting and cultural programs alongside accommodation for Melbourne students and faculty . Melbourne comprises 10 separate academic units and is associated with numerous institutes and research centres , including the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research and the Grattan Institute . Amongst Melbourne 's 15 graduate schools the Melbourne Business School , the Melbourne Law School and the Melbourne Medical School are particularly well regarded . Times Higher Education ranked Melbourne 32nd globally in 2017-2018 , while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 38th in the world ( both first in Australia ) , and in the QS World University Rankings 2019 Melbourne ranks 39th globally and ranked sixth in the world according to the 2019 QS Graduate Employability Rankings . Four Australian prime ministers and five governors-general have graduated from the University of Melbourne . Ten Nobel laureates have been students or faculty , the most of any Australian university . The university 's coat of arms is a blue shield on which a depiction of Victory in white colour holds her laurel wreath over the stars of the Southern Cross ."}]}, {'value': 'Ernest Duncan 1962', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_Duncan', 'summary': 'Ernest Roland Duncan ( 25 January 1916 - November 25 , 1990 ) was a New Zealand-born mathematician , Australian headmaster and American professor .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Otago Columbia University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Otago', 'summary': "The University of Otago ( Māori : Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo ) is a collegiate university based in Dunedin , Otago , New Zealand . It scores highly for average research quality , and in 2006 [ needs update ] was second in New Zealand only to the University of Auckland in the number of A-rated academic researchers it employs . In the past it has topped the New Zealand Performance Based Research Fund evaluation . The university was created by a committee led by Thomas Burns , and officially established by an ordinance of the Otago Provincial Council in 1869 . The university accepted its first students in July 1871 , making it the oldest university in New Zealand and third-oldest in Oceania . Between 1874 and 1961 the University of Otago was a part of the federal University of New Zealand , and issued degrees in its name . [ citation needed ] Otago is known for its vibrant student life , particularly its flatting , which is often in old houses . Otago students ( Scarfies ) have a long standing tradition of naming their flats . The nickname Scarfie comes from the habit of wearing a scarf during the cold southern winters . The university 's graduation song , Gaudeamus igitur , iuvenes dum sumus ( Let us rejoice , while we are young ) , acknowledges students will continue to live up to the challenge , if not always in the way intended . The university 's student magazine , Critic , is New Zealand 's longest running student magazine . The architectural grandeur and accompanying gardens of Otago University led to it being ranked as one of the world 's most beautiful university campuses by the British publications The Daily Telegraph and The Huffington Post ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Columbia_University', 'summary': "Columbia University ( also known as Columbia , and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York ) is a private Ivy League research university in New York City . Established in 1754 on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan , Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence , seven of which belong to the Ivy League . It has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Columbia was established as King 's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain in reaction to the founding of Princeton University in New Jersey . It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution , and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay . In 1896 , the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University . Columbia scientists and scholars have played an important role in the development of notable scientific fields and breakthroughs including : brain-computer interface ; the laser and maser ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; the first nuclear pile ; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas ; Thomas Hunt Morgan 's drosophila experiment - considered the origin of modern genetics ; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift ; and much of the initial research and planning of the Manhattan Project during World War II . The Columbia University Physics Department has been affiliated with 33 Nobel Prize winners as alumni , faculty or research staff , the third most of any American institution behind MIT and Harvard . In addition , 22 Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine have been affiliated with Columbia , the third most of any American institution . The university 's research efforts include the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory , Goddard Institute for Space Studies and accelerator laboratories with major technology firms such as IBM . Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D ."}]}, {'value': 'Professor of Mathematics , Rutgers University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_University', 'summary': "Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey ( /ˈrʌtɡərz/ ) , commonly referred to as Rutgers University , or RU , is an American public research university in New Jersey . It is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey . Rutgers was originally chartered as Queen 's College on November 10 , 1766 . It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The college was renamed Rutgers College in 1825 in honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers . For most of its existence , Rutgers was a private liberal arts college but it evolved into a coeducational public research university after being designated The State University of New Jersey by the New Jersey Legislature in laws enacted in 1945 and 1956 . Rutgers has three campuses located throughout New Jersey : New Brunswick campus in New Brunswick and adjacent Piscataway , the Newark campus , and the Camden campus . The university has additional facilities elsewhere in the state . Instruction is offered by 9,000 faculty members in 175 academic departments to over 45,000 undergraduate students and more than 20,000 graduate and professional students . The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is a member of the Big Ten Academic Alliance , the Association of American Universities and the Universities Research Association . The New Brunswick campus was categorized by Howard and Matthew Green in their book titled The Public Ivies : America 's Flagship Public Universities ( 2001 ) as a Public Ivy ."}]}, {'value': 'Rev . Douglas Trathen 1963 - 1970', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_Trathen', 'summary': 'Douglas Arthur Trathen ( 1 February 1916 - 19 September 1998 ) was an Australian Methodist minister and the Headmaster of Newington College and is known for his opposition to the Vietnam War and conscription .'}]}, {'value': "Canterbury Boys ' High School University of Sydney", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canterbury_Boys'_High_School", 'summary': "Canterbury Boys ' High School ( CBHS ) is a public secondary day school for boys located in Canterbury , a south-western suburb of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It is located near the Canterbury Park Racecourse and about 200 metres north of Canterbury Girls ' Secondary College . Established in January 1918 as the Canterbury Intermediate High School , Canterbury Boys ' High School is part of the St. George Region of high schools , and currently enrols around 470 students from Years 7 to 12 . Almost 90 per cent of the students at Canterbury Boys come from a non-English-speaking background ."}]}, {'value': 'Headmaster , Wolaroi College , Orange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kinross_Wolaroi_School', 'summary': "Kinross Wolaroi School is an independent Uniting Church co-educational early learning , primary , and secondary day and boarding school , located in Orange , a rural city 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) west of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . The school was formed in 1975 with the merger between Wolaroi Methodist Boys College and the Kinross Presbyterian Ladies ' College , Orange ( PLC ) . It is a non-selective school and currently caters for approximately 1,110 students from early learning , through Year K to Year 12 , including 350 boarders . As of 2007 [ update ] , classes and boys boarding occur at the former Wolaroi site on Bathurst Road , while girl boarders live at the former PLC site on Coronation Drive . In 2019 , annual fees ranged from A $ 9,764 to A $ 41,960 , plus a compulsory annual Family Capital Levy of A $ 600 per family . In 2008 , the school adopted the Latin motto of Scientia , Amicitias , Integritas ( Knowledge , Friendship , Integrity ) . The school 's five core values are Courage , Respect , Inclusiveness , Resilience and Commitment ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Rae 1972 - 1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Rae', 'summary': "Anthony James Morell Rae was an Australian-born headmaster of a GPS School and chairman of the Headmasters ' Conference of the Independent Schools of Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'The Scots College , Sydney University of Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Scots_College', 'summary': "The Scots College is a multi-campus independent Presbyterian single-sex primary and secondary day and boarding school for boys , predominately located in Bellevue Hill , an eastern suburb of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1893 at Brighton-Le-Sands , Scots has a non-selective enrolment policy and currently caters for approximately 1,800 students from Year K to Year 12 , including 250 boarders from Year 7 to Year 12 . Students attend Scots from all regions of the greater metropolitan area and New South Wales country regions . The college is affiliated with the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia ( AHISA ) , the Junior School Heads Association of Australia ( JSHAA ) , the Australian Boarding Schools ' Association ( ABSA ) , the Headmasters ' and Headmistresses ' Conference , and is a founding member of the Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales ( AAGPS ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Headmaster , Albury Grammar School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Scots_School_Albury', 'summary': "The Scots School Albury is an independent , K-12 , Uniting Church , co-educational , day and boarding School , located in Albury , New South Wales , Australia . It draws students from the local area and other parts of Australia . The school was the result of the merger in 1972 of Albury Grammar School ( founded in 1866 ) and Woodstock Presbyterian Girls School . Two single-sex boarding houses ( Sellars House for boys ' boarding and Wilson House for girls ' boarding ) accommodate students from Years 7-12 on campus . Its 2012 enrolment includes approximately 500 Secondary School students and 175 Junior School students . Located a short distance from the centre of Albury , The Scots School Albury features a blend of modern and older buildings set in 11ha of extensive grounds . The Principal is Peggy Mahy , and the Deputy Principal is Mark Geraets ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Smee 1993 - 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The King 's School , Sydney University of Sydney", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_King's_School,_Sydney", 'summary': "The King 's School is an independent Anglican , early learning , primary and secondary day and boarding school for boys , located in North Parramatta in the western suburbs of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Founded in 1831 , the school claims to be Australia 's oldest independent school ; and is situated on a 148-hectare ( 370-acre ) campus . In the western suburbs of Sydney , the School has about 2,100 students from kindergarten to Year 12 and about 430 boarders from Years 5-12 , making it one of the largest boarding schools in Australia . It is Australia 's oldest boarding school . The school is affiliated with the Headmasters ' and Headmistresses ' Conference , the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia ( AHISA ) , the Junior School Heads Association of Australia ( JSHAA ) , and the Australian Boarding Schools ' Association ( ABSA ) . It is a G20 School and is a founding member of the Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales ( AAGPS ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Headmaster , Pulteney Grammar School , Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulteney_Grammar_School', 'summary': 'Pulteney Grammar School is an independent , Anglican , co-educational , private day school . Founded in 1847 by members of the Anglican Church , it is the second oldest independent school in South Australia . Its campuses are located on South Terrace in Adelaide , South Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'David Scott 2003 - 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Scott_(headmaster)', 'summary': 'David G. Scott is an Australian educationalist who has been the headmaster of Kingswood College in Melbourne , the Anglican Church Grammar School in Brisbane , and Newington College in Sydney .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Western Australia Murdoch University Edith Cowan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia', 'summary': "The University of Western Australia ( UWA ) is a public research university in the Australian state of Western Australia . The university 's main campus is in Perth , the state capital , with a secondary campus in Albany and various other facilities elsewhere . UWA was established in 1911 by an act of the Parliament of Western Australia and began teaching students two years later . It is the sixth-oldest university in Australia and was Western Australia 's only university until the establishment of Murdoch University in 1973 . Because of its age and reputation , UWA is classed one of the sandstone universities , an informal designation given to the oldest university in each state . The university also belongs to several more formal groupings , including the Group of Eight and the Matariki Network of Universities . In recent years , UWA has generally been ranked either in the bottom half or just outside the world 's top 100 universities , depending on the system used . Alumni of UWA include one Prime Minister of Australia ( Bob Hawke ) , five Justices of the High Court of Australia ( including one Chief Justice , Robert French , now Chancellor ) , one Governor of the Reserve Bank ( H. C. Coombs ) , various federal cabinet ministers , and seven of Western Australia 's eight most recent premiers . In 2018 alumnus mathematician Akshay Venkatesh was a recipient of the Fields Medal . In 2014 , the university produced its 100th Rhodes Scholar . Two members of the UWA faculty , Barry Marshall and Robin Warren won Nobel Prizes as a result of research at the university ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Murdoch_University', 'summary': "Murdoch University is a public university in Perth , Western Australia , with campuses also in Singapore and Dubai . It began operations as the state 's second university on 25 July 1973 , and accepted its first undergraduate students in 1975 . Its name is taken from Sir Walter Murdoch ( 1874-1970 ) , the Founding Professor of English and former Chancellor of the University of Western Australia . Murdoch is a verdant university and a member of the Innovative Research Universities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University', 'summary': "Edith Cowan University ( ECU ) is an Australian public university located in Perth , Western Australia . It was named after the first woman to be elected to an Australian Parliament , Edith Cowan , and is the only Australian university named after a woman . ECU is situated in Western Australia , with more than 30,000 students at undergraduate and postgraduate level , approximately 6,000 of whom are international students originating from over 100 countries outside Australia . ECU was granted university status in 1991 and was formed from an amalgamation of teachers ' colleges with a history dating back to 1902 when the Claremont Teachers College was established , making ECU the modern descendant of the first institution of higher education in Western Australia . The university offers more than 300 courses across two metropolitan campuses , in Mount Lawley and Joondalup , and a regional campus in the South West , Bunbury , 200 km south of Perth ; many courses are also offered for study online . Additionally , the university has partnerships with several education institutions to conduct courses and programs offshore . Amongst its divisions are the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts ( WAAPA ) , an important performing arts training academy ; the School of Nursing and Midwifery , which offers a large undergraduate nursing program and the School of Education which offers a wide range of secondary teaching specialisations . The university also provides Psychology and Community Studies , and is home to the WA Screen Academy , one of Australia 's leading film schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Headmaster , Kingswood College , Melbourne Headmaster , Anglican Church Grammar School , Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingswood_College_(Box_Hill)', 'summary': 'Kingswood College is coeducational K-12 college located in the eastern Melbourne suburb of Box Hill South , Victoria , Australia . It began as New College in 1890 , and was known as Box Hill Grammar from 1928 to 1965 . Amongst other associations , it operates in association with the Uniting Church in Australia but is not governed or managed by the Church .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anglican_Church_Grammar_School', 'summary': "The Anglican Church Grammar School ( ACGS ) , formerly the Church of England Grammar School and commonly referred to as Churchie , is an independent , Anglican , day and boarding school for boys , located in East Brisbane , an inner suburb of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . Founded in 1912 by Canon William Perry French Morris , Churchie has a non-selective enrolment policy and currently caters for approximately 1,800 students from Reception to Year 12 , including 150 boarders from Years 7 to 12 . It is owned by the Corporation of the Synod of the Diocese of Brisbane . Churchie is a founding member of the Great Public Schools Association of Queensland ( GPS ) , and is affiliated with the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia ( AHISA ) , the Independent Primary School Heads of Australia ( IPSHA ) , [ circular reference ] Independent Schools Queensland ( ISQ ) , the Headmasters ' and Headmistresses ' Conference ( HMC ) and the Australian Boarding Schools ' Association ( ABSA ) . Churchie is also an International Baccalaureate World Schooloffering the Diploma Programme and Primary Years Programme . Churchie , widely recognised as one of Brisbane 's most prestigious schools , is among Australia 's richest based on earnings and donations from alumni . In 2009 , the school raised $ 30.9 million in fees , charges , parent contributions and other private sources , 26.5 per cent more than any other school in southeast Queensland . In the same year , Churchie also received $ 7.7 million in donations , primarily from alumni . This figure was the second highest in Australia , surpassed only by the donations to Sydney Grammar School ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'David Mulford 2009 - 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Principal , Radford College , Canberra Headmaster , Blue Mountains Grammar School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radford_College', 'summary': 'Radford College is a private , Anglican , coeducational day school , located in Bruce , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia . Founded in 1984 , the College is named after Bishop Lewis Bostock Radford . It has a non-selective enrolment policy , with nearly an equal balance of boys and girls , and currently caters for over 2,000 students from pre-kindergarten to Year 12 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Canberra', 'summary': "Canberra ( /ˈkænbərə/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of Australia . Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation , it is Australia 's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall . The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory ; 280 km ( 170 mi ) south-west of Sydney and 660 km ( 410 mi ) north-east of Melbourne . On 1 January 1901 , federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved . Section 125 of the new Australian Constitution provided that land , situated in New South Wales and at least 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney , would be ceded to the new federal government . Following discussion and exploration of various areas within New South Wales , the Seat of Government Act 1908 was passed in 1908 which specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region . The land was transferred to the Commonwealth by New South Wales in 1911 , creating the Australian Capital Territory , two years prior to the capital city being founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913 . It is unusual among Australian cities , being an entirely planned city outside of any state , similar to Washington , D.C. in the United States or Brasília in Brazil . Following an international contest for the city 's design , a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected and construction commenced in 1913 . The Griffins ' plan featured geometric motifs such as circles , hexagons and triangles , and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks in the Australian Capital Territory . The city 's design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation . As the seat of the government of Australia , Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government , national monuments and museums ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blue_Mountains_Grammar_School', 'summary': 'Blue Mountains Grammar School , abbreviated as BMGS , is a dual-campus independent Anglican comprehensive co-educational early learning , primary and secondary day school , located in the Blue Mountains suburbs of Wentworth Falls and Valley Heights , New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1918 , there are approximately 600 students currently enrolled over both campuses .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Parker 2019 - incumbent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Ruse Agricultural High School University of Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Ruse_Agricultural_High_School', 'summary': 'James Ruse Agricultural High School ( colloquially known as Ruse or JR ) is a government-funded co-educational academically selective and specialist secondary day school , located in the Sydney suburb of Carlingford , New South Wales , Australia , know for being the highest academically ranked high school in the entire state of NSW . The school is one of four New South Wales Government agricultural high schools . The school is especially noted for its academic excellence , ranking first out of all New South Wales high schools in 2019 for the 29th consecutive year since 1991 , as well as first in the national government NAPLAN tests across Australia since their establishment . There are approximately 835 students enrolled at James Ruse in Year 7 through to Year 12 . James Ruse is an academically selective high school ; admission to James Ruse in Year 7 is only through the Selective High Schools Test , which is open to all Year 6 NSW students . A small number of students from other high schools are accepted in year 9 , 10 and 11 , through application made directly to the school . As of 2019 [ update ] , approximately 97% of the student population is from a non-English speaking background .'}]}, {'value': 'Headmaster , Oxley College , Bowral Deputy Headmaster , Cranbrook School , Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxley_College_(Burradoo)', 'summary': 'The Oxley College is an independent non-denominational Christian co-educational primary and secondary day school , located in Burradoo , on the Southern Highlands of New South Wales , Australia . The school takes its name from the early Australian explorer John Oxley and nestles at the foot of a hill named after him . His descendants gave permission for his family crest to be used as the basis of the College crest .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cranbrook_School,_Sydney', 'summary': "Cranbrook School is a dual-campus independent Anglican early learning , primary and secondary day and boarding school for boys , located in Bellevue Hill and Rose Bay , both eastern suburbs of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Founded in 1918 with the Rev 'd Frederick Thomas Perkins as the first headmaster , Cranbrook has a non-selective enrolment policy and currently caters for approximately 1,300 students from early learning ( 4 years old ) to Year 12 ( 18 years old ) , including 97 boarders from Years 7 to 12 . Cranbrook is affiliated with the International Boys ' Schools Coalition ( IBSC ) , the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia ( AHISA ) , the Junior School Heads Association of Australia ( JSHAA ) , the Australian Boarding Schools ' Association ( ABSA ) , the Headmasters ' and Headmistresses ' Conference , and is a founding member of the Combined Associated Schools ( CAS ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'College staff -- Presidents and headmasters', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Newington_College_1', 'intro': "Newington College is a multi-campus independent Uniting Church single-sex and co-educational early learning, primary and secondary day and boarding school for boys, located in Stanmore, an inner-western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1863 at Newington House, Silverwater, the College celebrated its sesquicentenary in 2013. The college is open to boys of all faiths and denominations. Newington has been governed by an Act of Parliament since 1922. Newington has two preparatory schools, Wyvern House, in Cambridge Street, Stanmore, and a school at Lindfield, on Sydney's Upper North Shore. Newington currently caters for approximately 2,000 students from Year K to Year 12. Edmund Webb House, a boarding facility, is in Cambridge Street, Stanmore. The Robert Glasson Memorial Boat Shed is on the Parramatta River at Abbotsford and contains a boarding facility for thirty boys. The College is a member of the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia (AHISA), the Junior School Heads Association of Australia (JSHAA), the Australian Boarding Schools' Association, and a founding member of the Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales (AAGPS). The College prepares students for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme and the NSW Higher School Certificate."}
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Who founded the college that Arthur Lucas attended ?
John I de Balliol
08df869cdd9a8a62
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_Convoy_PQ_17', 'title': 'Order of battle for Convoy PQ 17', 'header': ['Name', 'Class', '1st departure', '2nd departure'], 'data': [{'value': 'Tirpitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz', 'summary': "Tirpitz was the second of two Bismarck-class battleships built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine ( navy ) during World War II . Named after Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the architect of the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) , the ship was laid down at the Kriegsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven in November 1936 and her hull was launched two and a half years later . Work was completed in February 1941 , when she was commissioned into the German fleet . Like her sister ship Bismarck , Tirpitz was armed with a main battery of eight 38-centimetre ( 15 in ) guns in four twin turrets . After a series of wartime modifications she was 2000 tonnes heavier than Bismarck , making her the heaviest battleship ever built by a European navy . After completing sea trials in early 1941 , Tirpitz briefly served as the centrepiece of the Baltic Fleet , which was intended to prevent a possible break-out attempt by the Soviet Baltic Fleet . In early 1942 , the ship sailed to Norway to act as a deterrent against an Allied invasion . While stationed in Norway , Tirpitz was also intended to be used to intercept Allied convoys to the Soviet Union , and two such missions were attempted in 1942 . This was the only feasible role for her , since the St Nazaire Raid had made operations against the Atlantic convoy lanes too risky . Tirpitz acted as a fleet in being , forcing the British Royal Navy to retain significant naval forces in the area to contain the battleship . In September 1943 , Tirpitz , along with the battleship Scharnhorst , bombarded Allied positions on Spitzbergen , the only time the ship used her main battery in an offensive role . Shortly thereafter , the ship was damaged in an attack by British mini-submarines and subsequently subjected to a series of large-scale air raids ."}]}, {'value': 'Bismarck -class battleship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bismarck-class_battleship', 'summary': "The Bismarck class was a pair of fast battleships built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine shortly before the outbreak of World War II . The ships were the largest and most powerful warships built for the Kriegsmarine ; displacing more than 41,000 metric tons ( 40,000 long tons ) normally , they were armed with a battery of eight 38 cm ( 15 in ) guns and were capable of a top speed of 30 knots ( 56 km/h ; 35 mph ) . Bismarck was laid down in July 1936 and completed in September 1940 , while her sister Tirpitz 's keel was laid in October 1936 and work finished in February 1941 . The ships were ordered in response to the French Richelieu-class battleships and they were designed with the traditional role of engaging enemy battleships in home waters in mind , though the German naval command envisioned employing the ships as long-range commerce raiders against British shipping in the Atlantic Ocean . As such , their design represented strategic confusion that dominated German naval construction in the 1930s . Both ships had short service careers . Bismarck conducted only one operation , Operation Rheinübung , a sortie into the North Atlantic to raid supply convoys sent from North America to Great Britain . During the operation , she destroyed the British battlecruiser HMS Hood and damaged the new battleship Prince of Wales in the Battle of the Denmark Strait . Bismarck was defeated and sunk in a final engagement after a three-day chase by the Royal Navy . Disagreements over the cause of the sinking persist with chiefly British sources claiming responsibility for the sinking of the ship . Evidence reviewed by Robert Ballard and James Cameron indicates that her loss was most likely due to scuttling as originally claimed by her surviving crew-members . Tirpitz 's career was less dramatic ; she operated in the Baltic Sea briefly in 1941 before being sent to Norwegian waters in 1942 , where she acted as a fleet in being , threatening the convoys from Britain to the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': '2 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiral Hipper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Hipper', 'summary': "Admiral Hipper , the first of five ships of her class , was the lead ship of the Admiral Hipper class of heavy cruisers which served with Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The ship was laid down at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg in July 1935 and launched February 1937 ; Admiral Hipper entered service shortly before the outbreak of war , in April 1939 . The ship was named after Admiral Franz von Hipper , commander of the German battlecruiser squadron during the Battle of Jutland in 1916 and later commander-in-chief of the German High Seas Fleet . She was armed with a main battery of eight 20.3 cm ( 8.0 in ) guns and , although nominally under the 10,000-long-ton ( 10,000 t ) limit set by the Anglo-German Naval Agreement , actually displaced over 16,000 long tons ( 16,000 t ) . Admiral Hipper saw a significant amount of action during the war , notably present during the Battle of the Atlantic . She led the assault on Trondheim during Operation Weserübung ; while en route to her objective , she sank the British destroyer HMS Glowworm . In December 1940 , she broke out into the Atlantic Ocean to operate against Allied merchant shipping , though this operation ended without significant success . In February 1941 , Admiral Hipper sortied again , sinking several merchant vessels before eventually returning to Germany via the Denmark Strait . The ship was then transferred to northern Norway to participate in operations against convoys to the Soviet Union , culminating in the Battle of the Barents Sea on 31 December 1942 , where she sank the destroyer Achates and the minesweeper Bramble but was in turn damaged and forced to withdraw by the light cruisers HMS Sheffield and HMS Jamaica . Disappointed by the failure to sink merchant ships in that battle , Adolf Hitler ordered the majority of the surface warships scrapped , though Admiral Karl Dönitz was able to persuade Hitler to retain the surface fleet . As a result , Admiral Hipper was returned to Germany and decommissioned for repairs . The ship was never restored to operational status , however , and on 3 May 1945 , Royal Air Force bombers severely damaged her while she was in Kiel ."}]}, {'value': 'Admiral Hipper -class cruiser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Admiral_Hipper-class_cruiser', 'summary': "The Admiral Hipper class was a group of five heavy cruisers built by Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine beginning in the mid-1930s . The class comprised Admiral Hipper , the lead ship , Blücher , Prinz Eugen , Seydlitz , and Lützow . Only the first three ships of the class saw action with the German Navy during World War II . Work on Seydlitz stopped when she was approximately 95 percent complete ; it was decided to convert her into an aircraft carrier , but this was not completed either . Lützow was sold incomplete to the Soviet Union in 1940 . Admiral Hipper and Blücher took part in Operation Weserübung , the invasion of Norway in April 1940 . Blücher was sunk by Norwegian coastal defenses outside Oslo while Admiral Hipper led the attack on Trondheim . She then conducted sorties into the Atlantic to attack Allied merchant shipping . In 1942 , she was deployed to northern Norway to attack shipping to the Soviet Union , culminating in the Battle of the Barents Sea in December 1942 , where she was damaged by British cruisers . Prinz Eugen saw her first action during Operation Rheinübung with the battleship Bismarck . She eventually returned to Germany during the Channel Dash in 1942 , after which she too went to Norway . After being torpedoed by a British submarine , she returned to Germany for repairs ."}]}, {'value': '2 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z14 Friedrich Ihn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_destroyer_Z14_Friedrich_Ihn', 'summary': "Z14 Friedrich Ihn was a Type 1934A-class destroyer built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine in the mid-1930s . The ship was named after the First World War German naval officer Friedrich Ihn . At the beginning of World War II , the ship was initially deployed to blockade the Polish coast , but she was quickly transferred to the German Bight to lay defensive minefields in German waters . In late 1939 and early 1940 , the ship laid multiple offensive minefields off the English coast that claimed 18 merchant ships and a destroyer . Ihn was under repair during the Norwegian Campaign of early 1940 and was transferred to France later that year . After a lengthy refit in Germany , she returned to France in early 1941 where she escorted returning warships , commerce raiders , and supply ships through the Bay of Biscay for several months . She remained in Germany for the rest of the year after returning in July . The ship was transferred to France in early 1942 to escort the capital ships as they sailed through the English Channel to return to Germany ( the Channel Dash ) . Ihn was then transferred to Norway where she participated in several unsuccessful attacks on convoys to the Soviet Union . Afterwards she returned to Germany and remained there for the rest of the year . The ship spent most of 1943 in the northern Norway although she was mostly inactive because of fuel shortages . Ihn was ordered home for a long refit late in the year and she was sent to southern Norway upon its completion in mid-1944 ."}]}, {'value': 'Type 1934A destroyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_World_War_II_destroyers', 'summary': "At the outbreak of the Second World War Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine had 21 destroyers ( Ger : Zerstörer ) in service , while another one was just being completed . These 22 vessels - comprising 3 classes ( Type 34 , 34A and 36 ) - had all been built in the 1930s , making them modern vessels ( no destroyers remained in German hands following the close of the First World War ) . [ note 1 ] Including that final pre-war vessel , a further 19 were brought into service during the war and more were captured from opposing navies , including the Italian Navy ( Regia Marina ) after the Italian Armistice with the Allies in 1943 . German destroyer classes were generally known by the year of their design . Because of their size , use and weaponry , some vessels classified as fleet torpedo boats , Flottentorpedoboot , are also described . During World War II , destroyers were administratively grouped into one of several destroyer flotillas . Class general characteristics are taken from the first of each class , and may differ slightly for individual ships , particularly when they were refitted . Post-war , some surviving ships had significant changes to armament ."}]}, {'value': '2 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z10 Hans Lody', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_destroyer_Z10_Hans_Lody', 'summary': "Z10 Hans Lody was a Type 1934A-class destroyer built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine in the mid-1930s . At the beginning of World War II on 1 September 1939 , the ship was initially deployed to blockade the Polish coast , but she was quickly transferred to the North Sea to lay defensive minefields . In late 1939 the ship laid multiple offensive minefields off the English coast that claimed nine merchant ships and she crippled a British destroyer during one of these missions . Hans Lody was under repair for most of the Norwegian Campaign and was transferred to France in late 1940 where she participated in several engagements with British ships , crippling another destroyer . The ship returned to Germany in late 1940 for a refit and was transferred to Norway in June 1941 as part of the preparations for Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union . Hans Lody spent some time at the beginning of the campaign conducting anti-shipping patrols in Soviet waters , but these were generally fruitless . She escorted a number of German convoys in the Arctic later in the year before returning to Germany in September for machinery repairs . The ship returned to Norway in mid-1942 , but was badly damaged when she ran aground in July and did not return until April 1943 . Hans Lody participated in the German attack ( Operation Zitronella ) on the Norwegian island of Spitzbergen , well north of the Arctic Circle and then spent the next six months on convoy duties in southern Norway . The ship began a lengthy refit in April 1944 and was not operational for the next year . She spent April 1945 escorting convoys in Danish waters before making one voyage to rescue refugees in East Prussia in May . Hans Lody was assigned to the Royal Navy after the war and used as a training ship and then a barracks ship before being broken up for scrap in 1949 ."}]}, {'value': 'Type 1934A destroyer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z20 Karl Galster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_destroyer_Z20_Karl_Galster', 'summary': 'Z20 Karl Galster was one of six Type 1936 destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) in the late 1930s . Completed in early 1939 , the ship spent most of her time training . At the beginning of World War II in September , she was initially deployed to lay minefields off the German coast , but was soon transferred to the Skagerrak where she inspected neutral shipping for contraband goods . In late 1939 and early 1940 , Z20 Karl Galster helped to laid three offensive minefields off the English coast that claimed one British destroyer , a fishing trawler , and twenty merchant ships . After a refit that prevented her from participating in the German invasion of Norway in April , the ship was sent to Norway for escort duties . Later that year Z20 Karl Galster was transferred to France , where she made several attacks on British shipping . The ship returned to Germany in early 1941 for a refit and was transferred to Norway in June as part of the preparations for Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union . Z20 Karl Galster spent some time at the beginning of the campaign conducting anti-shipping patrols in Soviet waters but these were generally fruitless . She escorted a number of German convoys in the Arctic later in the year until engine problems sent her back to Germany for repairs . The ship returned to Norway in mid-1942 , but was badly damaged when she ran aground in July and did not return until December . Z20 Karl Galster participated in the German attack ( Operation Zitronella ) on the Norwegian island of Spitzbergen , well north of the Arctic Circle , in September 1943 . Plagued by engine problems , the ship was under repair from November to August 1944 and then spent the next six months on convoy escort duties in southern Norway when not laying minefields .'}]}, {'value': 'Type 1936 destroyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_World_War_II_destroyers', 'summary': "At the outbreak of the Second World War Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine had 21 destroyers ( Ger : Zerstörer ) in service , while another one was just being completed . These 22 vessels - comprising 3 classes ( Type 34 , 34A and 36 ) - had all been built in the 1930s , making them modern vessels ( no destroyers remained in German hands following the close of the First World War ) . [ note 1 ] Including that final pre-war vessel , a further 19 were brought into service during the war and more were captured from opposing navies , including the Italian Navy ( Regia Marina ) after the Italian Armistice with the Allies in 1943 . German destroyer classes were generally known by the year of their design . Because of their size , use and weaponry , some vessels classified as fleet torpedo boats , Flottentorpedoboot , are also described . During World War II , destroyers were administratively grouped into one of several destroyer flotillas . Class general characteristics are taken from the first of each class , and may differ slightly for individual ships , particularly when they were refitted . Post-war , some surviving ships had significant changes to armament ."}]}, {'value': '2 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z06 Z6 Theodor Riedel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_destroyer_Z6_Theodor_Riedel', 'summary': 'The German destroyer Z6 Theodor Riedel was a Type 1934A-class destroyer built for the Kriegsmarine during the mid-1930s . At the beginning of World War II in September 1939 , the ship laid defensive minefields to the North Sea . She covered her sister ships over the next few months as they laid offensive minefields in English waters in late 1939-early 1940 . She participated in the early stages of the Norwegian Campaign by transporting troops to the Trondheim area in early April 1940 and was transferred to France later that year where the ship covered another minelaying sortie before engine problems caused her to return to Germany in November for repairs . Theodor Riedel was badly damaged when she ran aground three days after her repairs were completed and was out of action until May 1942 . The ship was transferred to Norway in 1942 and ran aground yet again as she prepared to attack one of the convoys to Russia in July . Repairs were completed in December and Theodor Riedel participated in the Battle of the Barents Sea at the end of the year and in the German attack on Spitzbergen in mid-1943 . After another lengthy refit , the ship began escorting ships between Denmark and Norway in mid-1944 and continued to do so until May 1945 when she made several trips to rescue refugees from East Prussia before the end of the war on 8 May . Theodor Riedel spent the rest of the year under British control as the Allies decided how to dispose of the captured German ships and was ultimately allotted to France in early 1946 and renamed Kléber . She became operational later that year , but she was reconstructed and modernized in Cherbourg in 1948-51 . After its completion , the ship was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron for several years . Kléber was placed in reserve in late 1953 , but was not condemned until 1957 and scrapped the next year .'}]}, {'value': 'Type 1934A destroyer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z04 Z4 Richard Beitzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_destroyer_Z4_Richard_Beitzen', 'summary': 'The German destroyer Z4 Richard Beitzen was one of four Type 1934 destroyers built for the German Navy ( Kriegsmarine ) during the mid-1930s . Completed in 1937 , the ship spent most of her time training although she did participate in the occupation of Memel in early 1939 . At the beginning of World War II in September 1939 , the ship was initially deployed to blockade the Polish coast , but was soon transferred to the Kattegat where she inspected neutral shipping for contraband goods . In late 1939 and early 1940 , the ship laid two offensive minefields off the English coast that claimed 17 merchant ships . Z4 Richard Beitzen was in reserve during the Norwegian Campaign of early 1940 and was transferred to France later that year , where she made several attacks on British shipping . The ship returned to Germany in early 1941 for a refit and was transferred to Norway in June as part of the preparations for Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union . Z4 Richard Beitzen spent some time at the beginning of the campaign conducting anti-shipping patrols in Soviet waters but these were generally fruitless . She escorted a number of German convoys in the Arctic later in the year . The ship was briefly transferred to France in early 1942 in preparation for the Channel Dash where she was one of the escorts for two battleships and a heavy cruiser as they sailed from Brest , France , through the English Channel , to Germany , before returning to Norway . Z4 Richard Beitzen escorted several heavy cruisers at the beginning and end of their anti-shipping raids in 1942 . She participated in the Battle of the Barents Sea when Convoy JW 51B was attacked on 31 December 1942 near the North Cape , Norway . Z4 Richard Beitzen spent much of 1943 escorting ships to and from Norway until she ran aground in November .'}]}, {'value': 'Type 1934 destroyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_World_War_II_destroyers', 'summary': "At the outbreak of the Second World War Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine had 21 destroyers ( Ger : Zerstörer ) in service , while another one was just being completed . These 22 vessels - comprising 3 classes ( Type 34 , 34A and 36 ) - had all been built in the 1930s , making them modern vessels ( no destroyers remained in German hands following the close of the First World War ) . [ note 1 ] Including that final pre-war vessel , a further 19 were brought into service during the war and more were captured from opposing navies , including the Italian Navy ( Regia Marina ) after the Italian Armistice with the Allies in 1943 . German destroyer classes were generally known by the year of their design . Because of their size , use and weaponry , some vessels classified as fleet torpedo boats , Flottentorpedoboot , are also described . During World War II , destroyers were administratively grouped into one of several destroyer flotillas . Class general characteristics are taken from the first of each class , and may differ slightly for individual ships , particularly when they were refitted . Post-war , some surviving ships had significant changes to armament ."}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T07 T7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Type 35 torpedo boat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torpedo_boat_type_35', 'summary': "The Type 35 torpedo boat was a class of a dozen torpedo boats built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine in the late 1930s . Although the first boats were completed a few months after the start of World War II in September 1939 , none of them were able to participate in the Norwegian Campaign of April-June 1940 . They began escorting convoys and minelayers as they laid their minefields in the North Sea and English Channel in July . Most of the boats were transferred to Norway in November where they made an unsuccessful attempt to attack shipping along the Scottish coast that saw one boat sunk . They were all refitted in early 1941 and nearly half the class was deployed afterwards in the Baltic Sea where they supported German operations after Operation Barbarossa began in June . Four of the boats were placed in reserve at one point or another during the year because of manpower shortages , something that would happen in 1942 as well . Four others returned to France where they helped to escort a pair of commerce raiders passing through the Channel in late 1941 and were part of the escort for a pair of battleships and a heavy cruiser through the Channel back to Germany in the Channel Dash in early 1942 . Two boats were the first to be assigned to the Torpedo School in mid-year and they were followed by all the others over the rest of the year and 1943 . A pair of boats were sent to France in mid-1942 and were part of the escort during an unsuccessful attempt to pass one of the earlier commerce raiders back through the Channel in October . In early 1943 three boats returned to France where they were twice unsuccessful in escorting an Italian blockade runner through the Bay of Biscay into the Atlantic . By the end of the year , all of the Type 35s were either in reserve , under repair or assigned to the Torpedo School . Advancing Soviet forces caused them to be recalled to active duty during 1944 to support German forces operating in the Baltic ."}]}, {'value': '2 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Type 37 torpedo boat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torpedo_boat_type_35', 'summary': "The Type 35 torpedo boat was a class of a dozen torpedo boats built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine in the late 1930s . Although the first boats were completed a few months after the start of World War II in September 1939 , none of them were able to participate in the Norwegian Campaign of April-June 1940 . They began escorting convoys and minelayers as they laid their minefields in the North Sea and English Channel in July . Most of the boats were transferred to Norway in November where they made an unsuccessful attempt to attack shipping along the Scottish coast that saw one boat sunk . They were all refitted in early 1941 and nearly half the class was deployed afterwards in the Baltic Sea where they supported German operations after Operation Barbarossa began in June . Four of the boats were placed in reserve at one point or another during the year because of manpower shortages , something that would happen in 1942 as well . Four others returned to France where they helped to escort a pair of commerce raiders passing through the Channel in late 1941 and were part of the escort for a pair of battleships and a heavy cruiser through the Channel back to Germany in the Channel Dash in early 1942 . Two boats were the first to be assigned to the Torpedo School in mid-year and they were followed by all the others over the rest of the year and 1943 . A pair of boats were sent to France in mid-1942 and were part of the escort during an unsuccessful attempt to pass one of the earlier commerce raiders back through the Channel in October . In early 1943 three boats returned to France where they were twice unsuccessful in escorting an Italian blockade runner through the Bay of Biscay into the Atlantic . By the end of the year , all of the Type 35s were either in reserve , under repair or assigned to the Torpedo School . Advancing Soviet forces caused them to be recalled to active duty during 1944 to support German forces operating in the Baltic ."}]}, {'value': '2 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lützow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_cruiser_Lützow_(1940)', 'summary': 'Deutschland was the lead ship of her class of heavy cruisers ( often termed a pocket battleship ) which served with the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II . Ordered by the Weimar government for the Reichsmarine , she was laid down at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel in February 1929 and completed by April 1933 . Originally classified as an armored ship ( Panzerschiff ) by the Reichsmarine , in February 1940 the Germans reclassified the remaining two ships of this class as heavy cruisers . [ a ] In 1940 , she was renamed Lützow , after the Admiral Hipper-class heavy cruiser Lützow was handed over to the Soviet Union . The ship saw significant action with the Kriegsmarine , including several non-intervention patrols in the Spanish Civil War , during which she was attacked by Republican bombers . At the outbreak of World War II , she was cruising the North Atlantic , prepared to attack Allied merchant traffic . Bad weather hampered her efforts , and she sank or captured only a handful of vessels before returning to Germany . She then participated in Operation Weserübung , the invasion of Norway . Damaged at the Battle of Drøbak Sound , she was recalled to Germany for repairs . While en route , she was torpedoed and seriously damaged by a British submarine . Repairs were completed by March 1941 , and Lützow returned to Norway to join the forces arrayed against Allied shipping to the Soviet Union . She ran aground during a planned attack on convoy PQ 17 , which necessitated another return to Germany for repairs .'}]}, {'value': 'Deutschland -class cruiser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deutschland-class_cruiser', 'summary': "The Deutschland class was a series of three Panzerschiffe ( armored ships ) , a form of heavily armed cruiser , built by the Reichsmarine officially in accordance with restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . The ships of the class , Deutschland , Admiral Scheer and Admiral Graf Spee , were all stated to displace 10,000 long tons ( 10,000 t ) in accordance with the Treaty , though they actually displaced 10,600 to 12,340 long tons ( 10,770 to 12,540 t ) at standard displacement . Despite violating the weight limit , the design for the ships incorporated several radical innovations to save weight . They were the first major warships to use welding and all-diesel propulsion . Due to their heavy armament of six 28 cm ( 11 in ) guns and lighter weight , the British began referring to the vessels as pocket battleships . The Deutschland-class ships were initially classified as Panzerschiffe but the Kriegsmarine reclassified them as heavy cruisers in February 1940 . The three ships were built between 1929 and 1936 by the Deutsche Werke in Kiel and the Reichsmarinewerft in Wilhelmshaven , seeing much service with the German Navy . All three vessels served on non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War . While on patrol , Deutschland was attacked by Republican bombers , and in response , Admiral Scheer bombarded the port of Almería . In 1937 , Admiral Graf Spee represented Germany at the Coronation Review for Britain 's King George VI . For the rest of their peacetime careers , the ships conducted a series of fleet maneuvers in the Atlantic and visited numerous foreign ports in goodwill tours . Before the outbreak of World War II , Deutschland and Admiral Graf Spee were deployed to the Atlantic to put them in position to attack Allied merchant traffic once war was declared ."}]}, {'value': '3 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiral Scheer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer', 'summary': 'Admiral Scheer was a Deutschland-class heavy cruiser ( often termed a pocket battleship ) which served with the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II . The vessel was named after Admiral Reinhard Scheer , German commander in the Battle of Jutland . She was laid down at the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven in June 1931 and completed by November 1934 . Originally classified as an armored ship ( Panzerschiff ) by the Reichsmarine , in February 1940 the Germans reclassified the remaining two ships of this class as heavy cruisers . [ a ] The ship was nominally under the 10,000 long tons ( 10,000 t ) limitation on warship size imposed by the Treaty of Versailles , though with a full load displacement of 15,180 long tons ( 15,420 t ) , she significantly exceeded it . Armed with six 28 cm ( 11 in ) guns in two triple gun turrets , Admiral Scheer and her sisters were designed to outgun any cruiser fast enough to catch them . Their top speed of 28 knots ( 52 km/h ; 32 mph ) left only a handful of ships in the Anglo-French navies able to catch them and powerful enough to sink them . Admiral Scheer saw heavy service with the German Navy , including a deployment to Spain during the Spanish Civil War , where she bombarded the port of Almería . Her first operation during World War II was a commerce raiding operation into the southern Atlantic Ocean ; she also made a brief foray into the Indian Ocean . During the operation , she sank 113,223 gross register tons ( GRT ) of shipping , making her the most successful capital ship surface raider of the war . Following her return to Germany , she was deployed to northern Norway to interdict shipping to the Soviet Union . She was part of the abortive attack on Convoy PQ 17 and conducted Operation Wunderland , a sortie into the Kara Sea .'}]}, {'value': 'Deutschland -class cruiser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deutschland-class_cruiser', 'summary': "The Deutschland class was a series of three Panzerschiffe ( armored ships ) , a form of heavily armed cruiser , built by the Reichsmarine officially in accordance with restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . The ships of the class , Deutschland , Admiral Scheer and Admiral Graf Spee , were all stated to displace 10,000 long tons ( 10,000 t ) in accordance with the Treaty , though they actually displaced 10,600 to 12,340 long tons ( 10,770 to 12,540 t ) at standard displacement . Despite violating the weight limit , the design for the ships incorporated several radical innovations to save weight . They were the first major warships to use welding and all-diesel propulsion . Due to their heavy armament of six 28 cm ( 11 in ) guns and lighter weight , the British began referring to the vessels as pocket battleships . The Deutschland-class ships were initially classified as Panzerschiffe but the Kriegsmarine reclassified them as heavy cruisers in February 1940 . The three ships were built between 1929 and 1936 by the Deutsche Werke in Kiel and the Reichsmarinewerft in Wilhelmshaven , seeing much service with the German Navy . All three vessels served on non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War . While on patrol , Deutschland was attacked by Republican bombers , and in response , Admiral Scheer bombarded the port of Almería . In 1937 , Admiral Graf Spee represented Germany at the Coronation Review for Britain 's King George VI . For the rest of their peacetime careers , the ships conducted a series of fleet maneuvers in the Atlantic and visited numerous foreign ports in goodwill tours . Before the outbreak of World War II , Deutschland and Admiral Graf Spee were deployed to the Atlantic to put them in position to attack Allied merchant traffic once war was declared ."}]}, {'value': '3 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z24', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_destroyer_Z24', 'summary': 'Z24 was one of fifteen Type 1936A destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) during World War II . Completed in 1940 , the ship spent the first half of the war in Norwegian waters . She was very active in attacking the Arctic convoys ferrying war materials to the Soviet Union in 1941-1942 , but only helped to sink one Allied ship herself . After being rearmed in late 1942 , Z24 was transferred to France where she spent 1943 escorting Axis blockade runners through the Bay of Biscay and played a minor role in the Battle of the Bay of Biscay at the end of the year . After the Allied landings in Normandy on 6 June 1944 , she was one of the few remaining destroyers in French waters and was badly damaged during the Battle of Ushant several days later . After repairs had been completed in early August , the ship was damaged by Allied fighter-bombers in mid-August . Another attack later in the month by fighter-bombers sank Z24 .'}]}, {'value': 'Type 1936A destroyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narvik_class_destroyer', 'summary': "The Type 1936A destroyers , also known as the Z23 class , were a group of fifteen destroyers built for the Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine from 1938 to 1943 . They were known to the Allies as the Narvik class . In common with other German destroyers launched after the start of World War II , the Narviks were unnamed , known only by their hull numbers - Z23 to Z39 ."}]}, {'value': '3 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z27', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_destroyer_Z27', 'summary': 'Z27 was one of fifteen Type 1936A destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) during World War II . Completed in 1941 , the ship was transferred to Norwegian waters later that year where she remained for most of the next several years , escorting convoys and laying minefields . She sank a Soviet oil tanker in late 1942 before sailing to Germany for a refit . Upon its completion in mid-1943 , Z27 returned to Norway and participated in Operation Zitronella , the raid on the island of Spitsbergen in September . The ship sailed to France the following month and became the flagship of the 8 . Zerstörerflottile ( 8th Destroyer Flotilla ) upon her arrival . The flotilla was tasked to escort several blockade runners through the Bay of Biscay in December despite Allied efforts to find and sink them . The first ship made it through the gauntlet successfully , but the second one was found and sunk while the German ships were en route to the rendezvous point . They were intercepted by a pair of British light cruisers and Z27 was sunk during the ensuing Battle of the Bay of Biscay on 28 December , with the loss of approximately 300 of her crew .'}]}, {'value': 'Type 1936A destroyer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z28', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_destroyer_Z28', 'summary': 'Z28 was one of fifteen Type 1936A destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine ( Germany Navy ) during World War II . Built as a flotilla leader with fewer guns than her sister ships , she was completed in 1941 . The ship spent most of the first few years of her service in Norwegian waters , escorting convoys and laying minefields . Z28 ran aground in early 1943 and spent the rest of the year under repair . The ship briefly returned to Norway at the beginning of 1944 , but was transferred to the Baltic shortly afterwards to support minelaying operations in the Gulf of Finland . That was her primary focus through July and then she began escorting German cruisers as they bombarded Soviet troops ashore in addition to German convoys evacuating people from Finland and the Baltic States . Z28 also bombarded Soviet positions herself on multiple occasions until she was damaged by bombs during one such mission in October . Her repairs took until February 1945 and , not long afterwards , she was sunk in port by British bombers on 6 March with heavy loss of life .'}]}, {'value': 'Type 1936A destroyer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z29', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_destroyer_Z29', 'summary': 'Z29 was one of fifteen Type 1936A destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) during World War II . Completed in 1941 , she took part in the Channel Dash in early 1942 as flagship of the escort force . Despite this venture to France , the ship spent most of the war in Norwegian waters , escorting German ships and laying minefields . Z29 participated in the indecisive Battle of the Barents Sea at the end of the year , during which she helped to sink a British minesweeper . The ship was damaged during the raid on the island of Spitsbergen in September 1943 . Z29 was damaged by British aircraft attacking the battleship Tirpitz in July 1944 . The ship escorted troop convoys from northern Norway when the Germans began evacuating the area beginning in October until she began an extensive refit in December . The war ended before the refit was completed and the ship was surrendered to the Allies in Germany . She was allocated to the United States when they divided up the surviving ships of the Kriegsmarine in late 1945 . Still not fully seaworthy , Z29 was scuttled by the Americans in late 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'Type 1936A destroyer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z30', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_destroyer_Z30', 'summary': 'Z30 was one of fifteen Type 1936A destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) during World War II . Completed in 1941 , the ship was transferred to Norwegian waters in early 1942 where she remained for most of the rest of her career , escorting convoys and laying minefields . She played a minor role in the indecisive Battle of the Barents Sea at the end of the year and was damaged during the raid on the island of Spitsbergen in September 1943 . Z30 was crippled when she struck a mine in late 1944 and spent the rest of the war under repair . The ship was allocated to Great Britain after the war who used her to test the effects of underwater explosions . Upon their completion in 1948 , Z30 was broken up for scrap .'}]}, {'value': 'Type 1936A destroyer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dithmarschen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_ship_Dithmarschen', 'summary': 'USS Conecuh ( AOR-110 ) was a fleet replenishment tanker , originally built by F. Schichau , Danzig , in 1938 as a combination oiler and supply vessel or Troßschiff for the Kriegsmarine and christened as Dithmarschen . Taken over by British authorities at Bremerhaven when World War II ended , Dithmarschen was allocated to the United States Navy on 15 January 1946 by the Inter-Allied Reparations Commission .'}]}, {'value': 'Oiler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Replenishment_oiler', 'summary': "A replenishment oiler or replenishment tanker is a naval auxiliary ship with fuel tanks and dry cargo holds which can supply both fuel and dry stores during underway replenishment ( UNREP ) at sea . Many countries have used replenishment oilers . The United States Navy 's hull classification symbol for this type of ship was AOR . Replenishment oilers are slower and carry fewer dry stores than the U.S. Navy 's modern fast combat support ships , which carry the classification AOE ."}]}, {'value': '3 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Axis forces -- Surface ships', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Order_of_battle_for_Convoy_PQ_17_2', 'intro': "Convoy PQ 17 was the penultimate of the PQ/QP series of arctic convoys, bound from British ports through the Arctic Ocean via Reykjavík to the White Sea ports of the Soviet Union, particularly Murmansk and Archangel. The convoy was heavily defended, but fearing an imminent attack by substantial German surface forces, the Admiralty made the decision to disperse the convoy. The convoy comprised 35 merchant ships and 6 naval auxiliaries (41 in all) and was defended by a close escort and two distant escort forces, 43 warships in total. It was opposed by a U-boat group, Eisteufel, of first 6, then 8 U-boats, and a surface attack force of 16 warships, in two battle groups. This operation was code-named Rösselsprung. These were assisted by the 234 aircraft of Luftflotte 5. Before the convoy dispersed, three ships had been lost. After it scattered each ship began its individual journey to the Russian ports. Some ships took refuge along the frozen coast of Novaya Zemlya, landing at Matochkin. The Soviet tanker Azerbaijan had lost her cargo of linseed oil, and much of SS Winston-Salem's cargo had also been jettisoned in Novaya Zemlya. Of the forty-one ships which left Iceland, three were forced to return, and twenty-four were sunk. Ten merchant ships (one British, six American, one Panamanian and two Russian) and four auxiliaries reached Archangel, and delivered 70,000 tons out of the 200,000 which had started from Iceland."}
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What was the class of the ship originally built by F. Schichau , Danzig , in 1938 ?
Oiler
08dff879ddacf7d3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_alpine_skiing', 'title': 'List of Olympic medalists in alpine skiing', 'header': ['Games', 'Gold', 'Silver', 'Bronze'], 'data': [{'value': '1988 Calgary details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held February 15-27 at Nakiska on Mount Allan , a new ski area west of Calgary . These Olympics featured the first change in the alpine skiing program in more than 30 years . The Super-G was added and the combined event returned ; it was last contested at the Winter Olympics in 1948 , prior to the addition of the giant slalom .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_super-G", 'summary': "The Men 's Super G competition of the Calgary 1988 Olympics was held at Nakiska on Sunday , February 21 . This was the Olympic debut of the event . The defending world champion was Pirmin Zurbriggen of Switzerland , who was also the defending World Cup Super G champion and led the current season . France 's Franck Piccard won the gold medal , Helmut Mayer of Austria took the silver , and Lars-Börje Eriksson of Sweden was the bronze medalist . Zurbriggen tied for fifth , more than two seconds behind . Italy 's Alberto Tomba lasted three gates and did not finish . It was the first Olympic alpine gold for France in twenty years , since the sweep by Jean-Claude Killy in 1968 . The course started at an elevation of 2,179 m ( 7,149 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 647 m ( 2,123 ft ) and a course length of 2.327 km ( 1.45 mi ) . Piccard 's winning time was 99.66 seconds , yielding an average speed of 84.058 km/h ( 52.2 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 6.492 m/s ( 21.3 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Franck Piccard France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franck_Piccard', 'summary': 'Franck Piccard ( born 17 September 1965 ) is a French former Alpine skier . A native of Les Saisies , Piccard won a total of four Alpine skiing World Cup races . At the 1988 Olympics in Calgary he won a gold medal in the Super-G competition ( the first Olympic gold-medal for a French ski racer since 1968 , when Jean-Claude Killy became a three-times gold-medalist ) and a bronze medal in the downhill . At the 1992 Olympics in Albertville he won a silver medal in the downhill . He also could achieve a bronze-medal in the Super-G-Race at the FIS Alpine Skiing World Championships 1991 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/France_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "France competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . Frank Piccard won France 's first Winter Olympic gold medal for 20 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Helmut Mayer Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Mayer', 'summary': 'Helmut Mayer ( born 4 March 1966 in Verditz ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary he won a silver medal in the Super-G competition at Nakiska . He also won a silver medal in the giant slalom at the World Championships in 1989 at Vail , Colorado . Mayer is the father of World Cup racer Matthias Mayer , the Olympic gold medalist in downhill in 2014 , and Super-G in 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Lars-Börje Eriksson Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lars-Börje_Eriksson', 'summary': 'Lars-Börje Bulan Eriksson ( born 21 October 1966 in Åre , Jämtland ) is a former Swedish alpine skier . He surprisingly won a bronze medal in the super-G competition at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary . Later he also won two World Cup victories , one in super-G and one in giant slalom . He finished his skiing career in 1992 , after having struggled with an injury from a bone fracture during downhill training in the 1991 World Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sweden competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '1992 Albertville details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_super-G", 'summary': "The men 's super-G competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Val-d'Isère on Sunday , 16 February . The defending world champion was Stephan Eberharter of Austria , while Switzerland 's Franz Heinzer was the defending World Cup super-G champion , and his countryman Paul Accola was leading the current season . Norway captured three of the top four spots : Kjetil André Aamodt was the champion , Jan Einar Thorsen was the bronze medalist , and Ole Kristian Furuseth was fourth . Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg took the silver ; Tom Stiansen , the fourth and final entrant of Norway , was eighth . Accola was tenth , Heinzer did not finish , and Eberharter was not selected for the Austrian Olympic team . The Face de Bellevarde course started at an elevation of 2,371 m ( 7,779 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 535 m ( 1,755 ft ) and a course length of 1.650 km ( 1.03 mi ) . Aamodt 's winning time was 73.04 seconds , yielding an average course speed of 81.325 km/h ( 50.5 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 7.325 m/s ( 24.0 ft/s ) . Aamodt became the first Scandinavian to win an Olympic alpine speed event . The medals were the first for Norway in alpine skiing in forty years , since Stein Eriksen won gold and silver on home country snow in 1952 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kjetil André Aamodt Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjetil_André_Aamodt', 'summary': 'Kjetil André Aamodt ( born 2 September 1971 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Norway , a champion in the Olympics , World Championships , and World Cup . He is the most decorated ski racer from Norway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Marc Girardelli Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Girardelli', 'summary': 'Marc Girardelli ( born 18 July 1963 ) is an Austrian and Luxembourgian former alpine ski racer , a five-time World Cup overall champion who excelled in all five alpine disciplines .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Luxembourg sent a delegation to compete at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France from 8-23 February 1992 . This was Luxembourg 's fourth appearance at a Winter Olympic Games . The Luxembourgian delegation to Albertville consisted of a single athlete , alpine skier Marc Girardelli . He won two silver medals at these Olympics , which placed Luxembourg 17th on the medal table ."}]}, {'value': 'Jan Einar Thorsen Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Einar_Thorsen', 'summary': 'Jan Einar Thorsen ( born August 31 , 1966 ) is a former Norwegian Alpine skier , active between 1987 and 1994 . He won three World Cup victories , two in Super-G and one in Giant Slalom . In addition he won the World Cup title for Super G in 1994 . At the 1992 Olympics in Albertville , Thorsen won a bronze medal in the Super-G , and in addition came fifth in the Downhill . At the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer , Thorsen just missed out on another Olympic medal - he came fourth in the Giant Slalom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France .'}]}, {'value': '1994 Lillehammer details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_super-G", 'summary': "The Men 's Super G competition of the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics was held at Kvitfjell on Thursday , 17 February . Norway 's Kjetil André Aamodt was the defending Olympic and World Cup Super G champion and Marc Girardelli led the current season . Germany 's Markus Wasmeier won the gold medal , downhill champion Tommy Moe took the silver ( on his 24th birthday ) , and Aamodt was the bronze medalist . The Olympiabakken course started at an elevation of 823 m ( 2,700 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 641 m ( 2,103 ft ) and a course length of 2.574 km ( 1.60 mi ) . Wasmeier 's winning time was 92.53 seconds , yielding an average course speed of 100.145 km/h ( 62.2 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 6.927 m/s ( 22.7 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Markus Wasmeier Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Markus_Wasmeier', 'summary': "Markus Wasmeier ( born 9 September 1963 is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Germany . He was world champion and twice Olympic champion . At the 1985 World Championships at Bormio , Italy , he won the Giant Slalom at age 21 , before recording a World Cup victory . Born in Schliersee , Bavaria , West Germany , Wasmeier 's first World Cup Race was on February 5 , 1983 , when he ´finished 49th in the Downhill Race at St. Anton am Arlberg . He gained his first World Cup points in January 1984 by capturing 10th place in the Alpine Combined at Garmisch-Partenkirchen , and that December , he achieved his first podium in ( Giant Slalom at Sestiere , Italy ) . In a downhill race on February 1987 at Furano , Japan , he broke two vertebrae and missed the rest of the season . Wasmeier won a total of nine World Cup races , starting with two victories on 9 February 1986 , in the Combined and Super-G events at Morzine , France . The surprising result of double Olympic gold for Wasmeier at age thirty gained him the title of 1994 Sportsman of the Year in Germany ,"}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Germany at the 1994 Winter Olympics . 112 athletes , 79 men and 33 women participated in 11 sports . Germany came third in the medal rankings with 9 gold , 7 silver and 8 bronze medals . The biathlete Mark Kirchner was Germany 's flagbearer under the opening ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Tommy Moe United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tommy_Moe', 'summary': 'Thomas Sven Tommy Moe ( born February 17 , 1970 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from the United States . An Olympic gold and silver medalist in 1994 , he specialized in the speed events of downhill and super G .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Kjetil André Aamodt Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjetil_André_Aamodt', 'summary': 'Kjetil André Aamodt ( born 2 September 1971 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Norway , a champion in the Olympics , World Championships , and World Cup . He is the most decorated ski racer from Norway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway was the host nation for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . It was the second time that Norway had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , after the 1952 Games in Oslo . In 1994 , Norway finished second in the medal ranking to Russia , with strong results in the skiing events . During the games , Norway set a record : most gold medals won by a host nation , with 10 . The United States tied it when they hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , but Canada broke it during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver .'}]}, {'value': '1998 Nagano details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events . The speed events were held at Hakuba and the technical events at Shiga Kogen . There were a number of race postponements due to weather ; the events began on 10 February and ended on 21 February .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_super-G", 'summary': "The Men 's Super-G competition of the Nagano 1998 Olympics was held at Hakuba on Monday , February 16 . The defending world champion was Atle Skardal of Norway , France 's Luc Alphand was the defending World Cup Super G champion , and Markus Wasmeier of Germany was the defending Olympic champion ; all three had since retired from competition . Just three days after a spectacular crash in the downhill , Austria 's Hermann Maier returned to win the gold medal , and teammate Hans Knauss tied for the silver with Didier Cuche of Switzerland . The course started at an elevation of 1,490 m ( 4,888 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) and a course length of 2.407 km ( 1.50 mi ) . Maier 's winning time of 94.82 seconds yielded an average course speed of 91.386 km/h ( 56.8 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 6.855 m/s ( 22.5 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hermann Maier Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermann_Maier', 'summary': "Hermann Maier ( born 7 December 1972 ) is an Austrian former World Cup champion alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist . Nicknamed the Herminator , Maier ranks among the greatest alpine ski racers in history , with four overall World Cup titles ( 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 ) , two Olympic gold medals ( both in 1998 ) , and three World Championship titles ( 1999 : 2 , and 2005 ) . His 54 World Cup race victories - 24 super-G , 15 downhills , 14 giant slaloms , and 1 combined - rank third on the men 's all-time list behind Ingemar Stenmark 's 86 victories and Marcel Hirscher 's 68 victories . As of 2013 [ update ] , he holds the record for the most points in one season by a male alpine skier , with 2000 points from the 2000 season . From 2000-2013 he also held the title of most points in one season by any alpine skier , until Tina Maze scored 2414 points in the 2013 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Didier Cuche Switzerland Hans Knauß Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Didier_Cuche', 'summary': 'Didier Cuche ( born 16 August 1974 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Switzerland . Born in Le Pâquier , Neuchâtel , he competed in the downhill and super-G , along with the giant slalom . He won the World Cup downhill and super-G title for the 2011 season and has won three previous downhill titles in 2010 , 2008 and 2007 , along with a giant slalom title in 2009 . Cuche has 21 World Cup race victories , along with 67 podiums ( top three ) and 181 top ten finishes . He is also an Olympic silver medalist and has won a total of four World Championships medals ( a gold , two silvers , and a bronze ) . He retired from competition following the 2012 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Switzerland competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hans_Knauß', 'summary': 'Hans Knauß ( born 9 February 1971 in Schladming ) is an Austrian former alpine skier . He competed at the 1994 , 1998 and 2002 Winter Olympics , winning a silver medal in the Super-G at the 1998 Nagano Olympics . Knauß tested positive for the anabolic steroid Nandrolone at a World Cup downhill in Canada on 27 November 2004 and was given an 18-month ban from sport .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'None awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002 Salt Lake City details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_super-G", 'summary': "The Men 's Super-G competition of the Salt Lake 2002 Olympics was held at Snowbasin on Saturday , February 16 . The defending world champion was Daron Rahlves of the United States , Austria 's Hermann Maier was the defending Olympic and World Cup Super G champion , and teammate Stephan Eberharter led the current season . Maier was out for the season after a serious motorcycle accident in August . Ten years after his first Olympic title in 1992 , Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway won his second super-G gold , and his second gold of the 2002 Games . Eberharter took the silver , and teammate Andreas Schifferer was the bronze medalist ; Rahlves was eighth . The course started at an elevation of 2,596 m ( 8,517 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 648 m ( 2,126 ft ) and a course length of 2.018 km ( 1.25 mi ) . Aamodt 's winning time of 81.58 seconds yielded an average course speed of 89.051 km/h ( 55.3 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 7.943 m/s ( 26.1 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kjetil André Aamodt ( 2 ) Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjetil_André_Aamodt', 'summary': 'Kjetil André Aamodt ( born 2 September 1971 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Norway , a champion in the Olympics , World Championships , and World Cup . He is the most decorated ski racer from Norway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States . The nation enjoyed its best ever results in gold medals , most notably in the biathlon events , when Ole Einar Bjørndalen swept all four gold medals . With 13 gold medals , Norway tied the Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics for most gold medals a country won at a Winter Olympics . However , Canada broke this record with 14 when they hosted the Vancouver games .'}]}, {'value': 'Stephan Eberharter Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephan_Eberharter', 'summary': 'Stephan Steff Eberharter ( born 24 March 1969 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Andreas Schifferer Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Schifferer', 'summary': 'Andreas Andi Schifferer ( born 3 August 1974 ) is a former Austrian alpine skier who was known to be a downhill specialist , but also competed in other disciplines .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States .'}]}, {'value': '2006 Turin details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events , held at Sestriere and Cesana-San Sicario , Italy . The races were held 12-25 February 2006 .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_super-G", 'summary': "The Men 's Super-G competition of the Torino 2006 Olympics was held at Sestriere , Italy , on Saturday , February 18 . In super-G competitions , skiers must navigate between gates at high speed , and the gates are further apart than in slalom and giant slalom competitions . As in the downhill , there is only one run of the super-G . The defending World Cup and world champion in super-G was Bode Miller of the United States , Austria 's Hermann Maier led the current season and won the Olympic gold medal in 1998 ; the defending Olympic champion was Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway . Aamodt won the gold medal again , Maier took the silver , and the bronze medalist was Ambrosi Hoffmann of Switzerland ; Miller did not finish . Through 2018 , this is the only successful Olympic title defense in a men 's alpine speed event . It was Aamodt 's third victory in the Olympic super-G ( 1992 , 2002 , 2006 ) and eighth Olympic medal . Held on the Kandahar Banchetta piste , the course started at an elevation of 2,536 m ( 8,320 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) and a course length of 2.325 km ( 1.44 mi ) . Aamodt 's winning time of 90.65 seconds yielded an average course speed of 92.333 km/h ( 57.4 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 7.170 m/s ( 23.5 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kjetil André Aamodt ( 3 ) Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjetil_André_Aamodt', 'summary': 'Kjetil André Aamodt ( born 2 September 1971 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Norway , a champion in the Olympics , World Championships , and World Cup . He is the most decorated ski racer from Norway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway sent 74 athletes to the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . At the 2002 Winter Olympics Norway won the most gold medals , and before the Turin games , Norwegian sports officials were aiming for more than the 25 medals they won in Salt Lake City - the president of the Norwegian Skiing Federation Sverre Seeberg was quoted saying he thought Norway would win 25 medals in the skiing events alone ( alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , freestyle skiing , Nordic combined and ski jumping ) . The Norwegian Olympic Committee aimed for Norway to be the best nation measured in the number of gold medals . However , Norway won only two gold medals in the games . In addition to the skiing events , Norway also qualified athletes in biathlon , curling , skeleton , snowboarding and speed skating . In addition to IOC qualifying times , the Norwegian Olympic Committee have required that athletes need to place themselves once in the top six or twice in the top twelve in major individual events in the sport to be selected . Curler Pål Trulsen served as flag bearer at the opening ceremony .'}]}, {'value': 'Hermann Maier Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermann_Maier', 'summary': "Hermann Maier ( born 7 December 1972 ) is an Austrian former World Cup champion alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist . Nicknamed the Herminator , Maier ranks among the greatest alpine ski racers in history , with four overall World Cup titles ( 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 ) , two Olympic gold medals ( both in 1998 ) , and three World Championship titles ( 1999 : 2 , and 2005 ) . His 54 World Cup race victories - 24 super-G , 15 downhills , 14 giant slaloms , and 1 combined - rank third on the men 's all-time list behind Ingemar Stenmark 's 86 victories and Marcel Hirscher 's 68 victories . As of 2013 [ update ] , he holds the record for the most points in one season by a male alpine skier , with 2000 points from the 2000 season . From 2000-2013 he also held the title of most points in one season by any alpine skier , until Tina Maze scored 2414 points in the 2013 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Ambrosi Hoffmann Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambrosi_Hoffmann', 'summary': 'Ambrosi Hoffmann ( born 22 March 1977 , in Davos ) is a Swiss alpine skier . At the 2002 Winter Olympics , he finished 8th in downhill . He won a bronze medal in super-G at the 2006 Winter Olympics and placed 17th in the downhill event .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Switzerland competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . This was the confederation 's largest Winter Olympics team ever , because two ice hockey teams qualified ( men and women ) ."}]}, {'value': '2010 Vancouver details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_super-G", 'summary': "The men 's super-G competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , on Friday , February 19 . The defending Olympic champion was Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway , since retired , and the reigning world champion was Didier Cuche of Switzerland . Norway 's Aksel Lund Svindal was the defending World Cup Super-G champion and led the current season , ahead of Michael Walchhofer of Austria and Cuche . Svindal won the gold medal , Bode Miller of the United States took the silver , and the bronze medalist was U.S. teammate Andrew Weibrecht ; Cuche was tenth and Walchhofer was 21st . Svindal and Miller had both medaled in the downhill , each one place lower , behind Didier Défago , who was fifteenth in the super-G . The vertical drop of the Dave Murray Super-G course was 615 m ( 2,018 ft ) , starting at an elevation of 1,440 m ( 4,724 ft ) above sea level , with a length of 2.200 km ( 1.37 mi ) . Svindal 's winning time of 90.34 seconds yielded an average course speed of 87.669 km/h ( 54.5 mph ) , with an average vertical descent speed of 6.808 m/s ( 22.3 ft/s ) . The course was labelled as technically difficult , and eighteen did not finish the race . Patrik Järbyn of Sweden crashed badly during the race , flying in the air and landing heavily on his back . He suffered a concussion and was transferred to a hospital ."}]}, {'value': 'Aksel Lund Svindal Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aksel_Lund_Svindal', 'summary': "Aksel Lund Svindal ( born 26 December 1982 ) is a Norwegian former World Cup alpine ski racer . Born in Lørenskog in Akershus county , Svindal is a two-time overall World Cup champion ( 2007 and 2009 ) , an Olympic gold medalist in super-G at the 2010 Winter Olympics and in downhill at the 2018 Winter Olympics , and a five-time World Champion in downhill , giant slalom , and super combined ( 2007 Åre , 2009 Val-d'Isère , 2011 Garmisch , and 2013 Schladming ) . With his victory in the downhill in 2013 , Svindal became the first male alpine racer to win titles in four consecutive world championships . With his successes many consider him the best Norwegian alpine skier ever . While the great Kjetil Andre Aamodt has been more successful at the Olympics , Svindal is by far the most successful on the World Cup circuit . In late-January 2019 , he announced his retirement from alpine skiing following the 2019 Ski World Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway participated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Norway sent 99 competitors to the games and ended up with the fourth largest number of gold medals among participating nations .'}]}, {'value': 'Bode Miller United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bode_Miller', 'summary': 'Samuel Bode Miller ( /ˈboʊdi/ ; born October 12 , 1977 ) is an American former World Cup alpine ski racer . He is an Olympic and World Championship gold medalist , a two-time overall World Cup champion in 2005 and 2008 , and the most successful male American alpine ski racer of all time . He is also considered one of the greatest World Cup racers of all time with 33 race victories and being one of five men ( and last to date ) to win World Cup events in all five disciplines . He is the only skier with five or more victories in each discipline . In 2008 , Miller and Lindsey Vonn won the overall World Cup titles for the first U.S. sweep in 25 years . Miller won six medals in the Winter Olympics , the most of any U.S. skier − two silvers ( giant slalom and combined ) in Salt Lake City 2002 , a gold ( super combined ) , a silver ( super-G ) and a bronze ( downhill ) in Vancouver 2010 and a bronze ( super-G ) in Sochi 2014 . Miller is one of 5 skiers who have won Olympic medals in 4 different disciplines , matching the feats of Kjetil André Aamodt and female racers Anja Pärson , Janica Kostelić and Katja Seizinger . Miller ended his career with six discipline World Cup titles and also won four World Championships titles in four different disciplines ( giant slalom , combined , super-G and downhill ) and one silver medal in super-G . While his skiing career was coming to an end , Miller had switched his attention and investment to horse racing . He officially retired from ski racing in October 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The United States participated in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The U.S. team had a historic Winter Games , winning an unprecedented 37 medals . Team USA 's medal haul , which included nine gold , marked the first time since the 1932 Lake Placid Games that the U.S. earned more medals than any other participant . The U.S. alpine ski team rebounded from a disappointing showing in 2006 by having its most successful Olympic performance ever , gathering a total of eight medals . Lindsey Vonn became the first American woman to win gold in the downhill event ; while Bode Miller became the most successful U.S. alpine skier in history after winning gold in the super combined as well as two other medals . Medal winning performances by Julia Mancuso and Andrew Weibrecht contributed to the team 's success . In Nordic combined , the U.S. team ended an 86-year drought during which the United States had not earned a single medal in the sport . Bill Demong won gold in the individual large hill/10 km , and Johnny Spillane won silver in both the individual normal hill/10 km and the individual large hill/10 km . Demong , Spillane , Todd Lodwick and Brett Camerota also won silver in the team event . Short track speed skater Apolo Ohno surpassed Bonnie Blair as the most decorated American Winter Olympic athlete in history with a total of eight medals in his Olympic career . Ohno gave the US relay team the final push for the bronze in the 5000 meter relay , and earned silver and bronze medals in the 1500 and 1000 meter individual events respectively . Women 's 1000 meter silver medalist Katherine Reutter broke a streak dating back to 1994 in which no American woman had medaled in an individual short track event ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Weibrecht United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Weibrecht', 'summary': 'Andrew Weibrecht ( born February 10 , 1986 ) is a World Cup alpine ski racer and two-time Olympic medalist from the United States . Born in Lake Placid , New York , he grew up racing at nearby Whiteface Mountain . Weibrecht races in all five disciplines and specializes in super-G ; he attained his first World Cup podium in December 2015 , finishing third in the super-G at Beaver Creek , Colorado .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The United States participated in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The U.S. team had a historic Winter Games , winning an unprecedented 37 medals . Team USA 's medal haul , which included nine gold , marked the first time since the 1932 Lake Placid Games that the U.S. earned more medals than any other participant . The U.S. alpine ski team rebounded from a disappointing showing in 2006 by having its most successful Olympic performance ever , gathering a total of eight medals . Lindsey Vonn became the first American woman to win gold in the downhill event ; while Bode Miller became the most successful U.S. alpine skier in history after winning gold in the super combined as well as two other medals . Medal winning performances by Julia Mancuso and Andrew Weibrecht contributed to the team 's success . In Nordic combined , the U.S. team ended an 86-year drought during which the United States had not earned a single medal in the sport . Bill Demong won gold in the individual large hill/10 km , and Johnny Spillane won silver in both the individual normal hill/10 km and the individual large hill/10 km . Demong , Spillane , Todd Lodwick and Brett Camerota also won silver in the team event . Short track speed skater Apolo Ohno surpassed Bonnie Blair as the most decorated American Winter Olympic athlete in history with a total of eight medals in his Olympic career . Ohno gave the US relay team the final push for the bronze in the 5000 meter relay , and earned silver and bronze medals in the 1500 and 1000 meter individual events respectively . Women 's 1000 meter silver medalist Katherine Reutter broke a streak dating back to 1994 in which no American woman had medaled in an individual short track event ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Sochi details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held in Russia from 9-22 February at Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort near Krasnaya Polyana , east of Sochi .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_super-G", 'summary': "The men 's super-G competition of the Sochi 2014 Olympics was held at the Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort , near Krasnaya Polyana , Russia , on Sunday , 16 February . Kjetil Jansrud of Norway won the gold medal and Andrew Weibrecht of the United States took the silver . Two bronze medals were awarded for the third-place tie between Jan Hudec of Canada and Bode Miller of the U.S . The vertical drop of the course was 622 m ( 2,041 ft ) , starting at an elevation of 1,592 m ( 5,223 ft ) above sea level , with a length of 2.096 km ( 1.30 mi ) . Jansrud 's winning time of 78.14 seconds yielded an average course speed of 96.565 km/h ( 60.0 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 7.960 m/s ( 26.1 ft/s ) . Jansrud 's win was the fourth straight in this event for Norway , following Kjetil André Aamodt ( 2002 , 2006 ) and Aksel Lund Svindal ( 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kjetil Jansrud Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjetil_Jansrud', 'summary': 'Kjetil Jansrud ( born 28 August 1985 ) is a Norwegian World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic champion . He races in all alpine disciplines apart from slalom , and his best event used to be the giant slalom where he has 6 World Cup podiums and an Olympic silver medal . However , since 2012 he has become more of a speed specialist , having won all but two of his World Cup victories in the speed events . At the 2014 Olympics in Sochi , he won the Super-G and placed third in the Downhill . At the World Championships in 2019 at Åre , Jansrud won gold in the downhill . Born in Stavanger , Jansrud hails from Vinstra in Gudbrandsdalen , about forty kilometres ( 25 miles ) from Kvitfjell .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from 7 to 23 February 2014 . The 2014 Games marked the first time a Norwegian Olympic team competed in Russia , as Norway and 64 western countries took part at the American-led boycott in the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow due to the Soviet-Afghan War .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Weibrecht United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Weibrecht', 'summary': 'Andrew Weibrecht ( born February 10 , 1986 ) is a World Cup alpine ski racer and two-time Olympic medalist from the United States . Born in Lake Placid , New York , he grew up racing at nearby Whiteface Mountain . Weibrecht races in all five disciplines and specializes in super-G ; he attained his first World Cup podium in December 2015 , finishing third in the super-G at Beaver Creek , Colorado .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The United States competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from February 7 to 23 , 2014 . Team USA consisted of 230 athletes competing in all 15 sports . After winning an Olympic record 37 medals at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , the United States had a somewhat disappointing performance during these games . Although the delegation ranked second in overall medals with 28 , it ranked out of the top three in gold medals ( with a total of nine ) for the first time since Nagano in 1998 when it placed 6th in overall medals and 5th in gold medals . In long track speedskating , the U.S. matched its medal-less results from 1984 and 1956 . In figure skating , the U.S. won no medals in the men 's or women 's singles events for the first time since 1936 . Conversely , at the Sanki Sliding Center , the United States won more medals ( seven ) than any other nation . Steven Holcomb and Steven Langton won the first U.S. medal ( a silver ) in two-man bobsled in 62 years , while Erin Hamlin earned the first singles luge medal ever for the United States ( also bronze ) . In skeleton , Noelle Pikus-Pace and Matthew Antoine won silver and bronze respectively , the first U.S. medals in that sport since 2002 . Overall , the U.S. won four medals in bobsled events , two in skeleton , and one in luge . Of the nine gold medals won by Team USA , seven were won by first-time Olympians . In snowboarding , Sage Kotsenburg and Jamie Anderson won gold in the inaugural slopestyle events , and Kaitlyn Farrington won the women 's halfpipe ."}]}, {'value': 'Jan Hudec Canada Bode Miller United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Hudec', 'summary': "Jan Hudec Jr. ( born August 19 , 1981 ) is a Czech alpine ski racer who previously represented Canada until 2016 and specializes in the speed events of downhill and super-G. Beset by injuries for several seasons , he returned to World Cup form in 2012 at age 30 and gained his second victory . At the 2014 Winter Olympics , Hudec won the bronze medal in the super-G at Rosa Khutor . It was the first Olympic medal for Canada in men 's alpine skiing in 20 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canada_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Canada competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from February 7 to 23 , 2014 . Canadians competed in every discipline except Nordic combined . The 2014 Games marked the first time a Canadian Olympic team competed in Russia , as Canada and 64 western countries did not take part at the American-led boycott in the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow due to the Soviet-Afghan War . The youngest athlete in Canada 's delegation was figure skater Gabrielle Daleman , who turned 16 in January , while curler Jennifer Jones was the oldest athlete at 39 . Canada originally finished these Olympics with 10 gold medals and 25 overall ( ranking 2nd and 3rd respectively ) . This is the second most successful Canadian performance ever , exceeded only by the achievements at the home Olympics in Vancouver in 2010 . With the belated luge medal awarded in 2017 after a Russian doping disqualification , Canada briefly tied its Vancouver performance in total medal count . However , the IOC decision was overturned on appeal , bumping the Canadian team back to fourth and the total medal count back to 2nd and 3rd ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bode_Miller', 'summary': 'Samuel Bode Miller ( /ˈboʊdi/ ; born October 12 , 1977 ) is an American former World Cup alpine ski racer . He is an Olympic and World Championship gold medalist , a two-time overall World Cup champion in 2005 and 2008 , and the most successful male American alpine ski racer of all time . He is also considered one of the greatest World Cup racers of all time with 33 race victories and being one of five men ( and last to date ) to win World Cup events in all five disciplines . He is the only skier with five or more victories in each discipline . In 2008 , Miller and Lindsey Vonn won the overall World Cup titles for the first U.S. sweep in 25 years . Miller won six medals in the Winter Olympics , the most of any U.S. skier − two silvers ( giant slalom and combined ) in Salt Lake City 2002 , a gold ( super combined ) , a silver ( super-G ) and a bronze ( downhill ) in Vancouver 2010 and a bronze ( super-G ) in Sochi 2014 . Miller is one of 5 skiers who have won Olympic medals in 4 different disciplines , matching the feats of Kjetil André Aamodt and female racers Anja Pärson , Janica Kostelić and Katja Seizinger . Miller ended his career with six discipline World Cup titles and also won four World Championships titles in four different disciplines ( giant slalom , combined , super-G and downhill ) and one silver medal in super-G . While his skiing career was coming to an end , Miller had switched his attention and investment to horse racing . He officially retired from ski racing in October 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The United States competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from February 7 to 23 , 2014 . Team USA consisted of 230 athletes competing in all 15 sports . After winning an Olympic record 37 medals at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , the United States had a somewhat disappointing performance during these games . Although the delegation ranked second in overall medals with 28 , it ranked out of the top three in gold medals ( with a total of nine ) for the first time since Nagano in 1998 when it placed 6th in overall medals and 5th in gold medals . In long track speedskating , the U.S. matched its medal-less results from 1984 and 1956 . In figure skating , the U.S. won no medals in the men 's or women 's singles events for the first time since 1936 . Conversely , at the Sanki Sliding Center , the United States won more medals ( seven ) than any other nation . Steven Holcomb and Steven Langton won the first U.S. medal ( a silver ) in two-man bobsled in 62 years , while Erin Hamlin earned the first singles luge medal ever for the United States ( also bronze ) . In skeleton , Noelle Pikus-Pace and Matthew Antoine won silver and bronze respectively , the first U.S. medals in that sport since 2002 . Overall , the U.S. won four medals in bobsled events , two in skeleton , and one in luge . Of the nine gold medals won by Team USA , seven were won by first-time Olympians . In snowboarding , Sage Kotsenburg and Jamie Anderson won gold in the inaugural slopestyle events , and Kaitlyn Farrington won the women 's halfpipe ."}]}, {'value': '2018 Pyeongchang details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held from 12 to 24 February at Yongpyong Alpine Centre ( slalom and giant slalom ) at the Alpensia Sports Park in PyeongChang and at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre ( speed events ) in Jeongseon , South Korea . In June 2015 , the International Olympic Committee approved the addition of a mixed team event , bringing the total of medal events in alpine skiing to eleven . It was the last event on the schedule .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_super-G", 'summary': "The men 's super-G competition of the PyeongChang 2018 Olympics was held on 16 February 2018 at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre in PyeongChang . Originally set to be held on 15 February 2018 , the race was rescheduled to 16 February 2018 after high winds forcing the men 's downhill race on 11 February 2018 to be moved to 15 February 2018 . In the victory ceremony , the medals were presented by Paul Tergat , member of the International Olympic Committee , accompanied by Peter Schroecksnadel , FIS Council member ."}]}, {'value': 'Matthias Mayer Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthias_Mayer', 'summary': 'Matthias Mayer ( German pronunciation : [ maˈtiːas ˈmaɪɐ ] ; born 9 June 1990 ) is an Austrian World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 105 competitors in 12 sports . They won 14 medals in total : five gold , three silver and six bronze ; ranking 10th in the medal table .'}]}, {'value': 'Beat Feuz Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beat_Feuz', 'summary': 'Beat Feuz ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbe.at ˈfɔɪts ] , born 11 February 1987 ) is a Swiss World Cup alpine ski racer , specializing in the speed events of downhill and super-G .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Switzerland competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 166 competitors in 14 sports . They won 15 medals in total ( five gold , six silver and four bronze ) , ranking 7th in the medal table .'}]}, {'value': 'Kjetil Jansrud Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjetil_Jansrud', 'summary': 'Kjetil Jansrud ( born 28 August 1985 ) is a Norwegian World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic champion . He races in all alpine disciplines apart from slalom , and his best event used to be the giant slalom where he has 6 World Cup podiums and an Olympic silver medal . However , since 2012 he has become more of a speed specialist , having won all but two of his World Cup victories in the speed events . At the 2014 Olympics in Sochi , he won the Super-G and placed third in the Downhill . At the World Championships in 2019 at Åre , Jansrud won gold in the downhill . Born in Stavanger , Jansrud hails from Vinstra in Gudbrandsdalen , about forty kilometres ( 25 miles ) from Kvitfjell .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 . It was represented by 109 competitors in 11 sports . Norway was the most successful nation at the games with 39 total medals , setting a new record for the most medals won by a country at a single Winter Olympics . The previous record of 37 was set by the United States at the 2010 Winter Olympics . Norway , together with Germany , also matched the record of most gold medals at a single Winter Olympics with 14 gold , originally set by Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics . Cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen was the most successful athlete of the games , with five medals , while her male colleagues Johannes Høsflot Klæbo , Simen Hegstad Krüger and Martin Johnsrud Sundby won three each . Biathletes Johannes Thingnes Bø and Emil Hegle Svendsen and ski jumper Robert Johansson also won three medals each . Additional nine Norwegian athletes won two medals each : Ragnhild Haga , Johann André Forfang , Håvard Lorentzen , Sverre Lunde Pedersen , Ragnhild Mowinckel , Marte Olsbu , Kjetil Jansrud , Tiril Eckhoff and Maiken Caspersen Falla .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Men -- Super-G', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_alpine_skiing_1', 'intro': 'Alpine skiing is an Olympic sport, contested at the Winter Olympic Games. The first Winter Olympics, held in 1924, included nordic skiing, but the first alpine skiing events were not held until 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. A combined event was held for both men and women in 1936. The International Ski Federation (FIS) decided that ski instructors could not compete in 1936 because they were professionals, and the Olympics were meant for amateur athletes. Because of this, Austrian and Swiss skiers boycotted the events, although some Austrians decided to compete for Germany.'}
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The first-ever winner of a bronze medal in the super giant slalom later retired from skiing in what year ?
1992
08e30e075905989d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_and_Eastern_Serbia', 'title': 'Southern and Eastern Serbia', 'header': ['City or town', 'Population of city proper ( 2011 Census )', 'Municipal population ( 2011 Census )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Niš', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niš', 'summary': "Niš ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ниш , pronounced [ nîːʃ ] ( listen ) ; names in other languages ) is the third largest city in Serbia and the administrative center of the Nišava District . It consist out of 4 municipality Mediana , Palilula , Crveni Krst and Pantalej . According to the 2011 census [ update ] , the city proper has a population of 183,164 , while its administrative area ( City of Niš ) has a population of 260,237 inhabitants . Niš is the city of three Roman emperors : Constantine the Great , the first Christian emperor and the founder of Constantinople ; Constantius III ; and Justin I . Later playing a prominent role in the history of the Byzantine Empire , the city 's past would earn it the nickname The Emperor 's City . After about 400 years of Ottoman rule , the city was liberated in 1878 and became part of the Principality of Serbia , though not without great bloodshed - remnants of which can be found throughout the city . Today , Niš is one of the most important economic centers in Serbia , especially in the electronics , mechanical engineering , textile , and tobacco industries . Constantine the Great Airport is Niš 's international airport . In 2013 , the city was host to the celebration of 1700 years of Constantine 's Edict of Milan ."}]}, {'value': '187,544', 'urls': []}, {'value': '260,237', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smederevo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smederevo', 'summary': 'Smederevo ( Serbian Cyrillic : Смедерево , pronounced [ smêdereʋo ] ( listen ) ) is a city and the administrative center of the Podunavlje District in eastern Serbia . It is situated on the right bank of the Danube , about 45 kilometres ( 28 miles ) downstream of the Serbian capital , Belgrade . According to the 2011 census , the city has a population of 64,105 , with 108,209 people living in its administrative area . Its history starts in the 1st century BC , after the conquest of the Roman Empire , when there existed a settlement by the name of Vinceia . The modern city traces its roots back to the late Middle Ages when it was the capital ( 1430-39 , and 1444-59 ) of the last independent Serbian state before Ottoman conquest . Smederevo is said to be the city of iron ( Serbian : gvožđe ) and grapes ( grožđe ) .'}]}, {'value': '64,175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '108,209', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leskovac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leskovac', 'summary': 'Leskovac ( Serbian Cyrillic : Лесковац , pronounced [ lě̞skɔ̝v̞at͡s ] ) is a city and the administrative center of the Jablanica District in southern Serbia . According to the 2011 census , the city urban area has 60,288 inhabitants , while the city administrative area has 144,206 .'}]}, {'value': '60,288', 'urls': []}, {'value': '144,206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vranje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vranje', 'summary': 'Vranje ( Serbian Cyrillic : Врање , pronounced [ ʋrâɲɛ ] ( listen ) ) is a city and the administrative center of the Pčinja District in southern Serbia . The city has a population of 83,524 inhabitants , while the urban area of the city has 60,485 inhabitants . Vranje is the economical , political , and cultural centre of the Pčinja District in South Serbia . It is the first city from the Balkans to be declared UNESCO city of Music . It is located on the Pan-European Corridor X , close to the borders with North Macedonia and Bulgaria . The Eparchy of Vranje is seated in the city and the 4th Land Force Brigade of the Serbian army is stationed here .'}]}, {'value': '55,138', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83,524', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Požarevac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Požarevac', 'summary': 'Požarevac ( Serbian Cyrillic : Пожаревац , pronounced [ pǒʒareʋats ] ) is a city and the administrative center of the Braničevo District in eastern Serbia . It is located between three rivers : Danube , Great Morava and Mlava . As of 2011 , the city has a population of 44,183 inhabitants , while the city administrative area has 75,334 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': '44,183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75,334', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pirot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirot', 'summary': 'Pirot ( Serbian Cyrillic : Пирот ) is a city and the administrative center of the Pirot District in southeastern Serbia . According to 2011 census , the urban area of the city has a population of 38,785 , while the population of the city administrative area has 57,928 inhabitants . The city has a rich geographical features , including the mountains of Stara Planina , Vlaška Planina , Belava , Suva Planina ; rivers which flow through the town , including Nišava , Jerma , Rasnička Reka , Temštica and the Visočica ; and four lakes , the Zavoj Lake , Berovacko Lake , Krupac Lake and Sukovo Lake . It also has a rich culture , with notable Orthodox church buildings , including the Church of St. Petka , and the monastery of St. Georges and St. John the Theologian from the late 14th century , both of which display an example of medieval architecture . Pirot is known for its traditional woven carpet , the Pirot carpet ( Serbian : pirotski ćilim ) .'}]}, {'value': '38,785', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57,928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zaječar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zaječar', 'summary': 'Zaječar ( Serbian Cyrillic : Зајечар pronounced [ zâjɛtʃar ] , Romanian : Zaicear ) is a city and the administrative center of the Zaječar District in eastern Serbia . According to the 2011 census , the city administrative area has a population of 59,461 inhabitants . It is also the largest city in Eastern Serbia . Zaječar is widely known for its rock music festival Gitarijada and for the festival dedicated to contemporary art ZALET .'}]}, {'value': '38,165', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59,461', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bor,_Serbia', 'summary': 'Bor ( Serbian Cyrillic : Бор ) is a city and the administrative center of the Bor District in eastern Serbia . According to the 2011 census , the city administrative area has a population of 48,615 inhabitants . It has one of the largest copper mines in Europe - RTB Bor . It has been a mining center since 1904 , when a French company began operations there . With 760 residential buildings it presents the most urban area due to number of citizens in country , and one of top-five cities in Serbia by number of buildings .'}]}, {'value': '34,160', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48,615', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prokuplje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prokuplje', 'summary': 'Prokuplje ( Serbian Cyrillic : Прокупље , Serbian pronunciation : [ prǒkupʎe ] ) is a city and the administrative center of the Toplica District in southern Serbia . According to 2011 census , the city urban area has a population of 27,333 inhabitants , while the administrative area has 44,419 inhabitants . Prokuplje is one of the Roman sites of Serbia . It was a kaza center in Niš sanjak as Ürgüp during Ottoman rule and was incorporated in the Kingdom of Serbia in 1878 .'}]}, {'value': '27,333', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44,419', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smederevska Palanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smederevska_Palanka', 'summary': 'Smederevska Palanka ( Serbian Cyrillic : Смедеревска Паланка , pronounced [ smɛ̂dɛrɛʋska pǎlaːŋka ] ) is a town and municipality located in the Podunavlje District in Serbian geographic region Sumadia . According to the 2011 census , the town has 23,601 , while the municipality has 50,284 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': '23,601', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50,284', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aleksinac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksinac', 'summary': 'Aleksinac ( Serbian Cyrillic : Алексинац ) is a town and municipality located in the Nišava District of the southern Serbia . According to 2011 census , the town has a population of 17,978 inhabitants , while the municipality has 51,863 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': '16,685', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51,863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Velika Plana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velika_Plana', 'summary': 'Velika Plana ( Serbian Cyrillic : Велика Плана , pronounced [ ʋêlikaː plǎːna ] ) is a town and municipality located in the Podunavlje District of eastern Serbia . As of 2011 , the town has 16,088 , while the municipality has 40,902 inhabitants . Velika Plana lies on the left bank of Velika Morava .'}]}, {'value': '16,088', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,902', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Cities and towns', 'section_text': 'The largest cities and towns of the region are :', 'uid': 'Southern_and_Eastern_Serbia_1', 'intro': 'The Southern and Eastern Serbia (Serbian: Јужна и источна Србија, romanized: Južna i istočna Srbija) is one of five statistical regions of Serbia. It is also a level-2 statistical region according to the European NUTS. It was formed in 2010. The region has a total population of 1,563,916, according to the 2011 census.'}
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What is the municipal population of the city that is located between 3 rivers ?
75,334
08e38dd80345a014
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_British_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1998 British Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Lap', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Häkkinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Häkkinen', 'summary': "Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( Finnish : [ ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen ] ( listen ) ; born 28 September 1968 ) , nicknamed The Flying Finn , is a Finnish former racing driver . He was the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion , driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls . Häkkinen currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies . Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships . He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom . After success in the series , Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992 . The following year , he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti . After four years which yielded minor success for Häkkinen , he scored his first Formula One victory in 1997 . He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the season ending Japanese Grand Prix ; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors ' Championship . Häkkinen repeated his World Championship success in 1999 , taking five victories . He finished as runner-up in the Drivers ' Championship in 2000 , behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport , which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 . For 2005 , he moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) series , where he secured his first victory that year ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.271', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Schumacher', 'summary': "Michael Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; German : [ ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix , Benetton and Ferrari , where he spent most of his career , as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever , and regarded by some as the greatest of all time , Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships , five of which he won consecutively . The most successful driver in the history of the sport , Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles ( 7 ) , the most Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , the most fastest laps ( 77 ) and the most races won in a single season ( 13 ) , and according to the official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) , Schumacher was statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen at the time of his retirement from the sport . After success in karting as a child , Schumacher won titles in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton for the rest of that season . He finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , before becoming the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill , albeit in controversial circumstances . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . In 1996 Schumacher moved to Ferrari , who had last won the Drivers ' Championship in 1979 , and helped them transform into the most successful team in Formula One history , as he came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 , including an unprecedented sixth and seventh title . In 2002 Schumacher won the title with a record six races remaining and finished on the podium in every race . In 2004 Schumacher won twelve out of the first thirteen races and went on to win a record 13 times as he won his final title . Schumacher retired from Formula One in 2006 , after finishing runner-up to Renault 's Fernando Alonso ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.720', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.449', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve', 'summary': "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Mecachrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mecachrome', 'summary': 'Mecachrome SAS is a precision engineering company involved in aviation , the automotive industry , motor racing and industrial engineering , but is most famous for assembling the engines designed by Renault for the Renault Formula One team .'}]}, {'value': '1:24.102', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.831', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Coulthard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Coulthard', 'summary': "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:24.310', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.039', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Irvine', 'summary': "Edmund Irvine Jr. ( born 10 November 1965 ) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland . He competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2002 , and finished runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Scuderia Ferrari . He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship , achieving early success , before progressing to the Formula Three and Formula 3000 Championships . He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix , where he achieved early notoriety for his involvement in incidents on and off the track . He scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan , before moving to Ferrari in 1996 . His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and challenged McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen for the World Championship . He moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000 , scoring the team 's first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002 . Irvine retired from competitive motorsport at the end of the 2002 season . Since retiring , Irvine became a media personality in Great Britain . He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005 , but talks came to nothing . Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market , having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:24.436', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.165', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz-Harald Frentzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz-Harald_Frentzen', 'summary': "Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( born 18 May 1967 ) , nicknamed HHF , is a German former racing driver . He finished runner-up in the 1997 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Mecachrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mecachrome', 'summary': 'Mecachrome SAS is a precision engineering company involved in aviation , the automotive industry , motor racing and industrial engineering , but is most famous for assembling the engines designed by Renault for the Renault Formula One team .'}]}, {'value': '1:24.442', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.171', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damon Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damon_Hill', 'summary': "Damon Graham Devereux Hill , OBE ( born 17 September 1960 ) is a British former racing driver . He is the son of Graham Hill , and , along with Nico Rosberg , one of only two sons of a Formula One world champion to also win the title . He started racing on motorbikes in 1981 , and after minor success moved on to single-seater racing cars . Despite progressing steadily up the ranks to the International Formula 3000 championship by 1989 , and often being competitive , he never won a race at that level . Hill became a test driver for the Formula One title-winning Williams team in 1992 . He was promoted to the Williams race team the following year after Riccardo Patrese 's departure and took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix . During the mid-1990s , Hill was Michael Schumacher 's main rival for the Formula One Drivers ' Championship , which saw the two clash several times on and off the track . Their collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix gave Schumacher his first title by a single point . Hill became champion in 1996 with eight wins , but was dropped by Williams for the following season . He went on to drive for the less competitive Arrows and Jordan teams , and in 1998 gave Jordan their first win . Hill retired from racing after the 1999 season . He has since launched several businesses and has made appearances playing the guitar with celebrity bands ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen_Motorsports', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:24.542', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.271', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Alesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Alesi', 'summary': "Jean Alesi ( born Giovanni Alesi ; 11 June 1964 ) is a French racing driver of Italian origin . His father , Franco , was a mechanic from Alcamo , Sicily , and his mother was from Riesi . After successes in the minor categories , notably winning the 1989 Formula 3000 Championship , his Formula One career included spells at Tyrrell , Benetton , Sauber , Prost , Jordan and Ferrari , where he proved very popular among the tifosi . During his spell at Ferrari from 1991 to 1995 , his aggressive driving style , combined with the use of the number 27 on his car , led some journalists , and the tifosi , to compare him to Gilles Villeneuve and he won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix , but this proved to be the only win of his Formula One career . During his time in Formula One , Alesi was particularly good in the wet , and was a mercurial and passionate racer , whose emotions sometimes got the better of him . After leaving Formula One , from 2002 to 2006 Alesi raced in the DTM championship , winning some races , and his best result was a fifth place in the drivers ' championship . He raced in the Speedcar Series in 2008 and 2009 , and raced at Le Mans in 2010 . He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 and became the oldest professional driver to perform the rookie test for admission to the competition . For several years he was also a commentator for the Italian TV show Pole Position . In 2006 Alesi was awarded Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:25.081', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.810', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Herbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Herbert', 'summary': 'John Paul Johnny Herbert ( born 25 June 1964 ) is a retired British racing driver and television announcer . He raced in Formula One from 1989 to 2000 , for 7 different teams , winning three races and placed 4th in the 1995 championship . He also raced sports cars winning the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1991 driving a Mazda 787B . He enjoyed much success in lower-level motor racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:25.084', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.813', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Fisichella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella', 'summary': "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:25.654', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.383', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Wurz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Wurz', 'summary': "Alexander Wurz ( born 15 February 1974 ) is an Austrian former professional racing driver , driver training expert and businessman . He competed in Formula One from 1997 until 2007 , and is also a two-time winner of the Le Mans 24 Hours . He is currently under contract to race for the Toyota factory racing team in the WEC ( World Endurance Championship ) . In Formula 1 , he is a commentator for TV and media , as well as being Williams F1 Team 's driver coach , [ citation needed ] chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association , and occasionally a driver steward ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:25.760', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.489', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Diniz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Diniz', 'summary': "Pedro Paulo Falleiros dos Santos Diniz ( born 22 May 1970 ) is a Brazilian businessman and former racing driver . Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen and achieved minor success , before progressing to car racing in the Brazilian Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Forti for the 1995 season . The following year he switched to Ligier and moved to Arrows for 1997 . In 1998 , he finished 14th in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently moved to Sauber for 1999 . He left Sauber after the 2000 season and bought a share in the Prost team , which folded a year later . Since leaving motorsport , Diniz founded the Formula Renault 2.0 Brazil Championship which he ran from 2002 and 2006 , later becoming a partner in Pão de Açúcar and operates an organic produce and dairy farm alongside his wife Tatiana Diniz . He is a Board Member of Food Tank , a non-profit organization that spotlights environmentally , socially , and economically sustainable ways of alleviating hunger , obesity , and poverty and works to create networks of people , organizations , and content to push for food system change . Diniz was considered a pay driver during his career due to his family backing , but he scored ten points during his Formula One career while most pay drivers did not score any ."}]}, {'value': 'Arrows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '1:26.376', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.105', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Salo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Salo', 'summary': 'Mika Juhani Salo ( born 30 November 1966 ) is a Finnish former professional racing driver . He competed in Formula One between 1994 and 2002 . His best ranking was 10th in the world championship in 1999 , when he stood in for the injured Michael Schumacher at Ferrari for six races , scoring two podiums . He also won the GT2 class in the 2008 and 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '1:26.487', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.216', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarno Trulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarno_Trulli', 'summary': "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:26.808', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.537', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jos Verstappen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jos_Verstappen', 'summary': 'Johannes Franciscus Jos Verstappen ( born 4 March 1972 ) is a Dutch former racing driver . After his F1 career Jos Verstappen has won races in A1 Grand Prix and Le Mans Series LMP2 races ( winning the 24 hours of Le Mans LMP2 class in 2008 ) . Prior to his F1 debut in 1994 , he was also the German Formula Three champion and Masters of Formula Three winner in 1993 . Jos was considered the most successful Dutch F1 racing driver before he retired and began mentoring his son Max in Formula 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:26.948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.677', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rubens Barrichello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello', 'summary': "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ."}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:26.990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.719', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toranosuke Takagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toranosuke_Takagi', 'summary': 'Toranosuke Takagi , known simply as Tora Takagi ( 高木 虎之介 ; born 12 February 1974 ) is a Japanese former racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyrrell - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyrrell_Racing', 'summary': "The Tyrrell Racing Organisation was an auto racing team and Formula One constructor founded by Ken Tyrrell which started racing in 1958 and started building its own cars in 1970 . The team experienced its greatest success in the early 1970s , when it won three Drivers ' Championships and one Constructors ' Championship with Jackie Stewart . The team never reached such heights again , although it continued to win races through the 1970s and into the early 1980s , taking the final win for the Ford Cosworth DFV engine at Detroit in 1983 . The team was bought by British American Tobacco in 1997 and completed its final season as Tyrrell in 1998 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:27.061', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.790', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Esteban Tuero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esteban_Tuero', 'summary': 'Esteban Tuero ( born 22 April 1978 ) is an Argentine racing driver who raced for the Minardi Formula One team in 1998 . At 19 , he became the then-third-youngest ( now eighth youngest ) F1 driver in history when he landed his seat alongside Shinji Nakano , but left the championship at the end of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Minardi - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minardi', 'summary': "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:28.051', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+4.780', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shinji Nakano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinji_Nakano', 'summary': 'Shinji Nakano ( 中野 信治 , born 1 April 1971 ) is a Japanese professional racing driver . His father , Tsuneharu , was also a racing driver . He competed in the All-Japan Formula Three Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Minardi - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minardi', 'summary': "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:28.123', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+4.852', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Rosset', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Rosset', 'summary': 'Ricardo Rosset ( born 27 July 1968 ) is a Brazilian racing driver . He participated in 33 Formula One Grands Prix , making his debut at the 1996 Australian Grand Prix . He scored no championship points . He eventually quit Formula One to focus on developing a sportswear business in Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyrrell - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyrrell_Racing', 'summary': "The Tyrrell Racing Organisation was an auto racing team and Formula One constructor founded by Ken Tyrrell which started racing in 1958 and started building its own cars in 1970 . The team experienced its greatest success in the early 1970s , when it won three Drivers ' Championships and one Constructors ' Championship with Jackie Stewart . The team never reached such heights again , although it continued to win races through the 1970s and into the early 1980s , taking the final win for the Ford Cosworth DFV engine at Detroit in 1983 . The team was bought by British American Tobacco in 1997 and completed its final season as Tyrrell in 1998 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:28.608', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+5.337', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1998_British_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "The 1998 British Grand Prix (formally the LI RAC British Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at the Silverstone Circuit, England on 12 July 1998. It was the ninth race of the 1998 FIA Formula One World Championship. The 60-lap race was won by Michael Schumacher driving a Ferrari car after starting from second position. Mika Häkkinen, who started from pole position, finished second with Eddie Irvine third in the other Ferrari. Schumacher's victory was his fourth of the season, and his third consecutive victory having won both the preceding Canadian and French Grand Prix, but was under controversial circumstances: there was dispute whether he had avoided a stop-and-go penalty by entering the pit lane to serve it on the final lap, crossing the finish line in the pit lane to win the race before reaching his pit box, although the penalty was later rescinded. This race was held the same day as the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final in Saint-Denis, France, but that event took place later in the day from this Grand Prix."}
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How many Formula One World Championships has the driver who finished with a time of 1:23.720 in the qualifying round of the 1998 British Grand Prix won ?
seven
08e8393551414f3c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Thailand at the 2004 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Udomporn Polsak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udomporn_Polsak', 'summary': 'Major Udomporn Polsak ( Thai : อุดมพร พลศักดิ์ RTGS : Udomphon Phonsak ; born October 6 , 1981 ) is a Thai weightlifter . Udomporn Polsak was born in Nakhon Ratchasima . She graduated from the Bangkok College of Physical Education . She won a silver medal in combined lifts at the 2002 Asian Games , bronze at the 2002 World Championships , and gold at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games . At the 2003 World Weightlifting Championships in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , she won a gold medal , with 100 kg in the snatch and a 222.5 kg total . She was named 2003 Thai Athlete of the Year by the Sports Authority of Thailand . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens she became the first Thai woman to win an Olympic gold medal , with 97.5 kg snatching and 222.5 kg total . She was given the honor to be the torch lighter at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games , held in her country .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 53 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_53_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 53 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 15 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pawina Thongsuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pawina_Thongsuk', 'summary': 'Pawina Thongsuk ( born April 18 , 1979 in Si Khoraphum , Surin province ) is a Thai weightlifter . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens she won an Olympic gold medal , with 122.5 kg snatching and 272.5 kg total in the 75 kg category . In 2005 , she won the World Championship in the 63 kg category . In the 2006 Asian Games in Doha she won the gold , as well as set a new world record for the 63 kg female weight class with a clean and jerk of 142 kg .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 75 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_75_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 75 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall between 19 and 20 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manus Boonjumnong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manus_Boonjumnong', 'summary': 'Manus Boonjumnong ( Thai : มนัส บุญจำนงค์ ; RTGS : Manat Bunchamnong , born June 23 , 1980 ) is a Thai boxer who won the Olympics at Light Welterweight ( 60-64 kg ) at the 2004 Summer Olympics . He is the older brother of Non Boonjumnong .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Three days before the Games opening ceremony the International Olympic Committee announced that Kenyan boxer David Munyasia had tested positive for cathine and has been excluded from the event . Several medalists at the 2004 Olympics , including Amir Khan , Andre Ward , Gennady Golovkin , Yuriorkis Gamboa , and Guillermo Rigondeaux , later went on to become world champions in professional boxing . However , Russian boxers dont typically turn pro as their government provides them with extensive funding which allows them to keep their amateur status and compete at multiple Olympics . The tournament was also Mario Kindelán 's final Olympic event before retirement , with a second lightweight gold metal after beating Amir Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Light welterweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Light_welterweight', 'summary': 'The light welterweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 15 to 28 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . This is limited to those boxers weighing between 60 and 64 kilograms .'}]}, {'value': 'August 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worapoj Petchkoom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worapoj_Petchkoom', 'summary': "Worapoj Petchkoom ( Thai : วรพจน์ เพชรขุ้ม ; RTGS : Woraphot Phetkhum ; born May 18 , 1981 ) is a Thai boxer who competed in the bantamweight ( 54 kg ) at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the silver medal losing to Cuban superstar Guillermo Rigondeaux . He qualified for the Athens Games by ending up in first place in the 2nd AIBA Asian 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Karachi , Pakistan . In the final he defeated India 's Diwakar Prasad ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Three days before the Games opening ceremony the International Olympic Committee announced that Kenyan boxer David Munyasia had tested positive for cathine and has been excluded from the event . Several medalists at the 2004 Olympics , including Amir Khan , Andre Ward , Gennady Golovkin , Yuriorkis Gamboa , and Guillermo Rigondeaux , later went on to become world champions in professional boxing . However , Russian boxers dont typically turn pro as their government provides them with extensive funding which allows them to keep their amateur status and compete at multiple Olympics . The tournament was also Mario Kindelán 's final Olympic event before retirement , with a second lightweight gold metal after beating Amir Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Bantamweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Bantamweight', 'summary': 'The bantamweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 17 to 29 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . This is limited to those boxers weighing between 51 and 54 kilograms .'}]}, {'value': 'August 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aree Wiratthaworn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aree_Wiratthaworn', 'summary': "Aree Wiratthaworn ( Thai : อารีย์ วิรัฐถาวร ; born February 26 , 1980 ) is a Thai weightlifter . She competed in the women 's 48 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal with 200.0 kg in total . At the 2005 World Weightlifting Championships she won the bronze medal in the 48 kg category . At the 2006 World Weightlifting Championships she won the silver medal in the 48 kg category . She snatched 85 kg and clean and jerked an additional 103 kg for a total of 188 kg , 29 kg behind winner Yang ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 48 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_48_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 48 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 14 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wandee Kameaim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wandee_Kameaim', 'summary': "Wandee Kameaim ( Thai : วันดี คำเอี่ยม , born January 18 , 1978 ) is a Thai weightlifter . At the 2002 World Championships she won the silver medal in the 58 kg category , with 212.5 kg in total . She competed in the women 's 58 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal with 230.0 kg in total . Kameaim competed in the Women 's 58 kg at the 2005 World Championships in Doha , Qatar and won the silver medal with 236.0 kg in total . For a short time she held the World Record in clean and jerk with 135 kg , but lost it in the same event to Gu Wei who lifted 136 kg , and then 139 kg . A year later she stuck at 230.0 kg at the 2006 World Weightlifting Championships and took the bronze medal . At the 2008 Summer Olympics she ranked 4th in the 58 kg category ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 58 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_58_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 58 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 16 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yaowapa Boorapolchai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yaowapa_Boorapolchai', 'summary': "Yaowapa Boorapolchai ( Thai : เยาวภา บุรพลชัย ; RTGS : Yaowapha Buraphonchai ; born September 6 , 1984 at Bangkok ) is a Thai taekwondo athlete who was the bronze medalist in the women 's under 49 kg event at the 2004 Summer Olympics . She graduate Bachelor of Arts Historical major from Thammasat University . She started competing in 2002 . In the first round of the Women 's Under 49 kg event she defeated Brigitte Yague of Spain , and in the quarterfinal was defeated by Yanelis Yuliet Labrada Diaz of Cuba . She defeated Ivett Gonda of Canada and Gladys Alicia Mora Romero of Colombia in the repechage tournament to win the bronze and become the first Thai Olympic medalist outside of boxing and weightlifting . She won a bronze medal in the Universiade , World Taekwondo Championships , and World Taekwondo Olympic Qualification Tournament in 2003 , and a gold in the South East Asian Games in the same year . Many Thais claim that Yaowapa , one of the most popular athletes among Thais , has frequently been victimized by wayward officiating . Besides her loss to Diaz in Athens , she also lost to Lim Su-Jeong , a Korean exponent , in a gold-medal match at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan , South Korea , and was defeated in the first round at the 2005 South East Asian Games in the Philippines by Loraine Lorelie Catalan , a Filipino exponent . Thai officials have claimed she was cheated by the judges in these matches , especially the matches involving exponents from the host nation ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics were held in the Sports Pavilion at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex in Athens , Greece where 124 competitors competed in eight events , four each for men and women .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 49 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_49_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 49 kg competition in taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens took place on August 26 at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex . Chen Shih-hsin collected one of Chinese Taipei 's first ever Olympic gold medals at these Games in the event , after handily defeating Cuba 's Yanelis Labrada in the final with a score of 5-4 . Meanwhile , Thai fighter Yaowapa Boorapolchai picked up a bronze medal after edging Colombia 's Gladys Mora 2-1 in a tight repechage match ."}]}, {'value': 'August 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suriya Prasathinphimai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suriya_Prasathinphimai', 'summary': "Suriya Prasathinphimai ( Thai : สุริยา ปราสาทหินพิมาย ; born April 2 , 1980 ) is a Thai boxer who competed in the Middleweight ( 75 kg ) at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal . He qualified for the 2004 Athens Games by ending up in second place in the 2nd AIBA Asian 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Karachi , Pakistan . In the final he lost to Pakistan 's Ahmed Ali Khan . He is the grandson of Sook Prasathinphimai , a legendary Muay Thai kickboxer in the 50s . He also has a career in professional Muay Thai , under the name as Suriya Sor Ploenchit ( สุริยา ส.เพลินจิต ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Three days before the Games opening ceremony the International Olympic Committee announced that Kenyan boxer David Munyasia had tested positive for cathine and has been excluded from the event . Several medalists at the 2004 Olympics , including Amir Khan , Andre Ward , Gennady Golovkin , Yuriorkis Gamboa , and Guillermo Rigondeaux , later went on to become world champions in professional boxing . However , Russian boxers dont typically turn pro as their government provides them with extensive funding which allows them to keep their amateur status and compete at multiple Olympics . The tournament was also Mario Kindelán 's final Olympic event before retirement , with a second lightweight gold metal after beating Amir Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Middleweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Middleweight', 'summary': 'The middleweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 14 to 28 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . This is limited to those boxers weighing between 69 and 75 kilograms .'}]}, {'value': 'August 28', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': 'Further information : 2004 Summer Olympics medal table and List of 2004 Summer Olympics medal winners', 'uid': 'Thailand_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Thailand competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. This was the nation's thirteenth appearance at the Olympics, except the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of its partial support to the United States boycott. The National Olympic Committee of Thailand sent a total of 42 athletes to the Games, 24 men and 18 women, to compete in 13 sports; the nation's team size was roughly smaller from Sydney by ten athletes. Fourteen of them had previously competed in Sydney, including featherweight boxer and 1996 Olympic champion Somluck Kamsing, and Asia's top tennis star Paradorn Srichaphan, who was later appointed by the committee to carry the Thai flag in the opening ceremony. Along with Kamsing, US-based swimmer Ratapong Sirisanont and badminton player Pramote Teerawiwatana became the first Thai athletes to compete in four Olympic Games. Among the sports played by athletes at these Games, Thailand marked its debut in equestrian and taekwondo. Thailand left Athens with a total of eight medals (three golds, one silver, and four bronze), setting a historic milestone as the nation's most successful Games in Olympic history. Thai athletes continued to dominate in boxing and weightlifting, where they each won more than two Olympic medals, including a prestigious gold from Manus Boonjumnong in light welterweight boxing, and Udomporn Polsak, and Pawina Thongsuk in women's weightlifting."}
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What year was the taekwondo athlete born ?
1984
08eb9342e88b063b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_records_and_statistics', 'title': 'European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics', 'header': ['', 'Player', 'Nation', 'Apps', 'Years', 'Club ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iker Casillas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iker_Casillas', 'summary': "Iker Casillas Fernández ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈikeɾ kaˈsiʎas feɾˈnandeθ ] ; born 20 May 1981 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Portuguese club Porto . Popularly dubbed San Iker ( Saint Iker ) for his ability to produce spectacular saves , Casillas is widely considered to be one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time , known for his athleticism , quick reactions and outstanding shot-stopping ability . Casillas began his career with Real Madrid youth in 1990 . After gaining promotion to the senior team in 1999 , he remained with the club for 16 seasons , later serving as club captain and amassing 725 appearances , the second-most in club history . During his highly successful time in Madrid , he won five La Liga titles , two Copa del Rey titles , four Supercopa de España titles , three UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Super Cups , one Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup . He departed in 2015 to join Porto on a free transfer . In Portugal , Casillas captured a Primeira Liga and Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira title . Casillas has played for the Spanish national team a record 167 times , and has been an international since June 2000 , making him the joint tenth-most capped male footballer in history , and the joint second-most capped European player of all time . He became the nation 's first-choice goalkeeper at the 2002 FIFA World Cup , and went on to play at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup . In 2008 , he was made captain , and led the team to that year 's European Championship . He also led Spain to their first World Cup in 2010 , and retained the European Championship in 2012 . In 2014 , Casillas also became one of four players to represent Spain at four World Cups ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '177', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Madrid ( 150 ) , Porto ( 27 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Porto', 'summary': "Futebol Clube do Porto , MHIH , OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ futɨˈβɔl ˈkluβ ( ɨ ) ðu ˈpoɾtu ] ) , commonly known as FC Porto or simply Porto , is a Portuguese professional sports club based in Porto . It is best known for the professional football team playing in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , Founded on 28 September 1893 , Porto is one of the Big Three ( Portuguese : Os Três Grandes ) teams in Portugal - together with Lisbon-based rivals Benfica and Sporting CP - that have appeared in every season of the Primeira Liga since its establishment in 1934 . They are nicknamed Dragões ( Dragons ) , for the mythical creature atop the club 's crest , and Azuis e brancos ( Blue-and-whites ) , for the shirt colours . The club supporters are called Portistas . Since 2003 , Porto have played their home matches at the Estádio do Dragão , which replaced the previous 103-year-old ground , the Estádio das Antas . Porto is the second most decorated team in Portugal , with 76 major trophies , of which 69 were achieved in domestic competitions . These comprise 28 Primeira Liga titles ( five of which were won consecutively between 1994-95 and 1998-99 , a Portuguese football record ) , 16 Taça de Portugal , 4 Campeonato de Portugal , and a record 21 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . Porto is the second team in Portuguese league history to have won two titles without any defeat , namely in the 2010-11 and 2012-13 seasons . In the former , Porto achieved the largest-ever difference of points between champion and runner-up in a three-points-per-win system ( 21 points ) , on their way to a second quadruple . In international competitions , Porto is the most decorated Portuguese team , with seven trophies . They won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League in 1987 and 2004 , the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 2003 and 2011 , the UEFA Super Cup in 1987 , and the Intercontinental Cup in 1987 and 2004 . In addition , they were runners-up in the 1983-84 European Cup Winners ' Cup and in the 2003 , 2004 and 2011 editions of the UEFA Super Cup ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristiano Ronaldo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo', 'summary': "Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM ( European Portuguese : [ kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁɔˈnaɫdu ] ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Juventus and captains the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time , [ note 3 ] Ronaldo has won five Ballons d'Or [ note 4 ] and four European Golden Shoes , both of which are records for a European player . He has won 29 trophies in his career , including six league titles , five UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA European Championship , and one UEFA Nations League . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for the most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League ( 128 ) and the joint-most goals scored in the UEFA European Championship ( 9 ) . He has scored over 700 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised in Madeira , Ronaldo began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United in 2003 , aged 18 . After winning the FA Cup in his first season , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , the UEFA Champions League , and the FIFA Club World Cup ; at age 23 , he won his first Ballon d'Or . In 2009 , Ronaldo was the subject of the then-most expensive association football transfer when signed for Real Madrid in a transfer worth €94 million ( £80 million ) . There , Ronaldo won 15 trophies , including two La Liga titles , two Copas del Rey , and four UEFA Champions League titles , and became the club 's all-time top goalscorer . After joining Madrid , Ronaldo finished runner-up for the Ballon d'Or three times , behind Lionel Messi - his perceived career rival - before winning back-to-back Ballons d'Or from 2013-2014 and again from 2016-2017 . After winning a third consecutive Champions League title in 2018 , Ronaldo became the first player to win the trophy five times . In 2018 , he signed for Juventus in a transfer worth an initial €100 million ( £88 million ) , the highest ever paid by an Italian club and the highest ever paid for a player over 30 years old ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '168', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester United ( 52 ) , Real Madrid ( 101 ) , Juventus ( 15 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juventus_F.C.', 'summary': "Juventus Football Club ( from Latin : iuventūs , youth ; Italian pronunciation : [ juˈvɛntus ] ) , colloquially known as Juve ( pronounced [ ˈjuːve ] ) , is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin , Piedmont . Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students , the club has worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played home matches in different grounds around its city , the latest being the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium . Nicknamed Vecchia Signora ( the Old Lady ) , the club has won 35 official league titles , 13 Coppa Italia titles and eight Supercoppa Italiana titles , being the record holder for all these competitions ; two Intercontinental Cups , two European Cups / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint national record of three UEFA Cups , two UEFA Super Cups and a joint national record of one UEFA Intertoto Cup . Consequently , the side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ( FIGC ) ranking [ a ] whilst on the international stage occupies the 5th position in Europe and the eleventh in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies , having led the UEFA ranking during seven seasons since its inception in 1979 , the most for an Italian team and joint second overall . Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus , initially as an athletics club , it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section ( 1893 ) and has competed uninterruptedly in the top flight league ( reformulated as Serie A from 1929 ) since its debut in 1900 after changing its name to Foot-Ball Club Juventus , with the exception of the 2006-07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923 . [ b ] The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus the first professional sporting club ante litteram in the country , having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since the mid-1970s and becoming one of the first ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value , revenue and profit since the mid-1990s , being listed on the Borsa italiana since 2001 . Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles , and became the first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the 1976-77 UEFA Cup ( first Southern European side to do so ) , the 1983-84 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1984-85 European Champions ' Cup . With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup , it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies ; an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi , becoming in addition the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . In December 2000 , Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA 's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th Century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) , the highest for an Italian club in both . The club 's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide . Unlike most European sporting supporters ' groups , which are often concentrated around their own club 's city of origin , it is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora , making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ( anti-parochialism ) and italianità ( Italianness ) . Juventus players have won eight Ballon d'Or awards , four of these in consecutive years ( 1982-1985 , an overall record ) , among these the first player representing Serie A , Omar Sívori , as well as Michel Platini and three of the five recipients with Italian nationality as the former member of the youth sector Paolo Rossi ; they have also won four FIFA World Player of the Year awards , with winners as Roberto Baggio and Zinédine Zidane , a national record and third and joint second highest overall , respectively , in the cited prizes ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xavi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xavi', 'summary': "Xavier Hernández Creus ( Catalan : [ ˈʃaβi əɾˈnandəs ˈkɾɛws ] , Spanish : [ ˈtʃaβj eɾˈnandeθ ˈkɾeus ] ; born 25 January 1980 ) , nicknamed Xavi , is a Spanish football manager and former player who is the manager of Qatar Stars League football club Al Sadd Highly regarded for his humble persona and team ethos , Xavi is viewed as being the embodiment of the tiki-taka passing style of play , and is widely considered to be one of the greatest central midfielders of all time . He is also considered by many to be the greatest Spanish player ever . Xavi joined La Masia , the Barcelona youth academy , at age 11 , and made his first-team debut against Mallorca in August 1998 . In all , he played over 700 matches , a club record , and scored 85 goals . Xavi is the first player in the club 's history to play 150 European and FIFA Club World Cup matches combined . With Barcelona , Xavi won eight La Liga titles and four UEFA Champions League titles . He has won 31 trophies for Barcelona and Spain , a total only surpassed by Andrés Iniesta as the most decorated Spanish player in history . Xavi came third in the 2009 FIFA World Player of the Year , followed by third place for its successor award , the FIFA Ballon d'Or , in 2010 and 2011 . In 2011 , he was runner up to Lionel Messi for the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award . With Spain , Xavi won the FIFA World Youth Championship in 1999 , and the Olympic silver medal at the 2000 Olympics . After making his senior team debut in 2000 , he was capped 133 times for the Spain national team , and was an influential figure in the team 's successes . He played an integral role in Spain 's victory at the 2010 FIFA World Cup , as well as their wins at both UEFA Euro 2008 and UEFA Euro 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '151', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Giggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Giggs', 'summary': "Ryan Joseph Giggs OBE ( born Wilson ; born 29 November 1973 ) is a Welsh football coach and former player . He is the manager of the Wales national team and a co-owner of Salford City . He played his entire professional career for Manchester United and briefly served as the club 's interim manager . The son of rugby union and Wales international rugby league footballer Danny Wilson , Giggs was born in Cardiff but moved to Manchester at the age of six when his father joined Swinton RLFC . Predominantly a left winger , he began his career with Manchester City , but joined Manchester United on his 14th birthday in 1987 . He made his professional debut for the club in 1991 and spent the next 23 years in the Manchester United first team . At the end of the 2013-14 season , he was named as Manchester United 's interim player-manager following the sacking of David Moyes . He was named as assistant manager under Moyes ' permanent replacement , Louis van Gaal , on 19 May 2014 ; he retired from playing the same day . He holds the club record for competitive appearances . At international level , Giggs played for the Wales national team 64 times between 1991 and 2007 , and was named as the captain of the Great Britain team that competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He is one of only 28 players to have made over 1,000 career appearances . Giggs is one of the most decorated footballers of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '145', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raúl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raúl_(footballer)', 'summary': "Raúl González Blanco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ raˈul ɣonˈθaleθ ˈβlaŋko ] ; born 27 June 1977 ) , known as Raúl , is a Spanish football manager and former player who played as a striker . He is the current manager of Real Madrid Castilla . Raúl is considered one of the most important players in the history of Real Madrid and regarded as one of the greatest Spanish players of all-time . Raúl was born in the San Cristóbal de los Ángeles neighborhood of Madrid where he played for the local youth team before moving to the Atlético Madrid youth team . He later moved to Real Madrid 's youth academy and played at its various levels . In 1994 , he signed his first professional contract with the fourth division team Real Madrid C , and then was swiftly promoted to the first team . He spent 16 years of his career playing for Real Madrid and is the club 's second all-time top goalscorer with 323 goals , and he is the most capped player in the history of the club , with 741 appearances . With Los Blancos , Raúl won six La Liga titles , three UEFA Champions League titles , scoring in two finals , four Supercopa de España titles , one UEFA Super Cup and two Intercontinental Cups . In 2003 , he was appointed captain of the team and retained that position until his departure from the club in 2010 . He then signed for Schalke 04 , where he won a DFB-Pokal and DFL-Supercup , before signing for Qatari club Al Sadd in 2012 , where he won the league and the Emir of Qatar Cup . He ended his career with New York Cosmos in 2015 , after winning a domestic treble . In La Liga competitions , Raúl is the fifth-highest goalscorer in the history of the competition with 228 goals ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '142', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Madrid ( 130 ) , Schalke 04 ( 12 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Schalke_04', 'summary': "Fußballclub Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04 e. V. , commonly known as FC Schalke 04 ( German : [ ɛf tseː ˈʃalkə nʊl fiːɐ̯ ] ) , Schalke , Schalke 04 or abbreviated as S04 ( German : [ ˈɛs nʊl fiːɐ̯ ] ) , is a professional German football and multi-sports club originally from the Schalke district of Gelsenkirchen , North Rhine-Westphalia . The 04 in the club 's name derives from its formation in 1904 . Schalke has long been one of the most popular professional football teams and multi-sports club in Germany , even though the club 's heyday was in the 1930s and 1940s . Schalke play in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . As of June 2018 , the club has 155,000 members , making it the second-largest sports club in Germany and the fourth-largest sports club in the world in terms of membership . [ not verified in body ] Other activities offered by the club include athletics , basketball , handball , table tennis , winter sports and eSports . Founded in 1904 , Schalke has won seven German championships , five DFB-Pokals , one DFL-Supercup and one UEFA Cup . Schalke also succeeded as the first German club to win a cup double in 1937 . Since 2001 , Schalke 's stadium has been the Veltins-Arena . Schalke holds a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Borussia Dortmund , arguably one of the most widespread and well-known rivalries in German football , and matches between the two teams are referred to as the Revierderby . Schalke was ranked as the seventh-best football team in Europe by UEFA 's 2015 UEFA club rankings . In terms of operating income , Schalke possesses the seventh-highest operating income of any football club at $ 64.4 million or £38.2 million ( €48 million ) , and 0% debt as of August 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lionel Messi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Messi', 'summary': "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini [ note 1 ] ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ljoˈnel anˈdɾez ˈmesi ] ( listen ) ; [ A ] born 24 June 1987 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and captains both Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentina national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time , Messi has won a record six Ballon d'Or awards , [ note 2 ] and a record six European Golden Shoes . He has spent his entire professional career with Barcelona , where he has won a club-record 34 trophies , including ten La Liga titles , four UEFA Champions League titles and six Copas del Rey . A prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker , Messi holds the records for most goals in La Liga ( 433 ) , a La Liga and European league season ( 50 ) , most hat-tricks in La Liga ( 35 ) and the UEFA Champions League ( 8 ) , and most assists in La Liga ( 181 ) and the Copa América ( 13 ) . He has scored over 700 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised in central Argentina , Messi relocated to Spain to join Barcelona at age 13 , for whom he made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004 . He established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years , and in his first uninterrupted season in 2008-09 he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football ; that year , aged 22 , Messi won his first Ballon d'Or . Three successful seasons followed , with Messi winning three consecutive Ballons d'Or , including an unprecedented fourth . During the 2011-12 season , he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season , while establishing himself as Barcelona 's all-time top scorer . The following two seasons , Messi finished second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo - his perceived career rival - before regaining his best form during the 2014-15 campaign , becoming the all-time top scorer in La Liga and leading Barcelona to a historic second treble , after which he was awarded a fifth Ballon d'Or in 2015 . Messi assumed the captaincy of Barcelona in 2018 , and in 2019 he secured a record sixth Ballon d'Or . An Argentine international , Messi is his country 's all-time leading goalscorer ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '140', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paolo Maldini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paolo_Maldini', 'summary': "Paolo Cesare Maldini ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈpaːolo malˈdiːni ] ; born 26 June 1968 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a left back and central defender for A.C. Milan and the Italy national team , who is widely regarded as one of the greatest ever defenders , and as one of the greatest players of all time . As the Milan and Italy captain for many years he was considered a leader by fellow footballers , leading to the nickname Il Capitano ( The Captain ) . Maldini holds the record for most appearances in Serie A , alongside Gianluigi Buffon , with 647 . He is currently serving as technical director for Milan , as well as being co-owner of USL Championship club Miami FC . During his playing career , Maldini spent all 25 seasons of his career in the Serie A with Milan , before retiring at the age of 41 in 2009 . He won 25 trophies with Milan : the UEFA Champions League five times , seven Serie A titles , one Coppa Italia , five Supercoppa Italiana titles , five European Super Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . During his years at Milan , Maldini played at a world class level for his entire career spanning two-and-a-half decades , and won the Best Defender trophy at the UEFA Club Football Awards at the age of 39 , as well as the Serie A Defender of the Year Award in 2004 . Following his retirement after the 2008-09 season , his lifelong club Milan retired his number 3 shirt . Maldini made his debut for Italy in 1988 , playing for 14 years before retiring in 2002 with 7 goals and 126 caps , an appearance record at the time , which has since only been topped by Fabio Cannavaro in 2009 and Gianluigi Buffon in 2013 . Maldini captained Italy for eight years and held the record for appearances made as Italy 's captain , wearing the armband 74 times , until he was once again overtaken by Cannavaro , in 2010 , and subsequently Buffon . With Italy , Maldini took part in four FIFA World Cups and three UEFA European Championships . Although he did not win a tournament with Italy , he reached the final of the 1994 World Cup and Euro 2000 , and the semi-final of the 1990 World Cup and Euro 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '135', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrés Iniesta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrés_Iniesta', 'summary': "Andrés Iniesta Luján ( Spanish pronunciation : [ anˈdɾes iˈnjesta luˈxan ] ; born 11 May 1984 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Japanese club Vissel Kobe . He spent most of his career at Barcelona , where he served as the captain for three seasons . Iniesta is widely considered to be one of the best players of his generation and one of the greatest midfielders of all time . Iniesta came through La Masia , the Barcelona youth academy , after an early migration from his birthplace , and impressed from an early age . He made his first-team debut aged 18 in 2002 . He began playing regularly during the 2004-05 season and remained in the team until 2018 . Iniesta was an integral part of the Barcelona sides that won two historic trebles in 2009 and 2015 , and his 35 trophies , which includes nine La Ligas and four UEFA Champions League titles , make him the most decorated Spanish footballer of all time . After twenty-two years at Barcelona , Iniesta signed for Japanese club Vissel Kobe in 2018 . Iniesta played for Spain at the Under-16 , Under-19 and Under-21 levels before making his international debut in 2006 . He helped Spain win UEFA Euro 2008 , playing every game and being selected in the Team of the Tournament . Iniesta was also a key member of the victorious Spanish team at the 2010 FIFA World Cup ; he scored the winning goal in the final against the Netherlands , for which he was named the Man of the Match , and was selected to the tournament 's All-Star Team . At UEFA Euro 2012 , Iniesta led Spain to their second consecutive continental crown , again being chosen as the Man of the Match of the final against Italy , and was named the Player of the Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '130', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarence Seedorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_Seedorf', 'summary': 'Clarence Clyde Seedorf ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈklɛrəns ˈseːdɔrf ] ( listen ) ; born 1 April 1976 ) is a Dutch professional football coach and former player . He was most recently the manager of the Cameroon national team . Regarded by many as one of the best midfielders of his generation , in 2004 , he was chosen by Pelé as part of the FIFA 100 . Seedorf is one of the most decorated Dutch players ever , and has won domestic and continental titles while playing for clubs in the Netherlands , Spain , Italy and Brazil . He is considered one of the most successful players in UEFA Champions League history , as he is the first , and currently the only , player to have won the Champions League with three clubs - once with Ajax , in 1995 , once with Real Madrid , in 1998 and twice with Milan , in 2003 and 2007 . At international level , he represented the Netherlands on 87 occasions , and took part at three UEFA European Football Championships ( 1996 , 2000 , 2004 ) and the 1998 FIFA World Cup , reaching the semi-finals of the latter three tournaments .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ajax ( 11 ) , Real Madrid ( 25 ) , Milan ( 89 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AFC_Ajax', 'summary': "Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈaːjɑks ] ) , also known as AFC Ajax , Ajax Amsterdam , or simply Ajax , is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . Historically , Ajax ( named after the legendary Greek hero ) has been the most successful club in the Netherlands , with 34 Eredivisie titles and 19 KNVB Cups . It has continuously played in the Eredivisie , since the league 's inception in 1956 and , along with Feyenoord and PSV Eindhoven , it is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated that competition . Ajax has historically been one of the most successful clubs in the world . According to the IFFHS , Ajax were the seventh-most successful European club of the 20th century and The World 's Club Team of the Year in 1992 . According to German magazine Kicker , Ajax were the second-most successful European club of the 20th century . The club is one of the five teams that has earned the right to keep the European Cup and to wear a multiple-winner badge ; they won consecutively in 1971-1973 . In 1972 , they completed the continental treble by winning the Eredivisie , KNVB Cup , and the European Cup . It also won the first organized UEFA Super Cup in 1972 against Glasgow Rangers ( played in 1973 ) . Ajax 's last international trophies were the 1995 Intercontinental Cup , 1995 UEFA Super Cup and the 1995 Champions League , where they defeated Milan in the final ; they lost the 1996 Champions League final on penalties to Juventus . In 1995 , Ajax was crowned as World Team of the Year by World Soccer magazine . Ajax is also one of four teams to win the continental treble and the Intercontinental Cup or Club World Cup in the same season/calendar year ; This was achieved in the 1971-72 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Scholes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Scholes', 'summary': "Paul Scholes ( /skoʊlz/ SKOHLZ ; born 16 November 1974 ) is an English football coach and former player , as well as a co-owner of Salford City . He spent his entire professional playing career with Manchester United , for whom he scored over 150 goals in more than 700 appearances between 1993 and 2013 . His first managerial position was at Oldham Athletic , for 31 days in February and March 2019 . Scholes came through the Manchester United youth academy as one of Fergie 's Fledglings ( a group of players recruited by Manchester United under the management of Sir Alex Ferguson ) . Scholes made his full debut for Manchester United in the 1994-95 season . He went on to make 718 appearances for United , the third-highest number of appearances by any player for the club . Scholes announced his retirement from playing in May 2011 and was appointed as a coach at Manchester United . However , he returned to playing in January 2012 , and went on to play one more season for the club before retiring again in May 2013 . With United , Scholes won 25 trophies including 11 Premier League titles ( more than any other English player ) and two UEFA Champions League titles . Scholes represented the England national team from 1997 to 2004 , gaining 66 caps and participating in the 1998 and 2002 World Cups , as well as the UEFA Euro 2000 and Euro 2004 tournaments . Scholes announced his retirement from international football in August 2004 , citing his family life and his club career with Manchester United as being more important . Regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , over his career Scholes has received praise from other managers and players , including Xavi , who said in 2014 that Scholes was the best central midfielder he had seen in the previous 15 to 20 years , describing him as a spectacular player who has everything ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '124', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Players -- Appearances', 'section_text': 'Iker Casillas has made the most appearances in the competition . As of 11 December 2019 [ 24 ] This table does not include appearances made in the qualification stage .', 'uid': 'European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_records_and_statistics_5', 'intro': 'This page details statistics of the European Cup and Champions League. Unless notified these statistics concern all seasons since inception of the European Cup in the 1955-56 season, including qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League as per Competition facts; all goals scored before league phase(s) count as qualifying goals.'}
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When was the first global empire of this nation who the greatest player of all time is from ?
15th and 16th centuries
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_films_of_1963', 'title': 'List of French films of 1963', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Cast', 'Genre', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '8½', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/8½', 'summary': "\u200b8 1⁄2 ( Italian title : Otto e mezzo , pronounced [ ˈɔtto e mˈmɛddzo ] ) is a 1963 Italian surrealist comedy-drama film directed by Federico Fellini . Co-scripted by Fellini , Tullio Pinelli , Ennio Flaiano , and Brunello Rondi , it stars Marcello Mastroianni as Guido Anselmi , a famous Italian film director who suffers from stifled creativity as he attempts to direct an epic science fiction film . Shot in black-and-white by cinematographer Gianni Di Venanzo , the film features a soundtrack by Nino Rota with costume and set designs by Piero Gherardi . \u200b8 1⁄2 won the Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film and Best Costume Design ( black-and-white ) . Acknowledged as an avant-garde film and a highly influential classic , it was among the top 10 on BFI The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time , ranked third in a 2002 poll of film directors conducted by the British Film Institute and is also listed on the Vatican 's compilation of the 45 best films made before 1995 , the 100th anniversary of cinema . It is now considered to be one of the greatest films of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Federico Fellini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federico_Fellini', 'summary': "Federico Fellini , Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( Italian : [ fedeˈriːko felˈliːni ] ; 20 January 1920 - 31 October 1993 ) was an Italian film director and screenwriter . Known for his distinct style that blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness , he is recognized as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time . His films have ranked , in polls such as Cahiers du cinéma and Sight & Sound , as some of the greatest films of all time . Sight & Sound lists his 1963 film 8½ as the 10th-greatest film of all time . In a career spanning almost fifty years , Fellini won the Palme d'Or for La Dolce Vita , was nominated for twelve Academy Awards and won four in the category of Best Foreign Language Film , the most for any director in the history of the Academy . At the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles , he received an honorary award for Lifetime Achievement . Besides La Dolce Vita and 8½ , his other well-known films include La Strada , Nights of Cabiria , Juliet of the Spirits , Satyricon , Amarcord and Fellini 's Casanova ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcello Mastroianni , Claudia Cardinale , Anouk Aimée', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni', 'summary': "Marcello Vincenzo Domenico Mastroianni ( Italian pronunciation : [ marˈtʃɛllo mastroˈjanni ] ; 28 September 1924 - 19 December 1996 ) was an Italian film actor . His prominent films include : La Dolce Vita ; 8½ ; La Notte ; Divorce Italian Style ; Yesterday , Today and Tomorrow ; Marriage Italian Style ; The 10th Victim ; A Special Day ; City of Women ; Henry IV ; Dark Eyes ; and Everybody 's Fine . His honours included British Film Academy Awards , Best Actor awards at the Cannes Film Festival and two Golden Globe Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale', 'summary': "Claudia Cardinale ( born Claude Joséphine Rose Cardinale , 15 April 1938 ) is an Italian Tunisian film actress who appeared in some of the most acclaimed European films of the 1960s and 1970s , mainly Italian or French , but also in many English-language films . Born and raised in La Goulette , a neighbourhood of Tunis , Cardinale won the Most Beautiful Italian Girl in Tunisia competition in 1957 , the prize being a trip to Italy , which quickly led to film contracts , due above all to the involvement of Franco Cristaldi , who acted as her mentor for a number of years and later married her . After making her debut in a minor role with Omar Sharif in Goha ( 1958 ) , Cardinale became one of the best-known actresses in Italy after roles in films such as Rocco and His Brothers ( 1960 ) , Girl with a Suitcase ( 1961 ) , Cartouche ( 1962 ) , The Leopard ( 1963 ) , and Fellini 's 8½ ( 1963 ) . [ a ] From 1963 , Cardinale became known in the United States and Britain following her role in The Pink Panther opposite David Niven . For several years , she appeared in Hollywood films such as Blindfold ( 1965 ) , Lost Command ( 1966 ) , The Professionals ( 1966 ) , The Hell with Heroes ( 1968 ) , and the Sergio Leone epic Western Once Upon a Time in the West ( 1968 ) , a joint US-Italian production , in which she was praised for her role as a former prostitute opposite Jason Robards , Charles Bronson , and Henry Fonda . Jaded with the Hollywood film industry and not wanting to become a cliché , Cardinale returned to Italian and French cinema , and garnered the David di Donatello for Best Actress award for her roles in Il giorno della civetta ( 1968 ) and as a prostitute alongside Alberto Sordi in A Girl in Australia ( 1971 ) . In 1974 , Cardinale met director Pasquale Squitieri , who would become her husband , and she frequently featured in his films , including I guappi ( 1974 ) , Corleone ( 1978 ) and Claretta ( 1984 ) , the last of which won her the Nastro d'Argento Award for Best Actress . In 1982 , she starred in Werner Herzog 's Fitzcarraldo as the love interest of Klaus Kinski , who raises the funds to buy a steamship in Peru . In 2010 , Cardinale received the Best Actress Award at the 47th Antalya Golden Orange International Film Festival for her performance as an elderly Italian woman who takes in a young Turkish exchange student in Signora Enrica . Outspoken on women 's rights causes over the years , Cardinale has been a UNESCO goodwill ambassador for the Defense of Women 's Rights since March 2000 . In February 2011 , the Los Angeles Times Magazine named Cardinale among the 50 most beautiful women in film history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anouk_Aimée', 'summary': "Nicole Françoise Florence Dreyfus ( born 27 April 1932 ) , known professionally as Anouk Aimée ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ anuk ɛme ] ) or Anouk , is a French film actress , who has appeared in 70 films since 1947 , having begun her film career at age 14 . In her early years she studied acting and dance besides her regular education . Although the majority of her films were French , she also made a number of films in Spain , Great Britain , Italy and Germany , along with some American productions . Among her films are Federico Fellini 's La Dolce Vita ( 1960 ) , after which she was considered a rising star who exploded onto the film world . She subsequently acted in Fellini 's 8½ ( 1963 ) , Jacques Demy 's Lola ( 1961 ) , George Cukor 's Justine ( 1969 ) , Bernardo Bertolucci 's Tragedy of a Ridiculous Man ( 1981 ) and Robert Altman 's Prêt à Porter ( 1994 ) . She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her acting in A Man and a Woman ( 1966 ) . The film virtually reignited the lush on-screen romance in an era of skeptical modernism , and brought her international fame . She won the Award for Best Actress at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival for Marco Bellocchio 's film A Leap in the Dark . In 2002 she received an honorary César Award , France 's national film award . Aimée was noted for her striking features and beauty , and considered one of the hundred sexiest stars in film history , according to a 1995 poll conducted by Empire Magazine . She has often portrayed a femme fatale with a melancholy aura . In the 1960s , Life magazine wrote that after each picture her enigmatic beauty lingered in the memories of her audience , and called her the Left Bank 's most beautiful resident ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy-drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italian-French co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Any Number Can Win', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Any_Number_Can_Win_(film)', 'summary': 'Any Number Can Win ( French : Mélodie en sous-sol ) is a 1963 French crime drama film directed by Henri Verneuil . The film is based on the novel The Big Grab by Zekial Marko [ fr ] .'}]}, {'value': 'Henri Verneui', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Gabin , Alain Delon , Viviane Romance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Gabin', 'summary': "Jean Gabin ( French : [ ʒɑ̃ gabɛ̃ ] ; 17 May 1904 - 15 November 1976 ) was a French actor and sometime singer . Considered a key figure in French cinema , he starred in several classic films including Pépé le Moko ( 1937 ) , La grande illusion ( 1937 ) , Le Quai des brumes ( 1938 ) , La bête humaine ( 1938 ) , Le jour se lève ( 1939 ) , and Le plaisir ( 1952 ) . Gabin was made a member of the Légion d'honneur in recognition of the important role he played in French cinema ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alain_Delon', 'summary': "Alain Fabien Maurice Marcel Delon ( French : [ alɛ̃ dəlɔ̃ ] ; born 8 November 1935 ) is a French actor and businessman . He is known as one of Europe 's most prominent actors and screen sex symbols from the 1960s . He achieved critical acclaim for roles in films such as Rocco and His Brothers ( 1960 ) , Plein Soleil ( 1960 ) , L'Eclisse ( 1962 ) , The Leopard ( 1963 ) , The Yellow Rolls-Royce ( 1965 ) , Lost Command ( 1966 ) and Le Samouraï ( 1967 ) . Over the course of his career Delon worked with many well known directors , including Luchino Visconti , Jean-Luc Godard , Jean-Pierre Melville , Michelangelo Antonioni and Louis Malle . He acquired Swiss citizenship in 1999 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Viviane_Romance', 'summary': "Viviane Romance ( July 4 , 1912 - September 25 , 1991 ) was a French actress . Born Pauline Ronacher Ortmanns in Roubaix , France , Romance began her career as a dancer at the Moulin Rouge in Paris and was elected Miss Paris of 1930 before she made her film debut in 1931 with a cameo role in La Chienne . Romance caused a small scandal winning Miss Paris because she had a child . She appeared in several films over the next few years before making a strong impression in La belle équipe ( 1936 ) . From this time to the late 1950s she was regarded as one of France 's leading cinematic actresses and played dozens of femme fatales , fallen women ( with hearts of gold ) and vamps . Her acting roles after 1956 were few , and she retired in 1974 . Romance was offered , and rejected , a Hollywood film contract in the 1930s . She preferred to make films in her native France . However , she also resided for many years in Italy where she made several Italian language films . She was married three times , including to the actor Georges Flamant and the film director Jean Josipovici who directed her in three films . She died in Nice , Alpes-Maritimes , France ."}]}, {'value': 'Crime', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French-Italian co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apache Gold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apache_Gold', 'summary': "Apache Gold ( German : Winnetou , later retitled to Winnetou - 1 . Teil ) , also known as Winnetou the Warrior , is a 1963 Western film directed by Harald Reinl . It is based on the story of Winnetou , a fictional Native-American Apache hero from the Winnetou series of German novels . It was the highest-grossing film of 1963 in Germany , where it grossed €10 million , and it sold 66 million tickets at the worldwide box office . It was shot at the Spandau Studios in Berlin and on location in Croatia . The film 's sets were designed by the art director Vladimir Tadej ."}]}, {'value': 'Harald Reinl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harald_Reinl', 'summary': "Harald Reinl ( 8 July 1908 in Bad Ischl , Austria - 9 October 1986 in Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Spain ) was an Austrian film director . He is known for the films he made based on Edgar Wallace and Karl May books ( see Karl May movies and Edgar Wallace movies ) and also made mountain films , Heimatfilms , German war films and entries in such popular German film series as Dr. Mabuse , Jerry Cotton and Kommissar X. Reinl began his career as an extra in the mountain films of Arnold Fanck . He worked as screenwriter on the film Tiefland directed by and starring Leni Riefenstahl . Reinl 's first movie as director was the mountain film Mountain Crystal ( 1949 ) . He was Oscar nominated for his documentary feature Chariots of the Gods ( 1970 ) . By the 1970s , he had semi-retired to the Canary Islands . In 1986 , in his Tenerife retirement home , he was stabbed to death by Daniela Maria Delis , his alcoholic wife and a former actress from Czechoslovakia ."}]}, {'value': 'Lex Barker , Pierre Brice , Mario Adorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lex_Barker', 'summary': "Alexander Crichlow Barker Jr. ( May 8 , 1919 - May 11 , 1973 ) was an American actor best known for playing Tarzan of the Apes and leading characters from Karl May 's novels ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Brice', 'summary': 'Pierre-Louis Le Bris ( 6 February 1929 - 6 June 2015 ) , known as Pierre Brice , was a French actor , best known as portraying fictional Apache-chief Winnetou in German films based on Karl May novels .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Adorf', 'summary': 'Mario Adorf ( born 8 September 1930 ) is a German actor , considered to be one of the great veteran character actors of European cinema . Since 1954 , he has played both leading and supporting roles in over 200 film and television productions , among them the 1979 Oscar-winning film The Tin Drum . He is also the author of several successful mostly autobiographical books .'}]}, {'value': 'Western', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West German-Italian-French co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Bakery Girl of Monceau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bakery_Girl_of_Monceau', 'summary': "The Bakery Girl of Monceau or The Girl at the Monceau Bakery is a 1963 film by Éric Rohmer . The original French title is La Boulangère de Monceau . The film was the first of Rohmer 's Six Moral Tales ( Contes moraux ) , which consisted of two shorts and four feature films ."}]}, {'value': 'Éric Rohmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Éric_Rohmer', 'summary': "Jean Marie Maurice Schérer or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer , known as Éric Rohmer ( French : [ eʁik ʁomɛʁ ] , 21 March 1920 - 11 January 2010 ) , was a French film director , film critic , journalist , novelist , screenwriter , and teacher . Rohmer was the last of the post-World War II French New Wave directors to become established . He edited the influential film journal , Cahiers du cinéma , from 1957 to 1963 , while most of his colleagues - among them Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut - were making the transition from film critics to filmmakers and gaining international attention . Rohmer gained international acclaim around 1969 when his film My Night at Maud 's was nominated at the Academy Awards . He won the San Sebastián International Film Festival with Claire 's Knee in 1971 and the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for The Green Ray in 1986 . Rohmer went on to receive the Venice Film Festival 's Career Golden Lion in 2001 . After Rohmer 's death in 2010 , his obituary in The Daily Telegraph described him as the most durable filmmaker of the French New Wave , outlasting his peers and still making movies the public wanted to see late in his career ."}]}, {'value': 'Barbet Schroeder , Michéle Girardon , Bertrand Tavernier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbet_Schroeder', 'summary': "Barbet Schroeder ( born 26 August 1941 ) is a Swiss film director and producer who started his career in French cinema in the 1960s , working together with directors such as Jean-Luc Godard and Jacques Rivette . Since the late 1980s , he has directed many big budget Hollywood films , often mixing melodrama with the thriller genre in films like Single White Female , Kiss of Death , and Murder by Numbers . He has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director , and for the Palme d'Or for his 1987 film Barfly ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bertrand_Tavernier', 'summary': 'Bertrand Tavernier ( born 25 April 1941 ) is a French director , screenwriter , actor and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bay of Angels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_of_Angels', 'summary': "Bay of Angels ( French : La baie des anges ) is a 1963 French film directed by Jacques Demy . Starring Jeanne Moreau and Claude Mann , it is Demy 's second film and deals with the subject of gambling ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacques Demy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Demy', 'summary': "Jacques Demy ( French : [ ʒak dəmi ] ; 5 June 1931 - 27 October 1990 ) was a French director , lyricist , and screenwriter . He appeared in the wake of the French New Wave alongside contemporaries like Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut . Demy 's films are celebrated for their sumptuous visual style . Demy 's style drew upon such diverse sources as classic Hollywood musicals , the documentary realism of his New Wave colleagues , fairy-tales , jazz , Japanese manga , and the opera . His films contain overlapping continuity ( i.e. , characters cross over from film to film ) , lush musical scores ( typically composed by Michel Legrand ) and motifs like teenaged love , labor rights , incest , and the intersection between dreams and reality . He is best known for the two musicals he directed in the mid-1960s : The Umbrellas of Cherbourg ( 1964 ) and The Young Girls of Rochefort ( 1967 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeanne Moreau , Claude Mann , Paul Guers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau', 'summary': "Jeanne Moreau ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒan mɔʁo ] ; 23 January 1928 - 31 July 2017 ) was a French actress , singer , screenwriter and director . She won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for Seven Days . Seven Nights ( 1960 ) ( which she shared with Melina Mercouri for her role in Never on Sunday ) , the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress for Viva Maria ! ( 1965 ) , and the César Award for Best Actress for The Old Lady Who Walked in the Sea ( 1992 ) . She was also the recipient of several lifetime awards , including a BAFTA Fellowship in 1996 , Cannes Golden Palm in 2003 and César Award in 2008 . Moreau made her theatrical debut in 1947 , and established herself as one of the leading actresses of the Comédie-Française . She began playing small roles in films in 1949 , with impressive performances in the Fernandel vehicle Meurtres ? ( Three Sinners , 1950 ) and alongside Jean Gabin as a showgirl/gangster 's moll in the film Touchez pas au grisbi ( 1954 ) . She achieved prominence as the star of Elevator to the Gallows ( 1958 ) , directed by Louis Malle , and Jules et Jim ( 1962 ) , directed by François Truffaut . Most prolific during the 1960s , Moreau continued to appear in films into her 80s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Guers', 'summary': 'Paul Guers ( 19 December 1927 - 27 November 2016 ) was a French film actor . He appeared in 70 films between 1955 and 1996 . He starred in the 1963 film Kali Yug : Goddess of Vengeance . He was born in Tours , France and died in Montsoreau .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Be Careful Ladies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Be_Careful_Ladies', 'summary': "Méfiez-vous , mesdames ! ( English title : Be Careful Ladies ) is a 1963 French comedy film directed by André Hunebelle . The screenplay was written by Pierre Foucaud and Jean Halain , based on novel by Ange Bastiani . It tells the story of former lawyer who finds a woman 's murder plot ."}]}, {'value': 'André Hunebelle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Hunebelle', 'summary': 'André Hunebelle was a French maître verrier ( master glassmaker ) and film director . He was born on 1 September 1896 in Meudon ( Hauts-de-Seine ) , and died on 27 November 1985 in Nice ( Alpes-Maritimes ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Meurisse , Danielle Darrieux , Michèle Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Meurisse', 'summary': 'Paul Meurisse ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ pɔl møʁis ] ; 21 December 1912 in Dunkirk - 19 January 1979 in Neuilly-sur-Seine ) was a French actor who appeared in over 60 films and many stage productions . Meurisse was noted for the elegance of his acting style , and for his versatility . He was equally able to play comedic and serious dramatic roles . His screen roles ranged from the droll and drily humorous to the menacing and disturbing . His most celebrated role was that of the sadistic and vindictive headmaster in the 1955 film Les Diaboliques .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Danielle_Darrieux', 'summary': "Danielle Yvonne Marie Antoinette Darrieux ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ da.njɛl i.vɔn ma.ʁi ɑ̃.twa.nɛt daʁ.jø ] ; 1 May 1917 - 17 October 2017 ) was a French actress of stage , television and film , as well as a singer and dancer . Beginning in 1931 , she appeared in more than 110 films . She was one of France 's great movie stars and her eight-decade career was among the longest in film history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michèle_Morgan', 'summary': 'Michèle Morgan ( French : [ miʃɛl mɔʁɡan ] ; 29 February 1920 - 20 December 2016 ) was a French film actress , who was a leading lady for three decades in both French cinema and Hollywood features . She is considered to have been one of the great French actresses of the 20th century . Morgan was the inaugural winner of the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival . In 1992 , she was given an honorary César Award for her contributions to French cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French-Italian co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Sabbath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Sabbath_(film)', 'summary': "Black Sabbath ( Italian : I tre volti della paura , lit . 'The Three Faces of Fear ' ) is a 1963 horror anthology film directed by Mario Bava . The film is centered on three separate tales that are introduced by Boris Karloff . The first , titled The Telephone , involves Rosy ( Michèle Mercier ) who continually receives threatening telephone calls from an unseen stalker . The second is The Wurdulak , where a man named Gorca ( Karloff ) returns to his family after claiming to have slain a Wurdulak , an undead creature who attacks those that it had once loved . The third story , The Drop of Water , is centered on Helen Corey ( Jacqueline Pierreux ) , a nurse who steals a ring from a corpse that is being prepared for burial and finds herself haunted by the ring 's original owner after arriving home . Being a low-budget horror film with multiple stories , an international cast and foreign financial backing , Black Sabbath follows numerous trends of 1960s Italian film productions . The film is credited to various writers , but is predominantly based on several uncredited sources , and changes were made to the script after filming commenced . American International Pictures and Titra Sound Corporation suggested changes to Bava during filming to make the film palatable for American audiences , and created their own English-language version of the film , which replaced Roberto Nicolosi 's score with music by Les Baxter , removed several depictions of graphic violence and made alterations to other scenes . This version greatly changed the plot of The Telephone , giving it a supernatural element and removing all references to lesbianism and prostitution . Black Sabbath was a commercial failure upon release in Italy , and performed below expectations in America . A spiritual sequel to the film , based on The Dunwich Horror and provisionally titled Scarlet Friday , was set to reunite Bava with Karloff and co-star Christopher Lee , but AIP distanced themselves from Bava following the failure of Dr. Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs and eventually produced the film without Bava , Karloff or Lee 's involvement ."}]}, {'value': 'Mario Bava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Bava', 'summary': "Mario Bava ( 31 July 1914 - 27 April 1980 ) was an Italian filmmaker who worked variously as a director , screenwriter , cinematographer , and special effects artist . He is frequently referred to as the Master of Italian Horror and the Master of the Macabre . His low-budget genre films , known for their distinctive visual flair and stylish technical ingenuity , feature recurring themes and imagery concerning the conflict between illusion and reality , and the destructive capacity of human nature . Born to sculptor , cinematographer and special effects pioneer Eugenio Bava , the younger Bava followed his father into the film industry , and eventually earned a reputation as one of Italy 's foremost cameramen , lighting and providing the special effects for such films as Hercules ( 1958 ) and its sequel Hercules Unchained ( 1959 ) ( each were lampooned on Mystery Science Theater 3000 ) . During the late 1950s , his eventual career trajectory as a director began when he was relied upon to complete projects begun by or credited to his colleague Riccardo Freda and other filmmakers , including I Vampiri ( 1957 ) ( the first Italian horror film of the sound era ) , The Day the Sky Exploded ( 1958 ) ( the first Italian science fiction film ) , Caltiki - The Immortal Monster ( 1959 ) and The Giant of Marathon ( 1959 ) . Although most of Bava 's films as director failed to achieve major commercial success upon release , many of them would eventually find acclaim as cult classics , with their content and production values being favourably compared to the works of Alfred Hitchcock . Several of them have been noted for their revolutionary impact on their respective genres : Black Sunday ( 1960 ) , his official directorial debut , was the forerunner of the Italian gothic horror film cycle ; The Girl Who Knew Too Much ( 1963 ) is considered to be the first giallo film ; Kill , Baby , Kill ( 1966 ) heavily influenced the iconography of modern J-Horror ; Roy Colt & Winchester Jack ( 1970 ) is regarded as one of the earliest self-parodying Spaghetti Westerns ; Four Times That Night ( 1971 ) was an early Italian sex comedy ; and A Bay of Blood ( 1971 ) was a precursor to slasher films . His other notable films include Hercules in the Haunted World ( 1961 ) , Erik the Conqueror ( 1961 ) , Black Sabbath ( 1963 ) , The Whip and the Body ( 1963 ) , Blood and Black Lace ( 1964 ) , Planet of the Vampires ( 1965 ) , Knives of the Avenger ( 1966 ) , Danger : Diabolik ( 1968 ) , Hatchet for the Honeymoon ( 1970 ) , Five Dolls for an August Moon ( 1970 ) , Baron Blood ( 1972 ) , Lisa and the Devil ( 1974 ) , Rabid Dogs ( 1974 ) and Shock ( 1977 ) . Despite his reputation as a talented artist during his lifetime , Bava 's shy , self-deprecating demeanour prevented him from taking advantage of opportunities that would have furthered his international standing within the film industry , and he turned down multiple opportunities to work in Hollywood . Among the filmmakers Bava and his work have influenced include Dario Argento , Lucio Fulci , Federico Fellini , John Carpenter , Nicolas Winding Refn , Martin Scorsese , Tim Burton , Joe Dante , John Landis , Francis Ford Coppola , Roger Corman , Edgar Wright , Jennifer Kent and Quentin Tarantino . His son and frequent assistant director , Lamberto Bava , later became a noted fantasy and horror film director in his own right ."}]}, {'value': 'Boris Karloff , Mark Damon , Michele Mercier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boris_Karloff', 'summary': "William Henry Pratt ( 23 November 1887 - 2 February 1969 ) , better known by his stage name Boris Karloff ( /ˈkɑːrlɒf/ ) , was an English actor who was primarily known for his roles in horror films . He portrayed Frankenstein 's monster in Frankenstein ( 1931 ) , Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) and Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) . He also appeared as Imhotep in The Mummy ( 1932 ) . In non-horror roles , he is best known to modern audiences for narrating and as the voice of the Grinch in the animated television special of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) . For his contribution to film and television , Karloff was awarded two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Damon', 'summary': "Mark Damon ( born April 22 , 1933 ) is an American film actor and producer . He rose to fame through acting roles in films like Roger Corman 's House of Usher , before moving to Italy and becoming a notable Western star and member of the 1960s Dolce Vita set of actors and actresses in Rome . After starring in over 50 films in the United States and Europe , he quit acting and reinvented himself as a film producer and pioneer of the foreign sales business in the 1970s , and became one of Hollywood 's most prolific producers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michele_Mercier', 'summary': 'Michèle Mercier ( born 1 January 1939 as Jocelyne Yvonne Renée Mercier ) is a French actress . In the course of her career she has worked with leading directors like François Truffaut , Jean-Pierre Melville , Jacques Deray , Dino Risi , Mario Monicelli , Mario Bava , Peter Collinson and Ken Annakin . Her leading men have included Marcello Mastroianni , Vittorio Gassman , Jean-Paul Belmondo , Jean Gabin , Charles Aznavour , Robert Hossein , Charles Bronson , Tony Curtis and Charlton Heston . She has appeared in over fifty films , and is best known for her starring role in Angelique , Marquise des Anges .'}]}, {'value': 'Horror', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italian-French-American co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cage_(1963_film)', 'summary': 'The Cage ( French : La Cage ) is a 1963 French film directed by Robert Darène . It was entered into the 1963 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Darène', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Darène', 'summary': 'Robert Darène ( 10 January 1914 - 15 January 2016 ) was a French actor , film director and screenwriter . He appeared in twelve films between 1934 and 1959 , and directed nine films between 1951 and 1963 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marina Vlady , Jean Servais , Colette Duval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marina_Vlady', 'summary': 'Marina Vlady ( born Marina Catherine de Poliakoff-Baydaroff ; 10 May 1938 ) is a French actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Servais', 'summary': 'Jean Servais ( French : [ sɛʁvɛ ] ; 24 September 1910 - 17 February 1976 ) was a Belgian film and stage actor . He acted in many 20th century French cinema productions , from the 1930s through the early 1970s . He was married to Gilberte Graillot , and later actress Dominique Blanchar .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy-drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carom Shots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carom_Shots', 'summary': 'Carom Shots ( French : Carambolages ) is a 1963 French comedy film directed by Marcel Bluwal . It was entered into the 1963 Cannes Film Festival . The French crime writer Fred Kassak [ fr ] felt his novel had been betrayed by the filmmakers .'}]}, {'value': 'Marcel Bluwal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcel_Bluwal', 'summary': 'Marcel Bluwal ( born 25 May 1925 ) is a French film director and screenwriter . He has directed 40 films since 1955 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Claude Brialy , Michel Serrault , Louis de Funès', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Claude_Brialy', 'summary': 'Jean-Claude Brialy ( 30 March 1933 - 30 May 2007 ) was a French actor and director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michel_Serrault', 'summary': 'Michel Serrault ( 24 January 1928 - 29 July 2007 ) was a French stage and film actor who appeared from 1954 until 2007 in more than 130 films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Louis_de_Funès', 'summary': "Louis Germain David de Funès de Galarza ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ lwi ʒɛʁmɛ̃ david də fynɛs də ɡalaʁza ] ; 31 July 1914 - 27 January 1983 ) was a French actor and comedian . According to several polls conducted since 1968 , he is France 's favourite actor - having played over 130 roles in film and over 100 on stage . His acting style is remembered for its high-energy performance and his wide range of facial expressions and tics . A considerable part of his best-known acting was directed by Jean Girault . He often still is a household name in many countries such as Israel , Greece , Hungary , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Belgium , Serbia , Poland , Bulgaria , Germany , Spain , Turkey , Albania , Romania , Croatia , former countries of the Soviet Union , as well as Iran . Yet he remains almost unknown in the English-speaking world . He was exposed to a wider audience only once in the United States , in 1974 , with the release of The Mad Adventures of Rabbi Jacob , which was nominated for a Golden Globe Award ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castle In Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castle_In_Sweden', 'summary': 'Nutty , Naughty Chateau ( French : Château en Suède , Italian : Il castello in Svezia ) is a 1963 French-Italian comedy film directed by Roger Vadim starring Monica Vitti .'}]}, {'value': 'Roger Vadim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Vadim', 'summary': 'Roger Vadim ( French : [ ʁɔ.ʒe va.dim ] ; 26 January 1928 - 11 February 2000 ) was a French screenwriter , film director and producer , as well as an author , artist and occasional actor . His best-known works are visually lavish films with erotic qualities , such as And God Created Woman ( 1956 ) , Barbarella ( 1968 ) , and Pretty Maids All in a Row ( 1971 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Claude Brialy , Monica Vitti , Françoise Hardy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Claude_Brialy', 'summary': 'Jean-Claude Brialy ( 30 March 1933 - 30 May 2007 ) was a French actor and director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Monica_Vitti', 'summary': 'Monica Vitti ( born 3 November 1931 ) is an Italian actress best known for her starring roles in films directed by Michelangelo Antonioni during the early 1960s . After working with Antonioni , Vitti changed focus and began making comedies , working with director Mario Monicelli on many films . She has appeared with Marcello Mastroianni , Richard Harris , Terence Stamp , Michael Caine , and Dirk Bogarde . Vitti won five David di Donatello Awards for Best Actress , seven Italian Golden Globes for Best Actress , the Career Golden Globe , and the Venice Film Festival Career Golden Lion Award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Françoise_Hardy', 'summary': "Françoise Madeleine Hardy ( French : [ fʁɑ̃swaz aʁdi ] ; born 17 January 1944 ) is a French singer-songwriter . She made her musical debut in the early 1960s on Disques Vogue and found immediate success with her song Tous les garçons et les filles . As a leading figure of the yé-yé movement , Hardy found herself at the very forefront of the French music scene , and became France 's most exportable female singing star , recording in various languages , appearing in movies , touring throughout Europe , and gaining plaudits from musicians such as Bob Dylan , Miles Davis and Mick Jagger . With the aid of photographer Jean-Marie Périer , Hardy also began modeling , and soon became a popular fashion icon as well . As the yé-yé era drew to a close in the late 1960s , Hardy sought to reinvent herself , casting off the fashionable girl next door image that Périer had created for her and abandoning the cute and catchy compositions that had characterized her repertoire up to that point . She began working with more accomplished songwriters such as Serge Gainsbourg and Patrick Modiano . Her 1971 album La question represented an important turning point in her career , moving towards a more mature style ; it remains her most acclaimed work and has generated a dedicated cult following over the years . The early 1970s also marked the beginning of Hardy 's renowned involvement with astrology , becoming an expert and writer on the subject over the years . Hardy remains a popular figure in music and fashion , and is considered an icon of French pop and of the 1960s . The singer is also considered a gay icon and has repeatedly declared that her most devoted friends and fans are gay . Several of her songs and albums have appeared in critics ' lists ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French-Italian co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chair de poule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chair_de_poule', 'summary': 'Chair de poule ( French for goosebumps ) is a 1963 French crime film directed by Julien Duvivier and starring Robert Hossein , Catherine Rouvel , Jean Sorel and Georges Wilson . The screenplay is based on the novel Come Easy , Go Easy by James Hadley Chase , which took several plot elements from The Postman Always Rings Twice by James M Cain . The film was released in the United States as Highway Pickup .'}]}, {'value': 'Julien Duvivier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julien_Duvivier', 'summary': 'Julien Duvivier ( French : [ dyvivje ] ; 8 October 1896 , in Lille - 29 October 1967 , in Paris ) was a French film director . He was prominent in French cinema in the years 1930-1960 . Amongst his most original films , chiefly notable are La Bandera , Pépé le Moko , Little World of Don Camillo , Panique , Voici le temps des assassins and Marianne de ma jeunesse . Jean Renoir called him , a great technician , [ a ] rigorist , a poet .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Hossein , Catherine Rouvel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Hossein', 'summary': "Robert Hossein ( born 30 December 1927 ) is a French film actor , director , and writer . He directed the 1982 adaptation of Les Misérables , and appeared in Vice and Virtue , Le Casse , Les Uns et les Autres and Venus Beauty Institute . His other roles include Michèle Mercier 's husband in the Angélique series , a gunfighter in the Spaghetti Western Cemetery Without Crosses ( which he also directed and co-wrote ) , and a Catholic priest who falls in love with Claude Jade and becomes a communist in Forbidden Priests ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Catherine_Rouvel', 'summary': "Catherine Rouvel ( born Catherine Vitale ; 31 August 1939 in Marseille ) is an acclaimed French actress . Her career spans from 1959 in television to 2004 . She starred in Jean Renoir 's Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe , Marcel Carné 's Les Assassins de l'ordre and in the 1976 Jean-Jacques Annaud film Black and White in Color ."}]}, {'value': 'Crime drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicken Feed For Little Birds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcel Carné', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcel_Carné', 'summary': "Marcel Albert Carné ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ maʁsɛl albɛʁ kaʁne ] ; 18 August 1906 - 31 October 1996 ) was a French film director . A key figure in the poetic realism movement , Carné 's best known films include Port of Shadows ( 1938 ) , Le Jour Se Lève ( 1939 ) , The Devil 's Envoys ( 1942 ) and Children of Paradise ( 1945 ) , the last of which has been cited as one of the greatest films of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Dany Saval , Paul Meurisse , Suzy Delair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dany_Saval', 'summary': 'Dany Saval ( born Danielle Nadine Suzanne Savalle on 5 January 1942 in Paris , France ) is a former French actress . Her career flourished during the 1950s and 1960s . Best known in America as one of a trio of airline stewardesses being shuffled around by Tony Curtis and Jerry Lewis in the slapstick comedy Boeing Boeing , in which she played alongside Thelma Ritter , Christiane Schmidtmer , and Suzanna Leigh . Dany Saval retired from the film and entertainment business in the late 1980s . She has a daughter named Stephanie Jarre ( daughter of Maurice Jarre , her first husband ) , and currently resides in Paris with her second husband , Michel Drucker .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Meurisse', 'summary': 'Paul Meurisse ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ pɔl møʁis ] ; 21 December 1912 in Dunkirk - 19 January 1979 in Neuilly-sur-Seine ) was a French actor who appeared in over 60 films and many stage productions . Meurisse was noted for the elegance of his acting style , and for his versatility . He was equally able to play comedic and serious dramatic roles . His screen roles ranged from the droll and drily humorous to the menacing and disturbing . His most celebrated role was that of the sadistic and vindictive headmaster in the 1955 film Les Diaboliques .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Suzy_Delair', 'summary': 'Suzy Delair ( born Suzanne Pierrette Declair 31 December 1917 ) is a French actress and singer . She turned 100 in December 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French-Italian co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Codine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Codine_(film)', 'summary': 'Codine is a 1963 French-Romanian crime film directed by Henri Colpi . It was entered into the 1963 Cannes Film Festival where it won the award for Best Screenplay .'}]}, {'value': 'Henri Colpi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henri_Colpi', 'summary': 'Henri Colpi ( French : [ kɔlpi ] ; 15 July 1921 - 14 January 2006 ) was a French film editor and film director .'}]}, {'value': 'Françoise Brion , Nelly Borgeaud , Maurice Sarfati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Françoise_Brion', 'summary': "Françoise Brion ( French : [ bʁijɔ̃ ] ; born 29 January 1933 ) is a French film actress . She has appeared in 75 films since 1957 . She starred in the 1963 film L'Immortelle , which was entered into the 13th Berlin International Film Festival . She was married to Jacques Doniol-Valcroze ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nelly_Borgeaud', 'summary': 'Nelly Borgeaud ( 29 November 1931 - 14 July 2004 ) was a French film actress . She appeared in 43 films between 1955 and 2001 . Borgeaud was born in Creuse , France , and died in Geneva , Switzerland , at age 72 . Her film career spanned 50 years . In 1968 , she appeared on Broadway as Elmire in Tartuffe .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French-Romanian co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Conjugal Bed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Conjugal_Bed_(1963_film)', 'summary': "The Conjugal Bed ( Italian : L'ape regina ) is a 1963 Italian comedy film directed by Marco Ferreri . It was entered into the 1963 Cannes Film Festival where Marina Vlady won the award for Best Actress ."}]}, {'value': 'Marco Ferreri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Ferreri', 'summary': 'Marco Ferreri ( 11 May 1928 - 9 May 1997 ) was an Italian film director , screenwriter and actor , who began his career in the 1950s directing three films in Spain , followed by 24 Italian films before his death in 1997 . He is considered one of the greatest European cinematic provocateurs of his time and had a constant presence in prestigious festival circuit - including eight films in competition in Cannes film festival and a Golden bear win in 1991 Berlin film festival . Three of his films are among 100 films selected for preservation for significant contribution to Italian cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'Marina Vlady , Ugo Tognazzi , Walter Giller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marina_Vlady', 'summary': 'Marina Vlady ( born Marina Catherine de Poliakoff-Baydaroff ; 10 May 1938 ) is a French actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ugo_Tognazzi', 'summary': 'Ugo Tognazzi ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈuːɡo toɲˈɲattsi ] ; 23 March 1922 - 27 October 1990 ) was an Italian film , TV , and theatre actor , director , and screenwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Walter_Giller', 'summary': 'Walter Giller ( 23 August 1927 - 15 December 2011 ) was a German actor . He was very successful in the 1950s and 1960s , when he was often seen as a comedic leading men . One of his most successful and more serious roles was in Roses for the Prosecutor . Giller was born in Recklinghausen . In 1956 , he married actress Nadja Tiller ; they had two children and appeared together in a number of films . The couple resided in Lugano , Switzerland for many years . In 2009 , he was diagnosed with lung cancer . He underwent a major ( but unsuccessful ) operation . He died in Hamburg in 2011 , aged 84 .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italian-French co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conquest of Mycene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conquest_of_Mycene', 'summary': 'Hercules vs. Moloch ( Italian : Ercole contro Moloch , French : Hercule contre Moloch , also known as Hercules Against Moloch , Hercules vs. the Molloch , Hercules Attacks , Conquest of Mycene and The Conquest of Mycenae ) is a 1963 Italian-French peplum film written and directed by Giorgio Ferroni and starring Gordon Scott .'}]}, {'value': 'Giorgio Ferroni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giorgio_Ferroni', 'summary': 'Giorgio Ferroni ( April 12 , 1908 - August 17 , 1981 ) , sometimes credited as Calvin Jackson Padget or Calvin J. Padget , was an Italian film director , film editor and a screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Gordon Scott , Alessandra Panaro , Arturo Dominici', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_Scott', 'summary': 'Gordon Scott ( August 3 , 1926 - April 30 , 2007 ) was an American film and television actor known for his portrayal of the fictional character Tarzan in five films ( and one compilation of three made-as-a-pilot television episodes ) of the Tarzan film series from 1955 to 1960 . Gordon Scott was the eleventh Tarzan , starting with Tarzans Hidden Jungle ( 1955 ) . He was discovered poolside , and offered a seven-year contract , a loin cloth , and a new last name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alessandra_Panaro', 'summary': "Alessandra Panaro ( 14 December 1939 - 1 May 2019 ) was an Italian film actress of the late 1950s and early 1960s . Panaro is best known for her films in the early 1960s , notably Luchino Visconti 's crime drama Rocco e i suoi fratelli in 1960 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arturo_Dominici', 'summary': 'Arturo Dominici ( 2 January 1916 - 7 September 1992 ) was an Italian actor and voice actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Adventure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italian-French co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contempt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contempt_(film)', 'summary': 'Contempt ( French : Le Mépris ) is a 1963 French-Italian New Wave drama film written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard , based on the Italian novel Il disprezzo ( A Ghost at Noon ) by Alberto Moravia . It stars Brigitte Bardot , Michel Piccoli , Jack Palance , and Giorgia Moll .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Luc Godard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard', 'summary': "Jean-Luc Godard ( UK : /ˈɡɒdɑːr/ GOD-ar , US : /ɡoʊˈdɑːr/ goh-DAR , French : [ ʒɑ̃ lyk ɡɔdaʁ ] ; born 3 December 1930 ) is a French-Swiss film director , screenwriter and film critic . He rose to prominence as a pioneer of the 1960s French New Wave film movement . During his early career as a film critic , Godard criticized mainstream French cinema 's Tradition of Quality , which emphasized established convention over innovation and experimentation . In response , he and like-minded critics began to make their own films . Many of Godard 's films challenge the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema . In 1964 , Godard described his and his colleagues ' impact : We barged into the cinema like cavemen into the Versailles of Louis XV . He is often considered the most radical French filmmaker of the 1960s and 1970s ; his approach in film conventions , politics and philosophies made him arguably the most influential director of the French New Wave . Along with showing knowledge of film history through homages and references , several of his films expressed his political views ; he was an avid reader of existential and Marxist philosophy . Since the New Wave , his politics have been much less radical and his recent films are about representation and human conflict from a humanist , and a Marxist perspective . In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll , Godard ranked third in the critics ' top ten directors of all time ( which was put together by assembling the directors of the individual films for which the critics voted ) . He is said to have created one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century . He and his work have been central to narrative theory and have challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticism 's vocabulary ."}]}, {'value': 'Brigitte Bardot , Michel Piccoli , Jack Palance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot', 'summary': "Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot ( /brɪˌʒiːt bɑːrˈdoʊ/ ( listen ) brizh-EET bar-DOH , French : [ bʁiʒit baʁdo ] ( listen ) ; born 28 September 1934 ) , often referred to by the initials B.B. , is a French former actress and singer , and animal rights activist . Famous for portraying sexually emancipated personae with hedonistic lifestyles , she was one of the best known sex symbols of the 1950s and 1960s . Although she withdrew from the entertainment industry in 1973 , she remains a major popular culture icon . Born and raised in Paris , Bardot was an aspiring ballerina in her early life . She started her acting career in 1952 . She achieved international recognition in 1957 for her role in the controversial And God Created Woman , and also caught the attention of French intellectuals . She was the subject of Simone de Beauvoir 's 1959 essay The Lolita Syndrome , which described her as a locomotive of women 's history and built upon existentialist themes to declare her the first and most liberated woman of post-war France . Bardot later starred in Jean-Luc Godard 's 1963 film Le Mépris . For her role in Louis Malle 's 1965 film Viva Maria ! she was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress . Bardot retired from the entertainment industry in 1973 . She had acted in 47 films , performed in several musicals and recorded more than 60 songs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michel_Piccoli', 'summary': "Jacques Daniel Michel Piccoli ( born 27 December 1925 ) is a French actor , producer and film director . He has one of the longest careers in French cinema , and is regarded worldwide as a symbol of France 's film history , more specifically of the 1960s and 70s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jack_Palance', 'summary': 'Jack Palance ( /ˈpæləns/ PAL-əns ; born Volodymyr Palahniuk ( Ukrainian : Володимир Палагню́к ) ; February 18 , 1919 - November 10 , 2006 ) was an American actor of Ukrainian and Polish descent . He was nominated for three Academy Awards , all for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , receiving nominations for his roles in Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) and Shane ( 1953 ) , and winning the Oscar almost 40 years later for his role in City Slickers ( 1991 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French-Italian co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Day and the Hour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Day_and_the_Hour', 'summary': "The Day and the Hour ( French : Le jour et l'heure ) is a 1963 French war-time drama film directed by René Clément and starring Simone Signoret and Stuart Whitman . Set in occupied France in 1944 a French woman finds herself helping a downed American pilot as he searches for a way to leave the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Rene Clement', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rene_Clement', 'summary': 'René Clément ( French : [ klemɑ̃ ] ; 18 March 1913 - 17 March 1996 ) was a French film director and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Simone Signoret , Stuart Whitman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simone_Signoret', 'summary': "Simone Signoret ( French : [ simɔn siɲɔʁɛ ] ; 25 March 1921 - 30 September 1985 ) was a French cinema actress often hailed as one of France 's greatest film stars . She became the second French person to win an Academy Award , for her role in Room at the Top ( 1959 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stuart_Whitman', 'summary': "Stuart Maxwell Whitman ( born February 1 , 1928 ) is an American film and television actor , known for his lengthy career in both media . Whitman played major roles in a large variety of genres . Some of these credits includes the dramatic The Mark for which he was nominated for best actor at the Academy Awards , the Western film The Comancheros ( 1961 ) , the aviation comedy Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines ( 1965 ) , or the cult horror Night of the Lepus ( 1972 ) . On television , Whitman is known for roles in Highway Patrol ( 1955-1957 ) , Cimarron Strip ( 1967 ) , and Superboy ( 1988-1992 ) . Whitman was born in San Francisco , and raised in New York until the age of twelve . His family relocated in Los Angeles . Whitman finished high school in 1945 , and was honorably discharged from the United States Army in the Corps of Engineers in 1948 . Afterwards , Whitman started studying acting and appearing in plays . In 1951 , he had a bit roles in the films Rudolph Maté 's When Worlds Collide and Robert Wise 's The Day the Earth Stood Still . Until 1957 , Whitman had a streak working in mostly bit parts in films directed by notable directors . On television Whitman guest starred in series such as Dr. Christian , The Roy Rogers Show , Death Valley Days and also had a recurring role on Highway Patrol . This led Whitman to play one of the central roles in John H. Auer 's Johnny Trouble ."}]}, {'value': 'War drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French-Italian co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Devil and the Ten Commandments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Devil_and_the_Ten_Commandments', 'summary': 'Le Diable et les Dix Commandements ( English : The Devil and the Ten Commandments ) , is a French comedy-drama film from 1963 , directed by Julien Duvivier , written by David Alexander and Michel Audiard , starring Michel Simon and Louis de Funès ( uncredited ) . The cast list includes several famous French actors : Simon , de Funès , Fernandel , Danielle Darrieux , Lino Ventura , Jean-Claude Brialy , Charles Aznavour and a very young Alain Delon . According to Bosley Crowther only one from seven episodes tickled him , in which play Louis de Funes and Jean-Claude Brialy . The film offers a perspective on sin and salvation . A snake proclaims - voice of Claude Rich - that it is our old friend , the Devil .'}]}, {'value': 'Julien Duvivier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julien_Duvivier', 'summary': 'Julien Duvivier ( French : [ dyvivje ] ; 8 October 1896 , in Lille - 29 October 1967 , in Paris ) was a French film director . He was prominent in French cinema in the years 1930-1960 . Amongst his most original films , chiefly notable are La Bandera , Pépé le Moko , Little World of Don Camillo , Panique , Voici le temps des assassins and Marianne de ma jeunesse . Jean Renoir called him , a great technician , [ a ] rigorist , a poet .'}]}, {'value': 'Michel Simon , Louis de Funès', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Simon', 'summary': "Michel Simon ( French : [ simɔ̃ ] ; 9 April 1895 - 30 May 1975 ) was a Swiss actor . He appeared in the notable films La Chienne ( 1931 ) , Boudu Saved from Drowning ( 1932 ) , L'Atalante ( 1934 ) , Port of Shadows ( 1938 ) , The Head ( 1959 ) , and The Train ( 1964 ) . The actor François Simon is his son ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Louis_de_Funès', 'summary': "Louis Germain David de Funès de Galarza ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ lwi ʒɛʁmɛ̃ david də fynɛs də ɡalaʁza ] ; 31 July 1914 - 27 January 1983 ) was a French actor and comedian . According to several polls conducted since 1968 , he is France 's favourite actor - having played over 130 roles in film and over 100 on stage . His acting style is remembered for its high-energy performance and his wide range of facial expressions and tics . A considerable part of his best-known acting was directed by Jean Girault . He often still is a household name in many countries such as Israel , Greece , Hungary , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Belgium , Serbia , Poland , Bulgaria , Germany , Spain , Turkey , Albania , Romania , Croatia , former countries of the Soviet Union , as well as Iran . Yet he remains almost unknown in the English-speaking world . He was exposed to a wider audience only once in the United States , in 1974 , with the release of The Mad Adventures of Rabbi Jacob , which was nominated for a Golden Globe Award ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Empty Canvas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Empty_Canvas', 'summary': 'The Empty Canvas is a 1963 Italian drama film directed by Damiano Damiani . The screenplay by Damiani , Tonino Guerra , and Ugo Liberatore is based on the best-selling novel La Noia by Alberto Moravia . The film stars Horst Buchholz , Catherine Spaak , Isa Miranda and Bette Davis .'}]}, {'value': 'Damiano Damiani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damiano_Damiani', 'summary': 'Damiano Damiani ( 23 July 1922 - 7 March 2013 ) was an Italian screenwriter , film director , actor and writer . Poet and director Pier Paolo Pasolini referred to him as a bitter moralist hungry for old purity , while film critic Paolo Mereghetti said that his style made him the most American of Italian directors . In 1946 Damiano Damiani became part of the so-called Group of Venice with Fernando Carcupino , Hugo Pratt and Dino Battaglia .'}]}, {'value': 'Horst Buchholz , Catherine Spaak Bette Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horst_Buchholz', 'summary': "Horst Werner Buchholz ( 4 December 1933 - 3 March 2003 ) was a German actor and voice actor who appeared in more than 60 feature films from 1951 to 2002 . During his youth , he was sometimes called the German James Dean . He is perhaps best known in English-speaking countries for his role as Chico in The Magnificent Seven ( 1960 ) , as a communist in Billy Wilder 's One , Two , Three ( 1961 ) , and as Dr. Lessing in Life Is Beautiful ( 1997 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Catherine_Spaak', 'summary': 'Catherine Spaak ( born 3 April 1945 ) is a French-Italian actress and singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bette_Davis', 'summary': 'Ruth Elizabeth Bette Davis ( /ˈbɛti/ ; April 5 , 1908 - October 6 , 1989 ) was an American actress of film , television and theater . With a career spanning 60 years and 100 acting credits , she is regarded as one of the greatest actresses in Hollywood history . She was noted for playing unsympathetic , sardonic characters , and was famous for her performances in a range of film genres , from contemporary crime melodramas to historical films , suspense horror , and occasional comedies , although her greater successes were in romantic dramas . A recipient of two Academy Awards , she was the first thespian to garner ten nominations . After appearing in Broadway plays , the 22-year old Davis moved to Hollywood in 1930 . After some unsuccessful films , she had her critical breakthrough playing a vulgar waitress in Of Human Bondage ( 1934 ) , although , contentiously , she was not among the three nominees for the Academy Award for Best Actress that year . The next year , her strong performance as a down-and-out actress in Dangerous ( 1935 ) did land her her first Best Actress nomination , and she won the award . In 1937 , she tried to free herself from her contract with Warner Brothers Studio ; although she lost the legal case , it marked the start of more than a decade as one of the most celebrated leading ladies of US cinema , known for her forceful and intense style . Her portrayal of a strong-willed 1850s southern belle in Jezebel ( 1938 ) won her a second Academy Award for Best Actress and was the first of five consecutive years she received a nomination . The others were for Dark Victory ( 1939 ) , The Letter ( 1940 ) , The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) and Now , Voyager ( 1942 ) . Davis gained a reputation as a perfectionist who could be highly combative and confrontational with studio executives and film directors as well as with her co-stars . Her forthright manner , idiosyncratic speech , and ubiquitous cigarette contributed to a public persona that has been often imitated .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italian-French co-production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Fire Within', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fire_Within', 'summary': "The Fire Within ( French : Le feu follet [ lə fø fɔlɛ ] , meaning The Manic Fire or Will-o'-the-Wisp ) is a 1963 French drama film directed by Louis Malle . It is based on the novel Will O ' the Wisp by Pierre Drieu La Rochelle which itself was inspired by the life of Jacques Rigaut . The film stars Maurice Ronet , Jeanne Moreau - who had previously worked with Ronet and Malle in Elevator to the Gallows - as well as Alexandra Stewart , Bernard Noel , Lena Skerla , Hubert Deschamps and Yvonne Clech . The score features the music of Erik Satie ."}]}, {'value': 'Louis Malle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Malle', 'summary': "Louis Marie Malle ( French : [ mal ] ; 30 October 1932 - 23 November 1995 ) was a French film director , screenwriter and producer . His film Le Monde du silence won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957 , although he was not credited at the ceremony ; the award was instead presented to the film 's co-director Jacques Cousteau . Later in his career he was nominated multiple times for Academy Awards . Malle is also one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice . Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood , and he produced both French and English language films . His most famous films include the crime film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud ( 1958 ) , the World War II drama Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) , the romantic crime film Atlantic City ( 1980 ) , the comedy-drama My Dinner with Andre ( 1981 ) , and the autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants ( 1987 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Maurice Ronet , Jeanne Moreau , Lena Skerla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maurice_Ronet', 'summary': 'Maurice Ronet ( 13 April 1927 - 14 March 1983 ) was a French film actor , director , and writer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau', 'summary': "Jeanne Moreau ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒan mɔʁo ] ; 23 January 1928 - 31 July 2017 ) was a French actress , singer , screenwriter and director . She won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for Seven Days . Seven Nights ( 1960 ) ( which she shared with Melina Mercouri for her role in Never on Sunday ) , the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress for Viva Maria ! ( 1965 ) , and the César Award for Best Actress for The Old Lady Who Walked in the Sea ( 1992 ) . She was also the recipient of several lifetime awards , including a BAFTA Fellowship in 1996 , Cannes Golden Palm in 2003 and César Award in 2008 . Moreau made her theatrical debut in 1947 , and established herself as one of the leading actresses of the Comédie-Française . She began playing small roles in films in 1949 , with impressive performances in the Fernandel vehicle Meurtres ? ( Three Sinners , 1950 ) and alongside Jean Gabin as a showgirl/gangster 's moll in the film Touchez pas au grisbi ( 1954 ) . She achieved prominence as the star of Elevator to the Gallows ( 1958 ) , directed by Louis Malle , and Jules et Jim ( 1962 ) , directed by François Truffaut . Most prolific during the 1960s , Moreau continued to appear in films into her 80s ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Cinema ofFrance 1892–1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 19141915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 19241925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019 vte A list of films produced in France in 1963 .', 'uid': 'List_of_French_films_of_1963_0', 'intro': 'A list of films produced in France in 1963.'}
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What is the title of the movie directed by the youngest director ?
The Fire Within
08eca2cb3cad28d8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_national_ice_hockey_team_rosters', 'title': 'List of United States national ice hockey team rosters', 'header': ['Name', 'Birthdate', 'Birthplace', '1932 team'], 'data': [{'value': 'Franklin Farrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franklin_Farrell', 'summary': 'Franklin Frank Farrel III ( March 23 , 1908 - July 2 , 2003 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics . He was born and died in New Haven , Connecticut . In 1932 he was a member of the American ice hockey team , which won the silver medal . He played all six matches as goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'March 23 , 1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Haven , Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut', 'summary': "New Haven is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , and is part of the New York metropolitan area . With a population of 129,779 as determined by the 2010 United States Census , it is the second-largest city in Connecticut after Bridgeport . New Haven is the principal municipality of Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010 . New Haven was the first planned city in America . A year after its founding by English Puritans in 1638 , eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid , creating what is commonly known as the Nine Square Plan . The central common block is the New Haven Green , a 16-acre ( 6 ha ) square at the center of Downtown New Haven . The Green is now a National Historic Landmark , and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark . New Haven is the home of Yale University . As New Haven 's biggest taxpayer and employer , Yale serves as an integral part of the city 's economy . Health care ( hospitals and biotechnology ) , professional services ( legal , architectural , marketing , and engineering ) , financial services , and retail trade also contribute to the city 's economic activity . The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873 , when sole governance was transferred to the more centrally located city of Hartford ."}]}, {'value': 'Yale University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yale_University', 'summary': "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Edwin Frazier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Frazier', 'summary': 'Edwin Hartwell Frazier ( May 5 , 1907 - November 2 , 1971 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics as a goaltender . The team won the silver medal . Frazier was born in Stoneham , Massachusetts , and died in Wilmington , Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': 'January 21 , 1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stoneham , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stoneham,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Stoneham /ˈstoʊnəm/ is a town in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , nine miles ( 14.5 km ) north of downtown Boston . Its population was 21,437 at the 2010 census , and its proximity to major highways and public transportation offer convenient access to Boston and the North Shore coastal region and beaches of Massachusetts . The town is the birthplace of Olympic figure-skating medalist Nancy Kerrigan and is the home of the Stone Zoo .'}]}, {'value': 'Dartmouth College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dartmouth_College', 'summary': "Dartmouth College ( /ˈdɑːrtməθ/ DART-məth ) is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover , New Hampshire , United States . Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock , it is the ninth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Although founded as a school to educate Native Americans in Christian theology and the English way of life , Dartmouth primarily trained Congregationalist ministers throughout its early history before it gradually secularized , emerging at the turn of the 20th century from relative obscurity into national prominence . Following a liberal arts curriculum , the university provides undergraduate instruction in 40 academic departments and interdisciplinary programs including 57 majors in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering , and enables students to design specialized concentrations or engage in dual degree programs . Dartmouth comprises five constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Geisel School of Medicine , the Thayer School of Engineering , the Tuck School of Business , and the Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies . The university also has affiliations with the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , the Rockefeller Institute for Public Policy , and the Hopkins Center for the Arts . With a student enrollment of about 6,400 , Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League . Undergraduate admissions are highly competitive , with an acceptance rate of 7.9% for the Class of 2023 . Situated on a terrace above the Connecticut River , Dartmouth 's 269-acre main campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England . The university functions on a quarter system , operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms . Dartmouth is known for its undergraduate focus , strong Greek culture , and wide array of enduring campus traditions . Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I. Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings , and has been cited as a leading university for undergraduate teaching and research by U.S. News & World Report ."}]}, {'value': 'Ty Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osborne_Anderson', 'summary': 'Osborne Ty Anderson ( October 15 , 1908 - January 31 , 1989 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics . In 1932 he was a member of the American ice hockey team , which won the silver medal . He played all six matches and scored one goal .'}]}, {'value': 'October 15 , 1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fredrikstad , Østfold , Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fredrikstad', 'summary': "Fredrikstad ( listen ( help·info ) ; previously Frederiksstad ; literally Fredrik 's Town ) is a city and municipality in Viken county , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Fredrikstad . The city of Fredrikstad was founded in 1567 by King Frederick II , and established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) . The rural municipality of Glemmen was merged with Fredrikstad on 1 January 1964 . The rural municipalities of Borge , Onsøy , Kråkerøy , and Rolvsøy were merged with Fredrikstad on 1 January 1994 . The city straddles the river Glomma where it meets the Skagerrak , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from the Sweden border . Along with neighboring Sarpsborg , Fredrikstad forms the fifth largest city in Norway : Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg . As of 1 January 2018 , according to Statistics Norway , these two municipalities have a total population of 136,117 with 80,977 in Fredrikstad and 55,140 in Sarpsborg . Fredrikstad was built at the mouth of Glomma as a replacement after Sarpsborg ( 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) upstream ) was burnt down by the Swedish Army in the 1500s . Some of the citizens stayed behind and rebuilt their old town at its original site and got their city status back in 1839 . The city centre is on the west bank of the Glomma , while the old town on the east bank is Northern Europe 's best preserved fortified town . Fredrikstad used to have a large sawmill industry and was an important harbour for timber export , then later on shipbuilding , until the main yard was closed in 1988 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Østfold', 'summary': "Østfold [ ˈœ̂stfɔl ] ( listen ) is a traditional region , a former county and a current electoral district in southeastern Norway . It borders Akershus and southwestern Sweden ( Västra Götaland County and Värmland ) , while Buskerud and Vestfold are on the other side of Oslofjord . The county 's administrative seat was Sarpsborg . The county controversially became part the newly established Viken County on 1 January 2020 . Many manufacturing facilities are situated here , such as the world 's most advanced biorefinery , Borregaard in Sarpsborg . Fredrikstad has shipyards . There are granite mines in Østfold and stone from these were used by Gustav Vigeland . The county slogan is The heartland of Scandinavia . The local dialect is characterized by its geographical proximity to Sweden ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston Olympics ( EHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Boston Olympics are a defunct farm team for the Boston Bruins . They began play during the 1940-41 Eastern Amateur Hockey League season . The Olympics were often referred to by the shortened name the Pics and the franchise remained active until the 1951-52 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Hockey_League', 'summary': 'The Eastern Hockey League was a minor professional United States ice hockey league .'}]}, {'value': 'Douglas Everett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_Everett_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Douglas Newton Doug Everett ( April 3 , 1905 - September 14 , 1996 ) was an American ice hockey player . He was a star for the Dartmouth College hockey team in 1922-26 . After graduating , Everett received professional offers from the Boston Bruins , New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League but opted to pursue a career in the insurance business in Concord , New Hampshire instead while continuing to play amateur hockey . Everett competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics as a member of the American ice hockey team , which won the silver medal . He played five matches and scored four goals . He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1974 . He was born in Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States , and died in Concord , New Hampshire .'}]}, {'value': 'April 3 , 1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dartmouth College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dartmouth_College', 'summary': "Dartmouth College ( /ˈdɑːrtməθ/ DART-məth ) is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover , New Hampshire , United States . Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock , it is the ninth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Although founded as a school to educate Native Americans in Christian theology and the English way of life , Dartmouth primarily trained Congregationalist ministers throughout its early history before it gradually secularized , emerging at the turn of the 20th century from relative obscurity into national prominence . Following a liberal arts curriculum , the university provides undergraduate instruction in 40 academic departments and interdisciplinary programs including 57 majors in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering , and enables students to design specialized concentrations or engage in dual degree programs . Dartmouth comprises five constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Geisel School of Medicine , the Thayer School of Engineering , the Tuck School of Business , and the Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies . The university also has affiliations with the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , the Rockefeller Institute for Public Policy , and the Hopkins Center for the Arts . With a student enrollment of about 6,400 , Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League . Undergraduate admissions are highly competitive , with an acceptance rate of 7.9% for the Class of 2023 . Situated on a terrace above the Connecticut River , Dartmouth 's 269-acre main campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England . The university functions on a quarter system , operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms . Dartmouth is known for its undergraduate focus , strong Greek culture , and wide array of enduring campus traditions . Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I. Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings , and has been cited as a leading university for undergraduate teaching and research by U.S. News & World Report ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerard Hallock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerard_Hallock', 'summary': 'Gerard Buzz Hallock III ( June 14 , 1905 - May 26 , 1996 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics . Born in Pottstown , Pennsylvania , in 1932 he was a member of the American ice hockey team , which won the silver medal . He played one match . He died in Essex , Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': 'June 4 , 1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pottstown , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pottstown,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pottstown is a borough in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , United States about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northwest of Philadelphia and 20 miles ( 32 km ) southeast of Reading , on the Schuylkill River . Pottstown was laid out in 1752-53 and named Pottsgrove in honor of its founder , John Potts . The old name was abandoned at the time of the incorporation as a borough in 1815 . In 1888 , the limits of the borough were considerably extended . Pottstown is the center of a productive farming and dairying region . Pottstown 's iron and steel interests were once extensive . There were large rolling mills , furnaces , nail works , textile mills , bridge works , agricultural-implement works , boiler and machine shops , foundries , and manufactories of bricks , silks , shirts , hosiery , etc . In 1900 , 13,696 people lived there ; in 1910 , 15,599 ; in 1920 , 17,431 ; and in 1940 , 20,194 . The population was 22,377 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Princeton University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princeton_University', 'summary': "Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . [ a ] The institution moved to Newark in 1747 , then to the current site nine years later , and renamed itself Princeton University in 1896 . Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering . It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . [ b ] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States . From 2001 to 2018 , Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report , holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years . As of November 2019 , 68 Nobel laureates , 15 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni , faculty members or researchers . In addition , Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners , 5 Abel Prize winners , 5 National Humanities Medal recipients , 209 Rhodes Scholars , 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars . Two U.S. Presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices ( three of whom currently serve on the court ) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton 's alumni body . Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Livingston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Robert Cambridge Livingston ( November 3 , 1908 - April 2 , 1974 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics . He was born in Lawrence , New York and died in New Canaan , Connecticut . He attended Princeton University . In 1932 he was a member of the American ice hockey team , which won the silver medal . He played one match .'}]}, {'value': 'November 3 , 1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lawrence , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence,_Nassau_County,_New_York', 'summary': 'Lawrence is a village in Nassau County , New York in the United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the village population was 6,483 . The Village of Lawrence is in the southwest corner of the Town of Hempstead , adjoining the border with the New York City borough of Queens to the west and near the Atlantic Ocean to the south . Lawrence is one of the Five Towns , which consists of the villages of Lawrence and Cedarhurst , the hamlets ( unincorporated areas ) of Woodmere and Inwood , and The Hewletts , which is made up of the hamlet of Hewlett together with the villages of Hewlett Bay Park , Hewlett Harbor and Hewlett Neck , along with Woodsburgh .'}]}, {'value': 'Yale University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yale_University', 'summary': "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Bent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Bent', 'summary': 'John Peale Bent ( August 5 , 1908 - June 5 , 2004 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'August 5 , 1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles Mere , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagles_Mere,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Eagles Mere is a borough in Sullivan County , Pennsylvania , USA . The population was 120 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Yale University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yale_University', 'summary': "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'John Chase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Chase_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "John Pierce Chase ( June 12 , 1906 - April 1 , 1994 ) was an American ice hockey player and coach who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics . Chase grew up in Massachusetts where he excelled in ice hockey and baseball at Harvard University . He was the 1932 Harvard University Man at the Plate ( baseball ) . He played three seasons for Harvard 's baseball team ( 1926-1928 ) while simultaneously serving as the team captain for the Harvard hockey team . Chase was highly sought by National Hockey League teams but chose to pursue a career in business instead . He did continue to play amateur hockey , however . In 1932 he was a member of the American ice hockey team , which won the silver medal . He played all six matches and scored four goals . He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1973 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 12 , 1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milton , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Milton is a town in Norfolk County , Massachusetts , United States , and an affluent suburb of Boston . The population was 27,003 at the 2010 census . Milton is the birthplace of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush and architect Buckminster Fuller . In 2007 , 2009 , and 2011 , Money magazine listed Milton as 7th , 5th , and 2nd , respectively , on its annual list of the Best Places to Live in the United States . Milton is located between the Neponset River and the Blue Hills . It is bordered by Boston 's Dorchester and Mattapan neighborhoods to the north and its Hyde Park neighborhood to the west ; Quincy to the east and south ; Randolph to the south , and Canton to the west ."}]}, {'value': 'Harvard University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_University', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}]}, {'value': 'John Cookman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Cookman', 'summary': 'John Emory Cookman ( September 2 , 1909 - August 19 , 1982 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics , playing five matches and scoring two goals . The American ice hockey team won the silver medal that year . He graduated from Yale in 1931 , and later became the CFO of Philip Morris USA . He was born in Englewood , New Jersey and died in Plattsburgh , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'September 2 , 1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Englewood , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey', 'summary': 'Englewood is a city in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city had a total population of 27,147 , reflecting an increase of 944 ( +3.6% ) from the 26,203 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 1,353 ( +5.4% ) from the 24,850 counted in the 1990 Census . Englewood was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 17 , 1899 , from portions of Ridgefield Township and the remaining portions of Englewood Township . With the creation of the City of Englewood , Englewood Township was dissolved . An earlier referendum on March 10 , 1896 , was declared unconstitutional .'}]}, {'value': 'Yale University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yale_University', 'summary': "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Fitzgerald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Fitzgerald_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Joseph Francis Joe Fitzgerald ( October 10 , 1904 - March 20 , 1987 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics . He was born in Brighton , Massachusetts and died in Needham , Massachusetts . He played football , baseball and hockey for Boston College , graduating in 1928 . In the summer of 1926 , he played for the Hyannis town team in the Cape Cod Baseball League . In 1932 he was a member of the American ice hockey team , which won the silver medal . He played one match .'}]}, {'value': 'October 10 , 1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brighton , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brighton,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Brighton is a dissolved municipality and current neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts , United States , located in the northwestern corner of the city . It is named after the town of Brighton in the English city of Brighton and Hove . Initially Brighton was part of Cambridge , and known as Little Cambridge . Brighton separated from Cambridge in 1807 after a bridge dispute , and was annexed to Boston in 1874 . For much of its early history , it was a rural town with a significant commercial center at its eastern end . The neighborhood of Allston was also formerly part of the town of Brighton , but is now often considered to be separate , leading to the name Allston-Brighton for the combined area . This historic center of Brighton is the Brighton Center Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_College', 'summary': "Boston College ( BC ) is a private Jesuit research university in the Chestnut Hill and Brighton neighborhoods of Boston , Massachusetts and the city of Newton , Massachusetts . It was founded in 1863 and although it is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity its name reflects its historical position as a small liberal arts college . The university has more than 9,300 full-time undergraduates and nearly 5,000 graduate students . It has historical ties to Boston College High School in Dorchester , as both the high school and the college were once on one campus in the South End of Boston . Its main campus is a historic district and features some of the earliest examples of collegiate gothic architecture in North America . Boston College offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees through its nine schools and colleges : Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences , Graduate School of Arts & Sciences , Carroll School of Management , Lynch School of Education and Human Development , Connell School of Nursing , Graduate School of Social Work , Boston College Law School , Boston College School of Theology and Ministry , Woods College of Advancing Studies . Boston College athletic teams are known as the Eagles , their colors are maroon and gold , and mascot is Baldwin the Eagle . The Eagles compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference in all sports offered by the ACC . The men 's and women 's ice hockey teams compete in Hockey East . Boston College 's men 's ice hockey team has won five national championships . As of January 2020 , alumni and affiliates of the university include governors , ambassadors , senators , House representatives , Hollywood actors , and professional athletes . Boston College has graduated several Rhodes , Fulbright , and Goldwater scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'John Garrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Garrison_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'John Bright Garrison ( February 13 , 1909 - May 13 , 1988 ) was an American ice hockey player . He was born in West Newton , Massachusetts and died in Lincoln , Massachusetts . Garrison grew up playing on the varsity team of the County Day School in West Newton , Massachusetts before entering Harvard University . He received many offers from professional clubs after graduation from Harvard but chose a career in business instead while continuing to play amateur hockey . In 1932 he was a member of the American ice hockey team , which won the silver medal . He played all six matches and scored three goals . Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American team in the 1936 Olympics . He played seven matches and scored four goals . He was also a member of the Massachusetts Rangers , the American team that won the 1933 World Ice Hockey Championships . Garrison scored the dramatic overtime goal in a 2-1 victory over the Canadian national team , thus ensuring the gold medal . He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 13 , 1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Newton , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Newton,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'West Newton is a village of the City of Newton , Massachusetts and is one of the oldest of the thirteen Newton villages . The West Newton Village Center is a National Register Historic District . The postal ( Zip ) code 02465 roughly matches the village limits .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_University', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}]}, {'value': 'Francis Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Nelson_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Francis Augustus Frank Nelson , Jr. ( January 24 , 1910 - March 9 , 1973 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics . He was born in New York City , New York and died in Montclair , New Jersey . In 1932 he was a member of the American ice hockey team , which won the silver medal . He played five matches and scored one goal .'}]}, {'value': 'January 24 , 1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yale University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yale_University', 'summary': "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Winthrop Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winthrop_Palmer', 'summary': 'Winthrop Hale Ding Palmer , Jr. ( December 5 , 1906 - February 4 , 1970 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics . He died in Warehouse Point , Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': 'December 5 , 1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summit , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summit,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Summit is a city in Union County , New Jersey , United States . At the 2010 United States Census , the city 's population was 21,457 , reflecting an increase of 326 ( +1.5% ) from the 21,131 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 1,374 ( +7.0% ) from the 19,757 counted in the 1990 Census . Summit had the 16th-highest per capita income in the state as of the 2000 Census . According to Bloomberg , Summit ranked as the 70th richest town in America in 2017 , 72nd in 2018 ( with an average household income of $ 220,971 ) , and 65th in 2019 . Originally incorporated as Summit Township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 23 , 1869 , from portions of New Providence Township ( now Berkeley Heights ) and Springfield Township , Summit was reincorporated as a city on March 8 , 1899 . Possible derivations of Summit 's name include its location atop the Second Watchung Mountain ; the Summit Lodge , the house to which jurist James Kent moved in 1837 and which stands today at 50 Kent Place Boulevard ; and to a local sawmill owner who granted passage to the Morris and Essex Railroad for a route to the summit of the Short Hills ."}]}, {'value': 'Yale University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yale_University', 'summary': "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Gordon Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Gordon Smith ( February 14 , 1908 - October 22 , 1999 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics and 1936 Winter Olympics . He died in Westwood , Massachusetts . In 1932 he was a member of the American ice hockey team , which won the silver medal . He played one match and scored one goal . Four years later he was a member of the American ice hockey team , which won the bronze medal . He played all eight matches and scored one goal .'}]}, {'value': 'February 14 , 1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winchester , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winchester,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Winchester is a small suburban town located 8.2 miles north of downtown Boston , Massachusetts , United States in Middlesex County . It is the 7th wealthiest municipality in Massachusetts and functions largely as a bedroom community for professionals who work in the greater Boston area . The population was 21,374 at the 2010 United States Census .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston Olympics ( EHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Boston Olympics are a defunct farm team for the Boston Bruins . They began play during the 1940-41 Eastern Amateur Hockey League season . The Olympics were often referred to by the shortened name the Pics and the franchise remained active until the 1951-52 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Hockey_League', 'summary': 'The Eastern Hockey League was a minor professional United States ice hockey league .'}]}], 'section_title': "Men 's Olympics -- 1932 Winter Olympics", 'section_text': '( won silver medal )', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_national_ice_hockey_team_rosters_2', 'intro': "Below is a list of various national ice hockey team rosters of the United States of America. The men's teams, the women's teams and the junior teams are included."}
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What was the 2010 population of the birthplace of the player whose team is the defunct team for the Boston Bruins ?
21,374
08ecb560ebe6936e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Nevada', 'title': 'List of National Historic Landmarks in Nevada', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Date designated', 'Location', 'County', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Churchill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Churchill_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': 'Fort Churchill State Historic Park is a state park of Nevada , United States , preserving the remains of a United States Army fort and a waystation on the Pony Express and Central Overland Routes dating back to the 1860s . The site is one end of the historic Fort Churchill and Sand Springs Toll Road . The park is in Lyon County south of the town of Silver Springs , on U.S. Route 95 Alternate , eight miles ( 13 km ) south of U.S. Route 50 . Fort Churchill was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 . A 1994 park addition forms a corridor along the Carson River .'}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1961 ( # 66000456 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weeks 39°17′26″N 119°16′14″W / 39.2906145184°N 119.27060391°W / 39.2906145184 ; -119.27060391 ( Fort Churchill )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyon_County,_Nevada', 'summary': 'Lyon County is a county in the U.S. state of Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 51,980 . Its county seat is Yerington . Lyon County includes the Fernley , NV Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the Reno-Carson City-Fernley , NV Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Churchill , named for Sylvester Churchill , was a U.S. Army fort built in 1861 to provide protection for early settlers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvester_Churchill', 'summary': 'Sylvester Churchill ( August 2 , 1783 - December 7 , 1862 ) was an American journalist and Regular Army officer .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Ruby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Ruby', 'summary': "Fort Ruby , also known as Camp Ruby , was built in 1862 by the United States Army , during the American Civil War , in the wilderness of eastern Nevada . It protected the overland mail coaches and Pony Express , in order to maintain links and communication between residents of California and the Union . It was operated 1862 to 1869 , in territory dominated by bands of the Western Shoshone . The fort was located at the east entrance to the Overland Pass from Ruby Valley , near Hobson on the west side of Ruby Lake . To secure access and safe passage through this area , as well as to provide for construction of railroads and other needs , the US signed the Treaty of Ruby Valley with twelve chiefs of the Western Shoshone , who did not cede any territory . The US also gained permission to conduct gold mining in this territory , as it needed gold in order to wage war against the Confederacy . It promised payments of annuities of $ 5000 annually for 20 years to the Western Shoshone , in the form of goods and livestock , but failed to make any payments after the first year . The site , which at the time contained several surviving log buildings , was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 . Two of the four landmarked buildings on the site burned in a fire in 1992 . Since the log structures were in poor condition when this site was designated as a Landmark , and they have been altered and deteriorated significantly since designation , continued landmark status is under review by the Department of Interior . The site was transferred from private ownership to federal control in 2002 . Since then a joint archaeological venture to explore Fort Ruby 's frontier legacy has been conducted by the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1961 ( # 66000460 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hobson 40°04′04″N 115°31′46″W / 40.06778°N 115.52944°W / 40.06778 ; -115.52944 ( Fort Ruby )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobson,_Nevada', 'summary': 'Hobson is a ghost town in White Pine County , Nevada , United States , in or near Ruby Valley . Located at an altitude of 6,020 feet ( 1,835 m ) , it lies at the site of Fort Ruby , a National Historic Landmark .'}]}, {'value': 'White Pine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Pine_County,_Nevada', 'summary': "White Pine County is a largely rural , mountain county along the central eastern boundary of the U.S. state of Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 10,030 . Its county seat is Ely . The name White Pine is an old name for the Limber Pine , a common tree in the county 's mountains . The county boasts dark skies , clean air and millions of acres of unspoiled public land . It is the home of Great Basin National Park , one of America 's most remote and least visited national parks . It is also home to no less than 14 federally designated wilderness areas , offering an abundance of terrain available to explore for hikers , backpackers , skiers , hunters and anglers . The Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation is located in the county , on the south side of the City of Ely . The reservation has a land area of 104.99 acres ( 0.4249 km² ) and a 2000 census official resident population of 133 persons ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort built during the Civil War to protect links between the Union and California , via the Overland Trail . Landmark status is under review due to fire damage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Overland_Trail', 'summary': "The Overland Trail ( also known as the Overland Stage Line ) was a stagecoach and wagon trail in the American West during the 19th century . While portions of the route had been used by explorers and trappers since the 1820s , the Overland Trail was most heavily used in the 1860s as an alternative route to the Oregon , California , and Mormon trails through central Wyoming . The Overland Trail was famously used by the Overland Stage Company owned by Ben Holladay to run mail and passengers to Salt Lake City , Utah , via stagecoaches in the early 1860s . Starting from Atchison , Kansas , the trail descended into Colorado before looping back up to southern Wyoming and rejoining the Oregon Trail at Fort Bridger . The stage line operated until 1869 when the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad eliminated the need for mail service via Thais ' stagecoach ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoover Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoover_Dam', 'summary': 'Hoover Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River , on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona . It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30 , 1935 , by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers , and cost over one hundred lives . Originally known as Boulder Dam from 1933 , it was officially renamed Hoover Dam , for President Herbert Hoover , by a joint resolution of Congress in 1947 . Since about 1900 , the Black Canyon and nearby Boulder Canyon had been investigated for their potential to support a dam that would control floods , provide irrigation water and produce hydroelectric power . In 1928 , Congress authorized the project . The winning bid to build the dam was submitted by a consortium called Six Companies , Inc. , which began construction of the dam in early 1931 . Such a large concrete structure had never been built before , and some of the techniques were unproven . The torrid summer weather and lack of facilities near the site also presented difficulties . Nevertheless , Six Companies turned the dam over to the federal government on March 1 , 1936 , more than two years ahead of schedule . Hoover Dam impounds Lake Mead , the largest reservoir in the United States by volume ( when it is full ) . The dam is located near Boulder City , Nevada , a municipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project , about 30 mi ( 48 km ) southeast of Las Vegas , Nevada .'}]}, {'value': 'August 20 , 1985 ( # 81000382 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boulder City 36°00′56″N 114°44′16″W / 36.01555555555556°N 114.73777777777778°W / 36.01555555555556 ; -114.73777777777778 ( Hoover Dam )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boulder_City,_Nevada', 'summary': 'Boulder City is a city in Clark County , Nevada . It is approximately 26 miles ( 42 km ) southeast of Las Vegas . As of the 2010 census , the population of Boulder City was 15,023 . The community took its name from Boulder Canyon . Boulder City is one of only two cities in Nevada that prohibits gambling ( the other being Panaca ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Clark ( and Mohave County , Arizona )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada', 'summary': "Clark County is located in the U.S. state of Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,951,269 , with an estimated population of 2,231,647 in 2018 . Most of the county population resides in the Las Vegas Census County Divisions , holding 1,771,945 people as of the 2010 Census , covering the 476 square miles ( 1,233 km2 ) . It is by far the most populous county in Nevada , accounting for nearly three-quarters of the state 's residents - thus making Nevada one of the most centralized states in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mohave_County,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Mohave County is in the northwestern corner of the U.S. state of Arizona . As of the 2010 census , its population was 200,186 . The county seat is Kingman , and the largest city is Lake Havasu City . Mohave County includes the Lake Havasu City-Kingman , Arizona Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Las Vegas-Henderson , Nevada-Arizona Combined Statistical Area . Mohave County contains parts of Grand Canyon National Park and Lake Mead National Recreation Area and all of the Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument . The Kaibab , Fort Mojave and Hualapai Indian Reservations also lie within the county .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Arizona', 'summary': 'This is a List of National Historic Landmarks in Arizona . There are 46 National Historic Landmarks ( NHLs ) in Arizona , counting Hoover Dam which spans from Nevada and is listed in Nevada by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , and Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites , which is listed by the NPS in Arizona , but also overlaps into California . The first designated was San Xavier del Bac Mission , in October , 1960 . The most recently designated was the Painted Desert Community Complex Historic District in December 2016 .'}]}, {'value': "Gravity-arch dam of the Colorado River . World 's largest hydroelectric power producing facility and largest concrete structure , when completed in 1935", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gravity-arch_dam', 'summary': 'An arch-gravity dam or arched dam is a dam with the characteristics of both an arch dam and a gravity dam . It is a dam that curves upstream in a narrowing curve that directs most of the water pressure against the canyon rock walls , providing the force to compress the dam . It combines the strengths of two common dam forms and is considered a compromise between the two . They are made of conventional concrete , Roller Compacted Concrete ( RCC ) , or masonry . Arch-gravity dams are not reinforced except at the spillway . A typical example of the conventional concrete dam is the Hoover Dam . Changuinola Dam is an example of the RCC arch-gravity dam . A gravity dam requires a large volume of internal fill . An arch-gravity dam can be thinner than the pure gravity dam and requires less internal fill .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Colorado_River', 'summary': 'The Colorado River is one of the principal rivers ( along with the Rio Grande ) in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico . The 1,450-mile-long ( 2,330 km ) river drains an expansive , arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. states and two Mexican states . Starting in the central Rocky Mountains of Colorado , the river flows generally southwest across the Colorado Plateau and through the Grand Canyon before reaching Lake Mead on the Arizona-Nevada border , where it turns south toward the international border . After entering Mexico , the Colorado approaches the mostly dry Colorado River Delta at the tip of the Gulf of California between Baja California and Sonora . Known for its dramatic canyons , whitewater rapids , and eleven U.S. National Parks , the Colorado River and its tributaries are a vital source of water for 40 million people . The river and its tributaries are controlled by an extensive system of dams , reservoirs , and aqueducts , which in most years divert its entire flow for agricultural irrigation and domestic water supply . Its large flow and steep gradient are used for generating hydroelectric power , and its major dams regulate peaking power demands in much of the Intermountain West . Intensive water consumption has dried up the lower 100 miles ( 160 km ) of the river , which has rarely reached the sea since the 1960s . Beginning with small bands of nomadic hunter-gatherers , Native Americans have inhabited the Colorado River basin for at least 8,000 years . Between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago , the watershed was home to large agricultural civilizations - considered some of the most sophisticated indigenous North American cultures - which eventually declined due to a combination of severe drought and poor land use practices . Most native peoples that inhabit the region today are descended from other groups that settled there beginning about 1,000 years ago . Europeans first entered the Colorado Basin in the 16th century , when explorers from Spain began mapping and claiming the area , which became part of Mexico upon its independence in 1821 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Concrete', 'summary': 'Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement ( cement paste ) that hardens ( cures ) over time . In the past limebased cement binders were often used , such as lime putty , but sometimes with other hydraulic cements , such as a calcium aluminate cement or with Portland cement to form Portland cement concrete ( for its visual resemblance to Portland stone ) . Many other non-cementitious types of concrete exist with different methods of binding aggregate together , including asphalt concrete with a bitumen binder , which is frequently used for road surfaces , and polymer concretes that use polymers as a binder . When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water , the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape . The cement reacts with the water and other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses . Often , additives ( such as pozzolans or superplasticizers ) are included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material . Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials ( such as rebar ) embedded to provide tensile strength , yielding reinforced concrete . Because concrete cures ( which is not the same as drying such as with paint ) how concrete is handled after it is poured is just as important as before . Concrete is one of the most frequently used building materials . Its usage worldwide , ton for ton , is twice that of steel , wood , plastics , and aluminum combined . Globally , the ready-mix concrete industry , the largest segment of the concrete market , is projected to exceed $ 600 billion in revenue by 2025 . Concrete is distinct from mortar .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leonard Rockshelter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Rockshelter', 'summary': 'Leonard Rockshelter , designated 26PE14 , is a prehistoric site in the U.S. state of Nevada that was discovered in 1936 . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 , qualifying because its well-preserved stratigraphy revealed a long continuum of sporadic cultural occupations from 6710 BC to AD 1400 . The site was named after Zenas Leonard , a member of the Bonneville-Walker expedition which passed through the Humboldt Valley in 1833 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1961 ( # 66000457 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lovelock 39°59′25″N 118°30′36″W / 39.990273°N 118.509922°W / 39.990273 ; -118.509922 ( Leonard Rockshelter )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lovelock,_Nevada', 'summary': "Lovelock is the county seat of Pershing County , Nevada , United States , in which it is the only incorporated city . It is the namesake of a nearby medium-security men 's prison and a Cold War-era gunnery range . Formerly a stop for settlers on their way to California and later a train depot , the town 's economy remains based on farming , mining and increasingly on tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Pershing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pershing_County,_Nevada', 'summary': 'Pershing County is a county in the U.S. state of Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 6,753 . Its county seat is Lovelock . The county was named after army general John J. Pershing ( 1860-1948 ) . It was formed from Humboldt County in 1919 , and the last county to be established in Nevada . The Black Rock Desert , location for the annual Burning Man festival , is partially in the county . The county is listed as Nevada Historical Marker 17 . The marker is at the courthouse in Lovelock .'}]}, {'value': 'Discovered in 1936 , this is an archaeological site that shows settlement from 6700 BC up to 1400 AD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archaeological_site', 'summary': 'An archaeological site is a place ( or group of physical sites ) in which evidence of past activity is preserved ( either prehistoric or historic or contemporary ) , and which has been , or may be , investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record . Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground , to buildings and other structures still in use . Beyond this , the definition and geographical extent of a site can vary widely , depending on the period studied and the theoretical approach of the archaeologist .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McKeen Motor Car # 70 ( Virginia & Truckee Railway Motor Car # 22 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_and_Truckee_Railway_Motor_Car_22', 'summary': 'Virginia and Truckee Railway Motor Car 22 , also called McKeen Motor Car 70 , is a gasoline-powered railcar at the Nevada State Railroad Museum in Carson City in the U.S. state of Nevada . It was built for the Virginia and Truckee Railroad in 1910 by the McKeen Motor Car Company . Motor Car 22 was operated by the Virginia and Truckee until 1945 , when it was sold off and became a diner until 1955 . It eventually became the office and storage space for a plumbing business before it was donated to the Nevada State Railroad Museum in 1995 . After a thorough study , the Museum undertook a restoration of the McKeen car in 1997 . The restored motor car was unveiled in 2010 , a century after it was originally delivered to the Virginia and Truckee . Motor Car 22 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 , and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012 . It is one of a few surviving McKeen railcars , and the only one that is operational .'}]}, {'value': 'October 16 , 2012 ( # 05000968 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carson City 39°08′54″N 119°46′06″W / 39.14833333333333°N 119.76833333333333°W / 39.14833333333333 ; -119.76833333333333 ( McKeen Motor Car # 70 ( Virginia & Truckee Railway Motor Car # 22 ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada', 'summary': "Carson City , officially the Consolidated Municipality of Carson City , is an independent city in and the capital of the U.S. state of Nevada , named after the mountain man Kit Carson . As of the 2010 census , the population was 55,274 . The majority of the town 's population lives in Eagle Valley , on the eastern edge of the Carson Range , a branch of the Sierra Nevada , about 30 miles ( 50 km ) south of Reno . The town began as a stopover for California-bound emigrants , but developed into a city with the Comstock Lode , a silver strike in the mountains to the northeast . The city has served as Nevada 's capital since statehood in 1864 ; for much of its history it was a hub for the Virginia and Truckee Railroad , although the tracks were removed in 1950 . Before 1969 , Carson City was the county seat of Ormsby County . The county was abolished that year , and its territory merged with Carson City . With the consolidation , the city limits extend west across the Sierra Nevada to the California state line in the middle of Lake Tahoe . Like other independent cities in the United States , it is treated as a county-equivalent for census purposes ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One of the few surviving McKeen railcars . Restored to operating condition in 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McKeen_Motor_Car_Company', 'summary': "The McKeen Motor Car Company of Omaha , Nebraska , was a builder of internal combustion-engined railroad motor cars ( railcars ) , constructing 152 between 1905-1917 . Founded by William McKeen , the Union Pacific Railroad 's Superintendent of Motive Power and Machinery , the company was essentially an offshoot of the Union Pacific and the first cars were constructed by the UP before McKeen leased shop space in the UP 's Omaha Shops in Omaha , Nebraska . The UP had asked him to develop a way of running small passenger trains more economically and McKeen produced a design that was ahead of its time . Unfortunately , internal combustion engine technology was not and the McKeen cars never found a truly reliable powerplant . The vast majority of the cars produced were for E. H. Harriman 's empire of lines ( Union Pacific , Southern Pacific and others ) . Harriman 's death in 1909 lost the company its major sponsor and investor and Harriman 's successors were less enthusiastic about the McKeen cars . Many McKeen cars ended up being re-engined with a variety of drive mechanisms - gasoline-mechanical , gasoline-electric , diesel-electric or even steam power . Most , although not all , McKeen cars had the distinctive wind-splitter pointed aerodynamic front end and rounded tail . The porthole windows were also a McKeen trademark , adopted allegedly for strength after the 7th production car . A dropped central door , as pictured , was also present on the majority of the cars . Two lengths , 55 and 70 feet , were offered ; either could be fitted out with a large mail and express area ahead of the center doors , a smaller mail/express area , or the car could be all seats for a maximum capacity of 64 or 105 respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Railcar', 'summary': "A railcar , in British English and Australian English , is a self-propelled railway vehicle designed to transport passengers . The term railcar is usually used in reference to a train consisting of a single coach ( carriage , car ) , with a driver 's cab at one or both ends . Some railway companies , such as the Great Western , termed such vehicles railmotors ( or rail motors ) . Self-propelled passenger vehicles also capable of hauling a train are , in technical rail usage , more usually called rail motor coaches or motor cars ( not to be confused with the motor cars , otherwise known as automobiles , that operate on roads ) . The term is sometimes also used as an alternative name for the small types of multiple unit which consist of more than one coach . That is the general usage nowadays in Ireland when referring to any diesel multiple unit ( DMU ) , or in some cases electric multiple unit ( EMU ) . In North America the term railcar has a much broader sense and can be used ( as an abbreviated form of railroad car ) to refer to any item of hauled rolling-stock , whether passenger coaches or goods wagons ( freight cars ) . Self-powered railcars were once common in North America ; see Doodlebug ( rail car ) . In its simplest form , a railcar may also be little more than a motorized railway handcar or draisine , otherwise known as a speeder ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nevada Northern Railway , East Ely Yards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nevada_Northern_Railway_Museum', 'summary': 'The Nevada Northern Railway Museum is a railroad museum located in Ely , Nevada and operated by a historic foundation dedicated to the preservation of the Nevada Northern Railway . Museum activities include restoration and operation of historic railroad equipment and various hands on experiences and a variety of special events including seasonal trains for halloween and santa-themed trains . This is one of the few places in the world where visitors can actually operate a steam locomotive , but this experience requires some advanced planning .'}]}, {'value': 'September 20 , 2006 ( # 93000693 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ely 39°15′34″N 114°52′11″W / 39.25944444444445°N 114.86972222222222°W / 39.25944444444445 ; -114.86972222222222 ( Nevada Northern Railway , East Ely Yards )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ely,_Nevada', 'summary': "Ely ( /ˈiːli/ , EE-lee ) is the largest city and county seat of White Pine County , Nevada , United States . Ely was founded as a stagecoach station along the Pony Express and Central Overland Route . In 1906 copper was discovered . Ely 's mining boom came later than the other towns along US 50 . The railroads connecting the transcontinental railroad to the mines in Austin , Nevada and Eureka , Nevada have long been removed , but the railroad to Ely is preserved as a heritage railway by the Nevada Northern Railway and known as the Ghost Train of Old Ely . As of the 2010 census , the population was 4,255 ."}]}, {'value': 'White Pine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Pine_County,_Nevada', 'summary': "White Pine County is a largely rural , mountain county along the central eastern boundary of the U.S. state of Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 10,030 . Its county seat is Ely . The name White Pine is an old name for the Limber Pine , a common tree in the county 's mountains . The county boasts dark skies , clean air and millions of acres of unspoiled public land . It is the home of Great Basin National Park , one of America 's most remote and least visited national parks . It is also home to no less than 14 federally designated wilderness areas , offering an abundance of terrain available to explore for hikers , backpackers , skiers , hunters and anglers . The Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation is located in the county , on the south side of the City of Ely . The reservation has a land area of 104.99 acres ( 0.4249 km² ) and a 2000 census official resident population of 133 persons ."}]}, {'value': 'The Nevada Northern is one of the best-preserved early twentieth-century railroad shop complexes remaining in the United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis G. Newlands Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_G._Newlands_Home', 'summary': 'The Francis G. Newlands Home is a historic house at 7 Elm Court in Reno , Nevada , United States . Built in 1890 , it is the former mansion of United States Senator Francis G. Newlands ( 1846-1917 ) , a driving force in passage of the 1902 Newlands Reclamation Act . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . The house is privately owned and is not open to the public .'}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1963 ( # 66000459 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reno 39°31′18″N 119°49′11″W / 39.521653°N 119.819669°W / 39.521653 ; -119.819669 ( Francis G. Newlands Home )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reno,_Nevada', 'summary': "Reno ( /ˈriːnoʊ/ REE-noh ) is a city in the northwest section of the U.S. state of Nevada , approximately 22 miles ( 35 km ) from Lake Tahoe , known as The Biggest Little City in the World . Known for its casino & tourism industry , Reno is the county seat and largest city of Washoe County and sits in a high desert river valley at the foot of the Sierra Nevada and its downtown area ( along with Sparks ) occupies a valley informally known as the Truckee Meadows , which due to large-scale investments from Seattle & Bay Area companies such as Amazon , Tesla , Panasonic , Microsoft , Apple and Google has become a new major technology hub in the United States . The city is named after Union Major General Jesse L. Reno , who was killed in action during the American Civil War at the Battle of South Mountain on Fox 's Gap . Reno is part of the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area , 2nd most populous in Nevada after Las Vegas-Henderson , both of which are part of the Las Vegas Valley . Greater Reno , which consists of Washoe , Storey , and Lyon counties plus Carson City ( the capital of Nevada ) , is the second largest metropolitan area in Nevada ."}]}, {'value': 'Washoe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washoe_County,_Nevada', 'summary': "Washoe County is a county in the U.S. state of Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 421,407 , making it Nevada 's second-most populous county . Its county seat is Reno . Washoe County is included in the Reno , NV Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'This was the home of Francis G. Newlands from 1890 until his death in 1917 , including his tenure in the House of Representatives and Senate . Newlands is known for the Reclamation Act of 1902 , under which the U.S. government led the massive development of irrigation in the West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home', 'summary': "A home , or domicile , is a living space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for an individual , family , household or several families in a tribe . It is often a house , apartment , or other building , or alternatively a mobile home , houseboat , yurt or any other portable shelter . A principle of constitutional law in many countries , related to the right to privacy enshrined in article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the inviolability of the home as an individual 's place of shelter and refuge . Homes typically provide areas and facilities for sleeping , preparing food , eating and hygiene . Larger groups may live in a nursing home , children 's home , convent or any similar institution . A homestead also includes agricultural land and facilities for domesticated animals . Where more secure dwellings are not available , people may live in the informal and sometimes illegal shacks found in slums and shanty towns . More generally , home may be considered to be a geographic area , such as a town , village , suburb , city , or country ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Francis_G._Newlands', 'summary': 'Francis Griffith Newlands ( August 28 , 1846 - December 24 , 1917 ) was a United States Representative and Senator from Nevada and a member of the Democratic Party . A supporter of westward expansion , he helped pass the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 , which created the Bureau of Reclamation and boosted the agricultural industry by building dams to support irrigation in the arid Western states . An avowed white supremacist , Senator Newlands argued publicly for racial restrictions on immigration and repealing the 15th Amendment . Newlands also founded the neighborhoods of Chevy Chase , Washington , D.C. ; and Chevy Chase , Maryland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Newlands_Reclamation_Act', 'summary': 'The Reclamation Act ( also known as the Lowlands Reclamation Act or National Reclamation Act ) of 1902 ( Pub.L . 57-161 ) is a United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West . The act at first covered only 13 of the western states as Texas had no federal lands . Texas was added later by a special act passed in 1906 . The act set aside money from sales of semi-arid public lands for the construction and maintenance of irrigation projects . The newly irrigated land would be sold and money would be put into a revolving fund that supported more such projects . This led to the eventual damming of nearly every major western river . [ citation needed ] Under the act , the Secretary of the Interior created the United States Reclamation Service within the United States Geological Survey to administer the program . In 1907 , the Service became a separate organization within the Department of the Interior and was renamed the United States Bureau of Reclamation . The Act was drafted by Democratic Congressional Representative Francis G. Newlands of Nevada . Many of the loans made to farmers , funded by the sales of federal land , were never repaid . Amendments made by the Reclamation Project Act of 1939 gave the Department of the Interior , among other things , the authority to amend repayment contracts and to extend repayment for not more than 40 years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Federal_government', 'summary': 'The federal government of the United States ( U.S. federal government ) [ a ] is the national government of the United States , a federal republic in North America , composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories and several island possessions . The federal government is composed of three distinct branches : legislative , executive and judicial , whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress , the president and the federal courts , respectively . The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress , including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irrigation', 'summary': 'Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals . Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops , maintain landscapes , and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall . Irrigation also has other uses in crop production , including frost protection , suppressing weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil consolidation . In contrast , agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed . Irrigation systems are also used for cooling livestock , dust suppression , disposal of sewage , and in mining . Irrigation is often studied together with drainage , which is the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Western_United_States', 'summary': "The Western United States ( also called the American West , the Far West , and the West ) is the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States . As European settlement in the U.S. expanded westward through the centuries , the meaning of the term the West changed . Before about 1800 , the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier . The frontier moved westward and eventually the lands west of the Mississippi River were considered the West . The U.S. Census Bureau 's definition of the 13 westernmost states includes the Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin to the Pacific Coast , and the mid-Pacific islands state , Hawaii . To the east of the Western United States is the Midwestern United States and the Southern United States , with Canada to the north or east , and Mexico generally to the south . The West contains several major biomes , including arid and semi-arid plateaus and plains , particularly in the American Southwest ; forested mountains , including two major ranges , the American Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains ; the massive coastal shoreline of the American Pacific Coast ; and the rainforests of the Pacific Northwest ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia City Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_City_Historic_District_(Virginia_City,_Nevada)', 'summary': 'Virginia City Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the former mining villages of Virginia City and Gold Hill , both in Storey County , as well as Dayton and Silver City , both to the south in adjacent Lyon County , Nevada , United States . Declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 , the district is one of only six in the state of Nevada . Virginia City was the prototype for future frontier mining boom towns , with its industrialization and urbanization . It owed its success to the 1859 discovery of the Comstock Lode . The town is laid out in a grid pattern 1,500 feet below the top of Mount Davidson . Most of the buildings are two to three story brick buildings , with the first floors used for saloons and shops . Virginia City was the first silver rush town , and the first to intensely apply large-scale industrial mining methods . After a year in existence , the boomtown had 42 saloons , 42 stores , 6 restaurants , 3 hotels , and 868 dwellings to house a town residency of 2,345 . At its height in 1863 , the town had 15,000 residents . From its creation in 1859 to 1875 , there were five widespread fires . The 1875 fire , dubbed the Great Fire of 1875 , caused $ 12,000,000 in damages . Virginia City continues to attract over 2 million visitors per year .'}]}, {'value': 'July 4 , 1961 ( # 66000458 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia City 39°18′37″N 119°38′58″W / 39.31027777777778°N 119.64944444444446°W / 39.31027777777778 ; -119.64944444444446 ( Virginia City Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada', 'summary': "Virginia City is a census-designated place ( CDP ) that is the county seat of Storey County , Nevada , and the largest community in the county . The city is a part of the Reno-Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area . Virginia City developed as a boomtown with the 1859 discovery of the Comstock Lode , the first major silver deposit discovery in the United States , with numerous mines opening . The population peaked in the mid-1870s , with an estimated 25,000 residents . The mines ' output declined after 1878 , and the population declined as a result . As of the 2010 Census , the population of Virginia City was about 855 , and that of Storey County was 4,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lyon and Storey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyon_County,_Nevada', 'summary': 'Lyon County is a county in the U.S. state of Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 51,980 . Its county seat is Yerington . Lyon County includes the Fernley , NV Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the Reno-Carson City-Fernley , NV Combined Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Storey_County,_Nevada', 'summary': 'Storey County is a county located in the U.S. state of Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 4,010 , making it the third-least populous county in Nevada . Its county seat is Virginia City . Storey County is part of the Reno , NV Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia City was a prototype for frontier mining boom towns , owing its success to the 1859 discovery of Comstock Lode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comstock_Lode', 'summary': 'The Comstock Lode is a lode of silver ore located under the eastern slope of Mount Davidson , a peak in the Virginia Range in Virginia City , Nevada ( then western Utah Territory ) , which was the first major discovery of silver ore in the United States and named after American miner Henry Comstock . After the discovery was made public in 1859 , it sparked a silver rush of prospectors to the area , scrambling to stake their claims . The discovery caused considerable excitement in California and throughout the United States , the greatest since the California Gold Rush in 1849 . Mining camps soon thrived in the vicinity , which became bustling commercial centers , including Virginia City and Gold Hill . The Comstock Lode is notable not just for the immense fortunes it generated and the large role those fortunes had in the growth of Nevada and San Francisco , but also for the advances in mining technology that it spurred , such as square set timbering and the Washoe process for extracting silver from ore . The mines declined after 1874 , although underground mining continued sporadically into the 1920s .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Leonard RockshelterFort RubyHoover DamNevada Northern Railway , East E1y YardsVirginia City Historic DistrictFrancis G. Newlands HomeFort Churchill Nevada National Historic Landmarks ( clickable map ) The table below lists all 8 of these sites , along with added detail and description .', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Nevada_0', 'intro': "The list of National Historic Landmarks in Nevada contains the landmarks designated by the U.S. Federal Government for the U.S. state of Nevada. There are 8 National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) in Nevada. The U.S. National Historic Landmark program is operated under the auspices of the National Park Service, and recognizes structures, districts, objects, and similar resources nationwide according to a list of criteria of national significance. Nevada is home to 8 of these landmarks, highlighting Nevada's frontier heritage and other themes. The National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State lists seven landmarks, but includes the Leonard Rockshelter twice, and does not mention the Francis G. Newlands Home. However, the NHL Summary listing lists them correctly. The table below lists all 8 of these sites, along with added detail and description."}
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How far south of U.S. Route 50 is this park located in this county of 51,980 residents as of 2010 ?
13 km
08ecbe3d4fa1552f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMLL_Super_Viernes_(February_2012)', 'title': 'CMLL Super Viernes (February 2012)', 'header': ['#', 'Result', 'Stipulation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sensei and Tigre Blanco defeated Los Hombres del Camoflaje ( Artillero and Super Comando )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sensei_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Sensei ( born September 16 , 1978 ) is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler , currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . He previously worked for International Wrestling Revolution Group ( IWRG ) as Fantasy where he won several titles . Sensei 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tigre_Blanco', 'summary': 'Sergio Guzmán Silva ( date of birth unknown ) is a Mexican Luchador , or professional wrestler , who has worked for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) for most of his professional career . Guzmán works under the ring name Tigre Blanco and initially worked as Kid Guzmán but changed identities in 1999 . Guzmáns real name was not a matter of public record until he lost his Tigre Blanco mask on September 18 , 2009 , and announced his real name as a result . Tigre Blanco is Spanish for White Tiger , a name that is reflected by his mask , designed to look like the head of a white tiger .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Hombres_del_Camoflaje', 'summary': "Los Hombres del Camuflaje ( Spanish for Men In Camouflage ) was a Mexican sibling professional wrestling tag team consisting of Artillero ( real name unrevealed ) and Súper Comando ( real name Gustavo Torres Ramirez ) . The team is currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) portraying rudos ( Bad guys ) wrestling characters . Los Hombres del Camuflaje are second generation wrestlers , sons of wrestler Principe Odin , with several of their brothers being professional wrestlers . Artillero is a Luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler while Súper Comando worked as an enmascarado until December 25 , 2015 . Artillero 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . Artillero and Super Comando are the brothers of CMLL low card wrestler Bengala , although it is not openly acknowledged by CMLL . The two used a military theme , reflected in their ring gear , mask and trunks which is at least partially camouflage ."}]}, {'value': 'Best two out of three falls tag team match', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tag_Team', 'summary': 'Tag team wrestling is a type of professional wrestling in which matches are contested between teams of multiple wrestlers . A tag team may be made up of wrestlers who normally wrestle in singles competition , but more commonly are made of established teams who wrestle regularly as a unit and have a team name and identity . In most team matches , only one competitor per team is allowed in the ring at a time . This status as the active or legal wrestler may be transferred by physical contact , most commonly a palm-to-palm tag which resembles a high five . The team-based match has been a mainstay of professional wrestling since the mid-twentieth century , and most promotions have sanctioned a championship division for tag teams .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Guerreros Tuareg ( Arkangel de la Muerte , Nitro and Skándalo ) defeated Ángel Azteca , Jr. , Dragon Lee and Rey Cometa - Two falls to One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Guerreros_Tuareg', 'summary': 'Los Guerreros Tuareg ( Spanish for The Tuareg Warriors ) was a Mexican professional wrestling group , called a stable that worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) as a rudo ( term used for wrestlers who portray the Bad guys ) faction . The group was the successor to Pandilla Guerrera ( Gang of Warriors ) and was sometimes also referred to as Los Rebeldes del Desierto ( The Rebels of the desert ) or even Los Rebeldes Tuareg ( The Tuareg Rebels ) . The group was quietly disbanded in 2014 as only three members remained with CMLL and stopped teaming up on a regular basis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arkangel_de_la_Muerte', 'summary': "Alfredo Pasillas ( July 16 , 1966 - June 13 , 2018 ) was a Mexican luchador and enmascarado ( masked ) professional wrestler , best known for his work in the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) under the ring name Arkangel de la Muerte . He is often referred to as just Arkangel , and previously worked under the ring name Mister Cid until 1991 . His name means Archangel of Death in Spanish . In addition to his long in-ring career , Arkangel was most known for being a prolific professional wrestling trainer with CMLL 's wrestling school and had a small or large part in training in all wrestlers who worked for CMLL between 2006 and his death in 2018 . In the years leading up to his death , he served as the head trainer at the school . His in-ring career included reigns with the CMLL World Welterweight Championship and the Mexican National Welterweight Championship , as well as winning the mask of Ángel Azteca . He was a founding member of the groups Pandilla Guerrera and Los Guerreros Tuareg ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nitro_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Nitro is a Mexican professional wrestler active as a rudo in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . Currently he is in a stable call Los Guerreros Tuareg . Nitro 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Skándalo', 'summary': "Skándalo ( Born in 1982 in Mexico City , Mexico ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) portraying a rudo ( bad guy ) wrestling character . Skándalo 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . He has revealed that he is the son of Juan Manuel Mar , who is part of CMLL 's booking team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ángel_Azteca,_Jr.', 'summary': "Ángel Azteca Jr. ( born June 1 , 1980 ) is a Mexican Luchador Enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler , currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . He is not the actual son of Luchador Ángel Azteca , but got permission to use the name by the original before he died in 2007 , Ángel Azteca Jr. is the son of Viente Negro . Angel Azteca Jr. 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . Ángel Azteca Jr. forms a trio called Los Ángeles Celestiales ( The Celestial Angels ) along with Ángel de Oro and Ángel de Plata . Ángel Azteca Jr. is Spanish for Aztec Angel Jr ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Místico_II', 'summary': "Carlos Muñoz , better known as Místico , is a Mexican second-generation luchador enmascarado ( masked professional wrestler ) currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) as a tecnico ( a Face , the protagonists in wrestling ) . He is a two-time former CMLL World Trios Champion , as well as a one time holder of the CMLL World Welterweight Championship and the LLA Azteca Championship . Muñoz made his debut for CMLL in 2010 , originally working under the ring name Dragon Lee . In June 2012 , he was given the ring name and mask of Místico , after the original Místico had left CMLL to work for WWE . His father , Arturo Muñoz , is also a professional wrestler , best known by the ring names Poder Mexica , Toro Blanco and Comandante Pierroth , and is working under the ring name La Bestia del Ring . Místico 's older brother is better knownn under the ring name Rush . Místico and Rush 's younger brother debuted in November 2013 , the latter taking over the Dragon Lee ring name . He has also wrestled in Japan and Europe through CMLL 's partnerships with other promotions such as RevPro Wrestling and New Japan Pro-Wrestling , as well as on the Mexican independent circuit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rey_Cometa', 'summary': "Mario Alberto González ( born March 11 , 1983 ) is a Mexican Luchador , best known by his ring name Rey Cometa ( Spanish for King Comet ) . He is working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . Rey Cometa first gained national exposure when he worked for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) from 2005 until 2008 . In AAA he was a part of the group Real Fuerza Aérea , consisting of young high flying wrestlers . As is usual with masked wrestlers in Mexico , Cometa 's real name was not a matter of public record until he lost his mask in a match in September 2012 . He is a former holder of the Mexican National Welterweight Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Best two out of three falls Six-man tag team match', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling_tag_team_match_types', 'summary': 'Much like Singles match , tag team professional wrestling matches can and have taken many forms . Just about any singles or melee match type can be adapted to tag teams ; for example , hardcore tag team matches are commonplace . Tag team ladder match and variations are also frequently used as a title feud blow-off match . Stipulations , such as I quit or loser leaves town may also be applied . The following are match variations that are specific to tag team wrestling .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Misterioso , Jr. , Okumura and Vangelis defeated Sagrado , Fuego and Sangre Azteca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misterioso,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Misterioso Jr. ( Birthdate unknown ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler , who is also referred to as Misterioso II . Misterioso Jr. is the nephew of Misterioso who wore a similar mask until losing it in 1997 . Misterioso Jr. has mainly worked for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) throughout his career , where he won the 2006 Gran Alternativa tournament with Perro Aguayo Jr. Over the summer of 2009 , Misterioso Jr. joined the wrestling group Poder Mexica .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shigeo_Okumura', 'summary': 'Shigeo Okumura ( 奥村 茂雄 , Okumura Shigeo , born May 25 , 1972 ) is a Japanese professional wrestler who works for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) and is billed as Okumura . Okumura originally worked for Tokyo Pro Wrestling ( TPW ) and later on All Japan Pro Wrestling ( AJPW ) in Japan but moved to Mexico in 2005 to work for CMLL full-time . Okumura usually teams up with wrestlers from Japan who visit CMLL , currently as a group known as La Ola Amarilla ( Spanish for The Yellow Wave ) . Okumura and Yujiro won the 2009 version of the Gran Alternativa tournament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vangelis_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Vangelis , sometimes spelled Vangellys ( born September 7 , 1981 ) is the ring name of a Mexican luchador , or professional wrestler , working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) portraying a rudo ( bad guy ) wrestling character . He has formerly worked for AAA in Mexico , Dragon Gate in Japan and extensively on the Mexican independent circuit . Vangelis is the winner of the 2013 En Busca de un Ídolo tournament and a former holder of the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sagrado_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Gonzalo Javier Aparicio Gómez ( born April 25 , 1975 ) is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) under the ring name El Sagrado ( Spanish for The Sacred One ) . Working as Sagrado Aparicio won the CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship with Misterioso , Jr. as well as having formerly held the Mexican National Trios Championship twice , with different partners as well as the Occidente Light Heavyweight Championship on one occasion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Flash_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Fuego ( born December 11 , 1981 ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . His original ring character , Flash , was inspired by the comic book character The Flash . Fuego regularly teams with Stuka , Jr. , with whom he held the CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship for a record four and a half years . Fuego 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . On November 19 , 2009 it was announced that Flash was changing his ring name to Fuego ( Spanish for Fire ) from that point forward ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sangre_Azteca', 'summary': "Sangre Azteca ( Spanish for Aztec Blood ) ( born October 5 , 1975 ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler is primarily known for her work for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . Sangre Azteca 's real name is not revealed in public , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . He is part of the rudo stable Poder Mexica along with Dragon Rojo Jr. and Misterioso Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Best two out of three falls Six-man tag team match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Mascara and Valiente defeated Euforia , Kraneo , Máscara Dorada , Maximo , Mr. Águila and Mr. Niebla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Mascara_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Felipe de Jesús Alvarado Mendoza ( born January 8 , 1982 ) is a Mexican luchador , or professional wrestler best known by the ring name La Máscara for his time working for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) and was the co-founder and leader of Los Mercenarios ( alongside El Hijo del Fantasma , Rey Escorpión , and Texano Jr. ) . Alvarado worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) since 2001 until 2017 , during that time he won several championships including the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship , CMLL World Tag Team Championship , CMLL World Trios Championship , NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship , Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship , Mexican National Trios Championship , and Mexican National Welterweight Championship . Alvarado is a founding member of Los Ingobernables along with Rush and La Sombra . Alvarado is the son of Jesús Alvarado Nieves , better known under the name Brazo de Oro , and the promotion acknowledges the relationship . many of the Alvarado family have been , or currently are professional wrestlers , including family patriarch Shadito Cruz and uncles who worked under the ring names Brazo de Plata , El Brazo , Brazo Cibernético . Brazo de Platino and Súper Brazo . Many of Felipe Alvarado 's cousins are also wrestlers including Psycho Clown , Máximo Sexy and Goya Kong among others . Alvarado originally used the name Brazo de Oro Jr. ( Golden Arm Jr. ) after his father ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Valiente_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Valiente ( born May 30 , 1974 ) is a Mexican luchador enmáscarado , or masked professional wrestler , and is mainly known for his work in the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . Valiente 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . Valiente is Spanish for Valiant , expressed by the sword icon on his mask . Valiente won the 2008 and the 2012 Reyes del Aire tournaments and is a former Mexican National Welterweight and CMLL World Trios Champion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Euforia_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Euforia ( born December 5 , 1974 ) is the ring name of a second-generation Mexican Luchador Enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . Euforia 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . Euforia has a son , also wrestling in CMLL , as Soberano Jr. Euforia is a part of a wrestling group called Los Guerreros del Infierno under the leadership of Último Guerrero , the group also includes Niebla Roja . He was formerly part of the groups Los Nuevos Infernales led by El Satánico and later Virus , followed by Los Cancerberos del Infierno ( The Infernal Cerberusses ) with Virus , Raziel , Cancerbero and Pólvora , while also forming a tag team with Nosferatu ."}, {'url': '/wiki/El_Alebrije_(wrestler)', 'summary': "El Alebrije ( born July 12 , 1972 ) is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler , currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) under the ring name Kraneo . He best known for his work in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración , where he worked for 12 years as El Alebrije , along with his Mini-Estrella companion Cuije . He has also played the role of Máscara Sagrada II after the Original Máscara Sagrada left AAA . El Alebrije 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Máscara_Dorada', 'summary': "Máscara Dorada ( real name unknown ; born November 3 , 1988 ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado ( masked professional wrestler ) currently signed to WWE , where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Gran Metalik . He is best known for his decade-long stint in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) , under the ring name Máscara Dorada . His real name has not been officially documented , a tradition in Mexican lucha libre where masked wrestlers ' real names often are not a matter of public record . He made his debut in 2005 , originally using the masked persona Plata II . He later used the ring name Metalik , holding the local Occidente Welterweight Championship , but abandoned the championship when he adopted the Máscara Dorada character . The Máscara Dorada ring character was the first instance of a regular sized luchador being given a character based on a Mini-Estrella as he was introduced after CMLL introduced Mascarita Dorada in 2007 . At one time , Dorada was a quadruple CMLL champion , holding the Mexican National Trios Championship , the CMLL World Trios Championship , the CMLL World Super Lightweight Championship and the CMLL World Welterweight Championship at the same time . He has held the CMLL World Welterweight Championship four times in total . After a decade of working for CMLL in his native Mexico , Dorada worked full-time for the Japanese promotion New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) from January 2015 until returning to CMLL a year later in February 2016 . Dorado left both NJPW and CMLL in 2016 after signing with American promotion WWE ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maximo_(wrestler)', 'summary': "José Christian Alvarado Ruiz ( born November 8 , 1980 ) is a Mexican Luchador or professional wrestler where 's is currently signed to Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) performing as Máximo ( Spanish for Maximus ) . Maximo while working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) as Máximo Sexy until May 2017 . Alvarado is the son of José Alvarado Nieves , who wrestles as Brazo de Plata ( Spanish for Silver Arm ) , the grandson of Shadito Cruz and part of the extended Alvarado wrestling family . Alvarado wrestles as an Exótico character , a character that appears to be homosexual but he is married to wrestler India Sioux and together they have a son ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mr._Águila', 'summary': 'José Delgado Saldaña ( born December 10 , 1978 ) is a Mexican professional wrestler ( or luchador ) best known by his ring name Mr. Águila in Mexican wrestling promotions CMLL and AAA . Outside Mexico , Saldaña is best known for his work as Essa Ríos in the WWF and as Papí Chulo in TNA .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mr._Niebla', 'summary': "Efrén Tiburcio Márquez ( February 22 , 1973 - December 23 , 2019 ) , known under the ring name Mr. Niebla , was a Mexican luchador enmascarado ( Spanish for masked professional wrestler ) who worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . Niebla is Spanish for fog . His in-ring style focused more on comedy , which often included pratfalls ( a form of physical comedy based on falling on the buttocks ) , dancing and mocking his opponents during matches . Mr. Niebla worked for CMLL from the early 1990s until 2007 , and again from 2008 until his death in 2019 . In between , he worked for CMLL 's main Mexican rival , AAA , where he was part of the stable Los Vipers . In 2008 he , and Negro Casas created the group known as La Peste Negra ( Spanish for the Black Plague ) that also includes El Felino and Bárbaro Cavernario . Mr. Niebla , Felino and Casas held the Mexican National Trios Championship from 2014 to 2015 , and Mr. Niebla won the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship . He was also part of teams that won the CMLL World Tag Team Championship and the CMLL World Trios Championship . Over the years , he won the Gran Alternativa , Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increíbles , and Leyenda de Azul tournaments ."}]}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles seeding Battle royal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CMLL_Torneo_Nacional_de_Parejas_Increibles_(2012)', 'summary': 'The CMLL Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increíbles 2012 or National Incredible Pairs Tournament 2012 was the first of a series of Lucha Libre ( professional wrestling ) tournaments for Tag Teams traditionally held early in the year . The tournament was based on the Lucha Libre Parejas Increíbles match type where two wrestlers of opposite allegiance , portraying either villains , referred to as Rudos in Lucha Libre wrestling terminology or fan favorites , or Técnicos . At times some of the team members were part of a pre-existing scripted feuds or storylines with each other .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_Royal_(professional_wrestling)', 'summary': 'In professional wrestling , a battle royal ( sometimes battle royale ; plural battles royal or battle royals ) is a multi-competitor match type in which wrestlers are eliminated until one is left and declared winner . Typical battle royals begin with a number of participants in the ring , who are then eliminated by going over the top rope and having both feet touch the venue floor .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Máscara Dorada and Volador , Jr. defeated Euforia and Guerrero Maya , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volador,_Jr.', 'summary': "Ramón Ibarra Rivera ( born January 26 , 1981 ) is a Mexican luchador , or professional wrestler , best known for his work under the ring name Volador Jr. with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) in his native Mexico where he has been a regular competitor since 2001 and is currently one of the top level tecnicos ( good guys ) . He is the son of Ramón Ibarra Banda , better known as the wrestler Super Parka and previously known as Volador . Ibarra is the nephew of the original La Parka , the cousin of El Hijo de L.A. Park and the uncle of CMLL wrestler Flyer ; he is also related to a number of other luchadors in the Ibarra family . Ibarra has also worked outside his native Mexico on multiple occasions , with his highest profile work being for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in the United States , and New Japan Pro Wrestling ( NJPW ) in Japan . Volador Jr. originally worked under a mask but was forced to unmask when he lost his mask to long time friend turned rival , La Sombra , in September 2013 . Over the years he has held a number of CMLL championships including the CMLL World Tag Team Championship , the CMLL World Trios Championship , the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship , Mexican National Trios Championship , the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship and the NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship . He has won CMLL 's Torneo Gran Alternativa , Leyenda de Plata and Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles tournaments ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guerrero_Maya,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Multifacético redirects here , Guerrero Maya Jr. was the third wrestler to use the name .'}]}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 First Round Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Sombra and Mr. Águila defeated Maximo and Mephisto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Sombra_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Manuel Alfonso Andrade Oropeza ( born November 3 , 1989 ) is a Mexican professional wrestler currently signed to WWE , where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Andrade , and is the current WWE United States Champion in his first reign . A third generation wrestler , Andrade made his professional wrestling debut a month before his 14th birthday and worked under the name Brillante Jr. ( in reference to his father Brillante ) . He is perhaps best known for his near eight year tenure working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) under the ring name La Sombra ( Spanish for The Shadow ) . In CMLL , he won the 2007 Torneo Gran Alternativa tournament , the 2011 Universal Championship and at one point he was a triple champion ; holding the Mexican National Trios Championship , NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship and CMLL World Tag Team Championship at the same time . He also made appearances for New Japan Pro-Wrestling , where he is a former IWGP Intercontinental Champion . While working as La Sombra , Andrade was one of the founding members of the Los Ingobernables ( The Ungovernables ) wrestling group , and won the masks of El Felino , Olímpico and Volador Jr. by defeating them in Lucha de Apuestas matches before losing his own mask to Atlantis . He signed with WWE in 2015 and was assigned to NXT brand , wrestled under the ring name Andrade Cien Almas , where he was a one-time NXT Champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mephisto_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Mephisto ( born December 12 , 1968 ) is the ring name of a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler and currently works for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . His real name is not a matter of official record as he is an enmascarado , which by lucha libre traditions means that his personal life is kept secret from the general public . Mephisto is the son of Luchador Astro Rey/Kahoz and has previously worked both as Astro Rey Jr. and Kahoz Jr. but has been most successful as Mephisto . Since adopting the Mephisto gimmick he has been associated with the group Los Infernales ( The Infernal Ones ) and later on Los Hijos del Averno ( The Sons of Hell ) , especially working closely with Averno as his regular tag team partner for years . Mephisto and Averno are considered one of the top teams in Mexico between 2000 and 2010 . He is currently the leader of Los Hijos del Infierno ( The Sons of the Inferno ) that also includes Ephesto and Luciferno . While working as Mephisto he has won multiple individual CMLL championships and held the Mexican National Trios Championship with the other Hijos del Infierno . Previous he has held the CMLL World Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) , CMLL World Trios Championship , CMLL World Welterweight Championship , Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship , Mexican National Welterweight Championship , NWA World Welterweight Championship and was the first ever holder of the NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship'}]}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 First Round Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlantis and Mr. Niebla defeated Brazo de Plata and Kraneo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantis_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Atlantis ( born September 28 , 1962 ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado ( masked professional wrestler ) , working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) where he performs as a Técnico ( face or good guy character ) . Atlantis was trained by Diablo Velasco , made his in-ring debut in 1983 and has always wrestled under the ring name Atlantis , named after the sunken city of Atlantis . Atlantis has held a large number of professional wrestling championships over the years , both in Mexico and in Japan , both individually and as a tag team . He has also won the mask of several prominent wrestlers through his career including Kung Fu , Villano III , Último Guerrero and La Sombra . Atlantis earned the nickname El idolo de los Niños ( the childrens idol ) as he was always a favorite with the younger fans . He even retained the nickname when he worked as a Rudo ( a wrestler who portrays the bad guy ) for several years . Atlantis ' real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . In the 1990s Atlantis starred in a couple of Lucha films , including one where he teamed up with Octagón called Octagón y Atlantis , la revancha ( Octagón and Atlantis , the rematch ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Alvarado_Nieves', 'summary': 'José Alvarado Nieves ( born March 19 , 1963 ) is a Mexican luchador best known under the ring name Brazo de Plata , a name he has used since his debut in 1977 . He is also well known for his appearances in WWE as Super Porky . Alvarado is a part of the Alvarado wrestling family which includes his father Shadito Cruz , five brothers who used the Brazo name at some point and several third generation wrestlers who have appeared over the last couple of years .'}]}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 First Round Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Averno and La Mascara defeated Olímpico and Valiente', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Averno_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Renato Ruíz Cortes ( born May 9 , 1977 ) is a Mexican professional wrestler better known by the ring name Averno ( Hell ) . Ruíz initially worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) as Rencor Latino in 1995 , but did not achieve any significant success until he adopted the ring name Averno in June 2001 . Under his new ring name , Ruíz went on to become a one-time CMLL World Middleweight , CMLL World Trios Champion , NWA World Middleweight Champion and NWA World Historic Middleweight Champion and a three-time CMLL World Tag Team Champion . His ring name is most commonly translated as Hell in English . For many years Averno 's real name was not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . However , in May 2011 , Averno was booked in a Lucha de Apuesta , where he lost his mask and was forced to reveal his true identity . Ruíz left CMLL in April 2014 and joined rival promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) the following month ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Olímpico', 'summary': "Joel Bernal Galicia ( born December 6 , 1965 ) is a Mexican Luchador , or professional wrestler , better known under the ring name Olímpico . Olímpico is sometimes Anglicised as Olympico , and means Olympian in Spanish . From his debut in 1992 until late 2008 Olímpico worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) ; since then he has worked for promotions including Perros del Mal , International Wrestling Revolution Group ( IWRG ) , World Wrestling Association ( WWA ) and other promotions on the Mexican independent circuit before returning to CMLL in mid-2010 as part of Los Invasores . For many years Olimpico 's real name was not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . He was unmasked on September 3 , 2010 , and had to reveal his real name as is traditional ."}]}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 First Round Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Sombra and Mr. Águila defeated Máscara Dorada and Volador , Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 Quarter Final Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlantis and Mr. Niebla defeated Averno and La Mascara', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 Quarter Final Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlantis and Mr. Niebla defeated La Sombra and Mr. Águila', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 Semi Final Match', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'February 17 , 2012 -- Results', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'CMLL_Super_Viernes_(February_2012)_3', 'intro': "In February 2012 the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) held four CMLL Super Viernes shows, all of which took place in Arena México on Friday nights. Some of the matches from Super Viernes were taped for CMLL's weekly shows that aired in Mexico the week following the Super Viernes show. The shows featured various professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds or storylines. Wrestlers portray either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, the bad guys) or faces (technicos in Mexico, the good guys) as they follow a series of tension-building events, which culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches. Being a professional wrestling event matches are not won legitimately; they are instead won via predetermined outcomes to the matches that is kept secret from the general public. The primary storylines that played out on Super Viernes in February 2012 included the build to a Luchas de Apuestas (Bet match) between Negro Casas and Blue Panther. The match between the two took place on March 3, 2012 at the 2012 Homenaje a Dos Leyendas show, but the build up of the storyline leading into the show culminated in February. CMLL also held the 2012 version of the Reyes del Aire (Kings of the Air) tournament on February 3 as well as the preliminary rounds of their third annual Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles tournament, the finals of the tournament took place at Homenaje a Dos Leyendas."}
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What was the stipulation of the wrestler who joined the wrestling group Poder Mexica over the summer of 2009 ?
Best two out of three falls Six-man tag team match